Building a More Inclusive Financial System through Collaboration and Action
At the Aspen Institute, Washington, D.C. (via pre-recorded video)
华盛顿特区阿斯彭研究所（通过预先录制的视频）
[Right/Left Arrows] seeks the video forwards and back (5 sec );
[右/左箭头] 向前和向后搜索视频（5 秒）；
The [Tab] key may be used in combination with the [Enter/Return] key to navigate and activate control buttons, such as caption on/off.
[Tab] 键可以与 [Enter/Return] 键结合使用来导航和激活控制按钮，例如字幕开/关。
I would like to thank the Aspen Institute for inviting me to join you at this event to discuss efforts to develop a more inclusive financial system.
我要感谢阿斯彭研究所邀请我参加这次活动，讨论发展更具包容性的金融体系的努力。
1 It is really a pleasure to join so many stakeholders that are at the forefront of this important work.
1 很高兴能加入这么多利益相关者的行列，站在这项重要工作的最前沿。
As I have often said, one of our important responsibilities is to foster an economy that works for everyone.
正如我经常说的，我们的重要责任之一是培育造福所有人的经济。
2 Consumers are better positioned to benefit from economic growth when they have access to financial products and services that responsibly meet their needs.
2 当消费者能够获得负责任地满足其需求的金融产品和服务时，他们就能更好地从经济增长中受益。
My perspective on financial inclusion is informed, in no small part, from my own experience as a banker.
我对普惠金融的看法在很大程度上来自于我自己作为银行家的经历。
Small banks, especially community banks, have a deep understanding of the local economies they serve, and can respond quickly and effectively to local needs.
小型银行，特别是社区银行，对所服务的当地经济有深入的了解，能够快速有效地响应当地需求。
Indeed, financial inclusion is a core mission of community banks; but no entity or group of financial institutions alone can solve the challenge of creating a more inclusive financial system.
事实上，普惠金融是社区银行的核心使命；但任何实体或金融机构集团都无法单独解决创建更具包容性的金融体系的挑战。
Today, I will discuss my views on why financial inclusion is important to all of us—from community banks to central banks.
今天，我将讨论为什么普惠金融对我们所有人（从社区银行到中央银行）都很重要。
I will then highlight activities in which the Federal Reserve participates to promote financial inclusion and conclude with ideas for future work and collaboration.
然后，我将重点介绍美联储参与促进金融包容性的活动，并最后提出对未来工作和合作的想法。
Why Financial Inclusion Is Important An inclusive financial system offers access and choices that enhance consumers' and businesses' financial well-being.
普惠金融为何如此重要 普惠金融体系提供了可增强消费者和企业财务福祉的渠道和选择。
From checking and savings accounts to credit and insurance, consumers benefit from having financial products and services that are affordable, safe, and responsive to their needs.
从支票和储蓄账户到信贷和保险，消费者可以从负担得起、安全且能满足其需求的金融产品和服务中受益。
Without them, consumers may turn to alternative financial services, which can often be more costly or may lead to consumer harm.
如果没有它们，消费者可能会转向替代金融服务，而这往往成本更高或可能导致消费者受到伤害。
An inclusive financial system recognizes that consumers come from a wide range of economic circumstances; have varied perceptions of and experiences with the banking system; and most importantly, different needs for financial products and services.
包容性金融体系承认消费者来自不同的经济环境；对银行系统有不同的看法和经验；最重要的是，对金融产品和服务的需求不同。
And despite the general availability of online financial services, geography, location, and accessibility matter.
尽管在线金融服务普遍存在，但地理、位置和可及性很重要。
Financial inclusion may look very different, for instance, in rural communities, compared to the suburbs of Washington, D.C., or the islands of Hawaii.
例如，与华盛顿特区郊区或夏威夷群岛相比，农村社区的金融包容性可能看起来非常不同。
The entire economy gains when more households achieve financial stability.
当更多家庭实现财务稳定时，整个经济就会受益。
That said, the benefits of financial inclusion do not necessarily result in the same outcomes for everyone.
也就是说，普惠金融的好处并不一定会给每个人带来相同的结果。
Federal Reserve Activities and Promising Developments The road to fostering a more inclusive financial system is long and winding and may, at times, seem daunting.
美联储的活动和有希望的发展 培育更具包容性的金融体系的道路是漫长而曲折的，有时可能看起来令人畏惧。
We have been on this road for some time, and the Federal Reserve and many others have already taken many promising steps.
我们在这条路上已经走了一段时间，美联储和许多其他机构已经采取了许多有希望的步骤。
So, I'd like to share a few examples of the Fed's recent efforts to promote financial inclusion that will help to provide some context to our ongoing efforts.
