Challenges to the Community Banking Model
At the 18th Annual Community Bankers Symposium, Community Banking: Navigating a Changing Landscape, Chicago, Illinois
在第 18 届社区银行家年度研讨会上，社区银行：驾驭不断变化的格局，伊利诺伊州芝加哥
[Right/Left Arrows] seeks the video forwards and back (5 sec );
[右/左箭头] 向前和向后搜索视频（5 秒）；
The [Tab] key may be used in combination with the [Enter/Return] key to navigate and activate control buttons, such as caption on/off.
[Tab] 键可以与 [Enter/Return] 键结合使用来导航和激活控制按钮，例如字幕开/关。
Good afternoon, I'd like to begin by thanking the event organizers, including our staff at the Chicago Federal Reserve Bank, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Conference of State Bank Supervisors for inviting me to share my thoughts with you at the 18th Annual Community Bankers Symposium.
下午好，首先我要感谢活动组织者，包括芝加哥联邦储备银行、联邦存款保险公司 (FDIC)、货币监理署和州银行监管者会议的工作人员邀请我在第 18 届社区银行家年度研讨会上与大家分享我的想法。
1 I always enjoy the opportunity to speak to bankers across the country and share perspectives on the issues facing the banking and financial system, especially when it's related to community banks.
1 我总是很高兴有机会与全国各地的银行家交谈，分享对银行和金融体系面临的问题的看法，特别是与社区银行相关的问题。
Banks are a critical component of the U.S. economy.
银行是美国经济的重要组成部分。
2 Their work often extends well beyond the provision of credit— providing services and volunteer and financial support within their community.
2 他们的工作往往远远超出了提供信贷的范围——在社区内提供服务、志愿者和财务支持。
Among many things, banks offer financial education, sponsorships and funding for community programs and events.
其中，银行为社区计划和活动提供金融教育、赞助和资金。
Without question, community banks are important and integral to the local economy.
毫无疑问，社区银行对于当地经济非常重要且不可或缺。
But community banks also face challenges that require proactive risk management, effective and efficient prioritization of compliance resources, and the need to innovate.
但社区银行也面临着挑战，需要积极主动的风险管理、有效且高效地优先考虑合规资源以及创新的需要。
Today, I would like to briefly highlight some of the issues banks are facing and discuss ways that community banks and regulators can more effectively work together in the future.
今天，我想简要强调银行面临的一些问题，并讨论社区银行和监管机构未来如何更有效地合作。
The Challenges Facing Community Banks As this audience knows well, community banks face a number of challenges.
社区银行面临的挑战 正如听众所熟知的那样，社区银行面临着许多挑战。
They often rely on third-party service providers to offer products and services to their customers.
他们通常依赖第三方服务提供商向客户提供产品和服务。
It may be more difficult for them to hire and retain qualified staff or plan for future leadership with management succession planning.
对他们来说，雇用和留住合格的员工或通过管理层继任计划来规划未来的领导力可能会更加困难。
Given limited staffing, they may be overwhelmed by the recent onslaught of new regulations and guidance.
由于人员配备有限，他们可能会因最近出台的新法规和指导方针而不知所措。
And in light of all of this, it may be challenging to prioritize resources in order to appropriately focus on the most important risks facing their businesses.
鉴于所有这些，确定资源的优先顺序以适当关注其业务面临的最重要风险可能具有挑战性。
While the headwinds may seem overwhelming, community banks are always resilient in the face of change.
尽管逆风似乎势不可挡，但社区银行面对变化总是具有弹性。
Often, one of the greatest challenges facing a community bank is not about managing any particular risk but rather how to address all of the risks they face—and how to prioritize the approach to address each of those risks.
通常，社区银行面临的最大挑战之一不是管理任何特定风险，而是如何解决他们面临的所有风险，以及如何确定解决每个风险的方法的优先顺序。
Regulators have, at times, exacerbated these challenges through policy choices.
监管机构有时会通过政策选择加剧这些挑战。
The risk of mis-prioritization is not limited to community banks.
