Salmonella is sneaky: Watch out
Pop quiz: what is Salmonella ?
小测验：什么是沙门氏菌？
If you've ever had a run-in with this bacteria, you know it can cause a food-borne illness called salmonellosis, a form of food poisoning.
如果您曾经接触过这种细菌，您就会知道它会导致一种称为沙门氏菌病的食源性疾病，这是食物中毒的一种形式。
But you may not know that Salmonella bacteria sicken an estimated 1.35 million people every year in the United States.
但您可能不知道，沙门氏菌在美国每年估计有 135 万人患病。
What's more, it's the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths due to food poisoning.
更重要的是，它是食物中毒导致住院和死亡的主要原因。
And Salmonella bacteria can be sneaky - not only by triggering unusual complications, but infecting people in startling ways, says Dr. Elizabeth Hohmann, an infectious disease specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital.
马萨诸塞州总医院传染病专家伊丽莎白·霍曼博士说，沙门氏菌可能很狡猾，不仅会引发不寻常的并发症，还会以令人震惊的方式感染人们。
One patient she treated showed up with an abdominal aortic aneurysm - a dangerous bulge in the lower section of the body's largest artery - that looked infected.
她治疗的一名患者出现腹主动脉瘤——身体最大动脉下部的一个危险的凸起——看起来被感染了。
Testing revealed a culprit some would find surprising: Salmonella .
测试发现了一个令人惊讶的罪魁祸首：沙门氏菌。
"It's just an interesting organism and it can be kind of scary," she says.
“这只是一个有趣的有机体，而且可能有点可怕，”她说。
Many of the foods Salmonella bacteria lurk in are raw or undercooked.
许多潜伏着沙门氏菌的食物都是生的或未煮熟的。
Breaded raw chicken products like nuggets and chicken Kiev are one way it may reach your table.
面包屑的生鸡肉产品，如鸡块和基辅鸡，是它到达您餐桌的一种方式。
But a variety of foods have been implicated - including organic basil , cantaloupes , ground beef , nut butters, raw cookie dough, eggs, raw or unpasteurized milk, and flour.
但有多种食物受到影响，包括有机罗勒、哈密瓜、碎牛肉、坚果酱、生饼干面团、鸡蛋、生牛奶或未经高温消毒的牛奶和面粉。
Backyard poultry are another source of Salmonella outbreaks.
散养家禽是沙门氏菌爆发的另一个来源。
Even small pets such as turtles and frogs, along with dog food, have contributed to multistate outbreaks in recent years.
近年来，甚至海龟和青蛙等小型宠物以及狗粮也导致了多州疫情的爆发。
You can also become infected by handling contaminated food and spreading the bacteria from your hands to your mouth.
您也可能因处理受污染的食物并将细菌从手传播到嘴而被感染。
Additionally, you can spread it to others on your hands or even on your clothes without becoming sick yourself.
此外，您可以将病毒传播到您的手上甚至衣服上，而不会导致您自己生病。
"It's a bug that's carried in stool and animal feces and is also present in the environment," Dr. Hohmann says.
“这种细菌存在于粪便和动物粪便中，也存在于环境中，”霍曼博士说。
"So it can set up shop in lots of different inanimate objects, soils, and machinery, especially in moist environments."
“因此它可以在许多不同的无生命物体、土壤和机械中建立商店，特别是在潮湿的环境中。”
Most of the time Salmonella infection leads to gastroenteritis , usually causing just an upset stomach, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
大多数时候，沙门氏菌感染会导致胃肠炎，通常只会引起胃部不适、腹部绞痛和腹泻。
These symptoms can start as soon as six hours after ingesting the bacteria.
这些症状可能会在摄入细菌后六小时内出现。
Typically, symptoms resolve on their own within two to three days.
通常，症状会在两到三天内自行消失。
Some people have such mild symptoms they're barely noticeable.
有些人的症状非常轻微，几乎不会被注意到。
"The classic case might be a college student who eats a burrito from a sketchy place, gets sick for a couple of days, gets better, and doesn't think anything of it," says Dr. Hohmann.
霍曼博士说：“典型的案例可能是一名大学生吃了来自一个不正规的地方的墨西哥卷饼，生病了几天，后来好转了，但他并没有把这件事放在心上。”
Sometimes symptoms are more serious, such as severe abdominal cramping and bloody diarrhea, or unexplained high fever and marked fatigue.
