Pendleton Act (1883)
Citation: An Act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States, January 16, 1883; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1996; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives
引文：规范和改善美国公务员制度的法案，1883 年 1 月 16 日；国会登记法案和决议，1789-1996；美国政府总记录；记录组11；国家档案馆
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Approved on January 16, 1883, the Pendleton Act established a merit-based system of selecting government officials and supervising their work.
1883 年 1 月 16 日批准的《彭德尔顿法案》建立了择优选拔政府官员和监督其工作的制度。
Following the assassination of President James A.
詹姆斯·A·总统遇刺后
Garfield by a disgruntled job seeker, Congress passed the Pendleton Act in January of 1883.
1883 年 1 月，国会通过了《彭德尔顿法案》（Pendleton Act）。
The act took its name from long-time reformer Senator George Hunt Pendleton of Ohio and was signed into law by President Chester A.
该法案以俄亥俄州长期改革家参议员乔治·亨特·彭德尔顿的名字命名，并由总统切斯特·A·肯尼迪签署成为法律。
Arthur, who had become an ardent reformer after Garfield’s assassination.
加菲猫遇刺后，亚瑟成为一名热心的改革者。
The Pendleton Act provided that federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that government employees be selected through competitive exams.
《彭德尔顿法案》规定，联邦政府的职位是根据业绩授予的，政府雇员是通过竞争性考试来选拔的。
The act also made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law.
该法案还规定，出于政治原因解雇或降职受法律保护的员工属于非法行为。
The law further forbade requiring employees to give political service or contributions.
该法律进一步禁止要求雇员提供政治服务或捐款。
The Civil Service Commission was established to enforce this act.
公务员制度委员会的成立是为了执行该法案。
Although President George Washington based most of his federal appointments on merit, subsequent presidents deviated from this policy.
尽管乔治·华盛顿总统的大部分联邦任命都是基于功绩，但随后的总统却偏离了这一政策。
By the time Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828, the "spoils system," in which officials rewarded political friends and supporters with government positions, was in full force.
1828 年安德鲁·杰克逊当选总统时，官员用政府职位奖励政治朋友和支持者的“分赃制度”已全面生效。
The term "spoils system" derives from the phrase "to the victor go the spoils." The flaws and abuses in this system worsened as candidates required political appointees to spend ever more time and money on political activities.
“战利品制度”一词源于短语“胜利者将战利品归于胜利者”。随着候选人要求政治任命者在政治活动上花费更多的时间和金钱，这一制度的缺陷和滥用现象变得更加严重。
The rapid expansion of the federal bureaucracy emboldened job seekers to hound the president-elect.
联邦官僚机构的迅速扩张让求职者更有胆量追逐当选总统。
In Jackson’s time, there were approximately 20,000 federal employees.
在杰克逊时代，大约有 20,000 名联邦雇员。
By 1884, there were over 130,000.
到 1884 年，人数已超过 130,000 人。
Additionally, federal jobs became more specialized and required special and specific skills due to industrialization.
此外，由于工业化，联邦工作变得更加专业化，需要特殊和特定的技能。
The Pendleton Act transformed the nature of public service.
《彭德尔顿法案》改变了公共服务的性质。
Today many well-educated and well-trained professionals are federal employees.
如今，许多受过良好教育和训练有素的专业人员都是联邦雇员。
When the Pendleton Act went into effect, its hiring reforms covered only 10 percent of the government’s 132,000 employees.
《彭德尔顿法案》生效时，其招聘改革仅覆盖政府 132,000 名雇员中的 10%。
The law's scope has broadened over the years, however, and today it applies to most of the 2.9 million positions in the federal government.
然而，多年来该法律的范围不断扩大，如今它适用于联邦政府 290 万个职位中的大部分。
This document is available on DocsTeach , the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.
该文档可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文档进行教学的在线工具。
Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity .
查找包含本文档的教学活动，或创建您自己的在线活动。
An act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States.
旨在规范和改善美国公务员服务的法案。
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President is authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, three persons, not more than two of whom shall be adherents of thc same party, as Civil Service Commissioners, and said three commissioners shall constitute the United States Civil Service Commission.
