Federal Judiciary Act (1789)

Engrossed Judiciary Act, September 24, 1789; First Congress; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.

全神贯注的司法法案，1789 年 9 月 24 日；第一届代表大会；登记的法案和决议；美国政府总记录；记录组11；国家档案馆。

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One of the first acts of the new Congress was to establish a Federal court system through the Judiciary Act signed by President Washington on September 24, 1789.

新国会的首要法案之一就是通过华盛顿总统于 1789 年 9 月 24 日签署的司法法案建立联邦法院系统。

The founders of the new nation believed that the establishment of a national judiciary was one of their most important tasks.

新国家的缔造者认为建立国家司法机构是他们最重要的任务之一。

Yet Article III of the Constitution of the United States, the provision that deals with the judiciary branch of government, is markedly smaller than Articles I and II, which created the legislative and executive branches.

然而，美国宪法第三条涉及政府司法部门的条款明显少于创建立法和行政部门的第一条和第二条。

The generality of Article III of the Constitution raised questions that Congress had to address in the Judiciary Act of 1789.

宪法第三条的普遍性提出了国会必须在 1789 年司法法案中解决的问题。

These questions had no easy answers, and the solutions to them were achieved politically.

这些问题没有简单的答案，它们的解决方案是通过政治来实现的。

The First Congress decided that it could regulate the jurisdiction of all Federal courts, and in the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress established with great particularity a limited jurisdiction for the district and circuit courts, gave the Supreme Court the original jurisdiction provided for in the Constitution, and granted the Court appellate jurisdiction in cases from the Federal circuit courts and from the state courts where those courts rulings had rejected Federal claims.

第一届国会决定它可以规范所有联邦法院的管辖权，并在 1789 年的《司法法》中，特别规定了地区法院和巡回法院的有限管辖权，赋予最高法院宪法规定的原始管辖权，并授予法院对联邦巡回法院和州法院判决驳回联邦索赔的案件的上诉管辖权。

The decision to grant Federal courts a jurisdiction more restrictive than that allowed by the Constitution represented a recognition by the Congress that the people of the United States would not find a full-blown Federal court system palatable at that time.

授予联邦法院比宪法允许的管辖权更严格的决定表明国会承认美国人民当时不会接受成熟的联邦法院系统。

For nearly all of the next century the judicial system remained essentially as established by the Judiciary Act of 1789.

在接下来的几乎整个世纪里，司法系统基本上保持着 1789 年《司法法》所建立的体系。

Only after the country had expanded across a continent and had been torn apart by civil war were major changes made.

只有在这个国家扩展到一个大陆并被内战撕裂之后才发生了重大变化。

A separate tier of appellate circuit courts created in 1891 removed the burden of circuit riding from the shoulders of the Supreme Court justices, but otherwise left intact the judicial structure.

1891 年设立的独立上诉巡回法院消除了最高法院法官肩上的巡回上诉法院的负担，但在其他方面保留了司法结构。

With minor adjustments, it is the same system we have today.

经过细微调整，它与我们今天的系统相同。

Congress has continued to build on the interpretation of the drafters of the first judiciary act in exercising a discretionary power to expand or restrict Federal court jurisdiction.

国会继续以第一部司法法案起草者的解释为基础，行使扩大或限制联邦法院管辖权的自由裁量权。

While opinions as to what constitutes the proper balance of Federal and state concerns vary no less today than they did two centuries ago, the fact that today’s Federal court system closely resembles the one created in 1789 suggests that the First Congress performed its job admirably.

虽然关于什么构成联邦和各州关注点的适当平衡的观点如今与两个世纪前一样存在分歧，但今天的联邦法院系统与 1789 年创建的系统非常相似这一事实表明，第一届国会出色地履行了其职责。

This document is available on DocsTeach , the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.

该文档可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文档进行教学的在线工具。

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查找包含本文档的教学活动，或创建您自己的在线活动。