The Wealth of Nations
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
对国富本质和原因的探究
by Adam Smith
亚当·斯密
Contents
内容
INTRODUCTION AND PLAN OF THE WORK.
工作介绍和计划。
BOOK I.
书一。
OF THE CAUSES OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVE POWERS OF LABOUR, AND OF THE ORDER ACCORDING TO WHICH ITS PRODUCE IS NATURALLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RANKS OF THE PEOPLE.
劳动生产能力提高的原因及其产品在不同阶层人民中自然分配的顺序。
CHAPTER I.
第一章
OF THE DIVISION OF LABOUR.
劳动分工。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF THE PRINCIPLE WHICH GIVES OCCASION TO THE DIVISION OF LABOUR.
为劳动分工提供机会的原则。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
THAT THE DIVISION OF LABOUR IS LIMITED BY THE EXTENT OF THE MARKET.
劳动分工受到市场范围的限制。
CHAPTER IV.
第四章。
OF THE ORIGIN AND USE OF MONEY.
货币的起源和使用。
CHAPTER V.
第五章
OF THE REAL AND NOMINAL PRICE OF COMMODITIES, OR OF THEIR PRICE IN LABOUR, AND THEIR PRICE IN MONEY.
商品的实际价格和名义价格，或其劳动力价格及其货币价格。
CHAPTER VI.
第六章。
OF THE COMPONENT PART OF THE PRICE OF COMMODITIES.
商品价格的组成部分。
CHAPTER VII.
第七章。
OF THE NATURAL AND MARKET PRICE OF COMMODITIES.
商品的自然价格和市场价格。
CHAPTER VIII.
第八章。
OF THE WAGES OF LABOUR.
劳动工资。
CHAPTER IX.
第九章。
OF THE PROFITS OF STOCK.
股票利润。
CHAPTER X.
第十章。
OF WAGES AND PROFIT IN THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF LABOUR AND STOCK.
劳动力和股票的不同就业中的工资和利润。
CHAPTER XI.
第十一章。
OF THE RENT OF LAND.
土地租金。
BOOK II.
第二册。
OF THE NATURE, ACCUMULATION, AND EMPLOYMENT OF STOCK.
股票的性质、积累和运用。
CHAPTER I.
第一章
OF THE DIVISION OF STOCK.
库存的划分。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF MONEY, CONSIDERED AS A PARTICULAR BRANCH OF THE GENERAL STOCK OF THE SOCIETY, OR OF THE EXPENSE OF MAINTAINING THE NATIONAL CAPITAL.
货币，被视为社会总存量的一个特定分支，或维持国家资本的费用。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
OF THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL, OR OF PRODUCTIVE AND UNPRODUCTIVE LABOUR.
资本的积累，或生产性和非生产性劳动的积累。
CHAPTER IV.
第四章。
OF STOCK LENT AT INTEREST.
有息借出的股票。
CHAPTER V.
第五章
OF THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF CAPITALS.
资本的不同运用。
BOOK III.
第三册。
OF THE DIFFERENT PROGRESS OF OPULENCE IN DIFFERENT NATIONS CHAPTER I.
第一章 不同国家富裕程度的不同进展
OF THE NATURAL PROGRESS OF OPULENCE.
富裕的自然进步。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF THE DISCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ANCIENT STATE OF EUROPE, AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
罗马帝国灭亡后，古代欧洲国家农业的衰退。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF CITIES AND TOWNS, AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
罗马帝国灭亡后城镇的崛起和进步。
CHAPTER IV.
第四章。
HOW THE COMMERCE OF TOWNS CONTRIBUTED TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE COUNTRY.
城镇商业如何为国家的进步做出贡献。
BOOK IV.
第四册。
OF SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.
政治经济体系。
CHAPTER I.
第一章
OF THE PRINCIPLE OF THE COMMERCIAL OR MERCANTILE SYSTEM.
商业或商业体系的原则。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF RESTRAINTS UPON IMPORTATION FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES OF SUCH GOODS AS CAN BE PRODUCED AT HOME.
对从外国进口可在国内生产的此类商品的限制。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
OF THE EXTRAORDINARY RESTRAINTS UPON THE IMPORTATION OF GOODS OF ALMOST ALL KINDS, FROM THOSE COUNTRIES WITH WHICH THE BALANCE IS SUPPOSED TO BE DISADVANTAGEOUS.
对来自那些平衡被认为不利的国家的几乎所有种类的商品进口实行非常规限制。
CHAPTER IV.
第四章。
OF DRAWBACKS.
缺点。
CHAPTER V.
第五章
OF BOUNTIES.
赏金。
CHAPTER VI.
第六章。
OF TREATIES OF COMMERCE.
商业条约。
CHAPTER VII.
第七章。
OF COLONIES.
殖民地。
CHAPTER VIII.
第八章。
CONCLUSION OF THE MERCANTILE SYSTEM.
商业体系的结论。
CHAPTER IX.
第九章。
OF THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, OR OF THOSE SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY WHICH REPRESENT THE PRODUCE OF LAND, AS EITHER THE SOLE OR THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF THE REVENUE AND WEALTH OF EVERY COUNTRY.
代表土地生产的农业体系或政治经济体系，土地是每个国家收入和财富的唯一或主要来源。
BOOK V.
第五册
OF THE REVENUE OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH CHAPTER I.
主权或联邦的收入第一章。
OF THE EXPENSES OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH.
主权或联邦的开支。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF THE SOURCES OF THE GENERAL OR PUBLIC REVENUE OF THE SOCIETY.
社会一般或公共收入的来源。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
OF PUBLIC DEBTS.
公共债务。
INTRODUCTION AND PLAN OF THE WORK.
工作介绍和计划。
The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniencies of life which it annually consumes, and which consist always either in the immediate produce of that labour, or in what is purchased with that produce from other nations.
每个国家的年度劳动是最初为其每年消费的一切生活必需品和便利设施提供的资金，并且总是要么包含在该劳动的直接产品中，要么包含在用该产品从其他国家购买的东西中。
According, therefore, as this produce, or what is purchased with it, bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it, the nation will be better or worse supplied with all the necessaries and conveniencies for which it has occasion.
因此，根据这种产品或用它购买的东西在消费它的人数中所占的比例或多或少，国家在其需要的所有必需品和便利设施方面的供应就会好坏。
But this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances: first, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its labour is generally applied; and, secondly, by the proportion between the number of those who are employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed.
但每个国家的这一比例都必须受到两种不同情况的调节：首先，取决于其劳动普遍运用的技能、灵巧性和判断力；其次，取决于其劳动的技能、灵巧性和判断力；其次，受雇于有用劳动的人数与不从事有用劳动的人数之间的比例。
Whatever be the soil, climate, or extent of territory of any particular nation, the abundance or scantiness of its annual supply must, in that particular situation, depend upon those two circumstances.
无论任何特定国家的土壤、气候或领土范围如何，在该特定情况下，其年度供应的丰富或不足都必须取决于这两种情况。
The abundance or scantiness of this supply, too, seems to depend more upon the former of those two circumstances than upon the latter.
这种供应的丰富或不足似乎也更多地取决于这两种情况中的前者而不是后者。
Among the savage nations of hunters and fishers, every individual who is able to work is more or less employed in useful labour, and endeavours to provide, as well as he can, the necessaries and conveniencies of life, for himself, and such of his family or tribe as are either too old, or too young, or too infirm, to go a-hunting and fishing.
在狩猎和渔民的野蛮民族中，每一个能够工作的人都或多或少地从事有用的劳动，并尽力为自己以及他的家庭或部落的那些太老、太年轻或太虚弱而无法打猎和捕鱼的人提供生活必需品和便利。
Such nations, however, are so miserably poor, that, from mere want, they are frequently reduced, or at least think themselves reduced, to the necessity sometimes of directly destroying, and sometimes of abandoning their infants, their old people, and those afflicted with lingering diseases, to perish with hunger, or to be devoured by wild beasts.
然而，这些国家却极度贫穷，以至于他们常常从单纯的匮乏，或者至少认为自己被削弱，有时不得不直接毁灭，有时不得不抛弃他们的婴儿、老人和那些患有挥之不去的疾病的人，让他们死于饥饿，或者被野兽吞噬。
Among civilized and thriving nations, on the contrary, though a great number of people do not labour at all, many of whom consume the produce of ten times, frequently of a hundred times, more labour than the greater part of those who work; yet the produce of the whole labour of the society is so great, that all are often abundantly supplied; and a workman, even of the lowest and poorest order, if he is frugal and industrious, may enjoy a greater share of the necessaries and conveniencies of life than it is possible for any savage to acquire.
相反，在文明和繁荣的国家中，尽管有很多人根本不劳动，但他们中的许多人消耗的产品比大多数劳动者多十倍，常常是一百倍；然而，整个社会劳动的产品是如此之多，以至于所有的产品往往都可以充足地供应。一个工人，即使是最低级和最贫穷的工人，如果他节俭和勤劳，也可以享受到比任何野蛮人更多的生活必需品和便利。
The causes of this improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the order according to which its produce is naturally distributed among the different ranks and conditions of men in the society, make the subject of the first book of this Inquiry.
劳动生产力提高的原因，以及其产品在社会中不同阶层和条件的人们之间自然分配的顺序，构成了本研究第一本书的主题。
Whatever be the actual state of the skill, dexterity, and judgment, with which labour is applied in any nation, the abundance or scantiness of its annual supply must depend, during the continuance of that state, upon the proportion between the number of those who are annually employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed.
无论任何国家运用劳动的技能、灵巧性和判断力的实际状况如何，在这种状态持续期间，其年度供给的丰富或不足必定取决于每年从事有用劳动的人数与不从事有用劳动的人数之间的比例。
The number of useful and productive labourers, it will hereafter appear, is everywhere in proportion to the quantity of capital stock which is employed in setting them to work, and to the particular way in which it is so employed.
下文将表明，有用的、生产性的劳动者的数量在任何地方都与用于让他们工作的资本存量的数量以及资本存量的特定使用方式成正比。
The second book, therefore, treats of the nature of capital stock, of the manner in which it is gradually accumulated, and of the different quantities of labour which it puts into motion, according to the different ways in which it is employed.
因此，第二本书讨论了资本存量的性质、资本逐渐积累的方式，以及资本存量根据其使用方式的不同而投入运转的不同数量的劳动。
Nations tolerably well advanced as to skill, dexterity, and judgment, in the application of labour, have followed very different plans in the general conduct or direction of it; and those plans have not all been equally favourable to the greatness of its produce.
在劳动应用方面，在技能、灵巧性和判断力方面相当先进的国家，在劳动的一般行为或方向上却遵循着截然不同的计划。但这些计划并非都同样有利于其产品的伟大发展。
The policy of some nations has given extraordinary encouragement to the industry of the country; that of others to the industry of towns.
一些国家的政策对本国工业给予了极大的鼓励；其他人的产业转向城镇的工业。
Scarce any nation has dealt equally and impartially with every sort of industry.
很少有哪个国家能够平等、公正地对待各种行业。
Since the down-fall of the Roman empire, the policy of Europe has been more favourable to arts, manufactures, and commerce, the industry of towns, than to agriculture, the Industry of the country.
自罗马帝国灭亡以来，欧洲的政策对艺术、制造业和商业（城镇工业）比农业（国家工业）更有利。
The circumstances which seem to have introduced and established this policy are explained in the third book.
第三本书解释了引入和建立这一政策的情况。
Though those different plans were, perhaps, first introduced by the private interests and prejudices of particular orders of men, without any regard to, or foresight of, their consequences upon the general welfare of the society; yet they have given occasion to very different theories of political economy; of which some magnify the importance of that industry which is carried on in towns, others of that which is carried on in the country.
尽管这些不同的计划最初可能是出于私人利益和特定阶层的偏见而提出的，却没有考虑或预见到它们对社会总体福利的影响；然而，它们却催生了截然不同的政治经济学理论。其中一些人夸大了在城镇进行的工业的重要性，另一些人则夸大了在乡村进行的工业的重要性。
Those theories have had a considerable influence, not only upon the opinions of men of learning, but upon the public conduct of princes and sovereign states.
这些理论不仅对学者的观点产生了相当大的影响，而且对君主和主权国家的公共行为也产生了相当大的影响。
I have endeavoured, in the fourth book, to explain as fully and distinctly as I can those different theories, and the principal effects which they have produced in different ages and nations.
在第四本书中，我尽力尽可能全面、清晰地解释这些不同的理论，以及它们在不同时代和国家中产生的主要影响。
To explain in what has consisted the revenue of the great body of the people, or what has been the nature of those funds, which, in different ages and nations, have supplied their annual consumption, is the object of these four first books.
解释广大人民的收入是由什么组成的，或者这些资金的性质是什么，这些资金在不同的时代和国家提供了他们的年度消费，是这四本书的目的。
The fifth and last book treats of the revenue of the sovereign, or commonwealth.
第五本书也是最后一本书讨论主权国家或联邦的收入。
In this book I have endeavoured to shew, first, what are the necessary expenses of the sovereign, or commonwealth; which of those expenses ought to be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society, and which of them, by that of some particular part only, or of some particular members of it: secondly, what are the different methods in which the whole society may be made to contribute towards defraying the expenses incumbent on the whole society, and what are the principal advantages and inconveniencies of each of those methods; and, thirdly and lastly, what are the reasons and causes which have induced almost all modern governments to mortgage some part of this revenue, or to contract debts; and what have been the effects of those debts upon the real wealth, the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.
在本书中，我首先努力说明主权国家或联邦的必要开支是什么；其次是国家的必要开支。这些费用中哪些应该由全社会的普遍缴费来支付，哪些只能由某个特定部分或某些特定成员来支付；其次，可以采取哪些不同的方法让整个社会为支付整个社会所承担的费用而缴费，以及每种方法的主要优点和不便之处是什么；第三，也是最后一点，促使几乎所有现代政府抵押部分收入或收缩债务的原因和原因是什么？这些债务对实际财富、土地年产值和社会劳动力有何影响？
BOOK I.
书一。
OF THE CAUSES OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVE POWERS OF LABOUR, AND OF THE ORDER ACCORDING TO WHICH ITS PRODUCE IS NATURALLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RANKS OF THE PEOPLE.
劳动生产能力提高的原因及其产品在不同阶层人民中自然分配的顺序。
CHAPTER I.
第一章
OF THE DIVISION OF LABOUR.
劳动分工。
The greatest improvements in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment, with which it is anywhere directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour.
劳动生产力的最大进步，以及在任何地方指导或应用劳动的技能、灵巧性和判断力的大部分提高，似乎都是劳动分工的结果。
The effects of the division of labour, in the general business of society, will be more easily understood, by considering in what manner it operates in some particular manufactures.
通过考虑劳动分工在某些特定制造业中的运作方式，可以更容易地理解劳动分工对社会一般事务的影响。
It is commonly supposed to be carried furthest in some very trifling ones; not perhaps that it really is carried further in them than in others of more importance: but in those trifling manufactures which are destined to supply the small wants of but a small number of people, the whole number of workmen must necessarily be small; and those employed in every different branch of the work can often be collected into the same workhouse, and placed at once under the view of the spectator.
人们通常认为，在一些非常微不足道的事情上，它会发挥得淋漓尽致。或许，这并不是说它们确实比其他更重要的制造业更进一步：而是在那些注定只能满足少数人的小需求的琐碎制造业中，工人的总数必然是很少的。那些受雇于各个不同工作部门的人常常可以被集中到同一个济贫院，并立即置于观众的视野之下。
In those great manufactures, on the contrary, which are destined to supply the great wants of the great body of the people, every different branch of the work employs so great a number of workmen, that it is impossible to collect them all into the same workhouse.
相反，在那些注定要满足广大人民的巨大需求的大型制造业中，每个不同的工作部门都雇用大量的工人，因此不可能将他们全部集中到同一个济贫院。
We can seldom see more, at one time, than those employed in one single branch.
我们很少能同时看到比单个分支机构雇用的员工更多的信息。
Though in such manufactures, therefore, the work may really be divided into a much greater number of parts, than in those of a more trifling nature, the division is not near so obvious, and has accordingly been much less observed.
因此，尽管在此类制造中，工作实际上可能比那些性质更琐碎的工作被划分为更多数量的部分，但这种划分并不那么明显，因此很少被观察到。
To take an example, therefore, from a very trifling manufacture, but one in which the division of labour has been very often taken notice of, the trade of a pin-maker: a workman not educated to this business (which the division of labour has rendered a distinct trade), nor acquainted with the use of the machinery employed in it (to the invention of which the same division of labour has probably given occasion), could scarce, perhaps, with his utmost industry, make one pin in a day, and certainly could not make twenty.
因此，以一种非常微不足道的制造业为例，但在这种制造业中，分工经常受到关注，即制针手艺：一个工人没有受过这项行业的教育（分工已使其成为一种独特的行业），也不熟悉其中所使用的机器的使用（同样的分工可能为这项发明提供了机会），他也许很难以最大的勤奋在一天内制作一枚别针，更不可能在一天内制作二十枚别针。
But in the way in which this business is now carried on, not only the whole work is a peculiar trade, but it is divided into a number of branches, of which the greater part are likewise peculiar trades.
但从现在开展这项业务的方式来看，不仅整个工作是一种特殊行业，而且它还分为许多分支，其中大部分同样是特殊行业。
One man draws out the wire; another straights it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on is a peculiar business; to whiten the pins is another; it is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper; and the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.
一个人拉出电线；另一个把它拉直；第三个切掉它；第四个点了它；第五个在顶部进行研磨以接收头部；制作头部需要两到三道不同的操作；穿上它是一件特殊的事情；使针脚变白是另一回事；将它们写在报纸上甚至本身就是一种交易。以这种方式，制作大头针的重要工作被分为大约十八个不同的操作，在一些工厂中，这些操作全部由不同的人完成，尽管在其他工厂中，同一个人有时会执行其中的两个或三个操作。
I have seen a small manufactory of this kind, where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations.
我见过这样的一个小工厂，那里只雇用了十个人，其中一些人因此执行两到三项不同的操作。
But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day.
尽管他们很穷，因此也没有配备必要的机器，但只要他们努力，一天就能制造出大约十二磅的别针。
There are in a pound upwards of four thousand pins of a middling size.
每磅有四千多颗中等尺寸的别针。
Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upwards of forty-eight thousand pins in a day.
因此，这十个人一天可以制作四万八千多枚针。
Each person, therefore, making a tenth part of forty-eight thousand pins, might be considered as making four thousand eight hundred pins in a day.
因此，每个人制作四万八千枚别针的十分之一，就可以被视为一天制作四千八百枚别针。
But if they had all wrought separately and independently, and without any of them having been educated to this peculiar business, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day; that is, certainly, not the two hundred and fortieth, perhaps not the four thousand eight hundredth, part of what they are at present capable of performing, in consequence of a proper division and combination of their different operations.
但是，如果他们都是分开、独立地工作，并且没有人受过这种特殊工作的教育，那么他们肯定不可能每个人一天内制作二十枚别针，也许连一枚别针；因为他们的工作量很大。当然，这不是他们目前能够完成的任务的二百四十分之一，也许不是四千八百分之一，这是由于适当划分和组合不同的操作而产生的。
In every other art and manufacture, the effects of the division of labour are similar to what they are in this very trifling one, though, in many of them, the labour can neither be so much subdivided, nor reduced to so great a simplicity of operation.
在所有其他艺术和制造业中，劳动分工的效果与这一微不足道的艺术和制造业中的效果相似，尽管在许多艺术和制造业中，劳动既不能被如此细分，也不能被简化为如此简单的操作。
The division of labour, however, so far as it can be introduced, occasions, in every art, a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour.
然而，就其能够引入的分工而言，在每一种技术中，都会引起劳动生产力的成比例的增长。
The separation of different trades and employments from one another, seems to have taken place in consequence of this advantage.
不同行业和就业的相互分离似乎就是由于这一优势而发生的。
This separation, too, is generally carried furthest in those countries which enjoy the highest degree of industry and improvement; what is the work of one man, in a rude state of society, being generally that of several in an improved one.
在那些工业化和进步程度最高的国家，这种分离通常也最为严重。在一个粗鲁的社会状态下，一个人的工作是什么，而在一个改进的社会状态下，通常是几个人的工作。
In every improved society, the farmer is generally nothing but a farmer; the manufacturer, nothing but a manufacturer.
在每一个进步的社会里，农民一般都只是农民。制造商，只不过是制造商。
The labour, too, which is necessary to produce any one complete manufacture, is almost always divided among a great number of hands.
生产任何一件完整的制品所必需的劳动力也几乎总是被分配给许多人。
How many different trades are employed in each branch of the linen and woollen manufactures, from the growers of the flax and the wool, to the bleachers and smoothers of the linen, or to the dyers and dressers of the cloth!
亚麻和羊毛制造的每个部门都采用多少种不同的行业，从亚麻和羊毛的种植者，到亚麻的漂白者和平滑者，或者布料的染色者和修整者！
The nature of agriculture, indeed, does not admit of so many subdivisions of labour, nor of so complete a separation of one business from another, as manufactures.
事实上，农业的性质不允许有如此多的劳动分工，也不允许一项业务与另一项业务如此完全的分离，如制造业。
It is impossible to separate so entirely the business of the grazier from that of the corn-farmer, as the trade of the carpenter is commonly separated from that of the smith.
不可能将牧场主的业务与玉米种植者的业务完全分开，就像木匠的行业通常与铁匠的行业分开一样。
The spinner is almost always a distinct person from the weaver; but the ploughman, the harrower, the sower of the seed, and the reaper of the corn, are often the same.
纺纱工几乎总是与织工不同的人。但农夫、耙地者、播种者和收割者往往是同一个人。
The occasions for those different sorts of labour returning with the different seasons of the year, it is impossible that one man should be constantly employed in any one of them.
这些不同种类的劳动的场合随一年中的不同季节而变化，一个人不可能经常从事其中任何一种劳动。
This impossibility of making so complete and entire a separation of all the different branches of labour employed in agriculture, is perhaps the reason why the improvement of the productive powers of labour, in this art, does not always keep pace with their improvement in manufactures.
不可能对农业中使用的所有不同劳动部门进行如此彻底和完整的分离，这也许就是为什么在这一领域中劳动生产力的提高并不总是跟上制造业的进步的步伐。
The most opulent nations, indeed, generally excel all their neighbours in agriculture as well as in manufactures; but they are commonly more distinguished by their superiority in the latter than in the former.
事实上，最富裕的国家通常在农业和制造业方面都优于所有邻国。但他们通常更突出的是后者比前者更优越。
Their lands are in general better cultivated, and having more labour and expense bestowed upon them, produce more in proportion to the extent and natural fertility of the ground.
一般来说，他们的土地耕种得更好，投入更多的劳动力和费用，根据土地的面积和自然肥力，产出更多的东西。
But this superiority of produce is seldom much more than in proportion to the superiority of labour and expense.
但这种产品的优势很少比劳动力和费用的优势更大。
In agriculture, the labour of the rich country is not always much more productive than that of the poor; or, at least, it is never so much more productive, as it commonly is in manufactures.
在农业方面，富裕国家的劳动生产率并不总是比贫穷国家高得多。或者，至少，它的生产力从来没有像制造业那样高得多。
The corn of the rich country, therefore, will not always, in the same degree of goodness, come cheaper to market than that of the poor.
因此，在同样品质的情况下，富裕国家的玉米在市场上的价格并不总是比贫穷国家的玉米便宜。
The corn of Poland, in the same degree of goodness, is as cheap as that of France, notwithstanding the superior opulence and improvement of the latter country.
波兰的谷物在同等品质下与法国的谷物一样便宜，尽管法国的谷物更加富裕和进步。
The corn of France is, in the corn-provinces, fully as good, and in most years nearly about the same price with the corn of England, though, in opulence and improvement, France is perhaps inferior to England.
在产粮省份，法国的谷物与英国的谷物完全一样好，而且在大多数年份里价格几乎相同，尽管在富裕程度和进步方面，法国可能不如英国。
The corn-lands of England, however, are better cultivated than those of France, and the corn-lands of France are said to be much better cultivated than those of Poland.
然而，英国的玉米地比法国的玉米地耕种得更好，据说法国的玉米地比波兰的玉米地耕种得好得多。
But though the poor country, notwithstanding the inferiority of its cultivation, can, in some measure, rival the rich in the cheapness and goodness of its corn, it can pretend to no such competition in its manufactures, at least if those manufactures suit the soil, climate, and situation, of the rich country.
但是，尽管穷国尽管其耕作条件较差，但在某种程度上可以在其玉米的廉价和优质方面与富国相媲美，但它可以假装在其制成品方面没有这种竞争，至少如果这些制成品适合富国的土壤、气候和情况的话。
The silks of France are better and cheaper than those of England, because the silk manufacture, at least under the present high duties upon the importation of raw silk, does not so well suit the climate of England as that of France.
法国的丝绸比英国的丝绸更好、更便宜，因为至少在目前对生丝进口征收高额关税的情况下，丝绸制造业不像法国那么适合英国的气候。
But the hardware and the coarse woollens of England are beyond all comparison superior to those of France, and much cheaper, too, in the same degree of goodness.
但英国的硬件和粗羊毛制品远远优于法国，而且在同等品质下也便宜得多。
In Poland there are said to be scarce any manufactures of any kind, a few of those coarser household manufactures excepted, without which no country can well subsist.
据说波兰几乎没有任何类型的制造品，除了一些较粗糙的家庭制造品外，没有这些制造品，任何国家都无法生存。
This great increase in the quantity of work, which, in consequence of the division of labour, the same number of people are capable of performing, is owing to three different circumstances; first, to the increase of dexterity in every particular workman; secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another; and, lastly, to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many.
由于劳动分工，相同数量的人能够完成的工作量的大幅增加是由于三种不同的情况造成的：首先，提高每个工人的灵活性；其次，节省了从一种工作转移到另一种工作时通常浪费的时间；最后，发明了大量机器，这些机器方便和减少了劳动，使一个人能够完成多人的工作。
First, the improvement of the dexterity of the workmen, necessarily increases the quantity of the work he can perform; and the division of labour, by reducing every man’s business to some one simple operation, and by making this operation the sole employment of his life, necessarily increases very much the dexterity of the workman.
首先，工人熟练程度的提高，必然会增加他所能完成的工作量；劳动分工，通过将每个人的工作简化为一项简单的操作，并使这项操作成为他一生中唯一的职业，必然会大大提高工人的灵活性。
A common smith, who, though accustomed to handle the hammer, has never been used to make nails, if, upon some particular occasion, he is obliged to attempt it, will scarce, I am assured, be able to make above two or three hundred nails in a day, and those, too, very bad ones.
一个普通的铁匠，虽然习惯了使用锤子，但从来没有被用来制作钉子，如果在某些特殊的场合，他不得不尝试一下，我确信，他一天很难制作出两三百个以上的钉子，而且这些钉子也非常糟糕。
A smith who has been accustomed to make nails, but whose sole or principal business has not been that of a nailer, can seldom, with his utmost diligence, make more than eight hundred or a thousand nails in a day.
一个习惯于制作钉子的铁匠，但他的唯一或主要业务不是钉钉工，他很少能在一天内制作超过八百或一千个钉子。
I have seen several boys, under twenty years of age, who had never exercised any other trade but that of making nails, and who, when they exerted themselves, could make, each of them, upwards of two thousand three hundred nails in a day.
我见过几个二十岁以下的小伙子，除了做钉子之外，从来没有干过别的行业，只要努力，每个人一天能做两千三百个以上的钉子。
The making of a nail, however, is by no means one of the simplest operations.
然而，钉子的制作绝不是最简单的操作之一。
The same person blows the bellows, stirs or mends the fire as there is occasion, heats the iron, and forges every part of the nail: in forging the head, too, he is obliged to change his tools.
同一个人吹响风箱，必要时搅拌或补火，加热铁，锻造钉子的每个部分：在锻造头部时，他也必须更换他的工具。
The different operations into which the making of a pin, or of a metal button, is subdivided, are all of them much more simple, and the dexterity of the person, of whose life it has been the sole business to perform them, is usually much greater.
制作别针或金属纽扣所细分的不同操作，都更加简单，而执行这些操作是其一生唯一任务的人的灵巧性通常要高得多。
The rapidity with which some of the operations of those manufactures are performed, exceeds what the human hand could, by those who had never seen them, be supposed capable of acquiring.
对于那些从未见过它们的人来说，这些制造商执行某些操作的速度超出了人手所能达到的速度。
Secondly, the advantage which is gained by saving the time commonly lost in passing from one sort of work to another, is much greater than we should at first view be apt to imagine it.
其次，通过节省从一种工作转移到另一种工作而通常损失的时间所获得的优势比我们乍一看容易想象的要大得多。
It is impossible to pass very quickly from one kind of work to another, that is carried on in a different place, and with quite different tools.
不可能很快地从一种工作转移到另一种工作，因为另一种工作是在不同的地方、使用完全不同的工具进行的。
A country weaver, who cultivates a small farm, must lose a good deal of time in passing from his loom to the field, and from the field to his loom.
一个耕种小农场的乡村织工，在从织布机到田地，再从田地到织布机的途中，必然要浪费大量的时间。
When the two trades can be carried on in the same workhouse, the loss of time is, no doubt, much less.
当这两项工作可以在同一个济贫院进行时，毫无疑问，时间损失要少得多。
It is, even in this case, however, very considerable.
然而，即使在这种情况下，它也是非常可观的。
A man commonly saunters a little in turning his hand from one sort of employment to another.
一个人在从一种工作转到另一种工作时通常会稍微闲逛一些。
When he first begins the new work, he is seldom very keen and hearty; his mind, as they say, does not go to it, and for some time he rather trifles than applies to good purpose.
当他刚开始新的工作时，他很少表现得非常热心和热情；正如人们所说，他的心思不专心，有一段时间他宁愿做一些琐事，也不愿去实现美好的目标。
The habit of sauntering, and of indolent careless application, which is naturally, or rather necessarily, acquired by every country workman who is obliged to change his work and his tools every half hour, and to apply his hand in twenty different ways almost every day of his life, renders him almost always slothful and lazy, and incapable of any vigorous application, even on the most pressing occasions.
闲逛和懒洋洋、粗心大意的习惯是每个乡村工人自然而然地、或者说必然地养成的习惯，他们被迫每半小时更换一次工作和工具，几乎每天都要以二十种不同的方式使用他的手，这使他几乎总是懒惰和懒惰，即使在最紧急的情况下也无法进行任何有力的工作。
Independent, therefore, of his deficiency in point of dexterity, this cause alone must always reduce considerably the quantity of work which he is capable of performing.
因此，无论他在灵活性方面有什么缺陷，单凭这个原因就必定会大大减少他能够完成的工作量。
Thirdly, and lastly, everybody must be sensible how much labour is facilitated and abridged by the application of proper machinery.
第三，也是最后一点，每个人都必须清楚，适当的机械的应用可以促进和减少多少劳动。
It is unnecessary to give any example.
没有必要举出任何例子。
I shall only observe, therefore, that the invention of all those machines by which labour is so much facilitated and abridged, seems to have been originally owing to the division of labour.
因此，我只想指出，所有那些大大方便和简化劳动的机器的发明，似乎最初都是由于劳动分工而产生的。
Men are much more likely to discover easier and readier methods of attaining any object, when the whole attention of their minds is directed towards that single object, than when it is dissipated among a great variety of things.
当人们的全部注意力都集中在某个目标上时，而不是分散在各种各样的事物中时，人们更有可能发现更容易、更容易的方法来实现任何目标。
But, in consequence of the division of labour, the whole of every man’s attention comes naturally to be directed towards some one very simple object.
但是，由于分工，每个人的全部注意力自然会集中到某个非常简单的目标上。
It is naturally to be expected, therefore, that some one or other of those who are employed in each particular branch of labour should soon find out easier and readier methods of performing their own particular work, whenever the nature of it admits of such improvement.
因此，很自然地可以预期，只要工作的性质允许这种改进，从事每一特定劳动部门的人很快就会找到更容易、更容易的方法来完成他们自己的特定工作。
A great part of the machines made use of in those manufactures in which labour is most subdivided, were originally the invention of common workmen, who, being each of them employed in some very simple operation, naturally turned their thoughts towards finding out easier and readier methods of performing it.
在那些劳动最细分的制造业中使用的大部分机器最初是普通工人的发明，他们每个人都从事一些非常简单的操作，自然而然地将他们的想法转向寻找更容易和更容易的方法来执行它。
Whoever has been much accustomed to visit such manufactures, must frequently have been shewn very pretty machines, which were the inventions of such workmen, in order to facilitate and quicken their own particular part of the work.
无论谁习惯了参观这些制造商，都必须经常看到非常漂亮的机器，这些机器是这些工人的发明，以便促进和加快他们自己的特定工作部分。
In the first fire engines {this was the current designation for steam engines}, a boy was constantly employed to open and shut alternately the communication between the boiler and the cylinder, according as the piston either ascended or descended.
在第一批消防车（这是蒸汽机的当前名称）中，一个男孩经常根据活塞的上升或下降来交替打开和关闭锅炉和气缸之间的连通。
One of those boys, who loved to play with his companions, observed that, by tying a string from the handle of the valve which opened this communication to another part of the machine, the valve would open and shut without his assistance, and leave him at liberty to divert himself with his play-fellows.
其中一个喜欢和同伴一起玩耍的男孩观察到，通过在阀门手柄上系上一根绳子，打开与机器另一部分的通讯，阀门就会在没有他帮助的情况下打开和关闭，让他可以自由地与同伴一起玩耍。
One of the greatest improvements that has been made upon this machine, since it was first invented, was in this manner the discovery of a boy who wanted to save his own labour.
自首次发明以来，对这台机器所做的最伟大的改进之一就是以这种方式发现了一个想要节省自己劳动力的男孩。
All the improvements in machinery, however, have by no means been the inventions of those who had occasion to use the machines.
然而，机器的所有改进绝不是那些有机会使用机器的人的发明。
Many improvements have been made by the ingenuity of the makers of the machines, when to make them became the business of a peculiar trade; and some by that of those who are called philosophers, or men of speculation, whose trade it is not to do any thing, but to observe every thing, and who, upon that account, are often capable of combining together the powers of the most distant and dissimilar objects in the progress of society, philosophy or speculation becomes, like every other employment, the principal or sole trade and occupation of a particular class of citizens.
当制造机器成为一门特殊行业时，机器制造商的聪明才智已经做出了许多改进。有些人被称为哲学家或投机者，他们的职业不是做任何事情，而是观察每件事，因此，他们往往能够将社会进步中最遥远和不同的物体的力量结合在一起，哲学或投机就像所有其他职业一样，成为特定公民阶层的主要或唯一的行业和职业。
Like every other employment, too, it is subdivided into a great number of different branches, each of which affords occupation to a peculiar tribe or class of philosophers; and this subdivision of employment in philosophy, as well as in every other business, improves dexterity, and saves time.
与其他职业一样，它也分为许多不同的分支，每个分支都为一个特定的哲学家部落或阶层提供职业。这种对哲学以及其他各行各业的就业细分提高了灵活性，并节省了时间。
Each individual becomes more expert in his own peculiar branch, more work is done upon the whole, and the quantity of science is considerably increased by it.
每个人在自己的特定领域变得更加专家，在整体上做更多的工作，科学的数量也因此大大增加。
It is the great multiplication of the productions of all the different arts, in consequence of the division of labour, which occasions, in a well-governed society, that universal opulence which extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people.
由于劳动分工，所有不同艺术作品的巨大倍增，在一个治理良好的社会中，导致了人民最底层的普遍富裕。
Every workman has a great quantity of his own work to dispose of beyond what he himself has occasion for; and every other workman being exactly in the same situation, he is enabled to exchange a great quantity of his own goods for a great quantity or, what comes to the same thing, for the price of a great quantity of theirs.
每个工人都有大量的工作需要处理，超出了他自己的需要。而其他每个工人都处于完全相同的情况，他能够用自己的大量商品来交换大量的商品，或者，同样的，可以用他们的大量商品的价格来交换。
He supplies them abundantly with what they have occasion for, and they accommodate him as amply with what he has occasion for, and a general plenty diffuses itself through all the different ranks of the society.
他为他们提供充足的东西，他们有需要的东西，他们也同样充分地为他提供有需要的东西，这样一种普遍的丰富就扩散到了社会的各个阶层。
Observe the accommodation of the most common artificer or daylabourer in a civilized and thriving country, and you will perceive that the number of people, of whose industry a part, though but a small part, has been employed in procuring him this accommodation, exceeds all computation.
观察一个文明和繁荣的国家中最普通的技工或日工的住宿条件，你就会发现，为获得这种住宿条件而雇用了他们的工业的一部分（尽管只是一小部分）的人数超出了所有的计算。
The woollen coat, for example, which covers the day-labourer, as coarse and rough as it may appear, is the produce of the joint labour of a great multitude of workmen.
例如，临时工身上穿的羊毛大衣，虽然看起来很粗糙，但却是大批工人共同劳动的产物。
The shepherd, the sorter of the wool, the wool-comber or carder, the dyer, the scribbler, the spinner, the weaver, the fuller, the dresser, with many others, must all join their different arts in order to complete even this homely production.
牧羊人、羊毛分拣工、羊毛精梳工或梳理工、染色工、抄工、纺纱工、织布工、漂洗工、梳妆工以及许多其他人，都必须结合他们不同的艺术才能完成这种家常的生产。
How many merchants and carriers, besides, must have been employed in transporting the materials from some of those workmen to others who often live in a very distant part of the country?
此外，必须雇用多少商人和承运人来将其中一些工人的材料运输到经常居住在该国很远地区的其他人？
How much commerce and navigation in particular, how many ship-builders, sailors, sail-makers, rope-makers, must have been employed in order to bring together the different drugs made use of by the dyer, which often come from the remotest corners of the world?
特别是商业和航海，必须雇用多少造船者、水手、帆制造者、绳索制造者，才能将染色者使用的不同药物（通常来自世界最偏远的角落）聚集在一起？
What a variety of labour, too, is necessary in order to produce the tools of the meanest of those workmen!
为了给那些最卑微的工人生产工具，也需要多么多样化的劳动啊！
To say nothing of such complicated machines as the ship of the sailor, the mill of the fuller, or even the loom of the weaver, let us consider only what a variety of labour is requisite in order to form that very simple machine, the shears with which the shepherd clips the wool.
更不用说水手的船、漂布机的磨坊、甚至织布工的织布机等复杂的机器，让我们只考虑为了制造这种非常简单的机器（牧羊人剪羊毛的剪刀）所需要的各种劳动。
The miner, the builder of the furnace for smelting the ore, the feller of the timber, the burner of the charcoal to be made use of in the smelting-house, the brickmaker, the bricklayer, the workmen who attend the furnace, the millwright, the forger, the smith, must all of them join their different arts in order to produce them.
矿工、冶炼矿石的熔炉的建造者、木材的砍伐者、熔炼厂中使用的木炭的燃烧者、砖匠、泥瓦匠、熔炉的工人、磨坊匠、锻造者、铁匠，他们都必须将他们不同的技艺结合起来才能生产它们。
Were we to examine, in the same manner, all the different parts of his dress and household furniture, the coarse linen shirt which he wears next his skin, the shoes which cover his feet, the bed which he lies on, and all the different parts which compose it, the kitchen-grate at which he prepares his victuals, the coals which he makes use of for that purpose, dug from the bowels of the earth, and brought to him, perhaps, by a long sea and a long land-carriage, all the other utensils of his kitchen, all the furniture of his table, the knives and forks, the earthen or pewter plates upon which he serves up and divides his victuals, the different hands employed in preparing his bread and his beer, the glass window which lets in the heat and the light, and keeps out the wind and the rain, with all the knowledge and art requisite for preparing that beautiful and happy invention, without which these northern parts of the world could scarce have afforded a very comfortable habitation, together with the tools of all the different workmen employed in producing those different conveniencies; if we examine, I say, all these things, and consider what a variety of labour is employed about each of them, we shall be sensible that, without the assistance and co-operation of many thousands, the very meanest person in a civilized country could not be provided, even according to, what we very falsely imagine, the easy and simple manner in which he is commonly accommodated.
如果我们以同样的方式检查他的衣服和家具的所有不同部分，他贴身穿着的粗麻衬衫，覆盖脚的鞋子，他躺着的床，以及组成它的所有不同部分，他准备食物的厨房炉排，他为此目的使用的煤炭，这些煤炭是从地底挖出来的，也许是通过漫长的海洋和漫长的岁月带给他的。陆运工具，他厨房里的所有其他用具，他桌子上的所有家具，刀叉，他用来盛装和分配食物的陶盘或白镴盘，准备面包和啤酒时所用的不同双手，透进热量和光线，挡风挡雨的玻璃窗，以及准备这项美丽而幸福的发明所必需的所有知识和艺术，没有这些知识和艺术，世界北部地区就很难负担得起非常舒适的住所，以及用于生产这些不同便利设施的所有不同工人的工具；我说，如果我们检查所有这些事情，并考虑其中每一项都需要什么样的劳动，我们就会意识到，如果没有成千上万的人的帮助和合作，即使按照我们错误地想象的那样，一个文明国家中最卑微的人也无法获得普遍的轻松和简单的住宿方式。
Compared, indeed, with the more extravagant luxury of the great, his accommodation must no doubt appear extremely simple and easy; and yet it may be true, perhaps, that the accommodation of an European prince does not always so much exceed that of an industrious and frugal peasant, as the accommodation of the latter exceeds that of many an African king, the absolute masters of the lives and liberties of ten thousand naked savages.
事实上，与大人物更为奢侈的奢侈相比，他的住宿无疑显得极为简单和安逸。然而，也许欧洲王子的住宿条件并不总是超过勤劳节俭的农民，而后者的住宿条件却超过了许多非洲国王，而非洲国王是一万名赤身裸体的野蛮人的生命和自由的绝对主人。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF THE PRINCIPLE WHICH GIVES OCCASION TO THE DIVISION OF LABOUR.
为劳动分工提供机会的原则。
This division of labour, from which so many advantages are derived, is not originally the effect of any human wisdom, which foresees and intends that general opulence to which it gives occasion.
这种产生如此多优势的劳动分工最初并不是任何人类智慧的结果，人类智慧预见并意图实现它所带来的普遍富裕。
It is the necessary, though very slow and gradual, consequence of a certain propensity in human nature, which has in view no such extensive utility; the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another.
它是人性中某种倾向的必然结果，虽然非常缓慢和渐进，但它并没有如此广泛的效用。卡车、易货贸易以及用一物交换另一物的倾向。
Whether this propensity be one of those original principles in human nature, of which no further account can be given, or whether, as seems more probable, it be the necessary consequence of the faculties of reason and speech, it belongs not to our present subject to inquire.
这种倾向是否是人性中那些无法进一步解释的原始原则之一，或者是否（似乎更有可能）是理性和言语能力的必然结果，这不属于我们目前要探究的主题。
It is common to all men, and to be found in no other race of animals, which seem to know neither this nor any other species of contracts.
它是所有人共有的，并且在其他动物种族中也没有发现，它们似乎既不知道这种契约，也不知道任何其他物种的契约。
Two greyhounds, in running down the same hare, have sometimes the appearance of acting in some sort of concert.
两只灰狗追赶同一只野兔，有时看起来就像在表演某种音乐会。
Each turns her towards his companion, or endeavours to intercept her when his companion turns her towards himself.
每个人都将她转向他的同伴，或者当他的同伴将她转向自己时试图拦截她。
This, however, is not the effect of any contract, but of the accidental concurrence of their passions in the same object at that particular time.
然而，这并不是任何契约的效果，而是他们在特定时间对同一对象的热情偶然一致的结果。
Nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for another with another dog.
没有人见过一只狗与另一只狗公平而有意识地用一根骨头交换另一根骨头。
Nobody ever saw one animal, by its gestures and natural cries signify to another, this is mine, that yours; I am willing to give this for that.
没有人见过一种动物，通过它的手势和自然的叫声向另一种动物表示：这是我的，那是你的；我愿意为此付出这个。
When an animal wants to obtain something either of a man, or of another animal, it has no other means of persuasion, but to gain the favour of those whose service it requires.
当动物想要从人或另一种动物那里获得某种东西时，它没有其他说服的方法，只能赢得那些需要为它服务的人的青睐。
A puppy fawns upon its dam, and a spaniel endeavours, by a thousand attractions, to engage the attention of its master who is at dinner, when it wants to be fed by him.
小狗会向它的母亲献殷勤，而西班牙猎犬会用千百个手段来吸引正在吃晚饭的主人的注意力，当它想要被主人喂食时。
Man sometimes uses the same arts with his brethren, and when he has no other means of engaging them to act according to his inclinations, endeavours by every servile and fawning attention to obtain their good will.
人有时会对他的同胞使用同样的伎俩，当他没有其他办法让他们按照他的喜好行事时，他就会尽一切奴性和阿谀奉承的注意力来获得他们的善意。
He has not time, however, to do this upon every occasion.
然而，他没有时间每次都这样做。
In civilized society he stands at all times in need of the co-operation and assistance of great multitudes, while his whole life is scarce sufficient to gain the friendship of a few persons.
在文明社会中，他无时无刻都需要广大群众的合作和帮助，而他的一生却不足以赢得少数人的友谊。
In almost every other race of animals, each individual, when it is grown up to maturity, is entirely independent, and in its natural state has occasion for the assistance of no other living creature.
在几乎所有其他动物种族中，每个个体在成年后都是完全独立的，在自然状态下不需要其他生物的帮助。
But man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only.
但人类几乎总是需要他的同胞的帮助，而仅仅指望他们的仁慈是徒劳的。
He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favour, and shew them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them.
如果他能够激发他们的自爱，并向他们表明，为他做他要求他们做的事是为了他们自己的利益，那么他就更有可能获胜。
Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this.
任何人向他人提出任何形式的讨价还价，即表示愿意这样做。
Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of.
给我我想要的，你就会得到你想要的，这是每一个这样的提议的意义；正是通过这种方式，我们从彼此那里获得了我们所需要的大部分斡旋。
It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.
我们期待的晚餐不是来自屠夫、酿酒师或面包师的仁慈，而是来自他们对自身利益的考虑。
We address ourselves, not to their humanity, but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities, but of their advantages.
我们不是针对他们的人性，而是针对他们的自爱，从不与他们谈论我们自己的必需品，而是谈论他们的优势。
Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow-citizens.
除了乞丐之外，没有人会选择主要依靠同胞的仁慈。
Even a beggar does not depend upon it entirely.
即使是乞丐也不能完全依赖它。
The charity of well-disposed people, indeed, supplies him with the whole fund of his subsistence.
事实上，好心人的施舍为他提供了全部生活资金。
But though this principle ultimately provides him with all the necessaries of life which he has occasion for, it neither does nor can provide him with them as he has occasion for them.
但是，虽然这个原则最终为他提供了他有机会需要的所有生活必需品，但它既没有也不能在他有机会时为他提供这些必需品。
The greater part of his occasional wants are supplied in the same manner as those of other people, by treaty, by barter, and by purchase.
他的大部分偶尔的需要都以与其他人相同的方式得到满足，即通过条约、易货贸易和购买。
With the money which one man gives him he purchases food.
他用一个人给他的钱来购买食物。
The old clothes which another bestows upon him he exchanges for other clothes which suit him better, or for lodging, or for food, or for money, with which he can buy either food, clothes, or lodging, as he has occasion.
他把别人赠予他的旧衣服换成更适合他的衣服，或换住处，或换食物，或换金钱，他可以根据需要用这些钱买食物、衣服或住处。
As it is by treaty, by barter, and by purchase, that we obtain from one another the greater part of those mutual good offices which we stand in need of, so it is this same trucking disposition which originally gives occasion to the division of labour.
由于我们通过条约、易货贸易和购买，从彼此那里获得了我们所需要的大部分相互斡旋，因此，正是这种卡车运输的安排最初为劳动分工提供了机会。
In a tribe of hunters or shepherds, a particular person makes bows and arrows, for example, with more readiness and dexterity than any other.
例如，在一个由猎人或牧羊人组成的部落中，某个特定的人比任何其他人都更加准备和灵巧地制造弓和箭。
He frequently exchanges them for cattle or for venison, with his companions; and he finds at last that he can, in this manner, get more cattle and venison, than if he himself went to the field to catch them.
他经常与他的同伴用它们交换牛或鹿肉。他最后发现，通过这种方式，他可以获得更多的牛和鹿，比他自己去田里捕捉更多。
From a regard to his own interest, therefore, the making of bows and arrows grows to be his chief business, and he becomes a sort of armourer.
因此，出于对自己利益的考虑，制造弓箭就成了他的主业，他成了一种军械师。
Another excels in making the frames and covers of their little huts or moveable houses.
另一位擅长制作小茅屋或活动房屋的框架和盖子。
He is accustomed to be of use in this way to his neighbours, who reward him in the same manner with cattle and with venison, till at last he finds it his interest to dedicate himself entirely to this employment, and to become a sort of house-carpenter.
他习惯于以这种方式为邻居提供帮助，邻居们也以同样的方式奖励他牲畜和鹿肉，直到最后他发现自己有兴趣全身心地投入到这项工作中，并成为一名房屋木匠。
In the same manner a third becomes a smith or a brazier; a fourth, a tanner or dresser of hides or skins, the principal part of the clothing of savages.
以同样的方式，第三个成为铁匠或火盆匠。第四种是生皮或毛皮的制革者或修整者，这是野蛮人服装的主要部分。
And thus the certainty of being able to exchange all that surplus part of the produce of his own labour, which is over and above his own consumption, for such parts of the produce of other men’s labour as he may have occasion for, encourages every man to apply himself to a particular occupation, and to cultivate and bring to perfection whatever talent or genius he may possess for that particular species of business.
因此，能够将自己的劳动产品中超出自己消费的剩余部分，与他可能需要的其他人的劳动产品进行交换，这无疑会鼓励每个人致力于某一特定的职业，并培养和完善他在该特定行业中可能拥有的才能或天才。
The difference of natural talents in different men, is, in reality, much less than we are aware of; and the very different genius which appears to distinguish men of different professions, when grown up to maturity, is not upon many occasions so much the cause, as the effect of the division of labour.
事实上，不同人的天赋差异比我们意识到的要小得多。不同职业的人长大后表现出的截然不同的天赋，在很多情况下与其说是原因，不如说是劳动分工的结果。
The difference between the most dissimilar characters, between a philosopher and a common street porter, for example, seems to arise not so much from nature, as from habit, custom, and education.
例如，哲学家和普通街头搬运工之间最不同的性格之间的差异似乎不是源于自然，而是源于习惯、风俗和教育。
When they came in to the world, and for the first six or eight years of their existence, they were, perhaps, very much alike, and neither their parents nor play-fellows could perceive any remarkable difference.
当他们来到这个世界上时，在他们存在的最初六到八年里，他们也许非常相似，他们的父母和玩伴都看不出任何显着的差异。
About that age, or soon after, they come to be employed in very different occupations.
大约在那个年龄，或者不久之后，他们开始从事截然不同的职业。
The difference of talents comes then to be taken notice of, and widens by degrees, till at last the vanity of the philosopher is willing to acknowledge scarce any resemblance.
天赋的差异随后就会被注意到，并逐渐扩大，直到最后哲学家的虚荣心愿意承认几乎没有任何相似之处。
But without the disposition to truck, barter, and exchange, every man must have procured to himself every necessary and conveniency of life which he wanted.
但是，如果没有卡车、物物交换和交换的倾向，每个人都必须为自己获得他想要的一切必需品和便利的生活。
All must have had the same duties to perform, and the same work to do, and there could have been no such difference of employment as could alone give occasion to any great difference of talents.
所有的人都必须履行同样的职责，做同样的工作，而且不可能存在因职业差异而导致才华的巨大差异。
As it is this disposition which forms that difference of talents, so remarkable among men of different professions, so it is this same disposition which renders that difference useful.
由于正是这种性格形成了不同职业的人之间如此显着的才能差异，因此也正是这种性格使这种差异变得有用。
Many tribes of animals, acknowledged to be all of the same species, derive from nature a much more remarkable distinction of genius, than what, antecedent to custom and education, appears to take place among men.
许多动物部落，被认为都是同一物种，从自然中获得了比在习俗和教育之前出现在人类中的天才更加显着的区别。
By nature a philosopher is not in genius and disposition half so different from a street porter, as a mastiff is from a grey-hound, or a grey-hound from a spaniel, or this last from a shepherd’s dog.
从本质上来说，哲学家在天才和性情上与街头搬运工的区别并不大，就像獒犬与灰狗的区别，或者灰狗与西班牙猎犬的区别，或者后者与牧羊犬的区别。
Those different tribes of animals, however, though all of the same species are of scarce any use to one another.
然而，这些不同的动物部落虽然都是同一物种，但彼此之间几乎没有任何用处。
The strength of the mastiff is not in the least supported either by the swiftness of the greyhound, or by the sagacity of the spaniel, or by the docility of the shepherd’s dog.
獒犬的力量丝毫没有灵缇犬的敏捷、西班牙猎犬的聪明、牧羊犬的温顺所支撑。
The effects of those different geniuses and talents, for want of the power or disposition to barter and exchange, cannot be brought into a common stock, and do not in the least contribute to the better accommodation and conveniency of the species.
由于缺乏以物易物和交换的能力或倾向，这些不同的天才和才干的影响不能被纳入共同的股票中，并且至少不会为物种提供更好的住宿和便利。
Each animal is still obliged to support and defend itself, separately and independently, and derives no sort of advantage from that variety of talents with which nature has distinguished its fellows.
每一种动物仍然有义务分别和独立地支持和保护自己，并没有从大自然赋予其同类的各种才能中获得任何优势。
Among men, on the contrary, the most dissimilar geniuses are of use to one another; the different produces of their respective talents, by the general disposition to truck, barter, and exchange, being brought, as it were, into a common stock, where every man may purchase whatever part of the produce of other men’s talents he has occasion for.
相反，在人类中，最不同的天才却彼此有用。他们各自才能的不同产品，通过卡车、物物交换和交换的普遍倾向，可以说被带入共同库存，每个人都可以购买他有机会获得的其他人的才能产品的任何部分。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
THAT THE DIVISION OF LABOUR IS LIMITED BY THE EXTENT OF THE MARKET.
劳动分工受到市场范围的限制。
As it is the power of exchanging that gives occasion to the division of labour, so the extent of this division must always be limited by the extent of that power, or, in other words, by the extent of the market.
由于交换的力量导致了劳动分工，因此这种分工的程度必然受到这种力量的程度的限制，或者换句话说，受到市场的程度的限制。
When the market is very small, no person can have any encouragement to dedicate himself entirely to one employment, for want of the power to exchange all that surplus part of the produce of his own labour, which is over and above his own consumption, for such parts of the produce of other men’s labour as he has occasion for.
当市场很小时，没有人能够受到任何鼓励去全身心地从事一项工作，因为没有能力将自己劳动产品中超出其自身消费的所有剩余部分，换成他有机会需要的其他人劳动产品中的部分。
There are some sorts of industry, even of the lowest kind, which can be carried on nowhere but in a great town.
有些工业，即使是最低级的工业，除了在大城市之外，别处都无法开展。
A porter, for example, can find employment and subsistence in no other place.
例如，搬运工在其他地方找不到工作和生计。
A village is by much too narrow a sphere for him; even an ordinary market-town is scarce large enough to afford him constant occupation.
对他来说，村庄的范围太窄了。即使是一个普通的集镇也很少大到足以让他长期居住。
In the lone houses and very small villages which are scattered about in so desert a country as the highlands of Scotland, every farmer must be butcher, baker, and brewer, for his own family.
在苏格兰高地这样的沙漠国家中，散布着孤零零的房屋和很小的村庄，每个农民都必须为自己的家庭当屠夫、面包师和酿酒师。
In such situations we can scarce expect to find even a smith, a carpenter, or a mason, within less than twenty miles of another of the same trade.
在这种情况下，我们很难指望在距其他从事同一行业的人不到二十英里的范围内找到铁匠、木匠或泥瓦匠。
The scattered families that live at eight or ten miles distance from the nearest of them, must learn to perform themselves a great number of little pieces of work, for which, in more populous countries, they would call in the assistance of those workmen.
居住在距离最近的八英里或十英里之外的分散家庭必须学会自己完成大量的小工作，为此，在人口较多的国家，他们会请那些工人来帮助。
Country workmen are almost everywhere obliged to apply themselves to all the different branches of industry that have so much affinity to one another as to be employed about the same sort of materials.
几乎所有地方的乡村工人都被迫从事各种不同的工业部门，这些部门彼此之间有如此密切的联系，以至于受雇于同一种材料。
A country carpenter deals in every sort of work that is made of wood; a country smith in every sort of work that is made of iron.
乡村木匠从事各种木制品工作。从事各种铁制品的乡村铁匠。
The former is not only a carpenter, but a joiner, a cabinet-maker, and even a carver in wood, as well as a wheel-wright, a plough-wright, a cart and waggon-maker.
前者不仅是木匠，还是细木匠、细木匠，甚至是木雕师，也是车轮工匠、犁匠、马车和马车制造者。
The employments of the latter are still more various.
后者的工作更加多样化。
It is impossible there should be such a trade as even that of a nailer in the remote and inland parts of the highlands of Scotland.
在苏格兰高地的偏远内陆地区，不可能存在像打钉工这样的行业。
Such a workman at the rate of a thousand nails a-day, and three hundred working days in the year, will make three hundred thousand nails in the year.
这样的工人按照每天制作一千个钉子，一年工作三百个工作日，一年就能制作三十万个钉子。
But in such a situation it would be impossible to dispose of one thousand, that is, of one day’s work in the year.
但在这种情况下，一年中处理掉一千，即一天的工作，是不可能的。
As by means of water-carriage, a more extensive market is opened to every sort of industry than what land-carriage alone can afford it, so it is upon the sea-coast, and along the banks of navigable rivers, that industry of every kind naturally begins to subdivide and improve itself, and it is frequently not till a long time after that those improvements extend themselves to the inland parts of the country.
由于水运为各种工业打开了比单独陆运所能提供的更广阔的市场，因此，在沿海和通航的河流沿岸，各种工业自然地开始细分和改进，往往要经过很长一段时间，这些改进才能扩展到该国的内陆地区。
A broad-wheeled waggon, attended by two men, and drawn by eight horses, in about six weeks time, carries and brings back between London and Edinburgh near four ton weight of goods.
一辆宽轮马车由两名男子驾驶，由八匹马牵引，在大约六周的时间里，在伦敦和爱丁堡之间运回近四吨重的货物。
In about the same time a ship navigated by six or eight men, and sailing between the ports of London and Leith, frequently carries and brings back two hundred ton weight of goods.
大约在同一时间，一艘由六到八个人驾驶的船在伦敦和利斯港口之间航行，经常运载和带回两百吨重的货物。
Six or eight men, therefore, by the help of water-carriage, can carry and bring back, in the same time, the same quantity of goods between London and Edinburgh as fifty broad-wheeled waggons, attended by a hundred men, and drawn by four hundred horses.
因此，在水运的帮助下，六到八个人可以在伦敦和爱丁堡之间同时运回与五十辆宽轮马车相同数量的货物，由一百个人和四百匹马牵引。
Upon two hundred tons of goods, therefore, carried by the cheapest land-carriage from London to Edinburgh, there must be charged the maintenance of a hundred men for three weeks, and both the maintenance and what is nearly equal to maintenance the wear and tear of four hundred horses, as well as of fifty great waggons.
因此，用最便宜的陆路运输从伦敦运到爱丁堡的两百吨货物，必须支付一百个人三个星期的维护费，以及四百匹马和五十辆大货车的维护费和几乎相当于维护费。
Whereas, upon the same quantity of goods carried by water, there is to be charged only the maintenance of six or eight men, and the wear and tear of a ship of two hundred tons burthen, together with the value of the superior risk, or the difference of the insurance between land and water-carriage.
而同样数量的水运货物，只需要支付六到八个人的生活费和两百吨船舶的磨损负担，再加上最高风险的价值，或者陆运和水运保险的差额。
Were there no other communication between those two places, therefore, but by land-carriage, as no goods could be transported from the one to the other, except such whose price was very considerable in proportion to their weight, they could carry on but a small part of that commerce which at present subsists between them, and consequently could give but a small part of that encouragement which they at present mutually afford to each other’s industry.
因此，如果这两地之间没有其他交通，只能通过陆路运输，因为没有任何货物可以从一地运输到另一地，除非其价格与其重量成比例相当大，那么它们只能进行目前存在于它们之间的商业的一小部分，因此只能给予它们目前相互给予对方工业的一小部分鼓励。
There could be little or no commerce of any kind between the distant parts of the world.
世界上遥远的地方之间可能很少或根本没有任何形式的贸易。
What goods could bear the expense of land-carriage between London and Calcutta?
哪些货物可以承担伦敦和加尔各答之间的陆路运输费用？
Or if there were any so precious as to be able to support this expense, with what safety could they be transported through the territories of so many barbarous nations?
或者，如果有如此珍贵的东西能够支撑这笔费用，那么如何安全地将它们运送到如此多的野蛮国家的领土上呢？
Those two cities, however, at present carry on a very considerable commerce with each other, and by mutually affording a market, give a good deal of encouragement to each other’s industry.
然而，这两个城市目前彼此进行了大量的贸易，并且通过相互提供市场，对彼此的工业给予了很大的鼓励。
Since such, therefore, are the advantages of water-carriage, it is natural that the first improvements of art and industry should be made where this conveniency opens the whole world for a market to the produce of every sort of labour, and that they should always be much later in extending themselves into the inland parts of the country.
因此，既然水运有这些优点，那么自然地，艺术和工业的首先改进应该是在这种便利为各种劳动产品向全世界开放市场的地方进行的，而且它们总是要晚得多才能扩展到该国的内陆地区。
The inland parts of the country can for a long time have no other market for the greater part of their goods, but the country which lies round about them, and separates them from the sea-coast, and the great navigable rivers.
内陆地区的大部分商品在很长一段时间内都没有其他市场，只有位于其周围、将内陆地区与海岸和通航大河隔开的国家才能销售。
The extent of the market, therefore, must for a long time be in proportion to the riches and populousness of that country, and consequently their improvement must always be posterior to the improvement of that country.
因此，市场的规模必须在很长一段时间内与该国的财富和人口数量成正比，因此，市场的发展必然先于该国的发展。
In our North American colonies, the plantations have constantly followed either the sea-coast or the banks of the navigable rivers, and have scarce anywhere extended themselves to any considerable distance from both.
在我们的北美殖民地，种植园总是沿着海岸或通航河流的河岸延伸，几乎没有延伸到距这两者相当远的距离。
The nations that, according to the best authenticated history, appear to have been first civilized, were those that dwelt round the coast of the Mediterranean sea.
根据最可靠的历史，最早出现文明的国家是那些居住在地中海沿岸的国家。
That sea, by far the greatest inlet that is known in the world, having no tides, nor consequently any waves, except such as are caused by the wind only, was, by the smoothness of its surface, as well as by the multitude of its islands, and the proximity of its neighbouring shores, extremely favourable to the infant navigation of the world; when, from their ignorance of the compass, men were afraid to quit the view of the coast, and from the imperfection of the art of ship-building, to abandon themselves to the boisterous waves of the ocean.
那片海是迄今为止世界上已知的最大的入口，没有潮汐，因此也没有任何波浪，除了仅由风引起的波浪之外，由于其表面的光滑度，以及其众多的岛屿和邻近海岸的接近，对于世界上的婴儿航行极为有利。当时，由于对指南针的无知，人们不敢离开海岸，也由于造船技术的不完善，不敢将自己抛在汹涌的海浪中。
To pass beyond the pillars of Hercules, that is, to sail out of the straits of Gibraltar, was, in the ancient world, long considered as a most wonderful and dangerous exploit of navigation.
在古代世界，越过赫拉克勒斯之柱，即驶出直布罗陀海峡，长期以来被认为是最奇妙和最危险的航海事业。
It was late before even the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, the most skilful navigators and ship-builders of those old times, attempted it; and they were, for a long time, the only nations that did attempt it.
即使当时最熟练的航海家和造船师腓尼基人和迦太基人也尝试过这一点，但为时已晚。很长一段时间以来，他们是唯一尝试过这种做法的国家。
Of all the countries on the coast of the Mediterranean sea, Egypt seems to have been the first in which either agriculture or manufactures were cultivated and improved to any considerable degree.
在地中海沿岸的所有国家中，埃及似乎是第一个农业或制造业得到相当程度发展和改进的国家。
Upper Egypt extends itself nowhere above a few miles from the Nile; and in Lower Egypt, that great river breaks itself into many different canals, which, with the assistance of a little art, seem to have afforded a communication by water-carriage, not only between all the great towns, but between all the considerable villages, and even to many farm-houses in the country, nearly in the same manner as the Rhine and the Maese do in Holland at present.
上埃及的延伸范围不超过尼罗河几英里。在下埃及，这条大河分成许多不同的运河，在一点艺术的帮助下，这些运河似乎不仅在所有大城市之间，而且在所有大村庄之间，甚至到该国的许多农舍之间，都提供了水运交通，几乎与荷兰目前的莱茵河和梅斯河的方式相同。
The extent and easiness of this inland navigation was probably one of the principal causes of the early improvement of Egypt.
内陆航运的范围和便利性可能是埃及早期进步的主要原因之一。
The improvements in agriculture and manufactures seem likewise to have been of very great antiquity in the provinces of Bengal, in the East Indies, and in some of the eastern provinces of China, though the great extent of this antiquity is not authenticated by any histories of whose authority we, in this part of the world, are well assured.
在孟加拉各省、东印度群岛和中国东部的一些省份，农业和制造业的进步似乎同样由来已久，尽管这种古老的程度并没有得到任何历史的证实，而我们在世界这一地区的权威历史也没有证实这一点。
In Bengal, the Ganges, and several other great rivers, form a great number of navigable canals, in the same manner as the Nile does in Egypt.
在孟加拉，恒河和其他几条大河形成了大量可通航的运河，就像埃及的尼罗河一样。
In the eastern provinces of China, too, several great rivers form, by their different branches, a multitude of canals, and, by communicating with one another, afford an inland navigation much more extensive than that either of the Nile or the Ganges, or, perhaps, than both of them put together.
在中国的东部省份，几条大河也通过不同的支流形成了众多的运河，并且通过相互连通，提供了比尼罗河或恒河更广泛的内陆航运，或者可能比这两者的总和还要广泛。
It is remarkable, that neither the ancient Egyptians, nor the Indians, nor the Chinese, encouraged foreign commerce, but seem all to have derived their great opulence from this inland navigation.
值得注意的是，无论是古埃及人、印度人还是中国人，都没有鼓励对外贸易，但似乎都从内陆航运中获得了巨大的财富。
All the inland parts of Africa, and all that part of Asia which lies any considerable way north of the Euxine and Caspian seas, the ancient Scythia, the modern Tartary and Siberia, seem, in all ages of the world, to have been in the same barbarous and uncivilized state in which we find them at present.
非洲的所有内陆地区，以及位于黑海和里海以北相当远的亚洲地区，古代的斯基泰，现代的鞑靼和西伯利亚，在世界的各个时代似乎都处于我们现在所发现的同样野蛮和不文明的状态。
The sea of Tartary is the frozen ocean, which admits of no navigation; and though some of the greatest rivers in the world run through that country, they are at too great a distance from one another to carry commerce and communication through the greater part of it.
鞑靼海是冰冻的海洋，无法航行。尽管世界上一些最大的河流流经该国，但它们彼此之间的距离太远，无法在该国的大部分地区进行商业和通讯。
There are in Africa none of those great inlets, such as the Baltic and Adriatic seas in Europe, the Mediterranean and Euxine seas in both Europe and Asia, and the gulfs of Arabia, Persia, India, Bengal, and Siam, in Asia, to carry maritime commerce into the interior parts of that great continent; and the great rivers of Africa are at too great a distance from one another to give occasion to any considerable inland navigation.
非洲没有像欧洲的波罗的海和亚得里亚海，欧洲和亚洲的地中海和深海，以及亚洲的阿拉伯湾、波斯湾、印度湾、孟加拉湾和暹罗湾那样的大入口，可以将海上贸易运送到这片大陆的内陆地区。非洲的各大河流彼此相距太远，无法进行任何大规模的内陆航运。
The commerce, besides, which any nation can carry on by means of a river which does not break itself into any great number of branches or canals, and which runs into another territory before it reaches the sea, can never be very considerable, because it is always in the power of the nations who possess that other territory to obstruct the communication between the upper country and the sea.
此外，任何国家通过一条河流进行的商业活动，如果河流没有分裂成大量的支流或运河，并且在到达海洋之前流入另一个领土，那么它的贸易量永远不会很大，因为拥有其他领土的国家总是有能力阻碍上游国家与海洋之间的交通。
The navigation of the Danube is of very little use to the different states of Bavaria, Austria, and Hungary, in comparison of what it would be, if any of them possessed the whole of its course, till it falls into the Black sea.
多瑙河的航行对于巴伐利亚、奥地利和匈牙利这三个国家来说几乎没有什么用处，如果其中任何一个国家拥有整个多瑙河的航道，直到它流入黑海，那么它们的用处就很小了。
CHAPTER IV.
第四章。
OF THE ORIGIN AND USE OF MONEY.
货币的起源和使用。
When the division of labour has been once thoroughly established, it is but a very small part of a man’s wants which the produce of his own labour can supply.
当分工一旦彻底建立起来时，一个人自己的劳动产品所能满足的只是很小的一部分。
He supplies the far greater part of them by exchanging that surplus part of the produce of his own labour, which is over and above his own consumption, for such parts of the produce of other men’s labour as he has occasion for.
他通过将自己劳动产品中超出自己消费的剩余部分，与他需要的其他人的劳动产品进行交换，来供应其中的大部分。
Every man thus lives by exchanging, or becomes, in some measure, a merchant, and the society itself grows to be what is properly a commercial society.
因此，每个人都以交换为生，或者在某种程度上成为商人，社会本身也逐渐成为一个真正的商业社会。
But when the division of labour first began to take place, this power of exchanging must frequently have been very much clogged and embarrassed in its operations.
但当劳动分工刚开始发生时，这种交换能力的运作必定经常受到严重阻碍和尴尬。
One man, we shall suppose, has more of a certain commodity than he himself has occasion for, while another has less.
我们假设，一个人拥有的某种商品多于他自己所需的数量，而另一个人则拥有的较少。
The former, consequently, would be glad to dispose of; and the latter to purchase, a part of this superfluity.
因此，前者很乐意处置；后者则很乐意处理。后者是为了购买，这是多余的一部分。
But if this latter should chance to have nothing that the former stands in need of, no exchange can be made between them.
但如果后者碰巧没有前者所需要的东西，那么他们之间就无法进行交换。
The butcher has more meat in his shop than he himself can consume, and the brewer and the baker would each of them be willing to purchase a part of it.
屠夫店里的肉比他自己能吃的多，酿酒师和面包师每人都愿意购买一部分。
But they have nothing to offer in exchange, except the different productions of their respective trades, and the butcher is already provided with all the bread and beer which he has immediate occasion for.
但除了各自行业的不同产品外，他们没有任何东西可以交换，而屠夫已经提供了他立即需要的所有面包和啤酒。
No exchange can, in this case, be made between them.
在这种情况下，他们之间不能进行任何交换。
He cannot be their merchant, nor they his customers; and they are all of them thus mutually less serviceable to one another.
他不能成为他们的商人，他们也不能成为他的顾客；因此，它们彼此之间的效用都较低。
In order to avoid the inconveniency of such situations, every prudent man in every period of society, after the first establishment of the division of labour, must naturally have endeavoured to manage his affairs in such a manner, as to have at all times by him, besides the peculiar produce of his own industry, a certain quantity of some one commodity or other, such as he imagined few people would be likely to refuse in exchange for the produce of their industry.
为了避免这种情况的不便，社会各个时期的每一个精明的人，在劳动分工首次建立之后，自然都必须努力以这样的方式管理他的事务，以便他在任何时候，除了他自己工业的特有产品之外，还拥有一定数量的某种商品或其他商品，就像他想象的那样，很少有人会拒绝以换取他们的工业产品。
Many different commodities, it is probable, were successively both thought of and employed for this purpose.
许多不同的商品很可能相继被想到并用于此目的。
In the rude ages of society, cattle are said to have been the common instrument of commerce; and, though they must have been a most inconvenient one, yet, in old times, we find things were frequently valued according to the number of cattle which had been given in exchange for them.
据说，在社会的原始时代，牛是常见的商业工具。尽管它们一定是最不方便的，但在古代，我们发现物品的价值常常是根据用来交换的牲畜的数量来估价的。
The armour of Diomede, says Homer, cost only nine oxen; but that of Glaucus cost a hundred oxen.
荷马说，狄俄墨德的盔甲只花费九头牛；但格劳克斯的代价却是一百头牛。
Salt is said to be the common instrument of commerce and exchanges in Abyssinia; a species of shells in some parts of the coast of India; dried cod at Newfoundland; tobacco in Virginia; sugar in some of our West India colonies; hides or dressed leather in some other countries; and there is at this day a village in Scotland, where it is not uncommon, I am told, for a workman to carry nails instead of money to the baker’s shop or the ale-house.
据说盐是阿比西尼亚商业和交换的常用工具。印度海岸某些地区的一种贝壳；纽芬兰的干鳕鱼；弗吉尼亚州的烟草；我们一些西印度殖民地的糖；其他一些国家的生皮或修整皮革；如今，苏格兰有一个村庄，据我所知，那里的工人带着钉子而不是钱去面包店或啤酒店，这种情况并不少见。
In all countries, however, men seem at last to have been determined by irresistible reasons to give the preference, for this employment, to metals above every other commodity.
然而，在所有国家，人们似乎最终出于不可抗拒的原因决定优先选择金属，而不是其他任何商品。
Metals can not only be kept with as little loss as any other commodity, scarce any thing being less perishable than they are, but they can likewise, without any loss, be divided into any number of parts, as by fusion those parts can easily be re-united again; a quality which no other equally durable commodities possess, and which, more than any other quality, renders them fit to be the instruments of commerce and circulation.
金属不仅可以像任何其他商品一样保存得很少，几乎没有比它们更容易腐烂的东西，而且它们同样可以在没有任何损失的情况下分成任意数量的部分，因为通过熔化这些部分可以很容易地再次重新组合在一起；这种品质是其他同等耐用的商品所不具备的，而且比任何其他商品都更适合作为商业和流通的工具。
The man who wanted to buy salt, for example, and had nothing but cattle to give in exchange for it, must have been obliged to buy salt to the value of a whole ox, or a whole sheep, at a time.
例如，一个想要购买盐的人，除了牛以外什么也没有可以交换，他必须一次购买相当于一整头牛或一整只羊的盐。
He could seldom buy less than this, because what he was to give for it could seldom be divided without loss; and if he had a mind to buy more, he must, for the same reasons, have been obliged to buy double or triple the quantity, the value, to wit, of two or three oxen, or of two or three sheep.
他很少能买比这个少的东西，因为他所付出的钱很少能在没有损失的情况下分配。如果他想购买更多，出于同样的原因，他必须购买两倍或三倍的数量，即价值，即两三头牛，或两三只羊。
If, on the contrary, instead of sheep or oxen, he had metals to give in exchange for it, he could easily proportion the quantity of the metal to the precise quantity of the commodity which he had immediate occasion for.
相反，如果他用金属代替羊或牛来交换，他就可以轻松地将金属的数量与他立即需要的商品的精确数量相称。
Different metals have been made use of by different nations for this purpose.
不同的国家为此目的使用了不同的金属。
Iron was the common instrument of commerce among the ancient Spartans, copper among the ancient Romans, and gold and silver among all rich and commercial nations.
铁是古代斯巴达人的常用商业工具，铜是古罗马人的常用商业工具，金银是所有富裕和商业国家的常用商业工具。
Those metals seem originally to have been made use of for this purpose in rude bars, without any stamp or coinage.
这些金属似乎最初是在粗制的金条中用于此目的，没有任何邮票或铸币。
Thus we are told by Pliny (Plin.
普林尼就是这样告诉我们的（Plin.
Hist Nat.
希斯特·纳特。
lib.
库。
33, cap.
33，帽。
3), upon the authority of Timaeus, an ancient historian, that, till the time of Servius Tullius, the Romans had no coined money, but made use of unstamped bars of copper, to purchase whatever they had occasion for.
3）根据古代历史学家蒂迈欧斯的权威，直到塞维乌斯·图利乌斯时代，罗马人还没有铸币，而是使用未盖章的铜条来购买他们需要的任何东西。
These rude bars, therefore, performed at this time the function of money.
因此，这些粗鲁的金条此时发挥了货币的功能。
The use of metals in this rude state was attended with two very considerable inconveniences; first, with the trouble of weighing, and secondly, with that of assaying them.
在这种粗鲁的状态下使用金属会带来两个非常大的不便：首先是称重的麻烦，其次是化验的麻烦。
In the precious metals, where a small difference in the quantity makes a great difference in the value, even the business of weighing, with proper exactness, requires at least very accurate weights and scales.
在贵金属中，数量上的微小差异会导致价值上的巨大差异，即使是具有适当准确性的称重业务，也至少需要非常准确的重量和秤。
The weighing of gold, in particular, is an operation of some nicety in the coarser metals, indeed, where a small error would be of little consequence, less accuracy would, no doubt, be necessary.
尤其是黄金的称量，对于较粗的金属来说是一项需要精确度的操作，事实上，如果一个小误差不会造成什么后果，那么毫无疑问，就需要较低的精确度。
Yet we should find it excessively troublesome if every time a poor man had occasion either to buy or sell a farthing’s worth of goods, he was obliged to weigh the farthing.
然而，如果一个穷人每次有机会买卖一文钱的商品，他就必须称一文钱，那我们就会发现，这太麻烦了。
The operation of assaying is still more difficult, still more tedious; and, unless a part of the metal is fairly melted in the crucible, with proper dissolvents, any conclusion that can be drawn from it is extremely uncertain.
化验操作更加困难、更加繁琐；而且，除非金属的一部分在坩埚中用适当的溶剂完全熔化，否则从中得出的任何结论都是极其不确定的。
Before the institution of coined money, however, unless they went through this tedious and difficult operation, people must always have been liable to the grossest frauds and impositions; and instead of a pound weight of pure silver, or pure copper, might receive, in exchange for their goods, an adulterated composition of the coarsest and cheapest materials, which had, however, in their outward appearance, been made to resemble those metals.
然而，在铸币制度出现之前，除非人们经历了这种乏味而困难的操作，否则他们必定总是遭受最严重的欺诈和强加。代替一磅重的纯银或纯铜来交换他们的货物，可能会收到最粗糙和最便宜的材料的掺假组合物，然而，这些材料的外观与这些金属相似。
To prevent such abuses, to facilitate exchanges, and thereby to encourage all sorts of industry and commerce, it has been found necessary, in all countries that have made any considerable advances towards improvement, to affix a public stamp upon certain quantities of such particular metals, as were in those countries commonly made use of to purchase goods.
为了防止这种滥用，促进交流，从而鼓励各种工业和商业，人们发现，在所有在改进方面取得重大进展的国家，有必要在一定数量的此类特定金属上加盖公共印章，就像这些国家通常用来购买商品的那样。
Hence the origin of coined money, and of those public offices called mints; institutions exactly of the same nature with those of the aulnagers and stamp-masters of woollen and linen cloth.
这就是铸币和称为造币厂的公共机构的起源。这些机构的性质与羊毛和亚麻布的印章制作者和印章制作者的机构完全相同。
All of them are equally meant to ascertain, by means of a public stamp, the quantity and uniform goodness of those different commodities when brought to market.
所有这些都同样旨在通过公共印章来确定这些不同商品进入市场时的数量和统一品质。
The first public stamps of this kind that were affixed to the current metals, seem in many cases to have been intended to ascertain, what it was both most difficult and most important to ascertain, the goodness or fineness of the metal, and to have resembled the sterling mark which is at present affixed to plate and bars of silver, or the Spanish mark which is sometimes affixed to ingots of gold, and which, being struck only upon one side of the piece, and not covering the whole surface, ascertains the fineness, but not the weight of the metal.
贴在当前金属上的第一批此类公共邮票，在许多情况下似乎是为了确定最困难和最重要的东西，即金属的品质或纯度，并且类似于目前贴在银板和银条上的英镑标记，或有时贴在金锭上的西班牙标记，并且仅在金块的一侧压印，而不覆盖整个金块。表面，确定金属的成色，但不能确定重量。
Abraham weighs to Ephron the four hundred shekels of silver which he had agreed to pay for the field of Machpelah.
亚伯拉罕称了四百舍客勒银子给以弗仑，这是他同意支付麦比拉那块地的钱。
They are said, however, to be the current money of the merchant, and yet are received by weight, and not by tale, in the same manner as ingots of gold and bars of silver are at present.
然而，据说它们是商人的现行货币，但却是按重量而非故事来接收的，就像目前的金锭和银条一样。
The revenues of the ancient Saxon kings of England are said to have been paid, not in money, but in kind, that is, in victuals and provisions of all sorts.
据说，英格兰古代撒克逊国王的收入不是以金钱而是以实物形式支付的，即以各种食物和规定的形式支付。
William the Conqueror introduced the custom of paying them in money.
征服者威廉引入了用金钱支付报酬的习俗。
This money, however, was for a long time, received at the exchequer, by weight, and not by tale.
然而，长期以来，这笔钱都是按重量而不是按故事从财政部收到的。
The inconveniency and difficulty of weighing those metals with exactness, gave occasion to the institution of coins, of which the stamp, covering entirely both sides of the piece, and sometimes the edges too, was supposed to ascertain not only the fineness, but the weight of the metal.
准确称量这些金属的不便和困难，催生了硬币的制度，硬币的印记完全覆盖了硬币的两面，有时甚至包括边缘，不仅可以确定金属的成色，还可以确定金属的重量。
Such coins, therefore, were received by tale, as at present, without the trouble of weighing.
因此，像现在一样，这些硬币是通过故事来接收的，无需称重。
The denominations of those coins seem originally to have expressed the weight or quantity of metal contained in them.
这些硬币的面额似乎最初表示了其中所含金属的重量或数量。
In the time of Servius Tullius, who first coined money at Rome, the Roman as or pondo contained a Roman pound of good copper.
在塞维乌斯·图利乌斯（Servius Tullius）首次在罗马铸造货币的时代，罗马的 as 或 pondo 含有一罗马磅的优质铜。
It was divided, in the same manner as our Troyes pound, into twelve ounces, each of which contained a real ounce of good copper.
与我们的特鲁瓦镑一样，它被分成十二盎司，每盎司含有一盎司的优质铜。
The English pound sterling, in the time of Edward I.
爱德华一世时期的英镑。
contained a pound, Tower weight, of silver of a known fineness.
里面装有一磅塔重的已知纯度的银子。
The Tower pound seems to have been something more than the Roman pound, and something less than the Troyes pound.
塔镑似乎比罗马镑更高，又比特鲁瓦镑更低。
This last was not introduced into the mint of England till the 18th of Henry the VIII.
最后一种直到亨利八世十八世纪才被引入英国造币厂。
The French livre contained, in the time of Charlemagne, a pound, Troyes weight, of silver of a known fineness.
在查理曼时代，法国里弗含有一磅特鲁瓦重量的已知纯度的白银。
The fair of Troyes in Champaign was at that time frequented by all the nations of Europe, and the weights and measures of so famous a market were generally known and esteemed.
当时，欧洲各国都经常光顾香槟的特鲁瓦集市，如此著名的集市的度量衡也广为人知并受到尊重。
The Scots money pound contained, from the time of Alexander the First to that of Robert Bruce, a pound of silver of the same weight and fineness with the English pound sterling.
从亚历山大一世时代到罗伯特·布鲁斯时代，苏格兰货币英镑所含的白银与英国英镑的重量和纯度相同。
English, French, and Scots pennies, too, contained all of them originally a real penny-weight of silver, the twentieth part of an ounce, and the two hundred-and-fortieth part of a pound.
英国、法国和苏格兰的便士最初也都含有一便士重量的银子、一盎司的二十分之一和一磅的二百四十分。
The shilling, too, seems originally to have been the denomination of a weight.
先令最初似乎也是重量的单位。
“When wheat is at twelve shillings the quarter,” says an ancient statute of Henry III.
“当小麦每季十二先令时，”亨利三世的一条古老法令如此说道。
“then wastel bread of a farthing shall weigh eleven shillings and fourpence”.
“那么一文钱的废面包将重十一先令四便士”。
The proportion, however, between the shilling, and either the penny on the one hand, or the pound on the other, seems not to have been so constant and uniform as that between the penny and the pound.
然而，先令与便士或英镑之间的比例似乎并不像便士与英镑之间的比例那么恒定和统一。
During the first race of the kings of France, the French sou or shilling appears upon different occasions to have contained five, twelve, twenty, and forty pennies.
在法国国王的第一次竞赛中，法国的苏或先令在不同的场合出现过五便士、十二便士、二十便士和四十便士。
Among the ancient Saxons, a shilling appears at one time to have contained only five pennies, and it is not improbable that it may have been as variable among them as among their neighbours, the ancient Franks.
在古代撒克逊人中，一先令一度只包含五便士，而且在他们之间，这一先令的变化可能与他们的邻居古代法兰克人之间的变化一样，这并非不可能。
From the time of Charlemagne among the French, and from that of William the Conqueror among the English, the proportion between the pound, the shilling, and the penny, seems to have been uniformly the same as at present, though the value of each has been very different; for in every country of the world, I believe, the avarice and injustice of princes and sovereign states, abusing the confidence of their subjects, have by degrees diminished the real quantity of metal, which had been originally contained in their coins.
从法国的查理曼时代开始，从英国的征服者威廉时代开始，英镑、先令和便士之间的比例似乎一直与现在相同，尽管每种货币的价值有很大不同；我相信，在世界上每个国家，君主和主权国家的贪婪和不公正，滥用了其臣民的信任，逐渐减少了最初包含在其硬币中的金属的实际数量。
The Roman as, in the latter ages of the republic, was reduced to the twenty-fourth part of its original value, and, instead of weighing a pound, came to weigh only half an ounce.
在共和国后期，罗马的as被减少到其原始价值的二十四分之一，重量不再是一磅，而是只有半盎司。
The English pound and penny contain at present about a third only; the Scots pound and penny about a thirty-sixth; and the French pound and penny about a sixty-sixth part of their original value.
英镑和便士目前仅占大约三分之一；苏格兰人的英镑和便士大约是三十六分；法国镑和便士大约是其原始价值的六十六分之一。
By means of those operations, the princes and sovereign states which performed them were enabled, in appearance, to pay their debts and fulfil their engagements with a smaller quantity of silver than would otherwise have been requisite.
通过这些行动，执行这些行动的诸侯国和主权国家表面上能够用比其他方式更少的白银来偿还债务并履行其承诺。
It was indeed in appearance only; for their creditors were really defrauded of a part of what was due to them.
确实只是表面上的。因为他们的债权人确实被骗走了一部分应得的债。
All other debtors in the state were allowed the same privilege, and might pay with the same nominal sum of the new and debased coin whatever they had borrowed in the old.
该州的所有其他债务人都享有同样的特权，并且可以用新的和贬值的硬币的相同名义金额偿还他们在旧硬币中借入的任何东西。
Such operations, therefore, have always proved favourable to the debtor, and ruinous to the creditor, and have sometimes produced a greater and more universal revolution in the fortunes of private persons, than could have been occasioned by a very great public calamity.
因此，事实证明，此类行动总是对债务人有利，而对债权人来说却是毁灭性的，有时会比一场巨大的公共灾难所引起的私人财富发生更大、更普遍的革命。
It is in this manner that money has become, in all civilized nations, the universal instrument of commerce, by the intervention of which goods of all kinds are bought and sold, or exchanged for one another.
正是通过这种方式，货币在所有文明国家中成为了普遍的商业工具，通过它的介入，各种商品得以买卖或相互交换。
What are the rules which men naturally observe, in exchanging them either for money, or for one another, I shall now proceed to examine.
人们在交换金钱或互相交换物品时自然会遵守哪些规则，我现在将着手研究。
These rules determine what may be called the relative or exchangeable value of goods.
这些规则决定了所谓的商品的相对价值或可交换价值。
The word VALUE, it is to be observed, has two different meanings, and sometimes expresses the utility of some particular object, and sometimes the power of purchasing other goods which the possession of that object conveys.
值得注意的是，“价值”一词有两种不同的含义，有时表示某些特定物品的效用，有时表示购买该物品所传达的其他商品的能力。
The one may be called ‘value in use;’ the other, ‘value in exchange.’ The things which have the greatest value in use have frequently little or no value in exchange; and, on the contrary, those which have the greatest value in exchange have frequently little or no value in use.
一个可以称为“使用价值”，另一个可以称为“交换价值”。具有最大使用价值的东西通常具有很少或没有交换价值；相反，那些具有最大交换价值的东西往往具有很少或没有使用价值。
Nothing is more useful than water; but it will purchase scarce any thing; scarce any thing can be had in exchange for it.
没有什么比水更有用的了；但它几乎不会购买任何东西；几乎没有任何东西可以用来交换它。
A diamond, on the contrary, has scarce any value in use; but a very great quantity of other goods may frequently be had in exchange for it.
相反，钻石几乎没有任何使用价值；但常常可以用大量其他商品来交换。
In order to investigate the principles which regulate the exchangeable value of commodities, I shall endeavour to shew,
为了研究调节商品交换价值的原则，我将努力表明：
First, what is the real measure of this exchangeable value; or wherein consists the real price of all commodities.
首先，这种可交换价值的真正衡量标准是什么？或者其中包含所有商品的实际价格。
Secondly, what are the different parts of which this real price is composed or made up.
其次，这个真实价格是由哪些不同部分组成的。
And, lastly, what are the different circumstances which sometimes raise some or all of these different parts of price above, and sometimes sink them below, their natural or ordinary rate; or, what are the causes which sometimes hinder the market price, that is, the actual price of commodities, from coinciding exactly with what may be called their natural price.
最后，是什么不同的情况有时会使价格的部分或全部不同部分高于其自然或正常利率，有时又使其低于其自然或正常利率？或者，有时是什么原因阻碍市场价格，即商品的实际价格，与所谓的自然价格完全一致。
I shall endeavour to explain, as fully and distinctly as I can, those three subjects in the three following chapters, for which I must very earnestly entreat both the patience and attention of the reader: his patience, in order to examine a detail which may, perhaps, in some places, appear unnecessarily tedious; and his attention, in order to understand what may perhaps, after the fullest explication which I am capable of giving it, appear still in some degree obscure.
我将尽力在接下来的三章中尽可能全面、清晰地解释这三个主题，为此我必须非常恳切地恳求读者耐心和注意：他的耐心是为了检查一个细节，也许在某些地方可能显得不必要的乏味；他的耐心是为了检查一个可能在某些地方显得不必要的乏味的细节；他的注意力是为了理解在我所能给予的最充分的解释之后，也许在某种程度上仍然显得模糊的东西。
I am always willing to run some hazard of being tedious, in order to be sure that I am perspicuous; and, after taking the utmost pains that I can to be perspicuous, some obscurity may still appear to remain upon a subject, in its own nature extremely abstracted.
我总是愿意冒一些乏味的风险，以确保我是清楚的。而且，在我尽最大努力使之变得清晰之后，某个主题似乎仍然存在一些晦涩难懂的地方，其本质上是极其抽象的。
CHAPTER V.
第五章
OF THE REAL AND NOMINAL PRICE OF COMMODITIES, OR OF THEIR PRICE IN LABOUR, AND THEIR PRICE IN MONEY.
商品的实际价格和名义价格，或其劳动力价格及其货币价格。
Every man is rich or poor according to the degree in which he can afford to enjoy the necessaries, conveniencies, and amusements of human life.
每个人的贫富取决于他能否享受人类生活的必需品、便利和娱乐。
But after the division of labour has once thoroughly taken place, it is but a very small part of these with which a man’s own labour can supply him.
但分工一旦彻底完成之后，一个人自己的劳动所能提供给他的只是很小的一部分。
The far greater part of them he must derive from the labour of other people, and he must be rich or poor according to the quantity of that labour which he can command, or which he can afford to purchase.
其中大部分是他必须从其他人的劳动中获得的，而他的贫富则取决于他可以支配或有能力购买的劳动数量。
The value of any commodity, therefore, to the person who possesses it, and who means not to use or consume it himself, but to exchange it for other commodities, is equal to the quantity of labour which it enables him to purchase or command.
因此，对于拥有它的人来说，任何商品的价值都等于他能够购买或指挥的劳动量，而这个人并不打算自己使用或消费它，而是将其交换为其他商品。
Labour therefore, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities.
因此，劳动是所有商品可交换价值的真正衡量标准。
The real price of every thing, what every thing really costs to the man who wants to acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it.
每件东西的真正价格，每件东西对于想要获得它的人来说真正付出的代价，就是获得它的辛劳和麻烦。
What every thing is really worth to the man who has acquired it and who wants to dispose of it, or exchange it for something else, is the toil and trouble which it can save to himself, and which it can impose upon other people.
对于获得它并想要处置它或将其交换为其他东西的人来说，每件东西真正有价值的是它可以为自己省去的辛劳和麻烦，以及它可以强加给别人的辛劳和麻烦。
What is bought with money, or with goods, is purchased by labour, as much as what we acquire by the toil of our own body.
用金钱或商品购买的东西，都是通过劳动购买的，就像我们通过自己的身体劳作获得的东西一样。
That money, or those goods, indeed, save us this toil.
那些钱，或者那些货物，确实可以帮我们省去这种辛苦。
They contain the value of a certain quantity of labour, which we exchange for what is supposed at the time to contain the value of an equal quantity.
它们包含一定数量的劳动的价值，我们用它来交换当时被认为包含等量价值的劳动。
Labour was the first price, the original purchase money that was paid for all things.
劳动力是第一价格，是购买一切事物的原始购买货币。
It was not by gold or by silver, but by labour, that all the wealth of the world was originally purchased; and its value, to those who possess it, and who want to exchange it for some new productions, is precisely equal to the quantity of labour which it can enable them to purchase or command.
世界上所有的财富最初不是用金银购买的，而是用劳动购买的。对于那些拥有它并想要用它交换一些新产品的人来说，它的价值恰好等于它能够使他们购买或指挥的劳动量。
Wealth, as Mr Hobbes says, is power.
正如霍布斯先生所说，财富就是力量。
But the person who either acquires, or succeeds to a great fortune, does not necessarily acquire or succeed to any political power, either civil or military.
但是，获得或继承巨额财富的人不一定获得或继承任何政治权力，无论是民事权力还是军事权力。
His fortune may, perhaps, afford him the means of acquiring both; but the mere possession of that fortune does not necessarily convey to him either.
也许，他的财富可以让他有能力获得这两点。但仅仅拥有这笔财富也不一定对他有好处。
The power which that possession immediately and directly conveys to him, is the power of purchasing a certain command over all the labour, or over all the produce of labour which is then in the market.
这种占有立即而直接地传递给他的权力，是购买对所有劳动或当时市场上所有劳动产品的某种控制权的权力。
His fortune is greater or less, precisely in proportion to the extent of this power, or to the quantity either of other men’s labour, or, what is the same thing, of the produce of other men’s labour, which it enables him to purchase or command.
他的财富的大小，恰恰与这种权力的大小成正比，或者与其他人的劳动的数量成正比，或者与他能够购买或支配的其他人的劳动产品的数量成正比。
The exchangeable value of every thing must always be precisely equal to the extent of this power which it conveys to its owner.
每件物品的可交换价值必须始终精确等于它传递给其所有者的这种权力的程度。
But though labour be the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities, it is not that by which their value is commonly estimated.
但是，尽管劳动是所有商品可交换价值的真正衡量标准，但它并不是衡量商品价值的常用标准。
It is often difficult to ascertain the proportion between two different quantities of labour.
通常很难确定两种不同劳动量之间的比例。
The time spent in two different sorts of work will not always alone determine this proportion.
花在两种不同工作上的时间并不总是单独决定这个比例。
The different degrees of hardship endured, and of ingenuity exercised, must likewise be taken into account.
同样必须考虑到所经历的不同程度的困难和所发挥的聪明才智。
There may be more labour in an hour’s hard work, than in two hours easy business; or in an hour’s application to a trade which it cost ten years labour to learn, than in a month’s industry, at an ordinary and obvious employment.
一个小时的艰苦工作可能比两个小时的轻松工作需要更多的劳动；或者，在一项需要十年劳动才能学会的行业中，一小时的应用，比在一份普通而显而易见的工作中一个月的行业要好。
But it is not easy to find any accurate measure either of hardship or ingenuity.
但要找到衡量困难或聪明才智的准确衡量标准并不容易。
In exchanging, indeed, the different productions of different sorts of labour for one another, some allowance is commonly made for both.
实际上，在相互交换不同种类劳动的不同产品时，通常会对两者进行一定程度的补偿。
It is adjusted, however, not by any accurate measure, but by the higgling and bargaining of the market, according to that sort of rough equality which, though not exact, is sufficient for carrying on the business of common life.
然而，它不是通过任何精确的衡量标准来调整的，而是通过市场的讨价还价和讨价还价，根据那种粗略的平等，虽然不精确，但足以进行共同生活的事务。
Every commodity, besides, is more frequently exchanged for, and thereby compared with, other commodities, than with labour.
此外，每一种商品都比劳动力更频繁地与其他商品进行交换，从而与其他商品进行比较。
It is more natural, therefore, to estimate its exchangeable value by the quantity of some other commodity, than by that of the labour which it can produce.
因此，用其他某种商品的数量来估计其可交换价值比用它可以生产的劳动的数量来估计更为自然。
The greater part of people, too, understand better what is meant by a quantity of a particular commodity, than by a quantity of labour.
大多数人也比劳动量更能理解某种特定商品的数量的含义。
The one is a plain palpable object; the other an abstract notion, which though it can be made sufficiently intelligible, is not altogether so natural and obvious.
一个是一个明显可触摸的物体；另一个是抽象概念，虽然可以使其足够容易理解，但并不完全那么自然和明显。
But when barter ceases, and money has become the common instrument of commerce, every particular commodity is more frequently exchanged for money than for any other commodity.