有时症状更严重，例如严重的腹部绞痛和血性腹泻，或不明原因的高烧和明显的疲劳。
These symptoms require a call to your doctor.
这些症状需要去看医生。
Most people will get better on their own without any medicines.
大多数人无需任何药物即可自行好转。
Replacing lost fluids by sipping water or electrolyte drinks to avoid dehydration will help.
通过喝水或电解质饮料补充流失的液体以避免脱水会有所帮助。
Treating the infection with medicine comes with an annoying paradox, Dr. Hohmann says.
霍曼博士说，用药物治疗感染会带来一个恼人的悖论。
If doctors decide to prescribe antibiotics, the person taking the medicine may shed the organism for longer than if they were never treated.
如果医生决定开抗生素，服药者排出细菌的时间可能会比从未接受治疗的时间更长。
"Then that person may have the opportunity - either through poor personal hygiene, sex, or working as a food worker - to spread it to others," she explains.
“那么这个人可能有机会——无论是通过不良的个人卫生、性行为，还是作为一名食品工人——将其传播给其他人，”她解释道。
"It's challenging."
“这很有挑战性。”
Some people get sicker with salmonellosis than others, with seemingly no rhyme or reason.
有些人患沙门氏菌病的病情比其他人更严重，似乎没有任何规律或原因。
But certain folks are especially vulnerable to serious infection, including:
但某些人特别容易受到严重感染，包括：
A small percentage of those infected can have Salmonella in their blood, which can spread the infection to other parts of the body such as the urinary tract, bones, joints, or central nervous system (brain and spinal fluid).
一小部分感染者的血液中可能含有沙门氏菌，这可能会将感染传播到身体的其他部位，例如尿道、骨骼、关节或中枢神经系统（大脑和脊髓液）。
And, like Dr. Hohmann's patient with the abdominal aortic aneurysm, on rare occasions Salmonella can lead to unusual blood vessel complications in people who already have atherosclerosis, blockage of the arteries caused by plaque buildup.
而且，就像霍曼博士的腹主动脉瘤患者一样，在极少数情况下，沙门氏菌可能会导致已经患有动脉粥样硬化（由斑块堆积引起的动脉阻塞）的人出现不寻常的血管并发症。
We all can take steps to avoid the food poisoning, illness, and hospitalizations that Salmonella exposure can cause.
我们都可以采取措施避免接触沙门氏菌可能导致的食物中毒、疾病和住院治疗。
Dr. Hohmann and the CDC suggest these strategies:
霍曼博士和疾病预防控制中心建议采取以下策略：
Take additional steps to help more vulnerable people stay healthy:
采取额外措施帮助更多弱势群体保持健康：
"You hate to make people paranoid, so that we're washing our lettuce leaves with soap, but it's worth thinking about these things, particularly if you have people in your household who are susceptible - which is an increasing number of people," Dr. Hohmann says.
霍曼博士说：“你不想让人们变得偏执，所以我们用肥皂清洗生菜叶，但这些事情值得考虑，特别是如果你家里有易感者——而且人数越来越多。”
Maureen Salamon , Executive Editor, Harvard Women's Health Watch
Maureen Salamon，哈佛女性健康观察执行编辑
Howard E.
霍华德·E。
LeWine, MD , Chief Medical Editor, Harvard Health Publishing; Editorial Advisory Board Member, Harvard Health Publishing
LeWine，医学博士，哈佛健康出版社首席医学编辑；哈佛健康出版社编辑顾问委员会成员
As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content.
作为为读者提供的一项服务，哈佛健康出版社提供对我们存档内容库的访问。
Please note the date of last review or update on all articles.
请注意所有文章的最后审查或更新日期。
No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.
本网站上的任何内容，无论日期如何，都不应替代您的医生或其他合格临床医生的直接医疗建议。
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When your digestive system is running smoothly, you tend not to think about it.
当你的消化系统运转顺利时，你往往不会去想它。
Once trouble begins, your gut — like a squeaky wheel — suddenly demands your attention.
一旦麻烦开始，你的直觉——就像一个吱吱作响的轮子——突然需要你的注意。
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这份特别健康报告《帮助您敏感的肠道》涵盖了肠胃不适的主要来源：肠易激综合症、胃反流、胃部不适、便秘、腹泻和排气过多。
It also includes a special Bonus Section describing how emotional stress and anxiety can cause gastrointestinal distress.
它还包括一个特殊的奖励部分，描述情绪压力和焦虑如何导致胃肠道不适。
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将最新的健康新闻发送到您的收件箱！