Morrill Act (1862)
Citation: Act of July 2, 1862 (Morrill Act), Public Law 37-108, which established land grant colleges, 07/02/1862; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1996; Record Group 11; General Records of the United States Government; National Archives.
引用：1862 年 7 月 2 日法案（莫里尔法案），公法 37-108，该法案建立了赠地学院，1862 年 7 月 2 日；国会登记法案和决议，1789-1996；记录组11；美国政府总记录；国家档案馆。
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Passed on July 2, 1862, this act made it possible for states to establish public colleges funded by the development or sale of associated federal land grants.
该法案于 1862 年 7 月 2 日通过，使各州可以通过开发或出售相关联邦土地拨款来资助建立公立大学。
Over 10 million acres provided by these grants were expropriated from tribal lands of Native communities.
这些赠款提供的超过 1000 万英亩土地是从原住民社区的部落土地上征用的。
The new land-grant institutions, which emphasized agriculture and mechanic arts, opened opportunities to thousands of farmers and working people previously excluded from higher education.
新的土地授予机构强调农业和机械艺术，为数千名以前被排除在高等教育之外的农民和劳动人民提供了机会。
Sponsored by Senator Justin Morrill of Vermont, the "Act Donating public lands to the several States and [Territories] which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the Mechanic arts" marked the first federal aid to higher education.
由佛蒙特州参议员贾斯汀·莫里尔发起的“向几个州和[领地]捐赠公共土地法案，这些土地可以为农业和机械艺术提供大学”，标志着联邦对高等教育的首次援助。
But the government’s recognition of its obligation to provide schools for its future citizens dates from the beginning of the republic.
但政府自共和国成立之初就承认有义务为未来的公民提供学校。
In the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , the Continental Congress wrote, "Knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." With this ordinance, Congress established a precedent for the support of public education that would grow to substantial commitments in later years.
大陆会议在 1787 年的《西北法令》中写道：“知识对于良好的政府和人类的幸福至关重要，学校和教育手段应永远受到鼓励。”通过这项法令，国会开创了支持公共教育的先例，该先例将在以后的几年中发展为实质性承诺。
Land was the key to the federal government’s early involvement.
土地是联邦政府早期介入的关键。
Much of this land had been, and would continue to be, taken from Native American tribes.
这片土地的大部分已经并将继续从美洲原住民部落手中夺取。
It was ceded through treaties, agreements, and seizure.
它是通过条约、协议和扣押而被割让的。
Often tribes were effectively forced to sign treaties ceding land because of their living conditions or threat of violence.
通常，由于生活条件或暴力威胁，部落实际上被迫签署割让土地的条约。
In many cases, the federal government did not uphold its end of these treaties.
在许多情况下，联邦政府并没有遵守这些条约的规定。
These now "public lands" were surveyed into six-mile square townships, and a one-square-mile section in each township was reserved for the support of public schools.
这些现在的“公共土地”被勘测成六英里见方的乡镇，每个乡镇保留一平方英里的区域用于支持公立学校。
The land itself was rarely used for school construction but rather was sold off, with proceeds used to fund the school program.
土地本身很少用于学校建设，而是被出售，所得收益用于资助学校项目。
The system invited misuse by opportunists, and substantial portions of the educational land-grants never benefited education.
该制度容易被机会主义者滥用，而且大部分教育用地从未用于教育。
Nevertheless, land-grant support became a substantial factor in providing education to most American children who could never hope to attend private or charity-supported schools.
然而，赠地支持成为向大多数永远无法希望进入私立或慈善机构支持的学校的美国儿童提供教育的一个重要因素。
The Morrill Act committed the federal government to grant each state 30,000 acres of public land issued in the form of "land scrip" certificates for each of its representatives and senators in Congress.
《莫里尔法案》承诺联邦政府向每个州授予 30,000 英亩的公共土地，并以“土地凭证”证书的形式颁发给国会中的每位代表和参议员。
Although many states squandered the revenue from this endowment, which grew to an allocation of over 100 million acres, the Morrill land grants laid the foundation for a national system of state colleges and universities.
尽管许多州挥霍了这笔捐赠的收入，这笔捐赠的拨款已超过 1 亿英亩，但莫里尔的土地赠款为全国州立学院和大学系统奠定了基础。
In some cases, the land sales financed existing institutions; in others, new schools were chartered by the states.
在某些情况下，土地出售为现有机构提供了资金；在其他国家，新学校由各州特许。
Major universities such as Nebraska, Washington State, Clemson, and Cornell were chartered as land-grant schools.
内布拉斯加州、华盛顿州、克莱姆森大学和康奈尔大学等主要大学被特许为赠地学校。
People of color were often excluded from these educational opportunities due to their race.
有色人种常常因其种族而被排除在这些教育机会之外。
The Second Morrill Act of 1890 was aimed at the former Confederate states and sought to rectify this discrimination.