但是，当物物交换停止，货币成为常见的商业工具时，每种特定商品都比任何其他商品更频繁地兑换成货币。
The butcher seldom carries his beef or his mutton to the baker or the brewer, in order to exchange them for bread or for beer; but he carries them to the market, where he exchanges them for money, and afterwards exchanges that money for bread and for beer.
屠夫很少把他的牛羊肉带到面包师或酿酒师那里，以换取面包或啤酒；但他把它们带到市场，在那里换钱，然后用钱换面包和啤酒。
The quantity of money which he gets for them regulates, too, the quantity of bread and beer which he can afterwards purchase.
他获得的金钱数量也决定了他随后可以购买的面包和啤酒的数量。
It is more natural and obvious to him, therefore, to estimate their value by the quantity of money, the commodity for which he immediately exchanges them, than by that of bread and beer, the commodities for which he can exchange them only by the intervention of another commodity; and rather to say that his butcher’s meat is worth three-pence or fourpence a-pound, than that it is worth three or four pounds of bread, or three or four quarts of small beer.
因此，对他来说，用货币的数量（他立即交换的商品）来估计它们的价值，比用面包和啤酒的数量来估计它们的价值更为自然和明显，因为面包和啤酒是他只能通过另一种商品的介入来交换的商品。与其说他的屠夫的肉值三便士或四便士一磅，不如说它值三四磅面包，或者三四夸脱小啤酒。
Hence it comes to pass, that the exchangeable value of every commodity is more frequently estimated by the quantity of money, than by the quantity either of labour or of any other commodity which can be had in exchange for it.
因此，每种商品的交换价值更经常地用货币数量来估计，而不是用劳动力或任何其他可以用来交换该商品的商品的数量来估计。
Gold and silver, however, like every other commodity, vary in their value; are sometimes cheaper and sometimes dearer, sometimes of easier and sometimes of more difficult purchase.
然而，与其他商品一样，黄金和白银的价值各不相同。有时更便宜，有时更贵，有时更容易，有时更难购买。
The quantity of labour which any particular quantity of them can purchase or command, or the quantity of other goods which it will exchange for, depends always upon the fertility or barrenness of the mines which happen to be known about the time when such exchanges are made.
任何特定数量的矿井能够购买或指挥的劳动力数量，或者它将交换的其他商品的数量，总是取决于在进行这种交换时碰巧知道的矿井的肥沃或贫瘠。
The discovery of the abundant mines of America, reduced, in the sixteenth century, the value of gold and silver in Europe to about a third of what it had been before.
十六世纪，美洲丰富矿藏的发现使欧洲金银的价值下降到以前的三分之一左右。
As it cost less labour to bring those metals from the mine to the market, so, when they were brought thither, they could purchase or command less labour; and this revolution in their value, though perhaps the greatest, is by no means the only one of which history gives some account.
由于将这些金属从矿山运往市场的劳动力成本较低，因此，当它们被运往市场时，他们可以购买或要求更少的劳动力；其价值的这场革命虽然可能是最伟大的，但绝不是历史所记载的唯一一场。
But as a measure of quantity, such as the natural foot, fathom, or handful, which is continually varying in its own quantity, can never be an accurate measure of the quantity of other things; so a commodity which is itself continually varying in its own value, can never be an accurate measure of the value of other commodities.
但是，作为一种数量的衡量标准，例如自然的英尺、英寻或一把，其自身的数量不断变化，永远不可能准确地衡量其他事物的数量；因此，本身价值不断变化的商品永远无法准确衡量其他商品的价值。
Equal quantities of labour, at all times and places, may be said to be of equal value to the labourer.
可以说，无论何时何地，同等数量的劳动对于劳动者来说都是同等价值的。
In his ordinary state of health, strength, and spirits; in the ordinary degree of his skill and dexterity, he must always lay down the same portion of his ease, his liberty, and his happiness.
在他正常的健康、体力和精神状态下；在他的技能和灵巧程度正常的情况下，他必须始终放弃同样部分的安逸、自由和幸福。
The price which he pays must always be the same, whatever may be the quantity of goods which he receives in return for it.
无论他作为回报收到的商品数量是多少，他支付的价格必须始终相同。
Of these, indeed, it may sometimes purchase a greater and sometimes a smaller quantity; but it is their value which varies, not that of the labour which purchases them.
事实上，它有时可能会购买更多，有时会购买更少的数量。但变化的是它们的价值，而不是购买它们的劳动力的价值。
At all times and places, that is dear which it is difficult to come at, or which it costs much labour to acquire; and that cheap which is to be had easily, or with very little labour.
不论何时何地，贵的东西都是难以得到的，或者是需要付出很大的努力才能获得的；廉价的东西可以很容易地获得，或者只需要很少的劳动。
Labour alone, therefore, never varying in its own value, is alone the ultimate and real standard by which the value of all commodities can at all times and places be estimated and compared.
因此，劳动本身的价值永远不会变化，它本身就是最终的、真正的标准，可以在任何时候、任何地点对所有商品的价值进行估计和比较。
It is their real price; money is their nominal price only.
这是他们的真实价格；钱只是他们的名义价格。
But though equal quantities of labour are always of equal value to the labourer, yet to the person who employs him they appear sometimes to be of greater, and sometimes of smaller value.
但是，尽管等量的劳动对劳动者来说总是具有同等的价值，但对雇用他的人来说，这些劳动的价值有时显得更大，有时则显得更小。
He purchases them sometimes with a greater, and sometimes with a smaller quantity of goods, and to him the price of labour seems to vary like that of all other things.
他有时用更多的商品购买它们，有时用更少的商品购买它们，对他来说，劳动力的价格似乎像所有其他东西的价格一样变化。
It appears to him dear in the one case, and cheap in the other.
在他看来，在一种情况下价格昂贵，在另一种情况下价格便宜。
In reality, however, it is the goods which are cheap in the one case, and dear in the other.
然而，实际上，商品在一种情况下是便宜的，在另一种情况下是昂贵的。
In this popular sense, therefore, labour, like commodities, may be said to have a real and a nominal price.
因此，在这种通俗意义上，劳动力就像商品一样，可以说具有实际价格和名义价格。
Its real price may be said to consist in the quantity of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which are given for it; its nominal price, in the quantity of money.
可以说，它的真正价格在于为其提供的生活必需品和便利设施的数量。它的名义价格，以货币数量表示。
The labourer is rich or poor, is well or ill rewarded, in proportion to the real, not to the nominal price of his labour.
劳动者是富有还是贫穷，报酬是好是坏，取决于其劳动的实际价格，而不是名义价格。
The distinction between the real and the nominal price of commodities and labour is not a matter of mere speculation, but may sometimes be of considerable use in practice.
商品和劳动力的实际价格和名义价格之间的区别不仅仅是投机问题，有时在实践中可能有很大用处。
The same real price is always of the same value; but on account of the variations in the value of gold and silver, the same nominal price is sometimes of very different values.
相同的实际价格始终具有相同的价值；但由于黄金和白银的价值不同，同一名义价格有时其价值也有很大差异。
When a landed estate, therefore, is sold with a reservation of a perpetual rent, if it is intended that this rent should always be of the same value, it is of importance to the family in whose favour it is reserved, that it should not consist in a particular sum of money.
因此，当在保留永久租金的情况下出售土地时，如果希望该租金始终具有相同的价值，那么对于保留该租金的家庭来说，重要的是它不应该包含在特定的金额中。
Its value would in this case be liable to variations of two different kinds: first, to those which arise from the different quantities of gold and silver which are contained at different times in coin of the same denomination; and, secondly, to those which arise from the different values of equal quantities of gold and silver at different times.
在这种情况下，其价值可能会受到两种不同类型的变化：第一，同一面值的硬币在不同时期所含金银的数量不同而产生的变化；其次，是由于不同时期等量的金银价值不同而产生的。
Princes and sovereign states have frequently fancied that they had a temporary interest to diminish the quantity of pure metal contained in their coins; but they seldom have fancied that they had any to augment it.
王子和主权国家常常幻想减少硬币中纯金属的含量是为了暂时的利益。但他们很少想到他们有任何东西可以增强它。
The quantity of metal contained in the coins, I believe of all nations, has accordingly been almost continually diminishing, and hardly ever augmenting.
我相信所有国家的硬币中所含金属的数量几乎都在不断减少，而且几乎从未增加过。
Such variations, therefore, tend almost always to diminish the value of a money rent.
因此，这种变化几乎总是会降低货币租金的价值。
The discovery of the mines of America diminished the value of gold and silver in Europe.
美洲矿藏的发现降低了欧洲金银的价值。
This diminution, it is commonly supposed, though I apprehend without any certain proof, is still going on gradually, and is likely to continue to do so for a long time.
人们普遍认为，这种减少仍在逐渐进行，而且可能会持续很长一段时间，尽管我认为没有任何确切的证据。
Upon this supposition, therefore, such variations are more likely to diminish than to augment the value of a money rent, even though it should be stipulated to be paid, not in such a quantity of coined money of such a denomination (in so many pounds sterling, for example), but in so many ounces, either of pure silver, or of silver of a certain standard.
因此，根据这种假设，这种变化更有可能减少而不是增加货币租金的价值，即使它应该规定支付，不是以一定数量的这种面额的铸币（例如，以这么多的英镑），而是以这么多的盎司，无论是纯银，还是某种标准的白银。
The rents which have been reserved in corn, have preserved their value much better than those which have been reserved in money, even where the denomination of the coin has not been altered.
即使硬币的面额没有改变，以玉米形式保留的租金比以货币形式保留的租金更能保值。
By the 18th of Elizabeth, it was enacted, that a third of the rent of all college leases should be reserved in corn, to be paid either in kind, or according to the current prices at the nearest public market.
到伊丽莎白十八日，法律规定，所有大学租约的三分之一租金应以玉米形式保留，以实物支付，或根据最近公共市场的当前价格支付。
The money arising from this corn rent, though originally but a third of the whole, is, in the present times, according to Dr Blackstone, commonly near double of what arises from the other two-thirds.
根据布莱克斯通博士的说法，这种谷物地租所产生的资金虽然最初只占全部的三分之一，但在当今时代，通常几乎是其他三分之二所产生的资金的两倍。
The old money rents of colleges must, according to this account, have sunk almost to a fourth part of their ancient value, or are worth little more than a fourth part of the corn which they were formerly worth.
根据这种说法，大学的旧货币租金肯定已经下降到其古代价值的近四分之一，或者只值比它们以前价值的四分之一的谷物多一点点。
But since the reign of Philip and Mary, the denomination of the English coin has undergone little or no alteration, and the same number of pounds, shillings, and pence, have contained very nearly the same quantity of pure silver.
但自菲利普和玛丽统治以来，英国硬币的面额几乎没有发生变化，而且相同数量的英镑、先令和便士所含的纯银数量也几乎相同。
This degradation, therefore, in the value of the money rents of colleges, has arisen altogether from the degradation in the price of silver.
因此，大学货币租金价值的下降完全是由白银价格的下降引起的。
When the degradation in the value of silver is combined with the diminution of the quantity of it contained in the coin of the same denomination, the loss is frequently still greater.
当白银价值的贬值与相同面值的硬币中所含白银数量的减少相结合时，损失往往更大。
In Scotland, where the denomination of the coin has undergone much greater alterations than it ever did in England, and in France, where it has undergone still greater than it ever did in Scotland, some ancient rents, originally of considerable value, have, in this manner, been reduced almost to nothing.
在苏格兰，钱币面值的变化比在英格兰要大得多，而在法国，钱币面额的变化比在苏格兰还要大，一些原本价值不菲的古代地租，就这样几乎化为乌有。
Equal quantities of labour will, at distant times, be purchased more nearly with equal quantities of corn, the subsistence of the labourer, than with equal quantities of gold and silver, or, perhaps, of any other commodity.
在遥远的时代，用等量的作为劳动者生存必需品的谷物来购买等量的劳动，要比用等量的金银或任何其他商品来购买更接近。
Equal quantities of corn, therefore, will, at distant times, be more nearly of the same real value, or enable the possessor to purchase or command more nearly the same quantity of the labour of other people.
因此，在遥远的时期，等量的谷物将具有更接近相同的实际价值，或者使拥有者能够购买或指挥更接近相同数量的其他人的劳动。
They will do this, I say, more nearly than equal quantities of almost any other commodity; for even equal quantities of corn will not do it exactly.
我说，它们比同等数量的几乎任何其他商品都更能做到这一点；因为即使是等量的玉米也不能完全做到这一点。
The subsistence of the labourer, or the real price of labour, as I shall endeavour to shew hereafter, is very different upon different occasions; more liberal in a society advancing to opulence, than in one that is standing still, and in one that is standing still, than in one that is going backwards.
劳动者的生存条件，或者说劳动的实际价格，正如我将在下文中尽力说明的那样，在不同的情况下是非常不同的。一个走向富裕的社会比一个停滞不前的社会更加自由；一个停滞不前的社会又比一个倒退的社会更加自由。
Every other commodity, however, will, at any particular time, purchase a greater or smaller quantity of labour, in proportion to the quantity of subsistence which it can purchase at that time.
然而，每一种其他商品在任何特定的时间都会购买或多或少的劳动量，其数量与它当时能够购买的生活资料的数量成比例。
A rent, therefore, reserved in corn, is liable only to the variations in the quantity of labour which a certain quantity of corn can purchase.
因此，保留在谷物中的地租只受一定数量的谷物所能购买的劳动量的变化的影响。
But a rent reserved in any other commodity is liable, not only to the variations in the quantity of labour which any particular quantity of corn can purchase, but to the variations in the quantity of corn which can be purchased by any particular quantity of that commodity.
但是，任何其他商品中保留的地租不仅会影响任何特定数量的谷物可以购买的劳动量的变化，而且会影响任何特定数量的该商品可以购买的谷物数量的变化。
Though the real value of a corn rent, it is to be observed, however, varies much less from century to century than that of a money rent, it varies much more from year to year.
然而，值得注意的是，尽管玉米地租的实际价值在各个世纪之间的变化比货币地租的变化要小得多，但每年的变化却要大得多。
The money price of labour, as I shall endeavour to shew hereafter, does not fluctuate from year to year with the money price of corn, but seems to be everywhere accommodated, not to the temporary or occasional, but to the average or ordinary price of that necessary of life.
正如我将在下文中努力表明的那样，劳动力的货币价格并不随着玉米的货币价格而逐年波动，而是似乎到处都可以适应，不是临时或偶然的，而是生活必需品的平均或普通价格。
The average or ordinary price of corn, again is regulated, as I shall likewise endeavour to shew hereafter, by the value of silver, by the richness or barrenness of the mines which supply the market with that metal, or by the quantity of labour which must be employed, and consequently of corn which must be consumed, in order to bring any particular quantity of silver from the mine to the market.
正如我将在下文中竭力说明的那样，谷物的平均价格或普通价格也受到白银的价值、向市场供应该金属的矿井的丰富程度或贫瘠程度、或者必须使用的劳动量以及因此必须消耗的谷物量的调节，以便将任何特定数量的白银从矿井带到市场上。
But the value of silver, though it sometimes varies greatly from century to century, seldom varies much from year to year, but frequently continues the same, or very nearly the same, for half a century or a century together.
但是，白银的价值虽然有时在不同世纪之间变化很大，但每年很少变化很大，但经常在半个世纪或一个世纪内保持相同或非常接近相同。
The ordinary or average money price of corn, therefore, may, during so long a period, continue the same, or very nearly the same, too, and along with it the money price of labour, provided, at least, the society continues, in other respects, in the same, or nearly in the same, condition.
因此，在如此长的一段时期内，玉米的普通或平均货币价格可能会保持相同或几乎相同，并且劳动力的货币价格也会随之变化，前提是至少社会在其他方面继续保持相同或几乎相同的状况。
In the mean time, the temporary and occasional price of corn may frequently be double one year of what it had been the year before, or fluctuate, for example, from five-and-twenty to fifty shillings the quarter.
与此同时，玉米的临时和偶尔的价格一年中可能经常是前一年的两倍，或者波动，例如，每季度从五先令到二十先令到五十先令。
But when corn is at the latter price, not only the nominal, but the real value of a corn rent, will be double of what it is when at the former, or will command double the quantity either of labour, or of the greater part of other commodities; the money price of labour, and along with it that of most other things, continuing the same during all these fluctuations.
但是，当谷物处于后一种价格时，谷物地租的名义价值和实际价值都将是前一种价格时的两倍，或者要求的劳动量或大部分其他商品的数量也将增加一倍。劳动力的货币价格以及大多数其他事物的货币价格在所有这些波动期间都保持不变。
Labour, therefore, it appears evidently, is the only universal, as well as the only accurate, measure of value, or the only standard by which we can compare the values of different commodities, at all times, and at all places.
因此，显然，劳动是唯一普遍的、唯一准确的价值衡量标准，或者是我们可以在任何时候、任何地点比较不同商品价值的唯一标准。
We cannot estimate, it is allowed, the real value of different commodities from century to century by the quantities of silver which were given for them.
诚然，我们无法通过购买白银的数量来估计各个世纪不同商品的实际价值。
We cannot estimate it from year to year by the quantities of corn.
我们无法通过每年玉米的数量来估计它。
By the quantities of labour, we can, with the greatest accuracy, estimate it, both from century to century, and from year to year.
通过劳动量，我们可以最准确地估计各个世纪、各个年份的劳动量。
From century to century, corn is a better measure than silver, because, from century to century, equal quantities of corn will command the same quantity of labour more nearly than equal quantities of silver.
从一个世纪到另一个世纪，玉米是比白银更好的衡量标准，因为从一个世纪到另一个世纪，等量的谷物比等量的白银更能支配相同数量的劳动力。
From year to year, on the contrary, silver is a better measure than corn, because equal quantities of it will more nearly command the same quantity of labour.
相反，年复一年，白银比玉米是更好的衡量标准，因为等量的白银更接近于支配相同数量的劳动力。
But though, in establishing perpetual rents, or even in letting very long leases, it may be of use to distinguish between real and nominal price; it is of none in buying and selling, the more common and ordinary transactions of human life.
但是，在确定永久租金时，甚至在出租很长的租约时，区分实际价格和名义价格可能是有用的；它与人类生活中更常见和普通的交易——买卖无关。
At the same time and place, the real and the nominal price of all commodities are exactly in proportion to one another.
在同一时间和地点，所有商品的实际价格和名义价格完全成正比。
The more or less money you get for any commodity, in the London market, for example, the more or less labour it will at that time and place enable you to purchase or command.
例如，你在伦敦市场上购买任何商品的钱越多或越少，你在当时和地点能够购买或指挥的劳动力就越多或更少。
At the same time and place, therefore, money is the exact measure of the real exchangeable value of all commodities.
因此，在同一时间和地点，货币是所有商品的实际可交换价值的精确衡量标准。
It is so, however, at the same time and place only.
然而，只有在同一时间和地点才会如此。
Though at distant places there is no regular proportion between the real and the money price of commodities, yet the merchant who carries goods from the one to the other, has nothing to consider but the money price, or the difference between the quantity of silver for which he buys them, and that for which he is likely to sell them.
尽管在遥远的地方，商品的实际价格和货币价格之间没有固定的比例，但是，将货物从一地运往另一地的商人，除了货币价格，或者他购买这些商品的白银数量与他可能出售这些商品的白银数量之间的差额外，无需考虑任何其他事情。
Half an ounce of silver at Canton in China may command a greater quantity both of labour and of the necessaries and conveniencies of life, than an ounce at London.
中国广州的半盎司白银可能比伦敦的一盎司白银需要更多的劳动力以及生活必需品和便利设施。
A commodity, therefore, which sells for half an ounce of silver at Canton, may there be really dearer, of more real importance to the man who possesses it there, than a commodity which sells for an ounce at London is to the man who possesses it at London.
因此，一种商品在广州售价为半盎司白银，对于在那里拥有它的人来说，可能比在伦敦售价为一盎司的商品对于在伦敦拥有它的人来说更昂贵、更重要。
If a London merchant, however, can buy at Canton, for half an ounce of silver, a commodity which he can afterwards sell at London for an ounce, he gains a hundred per cent.
然而，如果伦敦商人能在广州以半盎司的价格购买一种商品，然后在伦敦以一盎司的价格出售，他就会获得百分之一百的收益。
by the bargain, just as much as if an ounce of silver was at London exactly of the same value as at Canton.
通过讨价还价，就好像一盎司白银在伦敦的价值与在广州的价值完全相同一样。
It is of no importance to him that half an ounce of silver at Canton would have given him the command of more labour, and of a greater quantity of the necessaries and conveniencies of life than an ounce can do at London.
对他来说，在广州半盎司的白银比在伦敦的一盎司白银可以让他支配更多的劳动，以及更多数量的生活必需品和便利设施，这对他来说并不重要。
An ounce at London will always give him the command of double the quantity of all these, which half an ounce could have done there, and this is precisely what he wants.
在伦敦，一盎司总是能让他控制所有这些数量的两倍，而半盎司在伦敦就可以做到这一点，而这正是他想要的。
As it is the nominal or money price of goods, therefore, which finally determines the prudence or imprudence of all purchases and sales, and thereby regulates almost the whole business of common life in which price is concerned, we cannot wonder that it should have been so much more attended to than the real price.
因此，由于商品的名义价格或货币价格最终决定了所有购买和销售的谨慎或不谨慎，从而规范了与价格有关的几乎整个共同生活，因此我们毫不奇怪它应该比实际价格受到更多的关注。
In such a work as this, however, it may sometimes be of use to compare the different real values of a particular commodity at different times and places, or the different degrees of power over the labour of other people which it may, upon different occasions, have given to those who possessed it.
然而，在这样的著作中，有时比较一种特定商品在不同时间和地点的不同实际价值，或者在不同情况下赋予拥有它的人对其他人劳动的不同程度的权力，可能是有用的。
We must in this case compare, not so much the different quantities of silver for which it was commonly sold, as the different quantities or labour which those different quantities of silver could have purchased.
在这种情况下，我们必须比较的不是通常出售的不同数量的白银，而是这些不同数量的白银可以购买的不同数量或劳动力。
But the current prices of labour, at distant times and places, can scarce ever be known with any degree of exactness.
但是，在遥远的时间和地点，当前的劳动力价格几乎不可能得到任何程度的精确性。
Those of corn, though they have in few places been regularly recorded, are in general better known, and have been more frequently taken notice of by historians and other writers.
玉米的记载虽然在少数地方经常被记录，但总体上更为人所知，并且更频繁地受到历史学家和其他作家的关注。
We must generally, therefore, content ourselves with them, not as being always exactly in the same proportion as the current prices of labour, but as being the nearest approximation which can commonly be had to that proportion.
因此，我们通常必须对它们感到满意，因为它们并不总是与当前劳动力价格完全相同的比例，而是通常可以与该比例最接近的近似值。
I shall hereafter have occasion to make several comparisons of this kind.
以后我将有机会进行几次这样的比较。
In the progress of industry, commercial nations have found it convenient to coin several different metals into money; gold for larger payments, silver for purchases of moderate value, and copper, or some other coarse metal, for those of still smaller consideration, They have always, however, considered one of those metals as more peculiarly the measure of value than any of the other two; and this preference seems generally to have been given to the metal which they happen first to make use of as the instrument of commerce.
随着工业的进步，商业国家发现将几种不同的金属铸造成货币很方便。黄金用于较大的支付，白银用于购买中等价值的商品，而铜或其他一些粗金属用于较小的考虑。然而，他们总是认为其中一种金属比其他两种金属更能作为价值衡量标准。这种偏好似乎通常是针对他们首先用作商业工具的金属。
Having once begun to use it as their standard, which they must have done when they had no other money, they have generally continued to do so even when the necessity was not the same.
一旦开始使用它作为他们的标准（当他们没有其他钱时他们一定会这样做），即使必要性不同，他们通常也会继续这样做。
The Romans are said to have had nothing but copper money till within five years before the first Punic war (Pliny, lib.
据说，直到第一次布匿战争前五年，罗马人除了铜钱什么也没有（Pliny，lib.
xxxiii.
xxxiii.
cap.
帽。
3), when they first began to coin silver.
3），当他们第一次开始铸造银币时。
Copper, therefore, appears to have continued always the measure of value in that republic.
因此，铜似乎一直是那个共和国的价值衡量标准。
At Rome all accounts appear to have been kept, and the value of all estates to have been computed, either in asses or in sestertii.
在罗马，所有的账目似乎都被保存下来，所有财产的价值都被计算出来，要么以驴为单位，要么以塞斯特蒂为单位。
The as was always the denomination of a copper coin.
as 始终是铜币的面额。
The word sestertius signifies two asses and a half.
塞斯特提乌斯（sestertius）这个词的意思是两头半驴。
Though the sestertius, therefore, was originally a silver coin, its value was estimated in copper.
因此，尽管塞斯特提乌斯最初是银币，但其价值是用铜来估算的。
At Rome, one who owed a great deal of money was said to have a great deal of other people’s copper.
在罗马，据说欠下一大笔钱的人拥有大量其他人的铜。
The northern nations who established themselves upon the ruins of the Roman empire, seem to have had silver money from the first beginning of their settlements, and not to have known either gold or copper coins for several ages thereafter.
在罗马帝国废墟上建立自己的北方民族似乎从他们定居之初就拥有了银币，此后的几个世纪里都不知道金币或铜币了。
There were silver coins in England in the time of the Saxons; but there was little gold coined till the time of Edward III nor any copper till that of James I.
撒克逊人时代的英格兰就有银币。但在爱德华三世之前，几乎没有铸造过金币；在詹姆斯一世之前，也几乎没有铸造过铜币。
of Great Britain.
英国的。
In England, therefore, and for the same reason, I believe, in all other modern nations of Europe, all accounts are kept, and the value of all goods and of all estates is generally computed, in silver: and when we mean to express the amount of a person’s fortune, we seldom mention the number of guineas, but the number of pounds sterling which we suppose would be given for it.
因此，在英国，我相信，出于同样的原因，在欧洲所有其他现代国家，所有的账目、所有商品和所有财产的价值通常都是用白银计算的：当我们想要表达一个人的财富数额时，我们很少提到几尼的数量，而是提到我们认为为此给出的英镑的数量。
Originally, in all countries, I believe, a legal tender of payment could be made only in the coin of that metal which was peculiarly considered as the standard or measure of value.
我相信，最初，在所有国家，法定支付货币只能以该金属制成的硬币进行，这种金属被特别视为价值的标准或衡量标准。
In England, gold was not considered as a legal tender for a long time after it was coined into money.
在英国，黄金在被铸造成货币后的很长一段时间内都没有被视为法定货币。
The proportion between the values of gold and silver money was not fixed by any public law or proclamation, but was left to be settled by the market.
金银货币的价值比例没有由任何公法或公告确定，而是由市场决定。
If a debtor offered payment in gold, the creditor might either reject such payment altogether, or accept of it at such a valuation of the gold as he and his debtor could agree upon.
如果债务人提出用黄金付款，债权人可能会完全拒绝这种付款，或者按照他和债务人可以商定的黄金估价接受付款。
Copper is not at present a legal tender, except in the change of the smaller silver coins.
铜目前不是法定货币，除了较小的银币之外。
In this state of things, the distinction between the metal which was the standard, and that which was not the standard, was something more than a nominal distinction.
在这种情况下，标准金属和非标准金属之间的区别不仅仅是名义上的区别。
In process of time, and as people became gradually more familiar with the use of the different metals in coin, and consequently better acquainted with the proportion between their respective values, it has, in most countries, I believe, been found convenient to ascertain this proportion, and to declare by a public law, that a guinea, for example, of such a weight and fineness, should exchange for one-and-twenty shillings, or be a legal tender for a debt of that amount.
随着时间的推移，随着人们逐渐熟悉硬币中不同金属的用途，从而更好地了解它们各自价值之间的比例，我相信，在大多数国家，人们发现确定这个比例很方便，并通过公法宣布，例如，这样重量和成色的几尼，应该兑换一二十先令，或者作为同等数额债务的法定货币。
In this state of things, and during the continuance of any one regulated proportion of this kind, the distinction between the metal, which is the standard, and that which is not the standard, becomes little more than a nominal distinction.
在这种情况下，以及在任何此类规定比例持续存在的情况下，作为标准的金属和非标准的金属之间的区别只不过是名义上的区别。
In consequence of any change, however, in this regulated proportion, this distinction becomes, or at least seems to become, something more than nominal again.
然而，由于这种规定比例的任何变化，这种区别再次变得，或者至少看起来变得不再是名义上的。
If the regulated value of a guinea, for example, was either reduced to twenty, or raised to two-and-twenty shillings, all accounts being kept, and almost all obligations for debt being expressed, in silver money, the greater part of payments could in either case be made with the same quantity of silver money as before; but would require very different quantities of gold money; a greater in the one case, and a smaller in the other.
例如，如果一畿尼的管制价值要么减少到二十，要么提高到二又二十先令，所有的账目都用银币保存，几乎所有的债务义务都用银币表示，那么在这两种情况下，大部分的付款都可以用与以前相同数量的银币来支付；但需要的金币数量却大不相同；在一种情况下较大，在另一种情况下较小。
Silver would appear to be more invariable in its value than gold.
白银的价值似乎比黄金更稳定。
Silver would appear to measure the value of gold, and gold would not appear to measure the value of silver.
白银似乎可以衡量黄金的价值，而黄金似乎无法衡量白银的价值。
The value of gold would seem to depend upon the quantity of silver which it would exchange for, and the value of silver would not seem to depend upon the quantity of gold which it would exchange for.
黄金的价值似乎取决于它能兑换的白银的数量，而白银的价值似乎并不取决于它能兑换的黄金的数量。
This difference, however, would be altogether owing to the custom of keeping accounts, and of expressing the amount of all great and small sums rather in silver than in gold money.
然而，这种差异完全是由于记账习惯以及用白银而不是金币来表示所有大小金额的习惯造成的。
One of Mr Drummond’s notes for five-and-twenty or fifty guineas would, after an alteration of this kind, be still payable with five-and-twenty or fifty guineas, in the same manner as before.
德拉蒙德先生的一张面值为五又二十或五十几尼的钞票，经过这种更改后，仍然可以用五又二十或五十几尼支付，方式与以前相同。
It would, after such an alteration, be payable with the same quantity of gold as before, but with very different quantities of silver.
经过这样的改变后，支付的黄金数量与以前相同，但白银的数量却大不相同。
In the payment of such a note, gold would appear to be more invariable in its value than silver.
在支付这种票据时，黄金的价值似乎比白银更稳定。
Gold would appear to measure the value of silver, and silver would not appear to measure the value of gold.
黄金似乎可以衡量白银的价值，而白银似乎无法衡量黄金的价值。
If the custom of keeping accounts, and of expressing promissory-notes and other obligations for money, in this manner should ever become general, gold, and not silver, would be considered as the metal which was peculiarly the standard or measure of value.
如果以这种方式记账、表达本票和其他货币义务的习惯变得普遍，那么黄金，而不是白银，将被视为独特的标准或价值衡量标准的金属。
In reality, during the continuance of any one regulated proportion between the respective values of the different metals in coin, the value of the most precious metal regulates the value of the whole coin.
事实上，在硬币中不同金属各自价值之间的任何一种规定比例持续存在的情况下，最贵金属的价值决定了整个硬币的价值。
Twelve copper pence contain half a pound avoirdupois of copper, of not the best quality, which, before it is coined, is seldom worth seven-pence in silver.
十二便士含有半磅常量铜，质量不是最好的，在铸造之前，很少值七便士的银子。
But as, by the regulation, twelve such pence are ordered to exchange for a shilling, they are in the market considered as worth a shilling, and a shilling can at any time be had for them.
但是，根据规定，十二个这样的便士必须兑换一先令，因此它们在市场上被认为值一先令，并且随时可以买到一先令。
Even before the late reformation of the gold coin of Great Britain, the gold, that part of it at least which circulated in London and its neighbourhood, was in general less degraded below its standard weight than the greater part of the silver.
即使在英国金币的后期改革之前，黄金（至少是在伦敦及其周边地区流通的那部分黄金）总体上也比大部分白银的贬值程度低于其标准重量。
One-and-twenty worn and defaced shillings, however, were considered as equivalent to a guinea, which, perhaps, indeed, was worn and defaced too, but seldom so much so.
然而，一又二十的磨损和污损先令被认为相当于一基尼，也许确实也被磨损和污损，但很少如此。
The late regulations have brought the gold coin as near, perhaps, to its standard weight as it is possible to bring the current coin of any nation; and the order to receive no gold at the public offices but by weight, is likely to preserve it so, as long as that order is enforced.
最新的规定使金币的重量可能接近任何国家现行硬币的标准重量。只要该命令得到执行，公共办公室不得接受黄金，只能按重量收取的命令很可能会保持这种状态。
The silver coin still continues in the same worn and degraded state as before the reformation of the cold coin.
银币仍延续着冷钱改制前的磨损、退化状态。
In the market, however, one-and-twenty shillings of this degraded silver coin are still considered as worth a guinea of this excellent gold coin.
然而，在市场上，一二十先令的这种劣质银币仍然被认为价值一几尼的这种优质金币。
The reformation of the gold coin has evidently raised the value of the silver coin which can be exchanged for it.
金币的改革显然提高了可以兑换的银币的价值。
In the English mint, a pound weight of gold is coined into forty-four guineas and a half, which at one-and-twenty shillings the guinea, is equal to forty-six pounds fourteen shillings and sixpence.
在英国造币厂，一磅黄金被铸造成四十四几尼半，一又二十先令几尼等于四十六磅十四先令六便士。
An ounce of such gold coin, therefore, is worth £ 3:17:10½ in silver.
因此，一盎司这样的金币价值 3:17:10½ 英镑的白银。
In England, no duty or seignorage is paid upon the coinage, and he who carries a pound weight or an ounce weight of standard gold bullion to the mint, gets back a pound weight or an ounce weight of gold in coin, without any deduction.
在英国，铸币无需缴纳关税或铸币税，将一磅或一盎司标准金条运至造币厂的人，可以以硬币形式取回一磅或一盎司黄金，无需任何扣除。
Three pounds seventeen shillings and tenpence halfpenny an ounce, therefore, is said to be the mint price of gold in England, or the quantity of gold coin which the mint gives in return for standard gold bullion.
因此，每盎司三英镑十七先令十便士半便士据说是英国铸币厂的黄金价格，或者是铸币厂以标准金条换取的金币数量。
Before the reformation of the gold coin, the price of standard gold bullion in the market had, for many years, been upwards of £3:18s.
在金币改革之前，市场上标准金条的价格多年来一直在3:18英镑以上。
sometimes £ 3:19s, and very frequently £4 an ounce; that sum, it is probable, in the worn and degraded gold coin, seldom containing more than an ounce of standard gold.
有时是 3:19 英镑，最常见的是每盎司 4 英镑；很可能，在磨损和退化的金币中，这个数字很少含有超过一盎司的标准黄金。
Since the reformation of the gold coin, the market price of standard gold bullion seldom exceeds £ 3:17:7 an ounce.
自金币改革以来，标准金条的市场价格很少超过每盎司3:17:7英镑。
Before the reformation of the gold coin, the market price was always more or less above the mint price.
金币改革之前，市场价格总是或多或少高于铸币价格。
Since that reformation, the market price has been constantly below the mint price.
自改革以来，市场价格一直低于铸币价格。
But that market price is the same whether it is paid in gold or in silver coin.
但无论是用金币还是银币支付，市场价格都是一样的。
The late reformation of the gold coin, therefore, has raised not only the value of the gold coin, but likewise that of the silver coin in proportion to gold bullion, and probably, too, in proportion to all other commodities; though the price of the greater part of other commodities being influenced by so many other causes, the rise in the value of either gold or silver coin in proportion to them may not be so distinct and sensible.
因此，金币的后期改革不仅提高了金币的价值，而且还提高了银币相对于金条的价值，而且可能也相对于所有其他商品的价值提高了。尽管大部分其他商品的价格受到许多其他原因的影响，但金币或银币的价值上涨与它们的比例可能不那么明显和合理。
In the English mint, a pound weight of standard silver bullion is coined into sixty-two shillings, containing, in the same manner, a pound weight of standard silver.
在英国造币厂，一磅重量的标准银条被铸造成六十二先令，其中同样含有一磅重量的标准银。
Five shillings and twopence an ounce, therefore, is said to be the mint price of silver in England, or the quantity of silver coin which the mint gives in return for standard silver bullion.
因此，每盎司五先令两便士据说是英国铸币厂的白银价格，或者是铸币厂以标准银条换取的银币数量。
Before the reformation of the gold coin, the market price of standard silver bullion was, upon different occasions, five shillings and fourpence, five shillings and fivepence, five shillings and sixpence, five shillings and sevenpence, and very often five shillings and eightpence an ounce.
在金币改革之前，标准银条的市场价格在不同情况下为每盎司五先令四便士、五先令五便士、五先令六便士、五先令七便士，并且经常是五先令八便士一盎司。
Five shillings and sevenpence, however, seems to have been the most common price.
然而，五先令七便士似乎是最常见的价格。
Since the reformation of the gold coin, the market price of standard silver bullion has fallen occasionally to five shillings and threepence, five shillings and fourpence, and five shillings and fivepence an ounce, which last price it has scarce ever exceeded.
自金币改革以来，标准银条的市场价格偶尔会跌至每盎司五先令三便士、五先令四便士和五先令五便士一盎司，这是它从未超过的最后一个价格。
Though the market price of silver bullion has fallen considerably since the reformation of the gold coin, it has not fallen so low as the mint price.
尽管自金币改革以来，银条的市场价格已经大幅下跌，但还没有像铸币厂价格那样跌得那么低。
In the proportion between the different metals in the English coin, as copper is rated very much above its real value, so silver is rated somewhat below it.
在英国硬币中不同金属之间的比例中，由于铜的评级远高于其实际价值，因此银的评级略低于其实际价值。
In the market of Europe, in the French coin and in the Dutch coin, an ounce of fine gold exchanges for about fourteen ounces of fine silver.
在欧洲市场上，法国硬币和荷兰硬币中，一盎司纯金可兑换约十四盎司纯银。
In the English coin, it exchanges for about fifteen ounces, that is, for more silver than it is worth, according to the common estimation of Europe.
在英国硬币中，它可以兑换大约十五盎司，也就是说，根据欧洲的普遍估计，可以兑换比其价值更多的白银。
But as the price of copper in bars is not, even in England, raised by the high price of copper in English coin, so the price of silver in bullion is not sunk by the low rate of silver in English coin.
但即使在英国，金条中铜的价格也不会因英国硬币中铜的高价而上涨，因此，金条中的银的价格也不会因英国硬币中白银的低汇率而下跌。
Silver in bullion still preserves its proper proportion to gold, for the same reason that copper in bars preserves its proper proportion to silver.
金条中的白银仍然保持着与黄金的适当比例，就像金条中的铜与白银保持着适当的比例一样。
Upon the reformation of the silver coin, in the reign of William III., the price of silver bullion still continued to be somewhat above the mint price.
在威廉三世统治期间，银币改革后，银条的价格仍然略高于铸币厂的价格。
Mr Locke imputed this high price to the permission of exporting silver bullion, and to the prohibition of exporting silver coin.
骆先生将如此高的价格归因于允许出口银条和禁止出口银币。
This permission of exporting, he said, rendered the demand for silver bullion greater than the demand for silver coin.
他说，这种出口许可使得对银条的需求大于对银币的需求。
But the number of people who want silver coin for the common uses of buying and selling at home, is surely much greater than that of those who want silver bullion either for the use of exportation or for any other use.
但是，想要银币用于国内买卖的一般用途的人数肯定比想要银条用于出口或任何其他用途的人数要多得多。
There subsists at present a like permission of exporting gold bullion, and a like prohibition of exporting gold coin; and yet the price of gold bullion has fallen below the mint price.
目前存在类似的金条出口许可和金币出口类似的禁止；然而金条的价格已经跌破了铸币价格。
But in the English coin, silver was then, in the same manner as now, under-rated in proportion to gold; and the gold coin (which at that time, too, was not supposed to require any reformation) regulated then, as well as now, the real value of the whole coin.
但在英国硬币中，当时的白银与现在的情况一样，与黄金的比例相比被低估了。金币（当时也不认为需要任何改革）在当时和现在都规定了整个硬币的实际价值。
As the reformation of the silver coin did not then reduce the price of silver bullion to the mint price, it is not very probable that a like reformation will do so now.
由于银币的改革并没有将银条的价格降低到铸币厂的价格，所以现在类似的改革不太可能会这样做。
Were the silver coin brought back as near to its standard weight as the gold, a guinea, it is probable, would, according to the present proportion, exchange for more silver in coin than it would purchase in bullion.
如果银币恢复到与金币一样接近标准重量的程度，按照目前的比例，一几内亚很可能会以硬币形式兑换比以金条购买的更多的白银。
The silver coin containing its full standard weight, there would in this case, be a profit in melting it down, in order, first to sell the bullion for gold coin, and afterwards to exchange this gold coin for silver coin, to be melted down in the same manner.
含有完整标准重量的银币，在这种情况下，将其熔化是有利润的，以便先将金条出售为金币，然后将金币换成银币，以同样的方式熔化。
Some alteration in the present proportion seems to be the only method of preventing this inconveniency.
对目前的比例进行一些改变似乎是防止这种不便的唯一方法。
The inconveniency, perhaps, would be less, if silver was rated in the coin as much above its proper proportion to gold as it is at present rated below it, provided it was at the same time enacted, that silver should not be a legal tender for more than the change of a guinea, in the same manner as copper is not a legal tender for more than the change of a shilling.
如果白银在硬币中的评级远高于其与黄金的适当比例，而目前的评级低于该比例，那么，如果同时颁布的话，白银的合法货币不得超过一几内亚的零钱，就像铜的法定货币不得超过一先令的零钱一样。
No creditor could, in this case, be cheated in consequence of the high valuation of silver in coin; as no creditor can at present be cheated in consequence of the high valuation of copper.
在这种情况下，任何债权人都不会因为硬币中白银的高估价而受到欺骗。因为目前没有债权人会因为铜的高估值而受到欺骗。
The bankers only would suffer by this regulation.
银行家只会受到这项规定的影响。
When a run comes upon them, they sometimes endeavour to gain time, by paying in sixpences, and they would be precluded by this regulation from this discreditable method of evading immediate payment.
当他们遭遇挤兑时，他们有时会试图通过支付六便士来赢得时间，而这项规定将阻止他们采取这种不光彩的逃避立即付款的方法。
They would be obliged, in consequence, to keep at all times in their coffers a greater quantity of cash than at present; and though this might, no doubt, be a considerable inconveniency to them, it would, at the same time, be a considerable security to their creditors.
因此，他们将不得不在金库中始终保留比目前更多的现金；尽管这无疑会给他们带来相当大的不便，但同时对他们的债权人来说却是相当大的保障。
Three pounds seventeen shillings and tenpence halfpenny (the mint price of gold) certainly does not contain, even in our present excellent gold coin, more than an ounce of standard gold, and it may be thought, therefore, should not purchase more standard bullion.
三英镑十七先令和十便士半便士（黄金的铸币价格）当然不包含超过一盎司的标准金，即使是我们现在的优质金币，因此可以认为不应购买更多的标准金条。
But gold in coin is more convenient than gold in bullion; and though, in England, the coinage is free, yet the gold which is carried in bullion to the mint, can seldom be returned in coin to the owner till after a delay of several weeks.
但硬币形式的黄金比金条形式的黄金更方便；尽管在英国，铸币是免费的，但以金条形式运往造币厂的黄金，很少能以硬币的形式返还给所有者，直到延迟几周之后。
In the present hurry of the mint, it could not be returned till after a delay of several months.
以目前造币厂的匆忙，要等几个月才能归还。
This delay is equivalent to a small duty, and renders gold in coin somewhat more valuable than an equal quantity of gold in bullion.
这种延迟相当于小额关税，并且使金币比等量的金条更有价值。
If, in the English coin, silver was rated according to its proper proportion to gold, the price of silver bullion would probably fall below the mint price, even without any reformation of the silver coin; the value even of the present worn and defaced silver coin being regulated by the value of the excellent gold coin for which it can be changed.
如果在英国硬币中，白银按照其与黄金的适当比例进行评级，那么即使不对银币进行任何改革，银条的价格也可能会低于铸币价格；甚至现在磨损和污损的银币的价值也受到可以兑换的优质金币的价值的调节。
A small seignorage or duty upon the coinage of both gold and silver, would probably increase still more the superiority of those metals in coin above an equal quantity of either of them in bullion.
对黄金和白银的铸币征收少量铸币税或关税，可能会进一步提高这些金属的硬币相对于同等数量的金条的优越性。
The coinage would, in this case, increase the value of the metal coined in proportion to the extent of this small duty, for the same reason that the fashion increases the value of plate in proportion to the price of that fashion.
在这种情况下，铸币会按照这种小额关税的程度增加所铸造的金属的价值，这与时尚使金属板的价值与该时尚的价格成比例增加的原因相同。
The superiority of coin above bullion would prevent the melting down of the coin, and would discourage its exportation.
硬币相对于金条的优越性将防止硬币熔化，并阻碍其出口。
If, upon any public exigency, it should become necessary to export the coin, the greater part of it would soon return again, of its own accord.
如果在任何公共紧急情况下有必要出口硬币，那么大部分硬币很快就会自行返回。
Abroad, it could sell only for its weight in bullion.
在国外，它只能按其重量的金条出售。
At home, it would buy more than that weight.
在家里，它会买比这个重量更多的东西。
There would be a profit, therefore, in bringing it home again.
因此，把它带回家会有利润。
In France, a seignorage of about eight per cent.
在法国，铸币税约为百分之八。
is imposed upon the coinage, and the French coin, when exported, is said to return home again, of its own accord.
据称，法国硬币在出口后会自动返回国内。
The occasional fluctuations in the market price of gold and silver bullion arise from the same causes as the like fluctuations in that of all other commodities.
金银条市场价格的偶尔波动与所有其他商品的市场价格波动的原因相同。
The frequent loss of those metals from various accidents by sea and by land, the continual waste of them in gilding and plating, in lace and embroidery, in the wear and tear of coin, and in that of plate, require, in all countries which possess no mines of their own, a continual importation, in order to repair this loss and this waste.
这些金属因海上和陆上的各种事故而经常损失，在镀金和电镀、花边和刺绣、硬币和盘子的磨损和撕裂中不断浪费，需要在所有没有自己的矿山的国家不断进口，以弥补这种损失和浪费。
The merchant importers, like all other merchants, we may believe, endeavour, as well as they can, to suit their occasional importations to what they judge is likely to be the immediate demand.
我们可以相信，像所有其他商人一样，商业进口商会尽力使他们偶尔的进口商品满足他们认为可能是直接需求的需求。
With all their attention, however, they sometimes overdo the business, and sometimes underdo it.
然而，虽然他们全神贯注，但有时他们的业务做得过头了，有时却做得不够。
When they import more bullion than is wanted, rather than incur the risk and trouble of exporting it again, they are sometimes willing to sell a part of it for something less than the ordinary or average price.
当他们进口的金条超过需要时，他们有时愿意以低于普通或平均价格的价格出售一部分，而不是承担再次出口的风险和麻烦。
When, on the other hand, they import less than is wanted, they get something more than this price.
另一方面，当他们进口的东西少于需要的时候，他们就会得到比这个价格更多的东西。
But when, under all those occasional fluctuations, the market price either of gold or silver bullion continues for several years together steadily and constantly, either more or less above, or more or less below the mint price, we may be assured that this steady and constant, either superiority or inferiority of price, is the effect of something in the state of the coin, which, at that time, renders a certain quantity of coin either of more value or of less value than the precise quantity of bullion which it ought to contain.
但是，在所有这些偶然的波动下，当金条或银条的市场价格持续稳定地持续数年，或多或少地高于或或多或少地低于铸币价格时，我们可以确信，这种稳定和恒定，无论是价格的优势还是劣势，都是硬币状态的某种效果的结果，此时，一定数量的硬币要么比它应该包含的金条的确切数量更有价值，要么比它应该包含的金条价值更低。
The constancy and steadiness of the effect supposes a proportionable constancy and steadiness in the cause.
结果的持续性和稳定性预示着原因也相应的持续性和稳定性。
The money of any particular country is, at any particular time and place, more or less an accurate measure or value, according as the current coin is more or less exactly agreeable to its standard, or contains more or less exactly the precise quantity of pure gold or pure silver which it ought to contain.
任何特定国家的货币，在任何特定的时间和地点，或多或少都是一种准确的衡量标准或价值，根据当前的硬币或多或少完全符合其标准，或者或多或少准确地包含其应包含的纯金或纯银的精确数量。
If in England, for example, forty-four guineas and a half contained exactly a pound weight of standard gold, or eleven ounces of fine gold, and one ounce of alloy, the gold coin of England would be as accurate a measure of the actual value of goods at any particular time and place as the nature of the thing would admit.
例如，如果在英国，四十四畿尼半恰好含有一磅重量的标准黄金，或十一盎司纯金和一盎司合金，那么英国的金币将在任何特定时间和地点准确地衡量商品的实际价值，正如事物的性质所承认的那样。
But if, by rubbing and wearing, forty-four guineas and a half generally contain less than a pound weight of standard gold, the diminution, however, being greater in some pieces than in others, the measure of value comes to be liable to the same sort of uncertainty to which all other weights and measures are commonly exposed.
但是，如果通过摩擦和磨损，四十四畿尼半通常含有不到一磅重量的标准黄金，然而，某些金块的减少量比其他金块的减少量更大，那么价值的衡量标准就容易受到所有其他度量衡通常面临的同样的不确定性的影响。
As it rarely happens that these are exactly agreeable to their standard, the merchant adjusts the price of his goods as well as he can, not to what those weights and measures ought to be, but to what, upon an average, he finds, by experience, they actually are.
由于这些重量和尺寸完全符合其标准的情况很少发生，商人会尽可能地调整其商品的价格，而不是根据这些重量和尺寸应该是多少，而是根据他根据经验发现的平均水平，它们实际上是多少。
In consequence of a like disorder in the coin, the price of goods comes, in the same manner, to be adjusted, not to the quantity of pure gold or silver which the coin ought to contain, but to that which, upon an average, it is found, by experience, it actually does contain.
由于硬币的类似混乱，商品的价格也以同样的方式进行调整，不是根据硬币应包含的纯金或纯银的数量，而是根据平均经验发现的实际包含的数量。
By the money price of goods, it is to be observed, I understand always the quantity of pure gold or silver for which they are sold, without any regard to the denomination of the coin.
值得注意的是，我所理解的商品的货币价格总是指出售商品的纯金或纯银的数量，而不考虑硬币的面额。
Six shillings and eight pence, for example, in the time of Edward I., I consider as the same money price with a pound sterling in the present times, because it contained, as nearly as we can judge, the same quantity of pure silver.
例如，在爱德华一世时代，我认为六先令和八便士与当今的英镑是相同的货币价格，因为据我们判断，它含有相同数量的纯银。
CHAPTER VI.
第六章。
OF THE COMPONENT PART OF THE PRICE OF COMMODITIES.
商品价格的组成部分。
In that early and rude state of society which precedes both the accumulation of stock and the appropriation of land, the proportion between the quantities of labour necessary for acquiring different objects, seems to be the only circumstance which can afford any rule for exchanging them for one another.
在资本积累和土地占有之前的早期和原始社会状态中，获得不同物品所需的劳动量之间的比例似乎是唯一能够为相互交换这些物品提供任何规则的情况。
If among a nation of hunters, for example, it usually costs twice the labour to kill a beaver which it does to kill a deer, one beaver should naturally exchange for or be worth two deer.
例如，如果在一个狩猎国家中，杀死一只海狸的劳动力通常是杀死一只鹿的两倍，那么一只海狸自然应该交换或价值两只鹿。
It is natural that what is usually the produce of two days or two hours labour, should be worth double of what is usually the produce of one day’s or one hour’s labour.
很自然，通常两天或两小时劳动的产品的价值应该是通常一天或一小时劳动产品的两倍。
If the one species of labour should be more severe than the other, some allowance will naturally be made for this superior hardship; and the produce of one hour’s labour in the one way may frequently exchange for that of two hour’s labour in the other.
如果一种劳动比另一种劳动更艰苦，自然就会对这种更艰苦的劳动给予一定的考虑。一种方式一小时劳动的产品常常可以换取另一种方式两小时劳动的产品。
Or if the one species of labour requires an uncommon degree of dexterity and ingenuity, the esteem which men have for such talents, will naturally give a value to their produce, superior to what would be due to the time employed about it.
或者，如果一种劳动需要非凡程度的灵巧和独创性，那么人们对这种才能的尊重自然会赋予他们的产品更高的价值，该价值高于其所花费的时间。
Such talents can seldom be acquired but in consequence of long application, and the superior value of their produce may frequently be no more than a reasonable compensation for the time and labour which must be spent in acquiring them.
这些人才很少能获得，除非是长期应用的结果，而其产品的卓越价值往往只不过是对获得这些人才所必须花费的时间和劳动的合理补偿。
In the advanced state of society, allowances of this kind, for superior hardship and superior skill, are commonly made in the wages of labour; and something of the same kind must probably have taken place in its earliest and rudest period.
在先进的社会中，这种对艰苦程度和技能的补贴通常是在劳动工资中提供的。类似的事情很可能在最早、最原始的时期就发生过。
In this state of things, the whole produce of labour belongs to the labourer; and the quantity of labour commonly employed in acquiring or producing any commodity, is the only circumstance which can regulate the quantity of labour which it ought commonly to purchase, command, or exchange for.
在这种情况下，全部劳动产品都属于劳动者。获取或生产任何商品时通常使用的劳动量是唯一可以调节该商品通常应该购买、命令或交换的劳动量的情况。
As soon as stock has accumulated in the hands of particular persons, some of them will naturally employ it in setting to work industrious people, whom they will supply with materials and subsistence, in order to make a profit by the sale of their work, or by what their labour adds to the value of the materials.
一旦库存在特定的人手中积累起来，他们中的一些人自然会用它来安排勤劳的人工作，他们将为他们提供材料和生活资料，以便通过出售他们的工作或通过他们的劳动增加材料的价值来赚取利润。
In exchanging the complete manufacture either for money, for labour, or for other goods, over and above what may be sufficient to pay the price of the materials, and the wages of the workmen, something must be given for the profits of the undertaker of the work, who hazards his stock in this adventure.
在将整个制造业换成金钱、劳动力或其他商品时，除了足以支付材料价格和工人工资之外，还必须为工作承担者的利润提供一些东西，而工作承担者在这次冒险中拿自己的股票冒险。
The value which the workmen add to the materials, therefore, resolves itself in this case into two parts, of which the one pays their wages, the other the profits of their employer upon the whole stock of materials and wages which he advanced.
因此，在这种情况下，工人增加到材料上的价值就分解为两部分，一部分支付他们的工资，另一部分支付雇主预付的全部材料和工资的利润。
He could have no interest to employ them, unless he expected from the sale of their work something more than what was sufficient to replace his stock to him; and he could have no interest to employ a great stock rather than a small one, unless his profits were to bear some proportion to the extent of his stock.
他不可能有兴趣雇用他们，除非他期望从出售他们的作品中获得更多的东西，而这些东西足以取代他的股票；他可能没有兴趣使用大量的股票而不是少量的股票，除非他的利润与他的股票的规模成一定比例。
The profits of stock, it may perhaps be thought, are only a different name for the wages of a particular sort of labour, the labour of inspection and direction.
也许有人会认为，股票利润只是某种特定劳动（即检查和指导劳动）的工资的不同名称。
They are, however, altogether different, are regulated by quite different principles, and bear no proportion to the quantity, the hardship, or the ingenuity of this supposed labour of inspection and direction.
然而，它们是完全不同的，受完全不同的原则管辖，并且与这种所谓的检查和指导劳动的数量、难度或独创性不相称。
They are regulated altogether by the value of the stock employed, and are greater or smaller in proportion to the extent of this stock.
它们完全由所使用的股票的价值来调节，并且与该股票的范围成比例地增大或减小。
Let us suppose, for example, that in some particular place, where the common annual profits of manufacturing stock are ten per cent.
例如，让我们假设在某个特定地方，制造业库存的共同年利润为百分之十。
there are two different manufactures, in each of which twenty workmen are employed, at the rate of fifteen pounds a year each, or at the expense of three hundred a-year in each manufactory.
有两个不同的工厂，每个工厂雇用二十名工人，每个工厂每年工资十五英镑，或者每个工厂每年花费三百英镑。
Let us suppose, too, that the coarse materials annually wrought up in the one cost only seven hundred pounds, while the finer materials in the other cost seven thousand.
我们还假设，一个工厂每年生产的粗材料仅花费 700 磅，而另一个工厂生产的精细材料则花费 7000 磅。
The capital annually employed in the one will, in this case, amount only to one thousand pounds; whereas that employed in the other will amount to seven thousand three hundred pounds.
在这种情况下，一份遗嘱每年使用的资本仅为一千英镑；而另一方所用的资金将达到七千三百英镑。
At the rate of ten per cent.
以百分之十的速度。
therefore, the undertaker of the one will expect a yearly profit of about one hundred pounds only; while that of the other will expect about seven hundred and thirty pounds.
因此，该项目的承办人预计每年的利润仅为一百英镑左右；而另一个预计约为七百三十英镑。
But though their profits are so very different, their labour of inspection and direction may be either altogether or very nearly the same.
但是，尽管他们的利润相差如此之大，但他们的检查和指导工作可能完全相同或几乎相同。
In many great works, almost the whole labour of this kind is committed to some principal clerk.
在许多伟大的作品中，几乎所有此类工作都是由某个主要职员承担的。
His wages properly express the value of this labour of inspection and direction.
他的工资恰当地体现了这种检查和指导劳动的价值。
Though in settling them some regard is had commonly, not only to his labour and skill, but to the trust which is reposed in him, yet they never bear any regular proportion to the capital of which he oversees the management; and the owner of this capital, though he is thus discharged of almost all labour, still expects that his profit should bear a regular proportion to his capital.
尽管在解决这些问题时，人们通常不仅考虑到他的劳动和技能，而且考虑到对他的信任，但这些问题与他监督管理的资本从来没有任何固定的比例；而资本的所有者，尽管因此免除了几乎所有的劳动，但仍然期望他的利润与他的资本成一定比例。
In the price of commodities, therefore, the profits of stock constitute a component part altogether different from the wages of labour, and regulated by quite different principles.
因此，在商品价格中，股票利润是一个与劳动工资完全不同的组成部分，并受到完全不同的原则的调节。
In this state of things, the whole produce of labour does not always belong to the labourer.
在这种情况下，全部劳动产品并不总是属于劳动者。
He must in most cases share it with the owner of the stock which employs him.
在大多数情况下，他必须与雇用他的股票所有者分享。
Neither is the quantity of labour commonly employed in acquiring or producing any commodity, the only circumstance which can regulate the quantity which it ought commonly to purchase, command or exchange for.
获取或生产任何商品时通常使用的劳动量也不是可以调节商品通常应该购买、命令或交换的数量的唯一情况。
An additional quantity, it is evident, must be due for the profits of the stock which advanced the wages and furnished the materials of that labour.
显然，必须为提高工资和提供劳动材料的股票利润支付额外的数量。
As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords, like all other men, love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for its natural produce.
一旦任何一个国家的土地全部成为私有制，地主就和所有其他人一样，喜欢在没有种过的地方收割，甚至对自然产物也索要租金。
The wood of the forest, the grass of the field, and all the natural fruits of the earth, which, when land was in common, cost the labourer only the trouble of gathering them, come, even to him, to have an additional price fixed upon them.
森林里的木头、田野里的草以及地上所有的天然果实，当土地是共有的时候，劳动者只需费力去采集它们，现在甚至对他来说，也需要支付额外的价格。
He must then pay for the licence to gather them, and must give up to the landlord a portion of what his labour either collects or produces.
然后，他必须支付采集许可证的费用，并且必须将其劳动采集或生产的一部分交给地主。
This portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of this portion, constitutes the rent of land, and in the price of the greater part of commodities, makes a third component part.
这部分，或者说，这部分的价格，构成了地租，并且在大部分商品的价格中构成了第三个组成部分。
The real value of all the different component parts of price, it must be observed, is measured by the quantity of labour which they can, each of them, purchase or command.
必须指出的是，价格所有不同组成部分的实际价值是通过它们各自能够购买或指挥的劳动量来衡量的。
Labour measures the value, not only of that part of price which resolves itself into labour, but of that which resolves itself into rent, and of that which resolves itself into profit.
劳动不仅衡量价格中分解为劳动的部分的价值，而且衡量分解为地租的部分的价值，以及分解为利润的部分的价值。
In every society, the price of every commodity finally resolves itself into some one or other, or all of those three parts; and in every improved society, all the three enter, more or less, as component parts, into the price of the far greater part of commodities.
在每个社会中，每种商品的价格最终都会分解为这三个部分中的一个或另一个，或全部。在每一个进步的社会中，这三者都或多或少地作为组成部分进入到大部分商品的价格中。
In the price of corn, for example, one part pays the rent of the landlord, another pays the wages or maintenance of the labourers and labouring cattle employed in producing it, and the third pays the profit of the farmer.
例如，在玉米价格中，一部分支付地主的租金，另一部分支付生产玉米的工人和劳役牲畜的工资或生活费，第三部分支付农民的利润。
These three parts seem either immediately or ultimately to make up the whole price of corn.
这三部分似乎立即或最终构成了玉米的整体价格。
A fourth part, it may perhaps be thought is necessary for replacing the stock of the farmer, or for compensating the wear and tear of his labouring cattle, and other instruments of husbandry.
第四部分，也许被认为对于更换农民的牲畜，或者补偿他的劳动牛和其他畜牧工具的磨损是必要的。
But it must be considered, that the price of any instrument of husbandry, such as a labouring horse, is itself made up of the same time parts; the rent of the land upon which he is reared, the labour of tending and rearing him, and the profits of the farmer, who advances both the rent of this land, and the wages of this labour.
但必须考虑到，任何畜牧工具（例如劳力马）的价格本身都是由相同的时间部分组成的；养育他的土地的地租，照料和养育他的劳动，以及预付这片土地的地租和这种劳动的工资的农民的利润。
Though the price of the corn, therefore, may pay the price as well as the maintenance of the horse, the whole price still resolves itself, either immediately or ultimately, into the same three parts of rent, labour, and profit.
因此，尽管谷物的价格可以支付马匹的维持费用，但整个价格仍然立即或最终分解为租金、劳动力和利润这三个部分。
In the price of flour or meal, we must add to the price of the corn, the profits of the miller, and the wages of his servants; in the price of bread, the profits of the baker, and the wages of his servants; and in the price of both, the labour of transporting the corn from the house of the farmer to that of the miller, and from that of the miller to that of the baker, together with the profits of those who advance the wages of that labour.
在面粉或粗粉的价格中，我们必须加上谷物的价格、磨坊主的利润和他仆人的工资；面包的价格、面包师的利润和仆人的工资；两者的价格都包括将谷物从农家运到磨坊主家、再从磨坊主家运到面包师家的劳动，以及那些预付该劳动工资的人的利润。
The price of flax resolves itself into the same three parts as that of corn.
亚麻的价格与玉米的价格相同，分为三个部分。
In the price of linen we must add to this price the wages of the flax-dresser, of the spinner, of the weaver, of the bleacher, etc. together with the profits of their respective employers.
在亚麻布的价格中，我们必须将亚麻整理工、纺纱工、织布工、看台工人等的工资加上他们各自雇主的利润。
As any particular commodity comes to be more manufactured, that part of the price which resolves itself into wages and profit, comes to be greater in proportion to that which resolves itself into rent.
随着任何特定商品的制造程度不断提高，价格中分解为工资和利润的部分与分解为地租的部分成比例地增大。
In the progress of the manufacture, not only the number of profits increase, but every subsequent profit is greater than the foregoing; because the capital from which it is derived must always be greater.
在制造过程中，不仅利润的数量增加，而且随后的每一次利润都大于先前的利润；因为它所源自的资本必须总是更大。
The capital which employs the weavers, for example, must be greater than that which employs the spinners; because it not only replaces that capital with its profits, but pays, besides, the wages of the weavers: and the profits must always bear some proportion to the capital.
例如，雇用织布工的资本必须大于雇用纺纱工的资本。因为它不仅用利润取代资本，而且还支付织工的工资：而利润总是与资本成一定比例。
In the most improved societies, however, there are always a few commodities of which the price resolves itself into two parts only: the wages of labour, and the profits of stock; and a still smaller number, in which it consists altogether in the wages of labour.
然而，在最进步的社会中，总有一些商品的价格只分解为两部分：劳动工资和股票利润；还有一个更小的数字，其中全部由劳动工资组成。
In the price of sea-fish, for example, one part pays the labour of the fisherman, and the other the profits of the capital employed in the fishery.
例如，在海鱼的价格中，一部分支付渔民的劳动，另一部分支付渔业资本的利润。
Rent very seldom makes any part of it, though it does sometimes, as I shall shew hereafter.
租金很少构成其中的任何一部分，尽管有时会构成其中，正如我将在下文中展示的那样。
It is otherwise, at least through the greater part of Europe, in river fisheries.
至少在欧洲大部分地区，河流渔业的情况却并非如此。
A salmon fishery pays a rent; and rent, though it cannot well be called the rent of land, makes a part of the price of a salmon, as well as wares and profit.
鲑鱼渔业需要支付租金；租金虽然不能称为土地租金，但它是鲑鱼以及商品和利润价格的一部分。
In some parts of Scotland, a few poor people make a trade of gathering, along the sea-shore, those little variegated stones commonly known by the name of Scotch pebbles.
在苏格兰的一些地方，一些穷人从事沿着海岸采集那些通常被称为苏格兰鹅卵石的杂色小石头的生意。
The price which is paid to them by the stone-cutter, is altogether the wages of their labour; neither rent nor profit makes any part of it.
石匠支付给他们的价格，完全是他们的劳动工资。租金和利润都不占其中。
But the whole price of any commodity must still finally resolve itself into some one or other or all of those three parts; as whatever part of it remains after paying the rent of the land, and the price of the whole labour employed in raising, manufacturing, and bringing it to market, must necessarily be profit to somebody.
但任何商品的整体价格最终仍必须分解为这三个部分中的一个或另一个或全部；因为在支付了土地租金以及用于种植、制造和将其推向市场的全部劳动力价格之后剩下的任何部分，都必然是某人的利润。
As the price or exchangeable value of every particular commodity, taken separately, resolves itself into some one or other, or all of those three parts; so that of all the commodities which compose the whole annual produce of the labour of every country, taken complexly, must resolve itself into the same three parts, and be parcelled out among different inhabitants of the country, either as the wages of their labour, the profits of their stock, or the rent of their land.
由于每种特定商品的价格或可交换价值，单独来看，都会分解为其中一个或另一个或所有这三个部分；因此，构成每个国家全部劳动年产品的所有商品，复杂地看，必然分解成同样的三部分，并在该国的不同居民之间分配，要么作为他们的劳动工资，要么作为他们的股票利润，要么作为他们的地租。
The whole of what is annually either collected or produced by the labour of every society, or, what comes to the same thing, the whole price of it, is in this manner originally distributed among some of its different members.
每个社会的劳动每年收集或生产的全部东西，或者说，它的全部价格，都是以这种方式最初分配给它的一些不同成员的。
Wages, profit, and rent, are the three original sources of all revenue, as well as of all exchangeable value.
工资、利润和租金是所有收入以及所有可交换价值的三个原始来源。
All other revenue is ultimately derived from some one or other of these.
所有其他收入最终都来自其中的一项或多项。
Whoever derives his revenue from a fund which is his own, must draw it either from his labour, from his stock, or from his land.
无论谁从自己的基金中获得收入，都必须从他的劳动、他的股票或他的土地中提取。
The revenue derived from labour is called wages; that derived from stock, by the person who manages or employs it, is called profit; that derived from it by the person who does not employ it himself, but lends it to another, is called the interest or the use of money.
劳动所得的收入称为工资；管理或使用股票的人从股票中获得的称为利润；一个人自己不使用它，而是将其借给他人，从中获得的收益称为利息或货币的使用。
It is the compensation which the borrower pays to the lender, for the profit which he has an opportunity of making by the use of the money.
这是借款人向贷款人支付的补偿，因为他有机会通过使用这笔钱来赚取利润。
Part of that profit naturally belongs to the borrower, who runs the risk and takes the trouble of employing it, and part to the lender, who affords him the opportunity of making this profit.
利润的一部分自然属于借款人，借款人承担风险并不辞劳苦地使用利润，而一部分则属于贷款人，贷款人为他提供赚取利润的机会。
The interest of money is always a derivative revenue, which, if it is not paid from the profit which is made by the use of the money, must be paid from some other source of revenue, unless perhaps the borrower is a spendthrift, who contracts a second debt in order to pay the interest of the first.
货币利息始终是衍生收入，如果不是从使用货币所获得的利润中支付，则必须从其他收入来源中支付，除非借款人可能是一个挥霍者，他签订了第二笔债务以支付第一笔债务的利息。
The revenue which proceeds altogether from land, is called rent, and belongs to the landlord.
完全来自土地的收入称为地租，属于地主。
The revenue of the farmer is derived partly from his labour, and partly from his stock.
农民的收入一部分来自他的劳动，一部分来自他的牲畜。
To him, land is only the instrument which enables him to earn the wages of this labour, and to make the profits of this stock.
对他来说，土地只是使他能够赚取这种劳动的工资，并从这种股票中获取利润的工具。
All taxes, and all the revenue which is founded upon them, all salaries, pensions, and annuities of every kind, are ultimately derived from some one or other of those three original sources of revenue, and are paid either immediately or mediately from the wages of labour, the profits of stock, or the rent of land.
所有税收，以及所有以此为基础的收入，所有工资、养老金和各种年金，最终都来自这三种原始收入来源中的某个或那个，并且直接或间接地从劳动工资、股票利润或土地租金中支付。
When those three different sorts of revenue belong to different persons, they are readily distinguished; but when they belong to the same, they are sometimes confounded with one another, at least in common language.
当这三种不同类型的收入属于不同的人时，它们很容易区分；但当它们属于同一类时，它们有时会相互混淆，至少在共同语言中是这样。
A gentleman who farms a part of his own estate, after paying the expense of cultivation, should gain both the rent of the landlord and the profit of the farmer.
一个绅士耕种自己的一部分田地，在支付了耕种费用后，应该既获得地主的租金，又获得农民的利润。
He is apt to denominate, however, his whole gain, profit, and thus confounds rent with profit, at least in common language.
然而，他倾向于将他的全部收益命名为利润，从而将地租与利润混为一谈，至少在通用语言中是这样。
The greater part of our North American and West Indian planters are in this situation.
我们北美和西印度种植园的大部分都处于这种情况。
They farm, the greater part of them, their own estates: and accordingly we seldom hear of the rent of a plantation, but frequently of its profit.
他们中的大部分人耕种自己的庄园：因此我们很少听说种植园的租金，而经常听到种植园的利润。
Common farmers seldom employ any overseer to direct the general operations of the farm.
普通农民很少雇用任何监督员来指导农场的一般运营。
They generally, too, work a good deal with their own hands, as ploughmen, harrowers, etc. What remains of the crop, after paying the rent, therefore, should not only replace to them their stock employed in cultivation, together with its ordinary profits, but pay them the wages which are due to them, both as labourers and overseers.
他们通常也用自己的双手做很多工作，如农夫、耙地工人等。因此，在支付地租后，剩下的农作物不仅应该代替他们用于耕种的牲畜及其普通利润，而且还应支付他们作为工人和监工应得的工资。
Whatever remains, however, after paying the rent and keeping up the stock, is called profit.
然而，在支付租金和维持库存之后剩下的东西就称为利润。
But wages evidently make a part of it.
但工资显然是其中的一部分。
The farmer, by saving these wages, must necessarily gain them.
农民通过节省这些工资，必然会获得这些工资。
Wages, therefore, are in this case confounded with profit.
因此，在这种情况下，工资与利润混为一谈。
An independent manufacturer, who has stock enough both to purchase materials, and to maintain himself till he can carry his work to market, should gain both the wages of a journeyman who works under a master, and the profit which that master makes by the sale of that journeyman’s work.
一个独立的制造商，如果有足够的库存来购买材料，并维持自己的生活直到他可以将其作品推向市场，他应该既获得在师傅手下工作的熟练工的工资，又获得大师通过出售熟练工的作品而获得的利润。
His whole gains, however, are commonly called profit, and wages are, in this case, too, confounded with profit.
然而，他的全部收益通常被称为利润，而在这种情况下，工资也与利润混为一谈。
A gardener who cultivates his own garden with his own hands, unites in his own person the three different characters, of landlord, farmer, and labourer.
一个用自己的双手耕耘自己花园的园丁，将地主、农民和工人这三种不同的性格统一在了自己身上。
His produce, therefore, should pay him the rent of the first, the profit of the second, and the wages of the third.
因此，他的产品应该支付他第一部分的地租，第二部分的利润，第三部分的工资。
The whole, however, is commonly considered as the earnings of his labour.
然而，这一切通常被视为他的劳动收入。
Both rent and profit are, in this case, confounded with wages.
在这种情况下，租金和利润都与工资混淆了。
As in a civilized country there are but few commodities of which the exchangeable value arises from labour only, rent and profit contributing largely to that of the far greater part of them, so the annual produce of its labour will always be sufficient to purchase or command a much greater quantity of labour than what was employed in raising, preparing, and bringing that produce to market.
正如在一个文明国家中，只有很少的商品的交换价值仅由劳动产生，而地租和利润对其中大部分商品的价值贡献很大，因此，其劳动的年产品总是足以购买或指挥比在生产、准备和将产品推向市场时所使用的劳动量大得多的劳动量。
If the society were annually to employ all the labour which it can annually purchase, as the quantity of labour would increase greatly every year, so the produce of every succeeding year would be of vastly greater value than that of the foregoing.
如果社会每年使用其每年能够购买的全部劳动力，由于劳动力数量每年都会大大增加，那么接下来每年的产品的价值都会比前一年大得多。
But there is no country in which the whole annual produce is employed in maintaining the industrious.
但没有一个国家将全部年产品用于维持勤劳。
The idle everywhere consume a great part of it; and, according to the different proportions in which it is annually divided between those two different orders of people, its ordinary or average value must either annually increase or diminish, or continue the same from one year to another.
到处闲散的人消耗了其中的很大一部分。而且，根据每年在这两种不同人群之间分配的不同比例，其普通价值或平均价值必须每年增加或减少，或者从一年到另一年持续相同。
CHAPTER VII.
第七章。
OF THE NATURAL AND MARKET PRICE OF COMMODITIES.
商品的自然价格和市场价格。
There is in every society or neighbourhood an ordinary or average rate, both of wages and profit, in every different employment of labour and stock.
在每个社会或邻里，在每种不同的劳动力和资本使用中，工资和利润都有一个普通的或平均的比率。
This rate is naturally regulated, as I shall shew hereafter, partly by the general circumstances of the society, their riches or poverty, their advancing, stationary, or declining condition, and partly by the particular nature of each employment.
正如我将在下文中表明的那样，这个比率自然受到调节，部分取决于社会的总体情况，他们的富裕或贫困，他们的进步、静止或衰退状况，部分取决于每种职业的特殊性质。
There is likewise in every society or neighbourhood an ordinary or average rate of rent, which is regulated, too, as I shall shew hereafter, partly by the general circumstances of the society or neighbourhood in which the land is situated, and partly by the natural or improved fertility of the land.
同样，每个社会或社区都有一个普通的或平均的租金率，正如我将在下文中说明的那样，它也受到调节，部分取决于土地所在的社会或社区的一般情况，部分取决于土地的自然或改良的肥力。
These ordinary or average rates may be called the natural rates of wages, profit and rent, at the time and place in which they commonly prevail.
这些普通率或平均率在普遍存在的时间和地点可称为工资、利润和租金的自然率。
When the price of any commodity is neither more nor less than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land, the wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in raising, preparing, and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, the commodity is then sold for what may be called its natural price.
当任何商品的价格既不高于也不低于按照自然汇率支付土地租金、劳动力工资和用于生产、准备和将其推向市场的股票利润时，该商品就会以所谓的自然价格出售。
The commodity is then sold precisely for what it is worth, or for what it really costs the person who brings it to market; for though, in common language, what is called the prime cost of any commodity does not comprehend the profit of the person who is to sell it again, yet, if he sells it at a price which does not allow him the ordinary rate of profit in his neighbourhood, he is evidently a loser by the trade; since, by employing his stock in some other way, he might have made that profit.
然后，该商品将按照其价值或将其推向市场的人的实际成本精确出售；因为，尽管用通俗的语言来说，所谓的任何商品的原始成本并不包括再次出售该商品的人的利润，但是，如果他以低于其邻国的正常利润率的价格出售该商品，那么他显然是该交易的输家。因为，通过以其他方式使用他的股票，他可能会赚取利润。
His profit, besides, is his revenue, the proper fund of his subsistence.
此外，他的利润就是他的收入，是他维持生计的适当资金。
As, while he is preparing and bringing the goods to market, he advances to his workmen their wages, or their subsistence; so he advances to himself, in the same manner, his own subsistence, which is generally suitable to the profit which he may reasonably expect from the sale of his goods.
因为，当他准备货物并将其推向市场时，他向工人预付工资或生活费；因此，他以同样的方式预支自己的生活费，这通常适合于他可以合理地期望从出售其货物中获得的利润。
Unless they yield him this profit, therefore, they do not repay him what they may very properly be said to have really cost him.
因此，除非他们给他带来利润，否则他们就不会偿还他真正付出的代价。
Though the price, therefore, which leaves him this profit, is not always the lowest at which a dealer may sometimes sell his goods, it is the lowest at which he is likely to sell them for any considerable time; at least where there is perfect liberty, or where he may change his trade as often as he pleases.
因此，虽然给他带来利润的价格并不总是经销商有时出售其商品的最低价格，但它是他在相当长的时间内可能出售商品的最低价格；至少在有完全自由的地方，或者他可以随心所欲地改变自己的行业的地方。
The actual price at which any commodity is commonly sold, is called its market price.
任何商品通常出售的实际价格称为其市场价格。
It may either be above, or below, or exactly the same with its natural price.
它可能高于、低于、或与其自然价格完全相同。
The market price of every particular commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity, or the whole value of the rent, labour, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither.
每种特定商品的市场价格是由实际进入市场的数量与那些愿意支付该商品自然价格的人的需求之间的比例来调节的，或者是为了将商品推向市场而必须支付的租金、劳动力和利润的全部价值。
Such people may be called the effectual demanders, and their demand the effectual demand; since it maybe sufficient to effectuate the bringing of the commodity to market.
这样的人可以称为有效需求者，他们的需求就是有效需求；因为它可能足以将商品推向市场。
It is different from the absolute demand.
它与绝对需求不同。
A very poor man may be said, in some sense, to have a demand for a coach and six; he might like to have it; but his demand is not an effectual demand, as the commodity can never be brought to market in order to satisfy it.
从某种意义上说，一个非常贫穷的人可能需要一辆马车和六辆马车；他可能喜欢拥有它；但他的需求不是有效需求，因为商品永远无法被推向市场来满足它。
When the quantity of any commodity which is brought to market falls short of the effectual demand, all those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither, cannot be supplied with the quantity which they want.
当进入市场的任何商品的数量低于有效需求时，所有愿意支付将其带到市场所必须支付的租金、工资和利润的全部价值的人都无法获得他们想要的数量。
Rather than want it altogether, some of them will be willing to give more.
他们中的一些人不会完全想要它，而是愿意付出更多。
A competition will immediately begin among them, and the market price will rise more or less above the natural price, according as either the greatness of the deficiency, or the wealth and wanton luxury of the competitors, happen to animate more or less the eagerness of the competition.
他们之间的竞争将立即开始，市场价格将或多或少地高于自然价格，这取决于缺陷的严重程度，或者竞争对手的财富和肆意奢侈，碰巧或多或少地激发了竞争的热情。
Among competitors of equal wealth and luxury, the same deficiency will generally occasion a more or less eager competition, according as the acquisition of the commodity happens to be of more or less importance to them.
在同等财富和奢侈的竞争者中，同样的缺陷通常会引发或多或少的激烈竞争，这取决于获得商品对他们来说是否重要。
Hence the exorbitant price of the necessaries of life during the blockade of a town, or in a famine.
因此，在城镇封锁或饥荒期间，生活必需品的价格过高。
When the quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand, it cannot be all sold to those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither.
当进入市场的数量超过有效需求时，它就不能全部卖给那些愿意支付租金、工资和利润全部价值的人，而这些租金、工资和利润必须支付才能到达市场。
Some part must be sold to those who are willing to pay less, and the low price which they give for it must reduce the price of the whole.
某些部分必须卖给那些愿意少付钱的人，而他们给出的低价必然会降低整体的价格。
The market price will sink more or less below the natural price, according as the greatness of the excess increases more or less the competition of the sellers, or according as it happens to be more or less important to them to get immediately rid of the commodity.
市场价格将或多或少地低于自然价格，这取决于过剩的程度或多或少地增加了卖方的竞争，或者取决于立即摆脱商品对他们来说或多或少的重要性。
The same excess in the importation of perishable, will occasion a much greater competition than in that of durable commodities; in the importation of oranges, for example, than in that of old iron.
同样过量的易腐烂商品进口将引发比耐用商品更激烈的竞争；例如，橙子的进口量就高于旧铁的进口量。
When the quantity brought to market is just sufficient to supply the effectual demand, and no more, the market price naturally comes to be either exactly, or as nearly as can be judged of, the same with the natural price.
当进入市场的数量刚好足以满足有效需求而不再多时，市场价格自然会与自然价格完全一致或尽可能接近。
The whole quantity upon hand can be disposed of for this price, and can not be disposed of for more.
现有的全部数量可以按此价格处理，并且不能以更多的价格处理。
The competition of the different dealers obliges them all to accept of this price, but does not oblige them to accept of less.
不同经销商的竞争迫使他们都接受这个价格，但并不迫使他们接受更低的价格。
The quantity of every commodity brought to market naturally suits itself to the effectual demand.
每种商品投放市场的数量自然适合有效需求。
It is the interest of all those who employ their land, labour, or stock, in bringing any commodity to market, that the quantity never should exceed the effectual demand; and it is the interest of all other people that it never should fall short of that demand.
所有使用其土地、劳动力或股票将任何商品推向市场的人的利益是，数量永远不应超过有效需求；它永远不应该满足这一要求，这符合所有其他人的利益。
If at any time it exceeds the effectual demand, some of the component parts of its price must be paid below their natural rate.
如果在任何时候它超过了有效需求，则其价格的某些组成部分必须以低于其自然利率的价格支付。
If it is rent, the interest of the landlords will immediately prompt them to withdraw a part of their land; and if it is wages or profit, the interest of the labourers in the one case, and of their employers in the other, will prompt them to withdraw a part of their labour or stock, from this employment.
如果是地租，地主的利益会立即促使他们收回一部分土地；如果是工资或利润，则前者是劳动者的利益，后者是雇主的利益，将促使他们从这种就业中撤回一部分劳动力或股票。
The quantity brought to market will soon be no more than sufficient to supply the effectual demand.
投放市场的数量很快将不足以满足有效需求。
All the different parts of its price will rise to their natural rate, and the whole price to its natural price.
其价格的所有不同部分将上升至其自然价格，整个价格将上升至其自然价格。
If, on the contrary, the quantity brought to market should at any time fall short of the effectual demand, some of the component parts of its price must rise above their natural rate.
相反，如果进入市场的数量在任何时候都低于有效需求，那么其价格的某些组成部分就必须高于其自然价格。
If it is rent, the interest of all other landlords will naturally prompt them to prepare more land for the raising of this commodity; if it is wages or profit, the interest of all other labourers and dealers will soon prompt them to employ more labour and stock in preparing and bringing it to market.
如果是地租，所有其他地主的利益自然会促使他们准备更多的土地来种植这种商品；如果是工资或利润，所有其他劳动者和经销商的利益很快就会促使他们雇用更多的劳动力和库存来准备并将其推向市场。
The quantity brought thither will soon be sufficient to supply the effectual demand.
运到那里的数量很快就足以满足有效需求。
All the different parts of its price will soon sink to their natural rate, and the whole price to its natural price.
其价格的所有不同部分将很快下降到其自然价格，并且整个价格将下降到其自然价格。
The natural price, therefore, is, as it were, the central price, to which the prices of all commodities are continually gravitating.
因此，自然价格可以说是中心价格，所有商品的价格都不断受到它的影响。
Different accidents may sometimes keep them suspended a good deal above it, and sometimes force them down even somewhat below it.
不同的事故有时可能会使它们悬浮在它之上很多，有时会迫使它们下降到低于它的程度。
But whatever may be the obstacles which hinder them from settling in this centre of repose and continuance, they are constantly tending towards it.
但无论有什么障碍阻碍他们安顿在这个安宁和持续的中心，他们都会不断地趋向它。
The whole quantity of industry annually employed in order to bring any commodity to market, naturally suits itself in this manner to the effectual demand.
每年用于将任何商品推向市场的工业总量自然会以这种方式适应有效需求。
It naturally aims at bringing always that precise quantity thither which may be sufficient to supply, and no more than supply, that demand.
它的目标自然是始终将精确的数量带到那里，该数量可能足以满足该需求，但最多只能满足该需求。
But, in some employments, the same quantity of industry will, in different years, produce very different quantities of commodities; while, in others, it will produce always the same, or very nearly the same.
但是，在某些就业领域，同样数量的工业，在不同的年份，生产出的商品数量却截然不同；而在其他情况下，它会产生始终相同或几乎相同的结果。
The same number of labourers in husbandry will, in different years, produce very different quantities of corn, wine, oil, hops, etc. But the same number of spinners or weavers will every year produce the same, or very nearly the same, quantity of linen and woollen cloth.
同样数量的畜牧劳动者，在不同的年份，生产的玉米、酒、油、啤酒花等的数量会大不相同。但是，同样数量的纺纱工或织布工，每年会生产相同或几乎相同数量的亚麻和呢绒。
It is only the average produce of the one species of industry which can be suited, in any respect, to the effectual demand; and as its actual produce is frequently much greater, and frequently much less, than its average produce, the quantity of the commodities brought to market will sometimes exceed a good deal, and sometimes fall short a good deal, of the effectual demand.
只有某一类工业的平均产品才能在任何方面满足有效需求；由于其实际产量常常比其平均产量高得多，有时又比其平均产量少得多，因此进入市场的商品数量有时会大大超过有效需求，有时又会大大低于有效需求。
Even though that demand, therefore, should continue always the same, their market price will be liable to great fluctuations, will sometimes fall a good deal below, and sometimes rise a good deal above, their natural price.
因此，即使这种需求应该始终保持不变，它们的市场价格也会发生很大的波动，有时会大大低于其自然价格，有时会大大高于其自然价格。
In the other species of industry, the produce of equal quantities of labour being always the same, or very nearly the same, it can be more exactly suited to the effectual demand.
在其他类型的工业中，等量劳动的产品总是相同或非常接近相同，它可以更准确地适应有效需求。
While that demand continues the same, therefore, the market price of the commodities is likely to do so too, and to be either altogether, or as nearly as can be judged of, the same with the natural price.
因此，尽管这种需求继续保持不变，但商品的市场价格也可能保持不变，并且要么完全或几乎与自然价格相同。
That the price of linen and woollen cloth is liable neither to such frequent, nor to such great variations, as the price of corn, every man’s experience will inform him.
每个人的经验都会告诉他，亚麻布和羊毛布的价格既不会像玉米价格那样频繁波动，也不会波动那么大。
The price of the one species of commodities varies only with the variations in the demand; that of the other varies not only with the variations in the demand, but with the much greater, and more frequent, variations in the quantity of what is brought to market, in order to supply that demand.
一种商品的价格仅随着需求的变化而变化；另一方的变化不仅随着需求的变化而变化，而且随着为了满足需求而进入市场的产品数量的更大、更频繁的变化而变化。
The occasional and temporary fluctuations in the market price of any commodity fall chiefly upon those parts of its price which resolve themselves into wages and profit.
任何商品市场价格的偶尔和暂时的波动主要取决于其价格中转化为工资和利润的部分。
That part which resolves itself into rent is less affected by them.
自行分解为租金的部分受它们的影响较小。
A rent certain in money is not in the least affected by them, either in its rate or in its value.
以货币形式确定的租金，无论是在其利率还是在其价值上，都不受它们的影响。
A rent which consists either in a certain proportion, or in a certain quantity, of the rude produce, is no doubt affected in its yearly value by all the occasional and temporary fluctuations in the market price of that rude produce; but it is seldom affected by them in its yearly rate.
由一定比例或一定数量的原产品构成的地租，其年价值无疑会受到该原产品市场价格的偶然和暂时的波动的影响。但它的年增长率很少受到它们的影响。
In settling the terms of the lease, the landlord and farmer endeavour, according to their best judgment, to adjust that rate, not to the temporary and occasional, but to the average and ordinary price of the produce.
在确定租赁条款时，地主和农民会根据他们的最佳判断，努力调整该价格，不是临时和偶尔的，而是农产品的平均和普通价格。
Such fluctuations affect both the value and the rate, either of wages or of profit, according as the market happens to be either overstocked or understocked with commodities or with labour, with work done, or with work to be done.
这种波动会影响工资或利润的价值和比率，具体取决于市场上的商品或劳动力、已完成的工作或待完成的工作是否库存过剩或不足。
A public mourning raises the price of black cloth (with which the market is almost always understocked upon such occasions), and augments the profits of the merchants who possess any considerable quantity of it.
公众哀悼会提高黑布的价格（在这种情况下，市场上的黑布几乎总是库存不足），并增加了拥有大量黑布的商人的利润。
It has no effect upon the wages of the weavers.
这对织布工的工资没有影响。
The market is understocked with commodities, not with labour, with work done, not with work to be done.
市场上商品库存不足，劳动力库存不足；已完成工作库存不足，待完成工作库存不足。
It raises the wages of journeymen tailors.
它提高了熟练裁缝的工资。
The market is here understocked with labour.
这里的市场劳动力库存不足。
There is an effectual demand for more labour, for more work to be done, than can be had.
对更多劳动力、更多工作的有效需求超出了现有能力。
It sinks the price of coloured silks and cloths, and thereby reduces the profits of the merchants who have any considerable quantity of them upon hand.
它降低了彩色丝绸和布料的价格，从而减少了手头有大量此类丝绸和布料的商人的利润。
It sinks, too, the wages of the workmen employed in preparing such commodities, for which all demand is stopped for six months, perhaps for a twelvemonth.
它也降低了受雇于准备这些商品的工人的工资，所有需求都停止了六个月，也许是十二个月。
The market is here overstocked both with commodities and with labour.
这里的市场商品和劳动力都过剩。
But though the market price of every particular commodity is in this manner continually gravitating, if one may say so, towards the natural price; yet sometimes particular accidents, sometimes natural causes, and sometimes particular regulations of policy, may, in many commodities, keep up the market price, for a long time together, a good deal above the natural price.
但是，尽管每一种特定商品的市场价格都以这种方式不断地（如果可以这么说的话）向自然价格倾斜；然而，有时是特殊的事故，有时是自然原因，有时是特殊的政策规定，可能会使许多商品的市场价格长期保持在比自然价格高出很多的水平。
When, by an increase in the effectual demand, the market price of some particular commodity happens to rise a good deal above the natural price, those who employ their stocks in supplying that market, are generally careful to conceal this change.
当由于有效需求的增加，某种特定商品的市场价格碰巧大幅高于自然价格时，那些利用库存供应该市场的人通常会小心地掩盖这种变化。
If it was commonly known, their great profit would tempt so many new rivals to employ their stocks in the same way, that, the effectual demand being fully supplied, the market price would soon be reduced to the natural price, and, perhaps, for some time even below it.
如果众所周知，它们的巨额利润将吸引如此多的新竞争对手以同样的方式使用它们的库存，那么，在有效需求得到充分供给的情况下，市场价格很快就会降至自然价格，甚至在一段时间内甚至低于自然价格。
If the market is at a great distance from the residence of those who supply it, they may sometimes be able to keep the secret for several years together, and may so long enjoy their extraordinary profits without any new rivals.
如果市场距离供应商的住所很远，他们有时可能能够共同保守秘密数年，并且可以在没有任何新竞争对手的情况下长期享受非凡的利润。
Secrets of this kind, however, it must be acknowledged, can seldom be long kept; and the extraordinary profit can last very little longer than they are kept.
然而，必须承认，这种秘密很少能长期保守。而超额利润的维持时间也不会比其保留时间长。
Secrets in manufactures are capable of being longer kept than secrets in trade.
制造业的秘密比贸易中的秘密能够保存更长时间。
A dyer who has found the means of producing a particular colour with materials which cost only half the price of those commonly made use of, may, with good management, enjoy the advantage of his discovery as long as he lives, and even leave it as a legacy to his posterity.
一个染工如果发现了用普通材料的一半价格制造某种特定颜色的方法，只要管理得当，他就可以在有生之年享受他的发现，甚至可以将其作为遗产留给子孙后代。
His extraordinary gains arise from the high price which is paid for his private labour.
他的非凡收益来自于他的私人劳动所付出的高昂代价。
They properly consist in the high wages of that labour.
它们正确地体现在该劳动的高工资上。
But as they are repeated upon every part of his stock, and as their whole amount bears, upon that account, a regular proportion to it, they are commonly considered as extraordinary profits of stock.
但是，由于它们在股票的每一部分上都重复出现，而且它们的总量因此与股票成一定比例，因此它们通常被认为是股票的非凡利润。
Such enhancements of the market price are evidently the effects of particular accidents, of which, however, the operation may sometimes last for many years together.
市场价格的这种上涨显然是特定事故的影响，然而，这些事故有时可能会持续多年。
Some natural productions require such a singularity of soil and situation, that all the land in a great country, which is fit for producing them, may not be sufficient to supply the effectual demand.
有些自然产品需要特殊的土壤和环境，以至于一个大国中所有适合生产这些产品的土地可能都不足以满足有效需求。
The whole quantity brought to market, therefore, may be disposed of to those who are willing to give more than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land which produced them, together with the wages of the labour and the profits of the stock which were employed in preparing and bringing them to market, according to their natural rates.
因此，进入市场的全部数量可以分配给那些愿意支付超出生产这些产品的土地租金的人，以及按照其自然比率在准备和将其推向市场时所使用的劳动工资和股票利润。
Such commodities may continue for whole centuries together to be sold at this high price; and that part of it which resolves itself into the rent of land, is in this case the part which is generally paid above its natural rate.
这些商品可能会继续以这样高的价格出售几个世纪；在这种情况下，其中转化为土地租金的部分通常是高于其自然利率支付的部分。
The rent of the land which affords such singular and esteemed productions, like the rent of some vineyards in France of a peculiarly happy soil and situation, bears no regular proportion to the rent of other equally fertile and equally well cultivated land in its neighbourhood.
提供如此独特和受人尊敬的产品的土地的租金，就像法国一些土壤和条件特别好的葡萄园的租金一样，与邻近其他同样肥沃和同样耕种良好的土地的租金不成正比。
The wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in bringing such commodities to market, on the contrary, are seldom out of their natural proportion to those of the other employments of labour and stock in their neighbourhood.
相反，在将这些商品推向市场时所使用的劳动工资和资本利润，很少会超出其邻近地区其他劳动和资本就业的自然比例。
Such enhancements of the market price are evidently the effect of natural causes, which may hinder the effectual demand from ever being fully supplied, and which may continue, therefore, to operate for ever.
市场价格的这种提高显然是自然原因的结果，它可能会阻碍有效需求的充分供给，因此可能会永远持续下去。
A monopoly granted either to an individual or to a trading company, has the same effect as a secret in trade or manufactures.
授予个人或贸易公司的垄断权与贸易或制造业的秘密具有相同的效力。
The monopolists, by keeping the market constantly understocked by never fully supplying the effectual demand, sell their commodities much above the natural price, and raise their emoluments, whether they consist in wages or profit, greatly above their natural rate.
垄断者通过从不完全满足有效需求而使市场持续处于库存不足状态，以远高于自然价格的价格出售商品，并提高其报酬，无论是工资还是利润，都大大高于自然价格。
The price of monopoly is upon every occasion the highest which can be got.
在任何情况下，垄断的价格都是可以获得的最高价格。
The natural price, or the price of free competition, on the contrary, is the lowest which can be taken, not upon every occasion indeed, but for any considerable time together.
相反，自然价格或自由竞争的价格是可以采取的最低价格，并非在所有情况下，但在任何相当长的时间里都是如此。
The one is upon every occasion the highest which can be squeezed out of the buyers, or which it is supposed they will consent to give; the other is the lowest which the sellers can commonly afford to take, and at the same time continue their business.
在任何情况下，这个价格都是可以从买家身上挤出来的最高价格，或者是他们认为他们会同意给出的最高价格。另一种是卖家通常能够承受并同时继续经营的最低价格。
The exclusive privileges of corporations, statutes of apprenticeship, and all those laws which restrain in particular employments, the competition to a smaller number than might otherwise go into them, have the same tendency, though in a less degree.
公司的专有特权、学徒期法规以及所有那些限制特定就业的法律，以及对少数人的竞争，都具有相同的趋势，尽管程度较轻。
They are a sort of enlarged monopolies, and may frequently, for ages together, and in whole classes of employments, keep up the market price of particular commodities above the natural price, and maintain both the wages of the labour and the profits of the stock employed about them somewhat above their natural rate.
它们是一种扩大的垄断，并且可能经常在很长一段时间内，在整个就业阶层中，将特定商品的市场价格保持在自然价格之上，并保持劳动力的工资和所使用的股票的利润略高于其自然率。
Such enhancements of the market price may last as long as the regulations of policy which give occasion to them.
只要政策规定允许，市场价格的这种提高就会持续下去。
The market price of any particular commodity, though it may continue long above, can seldom continue long below, its natural price.
任何特定商品的市场价格虽然可能会长期高于其自然价格，但很少会长期低于其自然价格。
Whatever part of it was paid below the natural rate, the persons whose interest it affected would immediately feel the loss, and would immediately withdraw either so much land or so much labour, or so much stock, from being employed about it, that the quantity brought to market would soon be no more than sufficient to supply the effectual demand.
