Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Citation: An Act Concerning Aliens, July 6, 1798; Fifth Congress; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.

引用：《关于外国人的法案》，1798 年 7 月 6 日；第五次代表大会；登记的法案和决议；美国政府总记录；记录组11；国家档案馆。

View the Alien Act in the National Archives Catalog

在国家档案目录中查看《外国人法》

View the Sedition Act in the National Archives Catalog

在国家档案目录中查看《煽动叛乱法》

Passed in preparation for an anticipated war with France, the Alien and Sedition Acts tightened restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government.

为了准备与法国的预期战争，《外国人法》和《煽动叛乱法》通过了，它收紧了对外国出生的美国人的限制，并限制了批评政府的言论。

In 1798, the United States stood on the brink of war with France.

1798年，美国与法国处于战争边缘。

The Federalist Party, which advocated for a strong central government, believed that Democratic-Republican criticism of Federalist policies was disloyal and feared that "aliens," or non-citizens, living in the United States would sympathize with the French during a war.

主张强大中央政府的联邦党认为，民主共和党对联邦党政策的批评是不忠诚的，并担心生活在美国的“外国人”或非公民会在战争期间同情法国人。

As a result, a Federalist-controlled Congress passed four laws, known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts.

结果，联邦党控制的国会通过了四项法律，统称为《外国人法和煽动叛乱法》。

These laws raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, authorized the president to deport "aliens," and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime.

这些法律将公民身份的居住要求从 5 年提高到 14 年，授权总统驱逐“外国人”，并允许在战时逮捕、监禁和驱逐他们。

The Sedition Act made it a crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish...any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the government.

《煽动叛乱法》将美国公民“印刷、发表或发表……任何有关政府的虚假、诽谤性和恶意文章”定为犯罪行为。

The laws were directed against Democratic-Republicans, the party typically favored by new citizens.

这些法律是针对民主共和党的，该党通常受到新公民的青睐。

The only journalists prosecuted under the Sedition Act were editors of Democratic-Republican newspapers.

唯一根据《煽动叛乱法》受到起诉的记者是民主共和党报纸的编辑。

Sedition Act trials, along with the Senate's use of its contempt powers to suppress dissent, set off a firestorm of criticism against the Federalists and contributed to their defeat in the election of 1800, after which the acts were repealed or allowed to expire.

《煽动叛乱法》的审判，以及参议院利用其藐视法庭权力镇压异议的行为，引发了对联邦党人的猛烈批评，并导致联邦党人在 1800 年的选举中失败，此后该法案被废除或允许失效。

The controversies surrounding them, however, provided for some of the first tests of the limits of freedom of speech and press.

然而，围绕它们的争议为言论和新闻自由的局限性提供了一些初步的考验。

These documents are available on DocsTeach , the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.

这些文件可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文件进行教学的在线工具。

Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity .

查找包含本文档的教学活动，或创建您自己的在线活动。

Note: The Alien and Sedition Acts consist of the following acts:

注：《外国人法》和《煽动叛乱法》包括以下行为：

The documents transcribed here are: The Alien Act , The Alien Enemies Act , and The Sedition Act .

这里转录的文件是：《外国人法》、《外国人敌人法》和《煽动叛乱法》。

SECTION 1.

第 1 节。

Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States at any time during the continuance of this act, to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United States, within such time as shall be expressed in such order, which order shall be served on such alien by delivering him a copy thereof, or leaving the same at his usual abode, and returned to the office of the Secretary of State, by the marshal or other person to whom the same shall be directed.

无论是由美利坚合众国参议院和众议院在国会中制定的，在本法案持续期间的任何时候，美国总统都可以合法地命令所有他认为对美国的和平与安全构成危险的外国人，或者有合理理由怀疑涉及任何针对美国政府的叛国或秘密阴谋的外国人，在该法案规定的时间内离开美国领土。该命令应送达该外国人，方法是向该外国人交付一份该命令的副本，或将该命令留在其惯常住所，并由元帅或该命令的其他接收者将其交还给国务卿办公室。

And in case any alien, so ordered to depart, shall be found at large within the United States after the time limited in such order for his departure, and not having obtained a license from the President to reside therein, or having obtained such license shall not have conformed thereto, every such alien shall, on conviction thereof, be imprisoned for a term not exceeding three years, and shall never after be admitted to become a citizen of the United States.

