14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Civil Rights (1868)

Citation: The House Joint Resolution Proposing the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, June 16, 1866; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.

引用：众议院联合决议提出宪法第 14 条修正案，1866 年 6 月 16 日；国会登记法案和决议，1789-1999；美国政府总记录；记录组11；国家档案馆。

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Passed by Congress June 13, 1866, and ratified July 9, 1868, the 14th Amendment extended liberties and rights granted by the Bill of Rights to formerly enslaved people.

第 14 条修正案于 1866 年 6 月 13 日由国会通过，并于 1868 年 7 月 9 日批准，将《权利法案》赋予前奴隶的自由和权利扩大到了。

Following the Civil War, Congress submitted to the states three amendments as part of its Reconstruction program to guarantee equal civil and legal rights to Black citizens.

内战结束后，国会向各州提交了三项修正案，作为其重建计划的一部分，以保证黑人公民平等的民事和法律权利。

A major provision of the 14th Amendment was to grant citizenship to “All persons born or naturalized in the United States,” thereby granting citizenship to formerly enslaved people.

第十四修正案的一项主要条款是向“所有在美国出生或归化的人”授予公民身份，从而向以前被奴役的人授予公民身份。

Another equally important provision was the statement that “nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” The right to due process of law and equal protection of the law now applied to both the federal and state governments.

另一项同样重要的条款是这样的声明：“未经正当法律程序，任何国家不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；也不得拒绝其管辖范围内的任何人受到法律的平等保护。”正当法律程序和平等法律保护的权利现在适用于联邦政府和州政府。

On June 16, 1866, the House Joint Resolution proposing the 14th Amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states.

1866年6月16日，众议院联合决议向各州提交了宪法第14条修正案。

On July 28, 1868, the 14th amendment was declared, in a certificate of the Secretary of State, ratified by the necessary 28 of the 37 States, and became part of the supreme law of the land.

1868 年 7 月 28 日，第 14 条修正案在国务卿的证书中宣布，并得到 37 个州中必要的 28 个州的批准，并成为该国最高法律的一部分。

Congressman John A.

国会议员约翰·A.

Bingham of Ohio, the primary author of the first section of the 14th Amendment, intended that the amendment also nationalize the Bill of Rights by making it binding upon the states.

俄亥俄州的宾厄姆是第十四修正案第一节的主要作者，他希望该修正案也通过使其对各州具有约束力而将《权利法案》国有化。

When introducing the amendment, Senator Jacob Howard of Michigan specifically stated that the privileges and immunities clause would extend to the states “the personal rights guaranteed and secured by the first eight amendments.” Historians disagree on how widely Bingham's and Howard's views were shared at the time in the Congress, or across the country in general.

密歇根州参议员雅各布·霍华德在介绍修正案时特别指出，特权和豁免条款将延伸至各州“前八项修正案保障和保障的个人权利”。历史学家对于宾厄姆和霍华德的观点在当时的国会或全国范围内得到广泛认同的情况存在分歧。

No one in Congress explicitly contradicted their view of the amendment, but only a few members said anything at all about its meaning on this issue.

国会中没有人明确反驳他们对该修正案的看法，但只有少数议员对修正案在这个问题上的意义发表了任何言论。

For many years, the Supreme Court ruled that the amendment did not extend the Bill of Rights to the states.

多年来，最高法院裁定该修正案并未将《权利法案》延伸至各州。

Not only did the 14th Amendment fail to extend the Bill of Rights to the states; it also failed to protect the rights of Black citizens.

第 14 条修正案不仅未能将《权利法案》扩展至各州，而且未能将其扩大到各州。它还未能保护黑人公民的权利。

A legacy of Reconstruction was the determined struggle of Black and White citizens to make the promise of the 14th Amendment a reality.

重建的遗产是黑人和白人公民为使第十四修正案的承诺成为现实而进行的坚定斗争。

Citizens petitioned and initiated court cases, Congress enacted legislation, and the executive branch attempted to enforce measures that would guard all citizens’ rights.

公民请愿并提起诉讼，国会颁布立法，行政部门试图执行保护所有公民权利的措施。

While these citizens did not succeed in empowering the 14th Amendment during Reconstruction, they effectively articulated arguments and offered dissenting opinions that would be the basis for change in the 20th century.

虽然这些公民在重建期间未能成功地赋予第十四修正案权力，但他们有效地阐明了论点并提出了不同意见，这将成为 20 世纪变革的基础。

This document is available on DocsTeach , the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives.

该文档可在 DocsTeach 上找到，这是一个使用国家档案馆文档进行教学的在线工具。

Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity .

查找包含本文档的教学活动，或创建您自己的在线活动。

Section 1.

第 1 节。

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.

所有在美国出生或归化并受其管辖的人都是美国及其居住州的公民。

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

任何州均不得制定或执行任何削弱美国公民特权或豁免权的法律；未经正当法律程序，任何国家也不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；也不否认其管辖范围内的任何人受到法律的平等保护。

Section 2.

第 2 节。

Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.

代表应根据各州的人数在各州之间分配，计算各州的总人数，不包括未纳税的印第安人。

But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

但是，当该州任何年满二十一岁的男性居民和美国公民在任何选择美国总统和副总统、国会代表、州行政和司法官员或立法机关成员的选举中的投票权被剥夺，或以任何方式被剥夺时，除参与叛乱或其他犯罪外，该州的代表权基础应按其代表权所占的比例减少。此类男性公民的人数应等于该国二十一岁男性公民的总数。

Section 3.

第 3 节。

No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.

任何人不得担任美国或任何州的参议员或众议员，总统和副总统的选举人，或担任任何文职或军事职务，此前曾宣誓作为国会议员、合众国官员、任何州立法机构成员、或任何州行政或司法官员，支持美国宪法，不得从事针对美国宪法的叛乱或叛乱，或对其敌人的援助或安慰。

But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

但国会可以通过众议院三分之二的投票来取消这种障碍。

Section 4.

第 4 节。

The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned.

法律授权的美国公共债务的有效性，包括为支付养老金和镇压叛乱或叛乱而提供的赏金而产生的债务，不应受到质疑。

But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

但美国或任何州均不得承担或支付因援助针对美国的起义或叛乱而产生的任何债务或义务，或对任何奴隶的损失或解放提出的任何索赔；但所有此类债务、义务和索赔均被视为非法且无效。

Section 5.

第 5 节。

The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

国会有权通过适当的立法强制执行本条的规定。