优先顺序错误的风险不仅限于社区银行。
In my mind, this was most recently evident in the events and supervision leading to the failure of Silicon Valley Bank.
在我看来，这一点在最近导致硅谷银行倒闭的事件和监管中表现得最为明显。
Management failed to address growing interest rate risk and funding risks, and supervisors failed to prioritize and escalate these issues.
管理层未能解决日益增长的利率风险和融资风险，监管者也未能优先考虑并升级这些问题。
Our goal should be to identify, understand, and learn from these past mistakes, and to avoid repeating them.
我们的目标应该是识别、理解过去的错误并从中吸取教训，并避免重蹈覆辙。
Both regulators and banks should be working toward a common goal—a banking system that supports economic activity throughout the country, in which banks operate in a safe and sound manner and in compliance with consumer laws and regulations.
监管机构和银行应该努力实现一个共同的目标——建立一个支持全国经济活动的银行体系，银行以安全稳健的方式运营，并遵守消费者法律法规。
In considering the challenges facing community banks, both regulators and banks have an important role to play.
在考虑社区银行面临的挑战时，监管机构和银行都可以发挥重要作用。
Competition Community banks face competitive pressures from many sources.
竞争 社区银行面临着来自多方面的竞争压力。
These pressures may result from local or regional economic conditions, the needs of retail and business customers, and the products and services available in the market.
这些压力可能来自当地或区域的经济状况、零售和商业客户的需求以及市场上可用的产品和服务。
Competitors can take the form of traditional banks, internet banks, and non-banks like fin-techs and mortgage companies.
竞争对手可以采取传统银行、互联网银行以及金融科技和抵押贷款公司等非银行形式。
While fin-tech partnerships can be beneficial to both the customer and the bank, if the relationship is not managed according to safe and sound banking principles, serious problems can result.
虽然金融科技合作伙伴关系对客户和银行都有利，但如果不按照安全稳健的银行业原则管理这种关系，可能会导致严重的问题。
When deposits are accepted through fin-tech relationships but not handled appropriately, deposit insurance can be jeopardized and the ability to access deposited funds may be impacted.
当通过金融科技关系接受存款但处理不当时，存款保险可能会受到损害，获取存款资金的能力可能会受到影响。
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Competition can also come from other local competitors like credit unions, large banks with a broader operational footprint, payday lenders, or other nonbank credit sources.
竞争也可能来自其他本地竞争对手，如信用合作社、业务范围更广的大型银行、发薪日贷款机构或其他非银行信贷来源。
As bank customers grow increasingly comfortable and familiar with new mechanisms for doing business, the use of online banking has continued to expand.
随着银行客户越来越习惯和熟悉新的业务机制，网上银行的使用不断扩大。
This has tended to increase the footprint of non-local banks or lenders, enabling them to effectively compete for business outside of their geographic area.
这往往会增加非本地银行或贷方的足迹，使他们能够有效地竞争其地理区域之外的业务。
Even against this backdrop, research shows that community banks have maintained an important role in many banking markets, including in small- and medium-sized business lending.
即使在这种背景下，研究表明社区银行在许多银行市场（包括中小型企业贷款）中仍然发挥着重要作用。
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The regulatory framework establishes expectations for how community banks can compete, and often creates an unlevel playing field with many of these competitors.
监管框架确立了对社区银行如何竞争的期望，并且常常与许多竞争对手创造了不公平的竞争环境。
This includes whether they are subject to the same regulation as banks that engage in the same activities and how competition is evaluated.
这包括它们是否受到与从事相同活动的银行相同的监管以及如何评估竞争。
A core concept in financial regulation is to impose the same regulation—and I suggest we expand this to include the same regulation, guidance, and supervisory expectations—on entities that are engaged in the same activities.
金融监管的一个核心概念是对从事相同活动的实体实施相同的监管——我建议我们将其扩大到包括相同的监管、指导和监管期望。
Banks compete against many non-bank providers, including financial technology firms, credit unions, and other non-bank lenders.