如果任何被命令离境的外国人在离境令规定的期限后被发现在美国境内逍遥法外，并且没有获得总统在美国居住的许可证，或者获得该许可证后不遵守该许可证，则每名外国人一经定罪，应被判处不超过三年的监禁，并且此后不得被接纳成为美国公民。

Provided always, and be it further enacted, that if any alien so ordered to depart shall prove to the satisfaction of the President, by evidence to be taken before such person or persons as the President shall direct, who are for that purpose hereby authorized to administer oaths, that no injury or danger to the United States will arise from suffering such alien to reside therein, the President may grant a license to such alien to remain within the United States for such time as he shall judge proper, and at such place as he may designate.

但前提是，如果任何被命令离境的外国人，在总统指定的人员（为此目的，特此授权宣誓的人员）面前采取证据，证明令总统满意的，即该外国人居住在美国不会对美国造成伤害或危险，则总统可以向该外国人颁发许可证，允许其在美国停留一段时间，并在他指定的地点停留。

And the President may also require of such alien to enter into a bond to the United States, in such penal sum as he may direct, with one or more sufficient sureties to the satisfaction of the per- son authorized by the President to take the same, conditioned for the good behavior of such alien during his residence in the United States, and not violating his license, which license the President may revoke, whenever he shall think proper.

总统还可以要求该外国人以他指定的罚款金额与美国签订保证金，并提供一名或多名足以令总统授权的人满意的担保，条件是该外国人在美国居住期间表现良好，并且不违反其执照，总统可以在他认为适当的时候撤销该执照。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

2.

2.

And be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States, whenever he may deem it necessary (for the public safety, to order to be removed out of the territory thereof, any alien who mayor shall be in prison in pursuance of this act; and to cause to be arrested and sent out of the United States such of those aliens as shall have been ordered to depart therefrom and shall not have obtained a license as aforesaid, in all cases where, in the opinion of the President, the public safety requires a speedy removal.

进一步颁布，合众国总统在认为有必要时（为了公共安全）可以合法地下令将根据本法案入狱的任何市长驱逐出美国领土；并逮捕那些已被命令离开美国但尚未获得上述许可证的外国人，在总统认为以下情况下，将其驱逐出美国：公共安全需要迅速拆除。

And if any alien so removed or sent out of the United States by the President shall voluntarily return thereto, unless by permission of the President of the United States, such alien on conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned so long as, in the opinion of the President, the public safety may require.

如果任何被总统驱逐或送出美国的外国人自愿返回美国，除非得到美国总统的许可，则该外国人一经定罪，应在总统认为公共安全需要的期限内被监禁。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

3.

3.

And be it further enacted, That every master or commander of any ship or vessel which shall come into any port of the United States after the first day of July next, shall immediately on his arrival make report in writing to the collector or other chief officer of the customs of such port, of all aliens, if any, on board his vessel, specifying their names, age, the place of nativity, the country from which they shall have come, the nation to which they belong and owe allegiance, their occupation and a description of their persons, as far as he shall be informed thereof, and on failure, every such master and commander shall forfeit and pay three hundred dollars, for the payment whereof on default of such master or commander, such vessel shall also be holden, and may by such collector or other officer of the customs be detained.

进一步规定，明年七月一日之后进入美国任何港口的任何船舶的船长或指挥官，应在抵达后立即向该港口海关的税务官或其他主管官员提交书面报告，报告其船上的所有外国人（如果有的话），具体说明他们的姓名、年龄、出生地、他们来自的国家、他们所属和效忠的国家、他们的职业和他们的个人描述，只要他被告知，如果没有这样做，每个船长和指挥官应没收并支付三百美元，如果该船长或指挥官违约，该船也应被扣留，并可由该海关税吏或其他官员扣留。

And it shall be the duty of such collector or other officer of the customs, forthwith to transmit to the office of the Department of State true copies of all such returns.