1890 年的《第二莫里尔法案》针对的是前南部邦联各州，并试图纠正这种歧视。
It required states to establish separate land-grant institutions for Black students or demonstrate that admission was not restricted by race.
它要求各州为黑人学生建立单独的土地授予机构，或证明入学不受种族限制。
The act granted money instead of land and resulted in the establishment of several historically Black universities and colleges, including Alabama A&M, Prairie View A&M University, and Tuskegee University.
该法案授予金钱而不是土地，并导致建立了几所历史悠久的黑人大学和学院，包括阿拉巴马农工大学、草原景观农工大学和塔斯基吉大学。
This document is available on DocsTeach , the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.
该文档可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文档进行教学的在线工具。
Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity .
查找包含本文档的教学活动，或创建您自己的在线活动。
AN ACT Donating Public Lands to the several States and Territories which may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
向几个州和地区捐赠公共土地的法案，这些土地可以为农业和机械艺术的利益提供大学。
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That there be granted to the several States, for the purposes hereinafter mentioned, an amount of public land, to be apportioned to each State a quantity equal to thirty thousand acres for each senator and representative in Congress to which the States are respectively entitled by the apportionment under the census of eighteen hundred and sixty: Provided , That no mineral lands shall be selected or purchased under the provisions of this Act.
美利坚合众国参议院和众议院在国会中制定的规定，为了下文提到的目的，向各州分配一定数量的公共土地，每个州分配给国会中的每位参议员和众议员相当于三万英亩的土地，这些土地是根据一千八百六十人口普查各州分别有权获得的：但不得根据本条的规定选择或购买任何矿产土地行动。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
2.
2.
And be it further enacted , That the land aforesaid, after being surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several States in sections or subdivisions of sections, not less than one quarter of a section; and whenever there are public lands in a State subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, the quantity to which said State shall be entitled shall be selected from such lands within the limits of such State, and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue to each of the States in which there is not the quantity of public lands subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, to which said State may be entitled under the provisions of this act, land scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency of its distributive share: said scrip to be sold by said States and the proceeds thereof applied to the uses and purposes prescribed in this act, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever: Provided , That in no case shall any State to which land scrip may thus be issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any other State, or of any Territory of the United States, but their assignees may thus locate said land scrip upon any of the unappropriated lands of the United States subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents, or less, per acre: And provided, further , That not more than one million acres shall be located by such assignees in any one of the States: And provided, further , That no such location shall be made before one year from the passage of this Act.
并进一步规定，上述土地经测量后，应按部分或部分细分分配给几个州，不少于四分之一；每当一个州有公共土地以每英亩 1 美元 25 美分的价格在私人入口处出售时，该州有权获得的数量应从该州范围内的这些土地中选择，特此指示内政部长向没有该数量的公共土地以每英亩 1 美元 25 美分的价格在私人入口处出售的每个州颁发该州根据本法的规定有权获得的土地凭证其分配份额不足的金额（以英亩为单位）：所述各州将出售该凭证，并将其收益用于本法规定的用途和目的，不得用于任何其他用途或目的：前提是，在任何情况下，任何获得土地凭证的州都不得在美国任何其他州或任何领土的范围内找到该土地凭证，但其受让人可以因此将所述土地凭证放置在美国任何未侵占的土地上可以以每英亩一美元二十五美分或更少的价格在私人入口处出售：并且进一步规定，此类受让人在任何一个州所拥有的土地不得超过一百万英亩：并且进一步规定，自本法通过之日起一年内不得设立此类地点。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
3.
3.
And be it further enacted , That all the expenses of management, superintendence, and taxes from date of selection of said lands, previous to their sales, and all expenses incurred in the management and disbursement of the moneys which may be received therefrom, shall be paid by the States to which they may belong, out of the Treasury of said States, so that the entire proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be applied without any diminution whatever to the purposes hereinafter mentioned.
并进一步规定，从选择上述土地之日起，在其出售之前的所有管理、监督和税收费用，以及在管理和支付可能收到的资金方面产生的所有费用，应由这些土地所属的州从上述各州的财政部中支付，因此，出售上述土地的全部收益不得减少用于下文提到的目的。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
4.
4.
And be it further enacted, That all moneys derived from the sale of the lands aforesaid by the States to which the lands are apportioned, and from the sales of land scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invested in stocks of the United States, or of the States, or some other safe stocks, yielding not less than five per centum upon the par value of said stocks; and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished, (except so far as may be provided in section fifth of this act,) and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated, by each State which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.
