Respiratory health harms often follow flooding: Taking these steps can help
Heavy rains and sea level rise contribute to major flooding events that are one effect of climate change.
大雨和海平面上升导致重大洪水事件，这是气候变化的影响之一。
Surging water rushing into buildings often causes immediate harms, such as drowning deaths, injuries sustained while seeking shelter or fleeing, and hypothermia after exposure to cold waters with no shelter or heat.
汹涌的水流冲入建筑物通常会造成直接伤害，例如溺水死亡、寻求庇护或逃离时受伤，以及在没有庇护所或暖气的冷水中暴露后体温过低。
But long after news trucks leave and public attention moves on, flooding continues to affect communities in visible and less visible ways.
但在新闻卡车离开、公众注意力转移很久之后，洪水继续以可见和不可见的方式影响着社区。
Among the less visible threats is a higher risk of respiratory health problems like asthma and allergic reactions.
不太明显的威胁之一是哮喘和过敏反应等呼吸道健康问题的风险较高。
Fortunately, you can take steps to minimize or avoid flooding, or to reduce respiratory health risks after flooding occurs.
幸运的是，您可以采取措施尽量减少或避免洪水，或在洪水发生后减少呼吸道健康风险。
Flooding may bring water contaminated with toxic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides, biotoxins, sewage, and water-borne pathogens into buildings.
洪水可能会将被有毒化学物质、重金属、农药、生物毒素、污水和水传播病原体污染的水带入建筑物。
Afterward, some toxic contaminants remain in dried sediments left behind.
之后，一些有毒污染物残留在干燥的沉积物中。
When disturbed through everyday actions like walking and cleaning, this turns into microscopic airborne dust.
当步行和清洁等日常活动受到干扰时，这些灰尘就会变成空气中的微小灰尘。
Anything in that dried flood sediment — the toxic chemicals, the metals, the biotoxins — is now in the air you breathe into your lungs, potentially affecting your respiratory health.
干燥的洪水沉积物中的任何物质——有毒化学物质、金属、生物毒素——现在都存在于您吸入肺部的空气中，可能会影响您的呼吸系统健康。
Buildings needn't be submerged during flooding to spur respiratory problems.
洪水期间建筑物不必被淹没以引发呼吸系统疾病。
Many homes we studied after Hurricane Ida suffered water intrusion through roofs, windows, and ventilation ducts — and some were more than 100 miles away from coastal regions that bore the brunt of the storm.
我们研究的许多房屋在飓风“艾达”之后遭受了水通过屋顶、窗户和通风管道侵入的情况，其中一些房屋距离遭受风暴冲击的沿海地区超过 100 英里。
Another common hazard is mold, a fungal growth that forms and spreads on damp or decaying organic matter.
另一个常见的危害是霉菌，这是一种在潮湿或腐烂的有机物上形成和传播的真菌生长。
Indoor mold generally grows due to extensive dampness, and signals a problem with water or moisture.
室内霉菌通常因大量潮湿而生长，这表明存在水或湿气问题。
Damp materials inside buildings following a flood create perfect conditions for rapid mold growth.
洪水过后建筑物内的潮湿材料为霉菌的快速生长创造了完美的条件。
Mold can be found indoors and outdoors in all climates.
在所有气候条件下的室内和室外都可以发现霉菌。
It spreads by making tiny spores that float through the air to land in other locations.
它通过制造微小的孢子来传播，这些孢子漂浮在空气中并降落在其他地方。
No indoor space is entirely free from mold spores, but exposure to high concentrations is linked with respiratory complications such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis.
没有一个室内空间完全没有霉菌孢子，但接触高浓度的霉菌孢子与哮喘、过敏性鼻炎和鼻窦炎等呼吸道并发症有关。
Thus, flooding affects respiratory health by increasing the risk of exposure to higher concentrations of mold spores outdoors and indoors.
因此，洪水会增加室外和室内暴露于较高浓度霉菌孢子的风险，从而影响呼吸系统健康。
For example, after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005, the average outdoor concentration of mold spores in flooded areas was roughly double that of non-flooded areas, and the highest concentrations of mold spores were measured indoors.
例如，2005年新奥尔良卡特里娜飓风过后，洪水地区室外霉菌孢子的平均浓度大约是非洪水地区的两倍，而室内测得的霉菌孢子浓度最高。
A study on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and the flooding in the UK in 2007 showed that water damage accelerated mold growth and respiratory allergies .
对卡特里娜飓风和 2007 年英国洪水的后果进行的一项研究表明，水灾加速了霉菌的生长和呼吸道过敏。
Children are especially vulnerable to health problems triggered by mold.
儿童特别容易受到霉菌引发的健康问题的影响。
All respiratory symptoms — including asthma, bronchitis, eye irritation, and cough — occurred more often in homes reporting mold or dampness , according to a study on the respiratory health of young children in 30 Canadian communities.
一项针对加拿大 30 个社区幼儿呼吸道健康的研究显示，所有呼吸道症状（包括哮喘、支气管炎、眼睛刺激和咳嗽）在出现霉菌或潮湿的家庭中更常见。
Other research demonstrates that mold contributes to development of asthma in children.
其他研究表明，霉菌会导致儿童哮喘的发生。
Our research in New Orleans, LA after Hurricane Ida in 2021 identified common factors — both in housing and flooding events — with great impact on respiratory health.
2021 年飓风艾达过后，我们在路易斯安那州新奥尔良进行的研究发现了对呼吸系统健康影响巨大的共同因素（包括住房和洪水事件）。
Preliminary results suggest two deciding factors in whether substantial indoor mold appeared were the age of a building's roof and how many precautionary measures people took after flooding from the hurricane.
初步结果表明，室内是否出现大量霉菌的两个决定因素是建筑物屋顶的年龄以及人们在飓风洪水后采取了多少预防措施。
The impact on respiratory health also varied with flood water height, days per week spent at home, and how many precautionary measures were taken after Ida swept through.
对呼吸系统健康的影响也因洪水高度、每周在家中度过的天数以及艾达洪水过后采取的预防措施的数量而异。
Informed by this and other research, we offer the following tips — some to tackle before flooding or heavy rains, and some to take afterward.
根据这项研究和其他研究，我们提供以下建议——一些在洪水或大雨之前解决，一些在洪水或大雨之后采取。
While you may not be able to entirely prevent flooding from hurricanes or major storms, taking these and other steps can help.
虽然您可能无法完全防止飓风或大风暴造成的洪水，但采取这些措施和其他措施可能会有所帮助。
The Environmental Protection Agency recommends limiting contact with flood water , which may have electrical hazards and hazardous substances, including raw sewage.
环境保护局建议限制与洪水的接触，洪水可能具有电气危险和有害物质，包括未处理的污水。
Additionally:
另外：
Taking steps like these — before and after a major storm — goes a long way toward protecting your respiratory health.
在大风暴之前和之后采取这样的措施对于保护您的呼吸系统健康大有帮助。
Read Flooding Brings Deep Trouble in Harvard Medicine magazine to learn more about the health hazards related to floods.
阅读《哈佛医学》杂志上的《洪水带来深重麻烦》，了解有关洪水相关健康危害的更多信息。
Joseph Allen, DSc, MPH, CIH , Contributor
Joseph Allen，理学硕士、公共卫生硕士、CIH，撰稿人
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作为为读者提供的一项服务，哈佛健康出版社提供对我们存档内容库的访问。
Please note the date of last review or update on all articles.
请注意所有文章的最后审查或更新日期。
No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.
本网站上的任何内容，无论日期如何，都不应替代您的医生或其他合格临床医生的直接医疗建议。
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