银行与许多非银行提供商竞争，包括金融技术公司、信用合作社和其他非银行贷款机构。
In some of these head-to-head competitions, community banks face distinct disadvantages that can pose challenges when competing for the same banking opportunities.
在其中一些正面竞争中，社区银行面临着明显的劣势，这些劣势可能在竞争相同的银行业务机会时带来挑战。
For example, banks are subject to taxes and additional regulatory requirements (including the Community Reinvestment Act).
例如，银行需要遵守税收和其他监管要求（包括《社区再投资法》）。
They are also subject to a broader range of restrictions imposed by regulatory requirements or the "soft" power of supervision.
它们还受到监管要求或监管“软”权力施加的更广泛的限制。
In all of these cases, the disparity in the legal framework can have a distortive effect on competition.
在所有这些情况下，法律框架的差异可能会对竞争产生扭曲影响。
In short, where the financial regulatory framework can provide for parity of treatment, it should do so.
简而言之，只要金融监管框架能够提供平等待遇，就应该这样做。
The regulatory framework should not knowingly distort competition, or effectively impose a regulatory allocation of credit.
监管框架不应故意扭曲竞争，或有效地实施信贷分配监管。
The framework also plays an important role in assessing competition among banks.
该框架在评估银行之间的竞争方面也发挥着重要作用。
The mergers and acquisitions (M&A) approval process can have a disproportionate impact on community banks because the "screens" that are used to evaluate the competitive effects of a proposed merger often result in a finding that M&A transactions in rural markets can have an adverse effect on competition and should therefore be disallowed.
并购（M＆A）审批流程可能会对社区银行产生不成比例的影响，因为用于评估拟议并购竞争影响的“筛选”往往会导致农村市场的并购交易可能对竞争产生不利影响，因此应被禁止。
5 Even when these transactions are eventually approved, the mechanical approach to analyzing competitive effects—which is grounded in the effect of proposed transactions on the control of deposits within individual banking markets—often requires additional review or analysis, and can lead to delays in the regulatory approval process.
5 即使这些交易最终获得批准，分析竞争效应的机械方法（基于拟议交易对单个银行市场存款控制的影响）通常需要额外的审查或分析，并可能导致监管审批流程的延误。
Cybersecurity Community banks often note cybersecurity and third-party risk management as areas that raise significant concerns.
网络安全社区银行经常将网络安全和第三方风险管理视为引起重大担忧的领域。
Cyber-related events, including ransomware attacks and business email compromises, are costly and time-consuming experiences, and they pose unique challenges for community banks.
网络相关事件（包括勒索软件攻击和商业电子邮件泄露）成本高昂且耗时，给社区银行带来了独特的挑战。
For example, the maintenance of and the technology resources required to support a successful cybersecurity program are often difficult for smaller banks.
例如，对于小型银行来说，维护和支持成功的网络安全计划所需的技术资源通常很困难。
Regulators can promote cybersecurity, and stronger cyber-incident "resilience" and response capabilities by identifying resources and opportunities for banks to develop "muscle memory" in cyber incident response.
监管机构可以通过为银行确定资源和机会来发展网络事件响应中的“肌肉记忆”，从而促进网络安全，并增强网络事件的“弹性”和响应能力。
Recent incidents, like the Crowdstrike-related outage, have highlighted the heavy dependence many banks have on technology, third-party providers, and the broader supply chain.
最近发生的事件，例如与 Crowdstrike 相关的中断，凸显了许多银行对技术、第三方提供商和更广泛的供应链的严重依赖。
In the current risk environment, it is important for banks of all sizes to implement sound operational resilience, cybersecurity, and third-party risk-management practices.
在当前的风险环境下，各种规模的银行都必须实施良好的运营弹性、网络安全和第三方风险管理实践。
One important resource for community banks is the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) website, which includes the FFIEC Cybersecurity Resource Guide and links to other external cybersecurity resources.
社区银行的一项重要资源是联邦金融机构考试委员会 (FFIEC) 网站，其中包括 FFIEC 网络安全资源指南以及其他外部网络安全资源的链接。
The Federal Reserve plays an important role in supervising banks and supporting risk management practices.