该海关收集员或其他官员有责任立即向国务院办公室转交所有此类申报表的真实副本。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

4.

4.

And be it further enacted, That the circuit and district courts of the United States, shall respectively have cognizance of all crimes and offences against this act.

如果进一步颁布，美国巡回法院和地区法院应分别审理违反该法案的所有罪行和违法行为。

And all marshals and other officers of the United States are required to execute all precepts and orders of the President of the United States issued in pursuance or by virtue of this act.

美国所有法警和其他官员都必须执行美国总统根据本法案发布的所有戒律和命令。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

5.

5.

And be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for any alien who may be ordered to be removed from the United States, by virtue of this act, to take with him such part of his goods, chattels, or other property, as he may find convenient; and all property left in the United States by any alien, who may be removed, as aforesaid, shall be, and re- main subject to his order and disposal, in the same manner as if this act had not been passed.

进一步规定，根据本法案被命令驱逐出美国的任何外国人，可以合法地携带他认为方便的部分货物、动产或其他财产；任何外国人在美国留下的所有财产，如上述可能被驱逐，应并继续服从其命令和处置，就像本法案没有通过一样。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

6.

6.

And be it further enacted, That this act shall continue and be in force for and during the term of two years from the passing thereof.

如果进一步颁布，本法案将在其通过后两年内继续有效。

Jonathan Dayton, Speaker of the House of Representatives.

乔纳森·代顿，众议院议长。

TH.

TH。

Jefferson, Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate.

杰斐逊，美国副总统兼参议院议长。

I Certify that this Act did originate in the Senate.

我证明该法案确实源自参议院。

Attest, Sam.

证明一下，山姆。

A.

A.

Otis, Secretary

奥蒂斯，秘书

APPROVED, June 25, 1798.

1798 年 6 月 25 日批准。

John Adams President of the United States.

约翰·亚当斯美国总统。

SECTION 1.

第 1 节。

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That whenever there shall be a declared war between the United States and any foreign nation or government, or any invasion or predatory incursion shall be perpetrated, attempted, or threatened against the territory of the United States, by any foreign nation or government, and the President of the United States shall make public proclamation of the event, all natives, citizens, denizens, or subjects of the hostile nation or government, being males of the age of fourteen years and upwards, who shall be within the United States, and not actually naturalized, shall be liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured and removed, as alien enemies.

无论何时，只要美国与任何外国或政府之间宣战，或任何外国或政府对美国领土实施、企图或威胁进行任何入侵或掠夺性入侵，并且美国总统应公开宣布该事件，敌对国家或政府的所有原住民、公民、居民或臣民，十四岁及以上的男性，如果在美国境内，但实际上没有入籍，则有可能作为外敌被逮捕、限制、保护和驱逐。

And the President of the United States shall be, and he is hereby authorized, in any event, as aforesaid, by his proclamation thereof, or other public act, to direct the conduct to be observed, on the part of the United States, towards the aliens who shall become liable, as aforesaid; the manner and degree of the restraint to which they shall be subject, and in what cases, and upon what security their residence shall be permitted, and to provide for the removal of those, who, not being permitted to reside within the United States, shall refuse or neglect to depart therefrom; and to establish any other regulations which shall be found necessary in the premises and for the public safety: Provided, that aliens resident within the United States, who shall become liable as enemies, in the manner aforesaid, and who shall not be chargeable with actual hostility, or other crime against the public safety, shall be allowed, for the recovery, disposal, and removal of their goods and effects, and for their departure, the full time which is, or shall be stipulated by any treaty, where any shall have been between the United States, and the hostile nation or government, of which they shall be natives, citizens, denizens or subjects: and where no such treaty shall have existed, the President of the United States may ascertain and declare such reasonable time as may be consistent with the public safety, and according to the dictates of humanity and national hospitality.