美利坚合众国参议院和众议院在国会中颁布的法案，授权总统在参议院的建议和同意下任命三名公务员委员，其中同一党派的支持者不得超过两名，并表示三名委员组成美国公务员委员会。
Said commissioners shall hold no other official place under the United States.
上述专员不得在美国境内担任其他正式职务。
The President may remove any commissioner; and any vacancy in the position of commissioner shall be so filled by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, as to conform to said conditions for the first selection of commissioners.
总统可以罢免任何专员；专员职位的任何空缺应由总统根据参议院的建议和同意来填补，以符合第一批专员的上述条件。
The commissioners shall each receive a salary of three thousand five hundred dollars a year.
委员每人年薪三千五百美元。
And each of said commissioners shall be paid his necessary traveling expenses incurred in the discharge of his duty as a commissioner.
各委员因履行委员职责而发生的必要的差旅费，应予支付。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
2.
2.
That it shall be the duty of said commissioners:
上述专员的职责是：
FIRST.
首先。
To aid the President, as he may request, in preparing suitable rules for carrying this act into effect, and when said rules s1Jall have been promulgated it shall be the duty of all officers of the United States in the departments and offices to which any such rules may relate to aid, in all proper ways, in carrying said rules, and any modifications thereof; into effect.
按照总统的要求，协助总统制定实施本法案的适当规则，并且当所述规则颁布后，任何此类规则可能涉及到的美国部门和办公室的所有官员都有责任以所有适当的方式实施所述规则及其任何修改；生效。
SECOND.
第二。
And, among other things, said rules shall provide and declare, as nearly as the conditions of good administration will warrant, as follows: First, for open, competitive examinations for testing the fitness of applicants for the public service now classified or to be classified here- under.
而且，除其他外，上述规则应尽可能规定和声明良好管理的条件，如下：首先，进行公开的竞争性考试，以测试申请人是否适合现在分类或将要分类的公共服务。
Such examinations shall be practical in their character, and so far as may be shall relate to those matters which will fairly test the relative capacity and fitness of the persons examined to discharge the duties of the service into which they seek to be appointed.
此类考试应具有实用性，并且应尽可能涉及那些将公平测试受试人员履行其拟任职务职责的相对能力和适合性的事项。
Second, that all the offices, places, and employments so arranged or to be arranged in classes shall be filled by selections according to grade from among those graded highest as the results of such competitive examinations.
其次，所有如此安排或按班级安排的办公室、地点和工作，均应从竞争性考试结果中成绩最高的人员中按年级选拔。
Third, appointments to the public service aforesaid in the departments at Washington shall be apportioned among the several States and Territories and the District of Columbia upon the basis of population as ascertained at the last preceding census.
第三，华盛顿各部门的上述公共服务任命应根据上次人口普查确定的人口在几个州和地区以及哥伦比亚特区之间分配。
Every application for an examination shall contain, among other things, a statement, under oath, setting forth his or her actual bona fide residence at the time of making the application, as well as how long he or she has been a resident of such place.
除其他外，每份考试申请均应包含一份经宣誓的声明，说明其在提出申请时的实际真实居住地，以及其居住在该地点的时间。
Fourth, that there shall be a period of probation before any absolute appointment or employment aforesaid.
第四，上述绝对任命或聘用之前应当有一段试用期。
Fifth, that no person in the public service is for that reason under any obligations to contribute to any political fund, or to render any political service, and that he will not be removed or otherwise prejudiced for refusing to do so.
第五，公共服务中的任何人都没有义务因此而向任何政治基金捐款或提供任何政治服务，并且他不会因拒绝这样做而被免职或受到其他损害。
Sixth, that no person in said service has any right to use his official authority or influence to coerce the political action of any person or body.
第六，上述部门的任何人都无权利用其官方权力或影响力来胁迫任何人或机构的政治行动。
Seventh, there shall be non-competitive examinations in all proper cases before the commission, when competent persons do not compete, after notice has been given of the existence of the vacancy, under such rules as may be prescribed by the commissioners as to the manner of giving notice.