美联储在监督银行和支持风险管理实践方面发挥着重要作用。
For example, the Federal Reserve hosts the Midwest Cyber Workshop, with the Federal Reserve Banks of Chicago, Kansas City, and St. Louis.
例如，美联储与芝加哥、堪萨斯城和圣路易斯联邦储备银行主办了中西部网络研讨会。
6 Over the past two years, this workshop has provided a forum to further cyber risk discussions among community bankers, regulators, law enforcement, and other industry stakeholders.
6 在过去两年中，该研讨会为社区银行家、监管机构、执法机构和其他行业利益相关者之间进一步讨论网络风险提供了一个论坛。
Today's Symposium also includes an interactive cyber workshop, during which participants will participate in a cyber exercise, working through the various decisions that would be required in responding to a hypothetical cyberattack.
今天的研讨会还包括一个交互式网络研讨会，在此期间，参与者将参加网络演习，制定应对假设的网络攻击所需的各种决策。
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We know well that cyber threats pose real risks to the banking system.
我们深知网络威胁给银行系统带来了真正的风险。
We also recognize that community banks may have unique needs in preventing, remediating, and responding to cyber threats.
我们还认识到，社区银行在预防、补救和应对网络威胁方面可能有独特的需求。
Therefore, regulators should ensure that a range of resources are available to support community banks and seek further opportunities to help build community bank resilience against these threats.
因此，监管机构应确保提供一系列资源来支持社区银行，并寻求更多机会来帮助社区银行增强抵御这些威胁的能力。
Third-Party Risk Management Third-party risk management can pose an additional challenge for community banks.
第三方风险管理 第三方风险管理可能给社区银行带来额外的挑战。
Due to their size and scale, community banks often leverage centralized resources—technical experts who have greater expertise than the bank could fully maintain on staff—to advise and assist on a range of issues.
由于其规模和规模，社区银行经常利用集中资源（技术专家的专业知识比银行完全可以拥有的员工更多）来就一系列问题提供建议和协助。
Often these third-party service providers are significantly larger, and their bank clients—including smaller banks—may lack leverage in conducting due diligence and negotiating the terms of the relationship.
通常，这些第三方服务提供商的规模要大得多，他们的银行客户（包括规模较小的银行）可能缺乏进行尽职调查和谈判关系条款的筹码。
In 2023, the federal banking agencies published supervisory guidance addressing third-party risk management, which was expressly applicable to community banks.
2023年，联邦银行机构发布了针对第三方风险管理的监管指南，明确适用于社区银行。
As I noted at the time it was issued, the guidance included shortcomings that were known and identified but not addressed in advance.
正如我在发布时指出的那样，该指南包括已知和已识别但未提前解决的缺陷。
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What many of you may not know is that after nearly a year from the original publication, the regulators published a guide to assist community banks interpret and apply the guidance to their third-party risk management activities.
很多人可能不知道的是，在最初发布近一年后，监管机构发布了一份指南，以帮助社区银行解释该指南并将其应用于其第三方风险管理活动。
The guide was intended to provide additional context for the guidance—including step-by-step examples of how to address third-party risk management—making the guidance more useful.
该指南旨在为指南提供更多背景信息，包括如何解决第三方风险管理的分步示例，从而使指南更加有用。
While I am pleased that the community bank implementation guide was eventually published, the delays in its publication suggest a shortcoming in our regulatory approach.
虽然我很高兴社区银行实施指南最终得以发布，但其发布的延迟表明我们的监管方法存在缺陷。
We must ensure new guidance provides clarity to regulated firms on its own, or that we provide additional resources at the time the guidance is published.
我们必须确保新的指南本身能够为受监管的公司提供明确的说明，或者我们在指南发布时提供额外的资源。
Consumer Compliance Like third-party risk management, consumer compliance can be another area that may present challenges to community banks given their size and scale.