无论其中的哪一部分低于自然利率，其利益受到影响的人都会立即感受到损失，并会立即撤回大量土地、劳动力或股票，以致进入市场的数量很快就不足以满足有效需求。
Its market price, therefore, would soon rise to the natural price; this at least would be the case where there was perfect liberty.
因此，它的市场价格很快就会上升到自然价格；至少在有完全自由的情况下是这样。
The same statutes of apprenticeship and other corporation laws, indeed, which, when a manufacture is in prosperity, enable the workman to raise his wages a good deal above their natural rate, sometimes oblige him, when it decays, to let them down a good deal below it.
事实上，当制造业繁荣时，学徒制度和其他公司法使工人能够将工资提高到比自然工资高很多的水平，但有时，当自然工资下降时，工人却不得不将工资大大降低。
As in the one case they exclude many people from his employment, so in the other they exclude him from many employments.
正如在前一种情况下，他们将许多人排除在他的就业之外一样，在另一种情况下，他们也将他排除在许多就业之外。
The effect of such regulations, however, is not near so durable in sinking the workman’s wages below, as in raising them above their natural rate.
然而，这些规定在使工人的工资下降到低于自然工资方面的效果并不像将工人的工资提高到高于自然工资那样持久。
Their operation in the one way may endure for many centuries, but in the other it can last no longer than the lives of some of the workmen who were bred to the business in the time of its prosperity.
一方面，它们的运作可能会持续几个世纪，但另一方面，它的持续时间不会比一些在该行业繁荣时期成长起来的工人的寿命还要长。
When they are gone, the number of those who are afterwards educated to the trade will naturally suit itself to the effectual demand.
当他们离开后，后来接受该行业教育的人数自然会适应有效需求。
The policy must be as violent as that of Indostan or ancient Egypt (where every man was bound by a principle of religion to follow the occupation of his father, and was supposed to commit the most horrid sacrilege if he changed it for another), which can in any particular employment, and for several generations together, sink either the wages of labour or the profits of stock below their natural rate.
这种政策必须像印度斯坦或古埃及的政策一样暴力（在那里，每个人都受到宗教原则的约束，必须追随其父亲的职业，如果他改变了父亲的职业，就被认为犯下了最可怕的亵渎行为），这种政策可能在任何特定的就业中，并且在几代人的时间里，使劳动工资或股票利润低于其自然率。
This is all that I think necessary to be observed at present concerning the deviations, whether occasional or permanent, of the market price of commodities from the natural price.
这就是我认为目前关于商品市场价格与自然价格的偏差（无论是偶然的还是永久性的）需要观察的全部内容。
The natural price itself varies with the natural rate of each of its component parts, of wages, profit, and rent; and in every society this rate varies according to their circumstances, according to their riches or poverty, their advancing, stationary, or declining condition.
自然价格本身随着其各组成部分（工资、利润和租金）的自然率而变化。在每个社会中，这个比率根据他们的情况、他们的富裕或贫穷、他们的进步、静止或衰退状况而变化。
I shall, in the four following chapters, endeavour to explain, as fully and distinctly as I can, the causes of those different variations.
在接下来的四章中，我将尽力尽可能全面、清晰地解释这些不同变化的原因。
First, I shall endeavour to explain what are the circumstances which naturally determine the rate of wages, and in what manner those circumstances are affected by the riches or poverty, by the advancing, stationary, or declining state of the society.
首先，我将努力解释自然决定工资率的环境是什么，以及这些环境以何种方式受到社会富裕或贫穷、社会进步、静止或衰退的影响。
Secondly, I shall endeavour to shew what are the circumstances which naturally determine the rate of profit; and in what manner, too, those circumstances are affected by the like variations in the state of the society.
其次，我将尽力说明什么情况自然决定利润率；这些情况又以何种方式受到社会状况的类似变化的影响。
Though pecuniary wages and profit are very different in the different employments of labour and stock; yet a certain proportion seems commonly to take place between both the pecuniary wages in all the different employments of labour, and the pecuniary profits in all the different employments of stock.
尽管在不同的劳动和资本使用中，货币工资和利润有很大不同；然而，在所有不同的劳动就业中的金钱工资与所有不同的资本就业中的金钱利润之间似乎通常存在一定的比例。
This proportion, it will appear hereafter, depends partly upon the nature of the different employments, and partly upon the different laws and policy of the society in which they are carried on.
下文将表明，这一比例部分取决于不同职业的性质，部分取决于从事这些职业的社会的不同法律和政策。
But though in many respects dependent upon the laws and policy, this proportion seems to be little affected by the riches or poverty of that society, by its advancing, stationary, or declining condition, but to remain the same, or very nearly the same, in all those different states.
但是，尽管在许多方面取决于法律和政策，这一比例似乎不受该社会的富裕或贫困、其进步、静止或衰退状况的影响，而是在所有这些不同的国家中保持相同或几乎相同。
I shall, in the third place, endeavour to explain all the different circumstances which regulate this proportion.
第三，我将尽力解释规定这一比例的所有不同情况。
In the fourth and last place, I shall endeavour to shew what are the circumstances which regulate the rent of land, and which either raise or lower the real price of all the different substances which it produces.
第四点，也是最后一点，我将尽力说明调节地租以及提高或降低其生产的所有不同物质的实际价格的环境是什么。
CHAPTER VIII.
第八章。
OF THE WAGES OF LABOUR.
劳动工资。
The produce of labour constitutes the natural recompence or wages of labour.
劳动产品构成劳动的自然报酬或工资。
In that original state of things which precedes both the appropriation of land and the accumulation of stock, the whole produce of labour belongs to the labourer.
在土地占有和股票积累之前的原始状态下，全部劳动产品都属于劳动者。
He has neither landlord nor master to share with him.
他既没有房东也没有主人可以与他分享。
Had this state continued, the wages of labour would have augmented with all those improvements in its productive powers, to which the division of labour gives occasion.
如果这种状态继续下去，劳动的工资将会随着生产力的提高而增加，这是劳动分工所带来的。
All things would gradually have become cheaper.
所有的东西都会逐渐变得更便宜。
They would have been produced by a smaller quantity of labour; and as the commodities produced by equal quantities of labour would naturally in this state of things be exchanged for one another, they would have been purchased likewise with the produce of a smaller quantity.
它们是由较少数量的劳动力生产的；在这种情况下，由于等量劳动生产的商品自然会相互交换，因此同样可以用较少数量的产品来购买这些商品。
But though all things would have become cheaper in reality, in appearance many things might have become dearer, than before, or have been exchanged for a greater quantity of other goods.
但是，尽管实际上所有东西都会变得更便宜，但从表面上看，许多东西可能会变得比以前更贵，或者被交换为更多数量的其他商品。
Let us suppose, for example, that in the greater part of employments the productive powers of labour had been improved to tenfold, or that a day’s labour could produce ten times the quantity of work which it had done originally; but that in a particular employment they had been improved only to double, or that a day’s labour could produce only twice the quantity of work which it had done before.
例如，让我们假设，在大部分就业中，劳动的生产力已经提高到十倍，或者一天的劳动可以产生十倍于原来所做的工作量；但在特定的工作中，它们仅提高了一倍，或者一天的劳动只能产生以前所做工作量的两倍。
In exchanging the produce of a day’s labour in the greater part of employments for that of a day’s labour in this particular one, ten times the original quantity of work in them would purchase only twice the original quantity in it.
在将大部分就业中一天的劳动产品换成某一特定就业中一天的劳动产品时，这些就业中原来工作量的十倍只能购买到原来工作量的两倍。
Any particular quantity in it, therefore, a pound weight, for example, would appear to be five times dearer than before.
因此，其中的任何特定数量，例如一磅重量，看起来都会比以前贵五倍。
In reality, however, it would be twice as cheap.
但实际上，它会便宜两倍。
Though it required five times the quantity of other goods to purchase it, it would require only half the quantity of labour either to purchase or to produce it.
尽管购买它需要五倍于其他商品的数量，但购买或生产它只需要一半的劳动力。
The acquisition, therefore, would be twice as easy as before.
因此，收购将比以前容易一倍。
But this original state of things, in which the labourer enjoyed the whole produce of his own labour, could not last beyond the first introduction of the appropriation of land and the accumulation of stock.
但是，这种劳动者享有自己劳动的全部产品的原始状态，在土地占有和股票积累首次出现之后就无法持续下去了。
It was at an end, therefore, long before the most considerable improvements were made in the productive powers of labour; and it would be to no purpose to trace further what might have been its effects upon the recompence or wages of labour.
因此，早在劳动生产力取得最显着的进步之前，它就已经结束了。进一步追踪它对劳动报酬或工资可能产生的影响是没有意义的。
As soon as land becomes private property, the landlord demands a share of almost all the produce which the labourer can either raise or collect from it.
一旦土地成为私有财产，地主就要求分享劳动者可以从土地上种植或收取的几乎所有产品。
His rent makes the first deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land.
他的地租首先从土地上的劳动产品中扣除。
It seldom happens that the person who tills the ground has wherewithal to maintain himself till he reaps the harvest.
耕地的人很少有足够的资金维持自己直到收获。
His maintenance is generally advanced to him from the stock of a master, the farmer who employs him, and who would have no interest to employ him, unless he was to share in the produce of his labour, or unless his stock was to be replaced to him with a profit.
他的生活费通常是从主人（雇用他的农民）的股票中预支给他的，而主人没有兴趣雇用他，除非他要分享他的劳动产品，或者除非他的股票要用利润来代替他。
This profit makes a second deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land.
这个利润是从土地上的劳动产品中第二次扣除的。
The produce of almost all other labour is liable to the like deduction of profit.
几乎所有其他劳动的产品都应同样扣除利润。
In all arts and manufactures, the greater part of the workmen stand in need of a master, to advance them the materials of their work, and their wages and maintenance, till it be completed.
在所有艺术和制造业中，大部分工人都需要一位师傅来预支他们的工作材料、工资和生活费，直到工作完成。
He shares in the produce of their labour, or in the value which it adds to the materials upon which it is bestowed; and in this share consists his profit.
他分享他们的劳动成果，或者分享其赋予材料的价值；他的利润就包含在这个份额中。
It sometimes happens, indeed, that a single independent workman has stock sufficient both to purchase the materials of his work, and to maintain himself till it be completed.
事实上，有时会发生这样的情况：一个独立的工人有足够的库存来购买他的工作材料，并维持自己直到工作完成。
He is both master and workman, and enjoys the whole produce of his own labour, or the whole value which it adds to the materials upon which it is bestowed.
他既是主人又是工人，享受着自己劳动的全部产品，或者说是其赋予材料的全部价值。
It includes what are usually two distinct revenues, belonging to two distinct persons, the profits of stock, and the wages of labour.
它包括通常属于两个不同人的两种不同收入：股票利润和劳动工资。
Such cases, however, are not very frequent; and in every part of Europe twenty workmen serve under a master for one that is independent, and the wages of labour are everywhere understood to be, what they usually are, when the labourer is one person, and the owner of the stock which employs him another.
然而，这种情况并不常见；在欧洲各地，有二十名工人为一位独立的主人服务，当工人是一个人，而雇用他的股票的所有者是另一个人时，劳动工资在任何地方都被理解为通常的工资。
What are the common wages of labour, depends everywhere upon the contract usually made between those two parties, whose interests are by no means the same.
劳动的共同工资是多少，在任何地方都取决于通常在利益截然不同的两方之间签订的合同。
The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give as little, as possible.
工人希望得到尽可能多的东西，而主人则希望给予尽可能少的东西。
The former are disposed to combine in order to raise, the latter in order to lower, the wages of labour.
前者倾向于联合起来以提高劳动工资，后者则倾向于联合起来以降低劳动工资。
It is not, however, difficult to foresee which of the two parties must, upon all ordinary occasions, have the advantage in the dispute, and force the other into a compliance with their terms.
然而，不难预见，在所有普通情况下，两方中的哪一方必定在争端中占据优势，并迫使另一方遵守其条款。
The masters, being fewer in number, can combine much more easily: and the law, besides, authorises, or at least does not prohibit, their combinations, while it prohibits those of the workmen.
主人数量较少，因此更容易联合起来：此外，法律授权或至少不禁止他们的联合，而禁止工人的联合。
We have no acts of parliament against combining to lower the price of work, but many against combining to raise it.
我们没有议会法案反对联合降低工作价格，但有许多议会法案反对联合提高工作价格。
In all such disputes, the masters can hold out much longer.
在所有此类争论中，大师们都能坚持得更久。
A landlord, a farmer, a master manufacturer, or merchant, though they did not employ a single workman, could generally live a year or two upon the stocks, which they have already acquired.
地主、农民、大制造商或商人，虽然没有雇用任何工人，但一般靠他们已经获得的库存可以维持一两年的生活。
Many workmen could not subsist a week, few could subsist a month, and scarce any a year, without employment.
如果没有工作，许多工人就无法维持一周的生活，很少有人能够维持一个月的生活，甚至几乎没有一年的生活。
In the long run, the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him; but the necessity is not so immediate.
从长远来看，工人对他的主人来说可能就像他的主人对他一样重要。但这种必要性并不是那么迫切。
We rarely hear, it has been said, of the combinations of masters, though frequently of those of workmen.
据说，我们很少听到大师的组合，尽管经常听到工人的组合。
But whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject.
但如果有人因此而认为大师们很少联合起来，那么他对这个世界就像对这个学科一样无知。
Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform, combination, not to raise the wages of labour above their actual rate.
主人无论何时何地都以一种心照不宣、但持续一致的组合方式，不将劳动工资提高到高于其实际工资水平。
To violate this combination is everywhere a most unpopular action, and a sort of reproach to a master among his neighbours and equals.
违反这种结合在任何地方都是最不受欢迎的行为，也是邻居和平等者对主人的一种谴责。
We seldom, indeed, hear of this combination, because it is the usual, and, one may say, the natural state of things, which nobody ever hears of.
事实上，我们很少听说过这种组合，因为这是通常的情况，也可以说是事物的自然状态，没有人听说过。
Masters, too, sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labour even below this rate.
大师们有时也会采取特定的组合，将劳动工资压低到这个水平以下。
These are always conducted with the utmost silence and secrecy till the moment of execution; and when the workmen yield, as they sometimes do without resistance, though severely felt by them, they are never heard of by other people.
这些行动总是在极其安静和保密的情况下进行，直到执行为止；当工人们屈服时，有时他们会毫无抵抗地屈服，尽管他们对此深有感触，但其他人却从未听说过他们。
Such combinations, however, are frequently resisted by a contrary defensive combination of the workmen, who sometimes, too, without any provocation of this kind, combine, of their own accord, to raise the price of their labour.
然而，这种联合常常遭到相反的工人防御性联合的抵制，有时，在没有任何此类挑衅的情况下，工人也会自愿联合起来，以提高他们的劳动价格。
Their usual pretences are, sometimes the high price of provisions, sometimes the great profit which their masters make by their work.
他们通常的借口是，有时是高价的粮食，有时是他们的主人通过他们的工作赚取的巨额利润。
But whether their combinations be offensive or defensive, they are always abundantly heard of.
但无论他们的组合是进攻还是防守，他们总是被广泛听说。
In order to bring the point to a speedy decision, they have always recourse to the loudest clamour, and sometimes to the most shocking violence and outrage.
为了使问题迅速得到解决，他们总是诉诸最大的喧嚣，有时甚至诉诸最令人震惊的暴力和愤怒。
They are desperate, and act with the folly and extravagance of desperate men, who must either starve, or frighten their masters into an immediate compliance with their demands.
他们是绝望的，他们的行为就像绝望的人一样愚蠢和奢侈，这些人要么挨饿，要么吓唬他们的主人立即满足他们的要求。
The masters, upon these occasions, are just as clamorous upon the other side, and never cease to call aloud for the assistance of the civil magistrate, and the rigorous execution of those laws which have been enacted with so much severity against the combination of servants, labourers, and journeymen.
在这种情况下，主人们在另一边也同样吵闹，不停地大声呼吁民事法官的协助，并严格执行那些针对仆人、劳工和熟练工的联合而制定的法律。
The workmen, accordingly, very seldom derive any advantage from the violence of those tumultuous combinations, which, partly from the interposition of the civil magistrate, partly from the superior steadiness of the masters, partly from the necessity which the greater part of the workmen are under of submitting for the sake of present subsistence, generally end in nothing but the punishment or ruin of the ringleaders.
因此，工人们很少能从这些骚乱的联合体的暴力中得到任何好处，这些联合体的结果通常除了对头目的惩罚或毁灭之外，什么也没有。
But though, in disputes with their workmen, masters must generally have the advantage, there is, however, a certain rate, below which it seems impossible to reduce, for any considerable time, the ordinary wages even of the lowest species of labour.
但是，虽然在与工人的纠纷中，主人通常必须占据优势，但是，存在一定的比率，在相当长的时间内，即使是最低劳动种的普通工资，似乎也不可能降低到低于该比率。
A man must always live by his work, and his wages must at least be sufficient to maintain him.
一个人必须永远靠工作生活，他的工资至少必须足以维持他的生活。
They must even upon most occasions be somewhat more, otherwise it would be impossible for him to bring up a family, and the race of such workmen could not last beyond the first generation.
在大多数情况下，他们甚至必须多一些，否则他就不可能养育一个家庭，而且这样的工人的种族也不能延续到第一代之后。
Mr Cantillon seems, upon this account, to suppose that the lowest species of common labourers must everywhere earn at least double their own maintenance, in order that, one with another, they may be enabled to bring up two children; the labour of the wife, on account of her necessary attendance on the children, being supposed no more than sufficient to provide for herself: But one half the children born, it is computed, die before the age of manhood.
因此，坎蒂隆先生似乎认为，在任何地方，最低等的普通劳动者都必须赚取至少两倍于自己的生活费，这样，他们才能养育两个孩子。妻子的劳动，由于她必须照顾孩子，被认为不足以养活她自己：但据计算，所出生的孩子有一半在成年之前就去世了。
The poorest labourers, therefore, according to this account, must, one with another, attempt to rear at least four children, in order that two may have an equal chance of living to that age.
因此，根据这一说法，最贫穷的劳动者必须共同努力抚养至少四个孩子，以便两个孩子有平等的机会活到那个年龄。
But the necessary maintenance of four children, it is supposed, may be nearly equal to that of one man.
但据推测，四个孩子所需的赡养费可能几乎相当于一个男人的赡养费。
The labour of an able-bodied slave, the same author adds, is computed to be worth double his maintenance; and that of the meanest labourer, he thinks, cannot be worth less than that of an able-bodied slave.
这位作者还补充说，一个身体健全的奴隶的劳动价值是他的生活费的两倍。他认为，最卑微的劳动者的价值也不可能低于一个身体健全的奴隶的价值。
Thus far at least seems certain, that, in order to bring up a family, the labour of the husband and wife together must, even in the lowest species of common labour, be able to earn something more than what is precisely necessary for their own maintenance; but in what proportion, whether in that above-mentioned, or any other, I shall not take upon me to determine.
到目前为止，至少似乎可以肯定的是，为了养育一个家庭，丈夫和妻子共同的劳动，即使是最低级的共同劳动，也必须能够赚到比他们自己维持生计所必需的更多的东西；但具体比例是多少，无论是上述比例还是其他比例，我不会自行决定。
There are certain circumstances, however, which sometimes give the labourers an advantage, and enable them to raise their wages considerably above this rate, evidently the lowest which is consistent with common humanity.
然而，在某些情况下，有时会给劳动者带来优势，使他们能够将工资大大提高到高于这个水平，显然是符合普遍人性的最低水平。
When in any country the demand for those who live by wages, labourers, journeymen, servants of every kind, is continually increasing; when every year furnishes employment for a greater number than had been employed the year before, the workmen have no occasion to combine in order to raise their wages.
在任何国家，对那些靠工资生活的人、劳工、熟练工、各种仆人的需求都在不断增加；当每年提供的就业人数多于前一年时，工人就没有机会联合起来以提高工资。
The scarcity of hands occasions a competition among masters, who bid against one another in order to get workmen, and thus voluntarily break through the natural combination of masters not to raise wages.
人手的稀缺，引发了师傅们之间的竞争，他们为了得到工人而互相竞价，从而自愿突破师傅们的自然组合，不提高工资。
The demand for those who live by wages, it is evident, cannot increase but in proportion to the increase of the funds which are destined to the payment of wages.
显然，对靠工资生活的人的需求只能随着用于支付工资的资金的增加而增加。
These funds are of two kinds, first, the revenue which is over and above what is necessary for the maintenance; and, secondly, the stock which is over and above what is necessary for the employment of their masters.
这些资金有两种，一是超出维护所需的收入；二是超出维持所需的收入。其次，库存超出了其主人就业所需的数量。
When the landlord, annuitant, or monied man, has a greater revenue than what he judges sufficient to maintain his own family, he employs either the whole or a part of the surplus in maintaining one or more menial servants.
当地主、年金领取者或有钱人的收入超过他认为足以维持自己家庭的收入时，他就会使用全部或部分剩余来维持一名或多名仆人。
Increase this surplus, and he will naturally increase the number of those servants.
增加这个剩余，他自然会增加那些仆人的数量。
When an independent workman, such as a weaver or shoemaker, has got more stock than what is sufficient to purchase the materials of his own work, and to maintain himself till he can dispose of it, he naturally employs one or more journeymen with the surplus, in order to make a profit by their work.
当一个独立工人，例如织布工或鞋匠，拥有的库存多于足以购买自己工作的材料并维持自己的生活直到他可以处理这些材料时，他自然会雇用一名或多名熟练工人以剩余，以便通过他们的工作赚取利润。
Increase this surplus, and he will naturally increase the number of his journeymen.
增加这个剩余，他自然会增加他手下熟练工的数量。
The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, necessarily increases with the increase of the revenue and stock of every country, and cannot possibly increase without it.
因此，对靠工资生活的人的需求必然随着各国收入和存量的增加而增加，而没有收入和存量的增加就不可能增加。
The increase of revenue and stock is the increase of national wealth.
收入和存量的增加就是国民财富的增加。
The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, naturally increases with the increase of national wealth, and cannot possibly increase without it.
因此，对那些靠工资生活的人的需求自然会随着国民财富的增加而增加，而且如果没有国民财富的增加，就不可能增加。
It is not the actual greatness of national wealth, but its continual increase, which occasions a rise in the wages of labour.
导致劳动工资上涨的并不是国民财富的实际数量，而是国民财富的持续增长。
It is not, accordingly, in the richest countries, but in the most thriving, or in those which are growing rich the fastest, that the wages of labour are highest.
因此，劳动工资最高的国家不是最富裕的国家，而是最繁荣的国家，或者说富裕最快的国家。
England is certainly, in the present times, a much richer country than any part of North America.
在当今时代，英格兰无疑是一个比北美任何地区都富裕得多的国家。
The wages of labour, however, are much higher in North America than in any part of England.
然而，北美的劳动工资比英格兰任何地区都高得多。
In the province of New York, common labourers earned in 1773, before the commencement of the late disturbances, three shillings and sixpence currency, equal to two shillings sterling, a-day; ship-carpenters, ten shillings and sixpence currency, with a pint of rum, worth sixpence sterling, equal in all to six shillings and sixpence sterling; house-carpenters and bricklayers, eight shillings currency, equal to four shillings and sixpence sterling; journeymen tailors, five shillings currency, equal to about two shillings and tenpence sterling.
1773年，在最近的骚乱开始之前，纽约省的普通劳动者每天赚取三先令六便士货币，相当于两先令英镑；船木匠，十先令六便士货币，一品脱朗姆酒，价值六便士英镑，总共等于六先令六便士英镑；木匠和瓦匠，八先令货币，等于四先令六便士英镑；熟练裁缝，五先令货币，约等于两先令加十便士英镑。
These prices are all above the London price; and wages are said to be as high in the other colonies as in New York.
这些价格均高于伦敦价格；据说其他殖民地的工资和纽约一样高。
The price of provisions is everywhere in North America much lower than in England.
北美各地的粮食价格都比英国低得多。
A dearth has never been known there.
那里从来没有发生过饥荒。
In the worst seasons they have always had a sufficiency for themselves, though less for exportation.
在最糟糕的季节，他们总是能自给自足，尽管用于出口的量较少。
If the money price of labour, therefore, be higher than it is anywhere in the mother-country, its real price, the real command of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which it conveys to the labourer, must be higher in a still greater proportion.
因此，如果劳动的货币价格比母国任何地方都高，那么它的实际价格，即它向劳动者提供的对生活必需品和便利设施的实际控制权，就必须以更大的比例更高。
But though North America is not yet so rich as England, it is much more thriving, and advancing with much greater rapidity to the further acquisition of riches.
尽管北美还没有英国那么富裕，但它却更加繁荣，并且以更快的速度前进以进一步获得财富。
The most decisive mark of the prosperity of any country is the increase of the number of its inhabitants.
任何国家繁荣的最决定性标志是其居民数量的增加。
In Great Britain, and most other European countries, they are not supposed to double in less than five hundred years.
在英国和大多数其他欧洲国家，这一数字在不到五百年的时间内不会翻倍。
In the British colonies in North America, it has been found that they double in twenty or five-and-twenty years.
在北美的英国殖民地，人们发现它们在二十年或五年、二十年内翻了一番。
Nor in the present times is this increase principally owing to the continual importation of new inhabitants, but to the great multiplication of the species.
在当今时代，这种增长主要不是由于新居民的不断输入，而是由于物种的大量繁殖。
Those who live to old age, it is said, frequently see there from fifty to a hundred, and sometimes many more, descendants from their own body.
据说，那些活到老年的人经常会在那里看到五十到一百个，有时甚至更多的后代。
Labour is there so well rewarded, that a numerous family of children, instead of being a burden, is a source of opulence and prosperity to the parents.
在那里，劳动得到了如此丰厚的回报，以至于众多的孩子家庭不再成为负担，反而成为父母富裕和繁荣的源泉。
The labour of each child, before it can leave their house, is computed to be worth a hundred pounds clear gain to them.
每个孩子的劳动，在离开他们的家之前，都会被计算为对他们来说价值一百英镑的净收益。
A young widow with four or five young children, who, among the middling or inferior ranks of people in Europe, would have so little chance for a second husband, is there frequently courted as a sort of fortune.
一个有四五个孩子的年轻寡妇，在欧洲的中下阶层中，很少有机会找到第二个丈夫，却经常被视为一种财富。
The value of children is the greatest of all encouragements to marriage.
孩子的价值是对婚姻最大的鼓励。
We cannot, therefore, wonder that the people in North America should generally marry very young.
因此，我们不能奇怪北美人普遍应该很年轻就结婚。
Notwithstanding the great increase occasioned by such early marriages, there is a continual complaint of the scarcity of hands in North America.
尽管这种早婚现象导致了人口的大幅增加，但人们仍然不断抱怨北美人手短缺。
The demand for labourers, the funds destined for maintaining them increase, it seems, still faster than they can find labourers to employ.
对劳动力的需求以及用于维持劳动力的资金的增长速度似乎仍然快于他们找到劳动力的速度。
Though the wealth of a country should be very great, yet if it has been long stationary, we must not expect to find the wages of labour very high in it.
一个国家的财富虽然应该很大，但如果它长期停滞不前，我们就不能指望它的劳动工资很高。
The funds destined for the payment of wages, the revenue and stock of its inhabitants, may be of the greatest extent; but if they have continued for several centuries of the same, or very nearly of the same extent, the number of labourers employed every year could easily supply, and even more than supply, the number wanted the following year.
最大程度地用于支付居民的工资、收入和股票的资金；但是，如果这种情况持续几个世纪，而且程度相同或几乎相同，那么每年雇用的劳动力数量就很容易满足，甚至超过下一年所需的数量。
There could seldom be any scarcity of hands, nor could the masters be obliged to bid against one another in order to get them.
人手很少会出现短缺，大师们也不必为了得到人手而互相竞价。
The hands, on the contrary, would, in this case, naturally multiply beyond their employment.
相反，在这种情况下，双手自然会超出其工作范围。
There would be a constant scarcity of employment, and the labourers would be obliged to bid against one another in order to get it.
就业机会将持续稀缺，劳动者将不得不相互竞价才能获得就业机会。
If in such a country the wages of labour had ever been more than sufficient to maintain the labourer, and to enable him to bring up a family, the competition of the labourers and the interest of the masters would soon reduce them to the lowest rate which is consistent with common humanity.
如果在这样一个国家，劳动工资曾经足以维持劳动者的生活并养育一个家庭，那么劳动者的竞争和主人的利益很快就会将工资降低到符合普遍人性的最低水平。
China has been long one of the richest, that is, one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, and most populous, countries in the world.
中国长期以来一直是世界上最富有的国家之一，即世界上最肥沃、耕种最好、最勤劳、人口最多的国家之一。
It seems, however, to have been long stationary.
然而，它似乎长期处于静止状态。
Marco Polo, who visited it more than five hundred years ago, describes its cultivation, industry, and populousness, almost in the same terms in which they are described by travellers in the present times.
五百多年前，马可·波罗曾到访过这里，他描述这里的耕种、工业和人口，几乎与当今旅行者所描述的相同。
It had, perhaps, even long before his time, acquired that full complement of riches which the nature of its laws and institutions permits it to acquire.
也许，甚至早在他的时代之前，它就已经获得了其法律和制度的性质允许它获得的全部财富。
The accounts of all travellers, inconsistent in many other respects, agree in the low wages of labour, and in the difficulty which a labourer finds in bringing up a family in China.
所有旅行者的叙述在许多其他方面都不一致，但都一致认为中国的劳动工资很低，而且工人在养育家庭方面遇到困难。
If by digging the ground a whole day he can get what will purchase a small quantity of rice in the evening, he is contented.
如果挖了一整天的地，晚上能买到少量的米，他就心满意足了。
The condition of artificers is, if possible, still worse.
如果可能的话，技师们的处境甚至更糟。
Instead of waiting indolently in their work-houses for the calls of their customers, as in Europe, they are continually running about the streets with the tools of their respective trades, offering their services, and, as it were, begging employment.
他们不像在欧洲那样在济贫院里懒洋洋地等待顾客的电话，而是不断地拿着各自行业的工具在街上跑来跑去，提供服务，并且可以说是乞求就业。
The poverty of the lower ranks of people in China far surpasses that of the most beggarly nations in Europe.
中国底层人民的贫困程度远远超过欧洲最贫穷的国家。
In the neighbourhood of Canton, many hundred, it is commonly said, many thousand families have no habitation on the land, but live constantly in little fishing-boats upon the rivers and canals.
人们常说，在广州附近，有数百户、数千户人家在陆地上无居所，只能住在河流和运河上的小渔船上。
The subsistence which they find there is so scanty, that they are eager to fish up the nastiest garbage thrown overboard from any European ship.
他们发现那里的生活是如此匮乏，以至于他们渴望打捞从任何欧洲船只上扔下的最肮脏的垃圾。
Any carrion, the carcase of a dead dog or cat, for example, though half putrid and stinking, is as welcome to them as the most wholesome food to the people of other countries.
任何腐肉，例如死狗或死猫的尸体，尽管半腐烂且发臭，但对他们来说就像对其他国家的人民最健康的食物一样受欢迎。
Marriage is encouraged in China, not by the profitableness of children, but by the liberty of destroying them.
中国鼓励婚姻，不是为了孩子的利益，而是为了摧毁孩子的自由。
In all great towns, several are every night exposed in the street, or drowned like puppies in the water.
在所有的大城市里，每天晚上都有几个人暴露在街上，或者像小狗一样淹死在水里。
The performance of this horrid office is even said to be the avowed business by which some people earn their subsistence.
这个可怕的办公室的表现甚至被认为是一些人谋生的公开业务。
China, however, though it may, perhaps, stand still, does not seem to go backwards.
然而，中国虽然可能停滞不前，但似乎并没有倒退。
Its towns are nowhere deserted by their inhabitants.
它的城镇没有被居民遗弃的地方。
The lands which had once been cultivated, are nowhere neglected.
曾经耕种过的土地现在没有任何地方被忽视。
The same, or very nearly the same, annual labour, must, therefore, continue to be performed, and the funds destined for maintaining it must not, consequently, be sensibly diminished.
因此，必须继续进行相同或几乎相同的年度劳动，并且用于维持该劳动的资金不得因此明显减少。
The lowest class of labourers, therefore, notwithstanding their scanty subsistence, must some way or another make shift to continue their race so far as to keep up their usual numbers.
因此，最底层的劳动者，尽管生活水平微薄，也必须以某种方式做出改变，继续他们的竞赛，以保持他们通常的人数。
But it would be otherwise in a country where the funds destined for the maintenance of labour were sensibly decaying.
但在一个用于维持劳动力的资金明显减少的国家，情况就不同了。
Every year the demand for servants and labourers would, in all the different classes of employments, be less than it had been the year before.
每年，在所有不同类别的就业中，对仆人和劳工的需求都会比前一年减少。
Many who had been bred in the superior classes, not being able to find employment in their own business, would be glad to seek it in the lowest.
许多出身于上流社会的人，无法在自己的行业中找到工作，就会很乐意到下层社会去寻找工作。
The lowest class being not only overstocked with its own workmen, but with the overflowings of all the other classes, the competition for employment would be so great in it, as to reduce the wages of labour to the most miserable and scanty subsistence of the labourer.
最低阶级不仅自己的工人过剩，而且与所有其他阶级的工人过剩一样，其中的就业竞争将如此激烈，以至于将劳动工资降低到劳动者最悲惨和微薄的生活水平。
Many would not be able to find employment even upon these hard terms, but would either starve, or be driven to seek a subsistence, either by begging, or by the perpetration perhaps, of the greatest enormities.
即使在这些艰苦的条件下，许多人也无法找到工作，而是要么挨饿，要么被迫通过乞讨或可能犯下最严重的罪行来谋生。
Want, famine, and mortality, would immediately prevail in that class, and from thence extend themselves to all the superior classes, till the number of inhabitants in the country was reduced to what could easily be maintained by the revenue and stock which remained in it, and which had escaped either the tyranny or calamity which had destroyed the rest.
匮乏、饥荒和死亡将立即在这个阶级中盛行，并从那里蔓延到所有上层阶级，直到该国的居民数量减少到可以通过剩余的收入和股票轻松维持的水平，而这些收入和股票逃脱了摧毁其他人的暴政或灾难。
This, perhaps, is nearly the present state of Bengal, and of some other of the English settlements in the East Indies.
这也许就是孟加拉以及东印度群岛其他一些英国定居点的现状。
In a fertile country, which had before been much depopulated, where subsistence, consequently, should not be very difficult, and where, notwithstanding, three or four hundred thousand people die of hunger in one year, we may be assured that the funds destined for the maintenance of the labouring poor are fast decaying.
在一个肥沃的国家，以前人口已经大大减少，因此，生存应该不是很困难，尽管一年内有三四十万人死于饥饿，但我们可以确信，用于维持劳动穷人的资金正在迅速减少。
The difference between the genius of the British constitution, which protects and governs North America, and that of the mercantile company which oppresses and domineers in the East Indies, cannot, perhaps, be better illustrated than by the different state of those countries.
保护和治理北美的英国宪法的天才与压迫和统治东印度群岛的商业公司的天才之间的区别也许不能比这些国家的不同状况更好地说明。
The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the necessary effect, so it is the natural symptom of increasing national wealth.
因此，慷慨的劳动报酬既然是国民财富增加的必然效果，那么它就是国民财富增加的自然症状。
The scanty maintenance of the labouring poor, on the other hand, is the natural symptom that things are at a stand, and their starving condition, that they are going fast backwards.
另一方面，劳动穷人的维持不足是事情陷入停滞的自然症状，他们的饥饿状况是他们正在快速倒退。
In Great Britain, the wages of labour seem, in the present times, to be evidently more than what is precisely necessary to enable the labourer to bring up a family.
在英国，目前的劳动工资似乎明显超过了劳动者养家糊口所需的工资。
In order to satisfy ourselves upon this point, it will not be necessary to enter into any tedious or doubtful calculation of what may be the lowest sum upon which it is possible to do this.
为了使我们在这一点上感到满意，没有必要对可能做到这一点的最低金额进行任何繁琐或可疑的计算。
There are many plain symptoms, that the wages of labour are nowhere in this country regulated by this lowest rate, which is consistent with common humanity.
有许多明显的症状表明，这个国家的劳动工资根本没有受到这种最低水平的调节，这符合普遍人性。
First, in almost every part of Great Britain there is a distinction, even in the lowest species of labour, between summer and winter wages.
首先，在英国几乎每个地方，即使是最低等的劳动力，夏季和冬季工资之间也存在区别。
Summer wages are always highest.
夏季工资总是最高的。
But, on account of the extraordinary expense of fuel, the maintenance of a family is most expensive in winter.
但是，由于燃料费用高昂，家庭的维持费用在冬季最为昂贵。
Wages, therefore, being highest when this expense is lowest, it seems evident that they are not regulated by what is necessary for this expense, but by the quantity and supposed value of the work.
因此，当这项费用最低时，工资最高，显然，工资并不是由这项费用所需的费用来调节的，而是由工作的数量和假定的价值来调节的。
A labourer, it may be said, indeed, ought to save part of his summer wages, in order to defray his winter expense; and that, through the whole year, they do not exceed what is necessary to maintain his family through the whole year.
可以说，工人确实应该节省夏季工资的一部分，以支付冬季的开支。并且在这一整年中，这些费用不会超过维持他的家庭全年所需的费用。
A slave, however, or one absolutely dependent on us for immediate subsistence, would not be treated in this manner.
然而，一个奴隶，或者一个绝对依赖我们直接生存的奴隶，不会受到这种方式的对待。
His daily subsistence would be proportioned to his daily necessities.
他的每日生活必需品将与他的日常必需品成比例。
Secondly, the wages of labour do not, in Great Britain, fluctuate with the price of provisions.
其次，在英国，劳动工资不随粮食价格波动。
These vary everywhere from year to year, frequently from month to month.
这些情况每年都在变化，甚至每个月都有变化。
But in many places, the money price of labour remains uniformly the same, sometimes for half a century together.
但在许多地方，劳动力的货币价格始终保持不变，有时甚至持续半个世纪。
If, in these places, therefore, the labouring poor can maintain their families in dear years, they must be at their ease in times of moderate plenty, and in affluence in those of extraordinary cheapness.
因此，如果在这些地方，劳动穷人能够在富裕的岁月里养家糊口，那么他们一定会在富裕时期过上安逸的生活，在极其廉价的时期过上富裕的生活。
The high price of provisions during these ten years past, has not, in many parts of the kingdom, been accompanied with any sensible rise in the money price of labour.
在王国的许多地方，过去十年食品价格的高涨并没有伴随着劳动力货币价格的明显上涨。
It has, indeed, in some; owing, probably, more to the increase of the demand for labour, than to that of the price of provisions.
事实上，有些人确实如此。这可能更多是由于劳动力需求的增加，而不是粮食价格的增加。
Thirdly, as the price of provisions varies more from year to year than the wages of labour, so, on the other hand, the wages of labour vary more from place to place than the price of provisions.
第三，由于粮食价格每年的变化比劳动力工资的变化更大，因此，另一方面，各地的劳动力工资的变化也比粮食价格的变化更大。
The prices of bread and butchers’ meat are generally the same, or very nearly the same, through the greater part of the united kingdom.
在英国大部分地区，面包和肉的价格通常相同或几乎相同。
These, and most other things which are sold by retail, the way in which the labouring poor buy all things, are generally fully as cheap, or cheaper, in great towns than in the remoter parts of the country, for reasons which I shall have occasion to explain hereafter.
这些东西以及大多数其他通过零售方式出售的东西，即劳动穷人购买所有东西的方式，在大城市通常完全与该国偏远地区一样便宜，甚至更便宜，原因我将在下文中解释。
But the wages of labour in a great town and its neighbourhood are frequently a fourth or a fifth part, twenty or five-and—twenty per cent.
但大城市及其邻近地区的劳动工资常常是四分之一或五分之一，甚至是百分之二十或五百分之二十。
higher than at a few miles distance.
高于几英里的距离。
Eighteen pence a day may be reckoned the common price of labour in London and its neighbourhood.
每天十八便士可以算作伦敦及其周边地区的平均劳动力价格。
At a few miles distance, it falls to fourteen and fifteen pence.
在几英里的距离处，价格跌至十四便士十五便士。
Tenpence may be reckoned its price in Edinburgh and its neighbourhood.
在爱丁堡及其周边地区，十便士的价格可能算得上是昂贵的。
At a few miles distance, it falls to eightpence, the usual price of common labour through the greater part of the low country of Scotland, where it varies a good deal less than in England.
在几英里的距离处，它跌至八便士，这是苏格兰低地大部分地区普通劳动力的通常价格，那里的价格变化比英格兰要小得多。
Such a difference of prices, which, it seems, is not always sufficient to transport a man from one parish to another, would necessarily occasion so great a transportation of the most bulky commodities, not only from one parish to another, but from one end of the kingdom, almost from one end of the world to the other, as would soon reduce them more nearly to a level.
这种价格差异似乎并不总是足以将一个人从一个教区运送到另一个教区，但必然会引起最笨重的商品的巨大运输，不仅从一个教区到另一个教区，而且从王国的一端，几乎从世界的一端到另一端，很快就会将它们减少到几乎一个水平。
After all that has been said of the levity and inconstancy of human nature, it appears evidently from experience, that man is, of all sorts of luggage, the most difficult to be transported.
说了这么多人性的轻浮和反复无常，从经验来看，显然，在各种行李中，人是最难运输的。
If the labouring poor, therefore, can maintain their families in those parts of the kingdom where the price of labour is lowest, they must be in affluence where it is highest.
因此，如果劳动穷人能够在王国中劳动力价格最低的地区养家糊口，那么他们在劳动力价格最高的地区一定会很富裕。
Fourthly, the variations in the price of labour not only do not correspond, either in place or time, with those in the price of provisions, but they are frequently quite opposite.
第四，劳动力价格的变化不仅在地点或时间上与粮食价格的变化不一致，而且常常相反。
Grain, the food of the common people, is dearer in Scotland than in England, whence Scotland receives almost every year very large supplies.
谷物是普通民众的食物，在苏格兰比在英格兰更贵，因此苏格兰几乎每年都会收到大量供应。
But English corn must be sold dearer in Scotland, the country to which it is brought, than in England, the country from which it comes; and in proportion to its quality it cannot be sold dearer in Scotland than the Scotch corn that comes to the same market in competition with it.
但英国玉米在其原产地苏格兰的售价肯定比其原产地英格兰的价格更高。就其质量而言，它在苏格兰的售价不可能比进入同一市场与之竞争的苏格兰玉米更贵。
The quality of grain depends chiefly upon the quantity of flour or meal which it yields at the mill; and, in this respect, English grain is so much superior to the Scotch, that though often dearer in appearance, or in proportion to the measure of its bulk, it is generally cheaper in reality, or in proportion to its quality, or even to the measure of its weight.
谷物的质量主要取决于磨坊生产的面粉或粗粉的数量。在这方面，英国谷物比苏格兰谷物优越得多，尽管通常在外观上或与其体积大小成比例地更贵，但实际上，或与其质量成正比，甚至与其重量成比例，英国谷物通常更便宜。
The price of labour, on the contrary, is dearer in England than in Scotland.
相反，英格兰的劳动力价格比苏格兰贵。
If the labouring poor, therefore, can maintain their families in the one part of the united kingdom, they must be in affluence in the other.
因此，如果劳动穷人能够在联合王国的某一地区养家糊口，那么他们在另一地区也一定会富裕起来。
Oatmeal, indeed, supplies the common people in Scotland with the greatest and the best part of their food, which is, in general, much inferior to that of their neighbours of the same rank in England.
确实，燕麦片为苏格兰普通民众提供了食物中最丰富、最好的部分，但总体而言，燕麦片远远低于英格兰同等地位的邻国。
This difference, however, in the mode of their subsistence, is not the cause, but the effect, of the difference in their wages; though, by a strange misapprehension, I have frequently heard it represented as the cause.
然而，这种生存方式的差异并不是工资差异的原因，而是结果。然而，由于一种奇怪的误解，我经常听到它被描述为原因。
It is not because one man keeps a coach, while his neighbour walks a-foot, that the one is rich, and the other poor; but because the one is rich, he keeps a coach, and because the other is poor, he walks a-foot.
这并不是因为一个人拥有一辆马车，而他的邻居却用脚走路，所以一个人富有，另一个人贫穷；但因为一个人富有，所以他有一辆马车，而另一个人因为贫穷，所以他用脚走路。
During the course of the last century, taking one year with another, grain was dearer in both parts of the united kingdom than during that of the present.
在上个世纪中，时过境迁，英国两地的谷物价格都比现在要高。
This is a matter of fact which cannot now admit of any reasonable doubt; and the proof of it is, if possible, still more decisive with regard to Scotland than with regard to England.
这是一个事实，现在不允许有任何合理的怀疑；如果可能的话，这一点的证据对于苏格兰来说比对于英格兰来说更具决定性。
It is in Scotland supported by the evidence of the public fiars, annual valuations made upon oath, according to the actual state of the markets, of all the different sorts of grain in every different county of Scotland.
在苏格兰，它得到了公共财政的证据的支持，每年根据市场的实际状况，对苏格兰每个不同县的所有不同种类的谷物进行宣誓估价。
If such direct proof could require any collateral evidence to confirm it, I would observe, that this has likewise been the case in France, and probably in most other parts of Europe.
如果这种直接证据可能需要任何附带证据来证实，我认为，法国的情况也是如此，而且可能在欧洲大多数其他地区也是如此。
With regard to France, there is the clearest proof.
法国的情况最明显。
But though it is certain, that in both parts of the united kingdom grain was somewhat dearer in the last century than in the present, it is equally certain that labour was much cheaper.
尽管可以肯定的是，上个世纪英国两地的粮食价格都比现在贵一些，但同样可以肯定的是，劳动力也便宜得多。
If the labouring poor, therefore, could bring up their families then, they must be much more at their ease now.
因此，如果当时的劳动穷人能够养家糊口，那么他们现在一定更安逸了。
In the last century, the most usual day-wages of common labour through the greater part of Scotland were sixpence in summer, and fivepence in winter.
上个世纪，苏格兰大部分地区普通劳动者最常见的日工资在夏季为六便士，在冬季为五便士。
Three shillings a-week, the same price, very nearly still continues to be paid in some parts of the Highlands and Western islands.
每周三先令，同样的价格，在高地和西部岛屿的某些地区几乎仍在继续支付。
Through the greater part of the Low country, the most usual wages of common labour are now eight pence a-day; tenpence, sometimes a shilling, about Edinburgh, in the counties which border upon England, probably on account of that neighbourhood, and in a few other places where there has lately been a considerable rise in the demand for labour, about Glasgow, Carron, Ayrshire, etc. In England, the improvements of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, began much earlier than in Scotland.
在低地国家的大部分地区，普通劳动最常见的工资现在是每天八便士；在爱丁堡附近，在与英格兰接壤的县，可能是因为该地区的缘故，以及在格拉斯哥、卡伦、艾尔郡等其他一些最近劳动力需求大幅增加的地方，在英格兰，农业、制造业和商业的改善比苏格兰早得多。
The demand for labour, and consequently its price, must necessarily have increased with those improvements.
随着这些进步，对劳动力的需求及其价格必然会增加。
In the last century, accordingly, as well as in the present, the wages of labour were higher in England than in Scotland.
因此，无论是在上个世纪，还是在现在，英格兰的劳动工资都高于苏格兰。
They have risen, too, considerably since that time, though, on account of the greater variety of wages paid there in different places, it is more difficult to ascertain how much.
从那时起，工资也大幅上涨，不过，由于不同地方支付的工资差异较大，很难确定上涨幅度。
In 1614, the pay of a foot soldier was the same as in the present times, eightpence a-day.
1614年，步兵的工资与现在相同，每天八便士。
When it was first established, it would naturally be regulated by the usual wages of common labourers, the rank of people from which foot soldiers are commonly drawn.
当它刚建立时，它自然会受到普通劳动者通常工资的调节，普通劳动者通常是步兵的等级。
Lord-chief-justice Hales, who wrote in the time of Charles II.
黑尔斯大法官，在查理二世时期撰写。
computes the necessary expense of a labourer’s family, consisting of six persons, the father and mother, two children able to do something, and two not able, at ten shillings a-week, or twenty-six pounds a-year.
计算一个工人家庭的必要开支，该家庭由六口人组成，包括父亲和母亲、两个能做某事的孩子和两个不能做某事的孩子，每周十先令，即每年二十六英镑。
If they cannot earn this by their labour, they must make it up, he supposes, either by begging or stealing.
他认为，如果他们不能通过自己的劳动赚取这些钱，他们就必须通过乞讨或偷窃来弥补。
He appears to have enquired very carefully into this subject {See his scheme for the maintenance of the poor, in Burn’s History of the Poor Laws.}.
他似乎非常仔细地研究了这个主题{参见伯恩的《济贫法史》中他的穷人赡养计划。}。
In 1688, Mr Gregory King, whose skill in political arithmetic is so much extolled by Dr Davenant, computed the ordinary income of labourers and out-servants to be fifteen pounds a-year to a family, which he supposed to consist, one with another, of three and a half persons.
1688年，格雷戈里·金先生的政治算术技巧受到达维南特博士的高度赞扬，他计算出一个家庭的工人和仆人的普通收入为每年十五英镑，他认为这个家庭由三人半组成。
His calculation, therefore, though different in appearance, corresponds very nearly at bottom with that of Judge Hales.
因此，他的计算虽然表面上有所不同，但本质上与黑尔斯法官的计算非常一致。
Both suppose the weekly expense of such families to be about twenty-pence a-head.
两人都认为这样的家庭每周的开支约为二十便士。
Both the pecuniary income and expense of such families have increased considerably since that time through the greater part of the kingdom, in some places more, and in some less, though perhaps scarce anywhere so much as some exaggerated accounts of the present wages of labour have lately represented them to the public.
自那时以来，在王国的大部分地区，这些家庭的金钱收入和支出都大幅增加，有些地方增加了，有些地方减少了，尽管在任何地方可能很少见，因为最近一些夸大的劳动工资描述最近向公众展示了它们。
The price of labour, it must be observed, cannot be ascertained very accurately anywhere, different prices being often paid at the same place and for the same sort of labour, not only according to the different abilities of the workman, but according to the easiness or hardness of the masters.
必须指出的是，劳动力的价格在任何地方都无法非常准确地确定，在同一地点对同一种劳动力往往支付不同的价格，这不仅取决于工人的不同能力，而且还取决于主人的难易程度。
Where wages are not regulated by law, all that we can pretend to determine is, what are the most usual; and experience seems to shew that law can never regulate them properly, though it has often pretended to do so.
在法律没有规定工资的地方，我们只能假装确定什么是最常见的；什么是最常见的？经验似乎表明，法律永远无法对它们进行适当的监管，尽管它经常假装这样做。
The real recompence of labour, the real quantity of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which it can procure to the labourer, has, during the course of the present century, increased perhaps in a still greater proportion than its money price.
在本世纪中，劳动的实际报酬，即劳动能为劳动者带来的生活必需品和便利设施的实际数量，其增长幅度也许比其货币价格还要大。
Not only grain has become somewhat cheaper, but many other things, from which the industrious poor derive an agreeable and wholesome variety of food, have become a great deal cheaper.
不仅粮食变得稍微便宜了，而且勤劳的穷人从中获得令人愉快和有益健康的各种食物的许多其他东西也变得便宜得多。
Potatoes, for example, do not at present, through the greater part of the kingdom, cost half the price which they used to do thirty or forty years ago.
例如，目前，在王国的大部分地区，土豆的价格都不到三十或四十年前的一半。
The same thing may be said of turnips, carrots, cabbages; things which were formerly never raised but by the spade, but which are now commonly raised by the plough.
同样的情况也适用于萝卜、胡萝卜、卷心菜。以前只能用铁锹来耕作的东西，但现在通常用犁来耕作。
All sort of garden stuff, too, has become cheaper.
所有花园用品也变得更便宜。
The greater part of the apples, and even of the onions, consumed in Great Britain, were, in the last century, imported from Flanders.
上个世纪，英国消费的大部分苹果，甚至洋葱，都是从佛兰德斯进口的。
The great improvements in the coarser manufactories of both linen and woollen cloth furnish the labourers with cheaper and better clothing; and those in the manufactories of the coarser metals, with cheaper and better instruments of trade, as well as with many agreeable and convenient pieces of household furniture.
粗麻布和毛布工厂的巨大进步为劳动者提供了更便宜和更好的衣服。那些在粗金属制造厂工作的人，拥有更便宜和更好的贸易工具，以及许多令人愉快和方便的家用家具。
Soap, salt, candles, leather, and fermented liquors, have, indeed, become a good deal dearer, chiefly from the taxes which have been laid upon them.
肥皂、盐、蜡烛、皮革和发酵酒确实变得更加昂贵，这主要是由于对它们征收的税收。
The quantity of these, however, which the labouring poor are under any necessity of consuming, is so very small, that the increase in their price does not compensate the diminution in that of so many other things.
然而，劳动穷人需要消费的这些东西的数量却非常少，以至于它们价格的上涨并不能补偿许多其他东西价格的下降。
The common complaint, that luxury extends itself even to the lowest ranks of the people, and that the labouring poor will not now be contented with the same food, clothing, and lodging, which satisfied them in former times, may convince us that it is not the money price of labour only, but its real recompence, which has augmented.
人们普遍抱怨说，奢侈甚至延伸到了最底层的人民，劳动穷人现在不再满足于以前使他们满意的食物、衣服和住宿，这可能使我们相信，这不仅仅是劳动的货币价格，而是其真正的报酬的增加。
Is this improvement in the circumstances of the lower ranks of the people to be regarded as an advantage, or as an inconveniency, to the society?
这种下层人民境况的改善对社会来说是有利还是不利呢？
The answer seems at first abundantly plain.
答案乍一看似乎非常简单。
Servants, labourers, and workmen of different kinds, make up the far greater part of every great political society.
仆人、劳工和不同种类的工人构成了每个伟大政治社会的大部分。
But what improves the circumstances of the greater part, can never be regarded as any inconveniency to the whole.
但是，改善大多数人的情况，绝不能被视为对整体造成任何不便。
No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable.
如果社会的大部分成员都处于贫困和悲惨的境地，那么任何社会都不可能是繁荣和幸福的。
It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labour as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed, and lodged.
此外，为全体人民提供衣食住行的人，应该分享自己的劳动成果，使自己过上衣食住行，这也是公平的。
Poverty, though it no doubt discourages, does not always prevent, marriage.
贫穷虽然无疑会阻碍婚姻，但并不总是阻碍婚姻。
It seems even to be favourable to generation.
这似乎甚至有利于一代人。
A half-starved Highland woman frequently bears more than twenty children, while a pampered fine lady is often incapable of bearing any, and is generally exhausted by two or three.
一个半饥饿的高地妇女经常会生下二十多个孩子，而一个养尊处优的贵妇往往无法生育，而且一般生下两三个孩子就精疲力尽了。
Barrenness, so frequent among women of fashion, is very rare among those of inferior station.
不孕不育在时尚女性中很常见，但在地位较低的女性中却很少见。
Luxury, in the fair sex, while it inflames, perhaps, the passion for enjoyment, seems always to weaken, and frequently to destroy altogether, the powers of generation.
对于女性来说，奢侈也许会激发享受的热情，但它似乎总是会削弱，甚至常常完全摧毁一代人的力量。
But poverty, though it does not prevent the generation, is extremely unfavourable to the rearing of children.
但贫穷虽然不妨碍一代人，但却极其不利于子女的养育。
The tender plant is produced; but in so cold a soil, and so severe a climate, soon withers and dies.
招标植物已生产；但在如此寒冷的土壤和如此恶劣的气候下，很快就会枯萎死亡。
It is not uncommon, I have been frequently told, in the Highlands of Scotland, for a mother who has born twenty children not to have two alive.
我经常被告知，在苏格兰高地，一位生了二十个孩子的母亲没有两个孩子活着的情况并不少见。
Several officers of great experience have assured me, that, so far from recruiting their regiment, they have never been able to supply it with drums and fifes, from all the soldiers’ children that were born in it.
几位经验丰富的军官向我保证，到目前为止，他们除了招募他们的团外，还从来没有能够从出生在该团的所有士兵的孩子那里为该团提供鼓和横笛。
A greater number of fine children, however, is seldom seen anywhere than about a barrack of soldiers.
然而，在任何地方都很少能看到比士兵营里更多的优秀孩子。
Very few of them, it seems, arrive at the age of thirteen or fourteen.
他们中似乎很少有人能活到十三岁或十四岁。
In some places, one half the children die before they are four years of age, in many places before they are seven, and in almost all places before they are nine or ten.
在一些地方，一半的儿童在四岁之前就去世了，许多地方在七岁之前就去世了，几乎所有地方在九岁或十岁之前就去世了。
This great mortality, however will everywhere be found chiefly among the children of the common people, who cannot afford to tend them with the same care as those of better station.
然而，这种巨大的死亡率随处可见，主要是在普通民众的孩子中，他们无法像那些地位较高的人一样照顾他们。
Though their marriages are generally more fruitful than those of people of fashion, a smaller proportion of their children arrive at maturity.
尽管他们的婚姻通常比时尚人士的婚姻更加美满，但他们的孩子成熟的比例却较小。
In foundling hospitals, and among the children brought up by parish charities, the mortality is still greater than among those of the common people.
在弃婴医院和教区慈善机构抚养的儿童中，死亡率仍然高于普通民众。
Every species of animals naturally multiplies in proportion to the means of their subsistence, and no species can ever multiply beyond it.
每种动物的自然繁殖都与其生存手段成正比，没有任何物种的繁殖能够超出这个范围。
But in civilized society, it is only among the inferior ranks of people that the scantiness of subsistence can set limits to the further multiplication of the human species; and it can do so in no other way than by destroying a great part of the children which their fruitful marriages produce.
但在文明社会，只有低等阶层的人民生活条件的匮乏才限制了人类的进一步繁衍；这样做的唯一途径就是毁掉他们美满婚姻所生下的大部分孩子。
The liberal reward of labour, by enabling them to provide better for their children, and consequently to bring up a greater number, naturally tends to widen and extend those limits.
慷慨的劳动报酬使他们能够为自己的孩子提供更好的生活，从而抚养更多的孩子，自然会扩大和扩大这些限制。
It deserves to be remarked, too, that it necessarily does this as nearly as possible in the proportion which the demand for labour requires.
还值得指出的是，它必须尽可能地按照劳动力需求所需的比例来做到这一点。
If this demand is continually increasing, the reward of labour must necessarily encourage in such a manner the marriage and multiplication of labourers, as may enable them to supply that continually increasing demand by a continually increasing population.
如果这种需求不断增加，那么劳动报酬必然会鼓励劳动者的结婚和繁衍，使他们能够满足不断增加的人口所不断增加的需求。
If the reward should at any time be less than what was requisite for this purpose, the deficiency of hands would soon raise it; and if it should at any time be more, their excessive multiplication would soon lower it to this necessary rate.
如果报酬在任何时候低于达到此目的所需的数额，人手的不足很快就会提出来；如果在任何时候它应该更多，它们的过度繁殖很快就会将其降低到这个必要的速度。
The market would be so much understocked with labour in the one case, and so much overstocked in the other, as would soon force back its price to that proper rate which the circumstances of the society required.
在一种情况下，市场劳动力库存严重不足，而在另一种情况下，市场劳动力库存又过多，很快就会迫使其价格回到社会环境所要求的适当水平。
It is in this manner that the demand for men, like that for any other commodity, necessarily regulates the production of men, quickens it when it goes on too slowly, and stops it when it advances too fast.
正是通过这种方式，对人的需求，就像对任何其他商品的需求一样，必然调节人的生产，当生产过慢时加快生产，当生产过快时停止生产。
It is this demand which regulates and determines the state of propagation in all the different countries of the world; in North America, in Europe, and in China; which renders it rapidly progressive in the first, slow and gradual in the second, and altogether stationary in the last.
正是这种需求调节和决定了世界各国的传播状态。在北美、欧洲和中国；这使得它在第一个过程中快速前进，在第二个过程中缓慢而渐进，在最后一个过程中完全静止。
The wear and tear of a slave, it has been said, is at the expense of his master; but that of a free servant is at his own expense.
据说，奴隶的磨损是以牺牲其主人为代价的。但自由仆人的费用是由他自己承担的。
The wear and tear of the latter, however, is, in reality, as much at the expense of his master as that of the former.
然而，后者的磨损实际上与前者一样以牺牲他的主人为代价。
The wages paid to journeymen and servants of every kind must be such as may enable them, one with another to continue the race of journeymen and servants, according as the increasing, diminishing, or stationary demand of the society, may happen to require.
支付给各种熟练工和仆人的工资必须能够使他们彼此继续熟练工和仆人的竞赛，根据社会需求的增加、减少或固定。
But though the wear and tear of a free servant be equally at the expense of his master, it generally costs him much less than that of a slave.
但是，尽管自由仆人的磨损与主人的损失相同，但通常比奴隶要少得多。
The fund destined for replacing or repairing, if I may say so, the wear and tear of the slave, is commonly managed by a negligent master or careless overseer.
如果我可以这么说的话，用于更换或修复奴隶磨损的基金通常是由疏忽大意的主人或粗心的监督者管理的。
That destined for performing the same office with regard to the freeman is managed by the freeman himself.
与自由人执行相同职责的事务由自由人本人管理。
The disorders which generally prevail in the economy of the rich, naturally introduce themselves into the management of the former; the strict frugality and parsimonious attention of the poor as naturally establish themselves in that of the latter.
富人经济中普遍存在的混乱，自然而然地纳入了富人的管理之中。穷人的严格节俭和吝啬的关注自然也体现在后者身上。
Under such different management, the same purpose must require very different degrees of expense to execute it.
在这种不同的管理下，相同的目的必须需要非常不同程度的费用来执行。
It appears, accordingly, from the experience of all ages and nations, I believe, that the work done by freemen comes cheaper in the end than that performed by slaves.
因此，我相信，从所有时代和国家的经验来看，自由人所做的工作最终比奴隶所做的工作更便宜。
It is found to do so even at Boston, New-York, and Philadelphia, where the wages of common labour are so very high.
人们发现，即使在波士顿、纽约和费城，普通劳工的工资非常高，情况也是如此。
The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the effect of increasing wealth, so it is the cause of increasing population.
因此，慷慨的劳动报酬既是财富增加的结果，也是人口增加的原因。
To complain of it, is to lament over the necessary cause and effect of the greatest public prosperity.
抱怨它，就是对最大公共繁荣的必然因果感叹。
It deserves to be remarked, perhaps, that it is in the progressive state, while the society is advancing to the further acquisition, rather than when it has acquired its full complement of riches, that the condition of the labouring poor, of the great body of the people, seems to be the happiest and the most comfortable.
或许值得一提的是，在进步的状态下，当社会正在进一步获得财富时，而不是当它已经获得了全部的财富时，劳动穷人和广大人民的状况似乎是最幸福和最舒适的。
It is hard in the stationary, and miserable in the declining state.
静止时是艰难的，衰落时是痛苦的。
The progressive state is, in reality, the cheerful and the hearty state to all the different orders of the society; the stationary is dull; the declining melancholy.
进步的状态实际上是社会各阶层都欢欣鼓舞的状态；文具是沉闷的；逐渐减弱的忧郁。
The liberal reward of labour, as it encourages the propagation, so it increases the industry of the common people.
慷慨的劳动报酬，因为它鼓励繁殖，所以它增加了普通人民的工业。
The wages of labour are the encouragement of industry, which, like every other human quality, improves in proportion to the encouragement it receives.
劳动工资是对勤奋的鼓励，与其他人类素质一样，勤奋的提高与所受到的鼓励成正比。
A plentiful subsistence increases the bodily strength of the labourer, and the comfortable hope of bettering his condition, and of ending his days, perhaps, in ease and plenty, animates him to exert that strength to the utmost.
充足的生活资料增强了劳动者的体力，而改善自己的状况和结束自己的日子的安逸希望，或许能够让他在安逸和富裕中度过，激励他最大限度地发挥这种体力。
Where wages are high, accordingly, we shall always find the workmen more active, diligent, and expeditious, than where they are low; in England, for example, than in Scotland; in the neighbourhood of great towns, than in remote country places.
因此，在工资高的地方，我们总是会发现工人比工资低的地方更积极、更勤奋、更快捷。例如，在英格兰，比在苏格兰；在大城市附近，而不是在偏远的乡村地区。
Some workmen, indeed, when they can earn in four days what will maintain them through the week, will be idle the other three.
确实，有些工人在四天之内就能赚到足以维持一周生活的钱时，就会闲着另外三天。
This, however, is by no means the case with the greater part.
然而，大多数情况并非如此。
Workmen, on the contrary, when they are liberally paid by the piece, are very apt to overwork themselves, and to ruin their health and constitution in a few years.
相反，工人如果按件计酬，很容易过度劳累，几年后就会毁掉自己的健康和体质。
A carpenter in London, and in some other places, is not supposed to last in his utmost vigour above eight years.
在伦敦和其他一些地方，木匠的最大活力不应该持续八年以上。
Something of the same kind happens in many other trades, in which the workmen are paid by the piece; as they generally are in manufactures, and even in country labour, wherever wages are higher than ordinary.
类似的情况也发生在许多其他行业中，在这些行业中，工人是按件计酬的。制造业，甚至乡村劳工的情况通常如此，那里的工资高于普通人。
Almost every class of artificers is subject to some peculiar infirmity occasioned by excessive application to their peculiar species of work.
几乎每一类技工都因过度从事其特定的工作而导致某些特殊的疾病。
Ramuzzini, an eminent Italian physician, has written a particular book concerning such diseases.
意大利著名医生拉穆齐尼（Ramuzzini）专门写了一本关于此类疾病的书。
We do not reckon our soldiers the most industrious set of people among us; yet when soldiers have been employed in some particular sorts of work, and liberally paid by the piece, their officers have frequently been obliged to stipulate with the undertaker, that they should not be allowed to earn above a certain sum every day, according to the rate at which they were paid.
我们不认为我们的士兵是我们当中最勤奋的一群人；然而，当士兵受雇从事某些特定类型的工作并按件计酬时，他们的军官常常不得不与承办人约定，根据他们的工资标准，他们每天的收入不得超过一定数额。
Till this stipulation was made, mutual emulation, and the desire of greater gain, frequently prompted them to overwork themselves, and to hurt their health by excessive labour.
在这个规定制定之前，相互竞争和追求更大利益的愿望常常促使他们过度劳累，并因劳累过度而损害健康。
Excessive application, during four days of the week, is frequently the real cause of the idleness of the other three, so much and so loudly complained of.
每周四天的过度应用常常是其他三天无所事事的真正原因，因此受到如此多、如此大声的抱怨。
Great labour, either of mind or body, continued for several days together is, in most men, naturally followed by a great desire of relaxation, which, if not restrained by force, or by some strong necessity, is almost irresistible.
对于大多数人来说，无论是精神上的还是身体上的巨大劳作，持续几天，自然而然地就会产生一种强烈的放松愿望，如果没有受到武力或某种强烈的必要性的限制，这种愿望几乎是不可抗拒的。
It is the call of nature, which requires to be relieved by some indulgence, sometimes of ease only, but sometimes too of dissipation and diversion.
这是大自然的召唤，需要通过某种放纵来缓解，有时只是放松，但有时也需要放纵和消遣。
If it is not complied with, the consequences are often dangerous and sometimes fatal, and such as almost always, sooner or later, bring on the peculiar infirmity of the trade.
如果不遵守，后果往往是危险的，有时甚至是致命的，而且几乎总是迟早会导致该行业特有的衰弱。
If masters would always listen to the dictates of reason and humanity, they have frequently occasion rather to moderate, than to animate the application of many of their workmen.
如果主人总是听从理性和人性的指令，他们常常会适时地调节而不是激励许多工人的工作。
It will be found, I believe, in every sort of trade, that the man who works so moderately, as to be able to work constantly, not only preserves his health the longest, but, in the course of the year, executes the greatest quantity of work.
我相信，在各种行业中，人们会发现，工作适度、能够持续工作的人，不仅能保持健康最长，而且在一年中完成的工作量也最多。
In cheap years it is pretended, workmen are generally more idle, and in dear times more industrious than ordinary.
人们假装在廉价的年份，工人通常比平常更闲，而在昂贵的年份则比平常更勤奋。
A plentiful subsistence, therefore, it has been concluded, relaxes, and a scanty one quickens their industry.
因此，充足的生活可以使他们放松，而匮乏的生活可以促进他们的勤奋。
That a little more plenty than ordinary may render some workmen idle, cannot be well doubted; but that it should have this effect upon the greater part, or that men in general should work better when they are ill fed, than when they are well fed, when they are disheartened than when they are in good spirits, when they are frequently sick than when they are generally in good health, seems not very probable.
比平常多一点可能会使一些工人无所事事，这是毫无疑问的。但是，它应该对大多数人产生这种影响，或者说，一般来说，人们在吃得不好时应该比在吃得好时更好地工作，在沮丧时比在精神良好时应该更好地工作，在他们经常生病时比在通常健康状况良好时应该工作，似乎不太可能。
Years of dearth, it is to be observed, are generally among the common people years of sickness and mortality, which cannot fail to diminish the produce of their industry.
值得注意的是，对于普通民众来说，匮乏的岁月通常就是疾病和死亡的岁月，这必然会减少他们的工业生产。
In years of plenty, servants frequently leave their masters, and trust their subsistence to what they can make by their own industry.
在丰年里，仆人常常离开主人，依靠自己的勤劳来维持生计。
But the same cheapness of provisions, by increasing the fund which is destined for the maintenance of servants, encourages masters, farmers especially, to employ a greater number.
但同样廉价的粮食，通过增加用于维持仆人的基金，鼓励主人，特别是农民雇用更多的人。
Farmers, upon such occasions, expect more profit from their corn by maintaining a few more labouring servants, than by selling it at a low price in the market.
在这种情况下，农民希望通过保留更多的劳动力来从他们的玉米中获得更多的利润，而不是在市场上低价出售。
The demand for servants increases, while the number of those who offer to supply that demand diminishes.
对仆人的需求增加，而愿意提供这种需求的人的数量却减少了。
The price of labour, therefore, frequently rises in cheap years.
因此，劳动力价格在廉价年份经常上涨。
In years of scarcity, the difficulty and uncertainty of subsistence make all such people eager to return to service.
在资源匮乏的年代，生存的困难和不确定性让所有这些人都渴望重返社会。
But the high price of provisions, by diminishing the funds destined for the maintenance of servants, disposes masters rather to diminish than to increase the number of those they have.
但是，由于供给的高价减少了用于维持仆人的资金，主人宁愿减少而不是增加他们拥有的仆人数量。
In dear years, too, poor independent workmen frequently consume the little stock with which they had used to supply themselves with the materials of their work, and are obliged to become journeymen for subsistence.
在美好的岁月里，贫穷的独立工人也经常消耗他们用来为自己提供工作材料的少量库存，并且不得不成为熟练工来维持生计。
More people want employment than easily get it; many are willing to take it upon lower terms than ordinary; and the wages of both servants and journeymen frequently sink in dear years.
想要就业的人比轻易获得就业的人多；许多人愿意以低于平常的条件接受它；仆人和熟练工的工资在昂贵的年份经常会下降。
Masters of all sorts, therefore, frequently make better bargains with their servants in dear than in cheap years, and find them more humble and dependent in the former than in the latter.
因此，各种主人常常在贵年与仆人进行更好的讨价还价，并发现他们在前者比后者更谦逊和依赖。
They naturally, therefore, commend the former as more favourable to industry.
因此，他们自然会称赞前者更有利于工业。
Landlords and farmers, besides, two of the largest classes of masters, have another reason for being pleased with dear years.
此外，地主和农民这两个最大的主人阶级，对美好的岁月感到高兴还有另一个原因。
The rents of the one, and the profits of the other, depend very much upon the price of provisions.
一方的租金和另一方的利润在很大程度上取决于供给品的价格。
Nothing can be more absurd, however, than to imagine that men in general should work less when they work for themselves, than when they work for other people.
然而，没有什么比想象一般来说，男人为自己工作时应该比为他人工作时工作得更少更荒谬的了。
A poor independent workman will generally be more industrious than even a journeyman who works by the piece.
一个贫穷的独立工人通常会比一个按件工作的熟练工更勤奋。
The one enjoys the whole produce of his own industry, the other shares it with his master.
一个人享受自己产业的全部产品，另一个人与他的主人分享。
The one, in his separate independent state, is less liable to the temptations of bad company, which, in large manufactories, so frequently ruin the morals of the other.
一个人在其各自独立的国家中，不太容易受到不良同伴的诱惑，而在大型工厂中，不良同伴常常会破坏另一个人的道德。
The superiority of the independent workman over those servants who are hired by the month or by the year, and whose wages and maintenance are the same, whether they do much or do little, is likely to be still greater.
独立工人比那些按月或按年雇用的仆人，工资和生活费是相同的，无论他们做得多还是少，其优越性可能还要更大。
Cheap years tend to increase the proportion of independent workmen to journeymen and servants of all kinds, and dear years to diminish it.
便宜的年份往往会增加独立工人与熟练工和各种仆人的比例，而昂贵的年份则会减少这一比例。
A French author of great knowledge and ingenuity, Mr Messance, receiver of the tallies in the election of St Etienne, endeavours to shew that the poor do more work in cheap than in dear years, by comparing the quantity and value of the goods made upon those different occasions in three different manufactures; one of coarse woollens, carried on at Elbeuf; one of linen, and another of silk, both which extend through the whole generality of Rouen.
梅桑斯先生是一位知识渊博、独创性的法国作家，也是圣艾蒂安选举计票员，他通过比较三个不同制造商在不同场合生产的商品的数量和价值，努力表明穷人在廉价的情况下所做的工作比在昂贵的年份做的更多。一件粗羊毛织物，在埃尔伯夫进行；一种是亚麻的，另一种是丝绸的，两者都延伸到整个鲁昂。
It appears from his account, which is copied from the registers of the public offices, that the quantity and value of the goods made in all those three manufactories has generally been greater in cheap than in dear years, and that it has always been greatest in the cheapest, and least in the dearest years.
从他从公共部门登记簿抄录的账目中可以看出，所有这三个工厂制造的商品的数量和价值通常在廉价年份比在昂贵年份要多，而且在最便宜年份总是最多，而在最昂贵年份则最少。
All the three seem to be stationary manufactures, or which, though their produce may vary somewhat from year to year, are, upon the whole, neither going backwards nor forwards.
这三个工厂似乎都是固定的制造商，或者说，尽管它们的产品每年可能有所不同，但总的来说，它们既不倒退也不前进。
The manufacture of linen in Scotland, and that of coarse woollens in the West Riding of Yorkshire, are growing manufactures, of which the produce is generally, though with some variations, increasing both in quantity and value.
苏格兰的亚麻制品和约克郡西区的粗羊毛制品正在不断增长，其产品总体上在数量和价值上都在增加，尽管存在一些差异。
Upon examining, however, the accounts which have been published of their annual produce, I have not been able to observe that its variations have had any sensible connection with the dearness or cheapness of the seasons.
然而，在检查了已公布的年度农产品账目后，我无法观察到其变化与季节的昂贵或廉价有任何明显的联系。
In 1740, a year of great scarcity, both manufactures, indeed, appear to have declined very considerably.
1740 年是物资极度匮乏的一年，这两家制造商确实似乎都出现了相当大的衰退。
But in 1756, another year of great scarcity, the Scotch manufactures made more than ordinary advances.
但在 1756 年，又是一个极度稀缺的年份，苏格兰威士忌制造商取得了超乎寻常的进步。
The Yorkshire manufacture, indeed, declined, and its produce did not rise to what it had been in 1755, till 1766, after the repeal of the American stamp act.
约克郡的制造业确实衰落了，直到 1766 年美国邮票法案被废除后，其产量才达到 1755 年的水平。
In that and the following year, it greatly exceeded what it had ever been before, and it has continued to advance ever since.
在那一年和第二年，它大大超过了以往的水平，并且此后一直在继续前进。
The produce of all great manufactures for distant sale must necessarily depend, not so much upon the dearness or cheapness of the seasons in the countries where they are carried on, as upon the circumstances which affect the demand in the countries where they are consumed; upon peace or war, upon the prosperity or declension of other rival manufactures and upon the good or bad humour of their principal customers.
所有用于远距离销售的大型制成品的产品必然取决于影响其消费国需求的环境，而不是其生产国季节的贵贱。取决于和平或战争，取决于其他竞争对手制造商的繁荣或衰落，以及其主要客户的幽默感。
A great part of the extraordinary work, besides, which is probably done in cheap years, never enters the public registers of manufactures.
此外，很大一部分非凡的作品可能是在廉价年份完成的，从未进入制造商的公共登记册。
The men-servants, who leave their masters, become independent labourers.
离开主人的男仆成为独立的劳动者。
The women return to their parents, and commonly spin, in order to make clothes for themselves and their families.
妇女们回到父母身边，通常纺纱，为自己和家人制作衣服。
Even the independent workmen do not always work for public sale, but are employed by some of their neighbours in manufactures for family use.
即使是独立工人也并不总是为公共销售工作，而是受雇于一些邻居从事家庭使用的制造业。
The produce of their labour, therefore, frequently makes no figure in those public registers, of which the records are sometimes published with so much parade, and from which our merchants and manufacturers would often vainly pretend to announce the prosperity or declension of the greatest empires.
因此，他们的劳动产品经常在那些公共登记册中没有出现，这些记录有时会大肆宣传，而我们的商人和制造商常常徒劳地假装宣布最伟大帝国的繁荣或衰落。
Though the variations in the price of labour not only do not always correspond with those in the price of provisions, but are frequently quite opposite, we must not, upon this account, imagine that the price of provisions has no influence upon that of labour.
尽管劳动力价格的变化不仅并不总是与粮食价格的变化一致，而且常常相反，但我们决不能因此认为粮食价格对劳动力价格没有影响。
The money price of labour is necessarily regulated by two circumstances; the demand for labour, and the price of the necessaries and conveniencies of life.
劳动力的货币价格必然受到两种情况的调节：对劳动力的需求，以及生活必需品和便利设施的价格。
The demand for labour, according as it happens to be increasing, stationary, or declining, or to require an increasing, stationary, or declining population, determines the quantities of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which must be given to the labourer; and the money price of labour is determined by what is requisite for purchasing this quantity.
对劳动力的需求，根据其碰巧增加、静止或减少，或者需要人口的增加、静止或减少，决定了必须提供给劳动者的生活必需品和便利设施的数量。劳动力的货币价格取决于购买该数量的需求。
Though the money price of labour, therefore, is sometimes high where the price of provisions is low, it would be still higher, the demand continuing the same, if the price of provisions was high.
因此，尽管在粮食价格低的情况下，劳动力的货币价格有时会很高，但如果粮食价格高，在需求保持不变的情况下，劳动力的货币价格仍然会更高。
It is because the demand for labour increases in years of sudden and extraordinary plenty, and diminishes in those of sudden and extraordinary scarcity, that the money price of labour sometimes rises in the one, and sinks in the other.
正是因为对劳动力的需求在突然异常丰富的年份增加，而在突然异常稀缺的年份减少，所以劳动力的货币价格有时会在其中一个年份上升，而在另一个年份下降。
In a year of sudden and extraordinary plenty, there are funds in the hands of many of the employers of industry, sufficient to maintain and employ a greater number of industrious people than had been employed the year before; and this extraordinary number cannot always be had.
在突然出现的异常丰收的一年里，许多工业雇主手中都有资金，足以维持和雇用比前一年更多的勤劳人员；而这个非凡的数字并不是总能拥有的。
Those masters, therefore, who want more workmen, bid against one another, in order to get them, which sometimes raises both the real and the money price of their labour.
因此，那些想要更多工人的主人为了得到他们而互相竞价，这有时会提高他们劳动力的实际价格和货币价格。
The contrary of this happens in a year of sudden and extraordinary scarcity.
相反的情况发生在突然出现异常稀缺的一年。
The funds destined for employing industry are less than they had been the year before.
工业用工资金较上年有所减少。
A considerable number of people are thrown out of employment, who bid one against another, in order to get it, which sometimes lowers both the real and the money price of labour.
相当多的人被解雇，他们为了得到工作而相互竞价，这有时会降低劳动力的实际价格和货币价格。
In 1740, a year of extraordinary scarcity, many people were willing to work for bare subsistence.
1740年，这是一个极度匮乏的一年，许多人愿意为勉强糊口而工作。
In the succeeding years of plenty, it was more difficult to get labourers and servants.
在接下来的丰年里，要找到劳工和仆人就更加困难了。
The scarcity of a dear year, by diminishing the demand for labour, tends to lower its price, as the high price of provisions tends to raise it.
昂贵年份的稀缺会减少对劳动力的需求，从而往往会降低其价格，而高供给品价格往往会提高其价格。
The plenty of a cheap year, on the contrary, by increasing the demand, tends to raise the price of labour, as the cheapness of provisions tends to lower it.
相反，廉价年份的充足性会增加需求，从而导致劳动力价格上涨，而供给的廉价往往会降低劳动力价格。
In the ordinary variations of the prices of provisions, those two opposite causes seem to counterbalance one another, which is probably, in part, the reason why the wages of labour are everywhere so much more steady and permanent than the price of provisions.
在粮食价格的普通变化中，这两个相反的原因似乎相互抵消，这可能是为什么各地的劳动工资比粮食价格更加稳定和持久的部分原因。
The increase in the wages of labour necessarily increases the price of many commodities, by increasing that part of it which resolves itself into wages, and so far tends to diminish their consumption, both at home and abroad.
劳动工资的增加必然会提高许多商品的价格，因为增加了其中分解为工资的部分，并且到目前为止往往会减少国内和国外的消费。
The same cause, however, which raises the wages of labour, the increase of stock, tends to increase its productive powers, and to make a smaller quantity of labour produce a greater quantity of work.
然而，提高劳动工资的同一原因，即股票的增加，往往会提高生产力，使较少的劳动量产生较多的工作量。
The owner of the stock which employs a great number of labourers necessarily endeavours, for his own advantage, to make such a proper division and distribution of employment, that they may be enabled to produce the greatest quantity of work possible.
雇用大量劳动力的资本所有者，为了自己的利益，必然要努力对就业进行适当的分工和分配，使他们能够生产出尽可能多的工作。
For the same reason, he endeavours to supply them with the best machinery which either he or they can think of.
出于同样的原因，他努力为他们提供他或他们能想到的最好的机器。
What takes place among the labourers in a particular workhouse, takes place, for the same reason, among those of a great society.
出于同样的原因，在一个特定济贫院的劳动者中发生的事情也发生在一个伟大社会的劳动者中。
The greater their number, the more they naturally divide themselves into different classes and subdivisions of employments.
他们的人数越多，他们就越自然地将自己划分为不同的阶级和职业细分。
More heads are occupied in inventing the most proper machinery for executing the work of each, and it is, therefore, more likely to be invented.
更多的头脑被用来发明最合适的机器来执行每个人的工作，因此，它更有可能被发明。
There are many commodities, therefore, which, in consequence of these improvements, come to be produced by so much less labour than before, that the increase of its price is more than compensated by the diminution of its quantity.
因此，由于这些改进，生产许多商品所需的劳动力比以前少得多，其价格的上涨足以通过其数量的减少得到补偿。
CHAPTER IX.
第九章。
OF THE PROFITS OF STOCK.
股票利润。
The rise and fall in the profits of stock depend upon the same causes with the rise and fall in the wages of labour, the increasing or declining state of the wealth of the society; but those causes affect the one and the other very differently.
股票利润的增减，与劳动工资的增减、社会财富的增减，有着同样的原因。但这些原因对其中一个因素和另一个因素的影响却截然不同。
The increase of stock, which raises wages, tends to lower profit.
股票的增加会提高工资，但往往会降低利润。
When the stocks of many rich merchants are turned into the same trade, their mutual competition naturally tends to lower its profit; and when there is a like increase of stock in all the different trades carried on in the same society, the same competition must produce the same effect in them all.
当众多富商的股票转为同业时，相互竞争自然会降低其利润；当同一社会中进行的所有不同行业的存货都增加时，相同的竞争必然在所有行业中产生相同的效果。
It is not easy, it has already been observed, to ascertain what are the average wages of labour, even in a particular place, and at a particular time.
我们已经观察到，要确定劳动的平均工资是多少，即使是在特定地点和特定时间也是如此。
We can, even in this case, seldom determine more than what are the most usual wages.
即使在这种情况下，我们也只能确定最平常的工资。
But even this can seldom be done with regard to the profits of stock.
但就股票利润而言，即使如此也很少能做到。
Profit is so very fluctuating, that the person who carries on a particular trade, cannot always tell you himself what is the average of his annual profit.
利润波动很大，以至于进行特定交易的人无法总是告诉你他自己的年平均利润是多少。
It is affected, not only by every variation of price in the commodities which he deals in, but by the good or bad fortune both of his rivals and of his customers, and by a thousand other accidents, to which goods, when carried either by sea or by land, or even when stored in a warehouse, are liable.
它不仅受到他所经营的商品价格的每一次变化的影响，而且还受到他的竞争对手和顾客的好运或坏运的影响，以及货物在海运或陆运时，甚至在仓库中储存时可能发生的上千种其他事故的影响。
It varies, therefore, not only from year to year, but from day to day, and almost from hour to hour.
因此，它不仅每年都在变化，而且每天、几乎每小时都在变化。
To ascertain what is the average profit of all the different trades carried on in a great kingdom, must be much more difficult; and to judge of what it may have been formerly, or in remote periods of time, with any degree of precision, must be altogether impossible.
要确定一个伟大王国中所有不同行业的平均利润是多少，一定要困难得多。要以任何程度的精确度来判断它以前或在遥远的时期可能是什么样子，肯定是完全不可能的。
But though it may be impossible to determine, with any degree of precision, what are or were the average profits of stock, either in the present or in ancient times, some notion may be formed of them from the interest of money.
但是，尽管无论在现在还是在古代，都不可能精确地确定股票的平均利润是多少，但从货币的利息中可以对它们形成一些概念。
It may be laid down as a maxim, that wherever a great deal can be made by the use of money, a great deal will commonly be given for the use of it; and that, wherever little can be made by it, less will commonly he given for it.
可以说，只要用金钱能赚大钱，通常就会为使用金钱而付出很多。而且，只要他能从中赚到很少的钱，他通常就会为此付出更少的钱。
Accordingly, therefore, as the usual market rate of interest varies in any country, we may be assured that the ordinary profits of stock must vary with it, must sink as it sinks, and rise as it rises.
因此，由于任何国家的通常市场利率都不同，我们可以确信，股票的普通利润一定会随之变化，随着下跌而下跌，随着上涨而上涨。
The progress of interest, therefore, may lead us to form some notion of the progress of profit.
因此，利息的增长可能会导致我们对利润的增长形成某种概念。
By the 37th of Henry VIII.
到了亨利八世三十七岁。
all interest above ten per cent.
所有利息都超过百分之十。
was declared unlawful.
被宣布为非法。
More, it seems, had sometimes been taken before that.
在此之前，似乎有时还会有更多的东西被拿走。
In the reign of Edward VI.
在爱德华六世统治时期。
religious zeal prohibited all interest.
宗教狂热禁止一切兴趣。
This prohibition, however, like all others of the same kind, is said to have produced no effect, and probably rather increased than diminished the evil of usury.
然而，与所有其他同类禁令一样，据说这项禁令没有产生任何效果，而且可能反而增加而不是减少高利贷的罪恶。
The statute of Henry VIII.
亨利八世的法令。
was revived by the 13th of Elizabeth, cap.
伊丽莎白十三号复活。
8.
8.
and ten per cent.
和百分之十。
continued to be the legal rate of interest till the 21st of James I.
直到詹姆士一世 21 日为止，该利率一直是法定利率。
when it was restricted to eight per cent.
当它被限制在百分之八时。
It was reduced to six per cent.
减少到百分之六。
soon after the Restoration, and by the 12th of Queen Anne, to five per cent.
王政复辟后不久，到安妮女王十二世，这一比例已增至百分之五。
All these different statutory regulations seem to have been made with great propriety.
所有这些不同的法规似乎都是非常恰当地制定的。
They seem to have followed, and not to have gone before, the market rate of interest, or the rate at which people of good credit usually borrowed.
他们似乎遵循而不是遵循市场利率，或者信用良好的人通常借款的利率。
Since the time of Queen Anne, five per cent.
自安妮女王时代以来，百分之五。
seems to have been rather above than below the market rate.
似乎高于而不是低于市场利率。
Before the late war, the government borrowed at three per cent.; and people of good credit in the capital, and in many other parts of the kingdom, at three and a-half, four, and four and a-half per cent.
战争后期之前，政府的借贷率为百分之三。在首都和王国其他许多地方，信用良好的人的税率分别为百分之三半、百分之四和百分之四半。
Since the time of Henry VIII.
从亨利八世时代开始。
the wealth and revenue of the country have been continually advancing, and in the course of their progress, their pace seems rather to have been gradually accelerated than retarded.
国家的财富和收入一直在不断进步，在进步的过程中，其步伐似乎是逐渐加快而不是放缓。
They seem not only to have been going on, but to have been going on faster and faster.
它们似乎不仅一直在持续，而且持续得越来越快。
The wages of labour have been continually increasing during the same period, and, in the greater part of the different branches of trade and manufactures, the profits of stock have been diminishing.
同一时期，劳动工资持续增长，而在贸易和制造业的大部分不同部门，股票利润却在减少。
It generally requires a greater stock to carry on any sort of trade in a great town than in a country village.
通常，在大城市进行任何类型的贸易都需要比在乡村更多的库存。
The great stocks employed in every branch of trade, and the number of rich competitors, generally reduce the rate of profit in the former below what it is in the latter.
每个贸易部门所使用的大量股票以及富有的竞争者的数量通常都会使前者的利润率低于后者。
But the wages of labour are generally higher in a great town than in a country village.
但大城市的劳动工资普遍高于乡村。
In a thriving town, the people who have great stocks to employ, frequently cannot get the number of workmen they want, and therefore bid against one another, in order to get as many as they can, which raises the wages of labour, and lowers the profits of stock.
在一个繁荣的城镇中，拥有大量股票可供雇用的人们常常无法获得他们想要的工人数量，因此为了获得尽可能多的工人而相互竞标，这提高了劳动工资，并降低了股票利润。
In the remote parts of the country, there is frequently not stock sufficient to employ all the people, who therefore bid against one another, in order to get employment, which lowers the wages of labour, and raises the profits of stock.
在该国的边远地区，经常没有足够的股票来雇用所有人，因此人们为了获得就业而相互竞价，这降低了劳动工资，提高了股票利润。
In Scotland, though the legal rate of interest is the same as in England, the market rate is rather higher.
在苏格兰，虽然法定利率与英格兰相同，但市场利率相当高。
People of the best credit there seldom borrow under five per cent.
那里信用最好的人很少借到低于百分之五的贷款。
Even private bankers in Edinburgh give four per cent.
甚至爱丁堡的私人银行家也捐出了百分之四。
upon their promissory-notes, of which payment, either in whole or in part may be demanded at pleasure.
以他们的本票为基础，可以随意要求全部或部分付款。
Private bankers in London give no interest for the money which is deposited with them.
伦敦的私人银行家对存入他们的资金不收取利息。
There are few trades which cannot be carried on with a smaller stock in Scotland than in England.
在苏格兰，几乎没有什么交易是不能用比英格兰更少的库存来进行的。
The common rate of profit, therefore, must be somewhat greater.
因此，共同利润率必须稍高一些。
The wages of labour, it has already been observed, are lower in Scotland than in England.
据观察，苏格兰的劳动工资低于英格兰。
The country, too, is not only much poorer, but the steps by which it advances to a better condition, for it is evidently advancing, seem to be much slower and more tardy.
这个国家不仅更加贫穷，而且它向更好的条件迈进的步伐（因为它显然正在进步）似乎要慢得多、迟缓得多。
The legal rate of interest in France has not during the course of the present century, been always regulated by the market rate {See Denisart, Article Taux des Interests, tom.
在本世纪中，法国的法定利率并不总是由市场利率调节{参见Denisart，Article Taux des Interests，tom。
iii, p.13}.
iii，第 13 页}。
In 1720, interest was reduced from the twentieth to the fiftieth penny, or from five to two per cent.
1720年，利息从二十分之一降至五十便士，即从百分之五降至百分之二。
In 1724, it was raised to the thirtieth penny, or to three and a third per cent.
1724年，它被提高到三十便士，即百分之三又三分之一。
In 1725, it was again raised to the twentieth penny, or to five per cent.
1725年，再次提高到二十分之一，即百分之五。
In 1766, during the administration of Mr Laverdy, it was reduced to the twenty-fifth penny, or to four per cent.
1766 年，在拉弗迪先生执政期间，它被减少到二十五便士，即百分之四。
The Abbé Terray raised it afterwards to the old rate of five per cent.
后来泰雷神父将其提高到原来的百分之五。
The supposed purpose of many of those violent reductions of interest was to prepare the way for reducing that of the public debts; a purpose which has sometimes been executed.
许多暴力降息的目的是为减少公共债务铺平道路。有时已被执行的目的。
France is, perhaps, in the present times, not so rich a country as England; and though the legal rate of interest has in France frequently been lower than in England, the market rate has generally been higher; for there, as in other countries, they have several very safe and easy methods of evading the law.
也许，在当今时代，法国并不像英国那样富裕。尽管法国的法定利率经常低于英国，但市场利率普遍较高。因为在那里，就像在其他国家一样，他们有几种非常安全和简单的方法来逃避法律。
The profits of trade, I have been assured by British merchants who had traded in both countries, are higher in France than in England; and it is no doubt upon this account, that many British subjects chuse rather to employ their capitals in a country where trade is in disgrace, than in one where it is highly respected.
在两国进行过贸易的英国商人向我保证，法国的贸易利润比英国高。毫无疑问，由于这个原因，许多英国臣民宁愿将其资本投入到一个贸易不光彩的国家，而不是一个贸易受到高度尊重的国家。
The wages of labour are lower in France than in England.
法国的劳动工资比英国低。
When you go from Scotland to England, the difference which you may remark between the dress and countenance of the common people in the one country and in the other, sufficiently indicates the difference in their condition.
当你从苏格兰到英格兰时，你可能会注意到一个国家和另一个国家的普通民众的衣着和面容之间的差异，足以表明他们的状况的差异。
The contrast is still greater when you return from France.
当你从法国回来时，这种反差就更大了。
France, though no doubt a richer country than Scotland, seems not to be going forward so fast.
法国虽然无疑是比苏格兰更富裕的国家，但似乎并没有发展得那么快。
It is a common and even a popular opinion in the country, that it is going backwards; an opinion which I apprehend, is ill-founded, even with regard to France, but which nobody can possibly entertain with regard to Scotland, who sees the country now, and who saw it twenty or thirty years ago.
在这个国家，有一个普遍的、甚至是流行的观点：它正在倒退；我认为这种观点是没有根据的，即使对于法国来说也是如此，但对于苏格兰来说，没有人能接受这种观点，因为无论谁现在看到这个国家，还是二十或三十年前看到的。
The province of Holland, on the other hand, in proportion to the extent of its territory and the number of its people, is a richer country than England.
另一方面，就其领土范围和人口数量而言，荷兰省是一个比英格兰更富裕的国家。
The government there borrow at two per cent.
那里的政府以百分之二的利率借款。
and private people of good credit at three.
和信用良好的私人在三级。
The wages of labour are said to be higher in Holland than in England, and the Dutch, it is well known, trade upon lower profits than any people in Europe.
据说荷兰的劳动工资比英国高，而众所周知，荷兰人的贸易利润比欧洲任何人都低。
The trade of Holland, it has been pretended by some people, is decaying, and it may perhaps be true that some particular branches of it are so; but these symptoms seem to indicate sufficiently that there is no general decay.
有些人假装荷兰的贸易正在衰落，也许荷兰的某些特定行业确实如此。但这些症状似乎足以表明没有普遍的腐烂。
When profit diminishes, merchants are very apt to complain that trade decays, though the diminution of profit is the natural effect of its prosperity, or of a greater stock being employed in it than before.
当利润减少时，商人很容易抱怨贸易衰退，尽管利润减少是贸易繁荣或比以前使用更多存货的自然结果。
During the late war, the Dutch gained the whole carrying trade of France, of which they still retain a very large share.
在战争后期，荷兰人获得了法国的全部转口贸易，并且至今仍然保留着很大的份额。
The great property which they possess both in French and English funds, about forty millions, it is said in the latter (in which, I suspect, however, there is a considerable exaggeration ), the great sums which they lend to private people, in countries where the rate of interest is higher than in their own, are circumstances which no doubt demonstrate the redundancy of their stock, or that it has increased beyond what they can employ with tolerable profit in the proper business of their own country; but they do not demonstrate that that business has decreased.
他们在法国和英国拥有大量财产，大约有四千万，后者据说如此（不过，我怀疑这有相当大的夸张），他们在利率比本国高的国家借给私人的巨额资金，这些情况无疑表明他们的库存过剩，或者说它的增加超出了他们在自己国家的正常业务中可以使用的可承受利润的范围。但它们并没有表明该业务已经减少。
As the capital of a private man, though acquired by a particular trade, may increase beyond what he can employ in it, and yet that trade continue to increase too, so may likewise the capital of a great nation.
正如一个私人的资本，虽然是通过某种特定的贸易获得的，但其增长可能会超出他在该贸易中的使用范围，而这种贸易也会继续增长，一个大国的资本也可能会继续增长。
In our North American and West Indian colonies, not only the wages of labour, but the interest of money, and consequently the profits of stock, are higher than in England.
在我们的北美和西印度群岛殖民地，不仅劳动工资，而且货币利息，以及随之而来的股票利润，都比英国高。
In the different colonies, both the legal and the market rate of interest run from six to eight percent.
在不同的殖民地，法定利率和市场利率都在百分之六到百分之八之间。
High wages of labour and high profits of stock, however, are things, perhaps, which scarce ever go together, except in the peculiar circumstances of new colonies.