第七，在发出空缺通知后，在所有适当情况下，当有资格的人员不参加竞争时，委员会应根据委员们就发出通知的方式规定的规则进行非竞争性审查。
Eighth, that notice shall be given in writing by the appointing power to said commission of the persons selected for appointment or employment from among those who have been examined, of the place of residence of such persons, of the rejection of any such persons after probation, of transfers, resignations, and removals and of the date thereof, and a record of the same shall be kept.
第八，任命权应当以书面形式向上述委员会发出从经审查的人选中任命或雇用的人员、这些人员的居住地、试用期后拒绝任何此类人员、调动、辞职和撤职及其日期的书面通知，并应保存这些通知的记录。
by said commission.
由上述委员会。
And any necessary exceptions from said eight fundamental provisions of the rules shall be set forth in connection with such rules, and the reasons there-for shall be stated in the annual reports of the commission.
上述八项基本规定的任何必要例外情况均应与此类规则相关，并应在委员会的年度报告中说明原因。
THIRD.
第三。
Said commission shall, subject to the rules that may be made by the President, make regulations for, and have control of, such examinations, and, through its members or the examiners, it shall supervise and preserve the records of the same; and said commission shall keep minutes of its own proceedings.
该委员会应根据总统制定的规则，制定此类考试的规定并对其进行控制，并通过其成员或考官监督和保存此类考试的记录；该委员会应保存其会议记录。
FOURTH.
第四。
Said commission may make investigations concerning the facts, and may report upon all matters touching the enforcement and effects of said rules and regulations, and concerning the action of any examiner or board of examiners hereinafter provided for, and its own subordinates, and those in the public service, in respect to the execution of this act.
该委员会可以对事实进行调查，并可以报告与上述规则和条例的执行和效果有关的所有事项，以及与下文规定的任何审查员或审查员委员会、其下属以及公共服务人员在执行本法方面的行动有关的所有事项。
FIFTH.
第五。
Said commission shall make an annual report to the President for transmission to Congress, showing its own action, the rules and regulations and the exceptions thereto in force, the practical effects thereof, and any suggestions it may approve for the more effectual accomplishment of the purposes of this act.
该委员会应向总统提交年度报告，以便转交国会，说明其行动、现行规则和条例及其例外情况、其实际效果以及为更有效地实现本法案的目的而可能批准的任何建议。
SEC.3.
第 3 节。
That said commission is authorized to employ a chief exam- iner, a part of whose duty it shall be, under its direction, to act with the examining boards, so far as practicable, whether at Washington or elsewhere, and to secure accuracy, uniformity, and justice in all their proceedings, which shall be at all times open to him.
该委员会有权聘用一名首席审查员，其职责之一是在其指导下，尽可能与审查委员会合作，无论是在华盛顿还是在其他地方，并确保所有程序的准确性、统一性和公正性，这些程序应始终向他开放。
The chief examiner shall be entitled to receive a salary at the rate of three thousand dollars a year, and he shall be paid his necessary traveling expenses incurred in the discharge of his duty The commission shall have a secretary, to be appointed by the President, who shall receive a salary of one thousand six hundred dollars per annum.
主审查员有权领取年薪三千美元，并支付其履行职责所需的旅费。委员会设一名秘书，由主席任命，其年薪为一千六百美元。
It may, when necessary, employ a stenographer, and a messenger, who shall be paid, when employed, the former at the rate of one thousand six hundred dollars a year, and the latter at the rate of six hundred dollars a year.
必要时，得聘用一名速记员和一名信使，聘用时，其报酬为每年一千六百元，后者每年六百元。
The commission shall, at Washington, and in one or more places in each State and Territory where examinations arc to take place, designate and select a suitable number of persons, not less than three, in the official service of the United States, residing in said State or Territory, after consulting the head of the department or office in which such persons serve, to be members of boards of examiners, and may at any time substitute any other person in said service living in such State or Territory in the place of anyone so selected.