消费者合规性与第三方风险管理一样，考虑到社区银行的规模和规模，消费者合规性可能是另一个可能给社区银行带来挑战的领域。
An effective and well-run consumer compliance program balances consumer protection with the complexity and cost to establish a robust compliance management program.
有效且运行良好的消费者合规计划可以平衡消费者保护与建立健全的合规管理计划的复杂性和成本。
One challenge for community banks is the difficulty in retaining qualified consumer compliance experts.
社区银行面临的挑战之一是难以留住合格的消费者合规专家。
Notwithstanding these challenges, community banks devote significant time and resources to their consumer compliance risk management programs.
尽管面临这些挑战，社区银行仍投入大量时间和资源来实施消费者合规风险管理计划。
Compliance with consumer protection laws and regulations, including fair lending laws, is essential to ensuring that the banking system provides fair and broad access to credit and financial services.
遵守消费者保护法律和法规（包括公平贷款法）对于确保银行系统提供公平和广泛的信贷和金融服务至关重要。
Community banks take these responsibilities seriously, and the overwhelming majority of banks that we supervise invest in strong compliance management systems to prevent violations and detect problems before they occur.
社区银行认真对待这些责任，我们监管的绝大多数银行都投资于强大的合规管理系统，以防止违规行为并在问题发生之前发现问题。
When consumer compliance concerns arise, banks address them by making their customers whole and adopting the necessary changes to ensure that issues do not persist or reoccur.
当出现消费者合规问题时，银行会通过让客户完整并采取必要的改变来解决这些问题，以确保问题不会持续存在或再次发生。
In a very small subset of cases, banks fall short of their obligations, and we hold those institutions accountable through enforcement actions or other supervisory actions.
在极少数情况下，银行未履行其义务，我们通过执法行动或其他监管行动追究这些机构的责任。
The Federal Reserve's consumer compliance supervision program is risk-focused and tailored to a bank's compliance risk, focused on the activities that present the greatest risk.
美联储的消费者合规监管计划以风险为中心，针对银行的合规风险量身定制，重点关注风险最大的活动。
One example related to third-party risk management is our recent system supervisory focus on consumer compliance risks associated with fin-tech relationships.
与第三方风险管理相关的一个例子是我们最近的系统监管重点是与金融科技关系相关的消费者合规风险。
As a result of this work, our supervisors seek to identify the parties to relationships that pose the greatest risk of consumer harm.
这项工作的结果是，我们的主管力求找出对消费者造成最大伤害风险的关系方。
This effort promotes our understanding of higher risk fin-tech partners across the Federal Reserve System, and helps supervisors proactively identify relationships that pose greater risk of consumer harm.
这项工作促进了我们对整个美联储系统中风险较高的金融科技合作伙伴的了解，并帮助监管者主动识别对消费者造成更大风险的关系。
Other Core Risks There are a number of "core" risks that are essential for bank management to address.
其他核心风险 有许多“核心”风险是银行管理层必须解决的。
These "core" risks—including funding, liquidity and credit risk—should already be integrated into management priorities, since they pose the greatest threats to a bank's operations.
这些“核心”风险——包括资金、流动性和信用风险——应该被纳入管理重点，因为它们对银行的运营构成最大的威胁。
Focusing on core risks is second nature for community banks.
关注核心风险是社区银行的第二天性。
In contrast, supervision can be susceptible to diversion from core to non-core risks leading supervisors to neglect the build-up of traditional risk.
相比之下，监管很容易从核心风险转移到非核心风险，导致监管者忽视传统风险的积累。
Diverting resources to non-core risks can often leave a bank vulnerable, especially when regulators direct banks to allocate resources in other ways, whether by regulation, guidance, or through supervisory expectations.
将资源转移到非核心风险往往会使银行变得脆弱，特别是当监管机构指示银行以其他方式（无论是通过监管、指导还是通过监管期望）分配资源时。
Mitigating Risks to Community Banks The design of regulation, guidance, and supervisory approach regulators rely upon for community banks—and the intentional policy choices that underpin this framework—are important for ensuring their effectiveness in supporting the safety and soundness of the banking system.