如上所述，在任何情况下，美国总统均有权通过其公告或其他公共行为，指示美国对应承担上述责任的外国人采取应遵守的行为；他们应受到的限制的方式和程度，以及在什么情况下，以及在什么情况下，应允许他们居住，并规定将那些不被允许居住在美国境内、拒绝或忽视离开美国的人驱逐出境；规定，居住在美国境内的外国人，应按照上述方式作为敌人承担责任，并且不得被指控犯有实际敌对行为或其他危害公共安全的罪行，应允许在美国与美国之间签订的任何条约规定的全部时间内回收、处置和移走其货物和财物，并在其离境时遵守或应由任何条约规定的全部时间。敌对国家或政府，他们应是其原住民、公民、居民或臣民：如果不存在此类条约，美国总统可以根据人道和国民好客的要求确定并宣布符合公共安全的合理时间。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

2.

2.

And be it further enacted, That after any proclamation shall be made as aforesaid, it shall be the duty of the several courts of the United States, and of each state, having criminal jurisdiction, and of the several judges and justices of the courts of the United States, and they shall be, and are hereby respectively, authorized upon complaint, against any alien or alien enemies, as aforesaid, who shall be resident and at large within such jurisdiction or district, to the danger of the public peace or safety, and contrary to the tenor or intent of such proclamation, or other regulations which the President of the United States shall and may establish in the premises, to cause such alien or aliens to be duly apprehended and convened before such court, judge or justice; and after a full examination and hearing on such complaint.

并进一步颁布，在作出上述任何公告后，具有刑事管辖权的合众国和每个州的几个法院以及合众国法院的几位法官和法官都有责任，他们应并据此分别根据投诉获得授权，针对如上所述居住在该管辖区或地区内的任何外国或外国敌人，对公共和平或安全构成威胁，并且违反该公告的主旨或意图，或违反美国总统应当并可能在该场所制定的其他规定，导致该外国人被正式逮捕并被传唤到该法院、法官或司法机构；并在对此类投诉进行全面审查和听证之后。

and sufficient cause therefor appearing, shall and may order such alien or aliens to be removed out of the territory of the United States, or to give sureties of their good behaviour, or to be otherwise restrained, conformably to the proclamation or regulations which shall and may be established as aforesaid, and may imprison, or otherwise secure such alien or aliens, until the order which shall and may be made, as aforesaid, shall be performed.

并且有充分的理由，应当并且可以命令将这些外国人驱逐出美国领土，或者保证他们的良好行为，或者按照上述应当和可能制定的公告或法规进行限制，并且可以监禁或以其他方式保护这些外国人，直到执行如上所述应当和可能发出的命令。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

3.

3.

And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the marshal of the district in which any alien enemy shall be apprehended, who by the President of the United States, or by order of any court, judge or justice, as aforesaid, shall be required to depart, and to be removed, as aforesaid, to provide therefor, and to execute such order, by himself or his deputy, or other discreet person or persons to be employed by him, by causing a removal of such alien out of the territory of the United States; and for such removal the marshal shall have the warrant of the President of the United States, or of the court, judge or justice ordering the same, as the case may be.

进一步规定，逮捕任何外国敌人的地区的元帅有责任，根据美国总统的命令，或根据上述任何法院、法官或法官的命令，应要求其离开并被驱逐，如上所述，为此做好准备，并由他本人或他的副手，或他雇用的其他谨慎的人或其他谨慎的人或由他雇用的其他人执行该命令，通过使该外国人被驱逐出美国美国领土；对于此类驱逐，元帅应获得美国总统或法院、法官或法官的授权令（视情况而定）。

An Act in Addition to the Act, Entitled "An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States."

该法案的补充法案，名为“惩罚某些针对美国的罪行的法案”。

SECTION 1.

第 1 节。

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be directed by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding a place or office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination, whether such conspiracy, threatening, counsel, advice, or attempt shall have the proposed effect or not, he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction, before any court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years; and further, at the discretion of the court may be holden to find sureties for his good behaviour in such sum, and for such time, as the said court may direct.