然而，高劳动工资和高股票利润也许是很难同时出现的，除非是在新殖民地的特殊情况下。
A new colony must always, for some time, be more understocked in proportion to the extent of its territory, and more underpeopled in proportion to the extent of its stock, than the greater part of other countries.
在一段时间内，一个新的殖民地总是比其他国家的大部分地区，与其领土范围相比，人口更加不足，而与其人口范围相比，人口更加不足。
They have more land than they have stock to cultivate.
他们拥有的土地多于可供耕种的牲畜。
What they have, therefore, is applied to the cultivation only of what is most fertile and most favourably situated, the land near the sea-shore, and along the banks of navigable rivers.
因此，他们所拥有的一切只用于耕种最肥沃、地理位置最优越的土地，即靠近海岸和通航河流沿岸的土地。
Such land, too, is frequently purchased at a price below the value even of its natural produce.
这些土地的购买价格也经常低于其天然产品的价值。
Stock employed in the purchase and improvement of such lands, must yield a very large profit, and, consequently, afford to pay a very large interest.
用于购买和改良这些土地的股票必须产生非常大的利润，因此能够支付非常大的利息。
Its rapid accumulation in so profitable an employment enables the planter to increase the number of his hands faster than he can find them in a new settlement.
在如此有利可图的就业中，它的快速积累使种植园主能够比在新的定居点找到他们的人更快地增加他的人手数量。
Those whom he can find, therefore, are very liberally rewarded.
因此，他能找到的人都会得到非常丰厚的奖励。
As the colony increases, the profits of stock gradually diminish.
随着群体的增加，种群的利润逐渐减少。
When the most fertile and best situated lands have been all occupied, less profit can be made by the cultivation of what is inferior both in soil and situation, and less interest can be afforded for the stock which is so employed.
当最肥沃、位置最好的土地全部被占领时，种植土壤和环境较差的土地所获得的利润就会减少，而如此使用的牲畜的利息也就会减少。
In the greater part of our colonies, accordingly, both the legal and the market rate of interest have been considerably reduced during the course of the present century.
因此，在我们殖民地的大部分地区，法定利率和市场利率在本世纪都已大大降低。
As riches, improvement, and population, have increased, interest has declined.
随着财富、进步和人口的增加，兴趣下降了。
The wages of labour do not sink with the profits of stock.
劳动工资并不随着股票利润的下降而下降。
The demand for labour increases with the increase of stock, whatever be its profits; and after these are diminished, stock may not only continue to increase, but to increase much faster than before.
无论利润如何，对劳动力的需求都会随着库存的增加而增加；而这些减少之后，库存不但可能继续增加，而且增加的速度会比以前快得多。
It is with industrious nations, who are advancing in the acquisition of riches, as with industrious individuals.
勤劳的国家和勤劳的个人一样，在获取财富方面不断进步。
A great stock, though with small profits, generally increases faster than a small stock with great profits.
大股票虽然利润微薄，但通常比利润大的小股票上涨得更快。
Money, says the proverb, makes money.
俗话说，钱生钱。
When you have got a little, it is often easy to get more.
当你拥有一点时，通常很容易得到更多。
The great difficulty is to get that little.
最大的困难是得到那么一点点。
The connection between the increase of stock and that of industry, or of the demand for useful labour, has partly been explained already, but will be explained more fully hereafter, in treating of the accumulation of stock.
存量增长与工业增长或有用劳动需求之间的联系已经部分地得到了解释，但在下文中将在讨论存量积累时予以更充分的解释。
The acquisition of new territory, or of new branches of trade, may sometimes raise the profits of stock, and with them the interest of money, even in a country which is fast advancing in the acquisition of riches.
获得新的领土或新的贸易部门有时可能会增加股票的利润，并随之增加货币的利息，即使是在一个在获取财富方面快速前进的国家也是如此。
The stock of the country, not being sufficient for the whole accession of business which such acquisitions present to the different people among whom it is divided, is applied to those particular branches only which afford the greatest profit.
国家的存量不足以满足这些收购向不同人群提供的全部业务的需求，因此仅适用于那些能提供最大利润的特定部门。
Part of what had before been employed in other trades, is necessarily withdrawn from them, and turned into some of the new and more profitable ones.
以前用于其他行业的部分资金必然会从这些行业中撤出，并转变成一些新的、更有利可图的行业。
In all those old trades, therefore, the competition comes to be less than before.
因此，在所有这些旧行业中，竞争比以前减少了。
The market comes to be less fully supplied with many different sorts of goods.
市场上许多不同种类的商品供应变得不那么充分。
Their price necessarily rises more or less, and yields a greater profit to those who deal in them, who can, therefore, afford to borrow at a higher interest.
它们的价格必然会或多或少地上涨，并为交易者带来更大的利润，因此他们能够以更高的利率借款。
For some time after the conclusion of the late war, not only private people of the best credit, but some of the greatest companies in London, commonly borrowed at five per cent.
战争结束后的一段时间内，不仅是信用最好的私人，连伦敦一些最伟大的公司也普遍以百分之五的利率借款。
who, before that, had not been used to pay more than four, and four and a half per cent.
在此之前，他们从未支付过超过百分之四和百分之四半的费用。
The great accession both of territory and trade by our acquisitions in North America and the West Indies, will sufficiently account for this, without supposing any diminution in the capital stock of the society.
我们在北美和西印度群岛的收购所带来的领土和贸易的大幅增加，足以解释这一点，而无需假设社会资本存量有任何减少。
So great an accession of new business to be carried on by the old stock, must necessarily have diminished the quantity employed in a great number of particular branches, in which the competition being less, the profits must have been greater.
如此大量的新业务将由旧业务进行，必然会减少大量特定部门的就业数量，而这些部门的竞争越少，利润必然越高。
I shall hereafter have occasion to mention the reasons which dispose me to believe that the capital stock of Great Britain was not diminished, even by the enormous expense of the late war.
以后我将有机会提及使我相信英国的资本存量并未减少的原因，即使是由于最近战争的巨大开支也是如此。
The diminution of the capital stock of the society, or of the funds destined for the maintenance of industry, however, as it lowers the wages of labour, so it raises the profits of stock, and consequently the interest of money.
然而，社会资本存量或用于维持工业的资金的减少，由于降低了劳动工资，因此提高了股票利润，从而提高了货币利息。
By the wages of labour being lowered, the owners of what stock remains in the society can bring their goods at less expense to market than before; and less stock being employed in supplying the market than before, they can sell them dearer.
通过降低劳动工资，社会中剩余存货的所有者可以比以前以更低的成本将其商品推向市场。由于供应市场的库存比以前减少了，他们可以卖得更贵。
Their goods cost them less, and they get more for them.
他们的商品成本更低，而他们获得的收益更高。
Their profits, therefore, being augmented at both ends, can well afford a large interest.
因此，他们的利润在两端都得到了增加，完全可以承担巨额利息。
The great fortunes so suddenly and so easily acquired in Bengal and the other British settlements in the East Indies, may satisfy us, that as the wages of labour are very low, so the profits of stock are very high in those ruined countries.
在孟加拉和东印度群岛的其他英国殖民地如此突然和如此轻易地获得的巨额财富可能使我们感到满意，因为劳动工资非常低，所以在那些被毁坏的国家，股票利润非常高。
The interest of money is proportionably so.
金钱的利息也是成比例的。
In Bengal, money is frequently lent to the farmers at forty, fifty, and sixty per cent.
在孟加拉，贷款给农民的利率经常是百分之四十、百分之五十和百分之六十。
and the succeeding crop is mortgaged for the payment.
并将后茬作物抵押用于付款。
As the profits which can afford such an interest must eat up almost the whole rent of the landlord, so such enormous usury must in its turn eat up the greater part of those profits.
正如能够支付这种利息的利润必然会几乎耗尽地主的全部租金一样，如此巨大的高利贷也必然会耗尽这些利润的大部分。
Before the fall of the Roman republic, a usury of the same kind seems to have been common in the provinces, under the ruinous administration of their proconsuls.
在罗马共和国垮台之前，在总督的毁灭性管理下，类似的高利贷在各行省似乎很常见。
The virtuous Brutus lent money in Cyprus at eight-and-forty per cent.
善良的布鲁图斯以百分之八百分之四十的利率向塞浦路斯借钱。
as we learn from the letters of Cicero.
正如我们从西塞罗的书信中了解到的那样。
In a country which had acquired that full complement of riches which the nature of its soil and climate, and its situation with respect to other countries, allowed it to acquire, which could, therefore, advance no further, and which was not going backwards, both the wages of labour and the profits of stock would probably be very low.
在一个国家，如果它的土壤和气候的性质以及它相对于其他国家的情况允许它获得充分的财富，那么它就不会进一步前进，也不会倒退，那么劳动工资和股票利润可能会很低。
In a country fully peopled in proportion to what either its territory could maintain, or its stock employ, the competition for employment would necessarily be so great as to reduce the wages of labour to what was barely sufficient to keep up the number of labourers, and the country being already fully peopled, that number could never be augmented.
在一个人口稠密的国家，无论是其领土所能维持的数量，还是其劳动力就业的数量，都足以满足人口的需求，就业竞争必然会如此激烈，以致于将劳动工资降低到勉强维持劳动力数量的水平，而这个国家已经人口稠密，这个数字永远不可能增加。
In a country fully stocked in proportion to all the business it had to transact, as great a quantity of stock would be employed in every particular branch as the nature and extent of the trade would admit.
在一个国家，其库存与其必须交易的所有业务的比例是充足的，在贸易的性质和范围所允许的范围内，每个特定部门都会使用尽可能多的库存。
The competition, therefore, would everywhere be as great, and, consequently, the ordinary profit as low as possible.
因此，各地的竞争都会非常激烈，普通利润也会尽可能低。
But, perhaps, no country has ever yet arrived at this degree of opulence.
但也许还没有一个国家达到过如此富裕的程度。
China seems to have been long stationary, and had, probably, long ago acquired that full complement of riches which is consistent with the nature of its laws and institutions.
中国似乎长期以来一直处于停滞状态，并且很可能很久以前就已经获得了与其法律和制度的性质相一致的全部财富。
But this complement may be much inferior to what, with other laws and institutions, the nature of its soil, climate, and situation, might admit of.
但这种补充可能远不如其他法律和制度、其土壤、气候和情况的性质所允许的那样。
A country which neglects or despises foreign commerce, and which admits the vessel of foreign nations into one or two of its ports only, cannot transact the same quantity of business which it might do with different laws and institutions.
一个忽视或轻视对外贸易、只允许外国船只进入其一两个港口的国家，无法进行与不同法律和制度下相同数量的业务。
In a country, too, where, though the rich, or the owners of large capitals, enjoy a good deal of security, the poor, or the owners of small capitals, enjoy scarce any, but are liable, under the pretence of justice, to be pillaged and plundered at any time by the inferior mandarins, the quantity of stock employed in all the different branches of business transacted within it, can never be equal to what the nature and extent of that business might admit.
同样，在一个国家，尽管富人或大资本的所有者享有大量的安全，而穷人或小资本的所有者却几乎没有任何安全，而且很可能以正义为幌子，随时受到劣等官僚的掠夺和掠夺，在该国进行的所有不同行业中所使用的股票数量，永远不可能等于该行业所允许的性质和范围。
In every different branch, the oppression of the poor must establish the monopoly of the rich, who, by engrossing the whole trade to themselves, will be able to make very large profits.
在每一个不同的部门，对穷人的压迫必然会建立对富人的垄断，富人通过将整个贸易据为己有，将能够赚取巨额利润。
Twelve per cent.
百分之十二。
accordingly, is said to be the common interest of money in China, and the ordinary profits of stock must be sufficient to afford this large interest.
因此，在中国可以说是货币的共同利益，而股票的普通利润必须足以承担这一大笔利息。
A defect in the law may sometimes raise the rate of interest considerably above what the condition of the country, as to wealth or poverty, would require.
法律的缺陷有时可能会使利率大大高于国家的富裕或贫困状况所要求的水平。
When the law does not enforce the performance of contracts, it puts all borrowers nearly upon the same footing with bankrupts, or people of doubtful credit, in better regulated countries.
当法律不强制履行合同时，它会将所有借款人置于与监管较好国家的破产者或信用可疑者几乎相同的地位。
The uncertainty of recovering his money makes the lender exact the same usurious interest which is usually required from bankrupts.
收回资金的不确定性使得贷方收取与破产者通常要求的相同的高利贷利息。
Among the barbarous nations who overran the western provinces of the Roman empire, the performance of contracts was left for many ages to the faith of the contracting parties.
在侵占罗马帝国西部省份的野蛮民族中，合同的履行在很长一段时间内都依赖于缔约方的信任。
The courts of justice of their kings seldom intermeddled in it.
他们国王的法庭很少插手此事。
The high rate of interest which took place in those ancient times, may, perhaps, be partly accounted for from this cause.
古代出现的高利率也许部分是由于这个原因。
When the law prohibits interest altogether, it does not prevent it.
当法律完全禁止利息时，它并没有阻止利息。
Many people must borrow, and nobody will lend without such a consideration for the use of their money as is suitable, not only to what can be made by the use of it, but to the difficulty and danger of evading the law.
许多人必须借钱，没有人会在不考虑自己的钱的用途的情况下放贷，不仅考虑到使用这些钱可以赚什么，而且考虑到逃避法律的困难和危险。
The high rate of interest among all Mahometan nations is accounted for by M.
所有伊斯兰教国家的高利率都是由 M. 造成的。
Montesquieu, not from their poverty, but partly from this, and partly from the difficulty of recovering the money.
孟德斯鸠，不是因为他们贫穷，而是部分因为这个，部分因为收回钱的困难。
The lowest ordinary rate of profit must always be something more than what is sufficient to compensate the occasional losses to which every employment of stock is exposed.
最低普通利润率必须始终高于足以补偿每次股票使用所面临的偶然损失的水平。
It is this surplus only which is neat or clear profit.
只有这个盈余才是纯粹的或明确的利润。
What is called gross profit, comprehends frequently not only this surplus, but what is retained for compensating such extraordinary losses.
所谓的毛利润通常不仅包括这种盈余，还包括为补偿这种异常损失而保留的利润。
The interest which the borrower can afford to pay is in proportion to the clear profit only.
借款人能够支付的利息仅与净利润成比例。
The lowest ordinary rate of interest must, in the same manner, be something more than sufficient to compensate the occasional losses to which lending, even with tolerable prudence, is exposed.
同样，最低的普通利率必须足以补偿贷款偶尔遭受的损失，即使是在相当谨慎的情况下。
Were it not, mere charity or friendship could be the only motives for lending.
如果不是这样，单纯的慈善或友谊可能是贷款的唯一动机。
In a country which had acquired its full complement of riches, where, in every particular branch of business, there was the greatest quantity of stock that could be employed in it, as the ordinary rate of clear profit would be very small, so the usual market rate of interest which could be afforded out of it would be so low as to render it impossible for any but the very wealthiest people to live upon the interest of their money.
在一个已经获得了全部财富的国家，在每一个特定的商业部门中，都有最大数量的股票可以在其中使用，因为通常的净利润率会非常小，所以可以从中提供的通常的市场利率会如此之低，以至于除了最富有的人之外，任何人都无法靠他们的货币利息生活。
All people of small or middling fortunes would be obliged to superintend themselves the employment of their own stocks.
所有中小财富的人都有义务监督自己股票的使用。
It would be necessary that almost every man should be a man of business, or engage in some sort of trade.
几乎每个人都必须成为商人，或者从事某种贸易。
The province of Holland seems to be approaching near to this state.
荷兰省似乎正在接近这个状态。
It is there unfashionable not to be a man of business.
不做生意人是不时髦的。
Necessity makes it usual for almost every man to be so, and custom everywhere regulates fashion.
生活的需要使得几乎每个男人都习惯如此，各地的风俗规范着时尚。
As it is ridiculous not to dress, so is it, in some measure, not to be employed like other people.
正如不穿衣服是可笑的，在某种程度上，不像其他人一样工作也是可笑的。
As a man of a civil profession seems awkward in a camp or a garrison, and is even in some danger of being despised there, so does an idle man among men of business.
正如文职人员在军营或驻军中显得尴尬，甚至有被轻视的危险一样，游手好闲的人在商人中也是如此。
The highest ordinary rate of profit may be such as, in the price of the greater part of commodities, eats up the whole of what should go to the rent of the land, and leaves only what is sufficient to pay the labour of preparing and bringing them to market, according to the lowest rate at which labour can anywhere be paid, the bare subsistence of the labourer.
最高的普通利润率可能是这样的：在大部分商品的价格中，按照任何地方可以支付劳动的最低利率，即劳动者的最低生活费，吃掉了全部应支付土地租金的部分，只留下足以支付准备和将商品运往市场的劳动的部分。
The workman must always have been fed in some way or other while he was about the work, but the landlord may not always have been paid.
工人在工作时一定总是以某种方式得到食物，但房东可能并不总是得到报酬。
The profits of the trade which the servants of the East India Company carry on in Bengal may not, perhaps, be very far from this rate.
东印度公司的仆人在孟加拉进行的贸易利润或许与这个比率相去不远。
The proportion which the usual market rate of interest ought to bear to the ordinary rate of clear profit, necessarily varies as profit rises or falls.
通常的市场利率与通常的净利润率的比例必然随着利润的上升或下降而变化。
Double interest is in Great Britain reckoned what the merchants call a good, moderate, reasonable profit; terms which, I apprehend, mean no more than a common and usual profit.
在英国，双倍利息被商人称为良好的、适度的、合理的利润。我认为这些术语只不过意味着普通的、通常的利润。
In a country where the ordinary rate of clear profit is eight or ten per cent.
在一个普通净利润率为百分之八或百分之十的国家。
it may be reasonable that one half of it should go to interest, wherever business is carried on with borrowed money.
无论在哪里用借来的钱开展业务，其中一半应该用于支付利息，这可能是合理的。
The stock is at the risk of the borrower, who, as it were, insures it to the lender; and four or five per cent.
股票的风险由借款人承担，而借款人则为贷方提供保险；百分之四或百分之五。
may, in the greater part of trades, be both a sufficient profit upon the risk of this insurance, and a sufficient recompence for the trouble of employing the stock.
在大多数交易中，这种保险既可以为该保险的风险带来足够的利润，也可以为使用股票的麻烦提供足够的补偿。
But the proportion between interest and clear profit might not be the same in countries where the ordinary rate of profit was either a good deal lower, or a good deal higher.
但在普通利润率要么低很多，要么高很多的国家，利息和净利润之间的比例可能不一样。
If it were a good deal lower, one half of it, perhaps, could not be afforded for interest; and more might be afforded if it were a good deal higher.
如果低得多，一半可能连利息都付不起；如果价格高得多，可能会提供更多。
In countries which are fast advancing to riches, the low rate of profit may, in the price of many commodities, compensate the high wages of labour, and enable those countries to sell as cheap as their less thriving neighbours, among whom the wages of labour may be lower.
在快速致富的国家，许多商品价格中的低利润率可能会补偿高劳动工资，并使这些国家能够以与不太繁荣的邻国一样便宜的价格出售商品，而这些邻国的劳动工资可能较低。
In reality, high profits tend much more to raise the price of work than high wages.
事实上，高利润比高工资更容易提高工作价格。
If, in the linen manufacture, for example, the wages of the different working people, the flax-dressers, the spinners, the weavers, etc. should all of them be advanced twopence a-day, it would be necessary to heighten the price of a piece of linen only by a number of twopences equal to the number of people that had been employed about it, multiplied by the number of days during which they had been so employed.
例如，在亚麻制品制造业，如果不同工人、亚麻修整工、纺纱工、织布工等的工资每天提高两便士，那么一块亚麻布的价格只需要上涨两便士，其幅度等于该亚麻制品所雇用的人数乘以他们受雇的天数。
That part of the price of the commodity which resolved itself into the wages, would, through all the different stages of the manufacture, rise only in arithmetical proportion to this rise of wages.
商品价格中转化为工资的部分，在生产的各个不同阶段中，只会按照工资上涨的算术比例上涨。
But if the profits of all the different employers of those working people should be raised five per cent.
但是，如果这些劳动人民的所有不同雇主的利润应该提高百分之五。
that part of the price of the commodity which resolved itself into profit would, through all the different stages of the manufacture, rise in geometrical proportion to this rise of profit.
商品价格中转化为利润的那部分，在生产的各个不同阶段中，将与利润的增长成几何比例地增长。
The employer of the flax dressers would, in selling his flax, require an additional five per cent.
亚麻修整工的雇主在出售亚麻时会额外收取百分之五的费用。
upon the whole value of the materials and wages which he advanced to his workmen.
根据他预付给工人的材料和工资的全部价值。
The employer of the spinners would require an additional five per cent.
纺纱厂的雇主需要额外支付百分之五的费用。
both upon the advanced price of the flax, and upon the wages of the spinners.
既取决于亚麻的预付价格，也取决于纺纱工的工资。
And the employer of the weavers would require alike five per cent.
织布工的雇主同样会要求百分之五。
both upon the advanced price of the linen-yarn, and upon the wages of the weavers.
既取决于亚麻纱的预付价格，也取决于织工的工资。
In raising the price of commodities, the rise of wages operates in the same manner as simple interest does in the accumulation of debt.
在提高商品价格时，工资上涨的作用与单利在债务积累中的作用相同。
The rise of profit operates like compound interest.
利润的增长就像复利一样运作。
Our merchants and master manufacturers complain much of the bad effects of high wages in raising the price, and thereby lessening the sale of their goods, both at home and abroad.
我们的商人和主要制造商抱怨高工资带来的不良影响导致价格上涨，从而减少了他们的商品在国内外的销售。
They say nothing concerning the bad effects of high profits; they are silent with regard to the pernicious effects of their own gains; they complain only of those of other people.
他们只字不提高额利润的坏影响；他们对自己的利益造成的有害影响保持沉默；他们只抱怨别人的事情。
CHAPTER X.
第十章。
OF WAGES AND PROFIT IN THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF LABOUR AND STOCK.
劳动力和股票的不同就业中的工资和利润。
The whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, must, in the same neighbourhood, be either perfectly equal, or continually tending to equality.
在同一地区，劳动力和资本的不同使用方式的全部优点和缺点必须要么完全相等，要么不断趋于平等。
If, in the same neighbourhood, there was any employment evidently either more or less advantageous than the rest, so many people would crowd into it in the one case, and so many would desert it in the other, that its advantages would soon return to the level of other employments.
如果在同一个街区里，有一种职业明显比其他职业更有利或更不利，那么在一种情况下，就会有很多人涌入它，而在另一种情况下，很多人会放弃它，这样它的优势很快就会恢复到其他职业的水平。
This, at least, would be the case in a society where things were left to follow their natural course, where there was perfect liberty, and where every man was perfectly free both to choose what occupation he thought proper, and to change it as often as he thought proper.
至少，在这样一个社会中，一切都会顺其自然，有完全的自由，每个人都可以完全自由地选择他认为合适的职业，并在他认为合适的时候改变它。
Every man’s interest would prompt him to seek the advantageous, and to shun the disadvantageous employment.
每个人的利益都会促使他趋利避害。
Pecuniary wages and profit, indeed, are everywhere in Europe extremely different, according to the different employments of labour and stock.
事实上，欧洲各地的货币工资和利润，根据劳动力和股票的不同就业情况，存在着极大的差异。
But this difference arises, partly from certain circumstances in the employments themselves, which, either really, or at least in the imagination of men, make up for a small pecuniary gain in some, and counterbalance a great one in others, and partly from the policy of Europe, which nowhere leaves things at perfect liberty.
但造成这种差异的部分原因是就业本身的某些情况，无论是实际上还是至少在人们的想象中，这种情况弥补了一些人的小额金钱收益，并抵消了另一些人的巨大金钱收益，部分原因是欧洲的政策，它在任何地方都不允许事情处于完全自由的状态。
The particular consideration of those circumstances, and of that policy, will divide this Chapter into two parts.
对这些情况和政策的特别考虑，将本章分为两部分。
PART I.
第一部分。
Inequalities arising from the nature of the employments themselves.
不平等源于就业本身的性质。
The five following are the principal circumstances which, so far as I have been able to observe, make up for a small pecuniary gain in some employments, and counterbalance a great one in others.
据我观察，以下五种主要情况可以弥补某些工作中的小额金钱收益，并抵消其他工作中的巨大金钱收益。
First, the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employments themselves; secondly, the easiness and cheapness, or the difficulty and expense of learning them; thirdly, the constancy or inconstancy of employment in them; fourthly, the small or great trust which must be reposed in those who exercise them; and, fifthly, the probability or improbability of success in them.
首先，工作本身是否愉快；其次，学习的难易程度和费用；第三，他们的就业是否稳定；第四，必须对行使这些权力的人给予或大或小的信任；第五，它们成功的可能性或不可能。
First, the wages of labour vary with the ease or hardship, the cleanliness or dirtiness, the honourableness or dishonourableness, of the employment.
首先，劳动的工资随工作的难易、清洁或肮脏、荣誉或不荣誉而变化。
Thus in most places, take the year round, a journeyman tailor earns less than a journeyman weaver.
因此，在大多数地方，一年到头，熟练裁缝的收入都低于熟练织布工。
His work is much easier.
他的工作轻松多了。
A journeyman weaver earns less than a journeyman smith.
熟练织工的收入低于熟练铁匠。
His work is not always easier, but it is much cleanlier.
他的工作并不总是轻松，但干净得多。
A journeyman blacksmith, though an artificer, seldom earns so much in twelve hours, as a collier, who is only a labourer, does in eight.
一个熟练的铁匠，虽然是一个技工，但很少能在十二个小时内赚到如此多的钱，而一个煤矿工人，只是一个体力劳动者，在八个小时内就能赚这么多钱。
His work is not quite so dirty, is less dangerous, and is carried on in day-light, and above ground.
他的工作没那么肮脏，危险性也较小，而且是在白天、在地面上进行的。
Honour makes a great part of the reward of all honourable professions.
荣誉是所有光荣职业的报酬的重要组成部分。
In point of pecuniary gain, all things considered, they are generally under-recompensed, as I shall endeavour to shew by and by.
就金钱收益而言，考虑到所有因素，他们通常得到的报酬不足，正如我稍后将尽力表明的那样。
Disgrace has the contrary effect.
耻辱会产生相反的效果。
The trade of a butcher is a brutal and an odious business; but it is in most places more profitable than the greater part of common trades.
屠夫的职业是残酷而可憎的。但在大多数地方，它比大部分普通交易更有利可图。
The most detestable of all employments, that of public executioner, is, in proportion to the quantity of work done, better paid than any common trade whatever.
所有职业中最令人憎恶的职业，就是公共刽子手，其报酬与完成的工作量成正比，比任何普通行业都高。
Hunting and fishing, the most important employments of mankind in the rude state of society, become, in its advanced state, their most agreeable amusements, and they pursue for pleasure what they once followed from necessity.
狩猎和捕鱼是人类在原始社会状态下最重要的职业，而在先进状态下却成为他们最令人愉快的娱乐，他们为了快乐而追求他们曾经出于需要而追求的东西。
In the advanced state of society, therefore, they are all very poor people who follow as a trade, what other people pursue as a pastime.
因此，在先进的社会状态下，他们都是非常贫穷的人，他们将其他人所追求的作为一种职业，作为一种消遣。
Fishermen have been so since the time of Theocritus.
从提奥克里特斯时代起，渔民就一直如此。
{See Idyllium xxi.}.
{参见田园诗二十一。}。
A poacher is everywhere a very poor man in Great Britain.
在英国，偷猎者随处可见，都是非常贫穷的人。
In countries where the rigour of the law suffers no poachers, the licensed hunter is not in a much better condition.
在法律严格、不允许偷猎者的国家，有执照的猎人的处境也好不到哪里去。
The natural taste for those employments makes more people follow them, than can live comfortably by them; and the produce of their labour, in proportion to its quantity, comes always too cheap to market, to afford any thing but the most scanty subsistence to the labourers.
对这些工作的自然品味使得更多的人追随它们，但无法靠它们过上舒适的生活；他们的劳动产品，与其数量成比例，在市场上总是太便宜，只能为劳动者提供最微薄的生活必需品。
Disagreeableness and disgrace affect the profits of stock in the same manner as the wages of labour.
不愉快和耻辱对股票利润的影响与对劳动工资的影响是一样的。
The keeper of an inn or tavern, who is never master of his own house, and who is exposed to the brutality of every drunkard, exercises neither a very agreeable nor a very creditable business.
客栈或小酒馆的老板从来不是自己家里的主人，而且经常受到每个酒鬼的残暴对待，因此他从事的生意既不是令人愉快的，也不是值得信赖的。
But there is scarce any common trade in which a small stock yields so great a profit.
但很少有任何普通交易能用少量的股票产生如此大的利润。
Secondly, the wages of labour vary with the easiness and cheapness, or the difficulty and expense, of learning the business.
其次，劳动力的工资随着学习业务的难易程度和费用的不同而变化。
When any expensive machine is erected, the extraordinary work to be performed by it before it is worn out, it must be expected, will replace the capital laid out upon it, with at least the ordinary profits.
当任何一台昂贵的机器被安装起来时，在它报废之前所要完成的非凡的工作，必须预期，将取代投入在它上面的资本，至少是普通的利润。
A man educated at the expense of much labour and time to any of those employments which require extraordinary dexterity and skill, may be compared to one of those expensive machines.
一个人花费大量的劳动和时间接受教育，从事任何需要非凡灵巧和技能的工作，可以比作一台昂贵的机器。
The work which he learns to perform, it must be expected, over and above the usual wages of common labour, will replace to him the whole expense of his education, with at least the ordinary profits of an equally valuable capital.
必须预料到，他所学做的工作，除了普通劳动的通常工资之外，将取代他的全部教育费用，至少还有同等价值资本的普通利润。
It must do this too in a reasonable time, regard being had to the very uncertain duration of human life, in the same manner as to the more certain duration of the machine.
考虑到人类生命的持续时间非常不确定，它也必须在合理的时间内做到这一点，就像机器的更确定的持续时间一样。
The difference between the wages of skilled labour and those of common labour, is founded upon this principle.
熟练劳动和普通劳动之间的工资差异就是建立在这一原则之上的。
The policy of Europe considers the labour of all mechanics, artificers, and manufacturers, as skilled labour; and that of all country labourers as common labour.
欧洲的政策将所有机械师、技工和制造商的劳动力视为熟练劳动力；以及所有乡村劳动者的普通劳动。
It seems to suppose that of the former to be of a more nice and delicate nature than that of the latter.
似乎认为前者比后者具有更美好、更微妙的本性。
It is so perhaps in some cases; but in the greater part it is quite otherwise, as I shall endeavour to shew by and by.
在某些情况下也许确实如此；但在很大程度上，情况却完全不同，正如我稍后将尽力说明的那样。
The laws and customs of Europe, therefore, in order to qualify any person for exercising the one species of labour, impose the necessity of an apprenticeship, though with different degrees of rigour in different places.
因此，欧洲的法律和习俗，为了使任何人有资格从事某一类劳动，都强制要求接受学徒期，尽管不同地方的严格程度不同。
They leave the other free and open to every body.
他们让对方自由并向所有人开放。
During the continuance of the apprenticeship, the whole labour of the apprentice belongs to his master.
在学徒期继续期间，学徒的全部劳动都属于他的师傅。
In the meantime he must, in many cases, be maintained by his parents or relations, and, in almost all cases, must be clothed by them.
与此同时，在许多情况下，他必须由父母或亲戚供养，并且几乎在所有情况下，都必须由他们穿衣服。
Some money, too, is commonly given to the master for teaching him his trade.
通常还会给师傅一些钱，让他教他的手艺。
They who cannot give money, give time, or become bound for more than the usual number of years; a consideration which, though it is not always advantageous to the master, on account of the usual idleness of apprentices, is always disadvantageous to the apprentice.
他们无法提供金钱、时间或被束缚的时间超过通常的年限；由于学徒通常懒惰，这种考虑虽然并不总是对师傅有利，但对学徒却总是不利的。
In country labour, on the contrary, the labourer, while he is employed about the easier, learns the more difficult parts of his business, and his own labour maintains him through all the different stages of his employment.
相反，在乡村劳动中，劳动者在从事较容易的工作的同时，也学习了其工作中较困难的部分，并且他自己的劳动在其就业的所有不同阶段中维持着他。
It is reasonable, therefore, that in Europe the wages of mechanics, artificers, and manufacturers, should be somewhat higher than those of common labourers.
因此，在欧洲，机械师、技工和制造商的工资应该比普通工人的工资稍高一些，这是合理的。
They are so accordingly, and their superior gains make them, in most places, be considered as a superior rank of people.
因此，他们也是如此，而且他们的卓越成就使他们在大多数地方被视为上等人。
This superiority, however, is generally very small: the daily or weekly earnings of journeymen in the more common sorts of manufactures, such as those of plain linen and woollen cloth, computed at an average, are, in most places, very little more than the day-wages of common labourers.
然而，这种优势通常非常小：在更常见的制造业中，例如平纹亚麻布和呢绒制造业，熟练工人的日收入或周收入，按平均计算，在大多数地方只比普通工人的日工资高出一点点。
Their employment, indeed, is more steady and uniform, and the superiority of their earnings, taking the whole year together, may be somewhat greater.
事实上，他们的就业更加稳定和均匀，而且他们的收入优势，如果把全年加在一起，可能会更大一些。
It seems evidently, however, to be no greater than what is sufficient to compensate the superior expense of their education.
然而，显然这并不足以补偿他们的高额教育费用。
Education in the ingenious arts, and in the liberal professions, is still more tedious and expensive.
巧妙艺术和自由职业的教育仍然更加乏味和昂贵。
The pecuniary recompence, therefore, of painters and sculptors, of lawyers and physicians, ought to be much more liberal; and it is so accordingly.
因此，画家和雕塑家、律师和医生的金钱报酬应该更加宽松。事实也是如此。
The profits of stock seem to be very little affected by the easiness or difficulty of learning the trade in which it is employed.
股票的利润似乎很少受到学习其所从事的交易的难易程度的影响。
All the different ways in which stock is commonly employed in great towns seem, in reality, to be almost equally easy and equally difficult to learn.
实际上，在大城市中常用的所有不同的股票使用方式似乎都同样容易学习，也同样困难。
One branch, either of foreign or domestic trade, cannot well be a much more intricate business than another.
一个分支，无论是外贸还是国内贸易，都不可能比另一个分支复杂得多。
Thirdly, the wages of labour in different occupations vary with the constancy or inconstancy of employment.
第三，不同职业的劳动工资随着就业的稳定或不稳定而变化。
Employment is much more constant in some trades than in others.
某些行业的就业比其他行业更加稳定。
In the greater part of manufactures, a journeyman maybe pretty sure of employment almost every day in the year that he is able to work.
在大多数制造业中，熟练工在他能够工作的一年中几乎每天都能找到工作。
A mason or bricklayer, on the contrary, can work neither in hard frost nor in foul weather, and his employment at all other times depends upon the occasional calls of his customers.
相反，泥瓦匠或泥瓦匠既不能在严霜中工作，也不能在恶劣的天气中工作，他在其他时间的工作取决于客户偶尔的拜访。
He is liable, in consequence, to be frequently without any.
因此，他很可能经常没有任何东西。
What he earns, therefore, while he is employed, must not only maintain him while he is idle, but make him some compensation for those anxious and desponding moments which the thought of so precarious a situation must sometimes occasion.
因此，他在工作期间赚到的钱不仅可以维持他闲置时的生活，而且还可以使他在想到如此不稳定的情况时有时会引起的焦虑和沮丧时刻得到一些补偿。
Where the computed earnings of the greater part of manufacturers, accordingly, are nearly upon a level with the day-wages of common labourers, those of masons and bricklayers are generally from one-half more to double those wages.
因此，大部分制造商的计算收入几乎与普通工人的日工资持平，而石匠和砖瓦匠的日工资通常是这些工资的二分之一到两倍。
Where common labourers earn four or five shillings a-week, masons and bricklayers frequently earn seven and eight; where the former earn six, the latter often earn nine and ten; and where the former earn nine and ten, as in London, the latter commonly earn fifteen and eighteen.
普通工人每周挣四到五先令，而泥瓦匠和瓦匠则经常挣七到八先令；前者挣六块钱，而后者往往挣九块或十块；在伦敦，前者挣九到十，而后者通常挣十五和十八。
No species of skilled labour, however, seems more easy to learn than that of masons and bricklayers.
然而，没有哪一种熟练工人比泥瓦匠和瓦匠更容易学习了。
Chairmen in London, during the summer season, are said sometimes to be employed as bricklayers.
据说，伦敦的主席在夏季有时会被聘为瓦工。
The high wages of those workmen, therefore, are not so much the recompence of their skill, as the compensation for the inconstancy of their employment.
因此，这些工人的高工资与其说是对他们技能的补偿，不如说是对他们工作不稳定的补偿。
A house-carpenter seems to exercise rather a nicer and a more ingenious trade than a mason.
房屋木匠似乎比石匠从事更出色、更巧妙的工作。
In most places, however, for it is not universally so, his day-wages are somewhat lower.
然而，在大多数地方，由于情况并非普遍如此，他的日工资要低一些。
His employment, though it depends much, does not depend so entirely upon the occasional calls of his customers; and it is not liable to be interrupted by the weather.
他的工作虽然取决于很多，但并不完全取决于顾客偶尔的拜访。并且不易因天气而中断。
When the trades which generally afford constant employment, happen in a particular place not to do so, the wages of the workmen always rise a good deal above their ordinary proportion to those of common labour.
当通常提供稳定就业的行业发生在一个无法提供稳定就业的特定地方时，工人的工资总是远远高于其与普通劳动的正常比例。
In London, almost all journeymen artificers are liable to be called upon and dismissed by their masters from day to day, and from week to week, in the same manner as day-labourers in other places.
在伦敦，几乎所有的熟练技工都可能日复一日、周复一周地被他们的主人召唤或解雇，就像其他地方的日工一样。
The lowest order of artificers, journeymen tailors, accordingly, earn their half-a-crown a-day, though eighteen pence may be reckoned the wages of common labour.
因此，最底层的技工、熟练裁缝每天只能挣半克朗，尽管十八便士可以算作普通劳动的工资。
In small towns and country villages, the wages of journeymen tailors frequently scarce equal those of common labour; but in London they are often many weeks without employment, particularly during the summer.
在小城镇和乡村，熟练裁缝的工资常常与普通工人的工资相差甚远。但在伦敦，人们常常连续数周没有工作，尤其是在夏季。
When the inconstancy of employment is combined with the hardship, disagreeableness, and dirtiness of the work, it sometimes raises the wages of the most common labour above those of the most skilful artificers.
当工作不稳定，再加上工作的艰苦、令人不愉快和肮脏时，有时最普通劳动的工资就会高于最熟练技工的工资。
A collier working by the piece is supposed, at Newcastle, to earn commonly about double, and, in many parts of Scotland, about three times, the wages of common labour.
在纽卡斯尔，按件计件的煤矿工人的收入通常是普通劳动工资的两倍，在苏格兰许多地方，约为普通劳动工资的三倍。
His high wages arise altogether from the hardship, disagreeableness, and dirtiness of his work.
他的高工资完全来自于他的工作的艰苦、令人不愉快和肮脏。
His employment may, upon most occasions, be as constant as he pleases.
在大多数情况下，他的工作可以随他的意愿而持续。
The coal-heavers in London exercise a trade which, in hardship, dirtiness, and disagreeableness, almost equals that of colliers; and, from the unavoidable irregularity in the arrivals of coal-ships, the employment of the greater part of them is necessarily very inconstant.
伦敦的运煤工从事的行业，在艰苦、肮脏和令人不愉快方面几乎与煤矿工人的行业一样。而且，由于煤船到港不可避免地存在不规律性，因此大部分煤船的使用必然非常不稳定。
If colliers, therefore, commonly earn double and triple the wages of common labour, it ought not to seem unreasonable that coal-heavers should sometimes earn four and five times those wages.
因此，如果煤矿工人的工资通常是普通劳动工资的两倍或三倍，那么运煤工有时赚取四到五倍的工资似乎也不是不合理的。
In the inquiry made into their condition a few years ago, it was found that, at the rate at which they were then paid, they could earn from six to ten shillings a-day.
几年前对他们的状况进行调查后发现，按照当时的工资水平，他们每天可以挣六到十先令。
Six shillings are about four times the wages of common labour in London; and, in every particular trade, the lowest common earnings may always be considered as those of the far greater number.
六先令大约是伦敦普通劳动力工资的四倍；而且，在每一个特定的行业中，最低的共同收入总是被认为是大多数人的收入。
How extravagant soever those earnings may appear, if they were more than sufficient to compensate all the disagreeable circumstances of the business, there would soon be so great a number of competitors, as, in a trade which has no exclusive privilege, would quickly reduce them to a lower rate.
无论这些收入看起来多么奢侈，如果它们足以补偿企业所有不利的情况，很快就会出现大量的竞争者，因为在没有排他性特权的行业中，竞争者会很快将其降低到较低的水平。
The constancy or inconstancy of employment cannot affect the ordinary profits of stock in any particular trade.
就业的稳定或不稳定不会影响任何特定行业的股票普通利润。
Whether the stock is or is not constantly employed, depends, not upon the trade, but the trader.
股票是否经常被使用，并不取决于交易，而是取决于交易者。
Fourthly, the wages of labour vary according to the small or great trust which must be reposed in the workmen.
第四，劳动工资根据对工人的信任大小而变化。
The wages of goldsmiths and jewellers are everywhere superior to those of many other workmen, not only of equal, but of much superior ingenuity, on account of the precious materials with which they are entrusted.
金匠和珠宝商的工资在任何地方都比许多其他工人高，不仅是同等的，而且由于他们所委托的贵重材料，他们的聪明才智要高得多。
We trust our health to the physician, our fortune, and sometimes our life and reputation, to the lawyer and attorney.
我们把我们的健康托付给医生，把我们的财富托付给律师，有时甚至把我们的生命和声誉托付给律师。
Such confidence could not safely be reposed in people of a very mean or low condition.
这种信心不能安全地寄托在地位非常卑鄙或低下的人身上。
Their reward must be such, therefore, as may give them that rank in the society which so important a trust requires.
因此，他们的报酬必须能够赋予他们在如此重要的信托所要求的社会中的地位。
The long time and the great expense which must be laid out in their education, when combined with this circumstance, necessarily enhance still further the price of their labour.
他们的教育必须花费很长的时间和巨大的费用，再加上这种情况，必然会进一步提高他们的劳动价格。
When a person employs only his own stock in trade, there is no trust; and the credit which he may get from other people, depends, not upon the nature of the trade, but upon their opinion of his fortune, probity and prudence.
当一个人只使用自己的股票进行交易时，就没有信任；他从其他人那里得到的信用，并不取决于交易的性质，而是取决于他们对他的财富、正直和谨慎的看法。
The different rates of profit, therefore, in the different branches of trade, cannot arise from the different degrees of trust reposed in the traders.
因此，在不同的贸易部门中，不同的利润率不可能是由于交易者之间的信任程度不同而产生的。
Fifthly, the wages of labour in different employments vary according to the probability or improbability of success in them.
第五，不同职业的劳动工资根据其成功的概率或不可能而有所不同。
The probability that any particular person shall ever be qualified for the employments to which he is educated, is very different in different occupations.
任何特定的人有资格从事其所受教育的工作的概率在不同的职业中是有很大不同的。
In the greatest part of mechanic trades success is almost certain; but very uncertain in the liberal professions.
在大部分机械行业中，成功几乎是板上钉钉的事情。但在自由职业中非常不确定。
Put your son apprentice to a shoemaker, there is little doubt of his learning to make a pair of shoes; but send him to study the law, it as at least twenty to one if he ever makes such proficiency as will enable him to live by the business.
让你的儿子去鞋匠那里学徒，毫无疑问他会学会做一双鞋；但送他去学习法律，如果他精通法律，能够靠生意谋生的话，至少是二十比一。
In a perfectly fair lottery, those who draw the prizes ought to gain all that is lost by those who draw the blanks.
在完全公平的抽奖中，中奖者应该获得抽空者所失去的一切。
In a profession, where twenty fail for one that succeeds, that one ought to gain all that should have been gained by the unsuccessful twenty.
在一种职业中，二十个人失败了，而一个人成功了，那么这个人就应该获得二十个不成功的人应该获得的一切。
The counsellor at law, who, perhaps, at near forty years of age, begins to make something by his profession, ought to receive the retribution, not only of his own so tedious and expensive education, but of that of more than twenty others, who are never likely to make any thing by it.
法律顾问也许在四十岁左右就开始凭借自己的职业有所建树，他不仅应该受到自己如此乏味而昂贵的教育的报应，而且还应该受到其他二十多个人的报应，而他们永远不可能靠自己的职业有所建树。
How extravagant soever the fees of counsellors at law may sometimes appear, their real retribution is never equal to this.
无论法律顾问的费用有时显得多么奢侈，他们真正的报应绝非如此。
Compute, in any particular place, what is likely to be annually gained, and what is likely to be annually spent, by all the different workmen in any common trade, such as that of shoemakers or weavers, and you will find that the former sum will generally exceed the latter.
计算一下，在任何特定的地方，任何共同行业中的所有不同工人，例如鞋匠或织布工，每年可能获得什么，以及每年可能花费什么，你会发现前者的总和通常会超过后者。
But make the same computation with regard to all the counsellors and students of law, in all the different Inns of Court, and you will find that their annual gains bear but a very small proportion to their annual expense, even though you rate the former as high, and the latter as low, as can well be done.
但是，对所有不同法院的所有法律顾问和法律学生进行同样的计算，你会发现他们的年收入只占他们年支出的很小比例，即使你认为前者高，后者低，这是可以做到的。
The lottery of the law, therefore, is very far from being a perfectly fair lottery; and that as well as many other liberal and honourable professions, is, in point of pecuniary gain, evidently under-recompensed.
因此，法律的抽签远非完全公平的抽签。而且，与许多其他自由和光荣的职业一样，就金钱收益而言，显然报酬不足。
Those professions keep their level, however, with other occupations; and, notwithstanding these discouragements, all the most generous and liberal spirits are eager to crowd into them.
然而，这些职业与其他职业保持着相同的水平。尽管存在这些阻碍，但所有最慷慨和最自由的人都渴望涌入其中。
Two different causes contribute to recommend them.
有两个不同的原因促使我们推荐它们。
First, the desire of the reputation which attends upon superior excellence in any of them; and, secondly, the natural confidence which every man has, more or less, not only in his own abilities, but in his own good fortune.
首先，对声誉的渴望伴随着他们中任何一个人的卓越表现；其次，每个人都或多或少地不仅对自己的能力而且对自己的好运气都具有天然的信心。
To excel in any profession, in which but few arrive at mediocrity, is the most decisive mark of what is called genius, or superior talents.
在任何职业中表现出色，是所谓天才或卓越才能的最决定性标志，而在这些职业中，很少有人会达到平庸。
The public admiration which attends upon such distinguished abilities makes always a part of their reward; a greater or smaller, in proportion as it is higher or lower in degree.
公众对这种杰出能力的钦佩始终是他们奖励的一部分。更大或更小，与程度的高低成比例。
It makes a considerable part of that reward in the profession of physic; a still greater, perhaps, in that of law; in poetry and philosophy it makes almost the whole.
它占物理学职业报酬的相当大一部分。或许，更重要的是法律；在诗歌和哲学中，它几乎构成了整体。
There are some very agreeable and beautiful talents, of which the possession commands a certain sort of admiration, but of which the exercise, for the sake of gain, is considered, whether from reason or prejudice, as a sort of public prostitution.
有一些非常令人愉快和美丽的才能，拥有这些才能会引起某种程度的钦佩，但为了获得利益而使用这些才能，无论是出于理性还是偏见，都被认为是一种公开卖淫。
The pecuniary recompence, therefore, of those who exercise them in this manner, must be sufficient, not only to pay for the time, labour, and expense of acquiring the talents, but for the discredit which attends the employment of them as the means of subsistence.
因此，那些以这种方式运用这些才能的人所获得的金钱报酬必须足以支付获得这些才能所付出的时间、劳动和费用，而且还必须足以弥补因使用这些才能作为生存手段而造成的名誉扫地。
The exorbitant rewards of players, opera-singers, opera-dancers, etc. are founded upon those two principles; the rarity and beauty of the talents, and the discredit of employing them in this manner.
演员、歌剧演员、歌剧舞者等的过高报酬就是建立在这两个原则之上的；人才的稀有和美丽，以及以这种方式使用他们的名誉。
It seems absurd at first sight, that we should despise their persons, and yet reward their talents with the most profuse liberality.
乍一看，我们应该鄙视他们的人，却又慷慨地奖励他们的才能，这似乎很荒谬。
While we do the one, however, we must of necessity do the other, Should the public opinion or prejudice ever alter with regard to such occupations, their pecuniary recompence would quickly diminish.
然而，在我们做一件事的同时，我们也必须做另一件事。如果公众对这些职业的看法或偏见发生改变，他们的金钱回报将很快减少。
More people would apply to them, and the competition would quickly reduce the price of their labour.
更多的人会申请他们，竞争会迅速降低他们的劳动力价格。
Such talents, though far from being common, are by no means so rare as imagined.
这样的人才虽然远非常见，但也绝非想象中的那么稀有。
Many people possess them in great perfection, who disdain to make this use of them; and many more are capable of acquiring them, if any thing could be made honourably by them.
许多人完美地拥有它们，但却不屑于使用它们。如果他们能光荣地创造出任何东西的话，还有更多的人有能力获得它们。
The over-weening conceit which the greater part of men have of their own abilities, is an ancient evil remarked by the philosophers and moralists of all ages.
大多数人对自己的能力过于自负，这是历代哲学家和道德家都指出的一种古老的罪恶。
Their absurd presumption in their own good fortune has been less taken notice of.
他们对自己好运的荒谬假设却很少受到关注。
It is, however, if possible, still more universal.
然而，如果可能的话，它仍然更加普遍。
There is no man living, who, when in tolerable health and spirits, has not some share of it.
没有一个活着的人，在健康和精神还算可以的情况下，不曾分享过这样的生活。
The chance of gain is by every man more or less over-valued, and the chance of loss is by most men under-valued, and by scarce any man, who is in tolerable health and spirits, valued more than it is worth.
每个人都或多或少地高估了获利的机会，大多数人都低估了损失的机会，而几乎没有一个健康和精神状况良好的人，对损失的机会的重视程度超过了其价值。
That the chance of gain is naturally overvalued, we may learn from the universal success of lotteries.
我们可以从彩票的普遍成功中学到，获利的机会自然被高估了。
The world neither ever saw, nor ever will see, a perfectly fair lottery, or one in which the whole gain compensated the whole loss; because the undertaker could make nothing by it.
世界从来没有见过，也永远不会看到一种完全公平的彩票，或者一种全部收益补偿全部损失的彩票。因为殡葬承办人不能靠它赚到任何钱。
In the state lotteries, the tickets are really not worth the price which is paid by the original subscribers, and yet commonly sell in the market for twenty, thirty, and sometimes forty per cent.
在国家彩票中，彩票实际上不值原始订户支付的价格，但在市场上通常以百分之二十、百分之三十、有时百分之四十的价格出售。
advance.
进步。
The vain hopes of gaining some of the great prizes is the sole cause of this demand.
获得一些大奖的徒劳希望是这种需求的唯一原因。
The soberest people scarce look upon it as a folly to pay a small sum for the chance of gaining ten or twenty thousand pounds, though they know that even that small sum is perhaps twenty or thirty per cent.
最清醒的人很少会认为为了获得一万或两万英镑的机会而支付一小笔钱是愚蠢的，尽管他们知道即使是那笔小钱也可能是百分之二十或百分之三十。
more than the chance is worth.
超过了机会的价值。
In a lottery in which no prize exceeded twenty pounds, though in other respects it approached much nearer to a perfectly fair one than the common state lotteries, there would not be the same demand for tickets.
在一种奖金不超过二十英镑的彩票中，尽管在其他方面它比普通的州彩票更接近完全公平的彩票，但对彩票的需求不会相同。
In order to have a better chance for some of the great prizes, some people purchase several tickets; and others, small shares in a still greater number.
为了有更好的机会获得一些大奖，有些人会购买多张彩票；有些人会购买多张彩票。和其他人相比，小股数量更多。
There is not, however, a more certain proposition in mathematics, than that the more tickets you adventure upon, the more likely you are to be a loser.
然而，数学上没有比这更确定的命题了：你冒险的票越多，你就越有可能成为失败者。
Adventure upon all the tickets in the lottery, and you lose for certain; and the greater the number of your tickets, the nearer you approach to this certainty.
冒险购买彩票中的所有彩票，你肯定会输；您的门票数量越多，您就越接近这种确定性。
That the chance of loss is frequently undervalued, and scarce ever valued more than it is worth, we may learn from the very moderate profit of insurers.
我们可以从保险公司微薄的利润中了解到，损失的可能性经常被低估，而且很少被低估。
In order to make insurance, either from fire or sea-risk, a trade at all, the common premium must be sufficient to compensate the common losses, to pay the expense of management, and to afford such a profit as might have been drawn from an equal capital employed in any common trade.
为了使火灾保险或海险保险成为一种贸易，共同保费必须足以补偿共同损失，支付管理费用，并提供可能从任何共同贸易中使用的同等资本中提取的利润。
The person who pays no more than this, evidently pays no more than the real value of the risk, or the lowest price at which he can reasonably expect to insure it.
支付不超过此金额的人显然支付的金额不超过风险的实际价值，或者他可以合理预期为其投保的最低价格。
But though many people have made a little money by insurance, very few have made a great fortune; and, from this consideration alone, it seems evident enough that the ordinary balance of profit and loss is not more advantageous in this than in other common trades, by which so many people make fortunes.
但虽然很多人靠保险赚了点小钱，但发大财的人却很少。仅从这一点来看，很明显，普通的损益平衡在这方面并不比在其他普通交易中更有利，而许多人通过这些交易发了财。
Moderate, however, as the premium of insurance commonly is, many people despise the risk too much to care to pay it.
然而，由于保险费通常较低，许多人过于轻视风险而不愿支付。
Taking the whole kingdom at an average, nineteen houses in twenty, or rather, perhaps, ninety-nine in a hundred, are not insured from fire.
以整个王国平均而言，二十所房屋中有十九所，或者更确切地说，一百所房屋中有九十九所没有火灾保险。
Sea-risk is more alarming to the greater part of people; and the proportion of ships insured to those not insured is much greater.
海洋风险对大多数人来说更加令人担忧；投保船舶与未投保船舶的比例要大得多。
Many sail, however, at all seasons, and even in time of war, without any insurance.
然而，许多人在任何季节甚至在战争时期都在没有任何保险的情况下航行。
This may sometimes, perhaps, be done without any imprudence.
有时，这样做也许可以毫不轻率。
When a great company, or even a great merchant, has twenty or thirty ships at sea, they may, as it were, insure one another.
当一家大公司，甚至是一位大商人，在海上有二十或三十艘船时，他们可以说是互相投保。
The premium saved up on them all may more than compensate such losses as they are likely to meet with in the common course of chances.
他们所节省的保费可能足以补偿他们在一般情况下可能遇到的损失。
The neglect of insurance upon shipping, however, in the same manner as upon houses, is, in most cases, the effect of no such nice calculation, but of mere thoughtless rashness, and presumptuous contempt of the risk.
然而，与房屋保险一样，在大多数情况下，对航运保险的忽视并不是由于如此周密的计算而造成的，而只是由于轻率鲁莽和对风险的自以为是的蔑视造成的。
The contempt of risk, and the presumptuous hope of success, are in no period of life more active than at the age at which young people choose their professions.
对风险的蔑视和对成功的自以为是的希望，在人生的任何时期都比年轻人选择职业的年龄更活跃。
How little the fear of misfortune is then capable of balancing the hope of good luck, appears still more evidently in the readiness of the common people to enlist as soldiers, or to go to sea, than in the eagerness of those of better fashion to enter into what are called the liberal professions.
对不幸的恐惧是多么不足以平衡对好运的希望，这更明显地表现在普通民众准备参军或出海，而不是那些更时尚的人渴望进入所谓的自由职业。
What a common soldier may lose is obvious enough.
一个普通士兵可能失去的东西是显而易见的。
Without regarding the danger, however, young volunteers never enlist so readily as at the beginning of a new war; and though they have scarce any chance of preferment, they figure to themselves, in their youthful fancies, a thousand occasions of acquiring honour and distinction which never occur.
然而，如果不考虑危险，年轻的志愿者从来没有像在新的战争开始时那么容易入伍。尽管他们几乎没有任何晋升的机会，但他们在年轻时的幻想中，为自己设想了一千次获得荣誉和荣誉的机会，但从未发生过。
These romantic hopes make the whole price of their blood.
这些浪漫的希望构成了他们鲜血的全部代价。
Their pay is less than that of common labourers, and, in actual service, their fatigues are much greater.
他们的工资比普通劳动者低，但在实际工作中，他们的疲劳却要大得多。
The lottery of the sea is not altogether so disadvantageous as that of the army.
海上抽签并不完全像军队抽签那么不利。
The son of a creditable labourer or artificer may frequently go to sea with his father’s consent; but if he enlists as a soldier, it is always without it.
一个有信誉的工人或技工的儿子可以经常在父亲的同意下出海；但如果他入伍当兵，那总是没有的。
Other people see some chance of his making something by the one trade; nobody but himself sees any of his making any thing by the other.
其他人看到他有机会通过一笔交易赚到钱；除了他自己之外，没有人看到他通过他人创造了任何东西。
The great admiral is less the object of public admiration than the great general; and the highest success in the sea service promises a less brilliant fortune and reputation than equal success in the land.
伟大的海军上将不像伟大的将军那样受到公众的钦佩。海上服务的最高成功所带来的财富和声誉不如陆地上的同等成功。
The same difference runs through all the inferior degrees of preferment in both.
同样的差异贯穿于两者所有较低的偏好程度。
By the rules of precedency, a captain in the navy ranks with a colonel in the army; but he does not rank with him in the common estimation.
根据优先顺序规则，海军上尉与陆军上校并列；但在普遍的评价中，他并不属于他。
As the great prizes in the lottery are less, the smaller ones must be more numerous.
由于彩票中的大奖较少，所以小奖的数量必然较多。
Common sailors, therefore, more frequently get some fortune and preferment than common soldiers; and the hope of those prizes is what principally recommends the trade.
因此，普通水手比普通士兵更容易获得一些财富和晋升。而对这些奖品的希望正是推荐该行业的主要因素。
Though their skill and dexterity are much superior to that of almost any artificers; and though their whole life is one continual scene of hardship and danger; yet for all this dexterity and skill, for all those hardships and dangers, while they remain in the condition of common sailors, they receive scarce any other recompence but the pleasure of exercising the one and of surmounting the other.
尽管他们的技巧和灵巧程度比几乎所有的技师都高出许多；尽管他们的一生都是一幅持续不断的艰难和危险景象；然而，尽管他们拥有这些灵巧和技巧，尽管他们面临着所有这些艰辛和危险，但当他们仍处于普通水手的状态时，他们几乎得不到任何其他回报，除了锻炼其中一项和超越另一项的乐趣之外。
Their wages are not greater than those of common labourers at the port which regulates the rate of seamen’s wages.
他们的工资并不高于港口规定海员工资标准的普通工人。
As they are continually going from port to port, the monthly pay of those who sail from all the different ports of Great Britain, is more nearly upon a level than that of any other workmen in those different places; and the rate of the port to and from which the greatest number sail, that is, the port of London, regulates that of all the rest.
由于他们不断地从一个港口到另一个港口，从英国所有不同港口航行的人的月工资比那些不同地方的任何其他工人的水平更接近。航行人数最多的港口，即伦敦港，其费率决定着其他港口的费率。
At London, the wages of the greater part of the different classes of workmen are about double those of the same classes at Edinburgh.
在伦敦，大部分不同阶级工人的工资大约是爱丁堡同一阶级工人的两倍。
But the sailors who sail from the port of London, seldom earn above three or four shillings a month more than those who sail from the port of Leith, and the difference is frequently not so great.
但从伦敦港起航的水手每月的收入很少比从利斯港起航的水手高出三到四先令，而且差别往往也不是那么大。
In time of peace, and in the merchant-service, the London price is from a guinea to about seven-and-twenty shillings the calendar month.
在和平时期，在商业服务中，伦敦的价格是每月几尼到大约七二十先令。
A common labourer in London, at the rate of nine or ten shillings a week, may earn in the calendar month from forty to five-and-forty shillings.
伦敦的一个普通工人，按照每周九或十先令的工资，一个月的收入可能是四十到五又四十先令。
The sailor, indeed, over and above his pay, is supplied with provisions.
事实上，除了工资之外，水手还得到了食物。
Their value, however, may not perhaps always exceed the difference between his pay and that of the common labourer; and though it sometimes should, the excess will not be clear gain to the sailor, because he cannot share it with his wife and family, whom he must maintain out of his wages at home.
然而，他们的价值也许并不总是超过他的工资与普通劳动者的工资之间的差额；虽然有时应该如此，但多余的钱对水手来说并不是明显的收益，因为他不能与妻子和家人分享，他必须用家里的工资来维持他们的生活。
The dangers and hair-breadth escapes of a life of adventures, instead of disheartening young people, seem frequently to recommend a trade to them.
冒险生活中的危险和千钧一发的逃脱，不但没有让年轻人灰心丧气，反而常常向他们推荐一种职业。
A tender mother, among the inferior ranks of people, is often afraid to send her son to school at a sea-port town, lest the sight of the ships, and the conversation and adventures of the sailors, should entice him to go to sea.
一位温柔的母亲，身处下层社会，常常不敢送儿子去海港城镇上学，以免看到船只、水手们的谈话和冒险，会诱使他出海。
The distant prospect of hazards, from which we can hope to extricate ourselves by courage and address, is not disagreeable to us, and does not raise the wages of labour in any employment.
我们希望通过勇气和应对措施来摆脱危险的遥远前景，这对我们来说并不令人反感，并且不会提高任何工作中的劳动工资。
It is otherwise with those in which courage and address can be of no avail.
对于那些勇气和策略都无济于事的人来说，情况就不同了。
In trades which are known to be very unwholesome, the wages of labour are always remarkably high.
在众所周知的非常不健康的行业中，工人的工资总是非常高。
Unwholesomeness is a species of disagreeableness, and its effects upon the wages of labour are to be ranked under that general head.
不健康是一种令人不愉快的行为，它对劳动工资的影响应归入这一总类。
In all the different employments of stock, the ordinary rate of profit varies more or less with the certainty or uncertainty of the returns.
在所有不同的股票运用中，普通利润率或多或少随着回报的确定性或不确定性而变化。
These are, in general, less uncertain in the inland than in the foreign trade, and in some branches of foreign trade than in others; in the trade to North America, for example, than in that to Jamaica.
总体而言，这些因素在内陆贸易中的不确定性比对外贸易中的不确定性要小，而且在对外贸易的某些部门中比在其他部门中的不确定性要小；例如，对北美的贸易就多于对牙买加的贸易。
The ordinary rate of profit always rises more or less with the risk.
普通利润率总是随着风险的增加而或多或少地上升。
It does not, however, seem to rise in proportion to it, or so as to compensate it completely.
然而，它似乎并没有与它成比例地增加，或者完全补偿它。
Bankruptcies are most frequent in the most hazardous trades.
最危险的行业破产最为频繁。
The most hazardous of all trades, that of a smuggler, though, when the adventure succeeds, it is likewise the most profitable, is the infallible road to bankruptcy.
走私是所有行业中最危险的，但当冒险成功时，它同样是最有利可图的，也是一条万无一失的破产之路。
The presumptuous hope of success seems to act here as upon all other occasions, and to entice so many adventurers into those hazardous trades, that their competition reduces the profit below what is sufficient to compensate the risk.
与所有其他场合一样，对成功的自以为是的希望在这里发挥作用，并吸引如此多的冒险家进入那些危险的行业，他们的竞争将利润降低到足以补偿风险的水平。
To compensate it completely, the common returns ought, over and above the ordinary profits of stock, not only to make up for all occasional losses, but to afford a surplus profit to the adventurers, of the same nature with the profit of insurers.
为了完全补偿它，除了股票的普通利润之外，共同收益不仅应该弥补所有偶然的损失，而且应该为冒险家提供超额利润，其性质与保险公司的利润相同。
But if the common returns were sufficient for all this, bankruptcies would not be more frequent in these than in other trades.
但如果共同回报足以满足这一切，那么这些行业的破产就不会比其他行业更频繁。
Of the five circumstances, therefore, which vary the wages of labour, two only affect the profits of stock; the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business, and the risk or security with which it is attended.
因此，在改变劳动工资的五种情况中，有两种只影响股票利润；业务的适宜性或不适宜性，以及随之而来的风险或安全性。
In point of agreeableness or disagreeableness, there is little or no difference in the far greater part of the different employments of stock, but a great deal in those of labour; and the ordinary profit of stock, though it rises with the risk, does not always seem to rise in proportion to it.
就宜人或宜人而言，资本的大部分不同运用几乎没有差别或没有差别，但劳动的运用却有很大差别。股票的普通利润虽然随着风险的增加而增加，但似乎并不总是与风险成正比。
It should follow from all this, that, in the same society or neighbourhood, the average and ordinary rates of profit in the different employments of stock should be more nearly upon a level than the pecuniary wages of the different sorts of labour.
由此可见，在同一个社会或邻里，不同的资本运用的平均和普通利润率应该比不同种类的劳动的金钱工资更接近一个水平。
They are so accordingly.
他们也是如此。
The difference between the earnings of a common labourer and those of a well employed lawyer or physician, is evidently much greater than that between the ordinary profits in any two different branches of trade.
普通劳动者与受雇良好的律师或医生之间的收入差异显然比任何两个不同行业的普通利润之间的差异要大得多。
The apparent difference, besides, in the profits of different trades, is generally a deception arising from our not always distinguishing what ought to be considered as wages, from what ought to be considered as profit.
此外，不同行业利润的明显差异通常是一种欺骗，因为我们并不总是区分什么应该被视为工资，什么应该被视为利润。
Apothecaries’ profit is become a bye-word, denoting something uncommonly extravagant.
药剂师的利润已成为一个代名词，指的是异常奢侈的事情。
This great apparent profit, however, is frequently no more than the reasonable wages of labour.
然而，这种巨大的表面利润往往不过是合理的劳动工资。
The skill of an apothecary is a much nicer and more delicate matter than that of any artificer whatever; and the trust which is reposed in him is of much greater importance.
药剂师的技能比任何技工的技能都要好得多、更微妙。对他的信任更为重要。
He is the physician of the poor in all cases, and of the rich when the distress or danger is not very great.
在所有情况下，他都是穷人的医生，而当痛苦或危险不是很大时，他也是富人的医生。
His reward, therefore, ought to be suitable to his skill and his trust; and it arises generally from the price at which he sells his drugs.
因此，他的报酬应该与他的技能和信任相称。它通常是由他出售毒品的价格引起的。
But the whole drugs which the best employed apothecary in a large market-town, will sell in a year, may not perhaps cost him above thirty or forty pounds.
但是，一个大集镇中最受雇的药剂师一年内出售的全部药物，可能不会花费他超过三十或四十英镑。
Though he should sell them, therefore, for three or four hundred, or at a thousand per cent.
因此，尽管他应该以三四百甚至百分之一千的价格出售它们。
profit, this may frequently be no more than the reasonable wages of his labour, charged, in the only way in which he can charge them, upon the price of his drugs.
利润，这通常可能不超过其合理的劳动工资，而这是他可以收取的唯一方式，以他的药品价格为基础。
The greater part of the apparent profit is real wages disguised in the garb of profit.
表观利润的很大一部分是披着利润外衣的实际工资。
In a small sea-port town, a little grocer will make forty or fifty per cent.
在一个海港小镇，一个小杂货店的收入可达百分之四十或百分之五十。
upon a stock of a single hundred pounds, while a considerable wholesale merchant in the same place will scarce make eight or ten per cent.
一百磅的库存，而同一地方的一个相当大的批发商却几乎赚不到百分之八或百分之十。
upon a stock of ten thousand.
库存一万。
The trade of the grocer may be necessary for the conveniency of the inhabitants, and the narrowness of the market may not admit the employment of a larger capital in the business.
为了居民的便利，杂货商的贸易可能是必要的，而市场的狭窄可能不允许在该行业中使用更多的资本。
The man, however, must not only live by his trade, but live by it suitably to the qualifications which it requires.
然而，这个人不仅必须靠自己的职业生活，而且还必须根据其所需的资格来生活。
Besides possessing a little capital, he must be able to read, write, and account and must be a tolerable judge, too, of perhaps fifty or sixty different sorts of goods, their prices, qualities, and the markets where they are to be had cheapest.
除了拥有一点资本之外，他还必须能够阅读、写作和会计，并且还必须能够对大约五十或六十种不同种类的商品、它们的价格、质量以及最便宜的市场进行判断。
He must have all the knowledge, in short, that is necessary for a great merchant, which nothing hinders him from becoming but the want of a sufficient capital.
简而言之，他必须具备成为一名伟大商人所必需的所有知识，除了缺乏足够的资本之外，没有什么能阻止他成为一名伟大的商人。
Thirty or forty pounds a year cannot be considered as too great a recompence for the labour of a person so accomplished.
对于一个如此有成就的人来说，一年三十或四十英镑的报酬并不算太大。
Deduct this from the seemingly great profits of his capital, and little more will remain, perhaps, than the ordinary profits of stock.
从他的资本看似巨大的利润中扣除这一点，也许只剩下普通的股票利润了。
The greater part of the apparent profit is, in this case too, real wages.
在这种情况下，表观利润的大部分也是实际工资。
The difference between the apparent profit of the retail and that of the wholesale trade, is much less in the capital than in small towns and country villages.
首都零售业与批发业的表观利润差异远小于小城镇和乡村。
Where ten thousand pounds can be employed in the grocery trade, the wages of the grocer’s labour must be a very trifling addition to the real profits of so great a stock.
如果一万英镑可以用于杂货贸易，那么杂货商的劳动工资相对于如此大的股票的实际利润来说肯定是微不足道的。
The apparent profits of the wealthy retailer, therefore, are there more nearly upon a level with those of the wholesale merchant.
因此，富裕零售商的表观利润更接近批发商的水平。
It is upon this account that goods sold by retail are generally as cheap, and frequently much cheaper, in the capital than in small towns and country villages.
正是由于这个原因，首都零售销售的商品通常与小城镇和乡村一样便宜，而且往往便宜得多。
Grocery goods, for example, are generally much cheaper; bread and butchers’ meat frequently as cheap.
例如，杂货通常要便宜得多。面包和肉通常同样便宜。
It costs no more to bring grocery goods to the great town than to the country village; but it costs a great deal more to bring corn and cattle, as the greater part of them must be brought from a much greater distance.
将杂货运到大城市的费用并不比运到乡村的费用高。但运送玉米和牲畜的成本要高得多，因为其中大部分必须从更远的距离运来。
The prime cost of grocery goods, therefore, being the same in both places, they are cheapest where the least profit is charged upon them.
因此，杂货的主要成本在两个地方都是相同的，在利润最少的地方它们的价格最便宜。
The prime cost of bread and butchers’ meat is greater in the great town than in the country village; and though the profit is less, therefore they are not always cheaper there, but often equally cheap.
大城市的面包和肉的主要成本比乡村要高。尽管利润较少，因此它们在那里并不总是便宜，但往往同样便宜。
In such articles as bread and butchers’ meat, the same cause which diminishes apparent profit, increases prime cost.
在面包和肉类等产品中，减少表观利润的同一原因也会增加原始成本。
The extent of the market, by giving employment to greater stocks, diminishes apparent profit; but by requiring supplies from a greater distance, it increases prime cost.
市场的扩大给更多的股票提供了就业机会，从而减少了表观利润；但由于需要从更远的距离供应，这就增加了主要成本。
This diminution of the one and increase of the other, seem, in most cases, nearly to counterbalance one another; which is probably the reason that, though the prices of corn and cattle are commonly very different in different parts of the kingdom, those of bread and butchers’ meat are generally very nearly the same through the greater part of it.
在大多数情况下，这一者的减少和另一者的增加似乎几乎是相互抵消的。这可能是因为，尽管王国不同地区的玉米和牲畜的价格通常相差很大，但大部分地区面包和屠宰肉类的价格通常几乎相同。
Though the profits of stock, both in the wholesale and retail trade, are generally less in the capital than in small towns and country villages, yet great fortunes are frequently acquired from small beginnings in the former, and scarce ever in the latter.
尽管首都的批发业和零售业的股票利润普遍低于小城镇和乡村，但前者往往是从小事做起，而后者却很少有这样的财富。
In small towns and country villages, on account of the narrowness of the market, trade cannot always be extended as stock extends.
在小城镇和乡村，由于市场狭窄，贸易不可能随着库存的增加而扩大。
In such places, therefore, though the rate of a particular person’s profits may be very high, the sum or amount of them can never be very great, nor consequently that of his annual accumulation.
因此，在这些地方，尽管某个人的利润率可能很高，但其总和或数额永远不可能很大，因此他的年积累也不可能很大。
In great towns, on the contrary, trade can be extended as stock increases, and the credit of a frugal and thriving man increases much faster than his stock.
相反，在大城市，贸易可以随着库存的增加而扩大，而节俭而繁荣的人的信用增长速度远远快于他的库存。
His trade is extended in proportion to the amount of both; and the sum or amount of his profits is in proportion to the extent of his trade, and his annual accumulation in proportion to the amount of his profits.
他的贸易规模与两者的金额成正比；他的利润总额与他的贸易规模成正比，他的年积累与他的利润额成正比。
It seldom happens, however, that great fortunes are made, even in great towns, by any one regular, established, and well-known branch of business, but in consequence of a long life of industry, frugality, and attention.
然而，即使是在大城市，任何一家正规的、成熟的、知名的商业部门也很少能靠长期勤奋、节俭和专注而发家致富。
Sudden fortunes, indeed, are sometimes made in such places, by what is called the trade of speculation.
事实上，有时在这些地方，通过所谓的投机交易，会突然发财。
The speculative merchant exercises no one regular, established, or well-known branch of business.
投机商人不从事任何一项常规的、成熟的或知名的商业活动。
He is a corn merchant this year, and a wine merchant the next, and a sugar, tobacco, or tea merchant the year after.
他今年是玉米商人，明年是酒商人，后年是糖、烟草或茶叶商人。
He enters into every trade, when he foresees that it is likely to be more than commonly profitable, and he quits it when he foresees that its profits are likely to return to the level of other trades.
当他预见到每笔交易的利润可能比平常更高时，他就会进入该交易；而当他预见到该交易的利润可能会恢复到其他交易的水平时，他就会退出。
His profits and losses, therefore, can bear no regular proportion to those of any one established and well-known branch of business.
因此，他的利润和亏损与任何一家知名的知名商业部门的利润和亏损都不成正比。
A bold adventurer may sometimes acquire a considerable fortune by two or three successful speculations, but is just as likely to lose one by two or three unsuccessful ones.
一个大胆的冒险家有时可能会因两三次成功的投机而获得一笔可观的财富，但同样也可能因两三次不成功的投机而失去一笔。
This trade can be carried on nowhere but in great towns.
这种贸易只能在大城市进行。
It is only in places of the most extensive commerce and correspondence that the intelligence requisite for it can be had.
只有在商业和通信最广泛的地方才能获得所需的情报。
The five circumstances above mentioned, though they occasion considerable inequalities in the wages of labour and profits of stock, occasion none in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages, real or imaginary, of the different employments of either.
上述五种情况，虽然造成了劳动工资和股票利润的相当大的不平等，但并没有造成任何一种不同就业的全部优点和缺点，无论是真实的还是想象的。
The nature of those circumstances is such, that they make up for a small pecuniary gain in some, and counterbalance a great one in others.
这些情况的本质是这样的，它们弥补了一些人的小额金钱收益，并抵消了另一些人的巨大金钱收益。
In order, however, that this equality may take place in the whole of their advantages or disadvantages, three things are requisite, even where there is the most perfect freedom.
然而，为了使他们的优点或缺点都能实现这种平等，即使在有最完美的自由的情况下，也必须满足三件事。
First the employments must be well known and long established in the neighbourhood; secondly, they must be in their ordinary, or what may be called their natural state; and, thirdly, they must be the sole or principal employments of those who occupy them.
首先，该职业必须在附近众所周知且长期存在；其次，它们必须处于正常状态，或者可以称为自然状态。第三，它们必须是占据它们的人的唯一或主要职业。
First, this equality can take place only in those employments which are well known, and have been long established in the neighbourhood.
首先，这种平等只能发生在那些众所周知的、在附近早已建立的工作中。
Where all other circumstances are equal, wages are generally higher in new than in old trades.
在其他条件相同的情况下，新行业的工资通常高于旧行业。
When a projector attempts to establish a new manufacture, he must at first entice his workmen from other employments, by higher wages than they can either earn in their own trades, or than the nature of his work would otherwise require; and a considerable time must pass away before he can venture to reduce them to the common level.
当一个投影仪试图建立一个新的制造厂时，他必须首先以高于他们在自己行业中所能赚取的工资或高于他的工作性质所要求的工资来吸引他的工人从事其他工作；他必须经过相当长的一段时间才能冒险将它们降低到共同水平。
Manufactures for which the demand arises altogether from fashion and fancy, are continually changing, and seldom last long enough to be considered as old established manufactures.
需求完全源于时尚和幻想的制造商不断变化，并且很少能持续足够长的时间来被视为老牌制造商。
Those, on the contrary, for which the demand arises chiefly from use or necessity, are less liable to change, and the same form or fabric may continue in demand for whole centuries together.
相反，那些主要出于使用或必要性而产生需求的产品不太容易改变，并且相同的形式或织物可能会持续整个世纪的需求。
The wages of labour, therefore, are likely to be higher in manufactures of the former, than in those of the latter kind.
因此，前者制造业的劳动工资可能高于后者。
Birmingham deals chiefly in manufactures of the former kind; Sheffield in those of the latter; and the wages of labour in those two different places are said to be suitable to this difference in the nature of their manufactures.
伯明翰主要经营前一种制造品。谢菲尔德属于后者；据说，这两个不同地方的劳动工资与其制造业性质的差异相适应。
The establishment of any new manufacture, of any new branch of commerce, or of any new practice in agriculture, is always a speculation from which the projector promises himself extraordinary profits.
任何新的制造业、任何新的商业部门或任何新的农业实践的建立始终是一种投机，投机者承诺从中获得非凡的利润。
These profits sometimes are very great, and sometimes, more frequently, perhaps, they are quite otherwise; but, in general, they bear no regular proportion to those of other old trades in the neighbourhood.
这些利润有时非常巨大，有时，也许更常见的是，它们的利润则完全相反。但总体而言，它们与附近其他老行业的比例并不规律。
If the project succeeds, they are commonly at first very high.
如果项目成功，它们一开始通常会非常高。
When the trade or practice becomes thoroughly established and well known, the competition reduces them to the level of other trades.
当该行业或实践变得彻底成熟并广为人知时，竞争就会将其降低到其他行业的水平。
Secondly, this equality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, can take place only in the ordinary, or what may be called the natural state of those employments.
其次，这种不同劳动和资本就业的优缺点在整体上的平等只能发生在这些就业的普通状态或所谓的自然状态下。
The demand for almost every different species of labour is sometimes greater, and sometimes less than usual.
对几乎所有不同种类劳动力的需求有时比平时更大，有时则比平时更少。
In the one case, the advantages of the employment rise above, in the other they fall below the common level.
在一种情况下，就业优势高于一般水平，而在另一种情况下，就业优势则低于一般水平。
The demand for country labour is greater at hay-time and harvest than during the greater part of the year; and wages rise with the demand.
干草季节和收获季节对乡村劳动力的需求比一年中的大部分时间都大；工资随着需求而上涨。
In time of war, when forty or fifty thousand sailors are forced from the merchant service into that of the king, the demand for sailors to merchant ships necessarily rises with their scarcity; and their wages, upon such occasions, commonly rise from a guinea and seven-and-twenty shillings to forty shillings and three pounds a-month.
在战争时期，当四万或五万水手被迫从商船服务到国王时，商船对水手的需求必然会随着水手的稀缺而增加；在这种情况下，他们的工资通常会从每月一几尼七二十先令上涨到四十先令三英镑。
In a decaying manufacture, on the contrary, many workmen, rather than quit their own trade, are contented with smaller wages than would otherwise be suitable to the nature of their employment.
相反，在日渐衰落的制造业中，许多工人不愿放弃自己的行业，而是满足于低于适合其工作性质的工资。
The profits of stock vary with the price of the commodities in which it is employed.
股票的利润随着其所使用的商品的价格而变化。
As the price of any commodity rises above the ordinary or average rate, the profits of at least some part of the stock that is employed in bringing it to market, rise above their proper level, and as it falls they sink below it.
当任何商品的价格上升到高于普通或平均水平时，用于将其推向市场的至少一部分股票的利润就会上升到其适当水平之上，而当价格下跌时，它们就会跌落到适当水平以下。
All commodities are more or less liable to variations of price, but some are much more so than others.
所有商品都或多或少地容易受到价格变化的影响，但有些商品的价格变化要比其他商品严重得多。
In all commodities which are produced by human industry, the quantity of industry annually employed is necessarily regulated by the annual demand, in such a manner that the average annual produce may, as nearly as possible, be equal to the average annual consumption.
在人类工业生产的所有商品中，每年使用的工业数量必然受到年需求的调节，从而使平均年生产量尽可能等于平均年消费量。
In some employments, it has already been observed, the same quantity of industry will always produce the same, or very nearly the same quantity of commodities.
我们已经观察到，在某些就业中，相同数量的工业总是会生产相同或几乎相同数量的商品。
In the linen or woollen manufactures, for example, the same number of hands will annually work up very nearly the same quantity of linen and woollen cloth.
例如，在亚麻布或羊毛制品中，每年用相同数量的工人生产几乎相同数量的亚麻布和羊毛布。
The variations in the market price of such commodities, therefore, can arise only from some accidental variation in the demand.
因此，此类商品的市场价格变化只能由需求的某些偶然变化引起。
A public mourning raises the price of black cloth.
公众哀悼导致黑布价格上涨。
But as the demand for most sorts of plain linen and woollen cloth is pretty uniform, so is likewise the price.
但由于大多数种类的平纹亚麻布和呢绒布的需求相当均匀，因此价格也相当均匀。
But there are other employments in which the same quantity of industry will not always produce the same quantity of commodities.
但在其他就业领域，相同数量的工业并不总是生产相同数量的商品。
The same quantity of industry, for example, will, in different years, produce very different quantities of corn, wine, hops, sugar, tobacco, etc. The price of such commodities, therefore, varies not only with the variations of demand, but with the much greater and more frequent variations of quantity, and is consequently extremely fluctuating; but the profit of some of the dealers must necessarily fluctuate with the price of the commodities.
例如，同样数量的工业，在不同的年份，生产的玉米、葡萄酒、啤酒花、糖、烟草等的数量差别很大。因此，这些商品的价格不仅随着需求的变化而变化，而且随着数量的变化更大、更频繁而变化，因此波动极大；但部分经销商的利润必然随着商品价格的变化而波动。
The operations of the speculative merchant are principally employed about such commodities.
投机商人的操作主要针对此类商品。
He endeavours to buy them up when he foresees that their price is likely to rise, and to sell them when it is likely to fall.
当他预见到它们的价格可能上涨时，他会努力买入它们，而当价格可能下跌时，他会努力卖出它们。
Thirdly, this equality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, can take place only in such as are the sole or principal employments of those who occupy them.
第三，劳动和资本的不同职业的优缺点在整体上的平等只能发生在那些占据这些职业的人的唯一或主要职业中。
When a person derives his subsistence from one employment, which does not occupy the greater part of his time, in the intervals of his leisure he is often willing to work at another for less wages than would otherwise suit the nature of the employment.
当一个人靠一项工作谋生时，而该工作并没有占用他大部分时间，那么在闲暇时间，他往往愿意以低于该工作性质的工资从事另一项工作。
There still subsists, in many parts of Scotland, a set of people called cottars or cottagers, though they were more frequent some years ago than they are now.
在苏格兰的许多地方，仍然存在着一群被称为“cottar”或“cotters”的人，尽管几年前他们比现在更常见。
They are a sort of out-servants of the landlords and farmers.
他们是地主和农民的外仆。
The usual reward which they receive from their master is a house, a small garden for pot-herbs, as much grass as will feed a cow, and, perhaps, an acre or two of bad arable land.
他们从主人那里得到的通常奖励是一栋房子、一个种植盆栽香草的小花园、能喂一头牛的草，也许还有一两英亩的不良耕地。
When their master has occasion for their labour, he gives them, besides, two pecks of oatmeal a-week, worth about sixteen pence sterling.
当他们的主人需要他们劳动时，他每周还会给他们两配克燕麦片，价值大约十六便士英镑。
During a great part of the year, he has little or no occasion for their labour, and the cultivation of their own little possession is not sufficient to occupy the time which is left at their own disposal.
一年中的大部分时间里，他很少或根本没有机会让他们劳动，而他们自己的一点财产的耕种也不足以占用他们自己支配的时间。
When such occupiers were more numerous than they are at present, they are said to have been willing to give their spare time for a very small recompence to any body, and to have wrought for less wages than other labourers.
当这些占领者的人数比现在多时，据说他们愿意将自己的业余时间奉献给任何人，以换取微薄的报酬，而且他们的工资比其他劳动者要低。
In ancient times, they seem to have been common all over Europe.
在古代，它们似乎在整个欧洲都很常见。
In countries ill cultivated, and worse inhabited, the greater part of landlords and farmers could not otherwise provide themselves with the extraordinary number of hands which country labour requires at certain seasons.
在耕种贫乏、居住条件较差的国家，大多数地主和农民无法为自己提供乡村劳动力在某些季节所需的大量劳动力。
The daily or weekly recompence which such labourers occasionally received from their masters, was evidently not the whole price of their labour.
这些劳动者偶尔从主人那里得到的每日或每周的报酬显然并不是他们劳动的全部价格。
Their small tenement made a considerable part of it.
他们的小公寓占了相当大的一部分。
This daily or weekly recompence, however, seems to have been considered as the whole of it, by many writers who have collected the prices of labour and provisions in ancient times, and who have taken pleasure in representing both as wonderfully low.
然而，这种每日或每周的报酬似乎被许多收集古代劳动力和粮食价格的作家视为全部，他们乐于将两者描绘得极低。
The produce of such labour comes frequently cheaper to market than would otherwise be suitable to its nature.
这种劳动力的产品在市场上的价格往往比适合其性质的产品要便宜。
Stockings, in many parts of Scotland, are knit much cheaper than they can anywhere be wrought upon the loom.
在苏格兰的许多地方，编织长袜的成本比任何地方的织机都要便宜得多。
They are the work of servants and labourers who derive the principal part of their subsistence from some other employment.
它们是仆人和劳工的工作，他们的主要生计来自于其他职业。
More than a thousand pair of Shetland stockings are annually imported into Leith, of which the price is from fivepence to seven-pence a pair.
利斯每年进口一千多双设得兰长筒袜，价格从五便士到七便士一双。
At Lerwick, the small capital of the Shetland islands, tenpence a-day, I have been assured, is a common price of common labour.
在设得兰群岛的小首府勒威克，我确信每天十便士是普通劳动的普遍价格。
In the same islands, they knit worsted stockings to the value of a guinea a pair and upwards.
在同一岛屿上，他们编织的精纺长袜的价值为一双几内亚或以上。
The spinning of linen yarn is carried on in Scotland nearly in the same way as the knitting of stockings, by servants, who are chiefly hired for other purposes.
在苏格兰，亚麻纱的纺纱几乎与编织长筒袜的方式相同，由仆人进行，而仆人主要受雇用于其他目的。
They earn but a very scanty subsistence, who endeavour to get their livelihood by either of those trades.
他们的收入微薄，只能靠这两种行业谋生。
In most parts of Scotland, she is a good spinner who can earn twentypence a-week.
在苏格兰的大部分地区，她都是一名优秀的纺纱工，每周可以挣二十便士。
In opulent countries, the market is generally so extensive, that any one trade is sufficient to employ the whole labour and stock of those who occupy it.
在富裕国家，市场通常非常广泛，任何一项贸易都足以雇用该行业的全部劳动力和存货。
Instances of people living by one employment, and, at the same time, deriving some little advantage from another, occur chiefly in poor countries.
人们靠一种职业谋生，同时又从另一种职业中获得一些小小的好处，这种情况主要发生在贫穷国家。
The following instance, however, of something of the same kind, is to be found in the capital of a very rich one.
然而，下面这个类似的例子却出现在一个非常富有的国家的首都。
There is no city in Europe, I believe, in which house-rent is dearer than in London, and yet I know no capital in which a furnished apartment can be hired so cheap.
我相信，欧洲没有哪个城市的房租比伦敦更贵，但据我所知，没有哪座城市能以如此便宜的价格租到带家具的公寓。
Lodging is not only much cheaper in London than in Paris; it is much cheaper than in Edinburgh, of the same degree of goodness; and, what may seem extraordinary, the dearness of house-rent is the cause of the cheapness of lodging.
伦敦的住宿不仅比巴黎便宜得多，而且住宿价格也比巴黎便宜得多。同等品质下，它比爱丁堡便宜得多；而且，看似非同寻常的是，昂贵的房租却是住宿便宜的原因。
The dearness of house-rent in London arises, not only from those causes which render it dear in all great capitals, the dearness of labour, the dearness of all the materials of building, which must generally be brought from a great distance, and, above all, the dearness of ground-rent, every landlord acting the part of a monopolist, and frequently exacting a higher rent for a single acre of bad land in a town, than can be had for a hundred of the best in the country; but it arises in part from the peculiar manners and customs of the people, which oblige every master of a family to hire a whole house from top to bottom.
伦敦的房租昂贵，不仅是由于所有大城市房租昂贵的原因，劳动力的昂贵，所有建筑材料的昂贵，这些材料通常必须从很远的地方运来，而且最重要的是地租的昂贵，每个地主都扮演垄断者的角色，并且经常对城镇中一英亩的不良土地收取比该国一百个最好的土地更高的租金；但这在一定程度上是由于人们特有的风俗习惯造成的，每个家庭的主人都必须从上到下租用整栋房子。
A dwelling-house in England means every thing that is contained under the same roof.
在英国，住宅意味着同一屋檐下的所有物品。
In France, Scotland, and many other parts of Europe, it frequently means no more than a single storey.
在法国、苏格兰和欧洲许多其他地区，它通常意味着不超过一层。
A tradesman in London is obliged to hire a whole house in that part of the town where his customers live.
伦敦的一位商人必须在他的顾客居住的城镇地区租用整栋房子。
His shop is upon the ground floor, and he and his family sleep in the garret; and he endeavours to pay a part of his house-rent by letting the two middle storeys to lodgers.
他的店铺在一楼，他和家人睡在阁楼上。他把中间两层出租给房客，尽力支付部分房租。
He expects to maintain his family by his trade, and not by his lodgers.
他希望靠自己的生意来维持家庭，而不是靠房客。
Whereas at Paris and Edinburgh, people who let lodgings have commonly no other means of subsistence; and the price of the lodging must pay, not only the rent of the house, but the whole expense of the family.
而在巴黎和爱丁堡，租房的人通常没有其他谋生手段；而且住宿的费用必须支付，不仅仅是房租，而是家庭的全部开支。
PART II.—Inequalities occasioned by the Policy of Europe.
第二部分——欧洲政策造成的不平等。
Such are the inequalities in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, which the defect of any of the three requisites above mentioned must occasion, even where there is the most perfect liberty.
这就是劳动力和资本的不同使用的全部优点和缺点的不平等，即使在有最完美的自由的地方，上述三个必要条件中任何一个的缺陷都必然引起这种不平等。
But the policy of Europe, by not leaving things at perfect liberty, occasions other inequalities of much greater importance.
但欧洲的政策不让事情完全自由，导致了其他更严重的不平等。
It does this chiefly in the three following ways.
它主要通过以下三种方式来做到这一点。
First, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than would otherwise be disposed to enter into them; secondly, by increasing it in others beyond what it naturally would be; and, thirdly, by obstructing the free circulation of labour and stock, both from employment to employment, and from place to place.
首先，将某些就业领域的竞争限制在比原本愿意进入这些领域的人数少的范围内；其次，通过在他人身上增加它，使其超出其自然的水平；第三，阻碍劳动力和股票从一个就业到另一个就业、从一个地方到另一个地方的自由流通。
First, The policy of Europe occasions a very important inequality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into them.
首先，欧洲的政策通过将某些就业的竞争限制在比本来可能进入的人数更少的范围内，在劳动力和股票的不同就业的整体优缺点方面造成了非常严重的不平等。
The exclusive privileges of corporations are the principal means it makes use of for this purpose.
公司的专有特权是其为此目的所利用的主要手段。
The exclusive privilege of an incorporated trade necessarily restrains the competition, in the town where it is established, to those who are free of the trade.
贸易公司的排他性特权必然会限制其所在城镇对那些自由贸易者的竞争。
To have served an apprenticeship in the town, under a master properly qualified, is commonly the necessary requisite for obtaining this freedom.
在城镇里，在合格的师傅手下当学徒，通常是获得这种自由的必要条件。
The bye-laws of the corporation regulate sometimes the number of apprentices which any master is allowed to have, and almost always the number of years which each apprentice is obliged to serve.
公司的细则有时会规定任何师傅可以拥有的学徒数量，而且几乎总是规定每个学徒必须服务的年限。
The intention of both regulations is to restrain the competition to a much smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into the trade.
这两项法规的目的是将竞争限制在比原本可能进入该行业的数量少得多的范围内。
The limitation of the number of apprentices restrains it directly.
徒弟数量的限制直接制约了它。
A long term of apprenticeship restrains it more indirectly, but as effectually, by increasing the expense of education.
长期的学徒期更间接地、但实际上是通过增加教育费用来限制它。
In Sheffield, no master cutler can have more than one apprentice at a time, by a bye-law of the corporation.
在谢菲尔德，根据公司细则，刀匠大师一次只能拥有一名学徒。
In Norfolk and Norwich, no master weaver can have more than two apprentices, under pain of forfeiting five pounds a-month to the king.
在诺福克和诺维奇，织工大师不能拥有两个以上的学徒，否则每月将被没收五英镑给国王。
No master hatter can have more than two apprentices anywhere in England, or in the English plantations, under pain of forfeiting; five pounds a-month, half to the king, and half to him who shall sue in any court of record.
在英格兰的任何地方，或者在英国的种植园里，制帽大师都不能拥有两名以上的学徒，违者将被没收。每月五英镑，一半给国王，一半给在任何有记录的法庭提起诉讼的人。
Both these regulations, though they have been confirmed by a public law of the kingdom, are evidently dictated by the same corporation-spirit which enacted the bye-law of Sheffield.
这两项规定虽然已得到王国公法的确认，但显然是由制定谢菲尔德细则的同一公司精神所决定的。
The silk-weavers in London had scarce been incorporated a year, when they enacted a bye-law, restraining any master from having more than two apprentices at a time.
伦敦的丝绸织工成立还不到一年，就颁布了一项细则，限制任何师傅同时拥有两名以上的学徒。
It required a particular act of parliament to rescind this bye-law.
需要议会通过一项特定法案才能废除该附则。
Seven years seem anciently to have been, all over Europe, the usual term established for the duration of apprenticeships in the greater part of incorporated trades.
自古以来，七年似乎是整个欧洲大部分企业的学徒期的通常期限。
All such incorporations were anciently called universities, which, indeed, is the proper Latin name for any incorporation whatever.
所有这些公司在古代都被称为大学，这实际上是任何公司的正确拉丁名称。
The university of smiths, the university of tailors, etc. are expressions which we commonly meet with in the old charters of ancient towns.
史密斯大学、裁缝大学等是我们在古镇的旧章程中常见的表述。
When those particular incorporations, which are now peculiarly called universities, were first established, the term of years which it was necessary to study, in order to obtain the degree of master of arts, appears evidently to have been copied from the term of apprenticeship in common trades, of which the incorporations were much more ancient.
当那些现在特别被称为大学的特殊法团首次成立时，为了获得艺术硕士学位而必须学习的年限显然是从普通行业的学徒期中复制而来的，而法团的学徒期要古老得多。
As to have wrought seven years under a master properly qualified, was necessary, in order to entitle any person to become a master, and to have himself apprentices in a common trade; so to have studied seven years under a master properly qualified, was necessary to entitle him to become a master, teacher, or doctor (words anciently synonymous), in the liberal arts, and to have scholars or apprentices (words likewise originally synonymous) to study under him.
为了使任何人有资格成为师傅，并在普通行业中当学徒，必须在合格的师傅手下工作七年。因此，在一位合格的大师的指导下学习七年，是必要的，使他有资格成为文科领域的大师、教师或博士（这些词在古代是同义的），并有学者或学徒（这些词最初是同义的）在他手下学习。
By the 5th of Elizabeth, commonly called the Statute of Apprenticeship, it was enacted, that no person should, for the future, exercise any trade, craft, or mystery, at that time exercised in England, unless he had previously served to it an apprenticeship of seven years at least; and what before had been the bye-law of many particular corporations, became in England the general and public law of all trades carried on in market towns.
伊丽莎白五世颁布了通常被称为“学徒期法令”的法令，规定任何人在未来不得从事当时在英格兰从事的任何贸易、工艺或神秘活动，除非他之前已经在该行业完成了至少七年的学徒期；以前许多特定公司的细则，在英国变成了集镇中所有行业的一般公法。
For though the words of the statute are very general, and seem plainly to include the whole kingdom, by interpretation its operation has been limited to market towns; it having been held that, in country villages, a person may exercise several different trades, though he has not served a seven years apprenticeship to each, they being necessary for the conveniency of the inhabitants, and the number of people frequently not being sufficient to supply each with a particular set of hands.
因为虽然该法令的措辞非常笼统，似乎显然包括整个王国，但根据解释，其运作仅限于集镇；人们认为，在乡村，一个人可以从事多种不同的行业，尽管他没有为每个行业做过七年的学徒期，但为了居民的方便，这些行业是必要的，而且人数往往不足以为每个人提供一组特定的手。
By a strict interpretation of the words, too, the operation of this statute has been limited to those trades which were established in England before the 5th of Elizabeth, and has never been extended to such as have been introduced since that time.