因此，我想分享一些美联储最近为促进金融包容性所做努力的例子，这将有助于为我们正在进行的努力提供一些背景。
Supporting access to responsive products: small-dollar lending For many years, a variety of surveys have indicated that consumers use small-dollar credit to address temporary cash-flow imbalances, unexpected expenses, or income shortfalls during periods of economic stress or natural disasters.
支持获得响应性产品：小额贷款 多年来，各种调查表明，消费者使用小额信贷来解决经济压力或自然灾害期间暂时的现金流失衡、意外支出或收入短缺问题。
So, we began to consider the ways in which the Federal Reserve and other financial regulators could be helpful.
因此，我们开始考虑美联储和其他金融监管机构可以提供帮助的方式。
Shortly after I joined the Federal Reserve, in 2019 and through 2020, we issued two interagency statements meant to provide clarity to banks on the use of alternative data for underwriting and on principles for offering responsible small-dollar loans.
在我加入美联储后不久，从 2019 年到 2020 年，我们发布了两份跨机构声明，旨在向银行阐明如何使用替代数据进行承保以及提供负责任的小美元贷款的原则。
3 Our guidance clarified that with a consumer's permission, banks can use alternative data, like checking account balance activity, to qualify them for credit.
3 我们的指南阐明，在消费者许可的情况下，银行可以使用替代数据（例如检查账户余额活动）来确定其获得信贷的资格。
Our guidance also underscored that small-dollar lending products that support successful repayment outcomes and that avoid continuous cycles of debt due to rollover and reborrowing can help facilitate financial inclusion.
我们的指导意见还强调，支持成功还款结果并避免因展期和再借款而导致债务连续循环的小额贷款产品有助于促进金融包容性。
We have seen some evidence that suggests the release of these small-dollar Interagency Lending Principles correlated with a subsequent increase in bank consumer lending.
我们已经看到一些证据表明这些小美元机构间贷款原则的发布与随后银行消费贷款的增加相关。
4 Ensuring that small-dollar lending is available through depository institutions rather than through other non-depository lenders could increase the credit opportunities available to consumers at lower cost and with fewer fees.
4 确保通过存款机构而不是其他非存款贷款机构提供小额贷款，可以增加消费者以更低的成本和更少的费用获得信贷的机会。
Banks may also pursue expanding their lending opportunities through technology innovations that provide mechanisms for more effective risk modelling or enhancing their online access to financial services for consumers.
银行还可以通过技术创新来扩大贷款机会，这些创新提供更有效的风险建模机制或增强消费者在线获取金融服务的机会。
These advancements can result in faster loan decisionmaking, more convenient customer access, and reduced costs and risks for both banks and borrowers.
这些进步可以加快贷款决策速度，更方便地获取客户，并降低银行和借款人的成本和风险。
Over time, we are seeing more banks incorporating these approaches to better serve clients with credit, including the use of alternative data to support underwriting.
随着时间的推移，我们看到越来越多的银行采用这些方法来更好地为客户提供信贷服务，包括使用替代数据来支持承保。
We will continue to monitor these promising developments to better understand the impact on consumers.
我们将继续关注这些有希望的发展，以更好地了解对消费者的影响。
Supporting mission-driven organizations I will turn now to the Fed's efforts to build the institutional capacity of a set of key stakeholders: Minority Depository Institutions (MDIs), Women-Owned Depository Institutions (WDIs), and Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs), whose missions are to reach historically underserved populations.
支持使命驱动的组织 现在我将谈谈美联储为建设一系列关键利益相关者的机构能力所做的努力：少数族裔存款机构（MDI）、女性拥有的存款机构（WDI）和社区发展金融机构（CDFI），它们的使命是帮助历史上服务不足的人群。
Providing support for these institutions is an important part of the Federal Reserve's mission to provide a safe, sound, and accessible banking system that protects consumers.
为这些机构提供支持是美联储使命的重要组成部分，其使命是提供一个安全、健全、可访问的银行系统来保护消费者。
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Through the Fed's Partnership for Progress (PFP) program, we provide technical assistance on regulatory matters, conduct research, host convenings, and provide examiner training to support and promote the stability of MDIs and WDIs.
通过美联储的进步伙伴关系 (PFP) 计划，我们提供监管事务方面的技术援助、开展研究、主办会议并提供审查员培训，以支持和促进 MDI 和 WDI 的稳定性。
6 Research suggests that MDIs are more likely to focus their products and services to benefit diverse communities and to work with more consumers who experience credit constraints in comparison with non-MDIs.