委员会应在华盛顿以及每个州和领地的一个或多个地方进行考试，在咨询该人员所在的部门或办公室的负责人后，指定和选择适当数量的居住在该州或领地的美国公职人员（不少于三人）作为审查员委员会成员，并可随时替代居住在该州或领地的任何其他在职人员。
Such boards of examiners shall be so located as to make it reasonably convenient and inexpensive for applicants to attend before them; and where there are persons to be examined in any State or Territory, examinations shall be held therein at least twice in each year.
此类审查委员会的地点应使申请人能够合理方便且廉价地参加审查委员会的会议；任何州或地区有考试人员的，每年至少应在该州或地区举行两次考试。
It shall be the duty of the collector, postmaster, and other officers of the United States at any place outside of the District of Columbia where examinations are directed by the President or by said board to be held, to allow the reasonable use of the public buildings for holding such examinations, and in all proper ways to facilitate the same.
在哥伦比亚特区以外任何由总统或上述委员会指示举行考试的地方，美国的收税员、邮政局长和其他官员有责任允许合理使用公共建筑来举行此类考试，并以一切适当的方式为考试提供便利。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
4.
4.
That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior to cause suitable and convenient rooms and accommodations to be assigned or provided, and to be furnished, heated, and lighted, at the city of Washington, for carrying on the work of said commission and said examinations, and to cause the necessary stationery and other articles to be supplied, and the necessary printing to be done for said commission.
内政部长有责任在华盛顿市分配或提供适当和方便的房间和住宿，并配备家具、暖气和照明，以进行上述委员会的工作和上述考试，并为上述委员会提供必要的文具和其他物品，并进行必要的印刷。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
5.
5.
That any said commissioner, examiner, copyist, or messenger, or any person in the public service who shall willfully and corruptly, by himself or in co-operation with one or more other persons, defeat, deceive, or obstruct any person in respect of his or her right of examination according to any such rules or regulations, or who shall willfully, corruptly, and falsely mark, grade, estimate, or report upon the examination or proper standing of any person examined hereunder, or aid in so doing, or who shall willfully and corruptly make any false representations concerning the same or concerning the person examined, or who shall willfully and corruptly furnish to any person any special or secret information for the purpose of either improving or injuring the prospects or chances of any person so examined, or to be examined, being appointed, employed, or promoted, shall for each such offense be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars, nor more than one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not less than ten days, nor more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
任何上述专员、审查员、抄写员或信使，或公共服务中的任何人员，自行或与一名或多人合作，故意和腐败地击败、欺骗或阻碍任何人根据任何此类规则或条例行使检查权，或故意、腐败和错误地对本协议项下接受检查的任何人的检查或适当地位进行标记、评分、估计或报告，或协助这样做，或故意并以腐败方式对同一人或有关受审查人做出任何虚假陈述，或故意和腐败地向任何人提供任何特殊或秘密信息，以改善或损害任何接受审查或将接受审查的人的前景或机会，被任命、雇用或晋升，每犯此类罪行均应被视为轻罪，一经定罪，应处以不少于一百美元、不多于一千美元的罚款，或不少于十岁的监禁日，但不得超过一年，或同时处以此类罚款和监禁。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
6.
6.
That within sixty days after the passage of this act it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, in as near conformity as may be to the classification of certain clerks now existing under the one hundred and sixty-third section of the Revised Statutes to arrange in classes the several clerks and persons employed by the collector, naval officer, surveyor, and appraisers, or either of them, or being in the public service, at their respective offices in each customs district where the whole number of said clerks and persons shall be all together as many as fifty.
在本法案通过后的六十天内，财政部长有责任按照修订法规第一百六十三条现有的某些职员的分类，对在每个关税区的各自办公室内的若干职员和由收税员、海军军官、测量员和评估师雇用的人员或其中任何一个或从事公共服务的人员进行分类。职员和人员总共应有五十人。
And thereafter, from time to time, on the direction of the President, said Secretary shall make the like classification or arrangement of clerks and persons so employed, in connection with any said office or offices, in any other customs district.