从严格的解释来看，该法规的实施也仅限于伊丽莎白五世之前在英格兰建立的行业，并且从未扩展到自那时以来引入的行业。
This limitation has given occasion to several distinctions, which, considered as rules of police, appear as foolish as can well be imagined.
这种限制导致了一些区别，这些区别被认为是警察规则，可想而知是多么愚蠢。
It has been adjudged, for example, that a coach-maker can neither himself make nor employ journeymen to make his coach-wheels, but must buy them of a master wheel-wright; this latter trade having been exercised in England before the 5th of Elizabeth.
例如，有人裁定，马车制造商既不能自己制造，也不能雇用熟练工人来制造马车车轮，而必须从车轮制造大师那里购买车轮。后一种贸易是在伊丽莎白五世之前在英格兰进行的。
But a wheel-wright, though he has never served an apprenticeship to a coachmaker, may either himself make or employ journeymen to make coaches; the trade of a coachmaker not being within the statute, because not exercised in England at the time when it was made.
但是，车轮工匠虽然从未在马车制造商那里做过学徒，但他可以自己制造或雇用熟练工制造马车；教练员的交易不属于法规范围，因为在制定时并未在英格兰进行。
The manufactures of Manchester, Birmingham, and Wolverhampton, are many of them, upon this account, not within the statute, not having been exercised in England before the 5th of Elizabeth.
曼彻斯特、伯明翰和伍尔弗汉普顿的制造业，因此，在伊丽莎白五世之前没有在英格兰行使过，因此不在法规范围内。
In France, the duration of apprenticeships is different in different towns and in different trades.
在法国，不同城镇和不同行业的学徒期长短不同。
In Paris, five years is the term required in a great number; but, before any person can be qualified to exercise the trade as a master, he must, in many of them, serve five years more as a journeyman.
在巴黎，五年是很多人所要求的期限。但是，在任何人有资格作为师傅从事这一行业之前，在许多行业中，他必须再担任五年的熟练工。
During this latter term, he is called the companion of his master, and the term itself is called his companionship.
在后一个术语中，他被称为他主人的同伴，而这个术语本身也被称为他的陪伴。
In Scotland, there is no general law which regulates universally the duration of apprenticeships.
在苏格兰，没有普遍的法律来规范学徒期的持续时间。
The term is different in different corporations.
不同公司的术语有所不同。
Where it is long, a part of it may generally be redeemed by paying a small fine.
如果是长的，一般可以通过缴纳小额罚款来赎回一部分。
In most towns, too, a very small fine is sufficient to purchase the freedom of any corporation.
在大多数城镇，只需很小的罚款就足以购买任何公司的自由。
The weavers of linen and hempen cloth, the principal manufactures of the country, as well as all other artificers subservient to them, wheel-makers, reel-makers, etc. may exercise their trades in any town-corporate without paying any fine.
亚麻布和大麻布的编织者，国家的主要制造商，以及所有其他从属于他们的工匠，轮子制造者，卷轴制造者等，可以在任何城镇企业中从事他们的工作，而无需缴纳任何罚款。
In all towns-corporate, all persons are free to sell butchers’ meat upon any lawful day of the week.
在所有城镇企业中，所有人都可以在一周中的任何合法日期自由出售屠宰肉。
Three years is, in Scotland, a common term of apprenticeship, even in some very nice trades; and, in general, I know of no country in Europe, in which corporation laws are so little oppressive.
在苏格兰，三年是一个常见的学徒期限，即使在一些非常好的行业也是如此。总的来说，据我所知，欧洲没有哪个国家的公司法具有如此小的压迫性。
The property which every man has in his own labour, as it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most sacred and inviolable.
每个人通过自己的劳动所拥有的财产，因为它是一切其他财产的原始基础，所以它是最神圣和不可侵犯的。
The patrimony of a poor man lies in the strength and dexterity of his hands; and to hinder him from employing this strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper, without injury to his neighbour, is a plain violation of this most sacred property.
穷人的遗产在于他双手的力量和灵巧；阻止他以他认为适当的方式运用这种力量和灵巧，而不伤害他的邻居，就是对这一最神圣财产的明显侵犯。
It is a manifest encroachment upon the just liberty, both of the workman, and of those who might be disposed to employ him.
这是对工人和那些可能雇用他的人的正当自由的明显侵犯。
As it hinders the one from working at what he thinks proper, so it hinders the others from employing whom they think proper.
正如它阻碍一个人从事他认为正确的工作一样，它也会阻碍其他人雇用他们认为正确的人。
To judge whether he is fit to be employed, may surely be trusted to the discretion of the employers, whose interest it so much concerns.
判断他是否适合受雇，当然可以信赖雇主的判断力，因为这与雇主的利益息息相关。
The affected anxiety of the lawgiver, lest they should employ an improper person, is evidently as impertinent as it is oppressive.
立法者假装焦虑，担心他们应该雇用不合适的人，这显然是无礼的，也是令人压抑的。
The institution of long apprenticeships can give no security that insufficient workmanship shall not frequently be exposed to public sale.
长期学徒制并不能保证工艺不足的产品不会经常被公开出售。
When this is done, it is generally the effect of fraud, and not of inability; and the longest apprenticeship can give no security against fraud.
当这种情况发生时，通常是由于欺诈，而不是由于无能；最长的学徒期并不能保证防止欺诈。
Quite different regulations are necessary to prevent this abuse.
为了防止这种滥用行为，需要制定完全不同的法规。
The sterling mark upon plate, and the stamps upon linen and woollen cloth, give the purchaser much greater security than any statute of apprenticeship.
盘子上的纯银标记，以及亚麻布和羊毛布上的印记，为购买者提供了比任何学徒期更大的安全保障。
He generally looks at these, but never thinks it worth while to enquire whether the workman had served a seven years apprenticeship.
他一般都会看这些，但从不认为值得去询问这位工人是否已经完成了七年的学徒期。
The institution of long apprenticeships has no tendency to form young people to industry.
长期学徒制度并没有促使年轻人进入工业的倾向。
A journeyman who works by the piece is likely to be industrious, because he derives a benefit from every exertion of his industry.
一个按件计件工作的熟练工人很可能是勤奋的，因为他从他的每一次勤奋努力中获益。
An apprentice is likely to be idle, and almost always is so, because he has no immediate interest to be otherwise.
学徒很可能会无所事事，而且几乎总是如此，因为他没有直接的兴趣去无所事事。
In the inferior employments, the sweets of labour consist altogether in the recompence of labour.
在低等职业中，劳动的甜蜜完全在于劳动的报酬。
They who are soonest in a condition to enjoy the sweets of it, are likely soonest to conceive a relish for it, and to acquire the early habit of industry.
那些最早有能力享受它的甜蜜的人，很可能很快就会对它产生兴趣，并尽早养成勤奋的习惯。
A young man naturally conceives an aversion to labour, when for a long time he receives no benefit from it.
年轻人自然会厌恶劳动，因为他很长一段时间都没有从劳动中得到好处。
The boys who are put out apprentices from public charities are generally bound for more than the usual number of years, and they generally turn out very idle and worthless.
那些被公共慈善机构送去当学徒的男孩通常会被束缚比平常更长的年限，而且他们通常变得非常游手好闲且一文不值。
Apprenticeships were altogether unknown to the ancients.
学徒制对于古人来说是完全未知的。
The reciprocal duties of master and apprentice make a considerable article in every modern code.
师父和徒弟的相互义务在每部现代法典中都有重要的条款。
The Roman law is perfectly silent with regard to them.
罗马法对它们完全保持沉默。
I know no Greek or Latin word (I might venture, I believe, to assert that there is none) which expresses the idea we now annex to the word apprentice, a servant bound to work at a particular trade for the benefit of a master, during a term of years, upon condition that the master shall teach him that trade.
我不知道任何希腊语或拉丁语单词（我相信我可以斗胆断言没有）可以表达我们现在附加在“学徒”这个词上的意思，即一个仆人，必须在多年的任期内为主人的利益从事某一特定行业，条件是主人必须教他该行业。
Long apprenticeships are altogether unnecessary.
长时间的学徒期完全没有必要。
The arts, which are much superior to common trades, such as those of making clocks and watches, contain no such mystery as to require a long course of instruction.
艺术比一般行业（例如钟表制造行业）优越得多，并不包含需要长期教学的神秘性。
The first invention of such beautiful machines, indeed, and even that of some of the instruments employed in making them, must no doubt have been the work of deep thought and long time, and may justly be considered as among the happiest efforts of human ingenuity.
事实上，如此美丽的机器的首次发明，甚至是制造它们所使用的一些仪器，无疑都是经过深思熟虑和长时间的工作的成果，并且可以公正地被认为是人类聪明才智中最幸福的努力之一。
But when both have been fairly invented, and are well understood, to explain to any young man, in the completest manner, how to apply the instruments, and how to construct the machines, cannot well require more than the lessons of a few weeks; perhaps those of a few days might be sufficient.
但是，当两者都被充分发明并被充分理解时，要以最完整的方式向任何年轻人解释如何使用这些仪器以及如何建造机器，只需要几个星期的课程即可；也许几天就足够了。
In the common mechanic trades, those of a few days might certainly be sufficient.
对于一般的机械行业来说，几天的时间肯定就足够了。
The dexterity of hand, indeed, even in common trades, cannot be acquired without much practice and experience.
事实上，即使在普通行业中，如果没有大量的练习和经验，也无法获得手的灵巧性。
But a young man would practice with much more diligence and attention, if from the beginning he wrought as a journeyman, being paid in proportion to the little work which he could execute, and paying in his turn for the materials which he might sometimes spoil through awkwardness and inexperience.
但是，如果一个年轻人从一开始就以熟练工的身份工作，按照他能完成的小工作的比例获得报酬，并轮流为他有时可能因笨拙和缺乏经验而损坏的材料付费，那么他会更加勤奋和专注地练习。
His education would generally in this way be more effectual, and always less tedious and expensive.
通过这种方式，他的教育通常会更加有效，而且总是不那么乏味和昂贵。
The master, indeed, would be a loser.
大师确实会是一个失败者。
He would lose all the wages of the apprentice, which he now saves, for seven years together.
他将失去学徒七年的所有工资，而这些工资是他现在攒下来的。
In the end, perhaps, the apprentice himself would be a loser.
到最后，或许徒弟自己就是一个失败者。
In a trade so easily learnt he would have more competitors, and his wages, when he came to be a complete workman, would be much less than at present.
在如此容易掌握的行业中，他将会有更多的竞争对手，而当他成为一名完整的工人时，他的工资将比现在低得多。
The same increase of competition would reduce the profits of the masters, as well as the wages of workmen.
同样，竞争的加剧会减少主人的利润以及工人的工资。
The trades, the crafts, the mysteries, would all be losers.
贸易、手工艺、神秘事物都将成为失败者。
But the public would be a gainer, the work of all artificers coming in this way much cheaper to market.
但公众将成为受益者，所有工匠的作品以这种方式进入市场要便宜得多。
It is to prevent this reduction of price, and consequently of wages and profit, by restraining that free competition which would most certainly occasion it, that all corporations, and the greater part of corporation laws have been established.
所有公司以及大部分公司法的制定都是为了通过限制肯定会引起这种情况的自由竞争来防止价格下降，从而防止工资和利润下降。
In order to erect a corporation, no other authority in ancient times was requisite, in many parts of Europe, but that of the town-corporate in which it was established.
在古代，在欧洲的许多地方，为了建立一个公司，除了成立该公司的城镇公司的权威外，不需要其他任何权威。
In England, indeed, a charter from the king was likewise necessary.
事实上，在英格兰，国王的特许状同样是必要的。
But this prerogative of the crown seems to have been reserved rather for extorting money from the subject, than for the defence of the common liberty against such oppressive monopolies.
但国王的这一特权似乎是为了向臣民勒索钱财而保留的，而不是为了捍卫公共自由免受这种压迫性垄断的影响。
Upon paying a fine to the king, the charter seems generally to have been readily granted; and when any particular class of artificers or traders thought proper to act as a corporation, without a charter, such adulterine guilds, as they were called, were not always disfranchised upon that account, but obliged to fine annually to the king, for permission to exercise their usurped privileges {See Madox Firma Burgi p.
向国王缴纳罚款后，特许状似乎就很容易获得批准。当任何特定类别的技工或商人认为适合在没有特许的情况下作为一个公司行事时，这种被称为通奸行会的人并不总是因此而被剥夺公民权，而是每年必须向国王处以罚款，以获得行使他们篡夺的特权的许可（见Madox Firma Burgi p. 17）。
26 etc.}.
26 等}。
The immediate inspection of all corporations, and of the bye-laws which they might think proper to enact for their own government, belonged to the town-corporate in which they were established; and whatever discipline was exercised over them, proceeded commonly, not from the king, but from that greater incorporation of which those subordinate ones were only parts or members.
对所有公司以及他们可能认为适合为自己的政府制定的细则的直接检查属于它们成立的城镇公司；对他们实行的任何纪律，通常不是来自国王，而是来自更大的组织，而那些下属只是其中的一部分或成员。
The government of towns-corporate was altogether in the hands of traders and artificers, and it was the manifest interest of every particular class of them, to prevent the market from being overstocked, as they commonly express it, with their own particular species of industry; which is in reality to keep it always understocked.
城镇企业的管理权完全掌握在商人和技工手中，他们中的每一个特定阶层的明显利益都是为了防止市场因他们自己特定的工业种类而出现过剩，正如他们通常所说的那样。这实际上是为了使其始终保持库存不足。
Each class was eager to establish regulations proper for this purpose, and, provided it was allowed to do so, was willing to consent that every other class should do the same.
每个阶级都渴望为此目的制定适当的法规，并且，只要允许这样做，就愿意同意其他所有阶级也应该这样做。
In consequence of such regulations, indeed, each class was obliged to buy the goods they had occasion for from every other within the town, somewhat dearer than they otherwise might have done.
事实上，由于这些规定，每个阶级都必须从城里其他阶级那里购买他们需要的商品，价格比他们本来可以买的要贵一些。
But, in recompence, they were enabled to sell their own just as much dearer; so that, so far it was as broad as long, as they say; and in the dealings of the different classes within the town with one another, none of them were losers by these regulations.
但是，作为补偿，他们能够以同样高的价格出售自己的产品。因此，到目前为止，正如他们所说的那样，它既宽又长。在城内不同阶级之间的交往中，没有一个人是这些规定的失败者。
But in their dealings with the country they were all great gainers; and in these latter dealings consist the whole trade which supports and enriches every town.
但在与国家打交道时，他们都是巨大的赢家。整个贸易就包含在这些后面的交易中，支撑和丰富了每个城镇。
Every town draws its whole subsistence, and all the materials of its industry, from the country.
每个城镇的全部生活必需品和所有工业原料都来自乡村。
It pays for these chiefly in two ways.
它主要通过两种方式来支付这些费用。
First, by sending back to the country a part of those materials wrought up and manufactured; in which case, their price is augmented by the wages of the workmen, and the profits of their masters or immediate employers; secondly, by sending to it a part both of the rude and manufactured produce, either of other countries, or of distant parts of the same country, imported into the town; in which case, too, the original price of those goods is augmented by the wages of the carriers or sailors, and by the profits of the merchants who employ them.
首先，将加工和制造的材料的一部分运回国内；在这种情况下，他们的价格会因为工人的工资以及他们的主人或直接雇主的利润而增加；其次，将进口到该城镇的其他国家或同一国家的遥远地区的原产和制成品的一部分运送到该城镇；在这种情况下，这些货物的原始价格也会因承运人或水手的工资以及雇用他们的商人的利润而增加。
In what is gained upon the first of those branches of commerce, consists the advantage which the town makes by its manufactures; in what is gained upon the second, the advantage of its inland and foreign trade.
在这些商业部门中的第一个部门中所获得的利益，包括城镇通过其制造业所获得的优势。第二，其内外贸优势。
The wages of the workmen, and the profits of their different employers, make up the whole of what is gained upon both.
工人的工资及其不同雇主的利润构成了两者所得的全部。
Whatever regulations, therefore, tend to increase those wages and profits beyond what they otherwise: would be, tend to enable the town to purchase, with a smaller quantity of its labour, the produce of a greater quantity of the labour of the country.
因此，无论什么规定，都会使这些工资和利润增加到超出其原本应有的水平：往往会使城镇能够用较少的劳动力购买更多的国家劳动力的产品。
They give the traders and artificers in the town an advantage over the landlords, farmers, and labourers, in the country, and break down that natural equality which would otherwise take place in the commerce which is carried on between them.
它们使城里的商人和技工比乡村的地主、农民和工人更有优势，并打破了他们之间进行的商业中本来会存在的自然平等。
The whole annual produce of the labour of the society is annually divided between those two different sets of people.
社会劳动的全部年产出每年都在这两类不同的人之间分配。
By means of those regulations, a greater share of it is given to the inhabitants of the town than would otherwise fall to them, and a less to those of the country.
通过这些规定，城镇居民获得的份额比原本应获得的份额更大，而乡下居民获得的份额则更少。
The price which the town really pays for the provisions and materials annually imported into it, is the quantity of manufactures and other goods annually exported from it.
该镇每年实际支付的供给品和材料的价格是每年从该镇出口的制成品和其他商品的数量。
The dearer the latter are sold, the cheaper the former are bought.
后者卖得越贵，前者买得越便宜。
The industry of the town becomes more, and that of the country less advantageous.
城镇的工业优势增强，乡村的工业优势减弱。
That the industry which is carried on in towns is, everywhere in Europe, more advantageous than that which is carried on in the country, without entering into any very nice computations, we may satisfy ourselves by one very simple and obvious observation.
在欧洲任何地方，城镇中进行的工业都比乡村中进行的工业更有优势，无需进行任何非常精细的计算，我们可以通过一项非常简单和明显的观察来满足自己。
In every country of Europe, we find at least a hundred people who have acquired great fortunes, from small beginnings, by trade and manufactures, the industry which properly belongs to towns, for one who has done so by that which properly belongs to the country, the raising of rude produce by the improvement and cultivation of land.
在欧洲的每一个国家，我们都发现至少有一百人从小事起家，通过贸易和制造业获得了巨额财富，而这些工业本来是属于城镇的，而对于一个人来说，他们是通过本来属于国家的工业，即通过改良和耕种土地来生产粗产品而获得巨额财富的。
Industry, therefore, must be better rewarded, the wages of labour and the profits of stock must evidently be greater, in the one situation than in the other.
因此，在一种情况下，工业必须得到更好的回报，劳动工资和股票利润显然必须比在另一种情况下更高。
But stock and labour naturally seek the most advantageous employment.
但股票和劳动力自然会寻求最有利的就业。
They naturally, therefore, resort as much as they can to the town, and desert the country.
因此，他们自然会尽可能地前往城镇，而放弃乡村。
The inhabitants of a town being collected into one place, can easily combine together.
一个城镇的居民被聚集到一个地方，可以很容易地结合在一起。
The most insignificant trades carried on in towns have, accordingly, in some place or other, been incorporated; and even where they have never been incorporated, yet the corporation-spirit, the jealousy of strangers, the aversion to take apprentices, or to communicate the secret of their trade, generally prevail in them, and often teach them, by voluntary associations and agreements, to prevent that free competition which they cannot prohibit by bye-laws.
相应地，城镇中进行的最微不足道的行业也在某个地方被合并起来。即使在他们从未合并的地方，但公司精神、对陌生人的嫉妒、厌恶收学徒或透露其行业秘密的情绪，通常在他们身上盛行，并经常通过自愿的协会和协议教导他们阻止他们无法通过章程禁止的自由竞争。
The trades which employ but a small number of hands, run most easily into such combinations.
只雇用少量人员的交易最容易遇到这种组合。
Half-a-dozen wool-combers, perhaps, are necessary to keep a thousand spinners and weavers at work.
也许需要六名羊毛精梳工才能让一千名纺纱工和织布工继续工作。
By combining not to take apprentices, they can not only engross the employment, but reduce the whole manufacture into a sort of slavery to themselves, and raise the price of their labour much above what is due to the nature of their work.
通过联合起来不收学徒，他们不仅可以占据就业机会，而且可以使整个制造业沦为他们自己的奴隶，并使他们的劳动价格大大高于其工作性质所应得的价格。
The inhabitants of the country, dispersed in distant places, cannot easily combine together.
该国的居民分散在遥远的地方，不容易聚集在一起。
They have not only never been incorporated, but the incorporation spirit never has prevailed among them.
他们不仅从未被合并，而且合并精神也从未在他们中间盛行。
No apprenticeship has ever been thought necessary to qualify for husbandry, the great trade of the country.
人们从来不认为学徒期就能获得从事该国重要贸易——畜牧业的资格。
After what are called the fine arts, and the liberal professions, however, there is perhaps no trade which requires so great a variety of knowledge and experience.
然而，除了所谓的美术和自由职业之外，也许没有哪个行业需要如此多的知识和经验。
The innumerable volumes which have been written upon it in all languages, may satisfy us, that among the wisest and most learned nations, it has never been regarded as a matter very easily understood.
用各种语言写成的无数著作可以让我们确信，在最聪明、最有学问的民族中，它从来不被认为是一件很容易理解的事情。
And from all those volumes we shall in vain attempt to collect that knowledge of its various and complicated operations which is commonly possessed even by the common farmer; how contemptuously soever the very contemptible authors of some of them may sometimes affect to speak of him.
从所有这些书中，我们将徒劳地试图收集有关其各种复杂操作的知识，即使是普通农民也普遍拥有这些知识。不管其中一些非常可鄙的作者有时会多么轻蔑地谈论他。
There is scarce any common mechanic trade, on the contrary, of which all the operations may not be as completely and distinctly explained in a pamphlet of a very few pages, as it is possible for words illustrated by figures to explain them.
相反，几乎没有任何常见的机械行业，其所有操作都可能无法在短短几页的小册子中完整而清晰地解释，就像可以通过图形说明的文字来解释它们一样。
In the history of the arts, now publishing by the French Academy of Sciences, several of them are actually explained in this manner.
法国科学院现在出版的《艺术史》中，有几部实际上是这样解释的。
The direction of operations, besides, which must be varied with every change of the weather, as well as with many other accidents, requires much more judgment and discretion, than that of those which are always the same, or very nearly the same.
此外，行动方向必须随着天气的每一次变化以及许多其他事故而变化，这比总是相同或几乎相同的行动方向需要更多的判断力和判断力。
Not only the art of the farmer, the general direction of the operations of husbandry, but many inferior branches of country labour require much more skill and experience than the greater part of mechanic trades.
不仅是农民的艺术、畜牧业操作的总体方向，而且许多低级的乡村劳动部门都需要比大部分机械行业更多的技能和经验。
The man who works upon brass and iron, works with instruments, and upon materials of which the temper is always the same, or very nearly the same.
在黄铜和铁上工作的人，所使用的仪器和材料的性质总是相同的，或者非常接近相同的。
But the man who ploughs the ground with a team of horses or oxen, works with instruments of which the health, strength, and temper, are very different upon different occasions.
但是，用一队马或牛耕地的人，所使用的工具的健康、力量和脾气在不同的场合下是截然不同的。
The condition of the materials which he works upon, too, is as variable as that of the instruments which he works with, and both require to be managed with much judgment and discretion.
他所处理的材料的状况也与他所使用的仪器的状况一样多变，并且都需要以大量的判断力和谨慎性来管理。
The common ploughman, though generally regarded as the pattern of stupidity and ignorance, is seldom defective in this judgment and discretion.
普通农夫虽然普遍被认为是愚蠢和无知的典型，但在这种判断力和判断力上却很少有缺陷。
He is less accustomed, indeed, to social intercourse, than the mechanic who lives in a town.
事实上，他比住在城里的机械师更不习惯社交。
His voice and language are more uncouth, and more difficult to be understood by those who are not used to them.
他的声音和语言更加粗俗，不习惯的人更难听懂。
His understanding, however, being accustomed to consider a greater variety of objects, is generally much superior to that of the other, whose whole attention, from morning till night, is commonly occupied in performing one or two very simple operations.
然而，由于习惯于考虑更多种类的物体，他的理解力通常比其他人优越得多，后者从早到晚的全部注意力通常都集中在执行一两个非常简单的操作上。
How much the lower ranks of people in the country are really superior to those of the town, is well known to every man whom either business or curiosity has led to converse much with both.
乡下的下层阶级究竟比城里的下层阶级优越多少，这是每个因工作或好奇心而经常与城里人交谈的人都知道的。
In China and Indostan, accordingly, both the rank and the wages of country labourers are said to be superior to those of the greater part of artificers and manufacturers.
因此，在中国和印度斯坦，据说乡村工人的级别和工资都高于大多数技工和制造商。
They would probably be so everywhere, if corporation laws and the corporation spirit did not prevent it.
如果公司法和公司精神没有阻止的话，它们可能会无处不在。
The superiority which the industry of the towns has everywhere in Europe over that of the country, is not altogether owing to corporations and corporation laws.
欧洲各地城镇工业相对于乡村工业的优越性并不完全归功于公司和公司法。
It is supported by many other regulations.
它得到许多其他法规的支持。
The high duties upon foreign manufactures, and upon all goods imported by alien merchants, all tend to the same purpose.
对外国制成品以及外国商人进口的所有商品征收高额关税，都是为了同一目的。
Corporation laws enable the inhabitants of towns to raise their prices, without fearing to be undersold by the free competition of their own countrymen.
公司法使城镇居民能够提高价格，而不必担心因同胞的自由竞争而被低价出售。
Those other regulations secure them equally against that of foreigners.
这些其他规定确保他们平等地免受外国人的侵害。
The enhancement of price occasioned by both is everywhere finally paid by the landlords, farmers, and labourers, of the country, who have seldom opposed the establishment of such monopolies.
两者引起的价格上涨最终都是由国家的地主、农民和工人买单的，他们很少反对建立这种垄断。
They have commonly neither inclination nor fitness to enter into combinations; and the clamour and sophistry of merchants and manufacturers easily persuade them, that the private interest of a part, and of a subordinate part, of the society, is the general interest of the whole.
他们通常既没有意愿也不适合进行组合；商人和制造商的喧嚣和诡辩很容易使他们相信，社会的一部分和从属部分的私人利益就是整体的普遍利益。
In Great Britain, the superiority of the industry of the towns over that of the country seems to have been greater formerly than in the present times.
在英国，城镇工业相对于乡村工业的优势似乎以前比现在更大。
The wages of country labour approach nearer to those of manufacturing labour, and the profits of stock employed in agriculture to those of trading and manufacturing stock, than they are said to have done in the last century, or in the beginning of the present.
乡村劳动力的工资更接近于制造业劳动力的工资，农业中使用的股票的利润更接近于贸易和制造业股票的利润，比据说的上个世纪或本世纪初的情况更接近。
This change may be regarded as the necessary, though very late consequence of the extraordinary encouragement given to the industry of the towns.
这种变化可以被认为是对城镇工业大力鼓励的必然结果，尽管是很晚的结果。
The stocks accumulated in them come in time to be so great, that it can no longer be employed with the ancient profit in that species of industry which is peculiar to them.
随着时间的推移，它们积累的库存变得如此之大，以致于它们不再能与它们特有的那种工业中的古老利润一起使用。
That industry has its limits like every other; and the increase of stock, by increasing the competition, necessarily reduces the profit.
与其他行业一样，该行业也有其局限性。而库存的增加，由于竞争的加剧，必然会减少利润。
The lowering of profit in the town forces out stock to the country, where, by creating a new demand for country labour, it necessarily raises its wages.
城镇利润的下降迫使库存流向乡村，而乡村通过创造对乡村劳动力的新需求，必然会提高工资。
It then spreads itself, if I my say so, over the face of the land, and, by being employed in agriculture, is in part restored to the country, at the expense of which, in a great measure, it had originally been accumulated in the town.
然后，如果我这么说的话，它会在整个土地上传播开来，并且通过用于农业，部分地恢复到乡村，而这在很大程度上是以最初在城镇中积累的代价为代价的。
That everywhere in Europe the greatest improvements of the country have been owing to such over flowings of the stock originally accumulated in the towns, I shall endeavour to shew hereafter, and at the same time to demonstrate, that though some countries have, by this course, attained to a considerable degree of opulence, it is in itself necessarily slow, uncertain, liable to be disturbed and interrupted by innumerable accidents, and, in every respect, contrary to the order of nature and of reason.
在欧洲各地，国家的最大进步都是由于城市中最初积累的资本的过度流动，我将在下文中努力表明，同时证明，虽然有些国家通过这种方式获得了相当程度的富裕，但它本身必然是缓慢的、不确定的，容易受到无数意外事件的干扰和中断，而且在各个方面都违背了自然和理性的秩序。
The interests, prejudices, laws, and customs, which have given occasion to it, I shall endeavour to explain as fully and distinctly as I can in the third and fourth books of this Inquiry.
我将尽力在本调查的第三本书和第四本书中尽可能全面和清晰地解释引起这种情况的利益、偏见、法律和习俗。
People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices.
同行们很少聚在一起，即使是为了欢乐和消遣，但谈话的结果却是一场针对公众的阴谋，或者是某种抬高价格的阴谋。
It is impossible, indeed, to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice.
事实上，任何可以执行或符合自由和正义的法律都不可能阻止此类会议。
But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies, much less to render them necessary.
但是，尽管法律不能阻止同一行业的人们有时聚集在一起，但它不应该为这种集会提供任何便利，更不用说使这种集会成为必要。
A regulation which obliges all those of the same trade in a particular town to enter their names and places of abode in a public register, facilitates such assemblies.
一项规定要求特定城镇的所有同行业人士将其姓名和居住地登记在公共登记册中，这为此类集会提供了便利。
It connects individuals who might never otherwise be known to one another, and gives every man of the trade a direction where to find every other man of it.
它将原本可能永远不会认识的人联系在一起，并为该行业的每个人提供了找到其他人的方向。
A regulation which enables those of the same trade to tax themselves, in order to provide for their poor, their sick, their widows and orphans, by giving them a common interest to manage, renders such assemblies necessary.
一项规定使同行业的人能够向自己征税，以便通过给予他们管理的共同利益来养活他们的穷人、病人、寡妇和孤儿，使这种集会变得必要。
An incorporation not only renders them necessary, but makes the act of the majority binding upon the whole.
合并不仅使它们变得必要，而且使多数人的行为对全体具有约束力。
In a free trade, an effectual combination cannot be established but by the unanimous consent of every single trader, and it cannot last longer than every single trader continues of the same mind.
在自由贸易中，有效的组合必须经过每个交易者的一致同意才能建立，而且这种组合的持续时间也不会超过每个交易者的同一个想法的持续时间。
The majority of a corporation can enact a bye-law, with proper penalties, which will limit the competition more effectually and more durably than any voluntary combination whatever.
公司的大多数人可以制定附有适当处罚的附则，这将比任何自愿合并更有效、更持久地限制竞争。
The pretence that corporations are necessary for the better government of the trade, is without any foundation.
假装公司对于更好的行业管理是必要的，这是没有任何根据的。
The real and effectual discipline which is exercised over a workman, is not that of his corporation, but that of his customers.
对工人实行的真正有效的纪律不是他的公司的纪律，而是他的顾客的纪律。
It is the fear of losing their employment which restrains his frauds and corrects his negligence.
正是对失去工作的恐惧限制了他的欺诈行为并纠正了他的疏忽。
An exclusive corporation necessarily weakens the force of this discipline.
排他性公司必然会削弱这一纪律的力量。
A particular set of workmen must then be employed, let them behave well or ill.
然后必须雇用一组特定的工人，让他们表现得好或坏。
It is upon this account that, in many large incorporated towns, no tolerable workmen are to be found, even in some of the most necessary trades.
正是由于这个原因，在许多大型的联合城镇中，甚至在一些最必要的行业中也找不到可以忍受的工人。
If you would have your work tolerably executed, it must be done in the suburbs, where the workmen, having no exclusive privilege, have nothing but their character to depend upon, and you must then smuggle it into the town as well as you can.
如果你想让你的工作完成得还算顺利，就必须在郊区完成，那里的工人没有排他性的特权，除了他们的性格之外别无他物，然后你必须尽可能地将其偷运到城里。
It is in this manner that the policy of Europe, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than would otherwise be disposed to enter into them, occasions a very important inequality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock.
正是通过这种方式，欧洲的政策将某些就业领域的竞争限制在比原本愿意进入这些领域的人数少的水平上，从而在劳动力和资本的不同就业领域的整体优缺点方面造成了非常严重的不平等。
Secondly, the policy of Europe, by increasing the competition in some employments beyond what it naturally would be, occasions another inequality, of an opposite kind, in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock.
其次，欧洲的政策通过使某些就业领域的竞争超出其自然水平，在劳动力和股票的不同就业的整体优缺点方面造成了另一种相反的不平等。
It has been considered as of so much importance that a proper number of young people should be educated for certain professions, that sometimes the public, and sometimes the piety of private founders, have established many pensions, scholarships, exhibitions, bursaries, etc. for this purpose, which draw many more people into those trades than could otherwise pretend to follow them.
人们认为，一定数量的年轻人应该接受某些职业的教育是非常重要的，有时公众，有时出于私人创始人的虔诚，为此目的设立了许多养老金、奖学金、展览、助学金等，这吸引了更多的人进入这些行业，而不是假装跟随他们。
In all Christian countries, I believe, the education of the greater part of churchmen is paid for in this manner.
我相信，在所有基督教国家，大部分教士的教育费用都是以这种方式支付的。
Very few of them are educated altogether at their own expense.
他们中很少有人完全自费接受教育。
The long, tedious, and expensive education, therefore, of those who are, will not always procure them a suitable reward, the church being crowded with people, who, in order to get employment, are willing to accept of a much smaller recompence than what such an education would otherwise have entitled them to; and in this manner the competition of the poor takes away the reward of the rich.
因此，对那些受教育的人来说，漫长、乏味和昂贵的教育并不总是能为他们带来适当的回报，教堂里挤满了人，为了找到工作，他们愿意接受比这种教育本来应得的报酬少得多的报酬；这样，穷人的竞争就夺走了富人的报酬。
It would be indecent, no doubt, to compare either a curate or a chaplain with a journeyman in any common trade.
毫无疑问，将牧师或牧师与任何普通行业的熟练工进行比较是不雅的。
The pay of a curate or chaplain, however, may very properly be considered as of the same nature with the wages of a journeyman.
然而，牧师或牧师的工资可以非常恰当地被认为与熟练工的工资具有相同的性质。
They are all three paid for their work according to the contract which they may happen to make with their respective superiors.
他们三人都根据他们与各自上级签订的合同领取工作报酬。
Till after the middle of the fourteenth century, five merks, containing about as much silver as ten pounds of our present money, was in England the usual pay of a curate or a stipendiary parish priest, as we find it regulated by the decrees of several different national councils.
直到十四世纪中叶以后，在英格兰，五默克（相当于我们现在的货币十英镑）的白银是牧师或领薪教区牧师的通常工资，我们发现它受到几个不同国家议会的法令的管制。
At the same period, fourpence a-day, containing the same quantity of silver as a shilling of our present money, was declared to be the pay of a master mason; and threepence a-day, equal to ninepence of our present money, that of a journeyman mason.
在同一时期，石匠大师的工资被宣布为每天四便士，所含白银数量相当于我们现在的一先令。每天三便士，相当于我们现在的泥水匠的九便士钱。
{See the Statute of Labourers, 25, Ed.
{参见《劳工法》，第 25 期，埃德。
III.} The wages of both these labourers, therefore, supposing them to have been constantly employed, were much superior to those of the curate.
III.} 因此，假设这两名工人一直受雇，他们的工资要比神甫的工资高得多。
The wages of the master mason, supposing him to have been without employment one-third of the year, would have fully equalled them.
假设石匠师傅一年中有三分之一的时间没有工作，他的工资就完全与他们相等了。
By the 12th of Queen Anne, c.
到安妮女王十二号，c。
12.
12.
it is declared, “That whereas, for want of sufficient maintenance and encouragement to curates, the cures have, in several places, been meanly supplied, the bishop is, therefore, empowered to appoint, by writing under his hand and seal, a sufficient certain stipend or allowance, not exceeding fifty, and not less than twenty pounds a-year”.
它宣称，“鉴于缺乏足够的维持和对牧师的鼓励，在一些地方，治疗的供应不足，因此，主教有权通过亲笔签名并盖章指定足够的特定津贴或津贴，每年不超过五十英镑，不少于二十英镑”。
Forty pounds a-year is reckoned at present very good pay for a curate; and, notwithstanding this act of parliament, there are many curacies under twenty pounds a-year.
目前，牧师每年四十英镑的薪水被认为是非常高的。尽管议会有这样的法案，但仍有许多年费低于二十英镑的地方。
There are journeymen shoemakers in London who earn forty pounds a-year, and there is scarce an industrious workman of any kind in that metropolis who does not earn more than twenty.
伦敦有年薪四十英镑的熟练鞋匠，而在那个大都市里，任何勤劳的工人几乎没有一个年薪不超过二十英镑。
This last sum, indeed, does not exceed what is frequently earned by common labourers in many country parishes.
事实上，最后一笔钱并没有超过许多乡村教区普通劳动者的收入。
Whenever the law has attempted to regulate the wages of workmen, it has always been rather to lower them than to raise them.
每当法律试图规范工人的工资时，它总是降低而不是提高。
But the law has, upon many occasions, attempted to raise the wages of curates, and, for the dignity of the church, to oblige the rectors of parishes to give them more than the wretched maintenance which they themselves might be willing to accept of.
但法律在许多情况下试图提高牧师的工资，并且为了教会的尊严，迫使教区的教区长给予他们比他们自己可能愿意接受的可怜的生活费更多的工资。
And, in both cases, the law seems to have been equally ineffectual, and has never either been able to raise the wages of curates, or to sink those of labourers to the degree that was intended; because it has never been able to hinder either the one from being willing to accept of less than the legal allowance, on account of the indigence of their situation and the multitude of their competitors, or the other from receiving more, on account of the contrary competition of those who expected to derive either profit or pleasure from employing them.
而且，在这两种情况下，法律似乎都同样无效，并且从来没有能够提高牧师的工资，也没有能够将工人的工资降低到预期的程度。因为它永远无法阻止一个人因为处境贫困和竞争对手众多而愿意接受低于法定津贴的工资，也不能阻止另一个人因为那些期望从雇用他们中获得利润或快乐的人的相反竞争而接受更多的津贴。
The great benefices and other ecclesiastical dignities support the honour of the church, notwithstanding the mean circumstances of some of its inferior members.
尽管教会的一些下等成员处境卑微，但伟大的圣职和其他教会尊严仍支持着教会的荣誉。
The respect paid to the profession, too, makes some compensation even to them for the meanness of their pecuniary recompence.
对这个职业的尊重，甚至对他们的金钱报酬的微薄也给予了一些补偿。
In England, and in all Roman catholic countries, the lottery of the church is in reality much more advantageous than is necessary.
在英国和所有罗马天主教国家，教会的抽签实际上比必要的有利得多。
The example of the churches of Scotland, of Geneva, and of several other protestant churches, may satisfy us, that in so creditable a profession, in which education is so easily procured, the hopes of much more moderate benefices will draw a sufficient number of learned, decent, and respectable men into holy orders.
苏格兰教会、日内瓦教会和其他几个新教教会的例子可以让我们确信，在如此值得信赖的职业中，教育如此容易获得，希望获得更温和的圣职将吸引足够数量的有学问、正派和受人尊敬的人加入圣职。
In professions in which there are no benefices, such as law and physic, if an equal proportion of people were educated at the public expense, the competition would soon be so great as to sink very much their pecuniary reward.
在法律和医学等没有福利的职业中，如果同等比例的人接受公费教育，竞争很快就会变得如此激烈，以致于他们的金钱报酬大幅下降。
It might then not be worth any man’s while to educate his son to either of those professions at his own expense.
那么，任何人都不值得花时间自费教育自己的儿子从事这些职业。
They would be entirely abandoned to such as had been educated by those public charities, whose numbers and necessities would oblige them in general to content themselves with a very miserable recompence, to the entire degradation of the now respectable professions of law and physic.
他们将完全被那些公共慈善机构所教育的人抛弃，这些公共慈善机构的数量和必要性将迫使他们总体上满足于非常悲惨的回报，使现在受人尊敬的法律和物理学职业完全退化。
That unprosperous race of men, commonly called men of letters, are pretty much in the situation which lawyers and physicians probably would be in, upon the foregoing supposition.
根据上述假设，那些不富裕的人种，通常被称为文人，几乎处于律师和医生可能处于的境地。
In every part of Europe, the greater part of them have been educated for the church, but have been hindered by different reasons from entering into holy orders.
在欧洲各地，他们中的大部分人都曾接受过教会教育，但都因不同的原因而未能进入圣职。
They have generally, therefore, been educated at the public expense; and their numbers are everywhere so great, as commonly to reduce the price of their labour to a very paltry recompence.
因此，他们一般都是用公费接受教育的；他们的数量到处都是如此之多，以至于通常将他们的劳动价格降低到微不足道的报酬。
Before the invention of the art of printing, the only employment by which a man of letters could make any thing by his talents, was that of a public or private teacher, or by communicating to other people the curious and useful knowledge which he had acquired himself; and this is still surely a more honourable, a more useful, and, in general, even a more profitable employment than that other of writing for a bookseller, to which the art of printing has given occasion.
在印刷术发明之前，文人能凭借自己的才华创造出任何东西，唯一的职业就是当公立或私人教师，或者向其他人传播他自己获得的好奇而有用的知识。与为书商写作的其他工作相比，这无疑是一项更光荣、更有用、甚至更有利可图的工作，而印刷术为书商提供了机会。
The time and study, the genius, knowledge, and application requisite to qualify an eminent teacher of the sciences, are at least equal to what is necessary for the greatest practitioners in law and physic.
成为一名杰出的科学教师所需的时间和学习、天赋、知识和应用，至少与最伟大的法律和物理学实践者所需的条件相同。
But the usual reward of the eminent teacher bears no proportion to that of the lawyer or physician, because the trade of the one is crowded with indigent people, who have been brought up to it at the public expense; whereas those of the other two are encumbered with very few who have not been educated at their own.
但是，杰出教师的报酬通常与律师或医生的报酬不相称，因为律师或医生的行业挤满了穷人，他们是靠公费长大的。而另外两个国家则因极少数没有受过教育的人而受到阻碍。
The usual recompence, however, of public and private teachers, small as it may appear, would undoubtedly be less than it is, if the competition of those yet more indigent men of letters, who write for bread, was not taken out of the market.
然而，如果那些为生计而写作的更为贫困的文人墨客的竞争不被排除在市场之外，公立和私立教师的通常报酬虽然看起来微不足道，但无疑会比实际报酬要少。
Before the invention of the art of printing, a scholar and a beggar seem to have been terms very nearly synonymous.
在印刷术发明之前，学者和乞丐似乎几乎是同义词。
The different governors of the universities, before that time, appear to have often granted licences to their scholars to beg.
在此之前，不同大学的校长似乎经常向他们的学者发放乞讨许可证。
In ancient times, before any charities of this kind had been established for the education of indigent people to the learned professions, the rewards of eminent teachers appear to have been much more considerable.
在古代，在为穷人提供学术职业教育的此类慈善机构尚未建立之前，杰出教师的报酬似乎要丰厚得多。
Isocrates, in what is called his discourse against the sophists, reproaches the teachers of his own times with inconsistency.
伊索克拉底在所谓的反对诡辩家的论述中，责备他那个时代的老师前后矛盾。
“They make the most magnificent promises to their scholars,” says he, “and undertake to teach them to be wise, to be happy, and to be just; and, in return for so important a service, they stipulate the paltry reward of four or five minae.” “They who teach wisdom,” continues he, “ought certainly to be wise themselves; but if any man were to sell such a bargain for such a price, he would be convicted of the most evident folly.” He certainly does not mean here to exaggerate the reward, and we may be assured that it was not less than he represents it.
“他们向学者们做出了最宏伟的承诺，”他说，“并致力于教导他们变得明智、快乐和公正；而且，作为对如此重要的服务的回报，他们规定了四五个米奈的微不足道的奖励。” “那些传授智慧的人，”他继续说道，“当然自己也应该是明智的；但如果有人以这样的价格出售这样的便宜货，他就会被判犯有最明显的愚蠢行为。”他在这里当然无意夸大奖励，我们可以放心，奖励并不少于他所描述的。
Four minae were equal to thirteen pounds six shillings and eightpence; five minae to sixteen pounds thirteen shillings and fourpence.
四米纳等于十三英镑六先令八便士；五米纳兑换十六英镑十三先令四便士。
Something not less than the largest of those two sums, therefore, must at that time have been usually paid to the most eminent teachers at Athens.
因此，当时通常必须向雅典最杰出的教师支付不少于这两笔款项中最大一笔的款项。
Isocrates himself demanded ten minae, or £ 33:6:8 from each scholar.
伊索克拉底本人向每位学者索要十米纳，即 33:6:8 英镑。
When he taught at Athens, he is said to have had a hundred scholars.
当他在雅典任教时，据说有一百名学者。
I understand this to be the number whom he taught at one time, or who attended what we would call one course of lectures; a number which will not appear extraordinary from so great a city to so famous a teacher, who taught, too, what was at that time the most fashionable of all sciences, rhetoric.
我理解这是他曾经教过的人数，或者参加我们所说的一门课程的人数；从如此伟大的城市到如此著名的教师，这个数字并不显得非凡，他也教授当时所有科学中最流行的修辞学。
He must have made, therefore, by each course of lectures, a thousand minae, or £ 3335:6:8.
因此，他通过每门课程一定赚了一千米纳，即 3335:6:8 英镑。
A thousand minae, accordingly, is said by Plutarch, in another place, to have been his didactron, or usual price of teaching.
因此，普鲁塔克在另一个地方说，一千米纳是他的教导者，或者说通常的教学费用。
Many other eminent teachers in those times appear to have acquired great fortunes.
当时许多其他杰出的教师似乎都获得了巨大的财富。
Georgias made a present to the temple of Delphi of his own statue in solid gold.
乔治亚斯向德尔菲神庙赠送了他自己的纯金雕像。
We must not, I presume, suppose that it was as large as the life.
我想，我们决不能认为它和生命一样大。
His way of living, as well as that of Hippias and Protagoras, two other eminent teachers of those times, is represented by Plato as splendid, even to ostentation.
柏拉图将他的生活方式以及当时另外两位杰出的导师希皮亚斯和普罗泰戈拉的生活方式描绘得十分辉煌，甚至有些夸张。
Plato himself is said to have lived with a good deal of magnificence.
据说柏拉图本人的生活十分奢华。
Aristotle, after having been tutor to Alexander, and most munificently rewarded, as it is universally agreed, both by him and his father, Philip, thought it worth while, notwithstanding, to return to Athens, in order to resume the teaching of his school.
亚里士多德在担任亚历山大的导师后，并得到了他和他的父亲菲利普一致同意的最慷慨的奖励，他认为，尽管如此，还是值得返回雅典，以恢复他的学校的教学。
Teachers of the sciences were probably in those times less common than they came to be in an age or two afterwards, when the competition had probably somewhat reduced both the price of their labour and the admiration for their persons.
在那个时代，科学教师可能不像后来的一两个时代那样普遍，当时的竞争可能在一定程度上降低了他们的劳动价格和对他们个人的钦佩。
The most eminent of them, however, appear always to have enjoyed a degree of consideration much superior to any of the like profession in the present times.
然而，他们中最杰出的人似乎总是享有比当今任何类似职业都要高得多的尊重。
The Athenians sent Carneades the academic, and Diogenes the stoic, upon a solemn embassy to Rome; and though their city had then declined from its former grandeur, it was still an independent and considerable republic.
雅典人派出学者卡尼阿德斯和坚忍者第欧根尼，向罗马派遣了一个庄严的使节。尽管他们的城市已不再昔日的辉煌，但它仍然是一个独立且相当大的共和国。
Carneades, too, was a Babylonian by birth; and as there never was a people more jealous of admitting foreigners to public offices than the Athenians, their consideration for him must have been very great.
卡尼亚德斯出生时也是巴比伦人。由于没有哪个民族比雅典人更热衷于接纳外国人担任公职，因此他们对他一定非常关心。
This inequality is, upon the whole, perhaps rather advantageous than hurtful to the public.
总体而言，这种不平等对公众来说也许是利大于弊。
It may somewhat degrade the profession of a public teacher; but the cheapness of literary education is surely an advantage which greatly overbalances this trifling inconveniency.
它可能会在一定程度上降低公立教师的职业资格；但文学教育的廉价无疑是一个优势，大大抵消了这种微不足道的不便。
The public, too, might derive still greater benefit from it, if the constitution of those schools and colleges, in which education is carried on, was more reasonable than it is at present through the greater part of Europe.
如果那些进行教育的学校和学院的章程比目前欧洲大部分地区更加合理的话，公众也可能从中获得更大的利益。
Thirdly, the policy of Europe, by obstructing the free circulation of labour and stock, both from employment to employment, and from place to place, occasions, in some cases, a very inconvenient inequality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of their different employments.
第三，欧洲的政策阻碍了劳动力和股票的自由流通，无论是从一个就业到另一个就业，还是从一个地方到另一个地方，在某些情况下，在不同就业的整体优缺点方面造成了非常令人不便的不平等。
The statute of apprenticeship obstructs the free circulation of labour from one employment to another, even in the same place.
学徒期法规阻碍了劳动力从一种就业到另一种就业的自由流动，即使是在同一个地方。
The exclusive privileges of corporations obstruct it from one place to another, even in the same employment.
公司的专有特权阻碍了它从一个地方到另一个地方，即使是在同一个工作中。
It frequently happens, that while high wages are given to the workmen in one manufacture, those in another are obliged to content themselves with bare subsistence.
经常发生这样的情况：一个工厂的工人工资很高，而另一个工厂的工人却只能勉强维持生计。
The one is in an advancing state, and has therefore a continual demand for new hands; the other is in a declining state, and the superabundance of hands is continually increasing.
处于进步状态，因此不断需要新手；另一个则处于衰退状态，而过剩的双手却在不断增加。
Those two manufactures may sometimes be in the same town, and sometimes in the same neighbourhood, without being able to lend the least assistance to one another.
这两家制造商有时可能位于同一个城镇，有时位于同一个街区，却无法互相提供哪怕一丁点的帮助。
The statute of apprenticeship may oppose it in the one case, and both that and an exclusive corporation in the other.
在一种情况下，学徒期法规可能会反对它，而在另一种情况下，学徒期法规可能会反对它，而在另一种情况下，学徒期法规可能会反对它。
In many different manufactures, however, the operations are so much alike, that the workmen could easily change trades with one another, if those absurd laws did not hinder them.
然而，在许多不同的制造业中，操作方式非常相似，如果那些荒谬的法律不妨碍他们的话，工人们可以很容易地互相转换行业。
The arts of weaving plain linen and plain silk, for example, are almost entirely the same.
例如，平纹亚麻和平纹丝绸的编织工艺几乎完全相同。
That of weaving plain woollen is somewhat different; but the difference is so insignificant, that either a linen or a silk weaver might become a tolerable workman in a very few days.
织造平毛呢的情况有些不同；但差别如此之小，以至于亚麻织工或丝绸织工都可能在几天之内成为一名还算可以的工人。
If any of those three capital manufactures, therefore, were decaying, the workmen might find a resource in one of the other two which was in a more prosperous condition; and their wages would neither rise too high in the thriving, nor sink too low in the decaying manufacture.
因此，如果这三种资本制造业中的任何一种正在衰落，工人们可能会在另外两种状况更为繁荣的制造业中找到一种资源。他们的工资既不会在繁荣的制造业中上涨得太高，也不会在衰退的制造业中下降得太低。
The linen manufacture, indeed, is in England, by a particular statute, open to every body; but as it is not much cultivated through the greater part of the country, it can afford no general resource to the work men of other decaying manufactures, who, wherever the statute of apprenticeship takes place, have no other choice, but either to come upon the parish, or to work as common labourers; for which, by their habits, they are much worse qualified than for any sort of manufacture that bears any resemblance to their own.
事实上，在英国，根据一项特定的法规，亚麻制品制造向所有人开放。但是，由于该国大部分地区都没有大量种植这种作物，因此它无法为其他衰落制造业的工人提供一般资源，无论在哪里实行学徒制，他们都别无选择，只能到教区来，或者当普通工人。从他们的习惯来看，他们的资格比任何与他们自己的制造业有任何相似之处的制造业要差得多。
They generally, therefore, chuse to come upon the parish.
因此，他们通常选择来到教区。
Whatever obstructs the free circulation of labour from one employment to another, obstructs that of stock likewise; the quantity of stock which can be employed in any branch of business depending very much upon that of the labour which can be employed in it.
凡是阻碍劳动力从一种职业到另一种职业的自由流通的事物，同样也会阻碍股票的自由流通。任何行业可以使用的股票数量在很大程度上取决于该行业可以使用的劳动力数量。
Corporation laws, however, give less obstruction to the free circulation of stock from one place to another, than to that of labour.
然而，公司法对股票从一地到另一地自由流通的阻碍比对劳动力自由流通的阻碍要小。
It is everywhere much easier for a wealthy merchant to obtain the privilege of trading in a town-corporate, than for a poor artificer to obtain that of working in it.
富有的商人在城镇企业中获得贸易特权比贫穷的技工在其中工作要容易得多。
The obstruction which corporation laws give to the free circulation of labour is common, I believe, to every part of Europe.
我相信，公司法对劳动力自由流通的阻碍在欧洲各地都是常见的。
That which is given to it by the poor laws is, so far as I know, peculiar to England.
据我所知，济贫法赋予它的东西是英国所特有的。
It consists in the difficulty which a poor man finds in obtaining a settlement, or even in being allowed to exercise his industry in any parish but that to which he belongs.
它在于一个穷人很难获得定居，甚至很难被允许在他所属的教区以外的任何教区从事他的工业。
It is the labour of artificers and manufacturers only of which the free circulation is obstructed by corporation laws.
只有技工和制造商的劳动的自由流通才受到公司法的阻碍。
The difficulty of obtaining settlements obstructs even that of common labour.
获得定居的困难甚至阻碍了普通劳动的发展。
It may be worth while to give some account of the rise, progress, and present state of this disorder, the greatest, perhaps, of any in the police of England.
也许值得对这种混乱的兴起、进展和现状进行一些说明，这种混乱可能是英国警察中最严重的一次。
When, by the destruction of monasteries, the poor had been deprived of the charity of those religious houses, after some other ineffectual attempts for their relief, it was enacted, by the 43d of Elizabeth, c.
由于修道院被毁，穷人被剥夺了这些宗教机构的施舍，在其他一些救济尝试无效之后，它于公元 43 年伊丽莎白二世颁布。
2.
2.
that every parish should be bound to provide for its own poor, and that overseers of the poor should be annually appointed, who, with the church-wardens, should raise, by a parish rate, competent sums for this purpose.
每个教区都应有义务为自己的穷人提供救济，并且每年应任命穷人的监督员，他们应与教堂管理员一起，按教区费率筹集足够的资金用于此目的。
By this statute, the necessity of providing for their own poor was indispensably imposed upon every parish.
根据这项法规，每个教区都必须必须为自己的穷人提供帮助。
Who were to be considered as the poor of each parish became, therefore, a question of some importance.
因此，谁被视为每个教区的穷人就成为一个具有一定重要性的问题。
This question, after some variation, was at last determined by the 13th and 14th of Charles II.
这个问题几经变迁，最终由查理二世十三世和十四世确定。
when it was enacted, that forty days undisturbed residence should gain any person a settlement in any parish; but that within that time it should be lawful for two justices of the peace, upon complaint made by the church-wardens or overseers of the poor, to remove any new inhabitant to the parish where he was last legally settled; unless he either rented a tenement of ten pounds a-year, or could give such security for the discharge of the parish where he was then living, as those justices should judge sufficient.
当它颁布时，四十天不受干扰的居住将使任何人在任何教区定居；但在此期间，两位太平绅士可以合法地根据教堂管理员或穷人监督者的投诉，将任何新居民迁往他最后合法定居的教区；除非他要么租一套每年十英镑的公寓，要么能够为他当时居住的教区的释放提供这样的担保，正如那些法官认为足够的。
Some frauds, it is said, were committed in consequence of this statute; parish officers sometimes bribing their own poor to go clandestinely to another parish, and, by keeping themselves concealed for forty days, to gain a settlement there, to the discharge of that to which they properly belonged.
据说，一些欺诈行为是由于该法规而发生的。教区官员有时会贿赂自己的穷人，让他们秘密前往另一个教区，并隐藏自己四十天，在那里定居下来，释放他们本来应有的归属。
It was enacted, therefore, by the 1st of James II.
因此，它是由詹姆斯二世颁布的。
that the forty days undisturbed residence of any person necessary to gain a settlement, should be accounted only from the time of his delivering notice, in writing, of the place of his abode and the number of his family, to one of the church-wardens or overseers of the parish where he came to dwell.
任何人为获得解决所必需的四十天不受干扰的居住时间，只能从他以书面形式向他所居住的教区的一名教堂管理员或监督人发出其居住地点和家庭人数的通知之时起计算。
But parish officers, it seems, were not always more honest with regard to their own than they had been with regard to other parishes, and sometimes connived at such intrusions, receiving the notice, and taking no proper steps in consequence of it.
但教区官员似乎并不总是对自己的教区比对其他教区更诚实，有时会纵容此类入侵，收到通知后却没有采取适当的措施。
As every person in a parish, therefore, was supposed to have an interest to prevent as much as possible their being burdened by such intruders, it was further enacted by the 3rd of William III.
因此，由于教区中的每个人都应该有兴趣尽可能地防止自己受到此类入侵者的困扰，因此威廉三世第三世进一步颁布了这一规定。
that the forty days residence should be accounted only from the publication of such notice in writing on Sunday in the church, immediately after divine service.
四十天的居住时间只能从周日礼拜后立即在教堂发布书面通知开始计算。
“After all,” says Doctor Burn, “this kind of settlement, by continuing forty days after publication of notice in writing, is very seldom obtained; and the design of the acts is not so much for gaining of settlements, as for the avoiding of them by persons coming into a parish clandestinely, for the giving of notice is only putting a force upon the parish to remove.
“毕竟，”伯恩博士说，“这种在书面通知发布后持续四十天的解决方案是很少获得的；而且这些法案的目的与其说是为了获得解决方案，不如说是为了避免人们秘密进入教区，因为发出通知只是对教区施加了迫使其撤离的力量。
But if a person’s situation is such, that it is doubtful whether he is actually removable or not, he shall, by giving of notice, compel the parish either to allow him a settlement uncontested, by suffering him to continue forty days, or by removing him to try the right.”
但如果一个人的情况令人怀疑，他是否真的可以被驱逐，他应通过发出通知，迫使教区要么允许他无争议地达成和解，要么让他继续呆四十天，要么驱逐他尝试权利。”
This statute, therefore, rendered it almost impracticable for a poor man to gain a new settlement in the old way, by forty days inhabitancy.
因此，这项法规使得穷人以旧方式（四十天的居住期）获得新的定居点几乎是不切实际的。
But that it might not appear to preclude altogether the common people of one parish from ever establishing themselves with security in another, it appointed four other ways by which a settlement might be gained without any notice delivered or published.
但是，它可能不会完全阻止一个教区的普通民众在另一个教区建立自己的安全，它指定了其他四种方法，可以在不发出或公布任何通知的情况下达成解决方案。
The first was, by being taxed to parish rates and paying them; the second, by being elected into an annual parish office, and serving in it a year; the third, by serving an apprenticeship in the parish; the fourth, by being hired into service there for a year, and continuing in the same service during the whole of it.
第一种是按照教区税率征税并缴纳；第二，当选为年度教区办公室成员，并在该办公室任职一年；第三，在教区做学徒；第四种，受雇在那里服务一年，并在整个期间继续从事同样的服务。
Nobody can gain a settlement by either of the two first ways, but by the public deed of the whole parish, who are too well aware of the consequences to adopt any new-comer, who has nothing but his labour to support him, either by taxing him to parish rates, or by electing him into a parish office.
没有人可以通过前两种方式中的任何一种来解决问题，而是通过整个教区的公共行为，他们太清楚收养任何新来者的后果，新来者除了自己的劳动来支持他之外什么也没有，要么通过向他征税，或者通过选举他进入教区办公室。
No married man can well gain any settlement in either of the two last ways.
任何已婚男人都无法通过后两种方式获得任何解决方案。
An apprentice is scarce ever married; and it is expressly enacted, that no married servant shall gain any settlement by being hired for a year.
学徒很少结婚；并明确规定，已婚仆人不得因受雇一年而获得任何安置。
The principal effect of introducing settlement by service, has been to put out in a great measure the old fashion of hiring for a year; which before had been so customary in England, that even at this day, if no particular term is agreed upon, the law intends that every servant is hired for a year.
引入服务结算的主要效果是在很大程度上淘汰了一年雇用的旧方式。这在英国以前是很常见的，即使在今天，如果没有商定特定的期限，法律规定每个仆人的雇佣期限为一年。
But masters are not always willing to give their servants a settlement by hiring them in this manner; and servants are not always willing to be so hired, because, as every last settlement discharges all the foregoing, they might thereby lose their original settlement in the places of their nativity, the habitation of their parents and relations.
但主人并不总是愿意通过这种方式雇用他们的仆人来解决他们的问题；仆人并不总是愿意被这样雇用，因为，随着每一个最后的定居点都解除了上述所有内容，他们可能会因此失去他们在出生地、父母和亲属的居住地的最初定居点。
No independent workman, it is evident, whether labourer or artificer, is likely to gain any new settlement, either by apprenticeship or by service.
显然，无论是劳动者还是技工，独立工人都不可能通过学徒或服务获得任何新的解决方案。
When such a person, therefore, carried his industry to a new parish, he was liable to be removed, how healthy and industrious soever, at the caprice of any churchwarden or overseer, unless he either rented a tenement of ten pounds a-year, a thing impossible for one who has nothing but his labour to live by, or could give such security for the discharge of the parish as two justices of the peace should judge sufficient.
因此，当这样的人将他的事业转移到一个新的教区时，无论他多么健康和勤奋，无论任何教会执事或监督的反复无常，他都有可能被调离，除非他要么租一套每年十英镑的公寓，这对于一个除了劳作以外一无所有的人来说是不可能的，或者能够为教区的解雇提供两位治安法官认为足够的保证。
What security they shall require, indeed, is left altogether to their discretion; but they cannot well require less than thirty pounds, it having been enacted, that the purchase even of a freehold estate of less than thirty pounds value, shall not gain any person a settlement, as not being sufficient for the discharge of the parish.
事实上，他们需要什么安全保障，完全由他们自行决定。但他们要求的金额不能低于三十英镑，因为已经颁布，即使购买价值低于三十英镑的永久业权地产，也不能使任何人获得定居，因为不足以解散教区。
But this is a security which scarce any man who lives by labour can give; and much greater security is frequently demanded.
但这是任何靠劳动生活的人都无法给予的保障。并且经常要求更高的安全性。
In order to restore, in some measure, that free circulation of labour which those different statutes had almost entirely taken away, the invention of certificates was fallen upon.
In order to restore, in some measure, that free circulation of labour which those different statutes had almost entirely taken away, the invention of certificates was fallen upon.
By the 8th and 9th of William III.
到威廉三世八号和九号。
it was enacted that if any person should bring a certificate from the parish where he was last legally settled, subscribed by the church-wardens and overseers of the poor, and allowed by two justices of the peace, that every other parish should be obliged to receive him; that he should not be removable merely upon account of his being likely to become chargeable, but only upon his becoming actually chargeable; and that then the parish which granted the certificate should be obliged to pay the expense both of his maintenance and of his removal.
规定，如果任何人携带他最后合法定居的教区出具的证明，该证明由教堂管理员和穷人监督者签署，并得到两位治安法官的许可，则所有其他教区都有义务接待他；不应仅仅因为他有可能受到指控而将其免职，而应仅在他实际受到指控时才将其免职；然后，颁发证书的教区有义务支付他的生活费和搬迁费。
And in order to give the most perfect security to the parish where such certificated man should come to reside, it was further enacted by the same statute, that he should gain no settlement there by any means whatever, except either by renting a tenement of ten pounds a-year, or by serving upon his own account in an annual parish office for one whole year; and consequently neither by notice nor by service, nor by apprenticeship, nor by paying parish rates.
为了给这些持有证书的人所居住的教区提供最完善的保障，同一项法规还进一步颁布了规定，他不得以任何方式在那里获得定居，除非每年租用十英镑的公寓，或者在年度教区办公室自费服务一整年；因此，既不是通过通知，也不是通过服务，也不是通过学徒制，也不是通过支付教区费。
By the 12th of Queen Anne, too, stat.
到了安妮女王 12 日，统计数据也是如此。
1, c.18, it was further enacted, that neither the servants nor apprentices of such certificated man should gain any settlement in the parish where he resided under such certificate.
1，c.18，进一步颁布，该证书持有者的仆人或学徒均不得在其根据该证书居住的教区获得任何定居。
How far this invention has restored that free circulation of labour, which the preceding statutes had almost entirely taken away, we may learn from the following very judicious observation of Doctor Burn.
这项发明在多大程度上恢复了先前法规几乎完全剥夺的劳动力自由流通，我们可以从伯恩医生以下非常明智的观察中得知。
“It is obvious,” says he, “that there are divers good reasons for requiring certificates with persons coming to settle in any place; namely, that persons residing under them can gain no settlement, neither by apprenticeship, nor by service, nor by giving notice, nor by paying parish rates; that they can settle neither apprentices nor servants; that if they become chargeable, it is certainly known whither to remove them, and the parish shall be paid for the removal, and for their maintenance in the mean time; and that, if they fall sick, and cannot be removed, the parish which gave the certificate must maintain them; none of all which can be without a certificate.
“很明显，”他说，“要求在任何地方定居的人提供证明有多种充分的理由；也就是说，居住在他们下面的人不能通过学徒、服务、发出通知或支付教区费获得定居；他们既不能安置学徒，也不能安置仆人；如果他们被征收费用，肯定知道将他们搬到哪里，教区应支付搬迁费用，同时支付他们的维持费用；并且如果他们生病了，并且不能被带走，颁发证书的教区必须抚养他们；没有证书的人都不能照顾他们。
Which reasons will hold proportionably for parishes not granting certificates in ordinary cases; for it is far more than an equal chance, but that they will have the certificated persons again, and in a worse condition.” The moral of this observation seems to be, that certificates ought always to be required by the parish where any poor man comes to reside, and that they ought very seldom to be granted by that which he purposes to leave.
对于一般情况下不颁发证书的教区，哪些原因会相应成立？因为这不仅仅是一个平等的机会，而且他们将再次拥有获得认证的人，而且状况会更糟。”这一观察的寓意似乎是，任何穷人居住的教区都应该要求提供证书，而他打算离开的教区很少应该授予这些证书。
“There is somewhat of hardship in this matter of certificates,” says the same very intelligent author, in his History of the Poor Laws, “by putting it in the power of a parish officer to imprison a man as it were for life, however inconvenient it may be for him to continue at that place where he has had the misfortune to acquire what is called a settlement, or whatever advantage he may propose himself by living elsewhere.”
这位非常聪明的作者在他的《济贫法史》中说：“在证书问题上，有些困难，让教区官员有权将一个人终身监禁，无论他继续留在那个他不幸获得所谓解决办法的地方可能会很不方便，或者他通过居住在其他地方可能会给自己带来的任何好处。”
Though a certificate carries along with it no testimonial of good behaviour, and certifies nothing but that the person belongs to the parish to which he really does belong, it is altogether discretionary in the parish officers either to grant or to refuse it.
尽管证书不包含良好行为的证明，并且只能证明该人属于他真正所属的教区，但教区官员完全可以自行决定是否授予或拒绝该证书。
A mandamus was once moved for, says Doctor Burn, to compel the church-wardens and overseers to sign a certificate; but the Court of King’s Bench rejected the motion as a very strange attempt.
伯恩博士说，曾经有人提出过一项强制令，迫使教会看守和监督者签署一份证书；但国王法庭驳回了这一动议，认为这是一次非常奇怪的尝试。
The very unequal price of labour which we frequently find in England, in places at no great distance from one another, is probably owing to the obstruction which the law of settlements gives to a poor man who would carry his industry from one parish to another without a certificate.
我们在英国经常发现，在相距不远的地方，劳动力价格非常不平等，这可能是由于定居法对穷人的阻碍，他们在没有证书的情况下将其工业从一个教区转移到另一个教区。
A single man, indeed who is healthy and industrious, may sometimes reside by sufferance without one; but a man with a wife and family who should attempt to do so, would, in most parishes, be sure of being removed; and, if the single man should afterwards marry, he would generally be removed likewise.
一个确实健康、勤奋的单身男子，有时可能会忍受没有人陪伴的生活。但是，在大多数教区，一个有妻子和家庭的男人如果试图这样做，肯定会被驱逐。而且，如果单身男子后来结婚，他通常也会被驱逐出境。
The scarcity of hands in one parish, therefore, cannot always be relieved by their superabundance in another, as it is constantly in Scotland, and I believe, in all other countries where there is no difficulty of settlement.
因此，一个教区的人手短缺并不总是能够通过另一个教区的人手过剩来缓解，就像在苏格兰一样，我相信，在所有其他不存在定居困难的国家也是如此。
In such countries, though wages may sometimes rise a little in the neighbourhood of a great town, or wherever else there is an extraordinary demand for labour, and sink gradually as the distance from such places increases, till they fall back to the common rate of the country; yet we never meet with those sudden and unaccountable differences in the wages of neighbouring places which we sometimes find in England, where it is often more difficult for a poor man to pass the artificial boundary of a parish, than an arm of the sea, or a ridge of high mountains, natural boundaries which sometimes separate very distinctly different rates of wages in other countries.
在这些国家，尽管在大城市附近或其他对劳动力有特别需求的地方，工资有时可能会略有上升，但随着距这些地方的距离的增加，工资会逐渐下降，直到回到该国的平均水平；然而，我们却从未遇到过邻近地区工资之间突然出现的、无法解释的差异，而这种差异有时在英国会出现，在英国，穷人往往更难通过教区的人为边界，而不是海湾或高山的山脊，这些自然边界有时将其他国家截然不同的工资率分隔开来。
To remove a man who has committed no misdemeanour, from the parish where he chooses to reside, is an evident violation of natural liberty and justice.
将一个没有犯过轻罪的人从他选择居住的教区驱逐出去，显然是对自然自由和正义的侵犯。
The common people of England, however, so jealous of their liberty, but like the common people of most other countries, never rightly understanding wherein it consists, have now, for more than a century together, suffered themselves to be exposed to this oppression without a remedy.
然而，英格兰的普通民众如此嫉妒他们的自由，但像大多数其他国家的普通民众一样，从来没有正确理解自由的内涵，现在一个多世纪以来，他们一直遭受着这种压迫，而没有任何补救办法。
Though men of reflection, too, have sometimes complained of the law of settlements as a public grievance; yet it has never been the object of any general popular clamour, such as that against general warrants, an abusive practice undoubtedly, but such a one as was not likely to occasion any general oppression.
尽管有思想的人有时也会抱怨和解法是一种公共不满；然而，它从来没有成为任何普遍民众抗议的对象，例如反对一般授权的抗议，这无疑是一种滥用行为，但这种做法不太可能引起任何普遍的压迫。
There is scarce a poor man in England, of forty years of age, I will venture to say, who has not, in some part of his life, felt himself most cruelly oppressed by this ill-contrived law of settlements.
我敢说，在英国，几乎没有一个四十岁的穷人，在他一生的某个阶段，都曾感受到自己受到了这种不恰当的定居法的最残酷的压迫。
I shall conclude this long chapter with observing, that though anciently it was usual to rate wages, first by general laws extending over the whole kingdom, and afterwards by particular orders of the justices of peace in every particular county, both these practices have now gone entirely into disuse.
我将在这一长章的结尾指出，虽然古代通常是根据适用于整个王国的一般法律，然后根据每个特定县的治安法官的特定命令来确定工资的，但这两种做法现在都已完全废弃。
“By the experience of above four hundred years,” says Doctor Burn, “it seems time to lay aside all endeavours to bring under strict regulations, what in its own nature seems incapable of minute limitation; for if all persons in the same kind of work were to receive equal wages, there would be no emulation, and no room left for industry or ingenuity.”
伯恩博士说：“根据四百年来的经验，似乎是时候搁置所有严格监管的努力了，这些监管本身似乎无法进行微小的限制；因为如果所有从事同类工作的人都获得平等的工资，就没有竞争，也就没有勤奋或聪明才智的空间了。”
Particular acts of parliament, however, still attempt sometimes to regulate wages in particular trades, and in particular places.
然而，议会的特定法案有时仍然试图规范特定行业和特定地点的工资。
Thus the 8th of George III.
因此，乔治三世的第八代。
prohibits, under heavy penalties, all master tailors in London, and five miles round it, from giving, and their workmen from accepting, more than two shillings and sevenpence halfpenny a-day, except in the case of a general mourning.
禁止伦敦及其周围五英里范围内的所有裁缝大师每天给予超过两先令和七便士半便士，除非是在一般哀悼的情况下，否则将受到严厉处罚。
Whenever the legislature attempts to regulate the differences between masters and their workmen, its counsellors are always the masters.
每当立法机关试图调节主人和工人之间的差异时，它的顾问总是主人。
When the regulation, therefore, is in favour of the workmen, it is always just and equitable; but it is sometimes otherwise when in favour of the masters.
因此，当规定有利于工人时，它总是公正和公平的；但有时，当有利于大师时，情况却并非如此。
Thus the law which obliges the masters in several different trades to pay their workmen in money, and not in goods, is quite just and equitable.
因此，法律要求不同行业的老板以货币而不是货物向工人支付工资，这是相当公正和公平的。
It imposes no real hardship upon the masters.
它不会给主人带来真正的困难。
It only obliges them to pay that value in money, which they pretended to pay, but did not always really pay, in goods.
它只是迫使他们用货币支付该价值，他们假装支付，但并不总是真正用货物支付。
This law is in favour of the workmen; but the 8th of George III.
这条法律有利于工人；但乔治三世的八世。
is in favour of the masters.
是有利于主人的。
When masters combine together, in order to reduce the wages of their workmen, they commonly enter into a private bond or agreement, not to give more than a certain wage, under a certain penalty.
当主人联合起来时，为了降低工人的工资，他们通常会签订私人债券或协议，在一定的惩罚下给予不超过一定的工资。
Were the workmen to enter into a contrary combination of the same kind, not to accept of a certain wage, under a certain penalty, the law would punish them very severely; and, if it dealt impartially, it would treat the masters in the same manner.
如果工人参加同类的相反组合，不接受一定的工资，受到一定的惩罚，法律就会对他们进行非常严厉的惩罚；如果它公正地对待，它也会以同样的方式对待主人。
But the 8th of George III.
但乔治三世八世。
enforces by law that very regulation which masters sometimes attempt to establish by such combinations.
通过法律强制执行主人有时试图通过这种组合建立的规则。
The complaint of the workmen, that it puts the ablest and most industrious upon the same footing with an ordinary workman, seems perfectly well founded.
工人们抱怨说，它把最能干、最勤奋的工人与普通工人放在同等地位，这似乎是完全有根据的。
In ancient times, too, it was usual to attempt to regulate the profits of merchants and other dealers, by regulating the price of provisions and ether goods.
在古代，人们通常会尝试通过调节粮食和以太商品的价格来调节商人和其他经销商的利润。
The assize of bread is, so far as I know, the only remnant of this ancient usage.
据我所知，面包的巡回审判是这种古老用法的唯一残余。
Where there is an exclusive corporation, it may, perhaps, be proper to regulate the price of the first necessary of life; but, where there is none, the competition will regulate it much better than any assize.
如果有一家排他性公司，那么调节生活必需品的价格也许是适当的。但是，如果没有，竞争将比任何巡回法庭更好地对其进行监管。
The method of fixing the assize of bread, established by the 31st of George II.
确定面包大小的方法，由乔治二世第三十一世制定。
could not be put in practice in Scotland, on account of a defect in the law, its execution depending upon the office of clerk of the market, which does not exist there.
由于法律缺陷，该规定无法在苏格兰实施，其执行取决于市场职员办公室，而那里并不存在。
This defect was not remedied till the third of George III.
这个缺陷直到乔治三世第三年才得到纠正。
The want of an assize occasioned no sensible inconveniency; and the establishment of one in the few places where it has yet taken place has produced no sensible advantage.
巡回法庭的需要并没有造成明显的不便；在少数尚未设立这一机构的地方，设立这一机构并没有产生明显的优势。
In the greater part of the towns in Scotland, however, there is an incorporation of bakers, who claim exclusive privileges, though they are not very strictly guarded.
然而，在苏格兰的大部分城镇，都有一个面包师协会，他们声称拥有专有特权，尽管他们并没有受到严格的保护。
The proportion between the different rates, both of wages and profit, in the different employments of labour and stock, seems not to be much affected, as has already been observed, by the riches or poverty, the advancing, stationary, or declining state of the society.
正如已经观察到的那样，在不同的劳动力和资本使用中，工资和利润的不同比率之间的比例，似乎并没有受到社会的富裕或贫穷、进步、静止或衰退状态的太大影响。
Such revolutions in the public welfare, though they affect the general rates both of wages and profit, must, in the end, affect them equally in all different employments.
公共福利领域的此类革命虽然影响了工资和利润的总体水平，但最终必定会平等地影响所有不同的就业领域。
The proportion between them, therefore, must remain the same, and cannot well be altered, at least for any considerable time, by any such revolutions.
因此，它们之间的比例必须保持不变，并且至少在相当长的一段时间内，不会因任何此类革命而改变。
CHAPTER XI.
第十一章。
OF THE RENT OF LAND.
土地租金。
Rent, considered as the price paid for the use of land, is naturally the highest which the tenant can afford to pay in the actual circumstances of the land.
租金作为使用土地所支付的价格，自然是租户根据土地的实际情况可以支付的最高价格。
In adjusting the terms of the lease, the landlord endeavours to leave him no greater share of the produce than what is sufficient to keep up the stock from which he furnishes the seed, pays the labour, and purchases and maintains the cattle and other instruments of husbandry, together with the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighbourhood.
在调整租约条款时，地主尽力留给他的产品份额不超过足以维持他提供种子、支付劳动力、购买和维持牛和其他畜牧工具的库存以及附近牲畜的普通利润。
This is evidently the smallest share with which the tenant can content himself, without being a loser, and the landlord seldom means to leave him any more.
This is evidently the smallest share with which the tenant can content himself, without being a loser, and the landlord seldom means to leave him any more.
Whatever part of the produce, or, what is the same thing, whatever part of its price, is over and above this share, he naturally endeavours to reserve to himself as the rent of his land, which is evidently the highest the tenant can afford to pay in the actual circumstances of the land.
无论产品的哪一部分，或者同样的东西，无论其价格的哪一部分，超出了这个份额，他自然会尽力为自己保留作为他的土地的租金，这显然是佃户在土地的实际情况下能够支付的最高价格。
Sometimes, indeed, the liberality, more frequently the ignorance, of the landlord, makes him accept of somewhat less than this portion; and sometimes, too, though more rarely, the ignorance of the tenant makes him undertake to pay somewhat more, or to content himself with somewhat less, than the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighbourhood.
确实，有时地主的慷慨，更常见的是地主的无知，使他接受比这部分少一些的东西；有时，尽管比较罕见，佃农的无知也使他愿意支付比附近农畜的普通利润多一些的钱，或者满足于少一些的钱。
This portion, however, may still be considered as the natural rent of land, or the rent at which it is naturally meant that land should, for the most part, be let.
然而，这部分仍可被视为土地的自然租金，或自然意味着大部分土地应出租的租金。
The rent of land, it may be thought, is frequently no more than a reasonable profit or interest for the stock laid out by the landlord upon its improvement.
The rent of land, it may be thought, is frequently no more than a reasonable profit or interest for the stock laid out by the landlord upon its improvement.
This, no doubt, may be partly the case upon some occasions; for it can scarce ever be more than partly the case.
毫无疑问，在某些情况下可能部分是这样。因为情况几乎不可能超过部分情况。
The landlord demands a rent even for unimproved land, and the supposed interest or profit upon the expense of improvement is generally an addition to this original rent.
房东甚至对未改良的土地也要求租金，而以改良费用为基础的所谓利息或利润通常是原始租金的附加部分。
Those improvements, besides, are not always made by the stock of the landlord, but sometimes by that of the tenant.
此外，这些改进并不总是由房东的股票完成的，有时是由租户的股票完成的。
When the lease comes to be renewed, however, the landlord commonly demands the same augmentation of rent as if they had been all made by his own.
然而，当租约续签时，房东通常会要求增加租金，就好像这些租金都是他自己支付的一样。
He sometimes demands rent for what is altogether incapable of human improvements.
有时他会要求租用完全无法改善人类生活的东西。
Kelp is a species of sea-weed, which, when burnt, yields an alkaline salt, useful for making glass, soap, and for several other purposes.
海带是一种海藻，燃烧时会产生碱性盐，可用于制造玻璃、肥皂和其他多种用途。
It grows in several parts of Great Britain, particularly in Scotland, upon such rocks only as lie within the high-water mark, which are twice every day covered with the sea, and of which the produce, therefore, was never augmented by human industry.
它生长在英国的一些地区，特别是苏格兰，只生长在高水位线内的岩石上，这些岩石每天都会被海水覆盖两次，因此，人类的工业从未增加过其产量。
The landlord, however, whose estate is bounded by a kelp shore of this kind, demands a rent for it as much as for his corn-fields.
然而，地主的庄园以这种海藻海岸为界，因此要求其支付与玉米地一样的租金。
The sea in the neighbourhood of the islands of Shetland is more than commonly abundant in fish, which makes a great part of the subsistence of their inhabitants.
设得兰群岛附近海域的鱼类资源非常丰富，是当地居民赖以生存的重要组成部分。
But, in order to profit by the produce of the water, they must have a habitation upon the neighbouring land.
但是，为了从水产中获利，他们必须在邻近的土地上有一个居住地。
The rent of the landlord is in proportion, not to what the farmer can make by the land, but to what he can make both by the land and the water.
地主的地租不是与农民通过土地赚取的收入成正比，而是与农民通过土地和水赚取的收入成正比。
It is partly paid in sea-fish; and one of the very few instances in which rent makes a part of the price of that commodity, is to be found in that country.
部分报酬是用海鱼支付的；租金成为该商品价格一部分的极少数情况之一就是在该国发现的。
The rent of land, therefore, considered as the price paid for the use of the land, is naturally a monopoly price.
因此，地租作为使用土地所支付的价格，自然是一种垄断价格。
It is not at all proportioned to what the landlord may have laid out upon the improvement of the land, or to what he can afford to take, but to what the farmer can afford to give.
It is not at all proportioned to what the landlord may have laid out upon the improvement of the land, or to what he can afford to take, but to what the farmer can afford to give.
Such parts only of the produce of land can commonly be brought to market, of which the ordinary price is sufficient to replace the stock which must be employed in bringing them thither, together with its ordinary profits.
通常，只有土地产品的这些部分才能进入市场，其普通价格足以替代将其带到市场时必须使用的库存及其普通利润。
If the ordinary price is more than this, the surplus part of it will naturally go to the rent of the land.
如果普通价格超过这个，多余的部分自然就成为地租了。
If it is not more, though the commodity may be brought to market, it can afford no rent to the landlord.
如果不多的话，虽然商品可以上市，但也付不起房东的租金。
Whether the price is, or is not more, depends upon the demand.
价格高还是低，取决于需求。
There are some parts of the produce of land, for which the demand must always be such as to afford a greater price than what is sufficient to bring them to market; and there are others for which it either may or may not be such as to afford this greater price.
There are some parts of the produce of land, for which the demand must always be such as to afford a greater price than what is sufficient to bring them to market;对于其他一些产品，它可能会也可能不会支付这个更高的价格。
The former must always afford a rent to the landlord.
前者必须始终向房东支付租金。
The latter sometimes may and sometimes may not, according to different circumstances.
后者有时可以，有时也可以不，根据不同情况而定。
Rent, it is to be observed, therefore, enters into the composition of the price of commodities in a different way from wages and profit.
因此，值得注意的是，地租以与工资和利润不同的方式进入商品价格的构成。
High or low wages and profit are the causes of high or low price; high or low rent is the effect of it.
工资和利润的高低是价格高低的原因；租金高或低就是它的影响。
It is because high or low wages and profit must be paid, in order to bring a particular commodity to market, that its price is high or low.
正是因为某种商品必须支付高或低的工资和利润，才能将其推向市场，所以其价格高或低。
But it is because its price is high or low, a great deal more, or very little more, or no more, than what is sufficient to pay those wages and profit, that it affords a high rent, or a low rent, or no rent at all.
But it is because its price is high or low, a great deal more, or very little more, or no more, than what is sufficient to pay those wages and profit, that it affords a high rent, or a low rent, or no rent at all.
The particular consideration, first, of those parts of the produce of land which always afford some rent; secondly, of those which sometimes may and sometimes may not afford rent; and, thirdly, of the variations which, in the different periods of improvement, naturally take place in the relative value of those two different sorts of rude produce, when compared both with one another and with manufactured commodities, will divide this chapter into three parts.
首先，要特别考虑那些总是能提供一定地租的土地产品；其次，那些有时可能负担得起租金、有时可能负担不起租金的人； and, thirdly, of the variations which, in the different periods of improvement, naturally take place in the relative value of those two different sorts of rude produce, when compared both with one another and with manufactured commodities, will divide this chapter into three parts.
PART I.—Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent.
第一部分——论总是提供租金的土地的产品。
As men, like all other animals, naturally multiply in proportion to the means of their subsistence, food is always more or less in demand.
人类和所有其他动物一样，自然会随着其生存手段的增加而繁殖，因此对食物的需求总是或多或少的。
It can always purchase or command a greater or smaller quantity of labour, and somebody can always be found who is willing to do something in order to obtain it.
It can always purchase or command a greater or smaller quantity of labour, and somebody can always be found who is willing to do something in order to obtain it.
The quantity of labour, indeed, which it can purchase, is not always equal to what it could maintain, if managed in the most economical manner, on account of the high wages which are sometimes given to labour; but it can always purchase such a quantity of labour as it can maintain, according to the rate at which that sort of labour is commonly maintained in the neighbourhood.
事实上，如果以最经济的方式管理的话，由于有时给予劳动力的工资很高，它能够购买的劳动力数量并不总是等于它能够维持的数量。 but it can always purchase such a quantity of labour as it can maintain, according to the rate at which that sort of labour is commonly maintained in the neighbourhood.
But land, in almost any situation, produces a greater quantity of food than what is sufficient to maintain all the labour necessary for bringing it to market, in the most liberal way in which that labour is ever maintained.
But land, in almost any situation, produces a greater quantity of food than what is sufficient to maintain all the labour necessary for bringing it to market, in the most liberal way in which that labour is ever maintained.
The surplus, too, is always more than sufficient to replace the stock which employed that labour, together with its profits.
剩余也总是足以替代使用该劳动力的股票及其利润。
Something, therefore, always remains for a rent to the landlord.
因此，总会留下一些东西作为租金给房东。
The most desert moors in Norway and Scotland produce some sort of pasture for cattle, of which the milk and the increase are always more than sufficient, not only to maintain all the labour necessary for tending them, and to pay the ordinary profit to the farmer or the owner of the herd or flock, but to afford some small rent to the landlord.
The most desert moors in Norway and Scotland produce some sort of pasture for cattle, of which the milk and the increase are always more than sufficient, not only to maintain all the labour necessary for tending them, and to pay the ordinary profit to the farmer or the owner of the herd or flock, but to afford some small rent to the landlord.
The rent increases in proportion to the goodness of the pasture.
租金与牧场的品质成正比增加。
The same extent of ground not only maintains a greater number of cattle, but as they are brought within a smaller compass, less labour becomes requisite to tend them, and to collect their produce.
The same extent of ground not only maintains a greater number of cattle, but as they are brought within a smaller compass, less labour becomes requisite to tend them, and to collect their produce.
The landlord gains both ways; by the increase of the produce, and by the diminution of the labour which must be maintained out of it.
房东是双赢的；是由于产品的增加，以及必须用产品维持的劳动的减少。
The rent of land not only varies with its fertility, whatever be its produce, but with its situation, whatever be its fertility.
土地地租不仅随其肥力而变化，无论其产品是什么，而且随其状况而变化，无论其肥力如何。
Land in the neighbourhood of a town gives a greater rent than land equally fertile in a distant part of the country.
城镇附近的土地比该国偏远地区同样肥沃的土地的租金更高。
Though it may cost no more labour to cultivate the one than the other, it must always cost more to bring the produce of the distant land to market.
Though it may cost no more labour to cultivate the one than the other, it must always cost more to bring the produce of the distant land to market.
A greater quantity of labour, therefore, must be maintained out of it; and the surplus, from which are drawn both the profit of the farmer and the rent of the landlord, must be diminished.
因此，必须用它来维持更多的劳动。农民的利润和地主的地租都来自于剩余，必须减少。
But in remote parts of the country, the rate of profit, as has already been shewn, is generally higher than in the neighbourhood of a large town.
But in remote parts of the country, the rate of profit, as has already been shewn, is generally higher than in the neighbourhood of a large town.
A smaller proportion of this diminished surplus, therefore, must belong to the landlord.
因此，在这减少的剩余中，一小部分必定属于地主。
Good roads, canals, and navigable rivers, by diminishing the expense of carriage, put the remote parts of the country more nearly upon a level with those in the neighbourhood of the town.
良好的道路、运河和可通航的河流，通过减少运输费用，使该国的偏远地区与城镇附近的地区更加接近。
They are upon that account the greatest of all improvements.
因此，它们是所有改进中最伟大的。
They encourage the cultivation of the remote, which must always be the most extensive circle of the country.
他们鼓励偏远地区的耕种，而偏远地区必须始终是该国最广泛的圈子。
They are advantageous to the town by breaking down the monopoly of the country in its neighbourhood.
它们打破了国家对其周边地区的垄断，对城镇有利。
They are advantageous even to that part of the country.
他们甚至对这个国家的那个地区也是有利的。
Though they introduce some rival commodities into the old market, they open many new markets to its produce.
尽管他们将一些竞争商品引入旧市场，但他们为其产品开辟了许多新市场。
Monopoly, besides, is a great enemy to good management, which can never be universally established, but in consequence of that free and universal competition which forces every body to have recourse to it for the sake of self defence.
此外，垄断是良好管理的大敌，良好管理永远不可能普遍建立，而是自由和普遍竞争的结果，迫使每个人为了自卫而诉诸垄断。
It is not more than fifty years ago, that some of the counties in the neighbourhood of London petitioned the parliament against the extension of the turnpike roads into the remoter counties.
不到五十年前，伦敦附近的一些县向议会请愿，反对将收费公路延伸到更偏远的县。
Those remoter counties, they pretended, from the cheapness of labour, would be able to sell their grass and corn cheaper in the London market than themselves, and would thereby reduce their rents, and ruin their cultivation.
他们假装，由于劳动力廉价，那些偏远的县能够在伦敦市场上以比自己更便宜的价格出售草和玉米，从而减少租金，毁掉他们的耕作。
Their rents, however, have risen, and their cultivation has been improved since that time.
然而，从那时起，他们的租金上涨了，种植业也得到了改善。
A corn field of moderate fertility produces a much greater quantity of food for man, than the best pasture of equal extent.
中等肥力的玉米地为人类生产的食物数量比同等面积的最好牧场要多得多。
Though its cultivation requires much more labour, yet the surplus which remains after replacing the seed and maintaining all that labour, is likewise much greater.
虽然它的种植需要更多的劳动力，但在更换种子和维持所有劳动力后剩余的剩余量同样要大得多。
If a pound of butcher’s meat, therefore, was never supposed to be worth more than a pound of bread, this greater surplus would everywhere be of greater value and constitute a greater fund, both for the profit of the farmer and the rent of the landlord.
因此，如果一磅屠宰的肉永远不会比一磅面包更值钱，那么这种更大的剩余就会在任何地方都具有更大的价值，并构成更大的基金，无论是为了农民的利润还是地主的租金。
It seems to have done so universally in the rude beginnings of agriculture.
在农业的原始发展时期，这种现象似乎普遍存在。
But the relative values of those two different species of food, bread and butcher’s meat, are very different in the different periods of agriculture.
但面包和肉这两种不同种类的食物的相对价值在不同的农业时期有很大不同。
In its rude beginnings, the unimproved wilds, which then occupy the far greater part of the country, are all abandoned to cattle.
最初，未经改良的荒野后来占据了该国的大部分地区，全部被遗弃给牛群。
There is more butcher’s meat than bread; and bread, therefore, is the food for which there is the greatest competition, and which consequently brings the greatest price.
肉比面包还多；因此，面包是竞争最激烈的食物，因此价格也最高。
At Buenos Ayres, we are told by Ulloa, four reals, one-and-twenty pence halfpenny sterling, was, forty or fifty years ago, the ordinary price of an ox, chosen from a herd of two or three hundred.
乌略亚告诉我们，在布宜诺斯艾利斯，四雷亚尔，一二十便士半便士英镑，是四十或五十年前从两三百头牛群中选出的一头牛的普通价格。
He says nothing of the price of bread, probably because he found nothing remarkable about it.
他没有提及面包的价格，可能是因为他没有发现面包有什么特别之处。
An ox there, he says, costs little more than the labour of catching him.
他说，那里的一头牛只比捕捉他的劳力贵不了多少。
But corn can nowhere be raised without a great deal of labour; and in a country which lies upon the river Plate, at that time the direct road from Europe to the silver mines of Potosi, the money-price of labour could be very cheap.
但是，如果没有大量的劳动力，就不可能种植玉米。在一个位于普拉塔河沿岸的国家，当时是从欧洲到波托西银矿的直接道路，劳动力的货币价格可能非常便宜。
It is otherwise when cultivation is extended over the greater part of the country.
当种植扩展到全国大部分地区时，情况就不同了。
There is then more bread than butcher’s meat.
这样一来，面包就比肉多了。
The competition changes its direction, and the price of butcher’s meat becomes greater than the price of bread.
竞争改变了方向，肉的价格变得高于面包的价格。
By the extension, besides, of cultivation, the unimproved wilds become insufficient to supply the demand for butcher’s meat.
此外，由于种植业的扩展，未经改良的野生动物已不足以满足屠宰肉类的需求。
A great part of the cultivated lands must be employed in rearing and fattening cattle; of which the price, therefore, must be sufficient to pay, not only the labour necessary for tending them, but the rent which the landlord, and the profit which the farmer, could have drawn from such land employed in tillage.
大部分耕地必须用于饲养和育肥牲畜；因此，其价格不仅必须足以支付照料这些土地所需的劳动力，而且还必须足以支付地主和农民可以从耕种的土地中获得的租金。
The cattle bred upon the most uncultivated moors, when brought to the same market, are, in proportion to their weight or goodness, sold at the same price as those which are reared upon the most improved land.
在最未开垦的荒原上饲养的牛，当被带到同一市场时，按照它们的重量或品质，以与在最改良的土地上饲养的牛相同的价格出售。
The proprietors of those moors profit by it, and raise the rent of their land in proportion to the price of their cattle.
这些荒原的所有者从中获利，并按照牲畜价格的比例提高土地租金。
It is not more than a century ago, that in many parts of the Highlands of Scotland, butcher’s meat was as cheap or cheaper than even bread made of oatmeal.
不到一个世纪前，在苏格兰高地的许多地方，肉的价格和燕麦面包一样便宜，甚至更便宜。
The Union opened the market of England to the Highland cattle.
联盟向高地牛开放了英格兰市场。
Their ordinary price, at present, is about three times greater than at the beginning of the century, and the rents of many Highland estates have been tripled and quadrupled in the same time.
目前，它们的普通价格大约是本世纪初的三倍，许多高地庄园的租金同时增加了三倍和四倍。
In almost every part of Great Britain, a pound of the best butcher’s meat is, in the present times, generally worth more than two pounds of the best white bread; and in plentiful years it is sometimes worth three or four pounds.
如今，在英国几乎每个地方，一磅最好的屠宰肉通常都比两磅最好的白面包值钱。在很多年里，它有时值三到四英镑。
It is thus that, in the progress of improvement, the rent and profit of unimproved pasture come to be regulated in some measure by the rent and profit of what is improved, and these again by the rent and profit of corn.
因此，在改良过程中，未改良牧场的租金和利润在某种程度上受到改良牧场的租金和利润的调节，而这些又受到谷物的租金和利润的调节。
Corn is an annual crop; butcher’s meat, a crop which requires four or five years to grow.
玉米是一年生作物；屠宰肉，一种需要四五年才能生长的作物。
As an acre of land, therefore, will produce a much smaller quantity of the one species of food than of the other, the inferiority of the quantity must be compensated by the superiority of the price.
因此，由于一英亩土地生产的一种食物的数量比另一种食物的数量少得多，因此数量的劣势必须通过价格的优势来补偿。
If it was more than compensated, more corn-land would be turned into pasture; and if it was not compensated, part of what was in pasture would be brought back into corn.
如果补偿多了，更多的玉米地就会变成牧场；如果补偿多了，更多的玉米地就会变成牧场。如果不得到补偿，部分牧场将被重新种植为玉米。
This equality, however, between the rent and profit of grass and those of corn; of the land of which the immediate produce is food for cattle, and of that of which the immediate produce is food for men, must be understood to take place only through the greater part of the improved lands of a great country.
然而，草和玉米的地租和利润是平等的。直接产品是牛的食物的土地，以及直接产品是人类的食物的土地，必须被理解为只能通过一个大国的大部分改良土地来实现。
In some particular local situations it is quite otherwise, and the rent and profit of grass are much superior to what can be made by corn.
在一些特定的地方情况则不然，草的租金和利润比玉米高得多。
Thus, in the neighbourhood of a great town, the demand for milk, and for forage to horses, frequently contribute, together with the high price of butcher’s meat, to raise the value of grass above what may be called its natural proportion to that of corn.
