Executive Order 9066: Resulting in Japanese-American Incarceration (1942)

Citation: Executive Order 9066, February 19, 1942; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.

引用：1942 年 2 月 19 日第 9066 号行政命令；美国政府总记录；记录组11；国家档案馆。

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Issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, this order authorized the forced removal of all persons deemed a threat to national security from the West Coast to "relocation centers" further inland – resulting in the incarceration of Japanese Americans.

该命令由富兰克林·罗斯福总统于 1942 年 2 月 19 日发布，授权将所有被视为对国家安全构成威胁的人员从西海岸强行转移到更远的内陆“安置中心”，从而导致日裔美国人被监禁。

Between 1861 and 1940, approximately 275,000 Japanese immigrated to Hawaii and the mainland United States, the majority arriving between 1898 and 1924, when quotas were adopted that ended Asian immigration.

1861 年至 1940 年间，大约有 275,000 名日本人移民到夏威夷和美国大陆，其中大多数是在 1898 年至 1924 年期间抵达的，当时实行配额制，结束了亚洲移民。

Many worked in Hawaiian sugarcane fields as contract laborers.

许多人在夏威夷甘蔗田担任合同工。

After their contracts expired, a small number remained and opened up shops.

合同到期后，少数人留下来开设商店。

Other Japanese immigrants settled on the West Coast of mainland United States, cultivating marginal farmlands and fruit orchards, fishing, and operating small businesses.

其他日本移民定居在美国大陆西海岸，耕种贫瘠农田和果园、捕鱼和经营小企业。

Their efforts yielded impressive results.

他们的努力取得了令人瞩目的成果。

Japanese Americans controlled less than 4 percent of California’s farmland in 1940, but they produced more than 10 percent of the total value of the state’s farm resources.

1940 年，日裔美国人控制着加州不到 4% 的农田，但他们生产的农业资源却占该州农业资源总价值的 10% 以上。

As was the case with other immigrant groups, Japanese Americans settled in ethnic neighborhoods and established schools, houses of worship, and economic and cultural institutions.

与其他移民群体的情况一样，日裔美国人在少数民族社区定居并建立了学校、礼拜堂以及经济和文化机构。

Ethnic concentration was further increased by real estate agents who would not sell properties to Japanese Americans outside of existing Japanese American enclaves and by a 1913 act passed by the California Assembly restricting land ownership to those eligible to be citizens.

房地产经纪人不会向现有日裔美国人飞地之外的日裔美国人出售房产，而且加州议会于 1913 年通过一项法案，将土地所有权限制在有资格成为公民的人手中，这进一步加剧了种族集中度。

In 1922, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Ozawa v.

1922年，美国最高法院在小泽诉。

United States , upheld the government’s right to deny U.S. citizenship to Japanese immigrants.

美国，维护政府拒绝日本移民美国公民身份的权利。

On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the United States at the Pearl Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii.

1941 年 12 月 7 日，日本帝国在夏威夷珍珠港海军基地袭击了美国。

The attack launched a rash of fear about national security, especially on the West Coast.

此次袭击引发了人们对国家安全的强烈担忧，尤其是在西海岸。

This combined with economic competition, distrust over cultural separateness, and long-standing anti-Asian racism turned into disaster for Japanese Americans.

这与经济竞争、对文化隔离的不信任以及长期存在的反亚裔种族主义相结合，对日裔美国人来说变成了灾难。

Lobbyists from western states, many representing competing economic interests or nativist groups, pressured Congress and the President to remove persons of Japanese descent from the west coast, both foreign born ( issei – meaning “first generation” of Japanese in the U.S.) and American citizens ( nisei – the second generation of Japanese in America, U.S. citizens by birthright.) During congressional committee hearings, Department of Justice representatives raised constitutional and ethical objections to the proposal, so the U.S. Army carried out the task instead.

来自西方各州的游说者，其中许多代表相互竞争的经济利益或本土主义团体，向国会和总统施压，要求将日裔后裔从西海岸驱逐，这些人包括外国出生的（issei - 意为在美国的“第一代”日本人）和美国公民（nisei - 在美国的第二代日本人，出生权利的美国公民。）在国会委员会听证会上，司法部代表对该提议提出了宪法和道德上的反对意见，因此美国陆军执行了这项任务相反。

The West Coast was divided into military zones, and on February 19, 1942, President Franklin D.

西海岸被划分为多个军事区，1942 年 2 月 19 日，富兰克林·D·肯尼迪总统 (Franklin D.

Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 that authorized military commanders to exclude civilians from military areas.

罗斯福发布了第 9066 号行政命令，授权军事指挥官将平民排除在军事区域之外。

Although the language of the order did not specify any ethnic group, Lieutenant General John L.

尽管该命令的语言没有具体说明任何种族群体，但中将约翰·L·

DeWitt of the Western Defense Command proceeded to announce curfews that included only Japanese Americans.

西部防御司令部的德威特随后宣布宵禁，仅包括日裔美国人。

General DeWitt first encouraged voluntary evacuation by Japanese Americans from a limited number of areas.

德威特将军首先鼓励日裔美国人从有限的地区自愿撤离。

About seven percent of the total Japanese American population in these areas complied.

这些地区大约百分之七的日裔美国人遵守了这一要求。

Then on March 29, 1942, under the authority of Roosevelt's executive order, DeWitt issued Public Proclamation No. 4, which began the forced evacuation and detention of Japanese-American West Coast residents on a 48-hour notice.

1942年3月29日，在罗斯福行政命令的授权下，德威特发布了第4号公告，开始在提前48小时通知的情况下强制疏散和拘留西海岸的日裔居民。

Only a few days prior to the proclamation, on March 21, Congress had passed Public Law 503, which made violation of Executive Order 9066 a misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in prison and a $5,000 fine.

就在该公告发布前几天，即 3 月 21 日，国会通过了第 503 号公法，将违反第 9066 号行政命令的行为定为轻罪，最高可判处一年监禁和 5,000 美元罚款。

In the next six months, approximately 122,000 men, women, and children were forcibly moved to "assembly centers." They were then evacuated to and confined in isolated, fenced, and guarded "relocation centers," also known as "internment camps." The 10 sites were in remote areas in six western states and Arkansas: Heart Mountain in Wyoming, Tule Lake and Manzanar in California, Topaz in Utah, Poston and Gila River in Arizona, Granada in Colorado, Minidoka in Idaho, and Jerome and Rowher in Arkansas.

在接下来的六个月里，大约 122,000 名男人、女人和儿童被强行转移到“集结中心”。然后，他们被疏散到并被限制在隔离的、有围栏和看守的“重新安置中心”，也称为“拘留营”。这 10 个地点位于西部六个州和阿肯色州的偏远地区：怀俄明州的 Heart Mountain、加利福尼亚州的 Tule Lake 和 Manzanar、犹他州的 Topaz、亚利桑那州的 Poston 和 Gila River、科罗拉多州的 Granada、爱达荷州的 Minidoka 以及阿肯色州的 Jerome 和 Rowher。

Nearly 70,000 of the evacuees were American citizens.

近七万名撤离者是美国公民。

The government made no charges against them, nor could they appeal their incarceration.

政府没有对他们提出任何指控，他们也不能对监禁提出上诉。

All lost personal liberties; most lost homes and property as well.

所有人都失去了人身自由；大多数人也失去了家园和财产。

Although several Japanese Americans challenged the government’s actions in court cases, the Supreme Court upheld their legality.

尽管一些日裔美国人在法庭案件中质疑政府的行为，但最高法院维持了其合法性。

Nisei were nevertheless encouraged to serve in the armed forces, and some were also drafted.

尽管如此，尼塞还是被鼓励参军，一些人也被征召入伍。

Altogether, more than 30,000 Japanese Americans served with distinction during World War II in segregated units.

第二次世界大战期间，总共有超过 30,000 名日裔美国人在隔离部队中服役，表现出色。

For many years after the war, various individuals and groups sought compensation for those incarcerated.

战后多年，各种个人和团体为被监禁者寻求赔偿。

The speed of the "evacuation" forced many homeowners and businessmen to sell out quickly; total property loss is estimated at $1.3 billion, and net income loss at $2.7 billion (calculated in 1983 dollars based on a congressional commission investigation).

“撤离”的速度之快，迫使许多房主和商人迅速抛售；总财产损失估计为 13 亿美元，净收入损失为 27 亿美元（根据国会委员会的调查，以 1983 年美元计算）。

The Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act of 1948, with amendments in 1951 and 1965, provided token payments for some property losses.

1948 年的《日裔美国人疏散索赔法案》（1951 年和 1965 年修订）规定对某些财产损失进行象征性支付。

More serious efforts to make amends took place in the early 1980s, when the congressionally established Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians held investigations and made recommendations.