降低社区银行的风险 监管机构对社区银行所依赖的监管、指导和监督方法的设计以及支持该框架的有意的政策选择对于确保其有效支持银行体系的安全和稳健非常重要。
These design choices can enable community banks to operate successfully while mitigating risks, leveraging tailoring, transparency, and consistency across institutions.
这些设计选择可以使社区银行成功运营，同时降低风险，利用机构间的定制、透明度和一致性。
9 I have spoken at length about these themes in the past, but I would like to reiterate just a few of the critical elements of a regulatory agenda that will allow community banks to thrive in the future:
9 我过去曾详细讨论过这些主题，但我想重申一下监管议程的几个关键要素，这些要素将使社区银行在未来蓬勃发展：
By no means is this proposal for regulatory reform exhaustive, but these critical components must be integrated into our future approach to ensure a diverse banking system for the future.
这项监管改革提案绝非详尽无遗，但这些关键组成部分必须纳入我们未来的方法中，以确保未来银行体系的多元化。
Closing Thoughts Thank you for the opportunity to speak to you today, and for your commitment to community banking.
结束语 感谢您今天有机会与您交谈，并感谢您对社区银行业务的承诺。
You serve a critical role within the banking system, and in support of the U.S. economy.
您在银行系统中发挥着关键作用，并支持美国经济。
Your work to leverage the power of the community banking model enables you to serve your customers, promote financial inclusion and expand access to banking services.
您利用社区银行模式力量的工作使您能够为客户提供服务、促进金融包容性并扩大获得银行服务的机会。
But policymakers have an important responsibility to make sure that the community banking model remains viable into the future.
但政策制定者负有重要责任，要确保社区银行模式在未来仍然可行。
To function effectively, the banking system requires the presence of banks of all sizes—larger, regional, and community banks.
为了有效运作，银行系统需要各种规模的银行的存在——大型银行、区域银行和社区银行。
This diversity of our financial institutions is the greatest strength of our banking system, and it can easily be imperiled by insufficiently targeted regulation, supervision, and guidance.
我们金融机构的这种多样性是我们银行体系的最大优势，但它很容易因缺乏针对性的监管、监督和指导而受到威胁。
1.
1.
These remarks represent my own views and are not necessarily those of my colleagues on the Federal Reserve Board or the Federal Open Market Committee.
这些言论仅代表我个人的观点，并不一定代表我在美联储委员会或联邦公开市场委员会的同事的观点。
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2.
2.
See Michelle W.
参见米歇尔·W.
Bowman, " Building a Community Banking Framework for the Future (PDF) " (speech at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Community Banking Research Conference, St. Louis, MO, October 2, 2024).
Bowman，“构建未来的社区银行框架 (PDF)”（在圣路易斯联邦储备银行社区银行研究会议上的演讲，密苏里州圣路易斯，2024 年 10 月 2 日）。
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3.
3.
See, e.g., Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Arkansas State Bank Department, " In the Matter of Evolve Bancorp, Inc. and Evolve Bank & Trust, Cease and Desist Order (PDF) ," news release, June 11, 2024.
例如，请参阅美国联邦储备系统理事会、阿肯色州银行部，“关于 Evolve Bancorp, Inc. 和 Evolve Bank & Trust 的停止令 (PDF)”，新闻稿，2024 年 6 月 11 日。
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4.
4.
Allen N.
艾伦·N.
Berger, Nathan H.
伯杰，内森 H.
Miller, Mitchell A.
米勒，米切尔 A.
Petersen, Raghuram G.
彼得森，拉古拉姆 G.
Rajan, and Jeremy C.
拉詹和杰里米 C.
Stein, " Does Function Follow Organizational Form?
Stein，“功能遵循组织形式吗？
Evidence from the Lending Practices of Large and Small Banks (PDF) ," National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 8752 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2002).
来自大型和小型银行贷款实践的证据 (PDF)，国家经济研究局，工作文件 8752（马萨诸塞州剑桥：国家经济研究局，2002 年 2 月）。
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5.