进一步规定，所有从土地分配到的州出售上述土地以及出售上述土地凭证所得的资金，均应投资于美国或各州的股票或其他一些安全股票，其收益率不低于上述股票面值的百分之五；如此投资的资金应构成一个永久基金，其资本应永远不减少（本法第五节规定的除外），其利息应由每个可能从本法中受益的国家不可侵犯地拨出，用于捐赠、支持和维持至少一所大学，该大学的主要目标是在不排除其他科学和古典研究，包括军事战术的情况下，教授与以下学科有关的学科：农业和机械艺术，以各州立法机关分别规定的方式，以促进工业阶级在生活中的多种追求和职业方面的自由和实用教育。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
5.
5.
And be it further enacted , That the grant of land and land scrip hereby authorized shall be made on the following conditions, to which, as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be signified by legislative acts:
如果进一步颁布，特此授权的土地和土地凭证的授予应根据以下条件进行，对于这些条件以及上文所载的条款，应通过立法行为表示各州的事先同意：
First.
首先。
If any portion of the fund invested, as provided by the foregoing section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall, by any action or contingency, be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undiminished; and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without diminution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, except that a sum, not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount received by any State under the provisions of this act may be expended for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms, whenever authorized by the respective legislatures of said States.
如果前款规定的投资基金的任何部分或其利息的任何部分因任何行动或意外事件而减少或损失，则应由其所属国家予以补充，以使基金资本永远不减少；年利息应定期用于本法第四节中提到的目的，但不超过任何州根据本法规定收到的金额的百分之十的金额可以用于购买土地或实验农场，只要得到各州各自立法机关的授权。
Second.
第二。
No portion of said fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretence whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings.
上述基金的任何部分及其利息均不得以任何借口直接或间接用于购买、建造、保存或维修任何建筑物。
Third.
第三。
Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions of this act shall provide, within five years from the time of its acceptance as provided in subdivision seven of this section, at least not less than one college, as described in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to such State shall cease; and said State shall be bound to pay the United States the amount received of any lands previously sold; and that the title to purchasers under the State shall be valid.
任何可以接受并要求受益于本法规定的州，应在本节第七款规定的接受之日起五年内，至少提供不少于一所学院，如本法第四节所述，否则应停止向该州提供资助；该州有义务向美国支付先前出售的任何土地所收到的金额；并且国家对购买者的所有权应有效。
Fourth.
第四。
An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each college, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their cost and results, and such other matters, including State industrial and economical statistics, as may be supposed useful; one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail [free] by each, to all the other colleges which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior.
应就每所学院的进展情况提交年度报告，记录所做的任何改进和实验及其成本和结果，以及可能有用的其他事项，包括国家工业和经济统计数据；每人应通过邮件[免费]将一份副本发送给根据本法规定可能捐赠的所有其他学院，并向内政部长发送一份副本。
Fifth.
第五。
When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised to double the minimum price, in consequence of railroad grants, they shall be computed to the States at the maximum price, and the number of acres proportionally diminished.
当因铁路拨款而从最低价格提高一倍的土地中选择土地时，应按最高价格向各州计算，并按比例减少英亩数。
Sixth.
第六。
No State while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States shall be entitled to the benefit of this act.
任何处于叛乱或叛乱状态反对美国政府的州均无权享受本法案的好处。
Seventh.
第七。
No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it shall express its acceptance thereof by its legislature within three years from July 23, 1866:
任何州均无权享受本法的好处，除非其立法机构在 1866 年 7 月 23 日起三年内表示接受：
Provided , That when any Territory shall become a State and be admitted into the Union, such new State shall shall be entitled to the benefits of the said act of July two, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, by expressing the acceptance therein required within three years from the date of its admission into the Union, and providing the college or colleges within five years after such acceptance, as prescribed in this act.
但当任何领土成为一个州并加入联邦时，该新州应有权享受1862年7月2日法案的好处，方法是在其加入联邦之日起三年内表示接受，并按照本法案的规定在接受后五年内提供学院。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
6.
6.
And be it further enacted, That land scrip issued under the provisions of this act shall not be subject to location until after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
如果进一步颁布，根据本法规定颁发的土地凭证应在公元一千八百六十三年一月一日之后才能确定。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
7.
7.
And be it further enacted , That the land officers shall receive the same fees for locating land scrip issued under the provisions of this act as is now allowed for the location of military bounty land warrants under existing laws: Provided , their maximum compensation shall not be thereby increased.
如果进一步颁布，土地官员应获得与根据现行法律规定的军事赏金土地证定位相同的费用，以定位根据本法规定颁发的土地凭证：但他们的最高补偿不得因此而增加。
SEC.
美国证券交易委员会。
8.
8.
And be it further enacted , That the Governors of the several States to which scrip shall be issued under this act shall be required to report annually to Congress all sales made of such scrip until the whole shall be disposed of, the amount received for the same, and what appropriation has been made of the proceeds.
如果进一步颁布，根据本法案发行代币的几个州的州长应每年向国会报告该代币的所有销售情况，直至全部处置完毕，收到的金额以及已对收益进行了哪些拨款。