20 世纪 80 年代初，国会成立了战时重新安置和收容平民委员会，进行了更认真的修正，并提出了建议。

As a result, several bills were introduced in Congress from 1984 until 1988.

结果，从 1984 年到 1988 年，国会提出了多项法案。

In 1988, Public Law 100-383 acknowledged the injustice of the incarceration, apologized for it, and provided partial restitution – a $20,000 cash payment to each person who was incarcerated.

1988 年，第 100-383 号公法承认监禁的不公正性，并为此道歉，并提供部分赔偿——向每个被监禁者支付 20,000 美元现金。

This document is available on DocsTeach, the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.

该文档可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文档进行教学的在线工具。

Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity .

查找包含本文档的教学活动，或创建您自己的在线活动。

Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas

授权战争部长划定军事区域

Whereas the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities as defined in Section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, 40 Stat.

鉴于战争的成功进行需要采取一切可能的保护措施，防止间谍活动和对国防材料、国防房舍和国防公用事业的破坏，如 1918 年 4 月 20 日法案第 4 条所定义，第 40 条 Stat.

533, as amended by the Act of November 30, 1940, 54 Stat.

533，经 1940 年 11 月 30 日法案修订，54 Stat。

1220, and the Act of August 21, 1941, 55 Stat.

1220，以及 1941 年 8 月 21 日法案，55 Stat。

655 (U.S.C., Title 50, Sec.

655（美国法典，第 50 篇，第 2 节）

104);

104）；

Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion.

因此，现在，凭借我作为美国总统和陆军和海军总司令的权力，我特此授权并指示战争部长和他不时指定的军事指挥官，只要他或任何指定的指挥官认为有必要或可取，就可以在他或适当的军事指挥官确定的地点和范围内划定军事区域，任何人或所有人都可以被排除在外，并且任何人都有权在这些区域内划定军事区域。人员进入、停留或离开应受到战争部长或适当的军事指挥官酌情施加的任何限制。

The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order.

在此授权战争部长根据战争部长或上述军事指挥官的判断，为任何此类地区被排除在外的居民提供交通、食物、住所和其他可能需要的住宿，直到做出其他安排，以实现本命令的目的。

The designation of military areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by the Attorney General under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the Attorney General under the said Proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas.

任何地区或地方军事区域的指定应取代总检察长根据 1941 年 12 月 7 日至 8 日公告指定的禁区和限制区，并应取代总检察长根据上述公告就此类禁区和限制区承担的责任和权力。

I hereby further authorize and direct the Secretary of War and the said Military Commanders to take such other steps as he or the appropriate Military Commander may deem advisable to enforce compliance with the restrictions applicable to each Military area hereinabove authorized to be designated, including the use of Federal troops and other Federal Agencies, with authority to accept assistance of state and local agencies.

我在此进一步授权并指示战争部长和上述军事指挥官采取他或适当的军事指挥官认为适当的其他措施，以强制遵守适用于上述授权指定的每个军事地区的限制，包括使用联邦军队和其他联邦机构，并有权接受州和地方机构的援助。

I hereby further authorize and direct all Executive Departments, independent establishments and other Federal Agencies, to assist the Secretary of War or the said Military Commanders in carrying out this Executive Order, including the furnishing of medical aid, hospitalization, food, clothing, transportation, use of land, shelter, and other supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities, and services.

我在此进一步授权和指示所有行政部门、独立机构和其他联邦机构协助战争部长或上述军事指挥官执行本行政命令，包括提供医疗援助、住院、食物、衣服、交通、土地使用、住所和其他用品、设备、公用设施、设施和服务。

This order shall not be construed as modifying or limiting in any way the authority heretofore granted under Executive Order No. 8972, dated December 12, 1941, nor shall it be construed as limiting or modifying the duty and responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, with respect to the investigation of alleged acts of sabotage or the duty and responsibility of the Attorney General and the Department of Justice under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, prescribing regulations for the conduct and control of alien enemies, except as such duty and responsibility is superseded by the designation of military areas hereunder.

本命令不得被解释为以任何方式修改或限制迄今为止根据 1941 年 12 月 12 日第 8972 号行政命令授予的权力，也不得被解释为限制或修改联邦调查局在调查涉嫌破坏行为方面的职责和责任，或总检察长和司法部根据 12 月 7 日和 8 日公告的职责和责任， 1941年，规定了外敌行为和控制的规定，但此类义务和责任被以下军事区域的指定所取代。