6 研究表明，与非计量吸入器相比，计量吸入器更有可能将其产品和服务集中于造福多元化社区，并与更多经历信贷限制的消费者合作。
7 The extent of their reach was evident during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, when they demonstrated effective contributions to the economic resiliency of their communities.
7 在 2008 年金融危机和 COVID-19 大流行期间，他们的影响范围显而易见，当时他们展示了对其社区经济弹性的有效贡献。
8 During the pandemic, MDIs and CDFIs provided Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans to small businesses and financially underserved firms.
8 在疫情期间，计量吸入器和 CDFI 向小企业和财务服务不足的企业提供薪资保护计划 (PPP) 贷款。
9 The Fed supported these important financial service providers by providing liquidity through its emergency lending program, the Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility.
9 美联储通过其紧急贷款计划“薪资保护计划流动性便利”提供流动性，为这些重要的金融服务提供商提供支持。
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The Emergency Capital Investment Program (ECIP) provided additional support to MDIs and CDFIs.
紧急资本投资计划 (ECIP) 为计量吸入器和 CDFI 提供了额外支持。
Through the ECIP, MDIs and CDFIs received over $8.5 billion in low-cost capital to support the provision of loans and grants to small businesses and consumers in their communities.
通过 ECIP，计量吸入器和 CDFI 获得了超过 85 亿美元的低成本资本，以支持向社区中的小企业和消费者提供贷款和赠款。
The Federal Reserve conducted collective webinars and individualized outreach to MDIs to encourage enrollment in the program.
美联储针对计量吸入器举办了集体网络研讨会和个性化宣传活动，以鼓励参与该计划。
Our early internal analysis shows, on average, that eligible banks are using ECIP to strengthen balance sheets, build internal capacity, and enhance product offerings.
我们的早期内部分析显示，平均而言，符合条件的银行正在使用 ECIP 来强化资产负债表、建设内部能力并增强产品供应。
As a result, we have seen ECIP recipients increase their lending about a year after receiving funds, relative to MDIs and CDFIs that did not receive ECIP funding.
因此，我们看到 ECIP 接受者在收到资金大约一年后增加了贷款，相对于未获得 ECIP 资金的 MDI 和 CDFI 而言。
Supporting Central Bank Network for Indigenous Inclusion This brings me to another aspect of the Federal Reserve's efforts to support financial inclusion.
支持中央银行网络促进本土包容性 这让我想到了美联储支持金融包容性努力的另一个方面。
The Fed recently became a member of the Central Bank Network for Indigenous Inclusion (CBNII).
美联储最近成为中央银行原住民包容网络（CBNII）的成员。
This group brings together the central banks of the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia with the purpose of understanding and researching related economic and financial issues, knowledge sharing, and financial education targeted to these communities.
该小组汇集了美国、加拿大、新西兰和澳大利亚的中央银行，旨在了解和研究相关的经济和金融问题、知识共享和针对这些社区的金融教育。
11 As the Federal Reserve's network representative, I recently participated in the CBNII's biennial symposium focused on the importance of Indigenous financial inclusion.
11 作为美联储网络代表，我最近参加了 CBNII 每两年一次的研讨会，重点讨论本土金融普惠的重要性。
12 My remarks there reiterated the view that a financial system must be inclusive for the economy to work for everyone and must include access for Indigenous communities.
12 我在那里的讲话重申了这样的观点，即金融体系必须具有包容性，经济才能惠及所有人，并且必须包括土著社区的准入。
Our work with Indigenous groups includes all U.S. native populations, Native Hawaiian, Native Alaskan, and Native American Indians.
我们与原住民群体的合作包括所有美国原住民、夏威夷原住民、阿拉斯加原住民和美洲原住民印第安人。
The Fed's CBNII work is supported by many of our Reserve Bank teams, including the San Francisco Reserve Bank, the Minneapolis Center for Indian Country Development (CICD), and the St. Louis Native Economic and Financial Education Empowerment (NEFEE) program.
美联储的 CBNII 工作得到了许多储备银行团队的支持，包括旧金山储备银行、明尼阿波利斯印第安国家发展中心 (CICD) 和圣路易斯本土经济和金融教育赋权 (NEFEE) 计划。
Together, these teams and programs work with Indigenous organizations and tribal nations to provide access to economic and personal finance education incorporating Indigenous language and culture.
这些团队和项目与土著组织和部落民族共同合作，提供融合土著语言和文化的经济和个人理财教育。
Supporting research informing financial inclusion As a final example, I'll highlight some of the Fed's financial inclusion data and research.