5.
Michelle W.
米歇尔·W.
Bowman, " The Role of Research, Data, and Analysis in Banking Reforms (PDF) " (speech at the 2023 Community Banking Research Conference, St. Louis, MO, October 4, 2023); Michelle W.
Bowman，“研究、数据和分析在银行业改革中的作用 (PDF)”（在 2023 年社区银行研究会议上的演讲，密苏里州圣路易斯，2023 年 10 月 4 日）；米歇尔·W.
Bowman, " The New Landscape for Banking Competition (PDF) ," (speech at the 2022 Community Banking Research Conference, St. Louis, MO, September 28, 2022).
Bowman，“银行业竞争的新格局 (PDF)”（在 2022 年社区银行研究会议上的演讲，密苏里州圣路易斯，2022 年 9 月 28 日）。
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6.
6.
See Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, and Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Midwest Cyber Workshop 2024 (June 25‑26, 2024).
请参阅芝加哥联邦储备银行、圣路易斯联邦储备银行和堪萨斯城联邦储备银行，2024 年中西部网络研讨会（2024 年 6 月 25 日至 26 日）。
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7.
7.
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Community Bankers Symposium (October 11, 2024).
芝加哥联邦储备银行，社区银行家研讨会（2024 年 10 月 11 日）。
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8.
8.
Michelle W.
米歇尔·W.
Bowman, " Defining a Bank (PDF) " (Speech to the American Bankers Association 2024 Conference for Community Bankers, San Antonio, TX, February 12, 2024); Statement by Governor Michelle W.
Bowman，“定义银行 (PDF)”（在美国银行家协会 2024 年社区银行家会议上的演讲，德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥，2024 年 2 月 12 日）；州长 Michelle W. 的声明
Bowman, " Third-Party Risk-Management Guidance ," news release, June 6, 2023 ("...Federal Reserve regional bank supervisors have indicated that we should provide additional resources for community banks upon implementation to provide appropriate expectations and ensure that small banks understand and can effectively use the guidance to inform their third-party risk management processes…I am disappointed that the agencies failed to make the upfront investment to reduce unnecessary confusion and burden on community banks").
Bowman，“第三方风险管理指南”，新闻稿，2023 年 6 月 6 日（“......美联储地区银行监管者表示，我们应该在实施后为社区银行提供额外资源，以提供适当的期望，并确保小型银行理解并能够有效地使用指南来告知其第三方风险管理流程......我对这些机构未能进行前期投资以减少社区银行不必要的混乱和负担感到失望”）。
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9.
9.
See Michelle W.
参见米歇尔·W.
Bowman, " Building a Community Banking Framework for the Future (PDF) " (speech at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Community Banking Research Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, October 2, 2024).
Bowman，“构建未来的社区银行框架 (PDF)”（在圣路易斯联邦储备银行社区银行研究会议上的演讲，密苏里州圣路易斯，2024 年 10 月 2 日）。
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10.
10.
See, e.g., Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, "Regulatory Capital Rule: Large Banking Organizations and Banking Organizations with Significant Trading Activity," 88 Fed.
例如，参见美联储理事会、联邦存款保险公司和货币监理署，“监管资本规则：大型银行组织和具有重大交易活动的银行组织”，88 Fed。
Reg.
注册。
64,028, 64,095 (September 18, 2023) ("[t]o reflect inflation since 1996 and growth in the capital markets, the agencies are proposing to increase the trading activity dollar threshold [applicable to the market risk rule] from $1 billion to $5 billion.").
64,028, 64,095（2023 年 9 月 18 日）（“为了反映 1996 年以来的通货膨胀和资本市场的增长，各机构建议将交易活动美元门槛（适用于市场风险规则）从 10 亿美元提高到 50 亿美元。”）。
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11.
11.
FDIC, " Final Statement of Policy on Bank Merger Transactions (PDF) ," (September 17, 2024).
FDIC，“银行合并交易政策最终声明 (PDF)”（2024 年 9 月 17 日）。
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