此后，根据总统的指示，该部长应不时对任何其他海关区的任何上述办事处的职员和如此雇用的人员进行类似的分类或安排。
And, upon like request, and for the purposes of this act, said Secretary shall arrange in one or more of said classes, or of existing classes, any other clerks, agents, or persons employed under his department in any said district not now classified; and every such arrangement and classification upon being made shall be reported to the President.
并且，根据类似请求，并为了本法的目的，所述部长应在一个或多个所述类别或现有类别中安排任何其他职员、代理人或在其部门下雇用的任何所述地区目前尚未分类的人员；每项此类安排和分类一经作出，均应向总统报告。
Second.
第二。
Within said sixty days it shall be the duty of the Postmaster-General, in general conformity to said one hundred and sixty-third section, to separately arrange in classes the several clerks and persons employed, or in the public service at each post-office, or under any post- master of the United States, where the whole number of said clerks and persons shall together amount to as many as fifty.
在上述六十天内，邮政局长有责任，大体上符合上述第一百六十三节的规定，将受雇的、或在每个邮局的公共服务中、或在美国任何邮政局长手下的若干职员和人员分别按班安排，其中上述职员和人员的总数应达到五十人。
And thereafter, from time to time, on the direction of the President, it shall be the duty of the Postmaster-General to arrange in like classes the clerks and persons so employed in the postal service in connection with any other post-office; and every such arrangement and classification upon being made shall be reported to the President.
此后，根据总统的指示，邮政局长有责任不时将邮政服务中与任何其他邮局有关的职员和人员安排在类似的班级中；每项此类安排和分类一经作出，均应向总统报告。
Third.
第三。
That from time to time said Secretary, the Postmaster-General, and each of the heads of departments mentioned in the one hundred and fifty-eighth section of the Revised Statutes, and each head of an office, shall, on the direction of the President, and for facilitating the execution of this act, respectively revise any then existing classification or arrangement of those in their respective departments and offices, and shall, for the purposes of the examination herein provided for, include in one or more of such classes, so far as practicable, subordinate places, clerks, and officers in the public service pertaining to their respective departments not before classified for examination.
上述秘书、邮政局长和修订章程第一百五十八条中提到的各部门负责人以及各办公室负责人应不时根据总统的指示，并为了促进本法案的执行，分别修订其各自部门和办公室当时现有的分类或安排，并应为了本文规定的审查目的，在可行的情况下，在一个或多个此类类别中包括从属的分类或安排。之前未分类进行检查的与各自部门有关的公共服务人员、职员和官员。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
7.
7.
That after the expiration of six months from the passage of this act no officer or clerk shall be appointed, and no person shall be employed to enter or be promoted in either of the said classes now existing, or that may be arranged hereunder pursuant to said rules, until he has passed an examination, or is shown to be specially exempted from such examination in conformity herewith.
自本法通过之日起六个月期满后，不得任命任何官员或职员，也不得雇用任何人进入或晋升现有的上述类别或根据上述规则可能安排的类别，直到他通过了考试，或被证明根据本法特别豁免了此类考试。
But nothing herein contained shall be construed to take from those honorably discharged from the military or naval service any preference conferred by the seventeen hundred and fifty-fourth section of the Revised Statutes, nor to take from the President any authority not inconsistent with this act conferred by the seventeen hundred and fifty-third section of said statutes; nor shall any officer not in the executive branch of the government, or any person merely employed as a laborer or workman, be required to be classified hereunder; nor, unless by direction of the Senate, shall any person who has been nominated for confirmation by the Senate be required to be classified or to pass an examination.
但本文中的任何内容均不得被解释为剥夺那些从陆军或海军服役的光荣退役人员所享有的修订后法规第 1754 节所赋予的任何优先权，也不得被解释为剥夺总统所获得的与上述法规第 1753 节所授予的与本法案不相抵触的任何权力；也不应要求将任何非政府行政部门的官员或仅受雇为劳工或工人的任何人归入本条例；除非经参议院指示，任何已被提名供参议院确认的人也不得被要求进行分类或通过考试。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
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That no person habitually using intoxicating beverages to excess shall be appointed to, or retained in, any office, appointment, or employment to which the provisions of this act are applicable.