支持为普惠金融提供信息的研究 作为最后一个例子，我将重点介绍美联储的一些普惠金融数据和研究。
Two of our most important contributions to the study of financial well-being and consumer wealth are the annual Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED) and the triennial Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF).
我们对金融福祉和消费者财富研究最重要的两项贡献是年度家庭经济和决策调查 (SHED) 和三年一度的消费者财务调查 (SCF)。
13 Responses to these surveys are publicly available and are extensively cited by other practitioners and researchers.
13 对这些调查的答复是公开的，并被其他从业者和研究人员广泛引用。
Researchers and practitioners also rely upon the St. Louis Reserve Bank's Bank On National Data (BOND) Hub, which was created in partnership with Cities for Financial Empowerment's Bank On program.
研究人员和从业人员还依赖圣路易斯储备银行的国家数据银行 (BOND) 中心，该中心是与金融赋权城市的银行计划合作创建的。
14 Through voluntary and aggregated data reporting, this resource enables the public to track the growth and usage of Bank On accounts in communities across the country.
14 通过自愿和汇总的数据报告，该资源使公众能够跟踪全国各地社区 Bank On 账户的增长和使用情况。
We encourage the public's continued engagement with and analysis of these important data.
我们鼓励公众继续参与和分析这些重要数据。
Looking Ahead Today, I've spoken about the Fed's work in the areas of small-dollar credit, mission-driven organizations and networks, and data.
展望未来 今天，我谈到了美联储在小美元信贷、使命驱动的组织和网络以及数据领域的工作。
Before I close, I would like to raise several issues on my mind that might prompt discussion in your event today.
在结束之前，我想提出一些我认为可能会在今天的活动中引发讨论的问题。
First, building on some progress in small-dollar credit, how can we encourage the development of lower-cost products and refine our understanding of the degree to which these products may foster consumers' financial well-being?
首先，在小额信贷取得一些进展的基础上，我们如何鼓励低成本产品的开发，并加深我们对这些产品在多大程度上促进消费者财务福祉的理解？
Second, given the value of mission-driven organizations in expanding access to financial products and services in underserved communities, how can we best provide support to the activities of MDIs, WDIs, and CDFIs?
其次，鉴于使命驱动型组织在扩大服务欠缺社区获得金融产品和服务的机会方面的价值，我们如何才能最好地为 MDI、WDI 和 CDFI 的活动提供支持？
Third, the CBNII relies on the participation and wisdom of Indigenous leaders and community members to advance financial inclusion.
第三，CBNII依靠原住民领袖和社区成员的参与和智慧来推进金融普惠。
How can we leverage this model of engagement and shared learning?
我们如何利用这种参与和共享学习的模式？
Financial inclusion is not a one-size-fits-all issue.
普惠金融并不是一个一刀切的问题。
Involving consumers and communities in identifying issues and crafting approaches for solutions is critical to success.
让消费者和社区参与识别问题并制定解决方案对于成功至关重要。
Advancing financial inclusion will clearly take many hands and a diverse set of stakeholders, including everyone participating here today.
推进金融包容性显然需要许多人的帮助和不同的利益相关者，包括今天与会的每个人。
Closing In closing, greater inclusiveness in the financial system is an ongoing priority for the Federal Reserve, and we will continue to engage on these important issues in the years to come.
结束语 最后，提高金融体系的包容性是美联储持续的首要任务，我们将在未来几年继续致力于解决这些重要问题。
Progress requires collaboration, and I look forward to engaging with all of you as we continue on the journey to make our financial system more inclusive.
进步需要合作，我期待着与你们所有人合作，继续让我们的金融体系更具包容性。
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Thank you to Jennifer Fernandez, Alejandra Lopez-Fernandini, Daniel Gorin, and Kirsten Noland of the Federal Reserve Board for their assistance in preparing this text.
感谢美联储委员会的 Jennifer Fernandez、Alejandra Lopez-Fernandini、Daniel Gorin 和 Kirsten Noland 在准备本文时提供的帮助。
These views are my own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Reserve Board.
这些观点是我个人的观点，并不一定反映美联储的观点。
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Michelle W.
米歇尔·W.
Bowman, panel remarks at the 2023 Symposium on Indigenous Inclusion, The Central Bank Network for Indigenous Inclusion and The Reserve Bank of New Zealand—Te Pūtea Matua, Auckland, New Zealand (September 27, 2023).