因此，在大城市附近，对牛奶和马饲料的需求，加上屠宰肉类的高价，常常导致草的价值高于其与玉米的自然比例。
This local advantage, it is evident, cannot be communicated to the lands at a distance.
显然，这种地方优势无法传递到远方的土地上。
Particular circumstances have sometimes rendered some countries so populous, that the whole territory, like the lands in the neighbourhood of a great town, has not been sufficient to produce both the grass and the corn necessary for the subsistence of their inhabitants.
有时，特殊情况导致一些国家人口众多，以至于整个领土，就像大城市附近的土地一样，不足以生产其居民生存所需的草和玉米。
Their lands, therefore, have been principally employed in the production of grass, the more bulky commodity, and which cannot be so easily brought from a great distance; and corn, the food of the great body of the people, has been chiefly imported from foreign countries.
因此，他们的土地主要用于生产草，这是一种体积较大的商品，不能轻易地从很远的地方运来。广大人民的粮食玉米主要从国外进口。
Holland is at present in this situation; and a considerable part of ancient Italy seems to have been so during the prosperity of the Romans.
荷兰目前就处于这种情况；古意大利的相当大一部分地区在罗马人的繁荣时期似乎也是如此。
To feed well, old Cato said, as we are told by Cicero, was the first and most profitable thing in the management of a private estate; to feed tolerably well, the second; and to feed ill, the third.
老卡托说，正如西塞罗告诉我们的那样，吃得好是管理私人庄园的首要任务，也是最有利可图的事情。第二个是吃得还算好；第三个是吃病。
To plough, he ranked only in the fourth place of profit and advantage.
就耕地而言，他的利润和优势仅排在第四位。
Tillage, indeed, in that part of ancient Italy which lay in the neighbour hood of Rome, must have been very much discouraged by the distributions of corn which were frequently made to the people, either gratuitously, or at a very low price.
事实上，在古代意大利靠近罗马的那部分地区，耕作肯定会因为经常无偿地或以很低的价格向人民分发谷物而受到极大阻碍。
This corn was brought from the conquered provinces, of which several, instead of taxes, were obliged to furnish a tenth part of their produce at a stated price, about sixpence a-peck, to the republic.
这些谷物是从被征服的省份运来的，其中一些省份不必缴税，而是必须以规定的价格（大约每配六便士）向共和国提供其产品的十分之一。
The low price at which this corn was distributed to the people, must necessarily have sunk the price of what could be brought to the Roman market from Latium, or the ancient territory of Rome, and must have discouraged its cultivation in that country.
这种谷物以低廉的价格分发给人们，必然会降低从拉丁姆或罗马古代领土运往罗马市场的谷物的价格，并且一定会阻碍该国的种植。
In an open country, too, of which the principal produce is corn, a well-inclosed piece of grass will frequently rent higher than any corn field in its neighbourhood.
同样，在一个主要农产品是玉米的开放国家，一块封闭良好的草地的租金通常会比其附近的任何玉米地都高。
It is convenient for the maintenance of the cattle employed in the cultivation of the corn; and its high rent is, in this case, not so properly paid from the value of its own produce, as from that of the corn lands which are cultivated by means of it.
便于玉米种植牛的饲养；在这种情况下，它的高额地租并不是从它自己的产品价值中支付的，而是从它所耕种的谷物土地的价值中支付的。
It is likely to fall, if ever the neighbouring lands are completely inclosed.
如果邻近的土地完全封闭，它很可能会倒塌。
The present high rent of inclosed land in Scotland seems owing to the scarcity of inclosure, and will probably last no longer than that scarcity.
目前苏格兰封闭土地的高租金似乎是由于封闭土地的稀缺造成的，而且这种稀缺的情况可能不会持续太久。
The advantage of inclosure is greater for pasture than for corn.
围栏对于牧场的优势比对于玉米的优势更大。
It saves the labour of guarding the cattle, which feed better, too, when they are not liable to be disturbed by their keeper or his dog.
它节省了看守牛的劳力，当它们不易受到饲养员或狗的打扰时，它们的饲料也会更好。
But where there is no local advantage of this kind, the rent and profit of corn, or whatever else is the common vegetable food of the people, must naturally regulate upon the land which is fit for producing it, the rent and profit of pasture.
但是，在没有这种地方优势的地方，玉米或其他人们常见的蔬菜食品的地租和利润，自然会调节适合生产它的土地、牧场的地租和利润。
The use of the artificial grasses, of turnips, carrots, cabbages, and the other expedients which have been fallen upon to make an equal quantity of land feed a greater number of cattle than when in natural grass, should somewhat reduce, it might be expected, the superiority which, in an improved country, the price of butcher’s meat naturally has over that of bread.
使用人造草、萝卜、胡萝卜、卷心菜和其他权宜之计，使同等数量的土地能够比天然草喂养更多的牛，可以预见，在一个进步的国家，肉的价格自然比面包的价格具有优势，这应该会有所降低。
It seems accordingly to have done so; and there is some reason for believing that, at least in the London market, the price of butcher’s meat, in proportion to the price of bread, is a good deal lower in the present times than it was in the beginning of the last century.
看来确实是这样做的；我们有理由相信，至少在伦敦市场，目前屠宰肉类的价格与面包价格的比例比上世纪初要低得多。
In the Appendix to the life of Prince Henry, Doctor Birch has given us an account of the prices of butcher’s meat as commonly paid by that prince.
在亨利王子生平的附录中，伯奇医生向我们介绍了该王子通常支付的屠宰肉的价格。
It is there said, that the four quarters of an ox, weighing six hundred pounds, usually cost him nine pounds ten shillings, or thereabouts; that is thirty-one shillings and eight-pence per hundred pounds weight.
据说，四分之四的牛，重六百磅，通常要花九磅十先令左右；即每百磅重量三十一先令八便士。
Prince Henry died on the 6th of November 1612, in the nineteenth year of his age.
亨利王子于 1612 年 11 月 6 日去世，时年十九岁。
In March 1764, there was a parliamentary inquiry into the causes of the high price of provisions at that time.
1764年3月，议会对当时粮食价格高的原因进行了调查。
It was then, among other proof to the same purpose, given in evidence by a Virginia merchant, that in March 1763, he had victualled his ships for twentyfour or twenty-five shillings the hundred weight of beef, which he considered as the ordinary price; whereas, in that dear year, he had paid twenty-seven shillings for the same weight and sort.
当时，一位弗吉尼亚商人提供的证据表明，1763 年 3 月，他以二十四或二十五先令每百重牛肉的价格为他的船只提供了食物，他认为这是正常价格；然而，在那个昂贵的年份，他为同样重量和种类的东西支付了二十七先令。
This high price in 1764 is, however, four shillings and eight-pence cheaper than the ordinary price paid by Prince Henry; and it is the best beef only, it must be observed, which is fit to be salted for those distant voyages.
然而，1764 年的这个高价比亨利王子支付的普通价格便宜了四先令八便士；而且只有最好的牛肉，必须遵守，适合远航时腌制。
The price paid by Prince Henry amounts to 3d.
亨利王子付出的代价为3d。
⅘ths per pound weight of the whole carcase, coarse and choice pieces taken together; and at that rate the choice pieces could not have been sold by retail for less than 4½d.
整个胴体、粗块和精选块的重量每磅⅘分；按照这个速度，精选单品的零售价不可能低于 4.5 天。
or 5d.
或 5d。
the pound.
英镑。
In the parliamentary inquiry in 1764, the witnesses stated the price of the choice pieces of the best beef to be to the consumer 4d.
在1764年的议会调查中，目击者表示，精选的最好牛肉的价格为消费者4天。
and 4½d.
和 4½d。
the pound; and the coarse pieces in general to be from seven farthings to 2½d.
英镑；粗块一般为七法新到二分之一。
and 2¾d.; and this, they said, was in general one halfpenny dearer than the same sort of pieces had usually been sold in the month of March.
和2d。他们说，这通常比三月份出售的同类商品贵半便士。
But even this high price is still a good deal cheaper than what we can well suppose the ordinary retail price to have been in the time of Prince Henry.
但即使如此高的价格仍然比我们可以想象的亨利王子时代的普通零售价便宜很多。
During the first twelve years of the last century, the average price of the best wheat at the Windsor market was £ 1:18:3½d.
上世纪前十二年，温莎市场上最好的小麦的平均价格为 1:18:3½d 英镑。
the quarter of nine Winchester bushels.
九个温彻斯特蒲式耳的四分之一。
But in the twelve years preceding 1764 including that year, the average price of the same measure of the best wheat at the same market was £ 2:1:9½d.
但在 1764 年（包括该年）之前的 12 年中，同一市场上相同量度的最佳小麦的平均价格为 2:1:9½d。
In the first twelve years of the last century, therefore, wheat appears to have been a good deal cheaper, and butcher’s meat a good deal dearer, than in the twelve years preceding 1764, including that year.
因此，与 1764 年之前的 12 年（包括那一年）相比，上世纪的前 12 年，小麦似乎便宜得多，而肉则贵得多。
In all great countries, the greater part of the cultivated lands are employed in producing either food for men or food for cattle.
在所有伟大的国家中，大部分耕地都用于生产人类粮食或牲畜粮食。
The rent and profit of these regulate the rent and profit of all other cultivated land.
这些耕地的租金和利润调节着所有其他耕地的租金和利润。
If any particular produce afforded less, the land would soon be turned into corn or pasture; and if any afforded more, some part of the lands in corn or pasture would soon be turned to that produce.
如果某种特定的农产品供应量减少，土地很快就会变成玉米或牧场；如果能提供更多，那么部分种植玉米或牧场的土地很快就会变成这些产品。
Those productions, indeed, which require either a greater original expense of improvement, or a greater annual expense of cultivation in order to fit the land for them, appear commonly to afford, the one a greater rent, the other a greater profit, than corn or pasture.
事实上，这些产品要么需要更大的原始改良费用，要么需要更大的年度耕种费用才能适应土地，它们似乎通常比玉米或牧草能提供更高的租金，而另一种则能提供更大的利润。
This superiority, however, will seldom be found to amount to more than a reasonable interest or compensation for this superior expense.
然而，这种优势很少会超过合理的利息或对这种优势费用的补偿。
In a hop garden, a fruit garden, a kitchen garden, both the rent of the landlord, and the profit of the farmer, are generally greater than in acorn or grass field.
在啤酒花园、果园、菜园里，无论是地主的租金还是农民的利润，一般都比橡子园或草地要高。
But to bring the ground into this condition requires more expense.
但要使地面达到这种状态需要更多的费用。
Hence a greater rent becomes due to the landlord.
因此，房东应支付更高的租金。
It requires, too, a more attentive and skilful management.
它还需要更加细心和熟练的管理。
Hence a greater profit becomes due to the farmer.
因此，农民可以获得更大的利润。
The crop, too, at least in the hop and fruit garden, is more precarious.
至少在啤酒花和果园里的农作物也更加不稳定。
Its price, therefore, besides compensating all occasional losses, must afford something like the profit of insurance.
因此，它的价格除了补偿所有偶然的损失外，还必须能够承受类似保险的利润。
The circumstances of gardeners, generally mean, and always moderate, may satisfy us that their great ingenuity is not commonly over-recompensed.
园丁的处境通常很艰苦，而且总是温和的，但我们可以确信，他们的伟大聪明才智通常不会得到过高的回报。
Their delightful art is practised by so many rich people for amusement, that little advantage is to be made by those who practise it for profit; because the persons who should naturally be their best customers, supply themselves with all their most precious productions.
他们的令人愉悦的艺术被许多富人用来娱乐，那些以盈利为目的的人却得不到什么好处；因为那些自然应该成为他们最好客户的人为自己提供了他们所有最珍贵的产品。
The advantage which the landlord derives from such improvements, seems at no time to have been greater than what was sufficient to compensate the original expense of making them.
房东从这些改进中获得的好处似乎永远都大于足以补偿最初进行这些改进的费用。
In the ancient husbandry, after the vineyard, a well-watered kitchen garden seems to have been the part of the farm which was supposed to yield the most valuable produce.
在古代畜牧业中，除了葡萄园之外，灌溉良好的菜园似乎是农场的一部分，应该生产最有价值的农产品。
But Democritus, who wrote upon husbandry about two thousand years ago, and who was regarded by the ancients as one of the fathers of the art, thought they did not act wisely who inclosed a kitchen garden.
但是，德谟克利特（德谟克利特）在大约两千多年前就曾论述过农耕，并被古人视为农业艺术之父之一，他认为人们封闭菜园的行为并不明智。
The profit, he said, would not compensate the expense of a stone-wall: and bricks (he meant, I suppose, bricks baked in the sun) mouldered with the rain and the winter-storm, and required continual repairs.
他说，利润无法补偿石墙的费用：砖块（我想他的意思是在阳光下烘烤的砖块）会随着雨水和冬季暴风雨而腐烂，需要不断修理。
Columella, who reports this judgment of Democritus, does not controvert it, but proposes a very frugal method of inclosing with a hedge of brambles and briars, which he says he had found by experience to be both a lasting and an impenetrable fence; but which, it seems, was not commonly known in the time of Democritus.
报道德谟克利特这一判断的科鲁梅拉并没有对此提出异议，而是提出了一种非常节俭的方法，即用荆棘和石南树篱围起来，他说，根据经验，他发现这是一道持久且坚不可摧的栅栏。但在德谟克利特时代，这一点似乎并不为人所知。
Palladius adopts the opinion of Columella, which had before been recommended by Varro.
帕拉迪乌斯采纳了瓦罗之前推荐的科鲁梅拉的意见。
In the judgment of those ancient improvers, the produce of a kitchen garden had, it seems, been little more than sufficient to pay the extraordinary culture and the expense of watering; for in countries so near the sun, it was thought proper, in those times as in the present, to have the command of a stream of water, which could be conducted to every bed in the garden.
根据那些古代改良者的判断，菜园的出产似乎仅仅足以支付非凡的文化和浇水费用；因为在离太阳如此之近的国家，无论在当时还是现在，人们都认为控制一股水流是适当的，可以将水流引导到花园中的每一张床。
Through the greater part of Europe, a kitchen garden is not at present supposed to deserve a better inclosure than that recommended by Columella.
在欧洲大部分地区，目前认为菜园不应该有比科鲁梅拉建议的更好的围护结构。
In Great Britain, and some other northern countries, the finer fruits cannot be brought to perfection but by the assistance of a wall.
在英国和其他一些北方国家，如果没有墙的帮助，优质的水果就无法达到完美。
Their price, therefore, in such countries, must be sufficient to pay the expense of building and maintaining what they cannot be had without.
因此，在这些国家，它们的价格必须足以支付建造和维护它们所必需的东西的费用。
The fruit-wall frequently surrounds the kitchen garden, which thus enjoys the benefit of an inclosure which its own produce could seldom pay for.
果墙经常围绕着厨房花园，因此它享有封闭的好处，而其自己的产品很少支付费用。
That the vineyard, when properly planted and brought to perfection, was the most valuable part of the farm, seems to have been an undoubted maxim in the ancient agriculture, as it is in the modern, through all the wine countries.
葡萄园如果种植得当并达到完美，就会成为农场最有价值的部分，这似乎是古代农业和所有葡萄酒国家的现代农业中毫无疑问的格言。
But whether it was advantageous to plant a new vineyard, was a matter of dispute among the ancient Italian husbandmen, as we learn from Columella.
但正如我们从科鲁梅拉那里了解到的那样，种植新葡萄园是否有利，是古代意大利农民之间争论的一个问题。
He decides, like a true lover of all curious cultivation, in favour of the vineyard; and endeavours to shew, by a comparison of the profit and expense, that it was a most advantageous improvement.
他决定像一个真正热爱所有奇怪种植的人一样，偏爱葡萄园。并通过利润和费用的比较，努力表明这是一个最有利的改进。
Such comparisons, however, between the profit and expense of new projects are commonly very fallacious; and in nothing more so than in agriculture.
然而，这种新项目的利润和支出之间的比较通常是非常错误的。尤其是在农业领域。
Had the gain actually made by such plantations been commonly as great as he imagined it might have been, there could have been no dispute about it.
如果这些种植园实际获得的收益通常像他想象的那样大，那么就不会有任何争议。
The same point is frequently at this day a matter of controversy in the wine countries.
如今，这一点在葡萄酒国家中经常引起争议。
Their writers on agriculture, indeed, the lovers and promoters of high cultivation, seem generally disposed to decide with Columella in favour of the vineyard.
他们的农业作家，事实上，高耕作的爱好者和推动者，似乎普遍倾向于与科鲁梅拉一起决定支持葡萄园。
In France, the anxiety of the proprietors of the old vineyards to prevent the planting of any new ones, seems to favour their opinion, and to indicate a consciousness in those who must have the experience, that this species of cultivation is at present in that country more profitable than any other.
在法国，旧葡萄园的所有者担心阻止种植任何新葡萄园，这似乎支持他们的观点，并表明那些必须有经验的人意识到，这种种植方式目前在该国比任何其他种植方式都更有利可图。
It seems, at the same time, however, to indicate another opinion, that this superior profit can last no longer than the laws which at present restrain the free cultivation of the vine.
然而，与此同时，这似乎表明了另一种观点，即这种超额利润的持续时间不会超过目前限制葡萄树自由种植的法律。
In 1731, they obtained an order of council, prohibiting both the planting of new vineyards, and the renewal of these old ones, of which the cultivation had been interrupted for two years, without a particular permission from the king, to be granted only in consequence of an information from the intendant of the province, certifying that he had examined the land, and that it was incapable of any other culture.
1731年，他们获得了一项议会命令，禁止种植新的葡萄园，也禁止更新那些种植已中断两年的旧葡萄园，未经国王的特别许可，只有在该省总督提供信息后才可以批准，证明他已经检查了这片土地，并且该土地不适合任何其他文化。
The pretence of this order was the scarcity of corn and pasture, and the superabundance of wine.
这个命令的借口是玉米和牧草匮乏，而葡萄酒却过剩。
But had this superabundance been real, it would, without any order of council, have effectually prevented the plantation of new vineyards, by reducing the profits of this species of cultivation below their natural proportion to those of corn and pasture.
但如果这种过剩是真实存在的，那么，在没有任何议会命令的情况下，它会通过将这种种植的利润降低到低于其与玉米和牧场的自然比例以下，从而有效地阻止新葡萄园的种植。
With regard to the supposed scarcity of corn occasioned by the multiplication of vineyards, corn is nowhere in France more carefully cultivated than in the wine provinces, where the land is fit for producing it: as in Burgundy, Guienne, and the Upper Languedoc.
关于葡萄园数量激增造成的玉米稀缺问题，在法国，没有哪个地方比葡萄酒省份对玉米的种植更加精心，这些地方的土地适合生产玉米：如勃艮第、吉耶纳和上朗格多克。
The numerous hands employed in the one species of cultivation necessarily encourage the other, by affording a ready market for its produce.
一种作物的大量种植必然会鼓励另一种作物的种植，为其产品提供现成的市场。
To diminish the number of those who are capable of paying it, is surely a most unpromising expedient for encouraging the cultivation of corn.
减少有能力支付这笔费用的人数，无疑是鼓励种植玉米的最没有希望的权宜之计。
It is like the policy which would promote agriculture, by discouraging manufactures.
这就像通过抑制制造业来促进农业的政策一样。
The rent and profit of those productions, therefore, which require either a greater original expense of improvement in order to fit the land for them, or a greater annual expense of cultivation, though often much superior to those of corn and pasture, yet when they do no more than compensate such extraordinary expense, are in reality regulated by the rent and profit of those common crops.
因此，这些产品的地租和利润，要么需要更大的原始改良费用，以适应土地的需要，要么需要更大的年度耕种费用，虽然往往比玉米和牧草的费用高得多，但当它们仅仅补偿这种额外费用时，实际上是由那些普通作物的地租和利润调节的。
It sometimes happens, indeed, that the quantity of land which can be fitted for some particular produce, is too small to supply the effectual demand.
事实上，有时会出现适合某些特定产品的土地数量太少而无法满足有效需求的情况。
The whole produce can be disposed of to those who are willing to give somewhat more than what is sufficient to pay the whole rent, wages, and profit, necessary for raising and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, or according to the rates at which they are paid in the greater part of other cultivated land.
全部产品都可以分配给那些愿意支付比支付全部地租、工资和利润更多的人，这些地租、工资和利润是根据他们的自然比率或根据大部分其他耕地支付的比率来支付和将其推向市场所必需的。
The surplus part of the price which remains after defraying the whole expense of improvement and cultivation, may commonly, in this case, and in this case only, bear no regular proportion to the like surplus in corn or pasture, but may exceed it in almost any degree; and the greater part of this excess naturally goes to the rent of the landlord.
在支付了改良和耕种的全部费用之后剩下的价格盈余部分，在这种情况下，并且仅在这种情况下，通常可能与谷物或牧草的类似盈余没有正常比例，但可能在几乎任何程度上超过它；而这部分超额部分自然就归于地主的租金了。
The usual and natural proportion, for example, between the rent and profit of wine, and those of corn and pasture, must be understood to take place only with regard to those vineyards which produce nothing but good common wine, such as can be raised almost anywhere, upon any light, gravelly, or sandy soil, and which has nothing to recommend it but its strength and wholesomeness.
例如，葡萄酒的租金和利润与谷物和牧场的租金和利润之间的通常和自然的比例，必须被理解为只发生在那些只生产优质普通葡萄酒的葡萄园中，这种葡萄酒几乎可以在任何地方，在任何轻质、砾石或沙质土壤上种植，除了其强度和有益健康之外，没有什么值得推荐的。
It is with such vineyards only, that the common land of the country can be brought into competition; for with those of a peculiar quality it is evident that it cannot.
只有拥有这样的葡萄园，国家的公共土地才能参与竞争。因为对于那些具有特殊品质的人来说，显然这是不可能的。
The vine is more affected by the difference of soils than any other fruit-tree.
与其他果树相比，葡萄树更容易受到土壤差异的影响。
From some it derives a flavour which no culture or management can equal, it is supposed, upon any other.
人们认为，它从某些文化或管理中衍生出一种任何其他文化或管理都无法比拟的风味。
This flavour, real or imaginary, is sometimes peculiar to the produce of a few vineyards; sometimes it extends through the greater part of a small district, and sometimes through a considerable part of a large province.
这种味道，无论是真实的还是想象的，有时是少数葡萄园所特有的。有时它延伸到一个小地区的大部分，有时延伸到一个大省的相当一部分。
The whole quantity of such wines that is brought to market falls short of the effectual demand, or the demand of those who would be willing to pay the whole rent, profit, and wages, necessary for preparing and bringing them thither, according to the ordinary rate, or according to the rate at which they are paid in common vineyards.
投放市场的此类葡萄酒的总量低于有效需求，或者满足那些愿意支付准备和运送这些葡萄酒所需的全部租金、利润和工资的人的需求，按照普通费率或按照在普通葡萄园中支付的费率。
The whole quantity, therefore, can be disposed of to those who are willing to pay more, which necessarily raises their price above that of common wine.
因此，所有的葡萄酒都可以卖给那些愿意支付更多费用的人，这必然会使它们的价格高于普通葡萄酒的价格。
The difference is greater or less, according as the fashionableness and scarcity of the wine render the competition of the buyers more or less eager.
差异的大小，取决于葡萄酒的时尚性和稀缺性，使得买家的竞争有多激烈。
Whatever it be, the greater part of it goes to the rent of the landlord.
不管是什么，其中很大一部分都花在了房东的租金上。
For though such vineyards are in general more carefully cultivated than most others, the high price of the wine seems to be, not so much the effect, as the cause of this careful cultivation.
因为虽然这些葡萄园总体上比其他大多数葡萄园都更加精心栽培，但葡萄酒的高价似乎与其说是这种精心栽培的结果，不如说是其原因。
In so valuable a produce, the loss occasioned by negligence is so great, as to force even the most careless to attention.
对于如此珍贵的产品，疏忽造成的损失是如此之大，以至于即使是最粗心的人也不得不注意。
A small part of this high price, therefore, is sufficient to pay the wages of the extraordinary labour bestowed upon their cultivation, and the profits of the extraordinary stock which puts that labour into motion.
因此，这个高价中的一小部分就足以支付他们耕种所付出的非凡劳动的工资，以及推动这种劳动的非凡资本的利润。
The sugar colonies possessed by the European nations in the West Indies may be compared to those precious vineyards.
欧洲国家在西印度群岛拥有的糖业殖民地可以比作那些珍贵的葡萄园。
Their whole produce falls short of the effectual demand of Europe, and can be disposed of to those who are willing to give more than what is sufficient to pay the whole rent, profit, and wages, necessary for preparing and bringing it to market, according to the rate at which they are commonly paid by any other produce.
他们的全部产品达不到欧洲的有效需求，并且可以被处置给那些愿意付出超过足以支付准备和将其推向市场所需的全部租金、利润和工资的人，按照任何其他产品通常支付的比率。
In Cochin China, the finest white sugar generally sells for three piastres the quintal, about thirteen shillings and sixpence of our money, as we are told by Mr Poivre {Voyages d’un Philosophe.}, a very careful observer of the agriculture of that country.
在交趾支那，最好的白糖一般售价为三皮阿斯特一公担，大约是我们的十三先令六便士，正如一位对该国农业非常仔细的观察家普瓦弗尔先生告诉我们的那样。
What is there called the quintal, weighs from a hundred and fifty to two hundred Paris pounds, or a hundred and seventy-five Paris pounds at a medium, which reduces the price of the hundred weight English to about eight shillings sterling; not a fourth part of what is commonly paid for the brown or muscovada sugars imported from our colonies, and not a sixth part of what is paid for the finest white sugar.
那里所谓的公担，重量从一百五十到两百巴黎磅不等，或者中等重量的一百七十五巴黎磅，这使得一百磅英国的价格降低到大约八先令英镑；还不到从我们殖民地进口的红糖或黑糖通常支付的四分之一，也不是最好的白糖支付的六分之一。
The greater part of the cultivated lands in Cochin China are employed in producing corn and rice, the food of the great body of the people.
交趾支那的大部分耕地用于生产广大人民的粮食——玉米和稻米。
The respective prices of corn, rice, and sugar, are there probably in the natural proportion, or in that which naturally takes place in the different crops of the greater part of cultivated land, and which recompenses the landlord and farmer, as nearly as can be computed, according to what is usually the original expense of improvement, and the annual expense of cultivation.
玉米、大米和糖各自的价格可能是按自然比例存在的，或者按大部分耕地的不同作物自然发生的价格，并且根据通常的原始改良费用和每年的耕种费用，尽可能地补偿地主和农民。
But in our sugar colonies, the price of sugar bears no such proportion to that of the produce of a rice or corn field either in Europe or America.
但在我们的糖殖民地，糖的价格与欧洲或美洲的稻米或玉米地的产品价格没有这样的比例。
It is commonly said that a sugar planter expects that the rum and the molasses should defray the whole expense of his cultivation, and that his sugar should be all clear profit.
人们普遍认为，糖料种植者希望朗姆酒和糖蜜能够支付他种植的全部费用，并且他的糖应该全部是明确的利润。
If this be true, for I pretend not to affirm it, it is as if a corn farmer expected to defray the expense of his cultivation with the chaff and the straw, and that the grain should be all clear profit.
如果这是真的，因为我假装不承认这一点，那就好像一个玉米种植者期望用谷壳和稻草来支付他的种植费用，而谷物应该是纯利润。
We see frequently societies of merchants in London, and other trading towns, purchase waste lands in our sugar colonies, which they expect to improve and cultivate with profit, by means of factors and agents, notwithstanding the great distance and the uncertain returns, from the defective administration of justice in those countries.
我们经常看到伦敦和其他贸易城镇的商人团体在我们的糖业殖民地购买荒地，他们希望通过因素和代理人来改善和耕种这些土地并从中获利，尽管距离遥远且回报不确定，因为这些国家的司法管理有缺陷。
Nobody will attempt to improve and cultivate in the same manner the most fertile lands of Scotland, Ireland, or the corn provinces of North America, though, from the more exact administration of justice in these countries, more regular returns might be expected.
没有人会尝试以同样的方式改善和耕种苏格兰、爱尔兰或北美玉米省份最肥沃的土地，不过，从这些国家更精确的司法管理来看，可能会期望得到更定期的回报。
In Virginia and Maryland, the cultivation of tobacco is preferred, as most profitable, to that of corn.
在弗吉尼亚州和马里兰州，种植烟草比种植玉米更有利可图。
Tobacco might be cultivated with advantage through the greater part of Europe; but, in almost every part of Europe, it has become a principal subject of taxation; and to collect a tax from every different farm in the country where this plant might happen to be cultivated, would be more difficult, it has been supposed, than to levy one upon its importation at the custom-house.
欧洲大部分地区都可以有利地种植烟草；但是，在欧洲几乎所有地区，它都已成为税收的主要对象；人们认为，从可能种植这种植物的国家的每个不同农场征税，比在海关对进口植物征税更加困难。
The cultivation of tobacco has, upon this account, been most absurdly prohibited through the greater part of Europe, which necessarily gives a sort of monopoly to the countries where it is allowed; and as Virginia and Maryland produce the greatest quantity of it, they share largely, though with some competitors, in the advantage of this monopoly.
因此，欧洲大部分地区都极其荒唐地禁止烟草种植，这必然给允许烟草种植的国家带来某种垄断。由于弗吉尼亚州和马里兰州的产量最多，因此它们在很大程度上分享了这种垄断的优势，尽管也有一些竞争对手。
The cultivation of tobacco, however, seems not to be so advantageous as that of sugar.
然而，种植烟草似乎没有种植糖那么有利。
I have never even heard of any tobacco plantation that was improved and cultivated by the capital of merchants who resided in Great Britain; and our tobacco colonies send us home no such wealthy planters as we see frequently arrive from our sugar islands.
我什至从未听说过任何烟草种植园是由居住在英国的商人资本改良和种植的。我们的烟草殖民地没有像我们经常看到的那样从我们的糖岛送来如此富有的种植园主。
Though, from the preference given in those colonies to the cultivation of tobacco above that of corn, it would appear that the effectual demand of Europe for tobacco is not completely supplied, it probably is more nearly so than that for sugar; and though the present price of tobacco is probably more than sufficient to pay the whole rent, wages, and profit, necessary for preparing and bringing it to market, according to the rate at which they are commonly paid in corn land, it must not be so much more as the present price of sugar.
尽管从这些殖民地对烟草种植的偏好高于玉米种植来看，欧洲对烟草的有效需求似乎并未完全得到满足，但可能比对糖的需求更接近。尽管目前的烟草价格可能足以支付准备烟草并将其推向市场所需的全部租金、工资和利润，但根据玉米地通常支付的价格，它一定不会比目前的糖价格高出多少。
Our tobacco planters, accordingly, have shewn the same fear of the superabundance of tobacco, which the proprietors of the old vineyards in France have of the superabundance of wine.
因此，我们的烟草种植者对烟草过剩表现出同样的恐惧，就像法国古老葡萄园的所有者对葡萄酒过剩的恐惧一样。
By act of assembly, they have restrained its cultivation to six thousand plants, supposed to yield a thousand weight of tobacco, for every negro between sixteen and sixty years of age.
通过集会法案，他们将其种植限制在六千株植物，预计每一个十六岁到六十岁之间的黑人可以生产一千重量的烟草。
Such a negro, over and above this quantity of tobacco, can manage, they reckon, four acres of Indian corn.
他们认为，除了这么多的烟草之外，这样一个黑人还可以管理四英亩的印度玉米。
To prevent the market from being overstocked, too, they have sometimes, in plentiful years, we are told by Dr Douglas {Douglas’s Summary, vol. ii.
道格拉斯博士告诉我们，为了防止市场库存过剩，多年来，他们有时会这样做（《道格拉斯摘要》，第 1 卷）。二.
p.
p。
379, 373.} (I suspect he has been ill informed), burnt a certain quantity of tobacco for every negro, in the same manner as the Dutch are said to do of spices.
379, 373.}（我怀疑他消息不灵通），为每个黑人燃烧一定数量的烟草，就像据说荷兰人燃烧香料一样。
If such violent methods are necessary to keep up the present price of tobacco, the superior advantage of its culture over that of corn, if it still has any, will not probably be of long continuance.
如果必须采取这种暴力手段来维持目前的烟草价格，那么烟草文化相对于玉米的优势（如果还有的话）可能不会长期持续。
It is in this manner that the rent of the cultivated land, of which the produce is human food, regulates the rent of the greater part of other cultivated land.
正是通过这种方式，生产人类食物的耕地的地租调节了大部分其他耕地的地租。
No particular produce can long afford less, because the land would immediately be turned to another use; and if any particular produce commonly affords more, it is because the quantity of land which can be fitted for it is too small to supply the effectual demand.
任何特定的农产品都不能长期承受更少的负担，因为土地将立即转作其他用途；如果某种特定产品通常能提供更多的产品，那是因为适合该产品的土地数量太少，无法满足有效需求。
In Europe, corn is the principal produce of land, which serves immediately for human food.
在欧洲，玉米是土地的主要产品，可立即为人类提供食物。
Except in particular situations, therefore, the rent of corn land regulates in Europe that of all other cultivated land.
因此，除特殊情况外，在欧洲，玉米地的租金调节所有其他耕地的租金。
Britain need envy neither the vineyards of France, nor the olive plantations of Italy.
英国既不需要羡慕法国的葡萄园，也不需要羡慕意大利的橄榄种植园。
Except in particular situations, the value of these is regulated by that of corn, in which the fertility of Britain is not much inferior to that of either of those two countries.
除特殊情况外，这些价值均受玉米价格的调节，英国的生育率并不比这两个国家差多少。
If, in any country, the common and favourite vegetable food of the people should be drawn from a plant of which the most common land, with the same, or nearly the same culture, produced a much greater quantity than the most fertile does of corn; the rent of the landlord, or the surplus quantity of food which would remain to him, after paying the labour, and replacing the stock of the farmer, together with its ordinary profits, would necessarily be much greater.
如果在任何一个国家，人民普遍喜爱的蔬菜食品应该取自一种植物，而这种植物在具有相同或几乎相同文化的最普通土地上所生产的植物数量比最肥沃的玉米产量要多得多；地主的地租，或者说，在支付了农民的劳动并取代农民的牲畜后，他剩余的剩余粮食数量及其普通利润，必然要大得多。
Whatever was the rate at which labour was commonly maintained in that country, this greater surplus could always maintain a greater quantity of it, and, consequently, enable the landlord to purchase or command a greater quantity of it.
无论该国通常维持的劳动力比率是多少，这种更大的剩余总是能够维持更多数量的劳动力，从而使地主能够购买或支配更多数量的劳动力。
The real value of his rent, his real power and authority, his command of the necessaries and conveniencies of life with which the labour of other people could supply him, would necessarily be much greater.
他的租金的实际价值，他的真正权力和权威，他对其他人的劳动可以为他提供的生活必需品和便利的控制，必然会大得多。
A rice field produces a much greater quantity of food than the most fertile corn field.
稻田生产的粮食比最肥沃的玉米地要多得多。
Two crops in the year, from thirty to sixty bushels each, are said to be the ordinary produce of an acre.
一年两熟，每次三十到六十蒲式耳，据说是一英亩的普通产量。
Though its cultivation, therefore, requires more labour, a much greater surplus remains after maintaining all that labour.
因此，尽管它的种植需要更多的劳动力，但在维持所有这些劳动力之后，仍然会留下更多的剩余。
In those rice countries, therefore, where rice is the common and favourite vegetable food of the people, and where the cultivators are chiefly maintained with it, a greater share of this greater surplus should belong to the landlord than in corn countries.
因此，在那些稻米国家，稻米是人们普遍喜爱的蔬菜食品，耕种者主要靠稻米维持生计，因此，与玉米国家相比，这一更大剩余的一部分应该属于地主。
In Carolina, where the planters, as in other British colonies, are generally both farmers and landlords, and where rent, consequently, is confounded with profit, the cultivation of rice is found to be more profitable than that of corn, though their fields produce only one crop in the year, and though, from the prevalence of the customs of Europe, rice is not there the common and favourite vegetable food of the people.
在卡罗莱纳州，与其他英国殖民地一样，种植园主通常既是农民又是地主，因此，地租与利润混为一谈，种植水稻比种植玉米更有利可图，尽管他们的田地一年只生产一种作物，而且，从欧洲的普遍习俗来看，水稻并不是人们普遍和喜爱的蔬菜食品。
A good rice field is a bog at all seasons, and at one season a bog covered with water.
好的稻田一年四季都是一片沼泽，而某一季节又是一片被水淹没的沼泽。
It is unfit either for corn, or pasture, or vineyard, or, indeed, for any other vegetable produce that is very useful to men; and the lands which are fit for those purposes are not fit for rice.
它不适合种植玉米、牧场、葡萄园，甚至不适合种植对人类非常有用的任何其他蔬菜产品；适合这些用途的土地不适合种植水稻。
Even in the rice countries, therefore, the rent of rice lands cannot regulate the rent of the other cultivated land which can never be turned to that produce.
因此，即使在稻米国家，稻田的地租也不能调节其他耕地的地租，因为其他耕地永远无法生产该产品。
The food produced by a field of potatoes is not inferior in quantity to that produced by a field of rice, and much superior to what is produced by a field of wheat.
一块土豆地生产的粮食，在数量上并不逊色于一块稻田，而且比一块麦田生产的粮食优越得多。
Twelve thousand weight of potatoes from an acre of land is not a greater produce than two thousand weight of wheat.
一英亩土地上生产一万二千重土豆，并不比生产两千重小麦多。
The food or solid nourishment, indeed, which can be drawn from each of those two plants, is not altogether in proportion to their weight, on account of the watery nature of potatoes.
事实上，由于马铃薯的水分性质，可以从这两种植物中提取的食物或固体营养并不完全与其重量成正比。
Allowing, however, half the weight of this root to go to water, a very large allowance, such an acre of potatoes will still produce six thousand weight of solid nourishment, three times the quantity produced by the acre of wheat.
然而，如果让这种根的一半重量去浇水，这是一个非常大的余量，这样一英亩的土豆仍然会产生六千重量的固体营养，是一英亩小麦产生的量的三倍。
An acre of potatoes is cultivated with less expense than an acre of wheat; the fallow, which generally precedes the sowing of wheat, more than compensating the hoeing and other extraordinary culture which is always given to potatoes.
种植一英亩土豆的费用比种植一英亩小麦要少；休耕通常在播种小麦之前进行，这不仅仅是对锄地和其他特殊文化的补偿，而这些文化总是给予土豆。
Should this root ever become in any part of Europe, like rice in some rice countries, the common and favourite vegetable food of the people, so as to occupy the same proportion of the lands in tillage, which wheat and other sorts of grain for human food do at present, the same quantity of cultivated land would maintain a much greater number of people; and the labourers being generally fed with potatoes, a greater surplus would remain after replacing all the stock, and maintaining all the labour employed in cultivation.
如果这种根在欧洲的任何地方，像某些稻米国家的稻米一样，成为人们普遍和喜爱的蔬菜食品，从而占据与目前小麦和其他种类的人类食品谷物相同比例的耕地面积，那么同样数量的耕地将养活更多的人口；而且工人普遍以马铃薯为食，在替换所有存货并维持所有耕种劳动力后，还会留下更大的剩余。
A greater share of this surplus, too, would belong to the landlord.
这种盈余的更大一部分也将属于地主。
Population would increase, and rents would rise much beyond what they are at present.
人口将会增加，租金将会远远超出目前的水平。
The land which is fit for potatoes, is fit for almost every other useful vegetable.
适合种植土豆的土地也适合种植几乎所有其他有用的蔬菜。
If they occupied the same proportion of cultivated land which corn does at present, they would regulate, in the same manner, the rent of the greater part of other cultivated land.
如果它们占用的耕地比例与目前玉米所占的比例相同，它们就会以同样的方式调节大部分其他耕地的地租。
In some parts of Lancashire, it is pretended, I have been told, that bread of oatmeal is a heartier food for labouring people than wheaten bread, and I have frequently heard the same doctrine held in Scotland.
有人告诉我，在兰开夏郡的一些地方，人们假装燕麦面包是劳动人民比小麦面包更丰盛的食物，而且我经常听到苏格兰也有同样的说法。
I am, however, somewhat doubtful of the truth of it.
然而，我对它的真实性有些怀疑。
The common people in Scotland, who are fed with oatmeal, are in general neither so strong nor so handsome as the same rank of people in England, who are fed with wheaten bread.
以燕麦片为食的苏格兰平民，总体上不如以小麦面包为食的英格兰同等级人民那么强壮或英俊。
They neither work so well, nor look so well; and as there is not the same difference between the people of fashion in the two countries, experience would seem to shew, that the food of the common people in Scotland is not so suitable to the human constitution as that of their neighbours of the same rank in England.
它们工作起来既不那么好，看起来也不那么好；由于两国的时尚人士之间并没有相同的差异，经验似乎表明，苏格兰普通民众的食物不如英格兰同等级邻居的食物更适合人类体质。
But it seems to be otherwise with potatoes.
但土豆的情况似乎并非如此。
The chairmen, porters, and coal-heavers in London, and those unfortunate women who live by prostitution, the strongest men and the most beautiful women perhaps in the British dominions, are said to be, the greater part of them, from the lowest rank of people in Ireland, who are generally fed with this root.
伦敦的主席、搬运工和运煤工，以及那些靠卖淫为生的不幸妇女，也许是英国领土上最强壮的男人和最美丽的女人，据说他们中的大部分来自爱尔兰的最低层人民，他们通常以这种根为食。
No food can afford a more decisive proof of its nourishing quality, or of its being peculiarly suitable to the health of the human constitution.
没有任何一种食物能够更有力地证明其营养价值，或者特别适合人体体质的健康。
It is difficult to preserve potatoes through the year, and impossible to store them like corn, for two or three years together.
马铃薯很难全年保存，更不可能像玉米一样一起保存两三年。
The fear of not being able to sell them before they rot, discourages their cultivation, and is, perhaps, the chief obstacle to their ever becoming in any great country, like bread, the principal vegetable food of all the different ranks of the people.
由于担心在它们腐烂之前无法将其出售，这阻碍了它们的种植，并且也许是它们在任何伟大国家中成为主要障碍的主要障碍，就像面包一样，所有不同阶层人民的主要蔬菜食品。
PART II.—Of the Produce of Land, which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent.
第二部分——土地产品，有时提供租金，有时不提供租金。
Human food seems to be the only produce of land, which always and necessarily affords some rent to the landlord.
人类食物似乎是土地的唯一产品，而土地总是且必然向地主提供一些租金。
Other sorts of produce sometimes may, and sometimes may not, according to different circumstances.
其他种类的产品，根据不同的情况，有时可以，有时不可以。
After food, clothing and lodging are the two great wants of mankind.
衣食住行之后，是人类的两大需求。
Land, in its original rude state, can afford the materials of clothing and lodging to a much greater number of people than it can feed.
土地在其原始状态下，能够为更多的人提供衣服和住宿的材料，而不是它能养活的人。
In its improved state, it can sometimes feed a greater number of people than it can supply with those materials; at least in the way in which they require them, and are willing to pay for them.
在其改进的状态下，有时它可以养活的人数多于其所能提供的材料；至少以他们需要的方式，并且愿意为此付费。
In the one state, therefore, there is always a superabundance of these materials, which are frequently, upon that account, of little or no value.
因此，在单一状态下，这些材料总是过剩，因此，这些材料往往没有什么价值或没有价值。
In the other, there is often a scarcity, which necessarily augments their value.
另一方面，往往存在稀缺性，这必然会增加它们的价值。
In the one state, a great part of them is thrown away as useless and the price of what is used is considered as equal only to the labour and expense of fitting it for use, and can, therefore, afford no rent to the landlord.
在一个国家，其中很大一部分被视为无用而被丢弃，而使用过的物品的价格被认为仅等于将其安装使用的劳动力和费用，因此无法向地主支付租金。
In the other, they are all made use of, and there is frequently a demand for more than can be had.
另一方面，它们都被利用了，而且经常存在需求量超出所能提供的量。
Somebody is always willing to give more for every part of them, than what is sufficient to pay the expense of bringing them to market.
有人总是愿意为它们的每个部分付出更多，而不是足以支付将它们推向市场的费用。
Their price, therefore, can always afford some rent to the landlord.
因此，他们的价格总是可以负担房东的一些租金。
The skins of the larger animals were the original materials of clothing.
较大动物的皮是服装的原始材料。
Among nations of hunters and shepherds, therefore, whose food consists chiefly in the flesh of those animals, everyman, by providing himself with food, provides himself with the materials of more clothing than he can wear.
因此，在猎人和牧羊人的民族中，他们的食物主要是这些动物的肉，每个人通过为自己提供食物，为自己提供了比他穿的更多的衣服的材料。
If there was no foreign commerce, the greater part of them would be thrown away as things of no value.
如果没有对外贸易，其中很大一部分就会被当作无价值的东西扔掉。
This was probably the case among the hunting nations of North America, before their country was discovered by the Europeans, with whom they now exchange their surplus peltry, for blankets, fire-arms, and brandy, which gives it some value.
这可能是北美狩猎国家的情况，在欧洲人发现他们的国家之前，他们现在用剩余的毛皮交换毛毯、枪支和白兰地，这赋予了它们一些价值。
In the present commercial state of the known world, the most barbarous nations, I believe, among whom land property is established, have some foreign commerce of this kind, and find among their wealthier neighbours such a demand for all the materials of clothing, which their land produces, and which can neither be wrought up nor consumed at home, as raises their price above what it costs to send them to those wealthier neighbours.
我相信，在已知世界目前的商业状态下，最野蛮的国家，其中建立了土地财产，也有一些此类的对外贸易，并且发现在他们较富裕的邻国中，对他们土地生产的所有服装材料的需求如此大，这些服装材料既不能在国内加工，也不能在国内消费，从而使它们的价格高于将它们发送给那些富裕邻国的成本。
It affords, therefore, some rent to the landlord.
因此，它向房东提供了一些租金。
When the greater part of the Highland cattle were consumed on their own hills, the exportation of their hides made the most considerable article of the commerce of that country, and what they were exchanged for afforded some addition to the rent of the Highland estates.
当大部分高地牛在自己的山上被消耗时，其生皮的出口成为该国最重要的贸易商品，而它们所交换的东西为高地庄园的租金提供了一定的附加。
The wool of England, which in old times, could neither be consumed nor wrought up at home, found a market in the then wealthier and more industrious country of Flanders, and its price afforded something to the rent of the land which produced it.
英格兰的羊毛在过去既不能在国内消费，也不能在国内加工，但在当时更富裕、更勤劳的佛兰德斯国家找到了市场，其价格足以支付生产它的土地的地租。
In countries not better cultivated than England was then, or than the Highlands of Scotland are now, and which had no foreign commerce, the materials of clothing would evidently be so superabundant, that a great part of them would be thrown away as useless, and no part could afford any rent to the landlord.
在那些没有比当时的英格兰或现在的苏格兰高地更好的耕种的国家，那些没有对外贸易的国家，衣服的材料显然是非常丰富的，以至于其中很大一部分会被当作无用的扔掉，没有一部分可以向地主支付任何租金。
The materials of lodging cannot always be transported to so great a distance as those of clothing, and do not so readily become an object of foreign commerce.
住宿材料并不总是能像衣服那样运输到那么远的距离，也不像衣服那么容易成为对外贸易的对象。
When they are superabundant in the country which produces them, it frequently happens, even in the present commercial state of the world, that they are of no value to the landlord.
当它们在生产它们的国家过剩时，即使在当今世界的商业状况下，也常常发生它们对地主来说毫无价值的情况。
A good stone quarry in the neighbourhood of London would afford a considerable rent.
伦敦附近一个好的采石场可以支付相当可观的租金。
In many parts of Scotland and Wales it affords none.
在苏格兰和威尔士的许多地方，它都没有提供这种服务。
Barren timber for building is of great value in a populous and well-cultivated country, and the land which produces it affords a considerable rent.
在一个人口众多、耕种良好的国家，用于建筑的贫瘠木材具有巨大的价值，而生产这种木材的土地可以提供可观的租金。
But in many parts of North America, the landlord would be much obliged to any body who would carry away the greater part of his large trees.
但在北美的许多地方，地主会对任何能运走他大部分大树的人表示感谢。
In some parts of the Highlands of Scotland, the bark is the only part of the wood which, for want of roads and water-carriage, can be sent to market; the timber is left to rot upon the ground.
在苏格兰高地的某些地区，由于缺乏道路和水运，树皮是木材中唯一可以送往市场的部分。木材被留在地上腐烂。
When the materials of lodging are so superabundant, the part made use of is worth only the labour and expense of fitting it for that use.
当住宿的材料如此丰富时，所使用的部分只值得为该用途安装它的劳动力和费用。
It affords no rent to the landlord, who generally grants the use of it to whoever takes the trouble of asking it.
它不向房东提供租金，而房东通常会将其使用权授予那些不厌其烦提出要求的人。
The demand of wealthier nations, however, sometimes enables him to get a rent for it.
然而，富裕国家的需求有时使他能够获得租金。
The paving of the streets of London has enabled the owners of some barren rocks on the coast of Scotland to draw a rent from what never afforded any before.
伦敦街道的铺设使苏格兰海岸一些荒岩的所有者能够从以前从未负担过的租金中获得租金。
The woods of Norway, and of the coasts of the Baltic, find a market in many parts of Great Britain, which they could not find at home, and thereby afford some rent to their proprietors.
挪威和波罗的海沿岸的森林在英国许多地方找到了在国内找不到的市场，从而为它们的所有者提供了一些租金。
Countries are populous, not in proportion to the number of people whom their produce can clothe and lodge, but in proportion to that of those whom it can feed.
国家人口众多，并不是与其产品可供穿衣和居住的人口数量成正比，而是与其产品可供养活的人口数量成正比。
When food is provided, it is easy to find the necessary clothing and lodging.
当提供食物时，很容易找到必要的衣服和住宿。
But though these are at hand, it may often be difficult to find food.
但尽管这些都在手边，但往往很难找到食物。
In some parts of the British dominions, what is called a house may be built by one day’s labour of one man.
在英国领土的某些地方，所谓的房屋可能是由一个人一天的劳动建造而成的。
The simplest species of clothing, the skins of animals, require somewhat more labour to dress and prepare them for use.
最简单的衣服种类是动物的皮，需要更多的劳动力来穿着和准备它们以供使用。
They do not, however, require a great deal.
然而，它们并不需要太多。
Among savage or barbarous nations, a hundredth, or little more than a hundredth part of the labour of the whole year, will be sufficient to provide them with such clothing and lodging as satisfy the greater part of the people.
在未开化的民族中，一年的劳动的百分之一或百分之一多一点，就足以为他们提供使大多数人民满意的衣食。
All the other ninety-nine parts are frequently no more than enough to provide them with food.
所有其他九十九个部分通常都不足以为他们提供食物。
But when, by the improvement and cultivation of land, the labour of one family can provide food for two, the labour of half the society becomes sufficient to provide food for the whole.
但是，当通过土地的改良和耕种，一个家庭的劳动可以提供两个人的食物时，社会一半的劳动就足以为整个社会提供食物。
The other half, therefore, or at least the greater part of them, can be employed in providing other things, or in satisfying the other wants and fancies of mankind.
因此，另一半，或者至少是其中的大部分，可以用来提供其他东西，或者满足人类的其他需求和幻想。
Clothing and lodging, household furniture, and what is called equipage, are the principal objects of the greater part of those wants and fancies.
服装和住宿、家用家具以及所谓的设备是大部分需求和幻想的主要对象。
The rich man consumes no more food than his poor neighbour.
富人消耗的食物并不比他穷邻居多。
In quality it may be very different, and to select and prepare it may require more labour and art; but in quantity it is very nearly the same.
品质可能相差很大，挑选和准备可能需要更多的劳动和艺术；但在数量上却几乎是一样的。
But compare the spacious palace and great wardrobe of the one, with the hovel and the few rags of the other, and you will be sensible that the difference between their clothing, lodging, and household furniture, is almost as great in quantity as it is in quality.
但是，将一方的宽敞宫殿和大衣橱与另一方的茅屋和几件破布相比，你就会意识到，他们的衣服、住宿和家具之间的差异几乎与数量和质量一样大。
The desire of food is limited in every man by the narrow capacity of the human stomach; but the desire of the conveniencies and ornaments of building, dress, equipage, and household furniture, seems to have no limit or certain boundary.
由于胃容量有限，每个人对食物的渴望都受到限制。但对建筑、服装、设备和家具等便利设施和装饰品的渴望似乎没有限制或一定的界限。
Those, therefore, who have the command of more food than they themselves can consume, are always willing to exchange the surplus, or, what is the same thing, the price of it, for gratifications of this other kind.
因此，那些掌握的食物多于自己消费能力的人，总是愿意用剩余的食物，或者说，用它的价格来交换另一种满足。
What is over and above satisfying the limited desire, is given for the amusement of those desires which cannot be satisfied, but seem to be altogether endless.
超出满足有限欲望的东西，是为了娱乐那些无法满足但又似乎永无休止的欲望而给予的。
The poor, in order to obtain food, exert themselves to gratify those fancies of the rich; and to obtain it more certainly, they vie with one another in the cheapness and perfection of their work.
穷人为了获得食物，竭尽全力满足富人的幻想；为了更确定地获得它，他们在工作的廉价和完美方面相互竞争。
The number of workmen increases with the increasing quantity of food, or with the growing improvement and cultivation of the lands; and as the nature of their business admits of the utmost subdivisions of labour, the quantity of materials which they can work up, increases in a much greater proportion than their numbers.
工人的数量随着粮食数量的增加或随着土地的不断改良和耕种而增加；由于他们的业务性质允许最细化的劳动，他们能够加工的材料数量的增加比例远远大于他们的人数的增加。
Hence arises a demand for every sort of material which human invention can employ, either usefully or ornamentally, in building, dress, equipage, or household furniture; for the fossils and minerals contained in the bowels of the earth, the precious metals, and the precious stones.
因此，对人类发明可以在建筑、服装、设备或家用家具中使用的各种材料（无论是有用的还是装饰性的）产生了需求；用于地球内部所含的化石和矿物、贵金属和宝石。
Food is, in this manner, not only the original source of rent, but every other part of the produce of land which afterwards affords rent, derives that part of its value from the improvement of the powers of labour in producing food, by means of the improvement and cultivation of land.
这样，粮食不仅是地租的原始来源，而且后来提供地租的土地产品的每一个其他部分，其价值的一部分都来自于通过土地的改良和耕种而生产粮食的劳动能力的提高。
Those other parts of the produce of land, however, which afterwards afford rent, do not afford it always.
然而，后来提供地租的土地产品的其他部分并不总是能够提供地租。
Even in improved and cultivated countries, the demand for them is not always such as to afford a greater price than what is sufficient to pay the labour, and replace, together with its ordinary profits, the stock which must be employed in bringing them to market.
即使在改良和开化的国家，对它们的需求也并不总是能够提供比足以支付劳动力的价格更高的价格，并且连同其普通利润一起替代将它们推向市场所必须使用的库存。
Whether it is or is not such, depends upon different circumstances.
是否如此，取决于不同的情况。
Whether a coal mine, for example, can afford any rent, depends partly upon its fertility, and partly upon its situation.
例如，煤矿能否负担得起租金，部分取决于其生产力，部分取决于其状况。
A mine of any kind may be said to be either fertile or barren, according as the quantity of mineral which can be brought from it by a certain quantity of labour, is greater or less than what can be brought by an equal quantity from the greater part of other mines of the same kind.
任何类型的矿山都可以说是肥沃的，也可以是贫瘠的，取决于通过一定数量的劳动可以从该矿山开采的矿物量多于或少于通过同等数量从大部分同类矿山开采的矿物量。
Some coal mines, advantageously situated, cannot be wrought on account of their barrenness.
有些煤矿位置优越，但由于贫瘠而无法开采。
The produce does not pay the expense.
产品不支付费用。
They can afford neither profit nor rent.
他们既负担不起利润，也负担不起租金。
There are some, of which the produce is barely sufficient to pay the labour, and replace, together with its ordinary profits, the stock employed in working them.
有一些国家的产品几乎不足以支付劳动力，并连同其普通利润一起替代用于生产它们的股票。
They afford some profit to the undertaker of the work, but no rent to the landlord.
他们向工程承担者提供一些利润，但不向房东提供租金。
They can be wrought advantageously by nobody but the landlord, who, being himself the undertaker of the work, gets the ordinary profit of the capital which he employs in it.
除了地主以外，没有人可以有利地从事这些工作，地主本身就是工作的承担者，他从他所使用的资本中获得普通利润。
Many coal mines in Scotland are wrought in this manner, and can be wrought in no other.
苏格兰的许多煤矿都是以这种方式开采的，没有其他方法可以开采。
The landlord will allow nobody else to work them without paying some rent, and nobody can afford to pay any.
房东不允许任何人在不支付租金的情况下为他们工作，而且没有人付得起租金。
Other coal mines in the same country, sufficiently fertile, cannot be wrought on account of their situation.
同一国家的其他煤矿虽然肥沃，但由于其情况而无法开采。
A quantity of mineral, sufficient to defray the expense of working, could be brought from the mine by the ordinary, or even less than the ordinary quantity of labour: but in an inland country, thinly inhabited, and without either good roads or water-carriage, this quantity could not be sold.
普通甚至低于普通劳动量的劳动就可以从矿井中开采出足以支付工作费用的矿产资源：但在内陆国家，人烟稀少，又没有良好的道路或水运，这些矿产就卖不出去。
Coals are a less agreeable fuel than wood: they are said too to be less wholesome.
煤炭是一种比木材更不适宜的燃料：据说它们也不那么有益健康。
The expense of coals, therefore, at the place where they are consumed, must generally be somewhat less than that of wood.
因此，在消耗煤炭的地方，煤炭的成本通常一定略低于木材的成本。
The price of wood, again, varies with the state of agriculture, nearly in the same manner, and exactly for the same reason, as the price of cattle.
同样，木材的价格随着农业状况的不同而变化，其方式和原因与牛的价格几乎相同。
In its rude beginnings, the greater part of every country is covered with wood, which is then a mere incumbrance, of no value to the landlord, who would gladly give it to any body for the cutting.
在其粗鲁的开端，每个国家的大部分地区都覆盖着木材，这对地主来说只是一种累赘，没有任何价值，他们很乐意将其交给任何人进行砍伐。
As agriculture advances, the woods are partly cleared by the progress of tillage, and partly go to decay in consequence of the increased number of cattle.
随着农业的进步，耕作的进展使森林部分被砍伐，而牲畜数量的增加导致部分森林腐烂。
These, though they do not increase in the same proportion as corn, which is altogether the acquisition of human industry, yet multiply under the care and protection of men, who store up in the season of plenty what may maintain them in that of scarcity; who, through the whole year, furnish them with a greater quantity of food than uncultivated nature provides for them; and who, by destroying and extirpating their enemies, secure them in the free enjoyment of all that she provides.
这些虽然不像谷物那样以同样的比例增长，而谷物完全是人类工业的成果，但它们却在人类的照料和保护下繁殖，人类在丰裕的季节储存了可以在稀缺时维持它们的东西；他们全年为他们提供的食物数量比未开垦的大自然所提供的还要多；她通过摧毁和消灭敌人，确保他们自由地享受她所提供的一切。
Numerous herds of cattle, when allowed to wander through the woods, though they do not destroy the old trees, hinder any young ones from coming up; so that, in the course of a century or two, the whole forest goes to ruin.
大量的牛群在森林中漫步时，虽然不会破坏老树，却会阻碍幼树的生长。因此，在一两个世纪的时间里，整个森林都被毁掉了。
The scarcity of wood then raises its price.
木材的稀缺会提高其价格。
It affords a good rent; and the landlord sometimes finds that he can scarce employ his best lands more advantageously than in growing barren timber, of which the greatness of the profit often compensates the lateness of the returns.
它提供良好的租金；地主有时会发现，他利用最好的土地几乎不可能比种植贫瘠的木材更有利，而木材的巨大利润往往可以弥补回报的迟缓。
This seems, in the present times, to be nearly the state of things in several parts of Great Britain, where the profit of planting is found to be equal to that of either corn or pasture.
如今，英国一些地区的情况似乎几乎就是这样，种植业的利润与种植玉米或牧场的利润相当。
The advantage which the landlord derives from planting can nowhere exceed, at least for any considerable time, the rent which these could afford him; and in an inland country, which is highly cultivated, it will frequently not fall much short of this rent.
地主从种植业中获得的利益，至少在相当长的一段时间内，永远不会超过他所能支付的租金。而在一个高度开化的内陆国家，它通常不会远远低于这个租金。
Upon the sea-coast of a well-improved country, indeed, if coals can conveniently be had for fuel, it may sometimes be cheaper to bring barren timber for building from less cultivated foreign countries than to raise it at home.
事实上，在一个经济发达的国家的海岸上，如果可以方便地获得煤炭作为燃料，有时从耕种较少的外国进口贫瘠的木材用于建筑可能比在国内种植木材更便宜。
In the new town of Edinburgh, built within these few years, there is not, perhaps, a single stick of Scotch timber.
在这几年建成的爱丁堡新城里，也许没有一根苏格兰木材。
Whatever may be the price of wood, if that of coals is such that the expense of a coal fire is nearly equal to that of a wood one we may be assured, that at that place, and in these circumstances, the price of coals is as high as it can be.
无论木材的价格是多少，如果煤炭的价格使得燃煤的费用几乎等于燃木的费用，我们就可以确信，在那个地方，在这种情况下，煤炭的价格是最高的。
It seems to be so in some of the inland parts of England, particularly in Oxfordshire, where it is usual, even in the fires of the common people, to mix coals and wood together, and where the difference in the expense of those two sorts of fuel cannot, therefore, be very great.
在英格兰的一些内陆地区，尤其是在牛津郡，情况似乎如此，在那里，即使是在普通人的生火中，也通常将煤和木头混合在一起，因此，这两种燃料的费用差异不会很大。
Coals, in the coal countries, are everywhere much below this highest price.
在产煤国家，煤炭价格远低于这个最高价格。
If they were not, they could not bear the expense of a distant carriage, either by land or by water.
如果他们不这样做，他们就无法承担长途运输的费用，无论是陆路还是水路。
A small quantity only could be sold; and the coal masters and the coal proprietors find it more for their interest to sell a great quantity at a price somewhat above the lowest, than a small quantity at the highest.
只能少量出售；煤主和煤主发现，以略高于最低价格的价格出售大量煤炭，比以最高价格出售少量煤炭更符合他们的利益。
The most fertile coal mine, too, regulates the price of coals at all the other mines in its neighbourhood.
最肥沃的煤矿也调节其附近所有其他煤矿的煤炭价格。
Both the proprietor and the undertaker of the work find, the one that he can get a greater rent, the other that he can get a greater profit, by somewhat underselling all their neighbours.
工作的所有者和承担者都发现，一个是他可以获得更高的租金，另一个是他可以通过稍微低于所有邻居的价格来获得更大的利润。
Their neighbours are soon obliged to sell at the same price, though they cannot so well afford it, and though it always diminishes, and sometimes takes away altogether, both their rent and their profit.
他们的邻居很快就被迫以同样的价格出售，尽管他们负担不起，而且这总是会减少，有时甚至完全夺走他们的租金和利润。
Some works are abandoned altogether; others can afford no rent, and can be wrought only by the proprietor.
有些作品被完全废弃；其他人付不起租金，只能由业主经营。
The lowest price at which coals can be sold for any considerable time, is, like that of all other commodities, the price which is barely sufficient to replace, together with its ordinary profits, the stock which must be employed in bringing them to market.
与所有其他商品的价格一样，煤炭在相当长的时间内可以出售的最低价格，连同其普通利润，几乎不足以替代将煤炭推向市场所必须使用的库存。
At a coal mine for which the landlord can get no rent, but, which he must either work himself or let it alone altogether, the price of coals must generally be nearly about this price.
在煤矿里，地主拿不到租金，但他要么自己干活，要么干脆不干活，煤炭的价格一般都差不多是这个价格。
Rent, even where coals afford one, has generally a smaller share in their price than in that of most other parts of the rude produce of land.
即使煤炭能提供租金，租金在其价格中所占的份额通常也比大多数其他土地原始产品的价格所占的份额要小。
The rent of an estate above ground, commonly amounts to what is supposed to be a third of the gross produce; and it is generally a rent certain and independent of the occasional variations in the crop.
地上地产的租金通常相当于总产值的三分之一；而且它通常是确定的租金，并且与作物的偶尔变化无关。
In coal mines, a fifth of the gross produce is a very great rent, a tenth the common rent; and it is seldom a rent certain, but depends upon the occasional variations in the produce.
在煤矿，总产值的五分之一是很高的地租，十分之一是普通地租；而且租金很少是确定的，而是取决于产品的偶尔变化。
These are so great, that in a country where thirty years purchase is considered as a moderate price for the property of a landed estate, ten years purchase is regarded as a good price for that of a coal mine.
这些是如此之大，以至于在一个以三十年的购买年限购买地产被认为是中等价格的国家，十年的购买购买煤矿被认为是一个很好的价格。
The value of a coal mine to the proprietor, frequently depends as much upon its situation as upon its fertility.
煤矿对所有者的价值往往既取决于其矿产资源，也取决于其状况。
That of a metallic mine depends more upon its fertility, and less upon its situation.
金属矿山的产量更多地取决于其肥力，而不是其状况。
The coarse, and still more the precious metals, when separated from the ore, are so valuable, that they can generally bear the expense of a very long land, and of the most distant sea carriage.
粗金属，尤其是贵金属，当从矿石中分离出来时，非常有价值，以至于它们通常可以承受很长的陆地和最远的海上运输的费用。
Their market is not confined to the countries in the neighbourhood of the mine, but extends to the whole world.
他们的市场不仅仅局限于矿山周边国家，而是延伸到了全世界。
The copper of Japan makes an article of commerce in Europe; the iron of Spain in that of Chili and Peru.
日本的铜在欧洲成为商品；西班牙的铁就是辣椒和秘鲁的铁。
The silver of Peru finds its way, not only to Europe, but from Europe to China.
秘鲁的白银不仅运往欧洲，而且从欧洲运往中国。
The price of coals in Westmoreland or Shropshire can have little effect on their price at Newcastle; and their price in the Lionnois can have none at all.
威斯特摩兰或什罗普郡的煤炭价格对其在纽卡斯尔的价格影响不大；他们在Lionnois 的价格根本就没有。
The productions of such distant coal mines can never be brought into competition with one another.
如此遥远的煤矿的生产永远不可能相互竞争。
But the productions of the most distant metallic mines frequently may, and in fact commonly are.
但最遥远的金属矿山的生产经常可能，而且事实上通常如此。
The price, therefore, of the coarse, and still more that of the precious metals, at the most fertile mines in the world, must necessarily more or less affect their price at every other in it.
因此，在世界上最富饶的矿山中，粗金属的价格，尤其是贵金属的价格，必然或多或少地影响着其中其他矿山的价格。
The price of copper in Japan must have some influence upon its price at the copper mines in Europe.
日本的铜价肯定会对欧洲铜矿的价格产生一定的影响。
The price of silver in Peru, or the quantity either of labour or of other goods which it will purchase there, must have some influence on its price, not only at the silver mines of Europe, but at those of China.
秘鲁的白银价格，或者在那里购买的劳动力或其他商品的数量，必定会对其价格产生一定的影响，不仅在欧洲的银矿，而且在中国的银矿。
After the discovery of the mines of Peru, the silver mines of Europe were, the greater part of them, abandoned.
秘鲁矿藏被发现后，欧洲的大部分银矿都被废弃了。
The value of silver was so much reduced, that their produce could no longer pay the expense of working them, or replace, with a profit, the food, clothes, lodging, and other necessaries which were consumed in that operation.
白银的价值大幅下降，以至于他们的产品不再能够支付他们的工作费用，或者用利润来替代在工作中消耗的食物、衣服、住宿和其他必需品。
This was the case, too, with the mines of Cuba and St. Domingo, and even with the ancient mines of Peru, after the discovery of those of Potosi.
古巴和圣多明各的矿井也是如此，甚至在波托西的矿井被发现后，秘鲁的古代矿井也是如此。
The price of every metal, at every mine, therefore, being regulated in some measure by its price at the most fertile mine in the world that is actually wrought, it can, at the greater part of mines, do very little more than pay the expense of working, and can seldom afford a very high rent to the landlord.
因此，每个矿山的每种金属的价格在某种程度上都受到世界上实际开采的最肥沃矿山的价格的调节，在大多数矿山中，它除了支付工作费用之外几乎没有什么作用，而且很少能向地主支付很高的租金。
Rent accordingly, seems at the greater part of mines to have but a small share in the price of the coarse, and a still smaller in that of the precious metals.
因此，在大部分矿山看来，租金在粗金属价格中只占很小的份额，而在贵金属价格中所占的份额则更小。
Labour and profit make up the greater part of both.
劳动力和利润占两者的较大部分。
A sixth part of the gross produce may be reckoned the average rent of the tin mines of Cornwall, the most fertile that are known in the world, as we are told by the Rev.
总产的六分之一可以算作康沃尔锡矿的平均租金，康沃尔锡矿是世界上已知最肥沃的锡矿，正如牧师告诉我们的那样。
Mr Borlace, vice-warden of the stannaries.
博勒斯先生，动物园副典狱长。
Some, he says, afford more, and some do not afford so much.
他说，有些人负担得起更多，而有些则负担不起那么多。
A sixth part of the gross produce is the rent, too, of several very fertile lead mines in Scotland.
总产值的六分之一也是苏格兰几个非常肥沃的铅矿的租金。
In the silver mines of Peru, we are told by Frezier and Ulloa, the proprietor frequently exacts no other acknowledgment from the undertaker of the mine, but that he will grind the ore at his mill, paying him the ordinary multure or price of grinding.
弗雷泽和乌洛亚告诉我们，在秘鲁的银矿中，矿主经常不向矿山承办人索要任何其他确认，但他将在自己的磨坊中研磨矿石，并向他支付普通的矿石或研磨价格。
Till 1736, indeed, the tax of the king of Spain amounted to one fifth of the standard silver, which till then might be considered as the real rent of the greater part of the silver mines of Peru, the richest which have been known in the world.
事实上，直到 1736 年，西班牙国王的税收达到了标准白银的五分之一，到那时为止，这可以被视为秘鲁大部分银矿的实际租金，秘鲁银矿是世界上已知最富有的银矿。
If there had been no tax, this fifth would naturally have belonged to the landlord, and many mines might have been wrought which could not then be wrought, because they could not afford this tax.
如果没有税收，这五分之一自然就属于地主了，许多矿井可能已经开采出来，但当时却无法开采，因为他们负担不起这笔税款。
The tax of the duke of Cornwall upon tin is supposed to amount to more than five per cent.
康沃尔公爵对锡的税收预计超过百分之五。
or one twentieth part of the value; and whatever may be his proportion, it would naturally, too, belong to the proprietor of the mine, if tin was duty free.
或价值的二十分之一；无论他的比例是多少，如果锡是免税的，那么它自然也属于矿主。
But if you add one twentieth to one sixth, you will find that the whole average rent of the tin mines of Cornwall, was to the whole average rent of the silver mines of Peru, as thirteen to twelve.
但如果你加上二十分之一到六分之一，你会发现康沃尔锡矿的整体平均租金与秘鲁银矿的整体平均租金相差十三到十二。
But the silver mines of Peru are not now able to pay even this low rent; and the tax upon silver was, in 1736, reduced from one fifth to one tenth.
但秘鲁的银矿现在连这么低的租金都付不起； 1736年，白银税从五分之一减少到十分之一。
Even this tax upon silver, too, gives more temptation to smuggling than the tax of one twentieth upon tin; and smuggling must be much easier in the precious than in the bulky commodity.
甚至对白银征收的这种税也比对锡征收二十分之一的税对走私产生了更大的诱惑。贵重商品的走私肯定比大件商品容易得多。
The tax of the king of Spain, accordingly, is said to be very ill paid, and that of the duke of Cornwall very well.
因此，据说西班牙国王的税款缴纳得很少，而康沃尔公爵的税款却缴纳得很好。
Rent, therefore, it is probable, makes a greater part of the price of tin at the most fertile tin mines than it does of silver at the most fertile silver mines in the world.
因此，在世界上最肥沃的锡矿中，地租对锡价格的影响很可能比在世界上最肥沃的银矿中对白银的影响更大。
After replacing the stock employed in working those different mines, together with its ordinary profits, the residue which remains to the proprietor is greater, it seems, in the coarse, than in the precious metal.
在更换了开采这些不同矿山所使用的库存及其普通利润后，所有者剩余的粗金属似乎比贵金属要多。
Neither are the profits of the undertakers of silver mines commonly very great in Peru.
在秘鲁，银矿开采者的利润通常也不是很高。
The same most respectable and well-informed authors acquaint us, that when any person undertakes to work a new mine in Peru, he is universally looked upon as a man destined to bankruptcy and ruin, and is upon that account shunned and avoided by every body.
同样最受人尊敬和消息灵通的作者告诉我们，当任何人在秘鲁开始开采新矿时，他都会被普遍视为注定要破产和毁灭的人，并因此而受到所有人的回避和回避。
Mining, it seems, is considered there in the same light as here, as a lottery, in which the prizes do not compensate the blanks, though the greatness of some tempts many adventurers to throw away their fortunes in such unprosperous projects.
那里的采矿业似乎和这里一样被认为是一种彩票，其中的奖品并不能弥补空白，尽管某些伟大的事物诱使许多冒险家在这种不繁荣的项目上扔掉他们的财富。
As the sovereign, however, derives a considerable part of his revenue from the produce of silver mines, the law in Peru gives every possible encouragement to the discovery and working of new ones.
然而，由于主权者的相当一部分收入来自银矿的产出，秘鲁的法律尽可能鼓励新银矿的发现和开采。
Whoever discovers a new mine, is entitled to measure off two hundred and forty-six feet in length, according to what he supposes to be the direction of the vein, and half as much in breadth.
无论谁发现了新矿，都有权根据他认为的矿脉方向测量出两百四十六英尺的长度，以及一半的宽度。
He becomes proprietor of this portion of the mine, and can work it without paving any acknowledgment to the landlord.
他成为这部分矿井的所有者，并且可以在不向房东做出任何承认的情况下进行开采。
The interest of the duke of Cornwall has given occasion to a regulation nearly of the same kind in that ancient dutchy.
康沃尔公爵的兴趣促使这个古老的荷兰制定了几乎相同类型的法规。
In waste and uninclosed lands, any person who discovers a tin mine may mark out its limits to a certain extent, which is called bounding a mine.
在荒地和未开垦的土地上，任何人发现锡矿后，都可以在一定程度上标出其界限，这就是所谓的矿区界限。
The bounder becomes the real proprietor of the mine, and may either work it himself, or give it in lease to another, without the consent of the owner of the land, to whom, however, a very small acknowledgment must be paid upon working it.
边界人成为矿山的真正所有者，可以自己开采，也可以将其出租给他人，而无需征得土地所有者的同意，但是，开采时必须向土地所有者支付很少的致谢费。
In both regulations, the sacred rights of private property are sacrificed to the supposed interests of public revenue.
在这两项法规中，为了所谓的公共收入利益而牺牲了私有财产的神圣权利。
The same encouragement is given in Peru to the discovery and working of new gold mines; and in gold the king’s tax amounts only to a twentieth part of the standard rental.
秘鲁也同样鼓励新金矿的发现和开采；国王的黄金税只相当于标准租金的二十分之一。
It was once a fifth, and afterwards a tenth, as in silver; but it was found that the work could not bear even the lowest of these two taxes.
曾经是五分之一，后来是十分之一，就像银一样。但人们发现，即使是这两项税中最低的一项，该作品也无法承受。
If it is rare, however, say the same authors, Frezier and Ulloa, to find a person who has made his fortune by a silver, it is still much rarer to find one who has done so by a gold mine.
然而，同样的作者弗雷泽和乌略亚说，如果说靠白银发家致富的人很少见，那么靠金矿发家致富的人就更加罕见了。
This twentieth part seems to be the whole rent which is paid by the greater part of the gold mines of Chili and Peru.
这第二十部分似乎是智利和秘鲁大部分金矿支付的全部租金。
Gold, too, is much more liable to be smuggled than even silver; not only on account of the superior value of the metal in proportion to its bulk, but on account of the peculiar way in which nature produces it.
黄金也比白银更容易走私。不仅因为这种金属相对于其体积而言具有较高的价值，而且还因为大自然生产它的独特方式。
Silver is very seldom found virgin, but, like most other metals, is generally mineralized with some other body, from which it is impossible to separate it in such quantities as will pay for the expense, but by a very laborious and tedious operation, which cannot well be carried on but in work-houses erected for the purpose, and, therefore, exposed to the inspection of the king’s officers.
银很少被发现是原始的，但像大多数其他金属一样，通常是与其他物体一起矿化的，不可能将其分离出来，其数量足以支付费用，而是通过非常费力和乏味的操作，这种操作只能在专门为此目的建立的济贫院中进行，因此必须接受国王官员的检查。
Gold, on the contrary, is almost always found virgin.
相反，黄金几乎总是原生的。
It is sometimes found in pieces of some bulk; and, even when mixed, in small and almost insensible particles, with sand, earth, and other extraneous bodies, it can be separated from them by a very short and simple operation, which can be carried on in any private house by any body who is possessed of a small quantity of mercury.
有时会发现它是大块的；而且，即使当它以微小且几乎不敏感的颗粒与沙子、泥土和其他外来物体混合时，也可以通过非常短而简单的操作将其与它们分离，任何拥有少量汞的人都可以在任何私人住宅中进行该操作。
If the king’s tax, therefore, is but ill paid upon silver, it is likely to be much worse paid upon gold; and rent must make a much smaller part of the price of gold than that of silver.
因此，如果国王的税收在白银上缴得很少，那么在黄金上缴的税就可能要差得多。与白银相比，租金在黄金价格中所占的比例一定要小得多。
The lowest price at which the precious metals can be sold, or the smallest quantity of other goods for which they can be exchanged, during any considerable time, is regulated by the same principles which fix the lowest ordinary price of all other goods.
在任何相当长的时间内，贵金属可以出售的最低价格，或者贵金属可以兑换的其他商品的最小数量，都受到确定所有其他商品的最低普通价格的相同原则的管辖。
The stock which must commonly be employed, the food, clothes, and lodging, which must commonly be consumed in bringing them from the mine to the market, determine it.
决定它的是通常必须使用的库存，以及将它们从矿井运到市场时通常必须消耗的食物、衣服和住宿。
It must at least be sufficient to replace that stock, with the ordinary profits.
它至少必须足以用普通利润来替换该股票。
Their highest price, however, seems not to be necessarily determined by any thing but the actual scarcity or plenty of these metals themselves.
然而，它们的最高价格似乎并不一定取决于任何其他因素，而是由这些金属本身的实际稀缺性或充足性决定。
It is not determined by that of any other commodity, in the same manner as the price of coals is by that of wood, beyond which no scarcity can ever raise it.
它不是由任何其他商品的价格决定的，就像煤炭的价格是由木材的价格决定的一样，木材的价格不会因为稀缺性而提高。
Increase the scarcity of gold to a certain degree, and the smallest bit of it may become more precious than a diamond, and exchange for a greater quantity of other goods.
增加黄金的稀缺性到一定程度，哪怕是最小的一点，也可能变得比钻石还要珍贵，可以换取更多数量的其他商品。
The demand for those metals arises partly from their utility, and partly from their beauty.
对这些金属的需求部分来自于它们的实用性，部分来自于它们的美丽。
If you except iron, they are more useful than, perhaps, any other metal.
如果除了铁之外，它们可能比任何其他金属都更有用。
As they are less liable to rust and impurity, they can more easily be kept clean; and the utensils, either of the table or the kitchen, are often, upon that account, more agreeable when made of them.
由于它们不易生锈和受到杂质影响，因此更容易保持清洁；因此，无论是餐桌还是厨房的器具，用它们制成的往往都更舒服。
A silver boiler is more cleanly than a lead, copper, or tin one; and the same quality would render a gold boiler still better than a silver one.
银锅炉比铅、铜或锡锅炉更干净；同样的质量，金锅炉比银锅炉更好。
Their principal merit, however, arises from their beauty, which renders them peculiarly fit for the ornaments of dress and furniture.
然而，它们的主要优点来自于它们的美丽，这使得它们特别适合服装和家具的装饰品。
No paint or dye can give so splendid a colour as gilding.
没有任何油漆或染料能像镀金那样呈现出如此绚丽的色彩。
The merit of their beauty is greatly enhanced by their scarcity.
它们的美丽的优点因其稀缺性而大大增强。
With the greater part of rich people, the chief enjoyment of riches consists in the parade of riches; which, in their eye, is never so complete as when they appear to possess those decisive marks of opulence which nobody can possess but themselves.
对于大多数富人来说，对财富的主要享受在于炫耀财富。在他们看来，当他们似乎拥有除了他们自己之外没有人能拥有的那些决定性的富裕标志时，这才是最完整的。
In their eyes, the merit of an object, which is in any degree either useful or beautiful, is greatly enhanced by its scarcity, or by the great labour which it requires to collect any considerable quantity of it; a labour which nobody can afford to pay but themselves.
在他们看来，一件物品的价值，无论在何种程度上是有用的或美丽的，都会因其稀缺性或收集相当数量的物品所需的大量劳动而大大增强；除了他们自己之外，没有人能够支付得起的劳动。
Such objects they are willing to purchase at a higher price than things much more beautiful and useful, but more common.
他们愿意以比更漂亮、更有用但更常见的东西更高的价格购买这些物品。
These qualities of utility, beauty, and scarcity, are the original foundation of the high price of those metals, or of the great quantity of other goods for which they can everywhere be exchanged.
这些实用、美观和稀缺的品质是这些金属或可以在任何地方交换的大量其他商品的高价格的原始基础。
This value was antecedent to, and independent of their being employed as coin, and was the quality which fitted them for that employment.
这种价值先于它们被用作硬币，并且与它们被用作硬币无关，并且是适合它们作为硬币的用途的品质。
That employment, however, by occasioning a new demand, and by diminishing the quantity which could be employed in any other way, may have afterwards contributed to keep up or increase their value.
然而，这种就业，通过引起新的需求，并通过减少可以以任何其他方式使用的数量，可能随后有助于保持或增加其价值。
The demand for the precious stones arises altogether from their beauty.
对宝石的需求完全源于它们的美丽。
They are of no use but as ornaments; and the merit of their beauty is greatly enhanced by their scarcity, or by the difficulty and expense of getting them from the mine.
它们没有任何用处，只是作为装饰品；它们的美丽价值因它们的稀缺性或从矿井中开采它们的难度和费用而大大增强。
Wages and profit accordingly make up, upon most occasions, almost the whole of the high price.
因此，在大多数情况下，工资和利润几乎构成了高价的全部。
Rent comes in but for a very small share, frequently for no share; and the most fertile mines only afford any considerable rent.
租金进来了，但只占很小的份额，通常是没有份额；最肥沃的矿山只能支付相当可观的租金。
When Tavernier, a jeweller, visited the diamond mines of Golconda and Visiapour, he was informed that the sovereign of the country, for whose benefit they were wrought, had ordered all of them to be shut up except those which yielded the largest and finest stones.
当珠宝商塔维尼尔 (Tavernier) 参观戈尔康达 (Golconda) 和维西亚普尔 (Visiapour) 的钻石矿时，他获悉，这些钻石矿的开采是为了国家的利益，国家元首已下令关闭所有钻石矿，除了那些出产最大、最优质钻石的钻石矿外。
The other, it seems, were to the proprietor not worth the working.
另一个对于业主来说似乎不值得工作。
As the prices, both of the precious metals and of the precious stones, is regulated all over the world by their price at the most fertile mine in it, the rent which a mine of either can afford to its proprietor is in proportion, not to its absolute, but to what may be called its relative fertility, or to its superiority over other mines of the same kind.
由于贵金属和宝石的价格在全世界范围内都是由其中最肥沃的矿山的价格来调节的，因此，任何一种矿山为其所有者所能支付的租金与其绝对值成正比，而与其所谓的相对肥沃性成正比，或者与其相对于同类矿山的优越性成正比。
If new mines were discovered, as much superior to those of Potosi, as they were superior to those of Europe, the value of silver might be so much degraded as to render even the mines of Potosi not worth the working.
如果发现新的矿井，其性能远远优于波托西的矿井，就像它们优于欧洲的矿井一样，那么白银的价值可能会大大降低，甚至导致波托西的矿井不值得开采。
Before the discovery of the Spanish West Indies, the most fertile mines in Europe may have afforded as great a rent to their proprietors as the richest mines in Peru do at present.
在发现西属西印度群岛之前，欧洲最富饶的矿山为其所有者提供的租金可能与目前秘鲁最富有的矿山一样高。
Though the quantity of silver was much less, it might have exchanged for an equal quantity of other goods, and the proprietor’s share might have enabled him to purchase or command an equal quantity either of labour or of commodities.
尽管白银的数量要少得多，但它可以交换等量的其他商品，而所有者的份额可能使他能够购买或指挥等量的劳动力或商品。
The value, both of the produce and of the rent, the real revenue which they afforded, both to the public and to the proprietor, might have been the same.
产品和租金的价值，即它们为公众和所有者提供的实际收入，可能是相同的。
The most abundant mines, either of the precious metals, or of the precious stones, could add little to the wealth of the world.
最丰富的矿藏，无论是贵金属矿还是宝石矿，对世界财富的增加微乎其微。
A produce, of which the value is principally derived from its scarcity, is necessarily degraded by its abundance.
一种产品的价值主要源于其稀缺性，但其丰富性必然会导致其品质下降。
A service of plate, and the other frivolous ornaments of dress and furniture, could be purchased for a smaller quantity of commodities; and in this would consist the sole advantage which the world could derive from that abundance.
盘子的服务，以及其他琐碎的服装和家具装饰品，可以用较少数量的商品购买；这就是世界可以从这种丰富中获得的唯一优势。
It is otherwise in estates above ground.
地上的庄园则不然。
The value, both of their produce and of their rent, is in proportion to their absolute, and not to their relative fertility.
他们的产品和地租的价值与他们的绝对生育力成正比，而不是与他们的相对生育力成正比。
The land which produces a certain quantity of food, clothes, and lodging, can always feed, clothe, and lodge, a certain number of people; and whatever may be the proportion of the landlord, it will always give him a proportionable command of the labour of those people, and of the commodities with which that labour can supply him.
生产一定数量的食物、衣服和住宿的土地，总是可以供一定数量的人吃、穿、住；无论地主的比例如何，他总是能够对这些人民的劳动以及这些劳动能够向他提供的商品拥有相应的控制权。
The value of the most barren land is not diminished by the neighbourhood of the most fertile.
最贫瘠的土地的价值并不会因邻近最肥沃的土地而减少。
On the contrary, it is generally increased by it.
反之，一般都会随之增加。
The great number of people maintained by the fertile lands afford a market to many parts of the produce of the barren, which they could never have found among those whom their own produce could maintain.
肥沃土地养活的大量人口为贫瘠地区的许多产品提供了市场，而他们在那些自己的产品可以维持的人中永远找不到这样的市场。
Whatever increases the fertility of land in producing food, increases not only the value of the lands upon which the improvement is bestowed, but contributes likewise to increase that of many other lands, by creating a new demand for their produce.
任何增加生产粮食的土地肥力的措施，不仅会增加改良土地的价值，而且会通过创造对农产品的新需求，同样有助于增加许多其他土地的价值。
That abundance of food, of which, in consequence of the improvement of land, many people have the disposal beyond what they themselves can consume, is the great cause of the demand, both for the precious metals and the precious stones, as well as for every other conveniency and ornament of dress, lodging, household furniture, and equipage.
由于土地的改善，许多人的食物供应量超出了他们自己的消费能力，这是对贵金属和宝石以及服装、住宿、家用家具和设备等所有其他便利和装饰品的需求的主要原因。
Food not only constitutes the principal part of the riches of the world, but it is the abundance of food which gives the principal part of their value to many other sorts of riches.
食物不仅构成了世界财富的主要部分，而且正是丰富的食物为许多其他种类的财富提供了主要价值。
The poor inhabitants of Cuba and St. Domingo, when they were first discovered by the Spaniards, used to wear little bits of gold as ornaments in their hair and other parts of their dress.
古巴和圣多明各的贫穷居民在首次被西班牙人发现时，习惯在头发和衣服的其他部位佩戴小金币作为装饰品。
They seemed to value them as we would do any little pebbles of somewhat more than ordinary beauty, and to consider them as just worth the picking up, but not worth the refusing to any body who asked them, They gave them to their new guests at the first request, without seeming to think that they had made them any very valuable present.
他们似乎很重视它们，就像我们对待任何比普通美丽的小鹅卵石一样，并认为它们只是值得捡起来，但不值得拒绝任何询问它们的人，他们在第一次要求时就把它们送给了新客人，似乎并不认为他们给了他们任何非常有价值的礼物。
They were astonished to observe the rage of the Spaniards to obtain them; and had no notion that there could anywhere be a country in which many people had the disposal of so great a superfluity of food; so scanty always among themselves, that, for a very small quantity of those glittering baubles, they would willingly give as much as might maintain a whole family for many years.
他们惊讶地发现西班牙人为了得到它们而如此愤怒。没有想到会有一个国家的许多人可以支配如此多的过剩食物；他们之间总是如此匮乏，以至于为了极少量的那些闪闪发光的小玩意，他们愿意付出足够维持整个家庭多年的钱。
Could they have been made to understand this, the passion of the Spaniards would not have surprised them.
如果他们能够理解这一点，西班牙人的热情就不会令他们感到惊讶。
PART III.—Of the variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of that sort of Produce which always affords Rent, and of that which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent.
第三部分——始终提供租金的产品和有时提供租金、有时不提供租金的产品各自价值之间比例的变化。
The increasing abundance of food, in consequence of the increasing improvement and cultivation, must necessarily increase the demand for every part of the produce of land which is not food, and which can be applied either to use or to ornament.
由于改良和耕种的不断增加，粮食日益丰富，必然会增加对非粮食、可用于使用或装饰的土地产品的每一部分的需求。
In the whole progress of improvement, it might, therefore, be expected there should be only one variation in the comparative values of those two different sorts of produce.
因此，在整个改进过程中，可以预期这两种不同种类的产品的比较价值应该只有一种变化。
The value of that sort which sometimes does, and sometimes does not afford rent, should constantly rise in proportion to that which always affords some rent.
那些有时提供租金、有时不提供租金的物品的价值，应该与总是提供租金的物品成比例地不断上升。
As art and industry advance, the materials of clothing and lodging, the useful fossils and materials of the earth, the precious metals and the precious stones, should gradually come to be more and more in demand, should gradually exchange for a greater and a greater quantity of food; or, in other words, should gradually become dearer and dearer.
随着艺术和工业的进步，衣服和住宿的材料，有用的化石和地球材料，贵重金属和宝石，应该逐渐变得越来越需要，应该逐渐换取越来越多的食物；或者，换句话说，应该逐渐变得越来越昂贵。
This, accordingly, has been the case with most of these things upon most occasions, and would have been the case with all of them upon all occasions, if particular accidents had not, upon some occasions, increased the supply of some of them in a still greater proportion than the demand.
因此，在大多数情况下，这些东西中的大多数都是这种情况，而且如果没有特定的事故，在某些情况下，其中某些东西的供应量增加得比需求量还要大，那么所有这些东西在所有情况下都会出现这种情况。
The value of a free-stone quarry, for example, will necessarily increase with the increasing improvement and population of the country round about it, especially if it should be the only one in the neighbourhood.
例如，随着周围国家的不断进步和人口的增加，自由采石场的价值必然会增加，特别是如果它是附近唯一的采石场的话。
But the value of a silver mine, even though there should not be another within a thousand miles of it, will not necessarily increase with the improvement of the country in which it is situated.
但是，即使方圆一千英里之内不应该有银矿，银矿的价值也不一定会随着其所在国家的进步而增加。
The market for the produce of a free-stone quarry can seldom extend more than a few miles round about it, and the demand must generally be in proportion to the improvement and population of that small district; but the market for the produce of a silver mine may extend over the whole known world.
自由采石场的产品市场很少能延伸到周围几英里以外，而且需求通常必须与该小地区的改善和人口成比例；但银矿产品的市场可能遍及整个已知世界。
Unless the world in general, therefore, be advancing in improvement and population, the demand for silver might not be at all increased by the improvement even of a large country in the neighbourhood of the mine.
因此，除非整个世界在进步和人口方面取得进步，否则即使是矿区附近的大国的进步也可能根本不会增加对白银的需求。
Even though the world in general were improving, yet if, in the course of its improvements, new mines should be discovered, much more fertile than any which had been known before, though the demand for silver would necessarily increase, yet the supply might increase in so much a greater proportion, that the real price of that metal might gradually fall; that is, any given quantity, a pound weight of it, for example, might gradually purchase or command a smaller and a smaller quantity of labour, or exchange for a smaller and a smaller quantity of corn, the principal part of the subsistence of the labourer.
尽管世界总体上正在改善，但如果在改善的过程中发现了新的矿藏，比以前已知的任何矿藏都肥沃得多，尽管对白银的需求必然会增加，但供应量可能会以更大的比例增加，以致该金属的实际价格可能会逐渐下降；也就是说，任何给定的数量，例如一磅重量，都可能逐渐购买或要求越来越少的劳动力，或者交换越来越少的玉米，而玉米是工人生活的主要部分。
The great market for silver is the commercial and civilized part of the world.
白银的巨大市场是世界的商业和文明部分。
If, by the general progress of improvement, the demand of this market should increase, while, at the same time, the supply did not increase in the same proportion, the value of silver would gradually rise in proportion to that of corn.
如果随着总体改善的进展，这个市场的需求增加，而同时供应却没有按同比例增加，那么白银的价值将与玉米的价值成比例地逐渐上升。
Any given quantity of silver would exchange for a greater and a greater quantity of corn; or, in other words, the average money price of corn would gradually become cheaper and cheaper.
任何一定数量的白银都可以换取越来越多的谷物。或者换句话说，玉米的平均货币价格将逐渐变得越来越便宜。
If, on the contrary, the supply, by some accident, should increase, for many years together, in a greater proportion than the demand, that metal would gradually become cheaper and cheaper; or, in other words, the average money price of corn would, in spite of all improvements, gradually become dearer and dearer.
相反，如果由于某种意外，供应量多年来一直以比需求更大的比例增加，那么这种金属就会逐渐变得越来越便宜；或者，换句话说，尽管有种种改善，玉米的平均货币价格仍会逐渐变得越来越贵。
But if, on the other hand, the supply of that metal should increase nearly in the same proportion as the demand, it would continue to purchase or exchange for nearly the same quantity of corn; and the average money price of corn would, in spite of all improvements.
但另一方面，如果该金属的供应量几乎以与需求量相同的比例增加，那么它将继续购买或交换几乎相同数量的玉米；尽管有所改善，但玉米的平均货币价格仍会上涨。
continue very nearly the same.
继续几乎相同。
These three seem to exhaust all the possible combinations of events which can happen in the progress of improvement; and during the course of the four centuries preceding the present, if we may judge by what has happened both in France and Great Britain, each of those three different combinations seems to have taken place in the European market, and nearly in the same order, too, in which I have here set them down.
这三者似乎穷尽了改进过程中可能发生的所有可能的事件组合；在迄今为止的四个世纪中，如果我们可以根据法国和英国发生的事情来判断，这三种不同的组合似乎都在欧洲市场上发生过，而且也几乎按照我在这里列出的顺序进行。
_Digression concerning the Variations in the value of Silver during the Course of the Four last Centuries._
_关于过去四个世纪期间白银价值变化的题外话。_
First Period.—In 1350, and for some time before, the average price of the quarter of wheat in England seems not to have been estimated lower than four ounces of silver, Tower weight, equal to about twenty shillings of our present money.
第一时期——1350年以及之前的一段时间里，英国四分之一小麦的平均价格似乎不低于四盎司白银，塔重，相当于我们现在的货币大约二十先令。
From this price it seems to have fallen gradually to two ounces of silver, equal to about ten shillings of our present money, the price at which we find it estimated in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and at which it seems to have continued to be estimated till about 1570.
从这个价格开始，它似乎逐渐下降到两盎司白银，大约相当于我们现在的货币十先令，我们发现它是在 16 世纪初估算的，而且似乎一直持续到 1570 年左右。
In 1350, being the 25th of Edward III.
1350年，爱德华三世第25代。
was enacted what is called the Statute of Labourers.
颁布了所谓的《劳工法》。
In the preamble, it complains much of the insolence of servants, who endeavoured to raise their wages upon their masters.
在序言中，它抱怨了仆人的无礼行为，他们竭力向主人提高工资。
It therefore ordains, that all servants and labourers should, for the future, be contented with the same wages and liveries (liveries in those times signified not only clothes, but provisions) which they had been accustomed to receive in the 20th year of the king, and the four preceding years; that, upon this account, their livery-wheat should nowhere be estimated higher than tenpence a-bushel, and that it should always be in the option of the master to deliver them either the wheat or the money.
因此，它规定，所有仆人和劳工在未来都应该满足于他们在国王第二十年和之前的四年中习惯收到的同样的工资和制服（当时的制服不仅意味着衣服，还意味着食物）；因此，他们的小麦的估价不应高于十便士一蒲式耳，并且主人始终可以选择向他们提供小麦或金钱。
Tenpence: a-bushel, therefore, had, in the 25th of Edward III.
十便士：一蒲式耳，因此，在爱德华三世二十五年。
been reckoned a very moderate price of wheat, since it required a particular statute to oblige servants to accept of it in exchange for their usual livery of provisions; and it had been reckoned a reasonable price ten years before that, or in the 16th year of the king, the term to which the statute refers.
小麦的价格被认为是非常适中的，因为它需要一项特殊的法规来强制仆人接受小麦以换取他们通常的粮食；十年前，即法令所指的国王第十六年，它就被认为是合理的价格。
But in the 16th year of Edward III.
但在爱德华三世16年。
tenpence contained about half an ounce of silver, Tower weight, and was nearly equal to half-a-crown of our present money.
