Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948)

Citation: Executive Order 9981, July 26, 1948; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.

引用：1948 年 7 月 26 日第 9981 号行政命令；美国政府总记录；记录组11；国家档案馆。

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On July 26, 1948, President Harry S.

1948 年 7 月 26 日，哈里·S·总统 (Harry S.

Truman signed this executive order banning segregation in the Armed Forces.

杜鲁门签署了这项禁止武装部队中种族隔离的行政命令。

In 1940, African-Americans made up almost 10 percent of the total U.S. population (12.6 million people out of a total population of 131 million).

1940 年，非裔美国人几乎占美国总人口的 10%（总人口 1.31 亿中有 1260 万人）。

During World War II, the Army had become the nation's largest minority employer.

第二次世界大战期间，陆军成为美国最大的少数族裔雇主。

Of the 2.5 million African-American males who registered for the draft through December 31, 1945, more than one million were inducted into the armed forces.

截至 1945 年 12 月 31 日，登记应征入伍的 250 万非裔美国男性中，超过 100 万应征入伍。

Along with thousands of Black women, these inductees served in all branches of service and in all Theaters of Operations during World War II.

第二次世界大战期间，这些应征者与数千名黑人妇女一起在所有军种和所有战区服役。

During World War II, President Roosevelt had responded to complaints about discrimination at home against African Americans by issuing Executive Order 8802 in June 1941.

第二次世界大战期间，罗斯福总统于 1941 年 6 月发布了第 8802 号行政命令，以回应针对非洲裔美国人在国内受到歧视的投诉。

It directed that Black Americans be accepted into job-training programs in defense plants, forbid discrimination by defense contractors, and established a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC).

它指示美国黑人被接受进入国防工厂的职业培训计划，禁止国防承包商的歧视，并建立了公平就业实践委员会（FEPC）。

After the war, President Harry Truman, Roosevelt's successor, faced a multitude of problems and allowed Congress to terminate the FEPC.

战后，罗斯福的继任者哈里·杜鲁门总统面临诸多问题，允许国会终止 FEPC。

However, in December 1946, Truman appointed a distinguished panel to serve as the President's Commission on Civil Rights, which recommended "more adequate means and procedures for the protection of the civil rights of the people of the United States." When the commission issued its report, "To Secure These Rights," in October 1947, among its proposals were anti-lynching and anti-poll tax laws, a permanent FEPC, and strengthening the civil rights division of the Department of Justice.

然而，1946 年 12 月，杜鲁门任命了一个杰出的小组作为总统民权委员会，该委员会建议“采取更充分的手段和程序来保护美国人民的民权”。当该委员会于 1947 年 10 月发布其报告《确保这些权利》时，其建议包括反私刑和反人头税法、永久性 FEPC 以及加强司法部的民权部门。

In February 1948, President Truman called on Congress to enact all of these recommendations.

1948 年 2 月，杜鲁门总统呼吁国会颁布所有这些建议。

When Southern Senators immediately threatened a filibuster, Truman moved ahead on civil rights by using his executive powers.

当南方参议员立即威胁要进行阻挠时，杜鲁门利用他的行政权力推进了民权运动。

Among other things, Truman bolstered the civil rights division, appointed the first African-American judge to the Federal bench, and named several other African-Americans to high-ranking administration positions.

除其他外，杜鲁门加强了民权部门，任命了第一位非裔美国法官进入联邦法官，并任命其他几名​​非裔美国人担任高级政府职位。

And on July 26, 1948, he issued this executive order abolishing segregation in the armed forces and ordering full integration of all branches.

1948 年 7 月 26 日，他发布了这项行政命令，废除武装部队中的种族隔离，并下令全面整合所有军种。

Executive Order 9981 stated that "there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed forces without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin." It established the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services to recommend revisions to military regulations in order to implement this policy.

第 9981 号行政命令规定，“武装部队中的所有人均应享有平等待遇和机会，不论种族、肤色、宗教或国籍。”它设立了总统武装部队待遇和机会平等委员会，以建议修改军事法规，以实施这一政策。

The advisory committee examined the rules, practices, and procedures of the armed services and recommend ways to make desegregation a reality.

咨询委员会审查了武装部队的规则、做法和程序，并就如何实现废除种族隔离提出了建议。

The committee, chaired by Charles Fahy, was terminated upon submission of its final report, entitled "Freedom to Serve," on May 22, 1950.

该委员会由查尔斯·法希 (Charles Fahy) 担任主席，于 1950 年 5 月 22 日提交题为“服务自由”的最终报告后终止。

There was considerable resistance to the executive order from the military, but by the end of the Korean conflict, almost all of the military was integrated.

军方对行政命令提出了相当大的抵制，但到朝鲜冲突结束时，几乎所有军队都被整合了。

This document is available on DocsTeach, the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.

该文档可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文档进行教学的在线工具。

Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity .

查找包含本文档的教学活动，或创建您自己的在线活动。

Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity In the Armed Forces.

设立总统武装部队待遇和机会平等委员会。

WHEREAS it is essential that there be maintained in the armed services of the United States the highest standards of democracy, with equality of treatment and opportunity for all those who serve in our country's defense:

鉴于美国武装部队必须保持最高的民主标准，为所有为我国国防服务的人员提供平等的待遇和机会：

NOW THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, by the Constitution and the statutes of the United States, and as Commander in Chief of the armed services, it is hereby ordered as follows:

因此，现在，凭借美国宪法和法规赋予我作为美国总统以及武装部队总司令的权力，特此命令如下：

1.

1.

It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin.

特此宣布总统的政策是，武装部队中的所有人员应享有平等待遇和机会，不论种族、肤色、宗教或国籍。

This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale.

该政策应尽快实施，并适当考虑在不影响效率或士气的情况下进行任何必要的改变所需的时间。

2.

2.

There shall be created in the National Military Establishment an advisory committee to be known as the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, which shall be composed of seven members to be designated by the President.

国家军事机构内应设立一个咨询委员会，称为总统武装部队待遇和机会平等委员会，由总统指定的七名成员组成。

3.

3.

The Committee is authorized on behalf of the President to examine into the rules, procedures and practices of the Armed Services in order to determine in what respect such rules, procedures and practices may be altered or improved with a view to carrying out the policy of this order.

该委员会有权代表总统审查武装部队的规则、程序和做法，以确定在哪些方面可以改变或改进这些规则、程序和做法，以执行本命令的政策。

The Committee shall confer and advise the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, and shall make such recommendations to the President and to said Secretaries as in the judgment of the Committee will effectuate the policy hereof.

委员会应向国防部长、陆军部长、海军部长和空军部长提供咨询意见，并向总统和上述部长提出委员会认为将实施本政策的建议。

4.

4.

All executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government are authorized and directed to cooperate with the Committee in its work, and to furnish the Committee such information or the services of such persons as the Committee may require in the performance of its duties.

联邦政府所有行政部门和机构均获授权并指示与委员会合作开展工作，并向委员会提供委员会在履行职责时可能需要的信息或人员的服务。

5.

5.

When requested by the Committee to do so, persons in the armed services or in any of the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government shall testify before the Committee and shall make available for use of the Committee such documents and other information as the Committee may require.

当委员会要求时，武装部队或联邦政府任何执行部门和机构的人员应在委员会面前作证，并应向委员会提供委员会可能要求的文件和其他信息。

6.

6.

The Committee shall continue to exist until such time as the President shall terminate its existence by Executive order.

委员会应继续存在，直至总统通过行政命令终止其存在。