由美利坚合众国参议院和众议院在国会中颁布，如果任何人非法联合或共谋，意图反对美国政府由或应由适当当局指导的任何措施，或阻碍美国任何法律的实施，或恐吓或阻止在美国政府中或在美国政府中担任职位或职位的任何人承担、履行或执行其信托或职责，以及如果任何人出于上述意图，怂恿、建议或试图促成任何叛乱、骚乱、非法集会或联合，无论此类阴谋、威胁、怂恿、建议或企图是否具有预期效果，他或他们均应被视为犯有严重轻罪，并在美国任何有管辖权的法院定罪后，应处以不超过 5000 美元的罚款，并处以不少于 6 个月的监禁不超过五年；此外，法院可酌情为他的良好行为找到担保人，其金额和时间按照该法院的指示。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

2.

2.

And be it farther enacted, That if any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist or aid in writing, printing, uttering or publishing any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government, or either house of the said Congress, or the said President, or to bring them, or either of them, into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them, or either or any of them, the hatred of the good people of the United States, or to stir up sedition within the United States, or to excite any unlawful combinations therein, for opposing or resisting any law of the United States, or any act of the President of the United States, done in pursuance of any such law, or of the powers in him vested by the constitution of the United States, or to resist, oppose, or defeat any such law or act, or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against United States, their people or government, then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years.

进一步规定，如果任何人撰写、印刷、发表或出版，或促使或促成撰写、印刷、发表或发表，或故意协助或协助撰写、印刷、发表或出版任何针对美国政府、美国国会众议院或美国总统的虚假、诽谤性和恶意的文章，意图诽谤上述政府或上述国会众议院，或上述总统，或使他们或他们中的任何一个人受到蔑视或名誉扫地；或煽动美国好人对他们或他们中的任何一个人的仇恨，或在美国境内煽动叛乱，或煽动其中的任何非法联合，以反对或抵制任何美国法律，或美国总统根据任何此类法律采取的任何行为，或美国宪法赋予他的权力，或抵制、反对或击败任何此类法律或行为，协助、鼓励或教唆任何外国针对美国、其人民或政府的任何敌对图谋，则此人在美国任何有管辖权的法院被定罪后，应处以不超过两千美元的罚款和不超过两年的监禁。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

3.

3.

And be it further enacted and declared, That if any person shall be prosecuted under this act, for the writing or publishing any libel aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the defendant, upon the trial of the cause, to give in evidence in his defence, the truth of the matter contained in publication charged as a libel.

并进一步颁布并声明，如果任何人因撰写或出版上述任何诽谤而根据本法受到起诉，则被告在案件审理后，可以合法地提供被指控为诽谤的出版物中所载事项的真相作为辩护证据。

And the jury who shall try the cause, shall have a right to determine the law and the fact, under the direction of the court, as in other cases.

与其他案件一样，审理案件的陪审团有权在法院的指导下确定法律和事实。

SEC.

美国证券交易委员会。

4.

4.

And be it further enacted, That this act shall continue and be in force until the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and one, and no longer: Provided, that the expiration of the act shall not prevent or defeat a prosecution and punishment of any offence against the law, during the time it shall be in force.

并进一步颁布，本法案应继续有效，直至一千八零一年三月三日，不再有效：但在本法案生效期间，本法案期满不得阻止或挫败对任何违法行为的起诉和惩罚。

Jonathan Dayton, Speaker of the House of Representatives.

乔纳森·代顿，众议院议长。

Theodore Sedgwick, President of the Senate pro tempore.

西奥多·塞奇威克，临时参议院议长。

I Certify that this Act did originate in the Senate.

我证明该法案确实源自参议院。

Attest, Sam.

证明一下，山姆。

A.

A.

Otis, Secretary

奥蒂斯，秘书

APPROVED, July 14, 1798 John Adams President of the United States.

1798 年 7 月 14 日批准约翰·亚当斯就任美国总统。