十便士大约含半盎司银（塔重），几乎等于我们现在的货币半克朗。
Four ounces of silver, Tower weight, therefore, equal to six shillings and eightpence of the money of those times, and to near twenty shillings of that of the present, must have been reckoned a moderate price for the quarter of eight bushels.
因此，塔重四盎司的白银相当于当时的六先令八便士，相当于现在的近二十先令，对于八蒲式耳四分之一的银子来说，一定被认为是一个适中的价格。
This statute is surely a better evidence of what was reckoned, in those times, a moderate price of grain, than the prices of some particular years, which have generally been recorded by historians and other writers, on account of their extraordinary dearness or cheapness, and from which, therefore, it is difficult to form any judgment concerning what may have been the ordinary price.
与历史学家和其他作家一般记录的某些特定年份的价格相比，这一法规无疑是当时被认为是适度的谷物价格的更好证据，因为这些年份的价格异常昂贵或便宜，因此很难对可能的普通价格做出任何判断。
There are, besides, other reasons for believing that, in the beginning of the fourteenth century, and for some time before, the common price of wheat was not less than four ounces of silver the quarter, and that of other grain in proportion.
此外，还有其他理由相信，在十四世纪初以及之前的一段时间内，小麦的共同价格不低于每季度四盎司白银，其他谷物的价格也按比例计算。
In 1309, Ralph de Born, prior of St Augustine’s, Canterbury, gave a feast upon his installation-day, of which William Thorn has preserved, not only the bill of fare, but the prices of many particulars.
1309 年，坎特伯雷圣奥古斯丁修道院院长拉尔夫·德·博恩 (Ralph de Born) 在就职日举办了一场盛宴，威廉·索恩 (William Thorn) 不仅保留了餐单，还保留了许多细节的价格。
In that feast were consumed, 1st, fifty-three quarters of wheat, which cost nineteen pounds, or seven shillings, and twopence a-quarter, equal to about one-and-twenty shillings and sixpence of our present money; 2dly, fifty-eight quarters of malt, which cost seventeen pounds ten shillings, or six shillings a-quarter, equal to about eighteen shillings of our present money; 3dly, twenty quarters of oats, which cost four pounds, or four shillings a-quarter, equal to about twelve shillings of our present money.
在那场盛宴中，第一，消耗了五分之五三的小麦，每四分之一价值十九英镑，即七先令二便士，相当于我们现在的货币大约一又二十先令六便士；第二，五十八夸特麦芽，价值十七英镑十先令，即四分之一六先令，相当于我们现在的钱十八先令；第三，二十四分之一的燕麦，价值四英镑，四先令四分之一，相当于我们现在的钱大约十二先令。
The prices of malt and oats seem here to be higher than their ordinary proportion to the price of wheat.
麦芽和燕麦的价格似乎高于其与小麦价格的正常比例。
These prices are not recorded, on account of their extraordinary dearness or cheapness, but are mentioned accidentally, as the prices actually paid for large quantities of grain consumed at a feast, which was famous for its magnificence.
这些价格没有被记录下来，因为它们非常昂贵或便宜，而是偶然被提及的，因为这些价格是在一场以盛大而闻名的盛宴上消耗的大量粮食的实际价格。
In 1262, being the 51st of Henry III.
1262年，亨利三世第51代。
was revived an ancient statute, called the assize of bread and ale, which, the king says in the preamble, had been made in the times of his progenitors, some time kings of England.
国王在序言中说，一项古老的法规被恢复，称为面包和麦芽酒巡回法院，是在他的祖先（有时是英格兰国王）时代制定的。
It is probably, therefore, as old at least as the time of his grandfather, Henry II.
因此，它的历史可能至少与他的祖父亨利二世的时代一样古老。
and may have been as old as the Conquest.
可能和征服时期一样古老。
It regulates the price of bread according as the prices of wheat may happen to be, from one shilling to twenty shillings the quarter of the money of those times.
它根据小麦的价格调整面包的价格，从一先令到二十先令（相当于当时货币的四分之一）。
But statutes of this kind are generally presumed to provide with equal care for all deviations from the middle price, for those below it, as well as for those above it.
但一般认为此类法规对所有偏离中间价格的情况（无论是低于中间价格还是高于中间价格）都给予同等关注。
Ten shillings, therefore, containing six ounces of silver, Tower weight, and equal to about thirty shillings of our present money, must, upon this supposition, have been reckoned the middle price of the quarter of wheat when this statute was first enacted, and must have continued to be so in the 51st of Henry III.
因此，十先令包含六盎司的白银（塔重），大约相当于我们现在的货币三十先令，根据这一假设，在该法规首次颁布时，必定已被视为四分之一小麦的中间价格，并且在亨利三世五十一年期间必定继续如此。
We cannot, therefore, be very wrong in supposing that the middle price was not less than one-third of the highest price at which this statute regulates the price of bread, or than six shillings and eightpence of the money of those times, containing four ounces of silver, Tower weight.
因此，我们假设中间价格不低于该法规规定面包价格的最高价格的三分之一，或者不低于当时包含四盎司银（塔重）的六先令八便士的货币，这不会是非常错误的。
From these different facts, therefore, we seem to have some reason to conclude that, about the middle of the fourteenth century, and for a considerable time before, the average or ordinary price of the quarter of wheat was not supposed to be less than four ounces of silver, Tower weight.
因此，根据这些不同的事实，我们似乎有理由得出这样的结论：大约在十四世纪中叶，以及在此之前的相当长的一段时间内，四分之一小麦的平均或正常价格不应低于四盎司银（塔重）。
From about the middle of the fourteenth to the beginning of the sixteenth century, what was reckoned the reasonable and moderate, that is, the ordinary or average price of wheat, seems to have sunk gradually to about one half of this price; so as at last to have fallen to about two ounces of silver, Tower weight, equal to about ten shillings of our present money.
大约从十四世纪中叶到十六世纪初，原本认为合理和适度的小麦的普通或平均价格似乎逐渐下降到了这个价格的一半左右；最终跌至约两盎司银塔重量，相当于我们现在的货币约十先令。
It continued to be estimated at this price till about 1570.
直到1570年左右，一直按这个价格估价。
In the household book of Henry, the fifth earl of Northumberland, drawn up in 1512 there are two different estimations of wheat.
诺森伯兰郡第五代伯爵亨利于 1512 年起草的家谱中，对小麦有两种不同的估计。
In one of them it is computed at six shilling and eightpence the quarter, in the other at five shillings and eightpence only.
其中一个按每季度六先令八便士计算，而另一个则仅按五先令八便士计算。
In 1512, six shillings and eightpence contained only two ounces of silver, Tower weight, and were equal to about ten shillings of our present money.
1512 年，六先令八便士仅含两盎司银（塔重），大约等于我们现在的十先令货币。
From the 25th of Edward III.
从爱德华三世25日起。
to the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, during the space of more than two hundred years, six shillings and eightpence, it appears from several different statutes, had continued to be considered as what is called the moderate and reasonable, that is, the ordinary or average price of wheat.
到伊丽莎白统治初期，在两百多年的时间里，从几种不同的法规看来，六先令八便士一直被认为是所谓的适度合理的价格，即小麦的普通或平均价格。
The quantity of silver, however, contained in that nominal sum was, during the course of this period, continually diminishing in consequence of some alterations which were made in the coin.
然而，在此期间，由于硬币上的一些改动，名义金额中所含的白银数量不断减少。
But the increase of the value of silver had, it seems, so far compensated the diminution of the quantity of it contained in the same nominal sum, that the legislature did not think it worth while to attend to this circumstance.
但到目前为止，白银价值的增加似乎已经补偿了同一名义金额中白银数量的减少，因此立法机关认为不值得关注这种情况。
Thus, in 1436, it was enacted, that wheat might be exported without a licence when the price was so low as six shillings and eightpence: and in 1463, it was enacted, that no wheat should be imported if the price was not above six shillings and eightpence the quarter: The legislature had imagined, that when the price was so low, there could be no inconveniency in exportation, but that when it rose higher, it became prudent to allow of importation.
因此，在 1436 年，法律规定，当价格低至六先令八便士时，小麦可以在没有许可证的情况下出口；而在 1463 年，法律规定，如果价格不超过每季六先令八便士，则不得进口小麦。允许进口变得谨慎。
Six shillings and eightpence, therefore, containing about the same quantity of silver as thirteen shillings and fourpence of our present money (one-third part less than the same nominal sum contained in the time of Edward III), had, in those times, been considered as what is called the moderate and reasonable price of wheat.
因此，六先令八便士所含的白银数量与我们现在的十三先令四便士的银量大致相同（比爱德华三世时代所含的相同名义金额少了三分之一），在那个时代被认为是所谓的适度合理的小麦价格。
In 1554, by the 1st and 2nd of Philip and Mary, and in 1558, by the 1st of Elizabeth, the exportation of wheat was in the same manner prohibited, whenever the price of the quarter should exceed six shillings and eightpence, which did not then contain two penny worth more silver than the same nominal sum does at present.
1554年，菲利普和玛丽一世和二世，以及1558年伊丽莎白一世，只要每季度的价格超过六先令八便士，其中所含的白银不比目前相同的名义金额多出两便士，就以同样的方式禁止小麦出口。
But it had soon been found, that to restrain the exportation of wheat till the price was so very low, was, in reality, to prohibit it altogether.
但人们很快发现，限制小麦出口直至价格降到如此低的水平，实际上就是完全禁止小麦出口。
In 1562, therefore, by the 5th of Elizabeth, the exportation of wheat was allowed from certain ports, whenever the price of the quarter should not exceed ten shillings, containing nearly the same quantity of silver as the like nominal sum does at present.
因此，到了 1562 年，伊丽莎白二世 5 日，小麦被允许从某些港口出口，只要每 25 美分的价格不得超过 10 先令，其中所含的白银数量几乎与目前的名义金额相同。
This price had at this time, therefore, been considered as what is called the moderate and reasonable price of wheat.
因此，这个价格在当时被认为是所谓的适度合理的小麦价格。
It agrees nearly with the estimation of the Northumberland book in 1512.
它与 1512 年诺森伯兰郡一本书的估计几乎一致。
That in France the average price of grain was, in the same manner, much lower in the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century, than in the two centuries preceding, has been observed both by Mr Dupré de St Maur, and by the elegant author of the Essay on the Policy of Grain.
同样，在法国，15 世纪末和 16 世纪初的谷物平均价格比之前的两个世纪要低得多，杜普雷·德·圣莫尔先生和《谷物政策随笔》的优雅作者都观察到了这一点。
Its price, during the same period, had probably sunk in the same manner through the greater part of Europe.
同一时期，欧洲大部分地区其价格可能也以同样的方式下跌。
This rise in the value of silver, in proportion to that of corn, may either have been owing altogether to the increase of the demand for that metal, in consequence of increasing improvement and cultivation, the supply, in the mean time, continuing the same as before; or, the demand continuing the same as before, it may have been owing altogether to the gradual diminution of the supply: the greater part of the mines which were then known in the world being much exhausted, and, consequently, the expense of working them much increased; or it may have been owing partly to the one, and partly to the other of those two circumstances.
白银的价值与谷物的价值成比例的上涨，可能完全是由于改良和耕种的增加而导致对该金属的需求增加，同时供应量仍与以前相同；或者，需求继续与以前相同，这可能完全是由于供应逐渐减少：当时世界上已知的大部分矿山都已枯竭，因此开采这些矿山的费用大大增加；或者，这可能部分归因于这两种情况中的一种，部分归因于另一种。
In the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries, the greater part of Europe was approaching towards a more settled form of government than it had enjoyed for several ages before.
十五世纪末十六世纪初，欧洲大部分地区正在走向一种比之前几个世纪更加稳定的政府形式。
The increase of security would naturally increase industry and improvement; and the demand for the precious metals, as well as for every other luxury and ornament, would naturally increase with the increase of riches.
安全性的提高，自然会增加工业和进步；随着财富的增加，对贵金属以及其他奢侈品和装饰品的需求自然会增加。
A greater annual produce would require a greater quantity of coin to circulate it; and a greater number of rich people would require a greater quantity of plate and other ornaments of silver.
年产量越高，就需要更多的硬币来流通；更多的富人会需要更多的盘子和其他银饰。
It is natural to suppose, too, that the greater part of the mines which then supplied the European market with silver might be a good deal exhausted, and have become more expensive in the working.
人们也很自然地认为，当时向欧洲市场供应白银的大部分矿山可能已经大量枯竭，并且在开采过程中变得更加昂贵。
They had been wrought, many of them, from the time of the Romans.
其中许多是从罗马时代就开始铸造的。
It has been the opinion, however, of the greater part of those who have written upon the prices of commodities in ancient times, that, from the Conquest, perhaps from the invasion of Julius Caesar, till the discovery of the mines of America, the value of silver was continually diminishing.
然而，大多数撰写古代商品价格的人都认为，从征服，也许从尤利乌斯·凯撒的入侵开始，直到美洲矿藏的发现，白银的价值不断贬值。
This opinion they seem to have been led into, partly by the observations which they had occasion to make upon the prices both of corn and of some other parts of the rude produce of land, and partly by the popular notion, that as the quantity of silver naturally increases in every country with the increase of wealth, so its value diminishes as it quantity increases.
他们似乎是这样认为的，部分是由于他们有机会对玉米和其他一些土地粗产品的价格进行的观察，部分是由于流行的观念，即每个国家的白银数量自然会随着财富的增加而增加，因此随着白银数量的增加，白银的价值也会减少。
In their observations upon the prices of corn, three different circumstances seem frequently to have misled them.
在他们对玉米价格的观察中，三种不同的情况似乎经常误导他们。
First, in ancient times, almost all rents were paid in kind; in a certain quantity of corn, cattle, poultry, etc. It sometimes happened, however, that the landlord would stipulate, that he should be at liberty to demand of the tenant, either the annual payment in kind or a certain sum of money instead of it.
首先，在古代，几乎所有的租金都是以实物支付的；然而，有时地主会规定，他可以自由地要求佃户每年支付实物或一定数额的金钱来代替实物。
The price at which the payment in kind was in this manner exchanged for a certain sum of money, is in Scotland called the conversion price.
以这种方式将实物支付兑换成一定金额的货币的价格在苏格兰称为转换价格。
As the option is always in the landlord to take either the substance or the price, it is necessary, for the safety of the tenant, that the conversion price should rather be below than above the average market price.
由于房东始终可以选择接受实质内容或价格，因此为了租户的安全，转换价格应低于而不是高于平均市场价格。
In many places, accordingly, it is not much above one half of this price.
因此，在许多地方，价格只比这个价格的一半高不了多少。
Through the greater part of Scotland this custom still continues with regard to poultry, and in some places with regard to cattle.
在苏格兰的大部分地区，这种关于家禽的习俗仍然延续着，在某些地方也延续着关于牛的习俗。
It might probably have continued to take place, too, with regard to corn, had not the institution of the public fiars put an end to it.
如果公共财政制度没有制止的话，关于玉米的这种情况可能还会继续发生。
These are annual valuations, according to the judgment of an assize, of the average price of all the different sorts of grain, and of all the different qualities of each, according to the actual market price in every different county.
这些是根据巡回法庭的判断，根据每个不同县的实际市场价格，对所有不同种类、不同质量的谷物的平均价格进行的年度估价。
This institution rendered it sufficiently safe for the tenant, and much more convenient for the landlord, to convert, as they call it, the corn rent, rather at what should happen to be the price of the fiars of each year, than at any certain fixed price.
这一制度使佃户足够安全，对地主来说也更方便，他们可以更方便地兑换玉米租金，而不是按照每年的财政价格，而不是任何固定的价格。
But the writers who have collected the prices of corn in ancient times seem frequently to have mistaken what is called in Scotland the conversion price for the actual market price.
但收集古代玉米价格的作者似乎经常将苏格兰所谓的转换价格误认为是实际市场价格。
Fleetwood acknowledges, upon one occasion, that he had made this mistake.
弗利特伍德有一次承认他犯了这个错误。
As he wrote his book, however, for a particular purpose, he does not think proper to make this acknowledgment till after transcribing this conversion price fifteen times.
然而，当他出于某种特定目的而写这本书时，他认为在将这个转换价格抄写了十五次之后才做出这一确认。
The price is eight shillings the quarter of wheat.
四分之一小麦的价格是八先令。
This sum in 1423, the year at which he begins with it, contained the same quantity of silver as sixteen shillings of our present money.
1423 年，即他开始这样做的那一年，这笔钱所含的白银相当于我们现在的 16 先令货币。
But in 1562, the year at which he ends with it, it contained no more than the same nominal sum does at present.
但在 1562 年，即他结束该计划的那一年，它所包含的名义金额与目前的名义金额相同。
Secondly, they have been misled by the slovenly manner in which some ancient statutes of assize had been sometimes transcribed by lazy copiers, and sometimes, perhaps, actually composed by the legislature.
其次，他们被一些古老的巡回法院法规的草率方式所误导，这些法规有时是由懒惰的抄写者抄写的，有时也许实际上是由立法机关制定的。
The ancient statutes of assize seem to have begun always with determining what ought to be the price of bread and ale when the price of wheat and barley were at the lowest; and to have proceeded gradually to determine what it ought to be, according as the prices of those two sorts of grain should gradually rise above this lowest price.
古代的巡回法庭法规似乎总是从确定小麦和大麦价格最低时面包和麦芽酒的价格开始的。并根据这两种谷物的价格应逐渐升至高于这一最低价格，逐步确定应有的价格。
But the transcribers of those statutes seem frequently to have thought it sufficient to copy the regulation as far as the three or four first and lowest prices; saving in this manner their own labour, and judging, I suppose, that this was enough to show what proportion ought to be observed in all higher prices.
但这些法规的抄写者似乎常常认为将法规复制到三到四个第一和最低价格就足够了；以这种方式节省了他们自己的劳动力，并且我认为，这足以表明在所有更高的价格中应该遵守多少比例。
Thus, in the assize of bread and ale, of the 51st of Henry III.
因此，在亨利三世第 51 世的面包和啤酒巡回法庭中。
the price of bread was regulated according to the different prices of wheat, from one shilling to twenty shillings the quarter of the money of those times.
面包的价格根据小麦的不同价格进行调节，从一先令到二十先令（当时的四分之一货币）不等。
But in the manuscripts from which all the different editions of the statutes, preceding that of Mr Ruffhead, were printed, the copiers had never transcribed this regulation beyond the price of twelve shillings.
但在拉夫海德先生之前的所有不同版本的法规的手稿中，抄写者从来没有以超过十二先令的价格抄写这一规定。
Several writers, therefore, being misled by this faulty transcription, very naturally conclude that the middle price, or six shillings the quarter, equal to about eighteen shillings of our present money, was the ordinary or average price of wheat at that time.
因此，一些作家被这种错误的转录所误导，很自然地得出这样的结论：中间价格，或每季度六先令，相当于我们现在的货币的十八先令，是当时小麦的普通或平均价格。
In the statute of Tumbrel and Pillory, enacted nearly about the same time, the price of ale is regulated according to every sixpence rise in the price of barley, from two shillings, to four shillings the quarter.
在几乎同时颁布的《塔姆布雷尔和颈手枷法令》中，啤酒的价格是根据大麦价格每上涨六便士来调节的，从每季度两先令增加到四先令。
That four shillings, however, was not considered as the highest price to which barley might frequently rise in those times, and that these prices were only given as an example of the proportion which ought to be observed in all other prices, whether higher or lower, we may infer from the last words of the statute: “Et sic deinceps crescetur vel diminuetur per sex denarios.” The expression is very slovenly, but the meaning is plain enough, “that the price of ale is in this manner to be increased or diminished according to every sixpence rise or fall in the price of barley.” In the composition of this statute, the legislature itself seems to have been as negligent as the copiers were in the transcription of the other.
然而，四先令并不被认为是当时大麦可能经常上涨的最高价格，这些价格只是作为所有其他价格（无论更高还是更低）中应遵守的比例的一个例子，我们可以从该法规的最后一句话中推断出：“Et sic deinceps crescetur vel diminuetur per sex denarios”。这个表达方式很不修边幅，但意思很明白，“麦芽酒的价格就这样根据大麦价格每六便士的上涨或下跌而上涨或下跌。”在这部法规的制定过程中，立法机关本身似乎和抄写者在抄录另一部法规时一样疏忽大意。
In an ancient manuscript of the Regiam Majestatem, an old Scotch law book, there is a statute of assize, in which the price of bread is regulated according to all the different prices of wheat, from tenpence to three shillings the Scotch boll, equal to about half an English quarter.
在一部古老的苏格兰法律书籍《Regiam Majestatem》的一份古老手稿中，有一项巡回法规，其中面包的价格根据小麦的所有不同价格进行调节，从十便士到三先令苏格兰棉铃，大约相当于英国四分之一的硬币。
Three shillings Scotch, at the time when this assize is supposed to have been enacted, were equal to about nine shillings sterling of our present money.
在本次巡回法庭应该颁布的时候，三先令苏格兰威士忌大约相当于我们现在的九先令英镑。
Mr Ruddiman seems {See his Preface to Anderson’s Diplomata Scotiae.} to conclude from this, that three shillings was the highest price to which wheat ever rose in those times, and that tenpence, a shilling, or at most two shillings, were the ordinary prices.
鲁迪曼先生似乎{参见他为安德森的《斯科蒂亚外交官》所作的序言。}由此得出的结论是，三先令是当时小麦上涨的最高价格，而十便士、一先令或最多两先令是普通价格。
Upon consulting the manuscript, however, it appears evidently, that all these prices are only set down as examples of the proportion which ought to be observed between the respective prices of wheat and bread.
然而，在查阅手稿后，显然所有这些价格都只是作为小麦和面包各自价格之间应遵守的比例的例子而列出。
The last words of the statute are “reliqua judicabis secundum praescripta, habendo respectum ad pretium bladi.”—“You shall judge of the remaining cases, according to what is above written, having respect to the price of corn.”
该法规的最后一句话是“reliqua judicabis secundum praescripta, habendo respectum ad pretium bladi。”——“您应根据上述规定，考虑到玉米的价格，对其余案件进行判决。”
Thirdly, they seem to have been misled too, by the very low price at which wheat was sometimes sold in very ancient times; and to have imagined, that as its lowest price was then much lower than in later times its ordinary price must likewise have been much lower.
第三，他们似乎也被误导了，因为在非常古老的时代，小麦有时会以非常低的价格出售。可以想象，由于当时的最低价格远低于后来的价格，因此其正常价格也一定低得多。
They might have found, however, that in those ancient times its highest price was fully as much above, as its lowest price was below any thing that had ever been known in later times.
然而，他们可能已经发现，在古代，其最高价格完全高于其最低价格，而其最低价格则低于后来已知的任何价格。
Thus, in 1270, Fleetwood gives us two prices of the quarter of wheat.
因此，在 1270 年，弗利特伍德给了我们两个季度小麦的价格。
The one is four pounds sixteen shillings of the money of those times, equal to fourteen pounds eight shillings of that of the present; the other is six pounds eight shillings, equal to nineteen pounds four shillings of our present money.
一枚是当时的四镑十六先令，相当于现在的十四镑八先令。另一种是六英镑八先令，相当于我们现在的货币十九英镑四先令。
No price can be found in the end of the fifteenth, or beginning of the sixteenth century, which approaches to the extravagance of these.
在十五世纪末或十六世纪初，找不到任何接近这些奢侈的价格。
The price of corn, though at all times liable to variation varies most in those turbulent and disorderly societies, in which the interruption of all commerce and communication hinders the plenty of one part of the country from relieving the scarcity of another.
玉米的价格虽然在任何时候都容易变化，但在那些动荡和无序的社会中变化最大，在这些社会中，所有商业和通讯的中断阻碍了该国某一地区的富裕程度，无法缓解另一地区的匮乏。
In the disorderly state of England under the Plantagenets, who governed it from about the middle of the twelfth till towards the end of the fifteenth century, one district might be in plenty, while another, at no great distance, by having its crop destroyed, either by some accident of the seasons, or by the incursion of some neighbouring baron, might be suffering all the horrors of a famine; and yet if the lands of some hostile lord were interposed between them, the one might not be able to give the least assistance to the other.
金雀花王朝从大约十二世纪中叶到十五世纪末，在金雀花王朝的统治下，英国处于混乱的状态，一个地区可能很富裕，而距离不远的另一个地区，由于季节的意外，或者邻近某个男爵的入侵，农作物被毁，可能正在遭受饥荒的恐怖；然而，如果他们之间夹着某个敌对领主的土地，一方可能无法向另一方提供哪怕一丁点的帮助。
Under the vigorous administration of the Tudors, who governed England during the latter part of the fifteenth, and through the whole of the sixteenth century, no baron was powerful enough to dare to disturb the public security.
在都铎王朝统治英格兰的十五世纪后期乃至整个十六世纪的大力管理下，没有一个男爵有足够的权力敢于扰乱公共安全。
The reader will find at the end of this chapter all the prices of wheat which have been collected by Fleetwood, from 1202 to 1597, both inclusive, reduced to the money of the present times, and digested, according to the order of time, into seven divisions of twelve years each.
读者将在本章末尾找到弗利特伍德从 1202 年到 1597 年收集的所有小麦价格，包括在内，折算成当前的货币，并根据时间顺序分为七个部分，每个部分为十二年。
At the end of each division, too, he will find the average price of the twelve years of which it consists.
在每个部门结束时，他也会找到该部门所组成的十二年的平均价格。
In that long period of time, Fleetwood has been able to collect the prices of no more than eighty years; so that four years are wanting to make out the last twelve years.
在那段漫长的时间里，弗利特伍德能收集到的价格不超过八十年；所以四年是用来弥补过去十二年的。
I have added, therefore, from the accounts of Eton college, the prices of 1598, 1599, 1600, and 1601.
因此，我从伊顿公学的账目中添加了 1598、1599、1600 和 1601 的价格。
It is the only addition which I have made.
这是我所做的唯一补充。
The reader will see, that from the beginning of the thirteenth till after the middle of the sixteenth century, the average price of each twelve years grows gradually lower and lower; and that towards the end of the sixteenth century it begins to rise again.
读者会看到，从十三世纪初到十六世纪中叶以后，每十二年的平均价格逐渐降低；到了十六世纪末，它开始再次崛起。
The prices, indeed, which Fleetwood has been able to collect, seem to have been those chiefly which were remarkable for extraordinary dearness or cheapness; and I do not pretend that any very certain conclusion can be drawn from them.
事实上，弗利特伍德能够收集到的价格似乎主要是那些因异常昂贵或廉价而引人注目的价格；我并不假装可以从它们中得出任何非常确定的结论。
So far, however, as they prove any thing at all, they confirm the account which I have been endeavouring to give.
然而，到目前为止，无论他们证明了什么，他们都证实了我一直在努力提供的说法。
Fleetwood himself, however, seems, with most other writers, to have believed, that, during all this period, the value of silver, in consequence of its increasing abundance, was continually diminishing.
然而，弗利特伍德本人似乎与大多数其他作家一样相信，在整个这段时期，白银的价值由于其数量的增加而不断减少。
The prices of corn, which he himself has collected, certainly do not agree with this opinion.
他自己收集的玉米价格当然不同意这种观点。
They agree perfectly with that of Mr Dupré de St Maur, and with that which I have been endeavouring to explain.
它们与杜普雷·德·圣莫尔先生的观点以及我一直在努力解释的观点完全一致。
Bishop Fleetwood and Mr Dupré de St Maur are the two authors who seem to have collected, with the greatest diligence and fidelity, the prices of things in ancient times.
弗利特伍德主教和杜普雷·德·圣莫尔先生是两位作者，他们似乎以最大的勤奋和忠诚收集了古代物品的价格。
It is somewhat curious that, though their opinions are so very different, their facts, so far as they relate to the price of corn at least, should coincide so very exactly.
有点奇怪的是，尽管他们的观点如此不同，但他们的事实，至少就与玉米价格有关的情况而言，应该非常精确地一致。
It is not, however, so much from the low price of corn, as from that of some other parts of the rude produce of land, that the most judicious writers have inferred the great value of silver in those very ancient times.
然而，最明智的作家们之所以推断出白银在远古时代的巨大价值，与其说是因为玉米价格低廉，不如说是因为土地其他一些原始产品的价格低廉。
Corn, it has been said, being a sort of manufacture, was, in those rude ages, much dearer in proportion than the greater part of other commodities; it is meant, I suppose, than the greater part of unmanufactured commodities, such as cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, etc. That in those times of poverty and barbarism these were proportionably much cheaper than corn, is undoubtedly true.
据说，玉米作为一种制成品，在那些原始时代，其价格比大部分其他商品要贵得多。我想，它的意思是比大部分未加工的商品，如牛、家禽、各种野味等。在那些贫穷和野蛮的时代，这些商品相对来说比玉米便宜得多，这无疑是正确的。
But this cheapness was not the effect of the high value of silver, but of the low value of those commodities.
但这种廉价并不是白银价值高的结果，而是这些商品价值低的结果。
It was not because silver would in such times purchase or represent a greater quantity of labour, but because such commodities would purchase or represent a much smaller quantity than in times of more opulence and improvement.
这并不是因为白银在这样的时代可以购买或代表更多的劳动力，而是因为与更加富裕和进步的时代相比，这些商品可以购买或代表更少的数量。
Silver must certainly be cheaper in Spanish America than in Europe; in the country where it is produced, than in the country to which it is brought, at the expense of a long carriage both by land and by sea, of a freight, and an insurance.
西班牙美洲的白银肯定比欧洲便宜。在其生产国，而不是在其运达国，其代价是陆路和海上的长途运输、运费和保险。
One-and-twenty pence halfpenny sterling, however, we are told by Ulloa, was, not many years ago, at Buenos Ayres, the price of an ox chosen from a herd of three or four hundred.
然而，乌略亚告诉我们，几年前，在布宜诺斯艾利斯，从三四百头牛群中选出一头牛的价格是一二十便士半便士英镑。
Sixteen shillings sterling, we are told by Mr Byron, was the price of a good horse in the capital of Chili.
拜伦先生告诉我们，在智利首都，一匹好马的价格是十六先令英镑。
In a country naturally fertile, but of which the far greater part is altogether uncultivated, cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, etc. as they can be acquired with a very small quantity of labour, so they will purchase or command but a very small quantity.
在一个自然肥沃但大部分都未开垦的国家里，牛、家禽、各种野味等，因为用极少量的劳动就能获得，所以他们只会购买或支配极少量的东西。
The low money price for which they may be sold, is no proof that the real value of silver is there very high, but that the real value of those commodities is very low.
它们的售价较低，并不能证明白银的实际价值非常高，而是表明这些商品的实际价值非常低。
Labour, it must always be remembered, and not any particular commodity, or set of commodities, is the real measure of the value both of silver and of all other commodities.
必须永远记住，衡量白银和所有其他商品价值的真正尺度是劳动，而不是任何特定的商品或一组商品。
But in countries almost waste, or but thinly inhabited, cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, etc. as they are the spontaneous productions of Nature, so she frequently produces them in much greater quantities than the consumption of the inhabitants requires.
但在几乎荒废或人烟稀少的国家，牛、家禽、各种野味等都是大自然的自发产物，因此她生产的数量常常远远超过居民的消费需求。
In such a state of things, the supply commonly exceeds the demand.
在这种情况下，供应通常超过需求。
In different states of society, in different states of improvement, therefore, such commodities will represent, or be equivalent, to very different quantities of labour.
因此，在不同的社会状态、不同的进步状态中，这些商品将代表或相当于不同数量的劳动。
In every state of society, in every stage of improvement, corn is the production of human industry.
在社会的每一个状态、每一个进步的阶段，玉米都是人类工业的产物。
But the average produce of every sort of industry is always suited, more or less exactly, to the average consumption; the average supply to the average demand.
但每种工业的平均产量总是或多或少地与平均消费相适应。平均供给与平均需求。
In every different stage of improvement, besides, the raising of equal quantities of corn in the same soil and climate, will, at an average, require nearly equal quantities of labour; or, what comes to the same thing, the price of nearly equal quantities; the continual increase of the productive powers of labour, in an improved state of cultivation, being more or less counterbalanced by the continual increasing price of cattle, the principal instruments of agriculture.
此外，在每个不同的改良阶段，在相同的土壤和气候下种植等量的玉米，平均而言需要几乎等量的劳动力；或者，同样的东西，数量几乎相等的价格；随着耕种状况的改善，劳动生产力不断提高，但主要农业工具牛的价格不断上涨或多或少抵消了这一作用。
Upon all these accounts, therefore, we may rest assured, that equal quantities of corn will, in every state of society, in every stage of improvement, more nearly represent, or be equivalent to, equal quantities of labour, than equal quantities of any other part of the rude produce of land.
因此，基于所有这些考虑，我们可以放心，在每一个社会状态、每一个改进阶段，等量的谷物将比等量的任何其他土地粗产品更接近地代表或等同于等量的劳动。
Corn, accordingly, it has already been observed, is, in all the different stages of wealth and improvement, a more accurate measure of value than any other commodity or set of commodities.
因此，人们已经观察到，在财富和进步的所有不同阶段，玉米是比任何其他商品或商品组更准确的价值衡量标准。
In all those different stages, therefore, we can judge better of the real value of silver, by comparing it with corn, than by comparing it with any other commodity or set of commodities.
因此，在所有这些不同阶段，我们可以通过将白银与玉米进行比较，而不是将其与任何其他商品或一组商品进行比较来更好地判断白银的实际价值。
Corn, besides, or whatever else is the common and favourite vegetable food of the people, constitutes, in every civilized country, the principal part of the subsistence of the labourer.
此外，玉米或其他人们普遍喜爱的蔬菜食品，在每个文明国家都是劳动者生活的主要部分。
In consequence of the extension of agriculture, the land of every country produces a much greater quantity of vegetable than of animal food, and the labourer everywhere lives chiefly upon the wholesome food that is cheapest and most abundant.
由于农业的扩展，每个国家的土地生产的蔬菜数量远远多于动物食品，各地的劳动者主要依靠最便宜和最丰富的有益健康的食物生活。
Butcher’s meat, except in the most thriving countries, or where labour is most highly rewarded, makes but an insignificant part of his subsistence; poultry makes a still smaller part of it, and game no part of it.
除在最繁荣的国家或劳动报酬最高的国家外，屠夫的肉只占其生存的微不足道的一部分；家禽只占其中的一小部分，野味则不占其中。
In France, and even in Scotland, where labour is somewhat better rewarded than in France, the labouring poor seldom eat butcher’s meat, except upon holidays, and other extraordinary occasions.
在法国，甚至在苏格兰，劳动报酬比法国要高一些，劳动穷人很少吃肉，除非在假期和其他特殊场合。
The money price of labour, therefore, depends much more upon the average money price of corn, the subsistence of the labourer, than upon that of butcher’s meat, or of any other part of the rude produce of land.
因此，劳动力的货币价格更多地取决于玉米的平均货币价格（即工人的生存），而不是屠宰肉或任何其他土地粗产品的平均货币价格。
The real value of gold and silver, therefore, the real quantity of labour which they can purchase or command, depends much more upon the quantity of corn which they can purchase or command, than upon that of butcher’s meat, or any other part of the rude produce of land.
因此，金银的实际价值，即它们能够购买或支配的实际劳动量，更多地取决于它们能够购买或支配的谷物数量，而不是屠宰肉或任何其他土地粗产品的数量。
Such slight observations, however, upon the prices either of corn or of other commodities, would not probably have misled so many intelligent authors, had they not been influenced at the same time by the popular notion, that as the quantity of silver naturally increases in every country with the increase of wealth, so its value diminishes as its quantity increases.
然而，对玉米或其他商品价格的这种轻微观察，如果没有同时受到流行观念的影响，就不可能误导这么多聪明的作者，即每个国家的白银数量随着财富的增加而自然增加，因此白银的价值随着其数量的增加而减少。
This notion, however, seems to be altogether groundless.
然而，这种想法似乎完全没有根据。
The quantity of the precious metals may increase in any country from two different causes; either, first, from the increased abundance of the mines which supply it; or, secondly, from the increased wealth of the people, from the increased produce of their annual labour.
任何国家的贵金属数量都可能因两个不同的原因而增加：要么，首先，来自供应它的矿山数量的增加；或者，第二，来自人民财富的增加，来自他们每年劳动产品的增加。
The first of these causes is no doubt necessarily connected with the diminution of the value of the precious metals; but the second is not.
第一个原因无疑与贵金属价值的贬值有必然联系。但第二个不是。
When more abundant mines are discovered, a greater quantity of the precious metals is brought to market; and the quantity of the necessaries and conveniencies of life for which they must be exchanged being the same as before, equal quantities of the metals must be exchanged for smaller quantities of commodities.
当发现更丰富的矿藏时，就会有更多的贵金属进入市场；如果所交换的生活必需品和便利品的数量与以前相同，则必须用等量的金属交换较少数量的商品。
So far, therefore, as the increase of the quantity of the precious metals in any country arises from the increased abundance of the mines, it is necessarily connected with some diminution of their value.
因此，到目前为止，由于任何国家的贵金属数量的增加都是由于矿藏丰富度的增加而导致的，因此必然与其价值有所下降有关。
When, on the contrary, the wealth of any country increases, when the annual produce of its labour becomes gradually greater and greater, a greater quantity of coin becomes necessary in order to circulate a greater quantity of commodities: and the people, as they can afford it, as they have more commodities to give for it, will naturally purchase a greater and a greater quantity of plate.
相反，当任何一个国家的财富增加时，当其劳动的年产量逐渐增加时，就需要越来越多的硬币来流通越来越多的商品：而人民，由于他们有能力购买，因为他们有越来越多的商品来购买，自然会购买越来越多的盘子。
The quantity of their coin will increase from necessity; the quantity of their plate from vanity and ostentation, or from the same reason that the quantity of fine statues, pictures, and of every other luxury and curiosity, is likely to increase among them.
他们的硬币数量会根据需要而增加；他们的盘子数量是出于虚荣和炫耀，或者出于同样的原因，他们中精美的雕像、图画以及其他一切奢侈品和好奇心的数量可能会增加。
But as statuaries and painters are not likely to be worse rewarded in times of wealth and prosperity, than in times of poverty and depression, so gold and silver are not likely to be worse paid for.
但是，正如雕像和画家在富裕和繁荣时期获得的报酬不会比在贫困和萧条时期差，因此黄金和白银的报酬也不会更差。
The price of gold and silver, when the accidental discovery of more abundant mines does not keep it down, as it naturally rises with the wealth of every country, so, whatever be the state of the mines, it is at all times naturally higher in a rich than in a poor country.
当偶然发现更丰富的矿藏时，金银的价格不会降低，因为它自然会随着每个国家的财富而上涨，因此，无论矿产状况如何，富国的金银价格总是自然高于穷国。
Gold and silver, like all other commodities, naturally seek the market where the best price is given for them, and the best price is commonly given for every thing in the country which can best afford it.
与所有其他商品一样，黄金和白银自然会寻求为其提供最优惠价格的市场，而最优惠价格通常是为该国最能负担得起的所有物品提供的。
Labour, it must be remembered, is the ultimate price which is paid for every thing; and in countries where labour is equally well rewarded, the money price of labour will be in proportion to that of the subsistence of the labourer.
必须记住，劳动是为一切事物付出的最终代价。在劳动得到同样丰厚回报的国家，劳动的货币价格将与劳动者的生存水平成正比。
But gold and silver will naturally exchange for a greater quantity of subsistence in a rich than in a poor country; in a country which abounds with subsistence, than in one which is but indifferently supplied with it.
但是，在富国，金银自然会比在穷国换取更多的生活必需品。在一个物质丰富的国家，比在一个物质供应匮乏的国家要好。
If the two countries are at a great distance, the difference may be very great; because, though the metals naturally fly from the worse to the better market, yet it may be difficult to transport them in such quantities as to bring their price nearly to a level in both.
如果两国相距较远，差异可能会很大；因为，尽管这些金属自然会从较差的市场流向较好的市场，但运输它们的数量可能很难使其价格接近两者的水平。
If the countries are near, the difference will be smaller, and may sometimes be scarce perceptible; because in this case the transportation will be easy.
如果国家距离较近，差异就会较小，有时甚至难以察觉；因为在这种情况下交通会很方便。
China is a much richer country than any part of Europe, and the difference between the price of subsistence in China and in Europe is very great.
中国是比欧洲任何地方都富裕得多的国家，中国和欧洲的生活价格差异很大。
Rice in China is much cheaper than wheat is any where in Europe.
中国的大米比欧洲任何地方的小麦都便宜得多。
England is a much richer country than Scotland, but the difference between the money price of corn in those two countries is much smaller, and is but just perceptible.
英格兰是一个比苏格兰富裕得多的国家，但这两个国家的玉米货币价格之间的差异要小得多，而且只是可以察觉的。
In proportion to the quantity or measure, Scotch corn generally appears to be a good deal cheaper than English; but, in proportion to its quality, it is certainly somewhat dearer.
就数量或尺寸而言，苏格兰玉米通常比英国玉米便宜得多。但是，与其质量成正比，它的价格肯定要高一些。
Scotland receives almost every year very large supplies from England, and every commodity must commonly be somewhat dearer in the country to which it is brought than in that from which it comes.
苏格兰几乎每年都会从英格兰接收大量物资，而且每种商品在其运抵国的价格通常都比其原产国的价格要高一些。
English corn, therefore, must be dearer in Scotland than in England; and yet in proportion to its quality, or to the quantity and goodness of the flour or meal which can be made from it, it cannot commonly be sold higher there than the Scotch corn which comes to market in competition with it.
因此，英国玉米在苏格兰一定比在英格兰更贵。然而，就其质量而言，或者就其制成的面粉或粗粉的数量和品质而言，它在那里的售价通常不可能高于进入市场与之竞争的苏格兰玉米。
The difference between the money price of labour in China and in Europe, is still greater than that between the money price of subsistence; because the real recompence of labour is higher in Europe than in China, the greater part of Europe being in an improving state, while China seems to be standing still.
中国和欧洲劳动力的货币价格的差异，仍然大于生活资料的货币价格的差异；因为欧洲的实际劳动报酬比中国高，欧洲大部分地区处于改善状态，而中国似乎停滞不前。
The money price of labour is lower in Scotland than in England, because the real recompence of labour is much lower: Scotland, though advancing to greater wealth, advances much more slowly than England.
苏格兰的劳动力货币价格比英格兰低，因为劳动力的实际报酬要低得多：苏格兰虽然正在迈向更大的财富，但进步却比英格兰慢得多。
The frequency of emigration from Scotland, and the rarity of it from England, sufficiently prove that the demand for labour is very different in the two countries.
苏格兰移民的频繁性和英格兰移民的稀少性足以证明两国对劳动力的需求存在很大差异。
The proportion between the real recompence of labour in different countries, it must be remembered, is naturally regulated, not by their actual wealth or poverty, but by their advancing, stationary, or declining condition.
必须记住，不同国家的实际劳动报酬之间的比例自然不是由它们的实际财富或贫困决定的，而是由它们的进步、静止或衰退状况决定的。
Gold and silver, as they are naturally of the greatest value among the richest, so they are naturally of the least value among the poorest nations.
黄金和白银在最富有的国家中自然是最有价值的，因此在最贫穷的国家中它们自然是最不值钱的。
Among savages, the poorest of all nations, they are scarce of any value.
对于所有民族中最贫穷的野蛮人来说，他们几乎没有任何价值。
In great towns, corn is always dearer than in remote parts of the country.
在大城市，玉米总是比该国偏远地区更贵。
This, however, is the effect, not of the real cheapness of silver, but of the real dearness of corn.
然而，这并不是白银真正便宜的结果，而是玉米真正昂贵的结果。
It does not cost less labour to bring silver to the great town than to the remote parts of the country; but it costs a great deal more to bring corn.
将白银运送到大城市所花费的劳动力并不比运送到该国偏远地区要少。但运玉米要花很多钱。
In some very rich and commercial countries, such as Holland and the territory of Genoa, corn is dear for the same reason that it is dear in great towns.
在一些非常富裕和商业化的国家，例如荷兰和热那亚地区，玉米价格昂贵，其原因与大城市的价格昂贵相同。
They do not produce enough to maintain their inhabitants.
他们的生产不足以维持其居民的生活。
They are rich in the industry and skill of their artificers and manufacturers, in every sort of machinery which can facilitate and abridge labour; in shipping, and in all the other instruments and means of carriage and commerce: but they are poor in corn, which, as it must be brought to them from distant countries, must, by an addition to its price, pay for the carriage from those countries.
他们拥有丰富的工业和工匠和制造商的技能，拥有各种可以促进和减少劳动力的机器；在航运以及所有其他运输和商业工具和手段方面，他们缺乏谷物，因为谷物必须从遥远的国家运来，必须通过增加其价格来支付从这些国家的运输费用。
It does not cost less labour to bring silver to Amsterdam than to Dantzic; but it costs a great deal more to bring corn.
将白银运往阿姆斯特丹的劳动力成本并不比运往丹齐克的劳动力少。但运玉米要花很多钱。
The real cost of silver must be nearly the same in both places; but that of corn must be very different.
两地的白银实际成本必定几乎相同；但玉米的情况一定很不同。
Diminish the real opulence either of Holland or of the territory of Genoa, while the number of their inhabitants remains the same; diminish their power of supplying themselves from distant countries; and the price of corn, instead of sinking with that diminution in the quantity of their silver, which must necessarily accompany this declension, either as its cause or as its effect, will rise to the price of a famine.
减少荷兰或热那亚领土的实际富裕程度，而居民人数保持不变；削弱他们从遥远国家供给自己的能力；谷物的价格不会随着白银数量的减少而下降，而白银数量的减少必然伴随着这种下降，无论是其原因还是其结果，反而会上升到饥荒的价格。
When we are in want of necessaries, we must part with all superfluities, of which the value, as it rises in times of opulence and prosperity, so it sinks in times of poverty and distress.
当我们缺乏必需品时，我们必须放弃所有多余的东西，这些东西的价值在富裕和繁荣时升值，在贫穷和苦难时贬值。
It is otherwise with necessaries.
否则是有必要的。
Their real price, the quantity of labour which they can purchase or command, rises in times of poverty and distress, and sinks in times of opulence and prosperity, which are always times of great abundance; for they could not otherwise be times of opulence and prosperity.
他们的实际价格，即他们能够购买或支配的劳动力数量，在贫困和困难时期上升，在富裕和繁荣时期下降，而富裕和繁荣时期总是非常丰富的时期；因为否则他们不可能是富裕和繁荣的时代。
Corn is a necessary, silver is only a superfluity.
玉米是必需品，白银只是多余的。
Whatever, therefore, may have been the increase in the quantity of the precious metals, which, during the period between the middle of the fourteenth and that of the sixteenth century, arose from the increase of wealth and improvement, it could have no tendency to diminish their value, either in Great Britain, or in my other part of Europe.
因此，无论在十四世纪中叶到十六世纪期间，由于财富的增加和进步而导致的贵金属数量的增加如何，无论是在英国还是在欧洲的其他地区，它的价值都不会降低。
If those who have collected the prices of things in ancient times, therefore, had, during this period, no reason to infer the diminution of the value of silver from any observations which they had made upon the prices either of corn, or of other commodities, they had still less reason to infer it from any supposed increase of wealth and improvement.
因此，如果那些收集古代物品价格的人在这一时期没有理由从他们对谷物或其他商品价格的观察中推断出白银价值的下降，那么他们就更没有理由从任何假定的财富和进步的增加中推断出白银的价值下降了。
Second Period.—But how various soever may have been the opinions of the learned concerning the progress of the value of silver during the first period, they are unanimous concerning it during the second.
第二个时期——但是，无论学者们对第一个时期白银价值的进步的看法有多么不同，他们在第二个时期的看法都是一致的。
From about 1570 to about 1640, during a period of about seventy years, the variation in the proportion between the value of silver and that of corn held a quite opposite course.
从大约1570年到大约1640年，在大约七十年的时间里，白银和玉米的价值比例的变化趋势完全相反。
Silver sunk in its real value, or would exchange for a smaller quantity of labour than before; and corn rose in its nominal price, and, instead of being commonly sold for about two ounces of silver the quarter, or about ten shillings of our present money, came to be sold for six and eight ounces of silver the quarter, or about thirty and forty shillings of our present money.
白银的实际价值下降，或者换来的劳动力数量比以前减少；玉米的名义价格上涨，不再是通常以每季度约两盎司白银，即我们现在的货币大约十先令的价格出售，而是以每季度六到八盎司的白银，或我们现在货币的大约三十到四十先令的价格出售。
The discovery of the abundant mines of America seems to have been the sole cause of this diminution in the value of silver, in proportion to that of corn.
美洲丰富矿藏的发现似乎是白银价值相对于玉米价值下降的唯一原因。
It is accounted for, accordingly, in the same manner by every body; and there never has been any dispute, either about the fact, or about the cause of it.
因此，每个人都以同样的方式对此进行解释。无论是事实还是原因，从来没有任何争议。
The greater part of Europe was, during this period, advancing in industry and improvement, and the demand for silver must consequently have been increasing; but the increase of the supply had, it seems, so far exceeded that of the demand, that the value of that metal sunk considerably.
在此期间，欧洲大部分地区的工业和进步不断进步，因此对白银的需求必然不断增加。但供应量的增加似乎远远超过了需求量，导致该金属的价值大幅下跌。
The discovery of the mines of America, it is to be observed, does not seem to have had any very sensible effect upon the prices of things in England till after 1570; though even the mines of Potosi had been discovered more than twenty years before.
值得注意的是，直到 1570 年之后，美洲矿藏的发现似乎并没有对英国的物价产生任何明显的影响。尽管波托西的矿藏早在二十多年前就被发现了。
From 1595 to 1620, both inclusive, the average price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, appears, from the accounts of Eton college, to have been £ 2:1:6 ⁹⁄₁₃.
根据伊顿公学的账目，从 1595 年到 1620 年，温莎市场上每季度 9 蒲式耳最好的小麦的平均价格似乎是 2:1:6 ⁹⁄₁₃ 英镑。
From which sum, neglecting the fraction, and deducting a ninth, or 4s.
从这个总和中，忽略分数，扣除九分之一，即 4s。
7 ⅓d., the price of the quarter of eight bushels comes out to have been £ 1:16:10 ⅔.
7 ⅓d.，四分之一蒲式耳的价格为 1:16:10 ⅔ 英镑。
And from this sum, neglecting likewise the fraction, and deducting a ninth, or 4s.
从这个总和中，同样忽略分数，并扣除九分之一，或 4s。
1 ⅑d., for the difference between the price of the best wheat and that of the middle wheat, the price of the middle wheat comes out to have been about £ 1:12:8 ⁸⁄₉, or about six ounces and one-third of an ounce of silver.
1⅑d.，对于最好的小麦和中等小麦的价格之间的差异，中等小麦的价格约为 1:12:8 ⁸⁄₉ 英镑，或大约六盎司和三分之一盎司的白银。
From 1621 to 1636, both inclusive, the average price of the same measure of the best wheat, at the same market, appears, from the same accounts, to have been £ 2:10s.; from which, making the like deductions as in the foregoing case, the average price of the quarter of eight bushels of middle wheat comes out to have been £ 1:19:6, or about seven ounces and two-thirds of an ounce of silver.
从 1621 年到 1636 年（包括这两个时期），同一市场上相同量度的最佳小麦的平均价格（根据相同的账户）似乎为 2:10 英镑。由此，进行与前述情况类似的扣除，八蒲式耳中质小麦四分之一的平均价格为 1:19:6 英镑，或约七盎司加三分之二盎司白银。
Third Period.—Between 1630 and 1640, or about 1636, the effect of the discovery of the mines of America, in reducing the value of silver, appears to have been completed, and the value of that metal seems never to have sunk lower in proportion to that of corn than it was about that time.
第三时期——1630年到1640年，或者大约1636年，美洲矿藏的发现对白银价值的降低作用似乎已经完成，而且与玉米价值相比，白银的价值似乎从来没有比那个时期下降得更低。
It seems to have risen somewhat in the course of the present century, and it had probably begun to do so, even some time before the end of the last.
在本世纪中，这一数字似乎有所上升，而且很可能在上个世纪末之前的某个时间就已经开始了。
From 1637 to 1700, both inclusive, being the sixty-four last years of the last century the average price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, appears, from the same accounts, to have been £ 2:11:0 ⅓, which is only 1s.
从 1637 年到 1700 年（包括这两个年份），即上世纪最后 64 年，温莎市场上 25 蒲式耳最好的小麦的平均价格（根据相同的账户）似乎为 2:11:0 ⅓ 英镑，即 1 先令。
0 ⅓d.
0 ⅓d。
dearer than it had been during the sixteen years before.
比十六年前的价格还要贵。
But, in the course of these sixty-four years, there happened two events, which must have produced a much greater scarcity of corn than what the course of the seasons would otherwise have occasioned, and which, therefore, without supposing any further reduction in the value of silver, will much more than account for this very small enhancement of price.
但是，在这六十四年中，发生了两件事，这些事件一定导致了比季节变化更严重的玉米短缺，因此，在不假设白银价值进一步下降的情况下，这将远远超过解释价格小幅上涨的原因。
The first of these events was the civil war, which, by discouraging tillage and interrupting commerce, must have raised the price of corn much above what the course of the seasons would otherwise have occasioned.
第一个事件是内战，由于内战阻碍了耕作和中断了商业，必然使玉米价格远远高于季节变化所造成的价格。
It must have had this effect, more or less, at all the different markets in the kingdom, but particularly at those in the neighbourhood of London, which require to be supplied from the greatest distance.
它一定或多或少地对王国的所有不同市场产生了这种影响，特别是在伦敦附近的市场，这些市场需要从最远的距离供应。
In 1648, accordingly, the price of the best wheat, at Windsor market, appears, from the same accounts, to have been £ 4:5s., and, in 1649, to have been £ 4, the quarter of nine bushels.
因此，根据相同的记录，1648 年温莎市场上最好的小麦价格为 4:5 英镑，而在 1649 年则为 4 英镑，即九蒲式耳的四分之一。
The excess of those two years above £ 2:10s.
这两年的超出部分为 2:10 英镑。
(the average price of the sixteen years preceding 1637) is £ 3:5s., which, divided among the sixty four last years of the last century, will alone very nearly account for that small enhancement of price which seems to have taken place in them.
（1637年之前16年的平均价格）是3:5先令，将其除以上世纪最后64年，就几乎可以解释这些年中似乎发生的价格小幅上涨。
These, however, though the highest, are by no means the only high prices which seem to have been occasioned by the civil wars.
然而，这些价格虽然是最高的，但绝不是内战造成的唯一高价格。
The second event was the bounty upon the exportation of corn, granted in 1688.
第二件事是 1688 年授予的玉米出口奖励。
The bounty, it has been thought by many people, by encouraging tillage, may, in a long course of years, have occasioned a greater abundance, and, consequently, a greater cheapness of corn in the home market, than what would otherwise have taken place there.
许多人认为，通过鼓励耕作，在漫长的岁月里，这种慷慨可能会导致国内市场上的玉米更加丰富，从而使国内市场上的玉米比其他情况下更加便宜。
How far the bounty could produce this effect at any time I shall examine hereafter: I shall only observe at present, that between 1688 and 1700, it had not time to produce any such effect.
赏金在任何时间可以产生多大程度的这种效果，我将在下文中进行研究：我现在只会观察到，在1688年至1700年间，它没有时间产生任何这样的效果。
During this short period, its only effect must have been, by encouraging the exportation of the surplus produce of every year, and thereby hindering the abundance of one year from compensating the scarcity of another, to raise the price in the home market.
在这短暂的时期内，它的唯一作用一定是通过鼓励每年剩余产品的出口，从而阻止某一年的丰富弥补另一年的稀缺，从而提高国内市场的价格。
The scarcity which prevailed in England, from 1693 to 1699, both inclusive, though no doubt principally owing to the badness of the seasons, and, therefore, extending through a considerable part of Europe, must have been somewhat enhanced by the bounty.
从 1693 年到 1699 年，英格兰普遍存在物资匮乏，尽管这无疑主要是由于季节的恶劣造成的，但这种物资匮乏也蔓延到了欧洲的相当大一部分地区，而这种物资的匮乏必定在一定程度上因慷慨而加剧。
In 1699, accordingly, the further exportation of corn was prohibited for nine months.
1699年，玉米被禁止进一步出口九个月。
There was a third event which occurred in the course of the same period, and which, though it could not occasion any scarcity of corn, nor, perhaps, any augmentation in the real quantity of silver which was usually paid for it, must necessarily have occasioned some augmentation in the nominal sum.
同一时期还发生了第三件事，虽然它不会造成谷物的任何短缺，也许也不会造成通常支付的白银的实际数量的任何增加，但一定会造成名义金额的增加。
This event was the great debasement of the silver coin, by clipping and wearing.
这一事件是银币因剪裁和磨损而大幅贬值的事件。
This evil had begun in the reign of Charles II.
这种罪恶始于查理二世统治时期。
and had gone on continually increasing till 1695; at which time, as we may learn from Mr Lowndes, the current silver coin was, at an average, near five-and-twenty per cent.
并且一直持续增加，直到1695年；我们可以从朗兹先生那里了解到，当时的银币平均价格接近百分之五又百分之二十。
below its standard value.
低于其标准值。
But the nominal sum which constitutes the market price of every commodity is necessarily regulated, not so much by the quantity of silver, which, according to the standard, ought to be contained in it, as by that which, it is found by experience, actually is contained in it.
但是，构成每种商品的市场价格的名义金额必然受到调节，与其说是由根据标准应包含在其中的白银数量来调节，不如说是由根据经验发现的实际包含在其中的白银数量来调节。
This nominal sum, therefore, is necessarily higher when the coin is much debased by clipping and wearing, than when near to its standard value.
因此，当硬币因修剪和磨损而大幅贬值时，这个名义金额必然比接近其标准价值时更高。
In the course of the present century, the silver coin has not at any time been more below its standard weight than it is at present.
在本世纪的进程中，银币从未比现在更低于标准重量。
But though very much defaced, its value has been kept up by that of the gold coin, for which it is exchanged.
尽管被严重损坏，但它的价值却被用来交换的金币所保持。
For though, before the late recoinage, the gold coin was a good deal defaced too, it was less so than the silver.
尽管在后期重新铸币之前，金币也受到了很大程度的污损，但比银币要少。
In 1695, on the contrary, the value of the silver coin was not kept up by the gold coin; a guinea then commonly exchanging for thirty shillings of the worn and clipt silver.
相反，到了1695年，银币的价值已经跟不上金币了；一个几内亚通常可以兑换三十先令的破旧银子。
Before the late recoinage of the gold, the price of silver bullion was seldom higher than five shillings and sevenpence an ounce, which is but fivepence above the mint price.
在黄金后期重新铸币之前，银条的价格很少高于每盎司五先令七便士，仅比铸币厂价格高出五便士。
But in 1695, the common price of silver bullion was six shillings and fivepence an ounce, {Lowndes’s Essay on the Silver Coin, 68.} which is fifteen pence above the mint price.
但在 1695 年，银条的共同价格为每盎司六先令五便士，{Lowndes’s Essay on the Silver Coin, 68.}，比铸币厂价格高出十五便士。
Even before the late recoinage of the gold, therefore, the coin, gold and silver together, when compared with silver bullion, was not supposed to be more than eight per cent.
因此，即使在黄金后期重新铸币之前，与银条相比，硬币、黄金和白银的总价值也不会超过百分之八。
below its standard value, In 1695, on the contrary, it had been supposed to be near five-and-twenty per cent.
低于其标准值，相反，在 1695 年，它本来应该接近百分之五又百分之二十。
below that value.
低于该值。
But in the beginning of the present century, that is, immediately after the great recoinage in King William’s time, the greater part of the current silver coin must have been still nearer to its standard weight than it is at present.
但在本世纪初，即威廉国王时代的伟大重铸之后，现行银币的大部分肯定比现在更接近标准重量。
In the course of the present century, too, there has been no great public calamity, such as a civil war, which could either discourage tillage, or interrupt the interior commerce of the country.
在本世纪中，也没有发生像内战这样可能阻碍耕作或中断该国内部商业的重大公共灾难。
And though the bounty which has taken place through the greater part of this century, must always raise the price of corn somewhat higher than it otherwise would be in the actual state of tillage; yet, as in the course of this century, the bounty has had full time to produce all the good effects commonly imputed to it to encourage tillage, and thereby to increase the quantity of corn in the home market, it may, upon the principles of a system which I shall explain and examine hereafter, be supposed to have done something to lower the price of that commodity the one way, as well as to raise it the other.
尽管在本世纪的大部分时间里，玉米的价格一直在上涨，但玉米的价格必然会比实际耕作状态下的价格高一些。然而，正如在本世纪的过程中，这种赏金已经充分产生了通常归因于鼓励耕作的所有良好效果，从而增加了国内市场上的玉米数量，根据我将在下文中解释和研究的一种制度的原则，它可以被认为在一方面降低了该商品的价格，另一方面提高了该商品的价格。
It is by many people supposed to have done more.
许多人认为应该做得更多。
In the sixty-four years of the present century, accordingly, the average price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, appears, by the accounts of Eton college, to have been £ 2:0:6 ¹⁰⁄₃₂, which is about ten shillings and sixpence, or more than five-and-twenty percent.
因此，在本世纪六十四年里，根据伊顿公学的账目，温莎市场上四分之一蒲式耳最好的小麦的平均价格为 2:0:6 10⁄32 英镑，大约是十先令六便士，即百分之五又二十多。
cheaper than it had been during the sixty-four last years of the last century; and about nine shillings and sixpence cheaper than it had been during the sixteen years preceding 1636, when the discovery of the abundant mines of America may be supposed to have produced its full effect; and about one shilling cheaper than it had been in the twenty-six years preceding 1620, before that discovery can well be supposed to have produced its full effect.
比上世纪最后六十四年便宜；比 1636 年之前的十六年便宜了大约九先令六便士，当时美国丰富的矿产的发现可能已经发挥了全部作用；比 1620 年之前的 26 年（即这一发现完全发挥其作用）之前的价格便宜了约 1 先令。
According to this account, the average price of middle wheat, during these sixty-four first years of the present century, comes out to have been about thirty-two shillings the quarter of eight bushels.
根据这一统计，在本世纪的这六十四年中，中质小麦的平均价格约为八蒲式耳四分之一三十二先令。
The value of silver, therefore, seems to have risen somewhat in proportion to that of corn during the course of the present century, and it had probably begun to do so even some time before the end of the last.
因此，在本世纪中，白银的价值似乎与谷物的价值成正比，而且甚至可能在上世纪末之前的某个时候就开始了。
In 1687, the price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, was £ 1:5:2, the lowest price at which it had ever been from 1595.
1687 年，温莎市场上四分之一的九蒲式耳最好的小麦的价格为 1:5:2 英镑，这是自 1595 年以来的最低价格。
In 1688, Mr Gregory King, a man famous for his knowledge in matters of this kind, estimated the average price of wheat, in years of moderate plenty, to be to the grower 3s.
1688 年，以在此类问题上的知识而闻名的格雷戈里·金 (Gregory King) 先生估计，在丰收年份，小麦的平均价格为种植者的 3 便士。
6d.
6d.
the bushel, or eight-and-twenty shillings the quarter.
一蒲式耳，即每季度八二十先令。
The grower’s price I understand to be the same with what is sometimes called the contract price, or the price at which a farmer contracts for a certain number of years to deliver a certain quantity of corn to a dealer.
据我所知，种植者价格与有时所谓的合同价格相同，即农民在一定年限内签订合同向经销商交付一定数量的玉米的价格。
As a contract of this kind saves the farmer the expense and trouble of marketing, the contract price is generally lower than what is supposed to be the average market price.
由于这种合同为农民节省了营销费用和麻烦，合同价格一般低于市场平均价格。
Mr King had judged eight-and-twenty shillings the quarter to be at that time the ordinary contract price in years of moderate plenty.
金先生认为，当时该季度的八先令二十先令是丰收年份的普通合同价格。
Before the scarcity occasioned by the late extraordinary course of bad seasons, it was, I have been assured, the ordinary contract price in all common years.
我确信，在最近的恶劣季节造成的稀缺之前，这是所有普通年份的普通合同价格。
In 1688 was granted the parliamentary bounty upon the exportation of corn.
1688年获得议会对玉米出口的奖励。
The country gentlemen, who then composed a still greater proportion of the legislature than they do at present, had felt that the money price of corn was falling.
乡村绅士当时在立法机构中的比例比现在还要高，他们感到玉米的货币价格正在下跌。
The bounty was an expedient to raise it artificially to the high price at which it had frequently been sold in the times of Charles I.
赏金是一种权宜之计，人为地将其提高到查理一世时代经常出售的高价。
and II.
和二。
It was to take place, therefore, till wheat was so high as fortyeight shillings the quarter; that is, twenty shillings, or 5-7ths dearer than Mr King had, in that very year, estimated the grower’s price to be in times of moderate plenty.
因此，直到小麦价格高达每季度四十八先令为止。也就是说，二十先令，或者比金先生当年估计种植者在适度丰收时期的价格贵五到七分之一。
If his calculations deserve any part of the reputation which they have obtained very universally, eight-and-forty shillings the quarter was a price which, without some such expedient as the bounty, could not at that time be expected, except in years of extraordinary scarcity.
如果说他的计算配得上他们所获得的普遍声誉的话，那么每季度八四十先令的价格，如果没有像赏金这样的权宜之计，在当时是不可能指望的，除非是在极度匮乏的年份。
But the government of King William was not then fully settled.
但威廉国王的政府当时还没有完全稳定下来。
It was in no condition to refuse anything to the country gentlemen, from whom it was, at that very time, soliciting the first establishment of the annual land-tax.
它没有任何条件拒绝向乡绅们提出任何要求，当时正是他们向他们征求首次设立年度土地税。
The value of silver, therefore, in proportion to that of corn, had probably risen somewhat before the end of the last century; and it seems to have continued to do so during the course of the greater part of the present, though the necessary operation of the bounty must have hindered that rise from being so sensible as it otherwise would have been in the actual state of tillage.
因此，白银的价值与谷物的价值成比例，在上世纪末之前可能有所上升。在目前的大部分时间里，它似乎一直在继续这样做，尽管赏金的必要运作肯定会阻碍这种上涨，否则它会在实际耕作状态下变得如此明智。
In plentiful years, the bounty, by occasioning an extraordinary exportation, necessarily raises the price of corn above what it otherwise would be in those years.
在很多年里，这种慷慨的馈赠会引发异常的出口，必然会使玉米的价格高于当年的水平。
To encourage tillage, by keeping up the price of corn, even in the most plentiful years, was the avowed end of the institution.
即使在最丰收的年份，通过维持玉米价格来鼓励耕作，是该制度公开的目的。
In years of great scarcity, indeed, the bounty has generally been suspended.
事实上，在资源严重匮乏的年份，赏金通常会被暂停。
It must, however, have had some effect upon the prices of many of those years.
然而，它肯定对许多年份的价格产生了一些影响。
By the extraordinary exportation which it occasions in years of plenty, it must frequently hinder the plenty of one year from compensating the scarcity of another.
由于在丰年时所引起的超常出口，它必然常常阻碍某一年的丰裕弥补另一年的匮乏。
Both in years of plenty and in years of scarcity, therefore, the bounty raises the price of corn above what it naturally would be in the actual state of tillage.
因此，无论是丰年还是匮乏年，玉米的丰收都会使玉米价格高于实际耕作状态下的自然价格。
If during the sixty-four first years of the present century, therefore, the average price has been lower than during the sixty-four last years of the last century, it must, in the same state of tillage, have been much more so, had it not been for this operation of the bounty.
因此，如果本世纪头六十四年的平均价格低于上世纪最后六十四年的平均价格，那么在同样的耕作状态下，如果没有这种赏金的运作，平均价格一定会低得多。
But, without the bounty, it may be said the state of tillage would not have been the same.
但是，如果没有这些赏金，耕作状况可能会有所不同。
What may have been the effects of this institution upon the agriculture of the country, I shall endeavour to explain hereafter, when I come to treat particularly of bounties.
这个制度对国家农业可能产生的影响，当我以后特别谈到赏金时，我将尽力解释。
I shall only observe at present, that this rise in the value of silver, in proportion to that of corn, has not been peculiar to England.
我现在只想指出，白银相对于谷物的价值上涨并不是英国特有的。
It has been observed to have taken place in France during the same period, and nearly in the same proportion, too, by three very faithful, diligent, and laborious collectors of the prices of corn, Mr Dupré de St Maur, Mr Messance, and the author of the Essay on the Police of Grain.
据三位非常忠实、勤奋和勤奋的玉米价格收集者——杜普雷·德·圣莫尔先生、梅桑斯先生和《谷物警察论文》的作者——在同一时期、几乎以同样的比例在法国发生了这种情况。
But in France, till 1764, the exportation of grain was by law prohibited; and it is somewhat difficult to suppose, that nearly the same diminution of price which took place in one country, notwithstanding this prohibition, should, in another, be owing to the extraordinary encouragement given to exportation.
但在法国，直到1764年，法律都禁止谷物出口；很难想象，尽管有这一禁令，一个国家发生的几乎同样的价格下降，却是由于对出口的大力鼓励所致。
It would be more proper, perhaps, to consider this variation in the average money price of corn as the effect rather of some gradual rise in the real value of silver in the European market, than of any fall in the real average value of corn.
也许，将玉米平均货币价格的这种变化视为欧洲市场白银实际价值逐渐上升的影响，而不是玉米实际平均价值下降的影响更为恰当。
Corn, it has already been observed, is, at distant periods of time, a more accurate measure of value than either silver or, perhaps, any other commodity.
人们已经观察到，在遥远的时期，玉米是比白银或任何其他商品更准确的价值衡量标准。
When, after the discovery of the abundant mines of America, corn rose to three and four times its former money price, this change was universally ascribed, not to any rise in the real value of corn, but to a fall in the real value of silver.
在美国发现丰富的矿藏之后，当玉米价格上涨到原来货币价格的三倍和四倍时，人们普遍将这种变化归因于白银实际价值的下降，而不是玉米实际价值的上升。
If, during the sixty-four first years of the present century, therefore, the average money price of corn has fallen somewhat below what it had been during the greater part of the last century, we should, in the same manner, impute this change, not to any fall in the real value of corn, but to some rise in the real value of silver in the European market.
因此，如果在本世纪的六十四年中，玉米的平均货币价格略低于上个世纪大部分时间的水平，我们就应该以同样的方式，将这种变化归因于欧洲市场上白银实际价值的上升，而不是玉米实际价值的任何下降。
The high price of corn during these ten or twelve years past, indeed, has occasioned a suspicion that the real value of silver still continues to fall in the European market.
事实上，过去十年或十二年来玉米的高价引起了人们的怀疑，即欧洲市场上白银的实际价值仍在继续下跌。
This high price of corn, however, seems evidently to have been the effect of the extraordinary unfavourableness of the seasons, and ought, therefore, to be regarded, not as a permanent, but as a transitory and occasional event.
然而，玉米的高价显然是季节异常不利的结果，因此不应被视为永久性的，而应被视为暂时的和偶然的事件。
The seasons, for these ten or twelve years past, have been unfavourable through the greater part of Europe; and the disorders of Poland have very much increased the scarcity in all those countries, which, in dear years, used to be supplied from that market.
过去十年或十二年来，欧洲大部分地区的季节都不太好。波兰的骚乱大大增加了所有这些国家的稀缺性，而在过去的岁月里，这些国家的物资供应都是从那个市场来的。
So long a course of bad seasons, though not a very common event, is by no means a singular one; and whoever has inquired much into the history of the prices of corn in former times, will be at no loss to recollect several other examples of the same kind.
如此长时间的糟糕季节，虽然不是一件很常见的事情，但绝不是一个单一的事件。凡是深入研究过以前玉米价格历史的人，都会毫不犹豫地回忆起其他几个类似的例子。
Ten years of extraordinary scarcity, besides, are not more wonderful than ten years of extraordinary plenty.
此外，十年的异常匮乏并不比十年的异常丰富更美妙。
The low price of corn, from 1741 to 1750, both inclusive, may very well be set in opposition to its high price during these last eight or ten years.
从 1741 年到 1750 年（含这两个时期），玉米的低价很可能与过去八年或十年的高价形成鲜明对比。
From 1741 to 1750, the average price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, it appears from the accounts of Eton college, was only £ 1:13:9 ⅘, which is nearly 6s.3d.
从伊顿公学的账目来看，从 1741 年到 1750 年，温莎市场上每季度 9 蒲式耳最好的小麦的平均价格仅为 1:13:9 ⅘ 英镑，相当于 6s.3d。
below the average price of the sixty-four first years of the present century.
低于本世纪六十四年的平均价格。
The average price of the quarter of eight bushels of middle wheat comes out, according to this account, to have been, during these ten years, only £ 1:6:8.
根据这份报告，在这十年里，四分之一蒲式耳中质小麦的平均价格仅为 1:6:8 英镑。
Between 1741 and 1750, however, the bounty must have hindered the price of corn from falling so low in the home market as it naturally would have done.
然而，在 1741 年至 1750 年间，慷慨的补贴肯定阻止了国内市场上的玉米价格自然而然地跌得如此之低。
During these ten years, the quantity of all sorts of grain exported, it appears from the custom-house books, amounted to no less than 8,029,156 quarters, one bushel.
从海关账簿上看，这十年间，各类粮食的出口量不少于8,029,156夸特，一蒲式耳。
The bounty paid for this amounted to £ 1,514,962:17:4 ½.
为此支付的赏金为 1,514,962:17:4 ½ 英镑。
In 1749, accordingly, Mr Pelham, at that time prime minister, observed to the house of commons, that, for the three years preceding, a very extraordinary sum had been paid as bounty for the exportation of corn.
因此，1749 年，时任首相的佩勒姆先生向下议院表示，在之前的三年里，为玉米出口支付了一笔非常大的奖金。
He had good reason to make this observation, and in the following year he might have had still better.
他有充分的理由做出这样的观察，而且在接下来的一年里，他可能会有更好的结果。
In that single year, the bounty paid amounted to no less than £ 324,176:10:6.
当年，支付的赏金金额不少于 324,176:10:6 英镑。
{See Tracts on the Corn Trade, Tract 3,} It is unnecessary to observe how much this forced exportation must have raised the price of corn above what it otherwise would have been in the home market.
{参见玉米贸易小册子，小册子 3，}没有必要观察这种强制出口一定会使玉米价格高于国内市场的价格。
At the end of the accounts annexed to this chapter the reader will find the particular account of those ten years separated from the rest.
在本章所附记述的最后，读者会发现这十年的具体记述与其他年份分开。
He will find there, too, the particular account of the preceding ten years, of which the average is likewise below, though not so much below, the general average of the sixty-four first years of the century.
他还会在那里找到前十年的具体记录，其中的平均数同样低于本世纪头六十四年的总平均数，尽管不是那么低。
The year 1740, however, was a year of extraordinary scarcity.
然而，1740 年是极其匮乏的一年。
These twenty years preceding 1750 may very well be set in opposition to the twenty preceding 1770.
1750 年之前的这二十年很可能与 1770 年之前的二十年相对立。
As the former were a good deal below the general average of the century, notwithstanding the intervention of one or two dear years; so the latter have been a good deal above it, notwithstanding the intervention of one or two cheap ones, of 1759, for example.
由于前者远低于本世纪的总体平均水平，尽管经过一两年的昂贵年份的干预；因此，尽管有一两个廉价的干预措施，例如 1759 年的干预措施，后者的价格仍然比它高出很多。
If the former have not been as much below the general average as the latter have been above it, we ought probably to impute it to the bounty.
如果前者低于平均水平的程度不如后者高于平均水平的程度，那么我们可能应该将其归咎于赏金。
The change has evidently been too sudden to be ascribed to any change in the value of silver, which is always slow and gradual.
这种变化显然太突然了，不能归因于白银价值的任何变化，白银价值总是缓慢而渐进的。
The suddenness of the effect can be accounted for only by a cause which can operate suddenly, the accidental variations of the seasons.
影响的突然性只能用突然发生的原因来解释，即季节的偶然变化。
The money price of labour in Great Britain has, indeed, risen during the course of the present century.
英国劳动力的货币价格在本世纪确实有所上涨。
This, however, seems to be the effect, not so much of any diminution in the value of silver in the European market, as of an increase in the demand for labour in Great Britain, arising from the great, and almost universal prosperity of the country.
然而，这似乎并不是欧洲市场上白银价值下降的结果，而是英国对劳动力需求增加的结果，而英国的劳动力需求则因该国伟大且几乎普遍的繁荣而增加。
In France, a country not altogether so prosperous, the money price of labour has, since the middle of the last century, been observed to sink gradually with the average money price of corn.
在法国这个不太繁荣的国家，自上世纪中叶以来，人们发现劳动力的货币价格随着玉米的平均货币价格逐渐下降。
Both in the last century and in the present, the day wages of common labour are there said to have been pretty uniformly about the twentieth part of the average price of the septier of wheat; a measure which contains a little more than four Winchester bushels.
据说，无论是在上个世纪还是在现在，普通劳动的日工资几乎都是小麦平均价格的二十分之一。含有略多于四温彻斯特蒲式耳的量度。
In Great Britain, the real recompence of labour, it has already been shewn, the real quantities of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which are given to the labourer, has increased considerably during the course of the present century.
已经表明，在英国，劳动的实际报酬，即给予劳动者的生活必需品和便利设施的实际数量，在本世纪中已大大增加。
The rise in its money price seems to have been the effect, not of any diminution of the value of silver in the general market of Europe, but of a rise in the real price of labour, in the particular market of Great Britain, owing to the peculiarly happy circumstances of the country.
货币价格的上涨似乎不是欧洲总体市场白银价值下降的结果，而是英国特定市场劳动力实际价格上涨的结果，因为该国的环境特别幸福。
For some time after the first discovery of America, silver would continue to sell at its former, or not much below its former price.
在首次发现美洲后的一段时间内，白银将继续以原来的价格出售，或者比原来的价格低不了多少。
The profits of mining would for some time be very great, and much above their natural rate.
在一段时间内，采矿业的利润将非常巨大，并且远高于其自然利润率。
Those who imported that metal into Europe, however, would soon find that the whole annual importation could not be disposed of at this high price.
然而，那些将这种金属进口到欧洲的人很快就会发现，每年进口的全部金属都无法以如此高的价格处理掉。
Silver would gradually exchange for a smaller and a smaller quantity of goods.
白银兑换的商品数量会逐渐减少。
Its price would sink gradually lower and lower, till it fell to its natural price; or to what was just sufficient to pay, according to their natural rates, the wages of the labour, the profits of the stock, and the rent of the land, which must be paid in order to bring it from the mine to the market.
它的价格会逐渐下降，直到下降到它的自然价格；或者根据自然比率，刚好足以支付劳动工资、股票利润和土地租金，这些都是必须支付的，以便将其从矿井带到市场上。
In the greater part of the silver mines of Peru, the tax of the king of Spain, amounting to a tenth of the gross produce, eats up, it has already been observed, the whole rent of the land.
在秘鲁的大部分银矿中，西班牙国王的税收相当于总产的十分之一，正如我们已经观察到的那样，耗尽了全部土地的租金。
This tax was originally a half; it soon afterwards fell to a third, then to a fifth, and at last to a tenth, at which late it still continues.
这个税本来是一半；不久之后，这个数字就下降到了第三位，然后是第五位，最后是第十位，直到最后，这种情况仍在继续。
In the greater part of the silver mines of Peru, this, it seems, is all that remains, after replacing the stock of the undertaker of the work, together with its ordinary profits; and it seems to be universally acknowledged that these profits, which were once very high, are now as low as they can well be, consistently with carrying on the works.
在秘鲁的大部分银矿中，这似乎是在取代了工作承担者的股票及其普通利润之后所剩下的一切。人们似乎普遍承认，这些曾经很高的利润现在已经很低了，与工程的进行是一致的。
The tax of the king of Spain was reduced to a fifth of the registered silver in 1504 {Solorzano, vol, ii.}, one-and-forty years before 1545, the date of the discovery of the mines of Potosi.
1504 年，西班牙国王的税收减少到登记白银的五分之一{Solorzano，vol，ii.}，比 1545 年波托西矿发现的日期早了一年零四十年。
In the course of ninety years, or before 1636, these mines, the most fertile in all America, had time sufficient to produce their full effect, or to reduce the value of silver in the European market as low as it could well fall, while it continued to pay this tax to the king of Spain.
在九十年的时间里，或者说在 1636 年之前，这些全美洲最肥沃的矿山有足够的时间充分发挥其作用，或者将欧洲市场上的白银价值降低到尽可能低的水平，同时继续向西班牙国王缴纳这笔税款。
Ninety years is time sufficient to reduce any commodity, of which there is no monopoly, to its natural price, or to the lowest price at which, while it pays a particular tax, it can continue to be sold for any considerable time together.
九十年的时间足以将任何没有垄断的商品降低到其自然价格，或者降低到在缴纳特定税的同时可以继续在相当长的时间内一起销售的最低价格。
The price of silver in the European market might, perhaps, have fallen still lower, and it might have become necessary either to reduce the tax upon it, not only to one-tenth, as in 1736, but to one twentieth, in the same manner as that upon gold, or to give up working the greater part of the American mines which are now wrought.
欧洲市场上的白银价格也许还会进一步下跌，因此可能有必要将白银的税收降低到不只是像1736年那样降低到十分之一，而是像黄金那样降低到二十分之一，或者放弃开采目前正在开采的大部分美国矿山。
The gradual increase of the demand for silver, or the gradual enlargement of the market for the produce of the silver mines of America, is probably the cause which has prevented this from happening, and which has not only kept up the value of silver in the European market, but has perhaps even raised it somewhat higher than it was about the middle of the last century.
对白银的需求逐渐增加，或者说美国银矿产品市场的逐渐扩大，可能是阻止这种情况发生的原因，它不仅保持了欧洲市场上白银的价值，而且甚至可能使白银的价值比上世纪中叶高一些。
Since the first discovery of America, the market for the produce of its silver mines has been growing gradually more and more extensive.
自美洲首次发现以来，其银矿产品的市场逐渐扩大。
First, the market of Europe has become gradually more and more extensive.
首先，欧洲市场逐渐变得越来越广阔。
Since the discovery of America, the greater part of Europe has been much improved.
自从发现美洲以来，欧洲大部分地区已经有了很大的改善。
England, Holland, France, and Germany; even Sweden, Denmark, and Russia, have all advanced considerably, both in agriculture and in manufactures.
英国、荷兰、法国和德国；甚至瑞典、丹麦和俄罗斯在农业和制造业方面都取得了相当大的进步。
Italy seems not to have gone backwards.
意大利似乎并没有倒退。
The fall of Italy preceded the conquest of Peru.
意大利在征服秘鲁之前就陷落了。
Since that time it seems rather to have recovered a little.
从那时起，它似乎已经恢复了一些。
Spain and Portugal, indeed, are supposed to have gone backwards.
西班牙和葡萄牙确实应该倒退。
Portugal, however, is but a very small part of Europe, and the declension of Spain is not, perhaps, so great as is commonly imagined.
然而，葡萄牙只是欧洲的一小部分，而西班牙的衰落也许并不像人们普遍想象的那么严重。
In the beginning of the sixteenth century, Spain was a very poor country, even in comparison with France, which has been so much improved since that time.
十六世纪初，西班牙是一个非常贫穷的国家，即使与自那时以来已经有了很大改善的法国相比也是如此。
It was the well known remark of the emperor Charles V.
这是查理五世皇帝的著名言论。
who had travelled so frequently through both countries, that every thing abounded in France, but that every thing was wanting in Spain.
他经常往返于这两个国家，以至于法国什么东西都丰富，但西班牙什么东西都缺乏。
The increasing produce of the agriculture and manufactures of Europe must necessarily have required a gradual increase in the quantity of silver coin to circulate it; and the increasing number of wealthy individuals must have required the like increase in the quantity of their plate and other ornaments of silver.
欧洲农业和制造业产量的增加必然需要逐渐增加银币的数量来流通。富人数量的增加必然要求他们的盘子和其他银饰的数量也相应增加。
Secondly, America is itself a new market, for the produce of its own silver mines; and as its advances in agriculture, industry, and population, are much more rapid than those of the most thriving countries in Europe, its demand must increase much more rapidly.
其次，对于自己的银矿产品来说，美国本身就是一个新市场；由于其农业、工业和人口的进步比欧洲最繁荣的国家快得多，因此其需求的增长也必须更快。
The English colonies are altogether a new market, which, partly for coin, and partly for plate, requires a continual augmenting supply of silver through a great continent where there never was any demand before.
英国殖民地完全是一个新的市场，部分是硬币，部分是盘子，需要通过这片以前从未有任何需求的伟大大陆不断增加白银供应。
The greater part, too, of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, are altogether new markets.
西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地的大部分也是全新的市场。
New Granada, the Yucatan, Paraguay, and the Brazils, were, before discovered by the Europeans, inhabited by savage nations, who had neither arts nor agriculture.
在欧洲人发现之前，新格拉纳达、尤卡坦半岛、巴拉圭和巴西都居住着野蛮民族，他们既没有艺术，也没有农业。
A considerable degree of both has now been introduced into all of them.
现在，两者在很大程度上已被引入到所有这些中。
Even Mexico and Peru, though they cannot be considered as altogether new markets, are certainly much more extensive ones than they ever were before.
即使是墨西哥和秘鲁，虽然不能被视为全新的市场，但肯定比以前的市场要广泛得多。
After all the wonderful tales which have been published concerning the splendid state of those countries in ancient times, whoever reads, with any degree of sober judgment, the history of their first discovery and conquest, will evidently discern that, in arts, agriculture, and commerce, their inhabitants were much more ignorant than the Tartars of the Ukraine are at present.
在讲述了这些国家古代辉煌灿烂的故事之后，无论谁以任何程度的清醒判断力读过这些国家第一次发现和征服的历史，都会明显地看出，在艺术、农业和商业方面，这些国家的居民比现在的乌克兰鞑靼人无知得多。
Even the Peruvians, the more civilized nation of the two, though they made use of gold and silver as ornaments, had no coined money of any kind.
即使是秘鲁人这个两个国家中更文明的国家，尽管他们使用金银作为装饰品，但也没有任何形式的铸币。
Their whole commerce was carried on by barter, and there was accordingly scarce any division of labour among them.
他们的整个贸易都是通过物物交换进行的，因此他们之间几乎没有任何劳动分工。
Those who cultivated the ground, were obliged to build their own houses, to make their own household furniture, their own clothes, shoes, and instruments of agriculture.
那些耕种土地的人必须建造自己的房屋，制作自己的家具，自己的衣服、鞋子和农具。
The few artificers among them are said to have been all maintained by the sovereign, the nobles, and the priests, and were probably their servants or slaves.
其中为数不多的技师据说都是由君主、贵族、祭司所供养的，很可能是他们的仆人或奴隶。
All the ancient arts of Mexico and Peru have never furnished one single manufacture to Europe.
墨西哥和秘鲁的所有古代艺术从未向欧洲提供过任何一件制造品。
The Spanish armies, though they scarce ever exceeded five hundred men, and frequently did not amount to half that number, found almost everywhere great difficulty in procuring subsistence.
西班牙军队虽然很少超过五百人，而且经常达不到这个数字的一半，但几乎到处都发现在获取生活必需品方面存在巨大困难。
The famines which they are said to have occasioned almost wherever they went, in countries, too, which at the same time are represented as very populous and well cultivated, sufficiently demonstrate that the story of this populousness and high cultivation is in a great measure fabulous.
据说，他们所到之处几乎都引发了饥荒，在那些同时又人口众多且耕种良好的国家也同样如此，这足以证明这种人口稠密和高度耕种的故事在很大程度上是神话般的。
The Spanish colonies are under a government in many respects less favourable to agriculture, improvement, and population, than that of the English colonies.
西班牙殖民地的政府在许多方面都不如英国殖民地对农业、改良和人口有利。
They seem, however, to be advancing in all those much more rapidly than any country in Europe.
然而，他们在所有这些方面的进步似乎比欧洲任何国家都要快得多。
In a fertile soil and happy climate, the great abundance and cheapness of land, a circumstance common to all new colonies, is, it seems, so great an advantage, as to compensate many defects in civil government.
在肥沃的土壤和宜人的气候下，土地的丰富和廉价，这是所有新殖民地共有的情况，似乎是一个巨大的优势，足以弥补文官政府的许多缺陷。
Frezier, who visited Peru in 1713, represents Lima as containing between twenty-five and twenty-eight thousand inhabitants.
弗雷泽于 1713 年访问了秘鲁，他认为利马有 25 至 28 000 名居民。
Ulloa, who resided in the same country between 1740 and 1746, represents it as containing more than fifty thousand.
乌略亚 (Ulloa) 于 1740 年至 1746 年间居住在同一国家，他表示该国人口超过五万人。
The difference in their accounts of the populousness of several other principal towns of Chili and Peru is nearly the same; and as there seems to be no reason to doubt of the good information of either, it marks an increase which is scarce inferior to that of the English colonies.
他们对智利和秘鲁其他几个主要城镇人口数量的描述差异几乎相同。由于似乎没有理由怀疑两者的良好信息，因此它标志着增长几乎不逊色于英国殖民地。
America, therefore, is a new market for the produce of its own silver mines, of which the demand must increase much more rapidly than that of the most thriving country in Europe.
因此，美国是其银矿产品的新市场，其需求的增长速度必定比欧洲最繁荣的国家快得多。
Thirdly, the East Indies is another market for the produce of the silver mines of America, and a market which, from the time of the first discovery of those mines, has been continually taking off a greater and a greater quantity of silver.
第三，东印度群岛是美洲银矿产品的另一个市场，从首次发现这些银矿的时候起，这个市场就不断地开采出越来越多的白银。
Since that time, the direct trade between America and the East Indies, which is carried on by means of the Acapulco ships, has been continually augmenting, and the indirect intercourse by the way of Europe has been augmenting in a still greater proportion.
自此以后，美洲与东印度之间通过阿卡普尔科船只进行的直接贸易不断增加，而经由欧洲的间接贸易则以更大比例增加。
During the sixteenth century, the Portuguese were the only European nation who carried on any regular trade to the East Indies.
十六世纪期间，葡萄牙人是唯一与东印度群岛进行定期贸易的欧洲国家。
In the last years of that century, the Dutch began to encroach upon this monopoly, and in a few years expelled them from their principal settlements in India.
在那个世纪的最后几年，荷兰人开始蚕食这种垄断地位，并在几年内将他们驱逐出他们在印度的主要定居点。
During the greater part of the last century, those two nations divided the most considerable part of the East India trade between them; the trade of the Dutch continually augmenting in a still greater proportion than that of the Portuguese declined.
在上个世纪的大部分时间里，这两个国家瓜分了东印度贸易的大部分。荷兰人的贸易持续增长，其比例甚至比葡萄牙人的贸易下降幅度还要大。
The English and French carried on some trade with India in the last century, but it has been greatly augmented in the course of the present.
英国和法国在上个世纪与印度进行了一些贸易，但在当今的过程中已大大增加。
The East India trade of the Swedes and Danes began in the course of the present century.
瑞典人和丹麦人的东印度贸易始于本世纪。
Even the Muscovites now trade regularly with China, by a sort of caravans which go over land through Siberia and Tartary to Pekin.
即使是莫斯科人现在也通过一种商队定期与中国进行贸易，这些商队穿越西伯利亚和鞑靼到达北京。
The East India trade of all these nations, if we except that of the French, which the last war had well nigh annihilated, has been almost continually augmenting.
如果我们除了在上次战争中几乎被消灭的法国贸易之外，所有这些国家的东印度贸易几乎一直在不断增长。
The increasing consumptions of East India goods in Europe is, it seems, so great, as to afford a gradual increase of employment to them all.
东印度商品在欧洲的消费量的增长似乎如此之大，足以为所有这些国家提供逐步增加的就业机会。
Tea, for example, was a drug very little used in Europe, before the middle of the last century.
例如，在上世纪中叶之前，茶是一种在欧洲很少使用的药物。
At present, the value of the tea annually imported by the English East India company, for the use of their own countrymen, amounts to more than a million and a half a year; and even this is not enough; a great deal more being constantly smuggled into the country from the ports of Holland, from Gottenburgh in Sweden, and from the coast of France, too, as long as the French East India company was in prosperity.
目前，英国东印度公司每年进口供本国国民使用的茶叶价值达百万半年以上；但这还不够；只要法国东印度公司繁荣昌盛，更多的东西就不断地从荷兰港口、瑞典哥登堡以及法国海岸走私到该国。
The consumption of the porcelain of China, of the spiceries of the Moluccas, of the piece goods of Bengal, and of innumerable other articles, has increased very nearly in a like proportion.
中国的瓷器、摩鹿加群岛的香料、孟加拉的布匹以及无数其他物品的消费量几乎以同样的比例增长。
The tonnage, accordingly, of all the European shipping employed in the East India trade, at any one time during the last century, was not, perhaps, much greater than that of the English East India company before the late reduction of their shipping.
因此，在上个世纪的任何一个时期，用于东印度贸易的所有欧洲船舶的吨位也许并不比英国东印度公司在其船舶后期减少之前的吨位大得多。
But in the East Indies, particularly in China and Indostan, the value of the precious metals, when the Europeans first began to trade to those countries, was much higher than in Europe; and it still continues to be so.
但在东印度群岛，特别是在中国和印度斯坦，当欧洲人第一次开始与这些国家进行贸易时，贵金属的价值远高于欧洲；现在仍然如此。
In rice countries, which generally yield two, sometimes three crops in the year, each of them more plentiful than any common crop of corn, the abundance of food must be much greater than in any corn country of equal extent.
在稻米国家，一年通常生产两种、有时三种作物，每种作物的产量都比任何普通玉米作物的产量都要多，因此粮食的丰富程度必定比任何同等面积的玉米国家要多得多。
Such countries are accordingly much more populous.
因此，这些国家的人口要多得多。
In them, too, the rich, having a greater superabundance of food to dispose of beyond what they themselves can consume, have the means of purchasing a much greater quantity of the labour of other people.
在这些国家中，富人也有更多多余的食物可供处理，超出了他们自己的消费能力，因此有能力购买更多其他人的劳动力。
The retinue of a grandee in China or Indostan accordingly is, by all accounts, much more numerous and splendid than that of the richest subjects in Europe.
因此，从各方面来看，中国或印度斯坦达官贵人的随从数量比欧洲最富有的臣民要多得多，也更加辉煌。
The same superabundance of food, of which they have the disposal, enables them to give a greater quantity of it for all those singular and rare productions which nature furnishes but in very small quantities; such as the precious metals and the precious stones, the great objects of the competition of the rich.
他们所拥有的同样丰富的食物，使他们能够为大自然提供的所有那些奇异和稀有的产品提供更多的食物，但数量很少。例如贵金属和宝石，是富人争夺的重要物品。
Though the mines, therefore, which supplied the Indian market, had been as abundant as those which supplied the European, such commodities would naturally exchange for a greater quantity of food in India than in Europe.
因此，虽然供应印度市场的矿产与供应欧洲市场的矿产一样丰富，但这些商品自然会在印度兑换比欧洲更多的粮食。
But the mines which supplied the Indian market with the precious metals seem to have been a good deal less abundant, and those which supplied it with the precious stones a good deal more so, than the mines which supplied the European.
但是，与供应欧洲市场的矿山相比，向印度市场供应贵金属的矿山似乎要少得多，而向印度市场供应宝石的矿山则要丰富得多。
The precious metals, therefore, would naturally exchange in India for a somewhat greater quantity of the precious stones, and for a much greater quantity of food than in Europe.
因此，在印度，贵金属自然会比在欧洲交换更多数量的宝石和更多数量的食物。
The money price of diamonds, the greatest of all superfluities, would be somewhat lower, and that of food, the first of all necessaries, a great deal lower in the one country than in the other.
作为所有过剩品中最大的一种，钻石的货币价格会稍低一些，而作为首要必需品的食品的货币价格，在一个国家会比在另一个国家低很多。
But the real price of labour, the real quantity of the necessaries of life which is given to the labourer, it has already been observed, is lower both in China and Indostan, the two great markets of India, than it is through the greater part of Europe.
但是，我们已经观察到，印度的两个大市场中国和印度斯坦的劳动力实际价格，即提供给劳动者的实际生活必需品数量，都低于欧洲大部分地区。
The wages of the labourer will there purchase a smaller quantity of food: and as the money price of food is much lower in India than in Europe, the money price of labour is there lower upon a double account; upon account both of the small quantity of food which it will purchase, and of the low price of that food.
在那里，劳动者的工资可以购买较少数量的食品：由于印度食品的货币价格比欧洲低得多，因此印度劳动力的货币价格也较低。由于其购买的食品数量较少，而且该食品的价格较低。
But in countries of equal art and industry, the money price of the greater part of manufactures will be in proportion to the money price of labour; and in manufacturing art and industry, China and Indostan, though inferior, seem not to be much inferior to any part of Europe.
但在艺术和工业同等的国家，大部分制成品的货币价格将与劳动力的货币价格成正比。在制造艺术和工业方面，中国和印度斯坦虽然落后，但似乎并不比欧洲任何地方逊色多少。
The money price of the greater part of manufactures, therefore, will naturally be much lower in those great empires than it is anywhere in Europe.
因此，这些大帝国中大部分制成品的货币价格自然会比欧洲任何地方低得多。
Through the greater part of Europe, too, the expense of land-carriage increases very much both the real and nominal price of most manufactures.
在欧洲大部分地区，陆运费用也大大增加了大多数制成品的实际价格和名义价格。
It costs more labour, and therefore more money, to bring first the materials, and afterwards the complete manufacture to market.
首先将材料运送到市场，然后将整个制造过程投入市场，这需要更多的劳动力，因此也需要更多的金钱。
In China and Indostan, the extent and variety of inland navigations save the greater part of this labour, and consequently of this money, and thereby reduce still lower both the real and the nominal price of the greater part of their manufactures.
在中国和印度斯坦，内河航运的范围和多样性节省了大部分劳动力，从而节省了大部分金钱，从而进一步降低了大部分制成品的实际价格和名义价格。
Upon all these accounts, the precious metals are a commodity which it always has been, and still continues to be, extremely advantageous to carry from Europe to India.