习惯性过量饮用醉酒的人不得被任命或保留在本法规定适用的任何办公室、任命或就业岗位上。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
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That whenever there are already two or more members of a family in the public service in the grades covered by this act, no other member of such family shall be eligible to appointment to any of said grades.
当一个家庭中已经有两名或两名以上成员在本法所涵盖的职级中担任公职时，该家庭的任何其他成员均无资格被任命为任何上述职级。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
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That no recommendation of any person who shall apply for office or place under the provisions of this act which may be given by any Senator or member of the House of Representatives, except as to the character or residence of the applicant, shall be received or considered by any person concerned in making any examination or appointment under this act.
任何参议员或众议院议员可能对根据本法规定申请职位或职位的任何人提出的任何建议，除关于申请人的性格或居住地的建议外，不得被根据本法进行任何考试或任命的任何人接收或考虑。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
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That no Senator, or Representative, or Territorial Delegate of the Congress, or Senator, Representative, or Delegate elect, or any officer or employee of either of said houses, and no executive, judicial, military, or naval officer of the United States, and no clerk or employee of any department, branch or bureau of the executive, judicial, or military or naval service of the United States, shall, directly or indirectly, solicit or receive., or be in any manner concerned ill soliciting or receiving, any assessment, subscription, or contribution for any political purpose whatever, from any officer, clerk, or employee of the United States, or any department, branch, or bureau thereof, or from any person receiving any salary or compensation from moneys derived from the Treasury of the United States.
国会的任何参议员、众议员或领土代表，或当选的参议员、众议员或代表，或上述两院的任何官员或雇员，以及美国的行政、司法、军事或海军军官，以及美国行政、司法、军事或海军部门的任何部门、分支机构或局的职员或雇员，不得直接或间接索取或接受，或以任何方式不当索取或接受任何出于任何政治目的，来自美国或其任何部门、分支机构或局的任何官员、职员或雇员，或来自从美国财政部获得任何工资或报酬的任何人的评估、捐款或捐款。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
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That no person shall, in any room or building occupied in the discharge of official duties by any officer or employee of the United States mentioned in this act, or in any navy-yard, fort, or arsenal, solicit in any manner whatever, or receive any contribution of money or any other thing of value for any political purpose whatever.
任何人不得在本法案中提及的任何美国官员或雇员履行公务时占用的任何房间或建筑物内，或在任何海军造船厂、堡垒或军火库中，以任何方式索取金钱或任何其他有价之物用于任何政治目的。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
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No officer or employee of the United States mentioned m this act shall discharge, or promote, or degrade, or in manner change the official rank or compensation of any other officer or employee, or promise or threaten so to do, for giving or withholding or neglecting to make any contribution of money or other valuable thing for any political purpose.
本法案中提及的任何美国官员或雇员均不得因出于任何政治目的提供、扣留或忽视提供任何金钱或其他有价值的物品而解雇、晋升、降级或以方式改变任何其他官员或雇员的官方级别或薪酬，或承诺或威胁这样做。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
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That no officer, clerk, or other person in the service of the United States shall, directly or indirectly, give or hand over to any other officer, clerk, or person in the service of the United States, or to any Senator or Member of the House of Representatives, or Territorial Delegate, any money or other valuable thing on account of or to be applied to the promotion of any political object whatever.
任何为美国服务的官员、职员或其他人员不得直接或间接向任何其他为美国服务的官员、职员或人员，或任何参议员或众议院议员或领土代表，提供或移交任何金钱或其他有价值的物品，以促进或用于促进任何政治目标。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
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That any person who shall be guilty of violating any provision of the four foregoing sections shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or by such fine and imprisonment both, in the discretion of the court.
任何人违反上述四节中的任何规定，均应被视为轻罪，一经定罪，应处以不超过五千美元的罚款，或不超过三年的监禁，或由法院酌情处以罚款和监禁。