Bowman，在 2023 年土著包容性研讨会、中央银行土著包容性网络和新西兰储备银行 Te Pūtea Matua（新西兰奥克兰）上的小组发言（2023 年 9 月 27 日）。
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Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, National Credit Union Administration, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, " Interagency Statement on the Use of Alternative Data in Credit Underwriting ," CA letter 19-11 (December 12, 2019); Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, National Credit Union Administration, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, " Interagency Lending Principles for Making Responsible Small-Dollar Loans ," SR letter 20-14 / CA letter 20-8 (May 20, 2020).
美联储理事会、消费者金融保护局、联邦存款保险公司、国家信用合作社管理局、货币监理署，“关于在信贷承保中使用替代数据的机构间声明”，CA 信函 19-11（2019 年 12 月 12 日）；美联储理事会、联邦存款保险公司、国家信用合作社管理局、货币监理署，“负责任小美元贷款的机构间贷款原则”，SR 信函 20-14 / CA 信函 20-8（2020 年 5 月 20 日）。
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Daniel Gorin, Sarah Gosky, and Michael Suher, " Empirical Assessment of SR/CA Small-Dollar Lending Letter Impact ," FEDS Notes (Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, July 28, 2023).
Daniel Gorin、Sarah Gosky 和 Michael Suher，“SR/CA 小美元贷款函影响的实证评估”，FEDS 注释（华盛顿：美联储系统理事会，2023 年 7 月 28 日）。
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See the Federal Reserve's Partnership for Progress website at https://www.fedpartnership.gov .
请参阅美联储进步伙伴关系网站：https://www.fedpartnership.gov。
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Section 308 of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 describes goals for the preservation of MDIs though the OCC, FDIC, and Federal Reserve.
1989 年《金融机构改革、恢复和执行法案》第 308 条描述了通过 OCC、FDIC 和美联储保存 MDI 的目标。
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Maude Toussaint-Comeau and Robin Newberger, " Minority-Owned Banks and Their Primary Local Market Areas ," Economic Perspectives , 41, 4 (Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, May 2017).
Maude Toussaint-Comeau 和 Robin Newberger，“少数族裔银行及其主要本地市场区域”，《经济展望》，41, 4（芝加哥：芝加哥联邦储备银行，2017 年 5 月）。
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Allen N.
艾伦·N.
Berger, Maryann P.
伯杰，玛丽安·P.
Feldman, W.
费尔德曼，W.
Scott Langford, and Raluca A.
斯科特·兰福德和 Raluca A.
Roman, "' Let Us Put Our Moneys Together': Minority-Owned Banks and Resilience to Crises (PDF) ," Working Paper 23-13 (Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, June 2023).
Roman，“‘让我们把钱放在一起’：少数族裔银行和危机抵御能力 (PDF)”，工作文件 23-13（费城：费城联邦储备银行，2023 年 6 月）。
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Emily Ryder Perlmeter, " Mission-Oriented Banks in Texas and Underserved Businesses: Lessons from the Paycheck Protection Program " (Dallas: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, December 16, 2022).
Emily Ryder Perlmeter，“德克萨斯州的使命导向银行和服务不足的企业：薪资保护计划的经验教训”（达拉斯：达拉斯联邦储备银行，2022 年 12 月 16 日）。
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10.
10.
See the Federal Reserve Board's website at https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/ppplf.htm .
请参阅联邦储备委员会网站：https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/ppplf.htm。
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11.
11.
The Federal Reserve Banks of Atlanta, Minneapolis, San Francisco, and St. Louis support our participation in the CBNII based on their work with Native communities in their Districts and throughout the country.
亚特兰大、明尼阿波利斯、旧金山和圣路易斯联邦储备银行根据其与所在地区和全国各地原住民社区的合作，支持我们参与 CBNII。
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12.
12.
Michelle W.
米歇尔·W.
Bowman, 2023 Symposium on Indigenous Inclusion, panel remarks .
鲍曼，2023 年土著包容性研讨会，小组发言。
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13.
13.
See the Federal Reserve Board's website at https://www.federalreserve.gov/consumerscommunities/shed.htm and https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/scfindex.htm .
请参阅联邦储备委员会网站 https://www.federalreserve.gov/consumerscommunities/shed.htm 和 https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/scfindex.htm 。
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14.
14.
The Bank On program promotes a national standard for bank accounts that are both low cost and low risk for customers.
Bank On 计划提倡银行账户国家标准，对客户来说成本低、风险低。
See https://www.stlouisfed.org/community-development/bank-on-national-data-hub and https://cfefund.org/project/bank-on/ .
请参阅 https://www.stlouisfed.org/community-development/bank-on-national-data-hub 和 https://cfefund.org/project/bank-on/ 。
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