综上所述，贵金属是一种从欧洲运输到印度一直并且仍然非常有利的商品。
There is scarce any commodity which brings a better price there; or which, in proportion to the quantity of labour and commodities which it costs in Europe, will purchase or command a greater quantity of labour and commodities in India.
那里几乎没有任何商品能带来更好的价格；或者，按照在欧洲花费的劳动力和商品数量的比例，它将在印度购买或指挥更多的劳动力和商品。
It is more advantageous, too, to carry silver thither than gold; because in China, and the greater part of the other markets of India, the proportion between fine silver and fine gold is but as ten, or at most as twelve to one; whereas in Europe it is as fourteen or fifteen to one.
携带白银也比携带黄金更有利。因为在中国以及印度其他大部分市场，纯银和纯金的比例只有十比一，最多十二比一；而在欧洲，这一比例为十四或十五比一。
In China, and the greater part of the other markets of India, ten, or at most twelve ounces of silver, will purchase an ounce of gold; in Europe, it requires from fourteen to fifteen ounces.
在中国和印度其他大部分市场，十盎司或最多十二盎司的白银可以购买一盎司的黄金；在欧洲，需要十四到十五盎司。
In the cargoes, therefore, of the greater part of European ships which sail to India, silver has generally been one of the most valuable articles.
因此，在大部分驶往印度的欧洲船只的货物中，白银通常是最有价值的物品之一。
It is the most valuable article in the Acapulco ships which sail to Manilla.
这是驶往马尼拉的阿卡普尔科船只中最有价值的物品。
The silver of the new continent seems, in this manner, to be one of the principal commodities by which the commerce between the two extremities of the old one is carried on; and it is by means of it, in a great measure, that those distant parts of the world are connected with one another.
这样，新大陆的白银似乎成为旧大陆两端之间进行贸易的主要商品之一。在很大程度上，正是通过它，世界上那些遥远的地方才相互联系起来。
In order to supply so very widely extended a market, the quantity of silver annually brought from the mines must not only be sufficient to support that continued increase, both of coin and of plate, which is required in all thriving countries; but to repair that continual waste and consumption of silver which takes place in all countries where that metal is used.
为了供应如此广泛的市场，每年从矿山开采的白银数量不仅必须足以支持所有繁荣国家所需的硬币和板材的持续增长；而且还必须足以支持硬币和板材的持续增长。而是要修复所有使用白银的国家持续存在的白银浪费和消耗问题。
The continual consumption of the precious metals in coin by wearing, and in plate both by wearing and cleaning, is very sensible; and in commodities of which the use is so very widely extended, would alone require a very great annual supply.
硬币中的贵金属因磨损而不断消耗，而板材中的贵金属则因磨损和清洁而不断消耗，这是非常明智的；仅就其用途如此广泛的商品而言，就需要非常大的年供应量。
The consumption of those metals in some particular manufactures, though it may not perhaps be greater upon the whole than this gradual consumption, is, however, much more sensible, as it is much more rapid.
在某些特定的制造业中，这些金属的消耗虽然总体上可能并不比这种逐渐消耗更大，但更为明智，因为它的速度要快得多。
In the manufactures of Birmingham alone, the quantity of gold and silver annually employed in gilding and plating, and thereby disqualified from ever afterwards appearing in the shape of those metals, is said to amount to more than fifty thousand pounds sterling.
仅在伯明翰的制造业中，每年用于镀金和电镀的金银数量据说就超过五万英镑，因此从此以后不再以这些金属的形式出现。
We may from thence form some notion how great must be the annual consumption in all the different parts of the world, either in manufactures of the same kind with those of Birmingham, or in laces, embroideries, gold and silver stuffs, the gilding of books, furniture, etc. A considerable quantity, too, must be annually lost in transporting those metals from one place to another both by sea and by land.
由此我们可以得出一些概念，世界各地每年的消费量有多大，无论是与伯明翰同类的制造品，还是花边、刺绣、金银制品、书籍镀金、家具等。每年在通过海运和陆路将这些金属从一个地方运输到另一个地方的过程中，也必须损失相当大的数量。
In the greater part of the governments of Asia, besides, the almost universal custom of concealing treasures in the bowels of the earth, of which the knowledge frequently dies with the person who makes the concealment, must occasion the loss of a still greater quantity.
此外，在亚洲大部分地区的政府中，几乎普遍存在将宝藏隐藏在地底深处的习俗，而宝藏的知识往往会随着隐藏者的消失而消失，这必然会造成更大数量的损失。
The quantity of gold and silver imported at both Cadiz and Lisbon (including not only what comes under register, but what may be supposed to be smuggled) amounts, according to the best accounts, to about six millions sterling a-year.
据最可靠的统计，加的斯和里斯本进口的黄金和白银数量（不仅包括登记的，还包括可能走私的）每年约六百万英镑。
According to Mr Meggens {Postscript to the Universal Merchant p.
根据梅根斯先生的说法{《环球商人后记》第 11 页。
15 and 16.
15 和 16。
This postscript was not printed till 1756, three years after the publication of the book, which has never had a second edition.
这篇后记直到 1756 年才付印，即该书出版三年后，该书从未有过第二版。
The postscript is, therefore, to be found in few copies; it corrects several errors in the book.}, the annual importation of the precious metals into Spain, at an average of six years, viz.
因此，后记的副本很少。它纠正了书中的几个错误。}，西班牙每年进口贵金属，平均六年，即。
from 1748 to 1753, both inclusive, and into Portugal, at an average of seven years, viz.
从 1748 年到 1753 年（含），进入葡萄牙，平均时间为 7 年。
from 1747 to 1753, both inclusive, amounted in silver to 1,101,107 pounds weight, and in gold to 49,940 pounds weight.
从 1747 年到 1753 年，白银的重量为 1,101,107 磅，黄金的重量为 49,940 磅。
The silver, at sixty two shillings the pound troy, amounts to £ 3,413,431:10s.
白银按每磅金衡 62 先令计算，相当于 3,413,431:10 英镑。
sterling.
英镑。
The gold, at forty-four guineas and a half the pound troy, amounts to £ 2,333,446:14s.
黄金价值 44 基尼半磅金衡，价值 2,333,446:14 英镑。
sterling.
英镑。
Both together amount to £ 5,746,878:4s.
两者合计价值 5,746,878:4s。
sterling.
英镑。
The account of what was imported under register, he assures us, is exact.
他向我们保证，根据登记进口的货物的账目是准确的。
He gives us the detail of the particular places from which the gold and silver were brought, and of the particular quantity of each metal, which, according to the register, each of them afforded.
他向我们详细介绍了金银的具体产地，以及根据登记册所提供的每种金属的具体数量。
He makes an allowance, too, for the quantity of each metal which, he supposes, may have been smuggled.
他还考虑了每种金属的数量，他认为这些金属可能是走私的。
The great experience of this judicious merchant renders his opinion of considerable weight.
这位明智的商人的丰富经验使他的意见具有相当的分量。
According to the eloquent, and sometimes well-informed, author of the Philosophical and Political History of the Establishment of the Europeans in the two Indies, the annual importation of registered gold and silver into Spain, at an average of eleven years, viz.
根据《欧洲人在两印度建立的哲学和政治史》一书的雄辩且有时消息灵通的作者的说法，西班牙每年平均十一年进口登记的黄金和白银，即：
from 1754 to 1764, both inclusive, amounted to 13,984,185 ⅗ piastres of ten reals.
从 1754 年到 1764 年（含），总计为 13,984,185 ⅗ 皮阿斯特（十雷亚尔）。
On account of what may have been smuggled, however, the whole annual importation, he supposes, may have amounted to seventeen millions of piastres, which, at 4s.
然而，考虑到可能是走私的，他认为每年的进口总量可能达到 1700 万皮亚斯特（按 4 先令计算）。
6d.
6d.
the piastre, is equal to £ 3,825,000 sterling.
piastre 等于 3,825,000 英镑。
He gives the detail, too, of the particular places from which the gold and silver were brought, and of the particular quantities of each metal, which according to the register, each of them afforded.
他还详细介绍了金银的具体产地，以及根据登记册提供的每种金属的具体数量。
He informs us, too, that if we were to judge of the quantity of gold annually imported from the Brazils to Lisbon, by the amount of the tax paid to the king of Portugal, which it seems, is one-fifth of the standard metal, we might value it at eighteen millions of cruzadoes, or forty-five millions of French livres, equal to about twenty millions sterling.
他还告诉我们，如果我们根据向葡萄牙国王缴纳的税金（似乎是标准金属的五分之一）来判断每年从巴西进口到里斯本的黄金数量，我们可能会将其估价为一千八百万克鲁扎多，或四千五百万法国里弗，相当于大约两千万英镑。
On account of what may have been smuggled, however, we may safely, he says, add to this sum an eighth more, or £ 250,000 sterling, so that the whole will amount to £ 2,250,000 sterling.
然而，考虑到可能走私的东西，他说，我们可以安全地在这笔金额上再增加八分之一，即 250,000 英镑，这样总数将达到 2,250,000 英镑。
According to this account, therefore, the whole annual importation of the precious metals into both Spain and Portugal, mounts to about £ 6,075,000 sterling.
因此，根据这一统计，西班牙和葡萄牙每年进口的贵金属总额约为 6,075,000 英镑。
Several other very well authenticated, though manuscript accounts, I have been assured, agree in making this whole annual importation amount, at an average, to about six millions sterling; sometimes a little more, sometimes a little less.
我确信，其他几份经过充分验证的手稿账目都一致认为，平均每年的进口额约为 600 万英镑；有时多一点，有时少一点。
The annual importation of the precious metals into Cadiz and Lisbon, indeed, is not equal to the whole annual produce of the mines of America.
事实上，加的斯和里斯本每年进口的贵金属并不等于美国矿山的年产量。
Some part is sent annually by the Acapulco ships to Manilla; some part is employed in a contraband trade, which the Spanish colonies carry on with those of other European nations; and some part, no doubt, remains in the country.
每年，一部分由阿卡普尔科轮船运往马尼拉；一部分用于西班牙殖民地与其他欧洲国家的殖民地进行的走私贸易；毫无疑问，其中一部分仍留在国内。
The mines of America, besides, are by no means the only gold and silver mines in the world.
此外，美国的矿山绝不是世界上唯一的金矿和银矿。
They, are, however, by far the most abundant.
然而，它们是迄今为止最丰富的。
The produce of all the other mines which are known is insignificant, it is acknowledged, in comparison with theirs; and the far greater part of their produce, it is likewise acknowledged, is annually imported into Cadiz and Lisbon.
众所周知，与它们的相比，所有其他已知矿山的产量都是微不足道的。同样众所周知，他们的大部分产品每年都进口到加的斯和里斯本。
But the consumption of Birmingham alone, at the rate of fifty thousand pounds a-year, is equal to the hundred-and-twentieth part of this annual importation, at the rate of six millions a-year.
但仅伯明翰的消费量（按每年五万英镑的速度计算）就相当于每年进口量（按每年六百万磅的速度计算）的二十分之一。
The whole annual consumption of gold and silver, therefore, in all the different countries of the world where those metals are used, may, perhaps, be nearly equal to the whole annual produce.
因此，在世界上使用这些金属的所有不同国家，每年对黄金和白银的总消费量可能几乎等于每年的总产量。
The remainder may be no more than sufficient to supply the increasing demand of all thriving countries.
其余的可能不足以满足所有繁荣国家不断增长的需求。
It may even have fallen so far short of this demand, as somewhat to raise the price of those metals in the European market.
它甚至可能远远低于这一需求，从而在一定程度上提高了欧洲市场上这些金属的价格。
The quantity of brass and iron annually brought from the mine to the market, is out of all proportion greater than that of gold and silver.
每年从矿山运往市场的黄铜和铁的数量远远多于黄金和白银的数量。
We do not, however, upon this account, imagine that those coarse metals are likely to multiply beyond the demand, or to become gradually cheaper and cheaper.
然而，我们并不因此认为这些粗金属可能会倍增超出需求，或者变得越来越便宜。
Why should we imagine that the precious metals are likely to do so?
为什么我们应该想象贵金属可能会这样做呢？
The coarse metals, indeed, though harder, are put to much harder uses, and, as they are of less value, less care is employed in their preservation.
事实上，粗金属虽然更坚硬，但用途却要困难得多，而且由于它们的价值较低，因此在保存时也较少注意。
The precious metals, however, are not necessarily immortal any more than they, but are liable, too, to be lost, wasted, and consumed, in a great variety of ways.
然而，贵金属并不一定比它们更永恒，而且也容易以多种方式丢失、浪费和消耗。
The price of all metals, though liable to slow and gradual variations, varies less from year to year than that of almost any other part of the rude produce of land: and the price of the precious metals is even less liable to sudden variations than that of the coarse ones.
所有金属的价格虽然容易出现缓慢和渐进的变化，但每年的变化比几乎任何其他土地粗产品的价格变化要小：贵金属的价格甚至比粗金属的价格更不易出现突然变化。
The durableness of metals is the foundation of this extraordinary steadiness of price.
金属的耐用性是价格异常稳定的基础。
The corn which was brought to market last year will be all, or almost all, consumed, long before the end of this year.
去年投放市场的玉米将在今年年底之前全部或几乎全部消耗完。
But some part of the iron which was brought from the mine two or three hundred years ago, may be still in use, and, perhaps, some part of the gold which was brought from it two or three thousand years ago.
但是，两三百年前从矿井中带出的铁的某些部分可能仍在使用，两三千年前从矿中带出的金的某些部分可能仍在使用。
The different masses of corn, which, in different years, must supply the consumption of the world, will always be nearly in proportion to the respective produce of those different years.
在不同的年份，必须供应世界消费的不同数量的玉米，总是几乎与这些不同年份各自的产量成比例。
But the proportion between the different masses of iron which may be in use in two different years, will be very little affected by any accidental difference in the produce of the iron mines of those two years; and the proportion between the masses of gold will be still less affected by any such difference in the produce of the gold mines.
但是，在两个不同年份中可能使用的不同铁量之间的比例，几乎不会受到这两年铁矿产量的任何偶然差异的影响；黄金质量之间的比例受金矿产量差异的影响更小。
Though the produce of the greater part of metallic mines, therefore, varies, perhaps, still more from year to year than that of the greater part of corn fields, those variations have not the same effect upon the price of the one species of commodities as upon that of the other.
因此，虽然大部分金属矿山的产量每年的变化可能比大部分玉米地的产量变化还要大，但这些变化对一种商品价格的影响与对另一种商品价格的影响并不相同。
_Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of Gold and Silver._
_黄金和白银各自价值之间的比例变化。_
Before the discovery of the mines of America, the value of fine gold to fine silver was regulated in the different mines of Europe, between the proportions of one to ten and one to twelve; that is, an ounce of fine gold was supposed to be worth from ten to twelve ounces of fine silver.
在美洲发现矿藏之前，欧洲不同矿藏对精金与精银的价值进行了规定，比例为一比十和一比十二；也就是说，一盎司的纯金应该价值十到十二盎司的纯银。
About the middle of the last century, it came to be regulated, between the proportions of one to fourteen and one to fifteen; that is, an ounce of fine gold came to be supposed worth between fourteen and fifteen ounces of fine silver.
大约在上世纪中叶，它的比例开始在一比十四和一比十五之间进行调节；也就是说，一盎司的纯金被认为价值在十四到十五盎司的纯银之间。
Gold rose in its nominal value, or in the quantity of silver which was given for it.
黄金的名义价值或为其提供的白银数量上涨。
Both metals sunk in their real value, or in the quantity of labour which they could purchase; but silver sunk more than gold.
这两种金属的实际价值或可购买的劳动力数量都下降了。但白银的跌幅比黄金还要大。
Though both the gold and silver mines of America exceeded in fertility all those which had ever been known before, the fertility of the silver mines had, it seems, been proportionally still greater than that of the gold ones.
尽管美国的金矿和银矿的肥力都超过了以前已知的所有矿山，但从比例上看，银矿的肥力似乎仍然高于金矿。
The great quantities of silver carried annually from Europe to India, have, in some of the English settlements, gradually reduced the value of that metal in proportion to gold.
每年从欧洲运往印度的大量白银，在英国的一些定居点中，逐渐降低了白银相对于黄金的价值。
In the mint of Calcutta, an ounce of fine gold is supposed to be worth fifteen ounces of fine silver, in the same manner as in Europe.
在加尔各答的铸币厂，一盎司的纯金应该相当于十五盎司的纯银，与欧洲的情况相同。
It is in the mint, perhaps, rated too high for the value which it bears in the market of Bengal.
对于它在孟加拉市场上的价值来说，这枚铸币厂的评级也许太高了。
In China, the proportion of gold to silver still continues as one to ten, or one to twelve.
在中国，金与银的比例仍延续为一比十，或一比十二。
In Japan, it is said to be as one to eight.
在日本，据说是一比八。
The proportion between the quantities of gold and silver annually imported into Europe, according to Mr Meggens’ account, is as one to twenty-two nearly; that is, for one ounce of gold there are imported a little more than twenty-two ounces of silver.
根据梅根斯先生的统计，欧洲每年进口的黄金和白银数量之间的比例几乎是一比二十二；也就是说，一盎司黄金需要进口略多于二十二盎司的白银。
The great quantity of silver sent annually to the East Indies reduces, he supposes, the quantities of those metals which remain in Europe to the proportion of one to fourteen or fifteen, the proportion of their values.
他认为，每年运往东印度群岛的大量白银使留在欧洲的这些金属的数量减少到其价值比例的一比十四或十五。
The proportion between their values, he seems to think, must necessarily be the same as that between their quantities, and would therefore be as one to twenty-two, were it not for this greater exportation of silver.
他似乎认为，它们的价值之间的比例必然与它们的数量之间的比例相同，因此，如果不是白银出口量增加的话，它们的比例将是一比二十二。
But the ordinary proportion between the respective values of two commodities is not necessarily the same as that between the quantities of them which are commonly in the market.
但两种商品各自价值之间的通常比例并不一定与市场上常见数量之间的比例相同。
The price of an ox, reckoned at ten guineas, is about three score times the price of a lamb, reckoned at 3s.
一头牛的价格（按十几尼计算）大约是一只羔羊（按三先令计算）价格的三倍。
6d.
6d.
It would be absurd, however, to infer from thence, that there are commonly in the market three score lambs for one ox; and it would be just as absurd to infer, because an ounce of gold will commonly purchase from fourteen or fifteen ounces of silver, that there are commonly in the market only fourteen or fifteen ounces of silver for one ounce of gold.
然而，据此推断，市场上通常有三二十只羊配一头牛，这是荒谬的。同样荒谬的是，因为一盎司黄金通常可以用十四或十五盎司的白银购买，所以市场上通常只有十四或十五盎司的白银可以兑换一盎司的黄金。
The quantity of silver commonly in the market, it is probable, is much greater in proportion to that of gold, than the value of a certain quantity of gold is to that of an equal quantity of silver.
市场上常见的白银数量与黄金数量的比例很可能比一定数量的黄金与等量白银的价值之比要大得多。
The whole quantity of a cheap commodity brought to market is commonly not only greater, but of greater value, than the whole quantity of a dear one.
进入市场的廉价商品的总量通常不仅大于昂贵商品的总量，而且价值更高。
The whole quantity of bread annually brought to market, is not only greater, but of greater value, than the whole quantity of butcher’s meat; the whole quantity of butcher’s meat, than the whole quantity of poultry; and the whole quantity of poultry, than the whole quantity of wild fowl.
每年投放市场的面包总量不仅多于屠宰肉的总量，而且价值更高。屠宰肉类的总量多于家禽的总量；而家禽的总量，又多于野禽的总量。
There are so many more purchasers for the cheap than for the dear commodity, that, not only a greater quantity of it, but a greater value can commonly be disposed of.
廉价商品的购买者比昂贵商品的购买者多得多，因此，通常不仅可以出售更多数量的商品，而且可以处置的价值也更高。
The whole quantity, therefore, of the cheap commodity, must commonly be greater in proportion to the whole quantity of the dear one, than the value of a certain quantity of the dear one, is to the value of an equal quantity of the cheap one.
因此，廉价商品的总量与昂贵商品总量的比例通常必须大于一定数量的昂贵商品的价值与等量廉价商品的价值之比。
When we compare the precious metals with one another, silver is a cheap, and gold a dear commodity.
当我们将贵金属相互比较时，白银是一种便宜的商品，而黄金是一种昂贵的商品。
We ought naturally to expect, therefore, that there should always be in the market, not only a greater quantity, but a greater value of silver than of gold.
因此，我们自然应该预期，市场上的白银不仅数量多，而且价值也高于黄金。
Let any man, who has a little of both, compare his own silver with his gold plate, and he will probably find, that not only the quantity, but the value of the former, greatly exceeds that of the latter.
让任何一个两者都拥有一点的人，将自己的银器与金器相比较，他很可能会发现，前者不仅在数量上，而且在价值上都大大超过了后者。
Many people, besides, have a good deal of silver who have no gold plate, which, even with those who have it, is generally confined to watch-cases, snuff-boxes, and such like trinkets, of which the whole amount is seldom of great value.
此外，许多人拥有大量白银，但没有镀金，即使有镀金，通常也仅限于表壳、鼻烟盒等小饰品，而全部数量很少有很大价值。
In the British coin, indeed, the value of the gold preponderates greatly, but it is not so in that of all countries.
在英国硬币中，黄金的价值确实占据了很大的比重，但并非在所有国家的硬币中都是如此。
In the coin of some countries, the value of the two metals is nearly equal.
在一些国家的硬币中，两种金属的价值几乎相等。
In the Scotch coin, before the union with England, the gold preponderated very little, though it did somewhat {See Ruddiman’s Preface to Anderson’s Diplomata, etc. Scotiae.}, as it appears by the accounts of the mint.
在与英格兰联合之前，在苏格兰硬币中，黄金几乎没有占主导地位，尽管从造币厂的账目中可以看出，它确实起到了一定的作用（见鲁迪曼为安德森的《外交》的序言，等等。斯科蒂亚。）。
In the coin of many countries the silver preponderates.
在许多国家的硬币中，白银占主导地位。
In France, the largest sums are commonly paid in that metal, and it is there difficult to get more gold than what is necessary to carry about in your pocket.
在法国，最大的金额通常是用这种金属支付的，而且在那里很难获得比你口袋里需要携带的更多的黄金。
The superior value, however, of the silver plate above that of the gold, which takes place in all countries, will much more than compensate the preponderancy of the gold coin above the silver, which takes place only in some countries.
然而，在所有国家中，银币的价值都高于金币，这将远远超过金币高于银币的优势（仅在某些国家中发生）的补偿。
Though, in one sense of the word, silver always has been, and probably always will be, much cheaper than gold; yet, in another sense, gold may perhaps, in the present state of the Spanish market, be said to be somewhat cheaper than silver.
不过，从某种意义上说，白银一直而且可能永远都比黄金便宜得多。然而，从另一种意义上说，在西班牙市场的现状下，黄金或许可以说比白银便宜一些。
A commodity may be said to be dear or cheap not only according to the absolute greatness or smallness of its usual price, but according as that price is more or less above the lowest for which it is possible to bring it to market for any considerable time together.
一种商品的贵或便宜不仅取决于其通常价格的绝对高低，还取决于该价格或多或少高于可能在相当长的时间内将其推向市场的最低价格。
This lowest price is that which barely replaces, with a moderate profit, the stock which must be employed in bringing the commodity thither.
这个最低价格几乎无法取代将商品运到那里所必须使用的库存，并带来适度的利润。
It is the price which affords nothing to the landlord, of which rent makes not any component part, but which resolves itself altogether into wages and profit.
这个价格对地主没有任何贡献，租金不构成任何组成部分，但它本身完全分解为工资和利润。
But, in the present state of the Spanish market, gold is certainly somewhat nearer to this lowest price than silver.
但是，在西班牙市场目前的状况下，黄金肯定比白银更接近这个最低价格。
The tax of the king of Spain upon gold is only one-twentieth part of the standard metal, or five per cent.; whereas his tax upon silver amounts to one-tenth part of it, or to ten per cent.
西班牙国王对黄金的税收仅为标准金属的二十分之一，即百分之五。而他对白银的征税则达到十分之一，即百分之十。
In these taxes, too, it has already been observed, consists the whole rent of the greater part of the gold and silver mines of Spanish America; and that upon gold is still worse paid than that upon silver.
我们已经注意到，这些税收也包含了西属美洲大部分金矿和银矿的全部租金。黄金的报酬仍然比白银的报酬低。
The profits of the undertakers of gold mines, too, as they more rarely make a fortune, must, in general, be still more moderate than those of the undertakers of silver mines.
金矿开采者的利润也比银矿开采者的利润要低，因为他们很少发财。
The price of Spanish gold, therefore, as it affords both less rent and less profit, must, in the Spanish market, be somewhat nearer to the lowest price for which it is possible to bring it thither, than the price of Spanish silver.
因此，由于西班牙黄金的租金和利润都较低，因此在西班牙市场上，西班牙黄金的价格必定比西班牙白银的价格更接近可能到达那里的最低价格。
When all expenses are computed, the whole quantity of the one metal, it would seem, cannot, in the Spanish market, be disposed of so advantageously as the whole quantity of the other.
当计算所有费用时，在西班牙市场上，一种金属的全部数量似乎不能像另一种金属的全部数量那样有利地处理。
The tax, indeed, of the king of Portugal upon the gold of the Brazils, is the same with the ancient tax of the king of Spain upon the silver of Mexico and Peru; or one-fifth part of the standard metal.
事实上，葡萄牙国王对巴西黄金征收的税，与古代西班牙国王对墨西哥和秘鲁白银征收的税是一样的。或标准金属的五分之一。
It may therefore be uncertain, whether, to the general market of Europe, the whole mass of American gold comes at a price nearer to the lowest for which it is possible to bring it thither, than the whole mass of American silver.
因此，对于欧洲整体市场而言，美国黄金的全部价格是否比美国白银的全部价格更接近可能进入欧洲的最低价格，这可能是不确定的。
The price of diamonds and other precious stones may, perhaps, be still nearer to the lowest price at which it is possible to bring them to market, than even the price of gold.
钻石和其他宝石的价格或许比黄金的价格更接近其上市的最低价格。
Though it is not very probable that any part of a tax, which is not only imposed upon one of the most proper subjects of taxation, a mere luxury and superfluity, but which affords so very important a revenue as the tax upon silver, will ever be given up as long as it is possible to pay it; yet the same impossibility of paying it, which, in 1736.
尽管税收的任何部分不太可能被放弃，因为它不仅对最适当的征税对象之一征收，纯粹是奢侈和多余的，而且提供了像白银税这样非常重要的收入，只要有可能支付它；然而，在 1736 年，同样无法支付这笔钱。
made it necessary to reduce it from one-fifth to one-tenth, may in time make it necessary to reduce it still further; in the same manner as it made it necessary to reduce the tax upon gold to one-twentieth.
有必要将其从五分之一减少到十分之一，到时候可能有必要进一步减少；以同样的方式，它有必要将黄金税减至二十分之一。
That the silver mines of Spanish America, like all other mines, become gradually more expensive in the working, on account of the greater depths at which it is necessary to carry on the works, and of the greater expense of drawing out the water, and of supplying them with fresh air at those depths, is acknowledged by everybody who has inquired into the state of those mines.
与所有其他矿山一样，西班牙美洲的银矿的开采成本逐渐变得更高，因为需要在更大的深度进行作业，而且在这些深度抽水和供应新鲜空气的费用也更高，这是所有调查过这些矿井状况的人都承认的。
These causes, which are equivalent to a growing scarcity of silver (for a commodity may be said to grow scarcer when it becomes more difficult and expensive to collect a certain quantity of it), must, in time, produce one or other of the three following events: The increase of the expense must either, first, be compensated altogether by a proportionable increase in the price of the metal; or, secondly, it must be compensated altogether by a proportionable diminution of the tax upon silver; or, thirdly, it must be compensated partly by the one and partly by the other of those two expedients.
这些原因相当于白银的日益稀缺（因为当收集一定数量的白银变得更加困难和昂贵时，可以说一种商品变得更加稀缺），必须及时产生以下三个事件中的一个或另一个：首先，费用的增加必须通过金属价格的按比例上涨来完全补偿；要么或者，其次，必须通过按比例减少白银税来完全补偿；或者，第三，它必须部分由这两种权宜之计中的一种和部分由另一种权宜之计来补偿。
This third event is very possible.
这第三个事件是很有可能发生的。
As gold rose in its price in proportion to silver, notwithstanding a great diminution of the tax upon gold, so silver might rise in its price in proportion to labour and commodities, notwithstanding an equal diminution of the tax upon silver.
正如黄金的价格相对于白银的比例上涨，尽管对黄金的税收大幅减少，同样，白银的价格也可能相对于劳动力和商品的比例上涨，尽管对白银的税收同样减少。
Such successive reductions of the tax, however, though they may not prevent altogether, must certainly retard, more or less, the rise of the value of silver in the European market.
然而，这种连续的税收减免虽然可能无法完全阻止，但肯定会或多或少地阻碍欧洲市场白银价值的上涨。
In consequence of such reductions, many mines may be wrought which could not be wrought before, because they could not afford to pay the old tax; and the quantity of silver annually brought to market, must always be somewhat greater, and, therefore, the value of any given quantity somewhat less, than it otherwise would have been.
由于这种减少，许多以前无法开采的矿山可能会被开采，因为它们无力支付旧税；每年进入市场的白银数量必定会比其他情况下的白银数量多一些，因此，任何给定数量的价值都会比原本应有的数量少一些。
In consequence of the reduction in 1736, the value of silver in the European market, though it may not at this day be lower than before that reduction, is, probably, at least ten per cent.
由于 1736 年的贬值，欧洲市场上的白银价值虽然现在可能不会低于那次贬值之前，但很可能至少上涨了 10%。
lower than it would have been, had the court of Spain continued to exact the old tax.
如果西班牙法院继续征收旧税，则该税额将低于本来应有的水平。
That, notwithstanding this reduction, the value of silver has, during the course of the present century, begun to rise somewhat in the European market, the facts and arguments which have been alleged above, dispose me to believe, or more properly to suspect and conjecture; for the best opinion which I can form upon this subject, scarce, perhaps, deserves the name of belief.
尽管出现了这种下降，但在本世纪的过程中，欧洲市场上白银的价值已开始有所上升，上述事实和论点使我相信，或者更恰当地说，怀疑和推测；因为我在这个问题上所能形成的最好的观点，或许是值得被称为“信仰”的。
The rise, indeed, supposing there has been any, has hitherto been so very small, that after all that has been said, it may, perhaps, appear to many people uncertain, not only whether this event has actually taken place, but whether the contrary may not have taken place, or whether the value of silver may not still continue to fall in the European market.
事实上，假设有任何上涨，迄今为止涨幅仍然非常小，以至于在说了这么多之后，也许许多人不仅不确定这一事件是否确实发生，而且不确定相反的情况是否可能没有发生，或者欧洲市场上白银的价值是否仍会继续下跌。
It must be observed, however, that whatever may be the supposed annual importation of gold and silver, there must be a certain period at which the annual consumption of those metals will be equal to that annual importation.
然而，必须指出的是，无论黄金和白银的年度进口量是多少，都必须有一个特定的时期，在这个时期这些金属的年度消费量将等于该年度进口量。
Their consumption must increase as their mass increases, or rather in a much greater proportion.
它们的消耗量必须随着其质量的增加而增加，或者更确切地说以更大的比例增加。
As their mass increases, their value diminishes.
随着它们的质量增加，它们的价值就会减少。
They are more used, and less cared for, and their consumption consequently increases in a greater proportion than their mass.
它们被更多地使用，却更少被照顾，因此它们的消耗量的增长比例大于它们的质量。
After a certain period, therefore, the annual consumption of those metals must, in this manner, become equal to their annual importation, provided that importation is not continually increasing; which, in the present times, is not supposed to be the case.
因此，在一定时期之后，这些金属的年消费量必须以这种方式等于其年进口量，前提是进口量不持续增加；但在当今时代，情况不应如此。
If, when the annual consumption has become equal to the annual importation, the annual importation should gradually diminish, the annual consumption may, for some time, exceed the annual importation.
如果当年消费量等于年进口量时，年进口量逐渐减少，则年消费量可能会在一段时间内超过年进口量。
The mass of those metals may gradually and insensibly diminish, and their value gradually and insensibly rise, till the annual importation becoming again stationary, the annual consumption will gradually and insensibly accommodate itself to what that annual importation can maintain.
这些金属的质量可能会逐渐不知不觉地减少，而它们的价值会逐渐不知不觉地上升，直到年度进口量再次稳定，年消费量将逐渐不知不觉地适应年度进口量所能维持的水平。
_Grounds of the suspicion that the Value of Silver still continues to decrease._
_怀疑白银价值仍在继续下降的理由。_
The increase of the wealth of Europe, and the popular notion, that as the quantity of the precious metals naturally increases with the increase of wealth, so their value diminishes as their quantity increases, may, perhaps, dispose many people to believe that their value still continues to fall in the European market; and the still gradually increasing price of many parts of the rude produce of land may confirm them still farther in this opinion.
欧洲财富的增加，以及流行的观念，即贵金属的数量自然会随着财富的增加而增加，因此其价值会随着其数量的增加而减少，也许会让许多人相信其价值在欧洲市场上仍在继续下跌；许多土地原产品的价格仍在逐渐上涨，这可能进一步证实了这一观点。
That that increase in the quantity of the precious metals, which arises in any country from the increase of wealth, has no tendency to diminish their value, I have endeavoured to shew already.
我已经尽力表明，在任何国家，由于财富的增加而导致的贵金属数量的增加，并不会降低其价值。
Gold and silver naturally resort to a rich country, for the same reason that all sorts of luxuries and curiosities resort to it; not because they are cheaper there than in poorer countries, but because they are dearer, or because a better price is given for them.
黄金和白银自然会流向富裕国家，正如各种奢侈品和珍品都会流向富裕国家一样。不是因为它们比较贫穷的国家更便宜，而是因为它们更贵，或者因为它们的价格更好。
It is the superiority of price which attracts them; and as soon as that superiority ceases, they necessarily cease to go thither.
吸引他们的是价格的优势；一旦这种优势消失，他们就必然不再去那里。
If you except corn, and such other vegetables as are raised altogether by human industry, that all other sorts of rude produce, cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, the useful fossils and minerals of the earth, etc. naturally grow dearer, as the society advances in wealth and improvement, I have endeavoured to shew already.
如果除了玉米和其他由人类工业种植的蔬菜之外，那么随着社会在财富和进步方面的进步，所有其他种类的粗产品、牛、家禽、各种野味、地球上有用的化石和矿物等自然会变得更加昂贵，我已经尽力表明了。
Though such commodities, therefore, come to exchange for a greater quantity of silver than before, it will not from thence follow that silver has become really cheaper, or will purchase less labour than before; but that such commodities have become really dearer, or will purchase more labour than before.
因此，尽管这些商品能够兑换比以前更多的白银，但这并不意味着白银确实变得更便宜，或者购买的劳动力比以前更少；但这些商品确实变得更加昂贵，或者将比以前购买更多的劳动力。
It is not their nominal price only, but their real price, which rises in the progress of improvement.
这不仅仅是它们的名义价格，而是它们的实际价格，随着改进的进展而上涨。
The rise of their nominal price is the effect, not of any degradation of the value of silver, but of the rise in their real price.
其名义价格的上涨并不是白银价值下降的结果，而是其实际价格上涨的结果。
_Different Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon three different sorts of rude Produce._
_改进进度对三种不同种类的粗制产品的不同影响。_
These different sorts of rude produce may be divided into three classes.
这些不同种类的粗产品可以分为三类。
The first comprehends those which it is scarce in the power of human industry to multiply at all.
第一个涵盖人类工业能力根本无法繁殖的事物。
The second, those which it can multiply in proportion to the demand.
第二，它可以根据需求成比例地增加。
The third, those in which the efficacy of industry is either limited or uncertain.
第三，工业功效有限或不确定。
In the progress of wealth and improvement, the real price of the first may rise to any degree of extravagance, and seems not to be limited by any certain boundary.
在财富和进步的过程中，第一的真实价格可能会上升到任何程度的奢侈，并且似乎不受任何特定边界的限制。
That of the second, though it may rise greatly, has, however, a certain boundary, beyond which it cannot well pass for any considerable time together.
第二种的情况虽然可能会大幅上升，但也有一定的界限，在相当长的时间内都无法跨越这个界限。
That of the third, though its natural tendency is to rise in the progress of improvement, yet in the same degree of improvement it may sometimes happen even to fall, sometimes to continue the same, and sometimes to rise more or less, according as different accidents render the efforts of human industry, in multiplying this sort of rude produce, more or less successful.
第三种情况，虽然它的自然趋势是在改进的过程中上升，但在同样程度的改进中，有时甚至会下降，有时会继续下降，有时会或多或少地上升，这取决于不同的事故使人类工业在繁殖这种粗产品时的努力或多或少成功。
First Sort.—The first sort of rude produce, of which the price rises in the progress of improvement, is that which it is scarce in the power of human industry to multiply at all.
第一类——第一类粗产品，其价格随着改进的进展而上升，是人类工业能力中根本无法繁殖的产品。
It consists in those things which nature produces only in certain quantities, and which being of a very perishable nature, it is impossible to accumulate together the produce of many different seasons.
它是指自然界只生产一定数量的东西，而且它们的性质非常容易腐烂，不可能将许多不同季节的产物积累在一起。
Such are the greater part of rare and singular birds and fishes, many different sorts of game, almost all wild-fowl, all birds of passage in particular, as well as many other things.
这些是大部分稀有和奇异的鸟类和鱼类，许多不同种类的猎物，几乎所有野禽，特别是所有候鸟，以及许多其他动物。
When wealth, and the luxury which accompanies it, increase, the demand for these is likely to increase with them, and no effort of human industry may be able to increase the supply much beyond what it was before this increase of the demand.
当财富和随之而来的奢侈品增加时，对这些的需求可能会随之增加，而人类的工业努力可能无法将供应量增加到远远超过需求增加之前的水平。
The quantity of such commodities, therefore, remaining the same, or nearly the same, while the competition to purchase them is continually increasing, their price may rise to any degree of extravagance, and seems not to be limited by any certain boundary.
因此，这些商品的数量保持不变或几乎不变，而购买它们的竞争不断加剧，它们的价格可能会上涨到某种程度的奢侈，而且似乎不受任何特定界限的限制。
If woodcocks should become so fashionable as to sell for twenty guineas a-piece, no effort of human industry could increase the number of those brought to market, much beyond what it is at present.
如果鹬变得如此流行，每只售价为二十几尼，那么人类的任何努力都无法增加进入市场的鹬数量，远远超出目前的水平。
The high price paid by the Romans, in the time of their greatest grandeur, for rare birds and fishes, may in this manner easily be accounted for.
罗马人在其最辉煌的时期为稀有鸟类和鱼类所支付的高昂价格可以通过这种方式很容易地解释。
These prices were not the effects of the low value of silver in those times, but of the high value of such rarities and curiosities as human industry could not multiply at pleasure.
这些价格并不是当时白银价值较低的影响，而是由于人类工业无法随心所欲地繁殖而产生的稀有和稀奇物品的高价值。
The real value of silver was higher at Rome, for sometime before, and after the fall of the republic, than it is through the greater part of Europe at present.
在共和国垮台之前和之后的一段时间内，罗马的白银实际价值高于目前欧洲大部分地区的白银实际价值。
Three sestertii equal to about sixpence sterling, was the price which the republic paid for the modius or peck of the tithe wheat of Sicily.
三塞斯特提约等于六便士英镑，这是共和国为西西里岛小麦什一税支付的价格。
This price, however, was probably below the average market price, the obligation to deliver their wheat at this rate being considered as a tax upon the Sicilian farmers.
然而，这个价格可能低于平均市场价格，以这个价格交付小麦的义务被视为对西西里农民的征税。
When the Romans, therefore, had occasion to order more corn than the tithe of wheat amounted to, they were bound by capitulation to pay for the surplus at the rate of four sestertii, or eightpence sterling the peck; and this had probably been reckoned the moderate and reasonable, that is, the ordinary or average contract price of those times; it is equal to about one-and-twenty shillings the quarter.
因此，当罗马人有机会订购比小麦十分之一多的谷物时，他们必须投降，以四塞斯特提（即每配克八便士）的比率支付剩余的费用。这可能被认为是适中和合理的，即当时的普通或平均合同价格；大约相当于每季度一二十先令。
Eight-and-twenty shillings the quarter was, before the late years of scarcity, the ordinary contract price of English wheat, which in quality is inferior to the Sicilian, and generally sells for a lower price in the European market.
在近几年的稀缺之前，每季度八零二十先令是英国小麦的普通合同价，这种小麦的质量不如西西里小麦，在欧洲市场上的售价通常较低。
The value of silver, therefore, in those ancient times, must have been to its value in the present, as three to four inversely; that is, three ounces of silver would then have purchased the same quantity of labour and commodities which four ounces will do at present.
因此，古代银子的价值一定是现在的价值，三比四成反比。也就是说，三盎司白银可以购买与目前四盎司白银相同数量的劳动力和商品。
When we read in Pliny, therefore, that Seius {Lib.
因此，当我们读到普林尼的著作时，Seius {Lib.
X, c.
X，c。
29.} bought a white nightingale, as a present for the empress Agrippina, at the price of six thousand sestertii, equal to about fifty pounds of our present money; and that Asinius Celer {Lib.
29.} 买了一只白夜莺，作为送给阿格里皮娜女皇的礼物，价格为六千塞斯特提，相当于我们现在的钱约五十英镑；还有阿西纽斯·塞勒（Asinius Celer）{Lib。
IX, c.
九、c.
17.} purchased a surmullet at the price of eight thousand sestertii, equal to about sixty-six pounds thirteen shillings and fourpence of our present money; the extravagance of those prices, how much soever it may surprise us, is apt, notwithstanding, to appear to us about one third less than it really was.
17.} 以八千塞斯特提的价格购买了一个苏莫莱特，相当于我们现在的货币的六十六英镑十三先令四便士；然而，这些价格的奢侈程度，无论它让我们多么惊讶，在我们看来，很可能比实际价格低三分之一左右。
Their real price, the quantity of labour and subsistence which was given away for them, was about one-third more than their nominal price is apt to express to us in the present times.
他们的实际价格，即为他们提供的劳动和生活资料的数量，比我们当今时代容易表达的名义价格高出大约三分之一。
Seius gave for the nightingale the command of a quantity of labour and subsistence, equal to what £ 66:13: 4d.
塞厄斯给予夜莺一定数量的劳动和生活必需品，相当于£66:13:4d。
would purchase in the present times; and Asinius Celer gave for a surmullet the command of a quantity equal to what £ 88:17: 9d.
现在会购买； Asinius Celer 给出了一个 surmullet 的命令，其数量等于 £ 88:17: 9d。
would purchase.
会购买。
What occasioned the extravagance of those high prices was, not so much the abundance of silver, as the abundance of labour and subsistence, of which those Romans had the disposal, beyond what was necessary for their own use.
造成如此高物价的原因，与其说是大量的白银，不如说是罗马人可以支配的大量劳动力和生活资料，超出了他们自己使用所必需的范围。
The quantity of silver, of which they had the disposal, was a good deal less than what the command of the same quantity of labour and subsistence would have procured to them in the present times.
他们可以支配的白银数量，比他们在当今时代掌握相同数量的劳动和生活资料所能获得的要少得多。
Second sort.—The second sort of rude produce, of which the price rises in the progress of improvement, is that which human industry can multiply in proportion to the demand.
第二类——第二类粗产品，其价格随着改良的进展而上升，是人类工业能够按需求量成比例地倍增的产品。
It consists in those useful plants and animals, which, in uncultivated countries, nature produces with such profuse abundance, that they are of little or no value, and which, as cultivation advances, are therefore forced to give place to some more profitable produce.
它包括那些有用的植物和动物，在未开垦的国家，大自然生产出如此丰富的植物和动物，它们几乎没有价值或没有价值，因此，随着种植的进步，它们被迫让位于一些更有利可图的产品。
During a long period in the progress of improvement, the quantity of these is continually diminishing, while, at the same time, the demand for them is continually increasing.
在漫长的改进过程中，它们的数量不断减少，而与此同时，对它们的需求却不断增加。
Their real value, therefore, the real quantity of labour which they will purchase or command, gradually rises, till at last it gets so high as to render them as profitable a produce as any thing else which human industry can raise upon the most fertile and best cultivated land.
因此，它们的实际价值，即它们将购买或指挥的实际劳动量逐渐上升，直到最后变得如此之高，以至于使它们成为与人类工业在最肥沃和最好的耕地上生产的任何其他产品一样有利可图的产品。
When it has got so high, it cannot well go higher.
当它变得如此之高时，它就不可能再更高了。
If it did, more land and more industry would soon be employed to increase their quantity.
如果确实如此，很快就会使用更多的土地和更多的工业来增加其数量。
When the price of cattle, for example, rises so high, that it is as profitable to cultivate land in order to raise food for them as in order to raise food for man, it cannot well go higher.
例如，当牲畜的价格上涨得如此之高，以至于为它们提供食物而耕种土地与为人类提供食物一样有利可图时，它就不可能再上涨了。
If it did, more corn land would soon be turned into pasture.
如果真是这样，更多的玉米地很快就会变成牧场。
The extension of tillage, by diminishing the quantity of wild pasture, diminishes the quantity of butcher’s meat, which the country naturally produces without labour or cultivation; and, by increasing the number of those who have either corn, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of corn, to give in exchange for it, increases the demand.
耕作的扩大，减少了野生牧草的数量，也减少了肉的数量，而肉是该国无需劳动或耕种而自然生产的；并且，通过增加拥有玉米的人数，或者，增加玉米的价格来换取玉米的价格，就会增加需求。
The price of butcher’s meat, therefore, and, consequently, of cattle, must gradually rise, till it gets so high, that it becomes as profitable to employ the most fertile and best cultivated lands in raising food for them as in raising corn.
因此，屠宰肉的价格以及牲畜的价格必须逐渐上涨，直到变得如此之高，以至于利用最肥沃和最好的耕地来为他们生产食物和种植玉米一样有利可图。
But it must always be late in the progress of improvement before tillage can be so far extended as to raise the price of cattle to this height; and, till it has got to this height, if the country is advancing at all, their price must be continually rising.
但在改良的进程中，耕作的范围扩大到将牛的价格提高到如此高的程度之前，它总是很晚的。而且，在达到这个高度之前，如果国家确实在进步，那么它们的价格必定会持续上涨。
There are, perhaps, some parts of Europe in which the price of cattle has not yet got to this height.
也许欧洲某些地区的牛的价格还没有达到这个高度。
It had not got to this height in any part of Scotland before the Union.
在联邦成立之前，苏格兰任何地方都没有达到这样的高度。
Had the Scotch cattle been always confined to the market of Scotland, in a country in which the quantity of land, which can be applied to no other purpose but the feeding of cattle, is so great in proportion to what can be applied to other purposes, it is scarce possible, perhaps, that their price could ever have risen so high as to render it profitable to cultivate land for the sake of feeding them.
如果苏格兰牛始终局限于苏格兰市场，在这个国家，除了饲养牛之外别无他用的土地数量与可用于其他目的的土地数量之间的比例如此之大，那么它们的价格也许几乎不可能上涨到如此之高，以至于为饲养它们而耕种土地变得有利可图。
In England, the price of cattle, it has already been observed, seems, in the neighbourhood of London, to have got to this height about the beginning of the last century; but it was much later, probably, before it got through the greater part of the remoter counties, in some of which, perhaps, it may scarce yet have got to it.
据观察，在英国，在伦敦附近，牛的价格似乎在上世纪初就达到了这个高度。但可能要晚得多，它才穿过大部分偏远县，也许在其中一些县，它可能还很少到达。
Of all the different substances, however, which compose this second sort of rude produce, cattle is, perhaps, that of which the price, in the progress of improvement, rises first to this height.
然而，在构成第二种粗产品的所有不同物质中，随着改良的进展，牛的价格可能首先上升到这个高度。
Till the price of cattle, indeed, has got to this height, it seems scarce possible that the greater part, even of those lands which are capable of the highest cultivation, can be completely cultivated.
事实上，在牛的价格达到如此高的水平之前，即使是那些能够进行最高耕种的土地，大部分土地也几乎不可能被完全耕种。
In all farms too distant from any town to carry manure from it, that is, in the far greater part of those of every extensive country, the quantity of well cultivated land must be in proportion to the quantity of manure which the farm itself produces; and this, again, must be in proportion to the stock of cattle which are maintained upon it.
在距离任何城镇太远而无法从城镇运送粪便的所有农场中，也就是说，在每个广阔国家的大部分农场中，良好耕种的土地数量必须与农场本身产生的粪便数量成正比；同样，这必须与饲养的牲畜数量成比例。
The land is manured, either by pasturing the cattle upon it, or by feeding them in the stable, and from thence carrying out their dung to it.
土地被施肥，要么在土地上放牧牲畜，要么在马厩里喂养它们，然后将粪便运到土地上。
But unless the price of the cattle be sufficient to pay both the rent and profit of cultivated land, the farmer cannot afford to pasture them upon it; and he can still less afford to feed them in the stable.
但是，除非牲畜的价格足以支付耕地的租金和利润，否则农民就无力在其上放牧。他更无力在马厩里喂养它们。
It is with the produce of improved and cultivated land only that cattle can be fed in the stable; because, to collect the scanty and scattered produce of waste and unimproved lands, would require too much labour, and be too expensive.
只有改良耕地的出产，才能在马厩里饲养牛群；因为，要收集废弃物和未改良土地上稀少且分散的农产品，需要太多的劳动力，而且成本太高。
If the price of the cattle, therefore, is not sufficient to pay for the produce of improved and cultivated land, when they are allowed to pasture it, that price will be still less sufficient to pay for that produce, when it must be collected with a good deal of additional labour, and brought into the stable to them.
因此，如果牲畜的价格不足以支付改良耕地的产品，当他们被允许放牧时，那么，当他们必须用大量额外的劳动来收集这些产品并将其带入马厩时，这个价格就更不足以支付这些产品了。
In these circumstances, therefore, no more cattle can with profit be fed in the stable than what are necessary for tillage.
因此，在这种情况下，马厩里饲养的牛只比耕作所需的牛少就无利可图。
But these can never afford manure enough for keeping constantly in good condition all the lands which they are capable of cultivating.
但这些人永远无法提供足够的肥料来使他们能够耕种的所有土地始终保持良好状态。
What they afford, being insufficient for the whole farm, will naturally be reserved for the lands to which it can be most advantageously or conveniently applied; the most fertile, or those, perhaps, in the neighbourhood of the farm-yard.
他们所提供的资金不足以用于整个农场，自然会保留给最有利或最方便使用的土地；最肥沃的，或者也许是在农场附近的那些。
These, therefore, will be kept constantly in good condition, and fit for tillage.
因此，这些将始终保持良好状态，适合耕作。
The rest will, the greater part of them, be allowed to lie waste, producing scarce any thing but some miserable pasture, just sufficient to keep alive a few straggling, half-starved cattle; the farm, though much overstocked in proportion to what would be necessary for its complete cultivation, being very frequently overstocked in proportion to its actual produce.
其余的大部分土地将被闲置，除了一些简陋的牧场外，几乎不生产任何东西，仅够养活一些零散的、半饥饿的牛。尽管农场的存货与其全部种植所需的数量相比严重过剩，但与其实际产量相比，存货经常过剩。
A portion of this waste land, however, after having been pastured in this wretched manner for six or seven years together, may be ploughed up, when it will yield, perhaps, a poor crop or two of bad oats, or of some other coarse grain; and then, being entirely exhausted, it must be rested and pastured again as before, and another portion ploughed up, to be in the same manner exhausted and rested again in its turn.
然而，这片荒地的一部分，在以这种可怜的方式一起放牧了六七年之后，可能会被犁掉，那时它可能会产生一两粒坏燕麦或其他一些粗粮。然后，当它完全筋疲力尽时，必须像以前一样休息和放牧，并犁出另一部分，以同样的方式筋疲力尽并再次休息。
Such, accordingly, was the general system of management all over the low country of Scotland before the Union.
因此，这就是联合之前整个苏格兰低地地区的一般管理制度。
The lands which were kept constantly well manured and in good condition seldom exceeded a third or fourth part of the whole farm, and sometimes did not amount to a fifth or a sixth part of it.
经常施肥、状况良好的土地很少超过整个农场的三分之一或四分之一，有时甚至不到五分之一或六分之一。
The rest were never manured, but a certain portion of them was in its turn, notwithstanding, regularly cultivated and exhausted.
其余的从未施过肥料，但其中的一部分却经常被耕种并耗尽。
Under this system of management, it is evident, even that part of the lands of Scotland which is capable of good cultivation, could produce but little in comparison of what it may be capable of producing.
很明显，在这种管理制度下，即使是苏格兰那部分能够良好耕种的土地，其产量也比它可能生产的产量少。
But how disadvantageous soever this system may appear, yet, before the Union, the low price of cattle seems to have rendered it almost unavoidable.
但无论这种制度看起来有多么不利，然而，在联盟之前，牛的低廉价格似乎使它几乎不可避免。
If, notwithstanding a great rise in the price, it still continues to prevail through a considerable part of the country, it is owing in many places, no doubt, to ignorance and attachment to old customs, but, in most places, to the unavoidable obstructions which the natural course of things opposes to the immediate or speedy establishment of a better system: first, to the poverty of the tenants, to their not having yet had time to acquire a stock of cattle sufficient to cultivate their lands more completely, the same rise of price, which would render it advantageous for them to maintain a greater stock, rendering it more difficult for them to acquire it; and, secondly, to their not having yet had time to put their lands in condition to maintain this greater stock properly, supposing they were capable of acquiring it.
如果说，尽管物价大幅上涨，但这种现象仍然在全国相当大的地区盛行，那么，毫无疑问，在许多地方，这是由于人们对旧习俗的无知和执着，但在大多数地方，是由于事物的自然进程对立即或迅速建立更好的制度产生了不可避免的障碍：首先，佃农的贫困，他们还没有时间获得足够的牲畜来更充分地耕种他们的土地，同样的，价格，这将使他们有利于维持更大的库存，从而使他们更难获得库存；其次，他们还没有时间使自己的土地处于良好状态，以适当地维持这一更大的存量，假设他们有能力获得它。
The increase of stock and the improvement of land are two events which must go hand in hand, and of which the one can nowhere much outrun the other.
存量的增加和土地的改善是两个必须齐头并进的事件，其中任何一个都无法超越另一个。
Without some increase of stock, there can be scarce any improvement of land, but there can be no considerable increase of stock, but in consequence of a considerable improvement of land; because otherwise the land could not maintain it.
如果不增加存量，就不可能对土地有任何改善；但是，除非有相当大的土地改善，否则存量不可能有相当大的增加。因为否则土地就无法维持它。
These natural obstructions to the establishment of a better system, cannot be removed but by a long course of frugality and industry; and half a century or a century more, perhaps, must pass away before the old system, which is wearing out gradually, can be completely abolished through all the different parts of the country.
这些阻碍建立更好制度的天然障碍，只有通过长期的节俭和勤奋才能消除。也许还需要半个世纪或一个世纪的时间，才能在全国各地彻底废除逐渐失效的旧制度。
Of all the commercial advantages, however, which Scotland has derived from the Union with England, this rise in the price of cattle is, perhaps, the greatest.
然而，在苏格兰从与英格兰的联盟中获得的所有商业优势中，牛的价格上涨也许是最大的。
It has not only raised the value of all highland estates, but it has, perhaps, been the principal cause of the improvement of the low country.
它不仅提高了所有高地庄园的价值，而且也许是低地地区改善的主要原因。
In all new colonies, the great quantity of waste land, which can for many years be applied to no other purpose but the feeding of cattle, soon renders them extremely abundant; and in every thing great cheapness is the necessary consequence of great abundance.
在所有新的殖民地中，大量的荒地在很多年里只能用于饲养牲畜，很快就变得极其丰富。一切事物的极大廉价都是极大丰富的必然结果。
Though all the cattle of the European colonies in America were originally carried from Europe, they soon multiplied so much there, and became of so little value, that even horses were allowed to run wild in the woods, without any owner thinking it worth while to claim them.
尽管美洲欧洲殖民地的所有牛最初都是从欧洲运来的，但它们很快在那里繁殖得太多，变得毫无价值，甚至连马都被允许在树林里狂奔，没有任何主人认为值得拥有它们。
It must be a long time after the first establishment of such colonies, before it can become profitable to feed cattle upon the produce of cultivated land.
在这些殖民地首次建立之后，必须经过很长一段时间，才能用耕地的产品喂养牲畜变得有利可图。
The same causes, therefore, the want of manure, and the disproportion between the stock employed in cultivation and the land which it is destined to cultivate, are likely to introduce there a system of husbandry, not unlike that which still continues to take place in so many parts of Scotland.
因此，同样的原因，肥料的缺乏，以及耕种中使用的牲畜与预定耕种的土地之间的不比例，很可能会在那里引入畜牧业制度，这与苏格兰许多地方仍在继续实行的畜牧业制度没有什么不同。
Mr Kalm, the Swedish traveller, when he gives an account of the husbandry of some of the English colonies in North America, as he found it in 1749, observes, accordingly, that he can with difficulty discover there the character of the English nation, so well skilled in all the different branches of agriculture.
瑞典旅行家卡尔姆先生在描述他于 1749 年发现的北美一些英国殖民地的农业状况时，相应地观察到，他很难发现英国民族的特点，因为他们在农业的所有不同部门都如此熟练。
They make scarce any manure for their corn fields, he says; but when one piece of ground has been exhausted by continual cropping, they clear and cultivate another piece of fresh land; and when that is exhausted, proceed to a third.
他说，他们几乎没有为玉米地施肥。但当一块土地因连作而枯竭时，他们又开垦另一块新土地。当它用尽时，继续进行第三个。
Their cattle are allowed to wander through the woods and other uncultivated grounds, where they are half-starved; having long ago extirpated almost all the annual grasses, by cropping them too early in the spring, before they had time to form their flowers, or to shed their seeds.
他们的牛被允许在树林和其他未开垦的土地上漫步，在那里它们处于半饥饿状态；很久以前，由于在春天过早地收割它们，在它们有时间形成花朵或散落种子之前，几乎所有的一年生草类都被消灭了。
{Kalm’s Travels, vol 1, pp.
{《卡尔姆游记》，第 1 卷，第 123 页
343, 344.} The annual grasses were, it seems, the best natural grasses in that part of North America; and when the Europeans first settled there, they used to grow very thick, and to rise three or four feet high.
343, 344.} 一年生草似乎是北美那部分地区最好的天然草；当欧洲人第一次在那里定居时，它们曾经长得很厚，高三四英尺。
A piece of ground which, when he wrote, could not maintain one cow, would in former times, he was assured, have maintained four, each of which would have given four times the quantity of milk which that one was capable of giving.
当他写作时，一块土地无法养活一头牛，但他确信，在以前，可以养活四头牛，每一头牛的产奶量是该牛所能产奶量的四倍。
The poorness of the pasture had, in his opinion, occasioned the degradation of their cattle, which degenerated sensibly from one generation to another.
在他看来，牧场的贫瘠导致了他们的牲畜的退化，从一代又一代到另一代，牲畜明显退化。
They were probably not unlike that stunted breed which was common all over Scotland thirty or forty years ago, and which is now so much mended through the greater part of the low country, not so much by a change of the breed, though that expedient has been employed in some places, as by a more plentiful method of feeding them.
它们可能与三十或四十年前苏格兰各地常见的发育不良品种没有什么不同，现在在低地地区的大部分地区都得到了很大的改善，与其说是通过品种的改变，尽管这种权宜之计已在某些地方采用，不如说是通过更丰富的喂养方法。
Though it is late, therefore, in the progress of improvement, before cattle can bring such a price as to render it profitable to cultivate land for the sake of feeding them; yet of all the different parts which compose this second sort of rude produce, they are perhaps the first which bring this price; because, till they bring it, it seems impossible that improvement can be brought near even to that degree of perfection to which it has arrived in many parts of Europe.
因此，尽管在改良的过程中，牛的价格还没有达到使为饲养它们而耕种土地有利可图的水平之前，但它的进步已经很晚了。然而，在构成第二种粗产品的所有不同部分中，它们可能是第一个带来这种价格的。因为，在他们实现这一目标之前，改进似乎不可能达到欧洲许多地区所达到的完美程度。
As cattle are among the first, so perhaps venison is among the last parts of this sort of rude produce which bring this price.
由于牛是最先出现的，所以鹿肉可能是这种导致这个价格的原始产品的最后部分之一。
The price of venison in Great Britain, how extravagant soever it may appear, is not near sufficient to compensate the expense of a deer park, as is well known to all those who have had any experience in the feeding of deer.
英国的鹿肉价格，无论看起来多么昂贵，都远远不足以补偿鹿园的费用，所有有过鹿饲养经验的人都知道。
If it was otherwise, the feeding of deer would soon become an article of common farming, in the same manner as the feeding of those small birds, called turdi, was among the ancient Romans.
如果不是这样，喂养鹿很快就会成为一种常见的农业项目，就像古罗马人喂养那些被称为“turdi”的小鸟一样。
Varro and Columella assure us, that it was a most profitable article.
瓦罗和科卢梅拉向我们保证，这是一篇最赚钱的文章。
The fattening of ortolans, birds of passage which arrive lean in the country, is said to be so in some parts of France.
据说，在法国的一些地区，斑鸠鸟（一种到达该国时体重较瘦的候鸟）的育肥过程也是如此。
If venison continues in fashion, and the wealth and luxury of Great Britain increase as they have done for some time past, its price may very probably rise still higher than it is at present.
如果鹿肉继续流行，并且英国的财富和奢侈品像过去一段时间那样增加，那么它的价格很可能会比现在更高。
Between that period in the progress of improvement, which brings to its height the price of so necessary an article as cattle, and that which brings to it the price of such a superfluity as venison, there is a very long interval, in the course of which many other sorts of rude produce gradually arrive at their highest price, some sooner and some later, according to different circumstances.
在改良过程中，牛等必需品的价格达到顶峰，与鹿肉等过剩品的价格达到顶峰之间，有一个很长的间隔，在这个过程中，许多其他种类的粗产品逐渐达到最高价格，根据情况不同，有的早有的晚。
Thus, in every farm, the offals of the barn and stable will maintain a certain number of poultry.
因此，在每个农场中，谷仓和马厩的内脏将维持一定数量的家禽。
These, as they are fed with what would otherwise be lost, are a mere save-all; and as they cost the farmer scarce any thing, so he can afford to sell them for very little.
这些，因为它们是用本来会失去的东西喂养的，所以它们只是一个万能的东西；由于农民几乎不需要花任何钱，因此他可以以极低的价格出售它们。
Almost all that he gets is pure gain, and their price can scarce be so low as to discourage him from feeding this number.
他得到的几乎所有都是纯粹的收益，而且它们的价格很难低到阻止他喂养这个数字。
But in countries ill cultivated, and therefore but thinly inhabited, the poultry, which are thus raised without expense, are often fully sufficient to supply the whole demand.
但在耕种不良、人口稀少的国家，无需花钱饲养的家禽往往足以满足全部需求。
In this state of things, therefore, they are often as cheap as butcher’s meat, or any other sort of animal food.
因此，在这种情况下，它们通常与屠宰肉或任何其他种类的动物食品一样便宜。
But the whole quantity of poultry which the farm in this manner produces without expense, must always be much smaller than the whole quantity of butcher’s meat which is reared upon it; and in times of wealth and luxury, what is rare, with only nearly equal merit, is always preferred to what is common.
但是，农场以这种方式免费生产的家禽总量，必然远小于其饲养的屠宰肉的总量；在财富和奢侈的时代，稀有的、只有几乎同等优点的东西总是比普通的东西更受青睐。
As wealth and luxury increase, therefore, in consequence of improvement and cultivation, the price of poultry gradually rises above that of butcher’s meat, till at last it gets so high, that it becomes profitable to cultivate land for the sake of feeding them.
因此，随着财富和奢侈的增加，由于改良和养殖，家禽的价格逐渐高于屠宰肉的价格，直到最后变得如此之高，以至于为了饲养家禽而耕种土地变得有利可图。
When it has got to this height, it cannot well go higher.
当它达到这个高度时，它就不可能再更高了。
If it did, more land would soon be turned to this purpose.
如果确实如此，更多的土地很快就会被用于此目的。
In several provinces of France, the feeding of poultry is considered as a very important article in rural economy, and sufficiently profitable to encourage the farmer to raise a considerable quantity of Indian corn and buckwheat for this purpose.
在法国的几个省份，家禽饲养被认为是农村经济中非常重要的一项，并且利润丰厚，足以鼓励农民为此目的种植大量印度玉米和荞麦。
A middling farmer will there sometimes have four hundred fowls in his yard.
一个中等农民的院子里有时会有四百只家禽。
The feeding of poultry seems scarce yet to be generally considered as a matter of so much importance in England.
在英国，家禽饲养似乎还很少被普遍认为是一个非常重要的问题。
They are certainly, however, dearer in England than in France, as England receives considerable supplies from France.
然而，它们在英国肯定比在法国更贵，因为英国从法国获得了大量供应。
In the progress of improvements, the period at which every particular sort of animal food is dearest, must naturally be that which immediately precedes the general practice of cultivating land for the sake of raising it.
在改良的过程中，每种特定动物食品最昂贵的时期，自然必然是紧接着为提高土地而耕种土地的一般做法之前的时期。
For some time before this practice becomes general, the scarcity must necessarily raise the price.
在这种做法普及之前的一段时间内，稀缺性必然会提高价格。
After it has become general, new methods of feeding are commonly fallen upon, which enable the farmer to raise upon the same quantity of ground a much greater quantity of that particular sort of animal food.
在它变得普遍之后，通常会采用新的饲养方法，这使得农民能够在相同数量的土地上种植更多数量的特定种类的动物食物。
The plenty not only obliges him to sell cheaper, but, in consequence of these improvements, he can afford to sell cheaper; for if he could not afford it, the plenty would not be of long continuance.
充足的资源不仅迫使他以更便宜的价格出售，而且由于这些改进，他有能力以更便宜的价格出售。因为如果他买不起，富裕的生活就不会长久。
It has been probably in this manner that the introduction of clover, turnips, carrots, cabbages, etc. has contributed to sink the common price of butcher’s meat in the London market, somewhat below what it was about the beginning of the last century.
可能正是通过这种方式，三叶草、萝卜、胡萝卜、卷心菜等的引入导致了伦敦市场上屠宰肉类的平均价格下降，略低于上世纪初的水平。
The hog, that finds his food among ordure, and greedily devours many things rejected by every other useful animal, is, like poultry, originally kept as a save-all.
猪在粪便中找到食物，并贪婪地吞食许多其他有用动物拒绝的东西，就像家禽一样，最初是作为保全动物饲养的。
As long as the number of such animals, which can thus be reared at little or no expense, is fully sufficient to supply the demand, this sort of butcher’s meat comes to market at a much lower price than any other.
只要这种动物的数量足以满足需求，这种动物的饲养成本就很低，甚至不需要任何费用，这种肉以比其他肉低得多的价格进入市场。
But when the demand rises beyond what this quantity can supply, when it becomes necessary to raise food on purpose for feeding and fattening hogs, in the same manner as for feeding and fattening other cattle, the price necessarily rises, and becomes proportionably either higher or lower than that of other butcher’s meat, according as the nature of the country, and the state of its agriculture, happen to render the feeding of hogs more or less expensive than that of other cattle.
但是，当需求超出这个数量的供应量时，当需要像饲养和育肥其他牛一样，专门饲养食物来饲养和育肥生猪时，价格必然会上涨，并且根据国家的性质和农业状况，价格会成比例地高于或低于其他屠宰肉的价格，这使得生猪的饲养比其他牛的饲养成本更高或更低。
In France, according to Mr Buffon, the price of pork is nearly equal to that of beef.
布冯表示，在法国，猪肉的价格几乎与牛肉的价格相同。
In most parts of Great Britain it is at present somewhat higher.
目前在英国大部分地区，这一数字略高。
The great rise in the price both of hogs and poultry, has, in Great Britain, been frequently imputed to the diminution of the number of cottagers and other small occupiers of land; an event which has in every part of Europe been the immediate forerunner of improvement and better cultivation, but which at the same time may have contributed to raise the price of those articles, both somewhat sooner and somewhat faster than it would otherwise have risen.
在英国，生猪和家禽价格的大幅上涨常常被归咎于农户和其他小土地占有者数量的减少。这一事件在欧洲各地都是改良和更好耕种的直接先驱，但同时也可能有助于提高这些物品的价格，比其他情况下上涨得更快、更快。
As the poorest family can often maintain a cat or a dog without any expense, so the poorest occupiers of land can commonly maintain a few poultry, or a sow and a few pigs, at very little.
由于最贫困的家庭往往可以不花钱养一只猫或狗，所以最贫困的土地占有者通常可以用很少的钱养几只家禽，或一头母猪和几头猪。
The little offals of their own table, their whey, skimmed milk, and butter milk, supply those animals with a part of their food, and they find the rest in the neighbouring fields, without doing any sensible damage to any body.
他们自己餐桌上的小内脏，他们的乳清、脱脂牛奶和酪乳，为这些动物提供了部分食物，他们在邻近的田地里找到了剩下的食物，而没有对任何身体造成任何明显的损害。
By diminishing the number of those small occupiers, therefore, the quantity of this sort of provisions, which is thus produced at little or no expense, must certainly have been a good deal diminished, and their price must consequently have been raised both sooner and faster than it would otherwise have risen.
因此，通过减少这些小占领者的数量，这种以很少的成本或没有成本生产的供给品的数量肯定会大大减少，因此它们的价格肯定会比其他情况下更快更快地上涨。
Sooner or later, however, in the progress of improvement, it must at any rate have risen to the utmost height to which it is capable of rising; or to the price which pays the labour and expense of cultivating the land which furnishes them with food, as well as these are paid upon the greater part of other cultivated land.
然而，在进步的过程中，它迟早一定会达到它能够达到的最高高度。或者支付为他们提供食物而耕种土地的劳动和费用的价格，以及这些支付于大部分其他耕地的价格。
The business of the dairy, like the feeding of hogs and poultry, is originally carried on as a save-all.
乳品厂的业务，就像饲养生猪和家禽一样，最初是作为综合性业务进行的。
The cattle necessarily kept upon the farm produce more milk than either the rearing of their own young, or the consumption of the farmer’s family requires; and they produce most at one particular season.
农场里养的牛产出的牛奶必然比养育自己的小牛或农民家庭的消费所需的牛奶还要多；而且它们在某一特定季节产量最高。
But of all the productions of land, milk is perhaps the most perishable.
但在所有土地产品中，牛奶可能是最容易腐烂的。
In the warm season, when it is most abundant, it will scarce keep four-and-twenty hours.
在温暖的季节，当它最丰富时，它很少能保持四到二十个小时。
The farmer, by making it into fresh butter, stores a small part of it for a week; by making it into salt butter, for a year; and by making it into cheese, he stores a much greater part of it for several years.
农民将其制成新鲜黄油，将其中的一小部分储存一周；将其制成盐黄油，持续一年；通过将其制成奶酪，他可以将大部分奶酪储存数年。
Part of all these is reserved for the use of his own family; the rest goes to market, in order to find the best price which is to be had, and which can scarce be so low is to discourage him from sending thither whatever is over and above the use of his own family.
其中一部分是留给自己家人使用的；其余的都去市场，以便找到最好的价格，而价格不可能这么低，以阻止他将超出自己家庭使用范围的东西送到那里。
If it is very low indeed, he will be likely to manage his dairy in a very slovenly and dirty manner, and will scarce, perhaps, think it worth while to have a particular room or building on purpose for it, but will suffer the business to be carried on amidst the smoke, filth, and nastiness of his own kitchen, as was the case of almost all the farmers’ dairies in Scotland thirty or forty years ago, and as is the case of many of them still.
如果确实很低，他很可能会以一种非常邋遢和肮脏的方式管理他的乳品厂，并且可能很少认为值得专门为其建造一个特定的房间或建筑物，而是会忍受在自己厨房的烟雾、污秽和肮脏中进行业务，就像三十或四十年前苏格兰几乎所有农民的乳品厂的情况一样，而且现在仍然是许多乳品厂的情况。
The same causes which gradually raise the price of butcher’s meat, the increase of the demand, and, in consequence of the improvement of the country, the diminution of the quantity which can be fed at little or no expense, raise, in the same manner, that of the produce of the dairy, of which the price naturally connects with that of butcher’s meat, or with the expense of feeding cattle.
导致屠宰肉价格逐渐上涨的原因是需求的增加，以及由于国家的进步而导致的能够以很少的费用或免费饲养的数量的减少，同样地，也提高了乳制品的价格，而乳制品的价格自然与屠宰肉的价格或与饲养牲畜的费用有关。
The increase of price pays for more labour, care, and cleanliness.
价格的上涨需要更多的劳动力、护理和清洁。
The dairy becomes more worthy of the farmer’s attention, and the quality of its produce gradually improves.
乳制品越来越值得农民关注，产品质量也逐渐提高。
The price at last gets so high, that it becomes worth while to employ some of the most fertile and best cultivated lands in feeding cattle merely for the purpose of the dairy; and when it has got to this height, it cannot well go higher.
价格最终变得如此之高，以至于仅仅为了乳制品的目的而使用一些最肥沃和最好的耕地来饲养牛就变得值得了；当它达到这个高度时，它就不可能再更高了。
If it did, more land would soon be turned to this purpose.
如果确实如此，更多的土地很快就会被用于此目的。
It seems to have got to this height through the greater part of England, where much good land is commonly employed in this manner.
英格兰大部分地区似乎都达到了这个高度，那里许多良田通常都是以这种方式使用的。
If you except the neighbourhood of a few considerable towns, it seems not yet to have got to this height anywhere in Scotland, where common farmers seldom employ much good land in raising food for cattle, merely for the purpose of the dairy.
如果除了几个相当大的城镇附近之外，苏格兰的任何地方似乎还没有达到这样的高度，那里的普通农民很少使用大量的好土地来饲养牛的食物，仅仅是为了乳制品的目的。
The price of the produce, though it has risen very considerably within these few years, is probably still too low to admit of it.
农产品的价格虽然在这几年里上涨了很多，但可能仍然低得令人难以接受。
The inferiority of the quality, indeed, compared with that of the produce of English dairies, is fully equal to that of the price.
事实上，与英国乳制品的产品相比，质量的劣势与价格的劣势是完全相等的。
But this inferiority of quality is, perhaps, rather the effect of this lowness of price, than the cause of it.
但这种质量低劣也许是价格低廉的结果，而不是其原因。
Though the quality was much better, the greater part of what is brought to market could not, I apprehend, in the present circumstances of the country, be disposed of at a much better price; and the present price, it is probable, would not pay the expense of the land and labour necessary for producing a much better quality.
尽管质量好得多，但我担心，在该国目前的情况下，大部分进入市场的产品不可能以更好的价格出售；目前的价格很可能无法支付生产更高质量产品所需的土地和劳动力费用。
Through the greater part of England, notwithstanding the superiority of price, the dairy is not reckoned a more profitable employment of land than the raising of corn, or the fattening of cattle, the two great objects of agriculture.
在英格兰的大部分地区，尽管乳品业在价格上具有优势，但人们并不认为乳制品业比种植玉米或养牛这两个伟大的农业目标更有利可图。
Through the greater part of Scotland, therefore, it cannot yet be even so profitable.
因此，在苏格兰大部分地区，它还无法实现如此盈利。
The lands of no country, it is evident, can ever be completely cultivated and improved, till once the price of every produce, which human industry is obliged to raise upon them, has got so high as to pay for the expense of complete improvement and cultivation.
显然，任何一个国家的土地都无法得到彻底的耕种和改良，除非人类工业不得不提高的每一种产品的价格已经高到足以支付完全改良和耕种的费用。
In order to do this, the price of each particular produce must be sufficient, first, to pay the rent of good corn land, as it is that which regulates the rent of the greater part of other cultivated land; and, secondly, to pay the labour and expense of the farmer, as well as they are commonly paid upon good corn land; or, in other words, to replace with the ordinary profits the stock which he employs about it.
为了做到这一点，每种特定产品的价格首先必须足以支付优质玉米地的租金，因为它调节着大部分其他耕地的租金；其次，支付农民的劳动和费用，这些费用通常是在优质玉米地上支付的；或者，换句话说，用普通利润代替他为此所使用的股票。
This rise in the price of each particular produce; must evidently be previous to the improvement and cultivation of the land which is destined for raising it.
每种特定产品的价格上涨；显然，必须先于改良和耕种用于提高土地的土地。
Gain is the end of all improvement; and nothing could deserve that name, of which loss was to be the necessary consequence.
收获是一切进步的终点；没有任何东西配得上这个名字，它的必然后果就是损失。
But loss must be the necessary consequence of improving land for the sake of a produce of which the price could never bring back the expense.
但损失必定是为了生产一种产品而改善土地的必然结果，而其价格永远无法收回成本。
If the complete improvement and cultivation of the country be, as it most certainly is, the greatest of all public advantages, this rise in the price of all those different sorts of rude produce, instead of being considered as a public calamity, ought to be regarded as the necessary forerunner and attendant of the greatest of all public advantages.
如果国家的全面改善和耕耘确实是所有公共利益中最大的利益，那么所有这些不同种类的原始产品价格的上涨不应被视为公共灾难，而应该被视为所有公共利益中最大利益的必要先兆和伴随物。
This rise, too, in the nominal or money price of all those different sorts of rude produce, has been the effect, not of any degradation in the value of silver, but of a rise in their real price.
所有这些不同种类的原产品的名义价格或货币价格的上涨，并不是白银价值下降的结果，而是其实际价格上涨的结果。
They have become worth, not only a greater quantity of silver, but a greater quantity of labour and subsistence than before.
它们变得比以前有价值，不仅是更多的白银，而且是更多的劳动和生活必需品。
As it costs a greater quantity of labour and subsistence to bring them to market, so, when they are brought thither they represent, or are equivalent to a greater quantity.
由于将它们带到市场需要花费更多的劳动力和生活资料，因此，当它们被带到市场时，它们代表或相当于更大的数量。
Third Sort.—The third and last sort of rude produce, of which the price naturally rises in the progress of improvement, is that in which the efficacy of human industry, in augmenting the quantity, is either limited or uncertain.
第三类——第三类也是最后一类原始产品，其价格随着改良的进展而自然上涨，人类工业在增加数量方面的功效要么是有限的，要么是不确定的。
Though the real price of this sort of rude produce, therefore, naturally tends to rise in the progress of improvement, yet, according as different accidents happen to render the efforts of human industry more or less successful in augmenting the quantity, it may happen sometimes even to fall, sometimes to continue the same, in very different periods of improvement, and sometimes to rise more or less in the same period.
因此，尽管这种粗制产品的实际价格自然会随着改进的进展而上升，但是，根据不同的意外事件使人类工业的努力在增加数量方面取得或多或少的成功，在不同的改进时期，有时甚至会出现下降，有时会继续下降，有时会在同一时期内或多或少地上升。
There are some sorts of rude produce which nature has rendered a kind of appendages to other sorts; so that the quantity of the one which any country can afford, is necessarily limited by that of the other.
有些种类的原始产品是大自然赋予其他种类产品的附属品。因此，任何一个国家能够负担得起的数量必然受到另一个国家的数量的限制。
The quantity of wool or of raw hides, for example, which any country can afford, is necessarily limited by the number of great and small cattle that are kept in it.
例如，任何国家都能负担得起的羊毛或生皮的数量必然受到饲养的大小牛的数量的限制。
The state of its improvement, and the nature of its agriculture, again necessarily determine this number.
其改进状况及其农业性质再次必然决定了这个数字。
The same causes which, in the progress of improvement, gradually raise the price of butcher’s meat, should have the same effect, it may be thought, upon the prices of wool and raw hides, and raise them, too, nearly in the same proportion.
人们可能会认为，在改良的过程中，屠宰肉的价格逐渐提高，同样的原因也应该对羊毛和生皮的价格产生同样的影响，并且也以几乎相同的比例提高它们。
It probably would be so, if, in the rude beginnings of improvement, the market for the latter commodities was confined within as narrow bounds as that for the former.
如果在发展初期，后一种商品的市场被限制在与前一种商品一样狭窄的范围内，情况可能就会如此。
But the extent of their respective markets is commonly extremely different.
但它们各自的市场范围通常截然不同。
The market for butcher’s meat is almost everywhere confined to the country which produces it.
几乎所有地方的屠宰肉类市场都仅限于其生产国。
Ireland, and some part of British America, indeed, carry on a considerable trade in salt provisions; but they are, I believe, the only countries in the commercial world which do so, or which export to other countries any considerable part of their butcher’s meat.
事实上，爱尔兰和英属美洲的一些地区进行了大量的盐供应贸易。但我相信，它们是商业世界中唯一这样做的国家，或者将大部分屠宰肉出口到其他国家的国家。
The market for wool and raw hides, on the contrary, is, in the rude beginnings of improvement, very seldom confined to the country which produces them.
相反，羊毛和生皮市场在发展初期，很少局限于生产它们的国家。
They can easily be transported to distant countries; wool without any preparation, and raw hides with very little; and as they are the materials of many manufactures, the industry of other countries may occasion a demand for them, though that of the country which produces them might not occasion any.
它们可以很容易地运送到遥远的国家；未经任何处理的羊毛，以及很少处理的生皮；由于它们是许多制造业的材料，其他国家的工业可能会对它们产生需求，尽管生产它们的国家可能不会产生任何需求。
In countries ill cultivated, and therefore but thinly inhabited, the price of the wool and the hide bears always a much greater proportion to that of the whole beast, than in countries where, improvement and population being further advanced, there is more demand for butcher’s meat.
在耕种不良、人口稀少的国家，羊毛和兽皮的价格在整头动物的价格中所占的比例总是比在进步和人口进一步发展、对屠宰肉的需求更大的国家要大得多。
Mr Hume observes, that in the Saxon times, the fleece was estimated at two-fifths of the value of the whole sheep and that this was much above the proportion of its present estimation.
休谟先生观察到，在撒克逊时代，羊毛的价值估计为整只羊价值的五分之二，这远远高于目前估计的比例。
In some provinces of Spain, I have been assured, the sheep is frequently killed merely for the sake of the fleece and the tallow.
我确信，在西班牙的一些省份，人们常常仅仅为了羊毛和牛脂而宰杀绵羊。
The carcase is often left to rot upon the ground, or to be devoured by beasts and birds of prey.
尸体常常被留在地上腐烂，或者被野兽和猛禽吃掉。
If this sometimes happens even in Spain, it happens almost constantly in Chili, at Buenos Ayres, and in many other parts of Spanish America, where the horned cattle are almost constantly killed merely for the sake of the hide and the tallow.
即使在西班牙有时也会发生这种情况，但在智利、布宜诺斯艾利斯以及西班牙美洲的许多其他地方，这种情况几乎经常发生，在那里，有角的牛几乎经常被杀死，仅仅是为了获得兽皮和牛脂。
This, too, used to happen almost constantly in Hispaniola, while it was infested by the buccaneers, and before the settlement, improvement, and populousness of the French plantations ( which now extend round the coast of almost the whole western half of the island) had given some value to the cattle of the Spaniards, who still continue to possess, not only the eastern part of the coast, but the whole inland mountainous part of the country.
这种情况过去在伊斯帕尼奥拉岛也几乎经常发生，当时该岛正遭受海盗横行，在法国种植园的定居、改良和人口稠密（现在几乎遍布该岛整个西半部的海岸）之前，西班牙人的牲畜具有一定的价值，西班牙人仍然不仅继续拥有海岸的东部地区，而且还继续拥有该国的整个内陆山区。
Though, in the progress of improvement and population, the price of the whole beast necessarily rises, yet the price of the carcase is likely to be much more affected by this rise than that of the wool and the hide.
尽管随着改良和人口的增长，整头动物的价格必然会上涨，但屠体价格受这种上涨的影响可能比羊毛和皮革的价格要大得多。
The market for the carcase being in the rude state of society confined always to the country which produces it, must necessarily be extended in proportion to the improvement and population of that country.
在社会的原始状态下，动物尸体的市场总是局限于生产动物尸体的国家，因此必须根据该国的进步和人口的比例来扩大。
But the market for the wool and the hides, even of a barbarous country, often extending to the whole commercial world, it can very seldom be enlarged in the same proportion.
但羊毛和皮革的市场，即使是一个野蛮国家，往往延伸到整个商业世界，却很少能以同样的比例扩大。
The state of the whole commercial world can seldom be much affected by the improvement of any particular country; and the market for such commodities may remain the same, or very nearly the same, after such improvements, as before.
整个商业世界的状况很少会受到任何特定国家的进步的太大影响；在这些改进之后，此类商品的市场可能与以前一样保持不变或几乎保持不变。
It should, however, in the natural course of things, rather, upon the whole, be somewhat extended in consequence of them.
然而，在事物的自然进程中，更确切地说，总体而言，它应该由于它们的结果而有所扩展。
If the manufactures, especially, of which those commodities are the materials, should ever come to flourish in the country, the market, though it might not be much enlarged, would at least be brought much nearer to the place of growth than before; and the price of those materials might at least be increased by what had usually been the expense of transporting them to distant countries.
如果以这些商品为原料的制造业在国内蓬勃发展，那么市场虽然可能不会扩大很多，但至少会比以前更接近增长点；这些材料的价格至少可能会因通常将它们运输到遥远国家的费用而增加。
Though it might not rise, therefore, in the same proportion as that of butcher’s meat, it ought naturally to rise somewhat, and it ought certainly not to fall.
因此，虽然它可能不会以与屠宰肉相同的比例上涨，但它自然应该有所上涨，而且当然不应该下跌。
In England, however, notwithstanding the flourishing state of its woollen manufacture, the price of English wool has fallen very considerably since the time of Edward III.
然而，在英国，尽管羊毛制造业蓬勃发展，但自爱德华三世时代以来，英国羊毛的价格却大幅下降。
There are many authentic records which demonstrate that, during the reign of that prince (towards the middle of the fourteenth century, or about 1339), what was reckoned the moderate and reasonable price of the tod, or twenty-eight pounds of English wool, was not less than ten shillings of the money of those times {See Smith’s Memoirs of Wool, vol. i c.
有许多真实的记录表明，在这位王子统治时期（十四世纪中叶，或大约 1339 年），托德（tod）或二十八磅英国羊毛的合理合理价格，不少于当时货币的十先令（见史密斯的《羊毛回忆录》，卷 11）。我知道了。
5, 6, 7.
5、6、7。
also vol. ii.}, containing, at the rate of twenty-pence the ounce, six ounces of silver, Tower weight, equal to about thirty shillings of our present money.
还卷。 ii.}，按每盎司二十便士的价格计算，含有六盎司白银，塔重约等于我们现在的货币三十先令。
In the present times, one-and-twenty shillings the tod may be reckoned a good price for very good English wool.
在当今时代，一二十先令的托德对于非常好的英国羊毛来说可能是一个不错的价格。
The money price of wool, therefore, in the time of Edward III.
因此，爱德华三世时期羊毛的货币价格。
was to its money price in the present times as ten to seven.
其货币价格在当今时代为十比七。
The superiority of its real price was still greater.
其实际价格的优势还更大。
At the rate of six shillings and eightpence the quarter, ten shillings was in those ancient times the price of twelve bushels of wheat.
按照每季度六先令八便士的价格计算，在古代，十先令相当于十二蒲式耳小麦的价格。
At the rate of twenty-eight shillings the quarter, one-and-twenty shillings is in the present times the price of six bushels only.
按照每季度二十八先令的价格计算，一又二十先令在当今时代仅相当于六蒲式耳的价格。
The proportion between the real price of ancient and modern times, therefore, is as twelve to six, or as two to one.
因此，古代和现代的实际价格之间的比例是十二比六，或者是二比一。
In those ancient times, a tod of wool would have purchased twice the quantity of subsistence which it will purchase at present, and consequently twice the quantity of labour, if the real recompence of labour had been the same in both periods.
在古代，如果两个时期的劳动实际报酬相同，那么一头羊毛可以购买两倍于现在的生活必需品，因此也可以购买两倍的劳动量。
This degradation, both in the real and nominal value of wool, could never have happened in consequence of the natural course of things.
羊毛的实际价值和名义价值的这种退化永远不可能是自然过程的结果。
It has accordingly been the effect of violence and artifice.
因此，这是暴力和诡计的结果。
First, of the absolute prohibition of exporting wool from England: secondly, of the permission of importing it from Spain, duty free: thirdly, of the prohibition of exporting it from Ireland to another country but England.
首先，绝对禁止从英格兰出口羊毛；其次，允许从西班牙免税进口羊毛；第三，禁止从爱尔兰向除英格兰以外的其他国家出口羊毛。
In consequence of these regulations, the market for English wool, instead of being somewhat extended, in consequence of the improvement of England, has been confined to the home market, where the wool of several other countries is allowed to come into competition with it, and where that of Ireland is forced into competition with it.
由于这些规定，英国羊毛的市场并没有因英格兰的进步而有所扩大，而是局限于国内市场，其他几个国家的羊毛被允许与之竞争，而爱尔兰的羊毛则被迫与之竞争。
As the woollen manufactures, too, of Ireland, are fully as much discouraged as is consistent with justice and fair dealing, the Irish can work up but a smaller part of their own wool at home, and are therefore obliged to send a greater proportion of it to Great Britain, the only market they are allowed.
由于爱尔兰的羊毛制造商也完全受到阻碍，这与正义和公平交易相一致，爱尔兰人只能在国内加工自己的一小部分羊毛，因此不得不将大部分羊毛运送到英国，这是他们被允许的唯一市场。
I have not been able to find any such authentic records concerning the price of raw hides in ancient times.
我还没有找到关于古代生皮价格的真实记录。
Wool was commonly paid as a subsidy to the king, and its valuation in that subsidy ascertains, at least in some degree, what was its ordinary price.
羊毛通常作为补贴支付给国王，补贴中羊毛的估价至少在某种程度上确定了其正常价格。
But this seems not to have been the case with raw hides.
但生皮的情况似乎并非如此。
Fleetwood, however, from an account in 1425, between the prior of Burcester Oxford and one of his canons, gives us their price, at least as it was stated upon that particular occasion, viz.
然而，弗利特伍德根据 1425 年伯斯特牛津修道院院长和他的一位教士之间的一份记录，给了我们他们的价格，至少在那个特定场合是这样说的，即。
five ox hides at twelve shillings; five cow hides at seven shillings and threepence; thirtysix sheep skins of two years old at nine shillings; sixteen calf skins at two shillings.
五张牛皮，十二先令；五张牛皮售价七先令三便士；三十六张两岁的羊皮，售价九先令；十六张小牛皮，两先令。
In 1425, twelve shillings contained about the same quantity of silver as four-and-twenty shillings of our present money.
1425 年，12 先令所含的白银数量与我们现在的 4 又 20 先令的银币数量大致相同。
An ox hide, therefore, was in this account valued at the same quantity of silver as 4s.
因此，在这个账户中，一张牛皮的价值相当于 4 便士的白银数量。
⅘ths of our present money.
我们现在的钱的⅘。
Its nominal price was a good deal lower than at present.
它的名义价格比现在低很多。
But at the rate of six shillings and eightpence the quarter, twelve shillings would in those times have purchased fourteen bushels and four-fifths of a bushel of wheat, which, at three and sixpence the bushel, would in the present times cost 51s.
但按照每季度六先令八便士的价格计算，在当时，十二先令可以购买十四蒲式耳又五分之四蒲式耳的小麦，而按照每蒲式耳三先令六便士的价格，现在的价格为 51 先令。
4d.
4d.
An ox hide, therefore, would in those times have purchased as much corn as ten shillings and threepence would purchase at present.
因此，当时一张牛皮可以购买相当于现在十先令三便士可以购买的玉米。
Its real value was equal to ten shillings and threepence of our present money.
它的实际价值相当于我们现在的钱十先令三便士。
In those ancient times, when the cattle were half starved during the greater part of the winter, we cannot suppose that they were of a very large size.
在古代，牛在冬天的大部分时间都处于半饥饿状态，我们不能认为它们的体型很大。
An ox hide which weighs four stone of sixteen pounds of avoirdupois, is not in the present times reckoned a bad one; and in those ancient times would probably have been reckoned a very good one.
一块重达四英石（十六磅常磅）的牛皮，在当今时代并不算坏牛皮。在古代，这可能被认为是一件非常好的事情。
But at half-a-crown the stone, which at this moment (February 1773) I understand to be the common price, such a hide would at present cost only ten shillings.
但是，按目前（1773 年 2 月）半克朗的价格计算，我认为这是常见的价格，这样的皮革目前只需要十先令。
Through its nominal price, therefore, is higher in the present than it was in those ancient times, its real price, the real quantity of subsistence which it will purchase or command, is rather somewhat lower.
因此，由于现在的名义价格比古代更高，所以它的实际价格，即它将购买或掌握的生活资料的实际数量，却要低一些。
The price of cow hides, as stated in the above account, is nearly in the common proportion to that of ox hides.
如上所述，牛皮的价格与黄牛皮的价格几乎成正比。
That of sheep skins is a good deal above it.
羊皮的价格比它高很多。
They had probably been sold with the wool.
它们很可能是和羊毛一起卖掉的。
That of calves skins, on the contrary, is greatly below it.
相反，小牛皮的含量则大大低于它。
In countries where the price of cattle is very low, the calves, which are not intended to be reared in order to keep up the stock, are generally killed very young, as was the case in Scotland twenty or thirty years ago.
在牛的价格非常低的国家，为了维持牲畜数量而饲养的小牛通常在很小的时候就被杀死，就像二十或三十年前苏格兰的情况一样。
It saves the milk, which their price would not pay for.
它节省了牛奶，而这是他们的价格所无法支付的。
Their skins, therefore, are commonly good for little.
因此，它们的皮肤通常没什么用处。
The price of raw hides is a good deal lower at present than it was a few years ago; owing probably to the taking off the duty upon seal skins, and to the allowing, for a limited time, the importation of raw hides from Ireland, and from the plantations, duty free, which was done in 1769.
目前生皮的价格比几年前低很多；可能是由于取消了海豹皮的关税，以及允许在有限的时间内从爱尔兰和种植园免税进口生皮（1769 年实行）。
Take the whole of the present century at an average, their real price has probably been somewhat higher than it was in those ancient times.
以整个世纪平均来看，它们的实际价格恐怕比古代要高一些。
The nature of the commodity renders it not quite so proper for being transported to distant markets as wool.
这种商品的性质使其不像羊毛那样适合运输到遥远的市场。
It suffers more by keeping.
保留它会遭受更多的痛苦。
A salted hide is reckoned inferior to a fresh one, and sells for a lower price.
盐渍皮革被认为不如新鲜皮革，并且售价较低。
This circumstance must necessarily have some tendency to sink the price of raw hides produced in a country which does not manufacture them, but is obliged to export them, and comparatively to raise that of those produced in a country which does manufacture them.
这种情况必然会导致在不生产生皮但有义务出口生皮的国家生产的生皮的价格下降，并且相对提高在制造生皮的国家生产的生皮的价格。
It must have some tendency to sink their price in a barbarous, and to raise it in an improved and manufacturing country.
它一定有某种倾向，在野蛮国家降低价格，在进步的制造国家提高价格。
It must have had some tendency, therefore, to sink it in ancient, and to raise it in modern times.
因此，它一定有某种倾向，在古代它会沉没，在现代它会升起。
Our tanners, besides, have not been quite so successful as our clothiers, in convincing the wisdom of the nation, that the safety of the commonwealth depends upon the prosperity of their particular manufacture.
此外，我们的制革商并没有像我们的服装商那样成功地说服国民的智慧，让他们相信联邦的安全取决于他们特定制造业的繁荣。
They have accordingly been much less favoured.
因此，他们受到的青睐要少得多。
The exportation of raw hides has, indeed, been prohibited, and declared a nuisance; but their importation from foreign countries has been subjected to a duty; and though this duty has been taken off from those of Ireland and the plantations (for the limited time of five years only), yet Ireland has not been confined to the market of Great Britain for the sale of its surplus hides, or of those which are not manufactured at home.
事实上，生皮的出口已被禁止，并被宣布为滋扰；但从外国进口的物品已缴纳关税；尽管爱尔兰和种植园的这项关税已被取消（仅在五年的有限时间内），但爱尔兰出售其剩余生皮或非本国制造的生皮并没有局限于英国市场。
The hides of common cattle have, but within these few years, been put among the enumerated commodities which the plantations can send nowhere but to the mother country; neither has the commerce of Ireland been in this case oppressed hitherto, in order to support the manufactures of Great Britain.
但在这几年里，普通牛皮已被列为种植园只能运往祖国的列举商品之一。到目前为止，爱尔兰的商业也没有受到压制，以支持英国的制造业。
Whatever regulations tend to sink the price, either of wool or of raw hides, below what it naturally would be, must, in an improved and cultivated country, have some tendency to raise the price of butcher’s meat.
无论何种法规倾向于降低羊毛或生皮的价格，使其低于自然价格，在一个改良和耕种的国家，必然有某种提高屠宰肉类价格的趋势。
The price both of the great and small cattle, which are fed on improved and cultivated land, must be sufficient to pay the rent which the landlord, and the profit which the farmer, has reason to expect from improved and cultivated land.
在改良耕地上饲养的大小牛的价格，必须足以支付地主和农民有理由从改良耕地上获得的利润。
If it is not, they will soon cease to feed them.
如果不是，他们很快就会停止喂养它们。
Whatever part of this price, therefore, is not paid by the wool and the hide, must be paid by the carcase.
因此，无论该价格的哪一部分不是由羊毛和皮革支付的，都必须由屠体支付。
The less there is paid for the one, the more must be paid for the other.
为其中一项付出的代价越少，为另一项付出的代价就越多。
In what manner this price is to be divided upon the different parts of the beast, is indifferent to the landlords and farmers, provided it is all paid to them.
地主和农民不关心这个价格如何分配给野兽的不同部分，只要全部支付给他们即可。
In an improved and cultivated country, therefore, their interest as landlords and farmers cannot be much affected by such regulations, though their interest as consumers may, by the rise in the price of provisions.
因此，在一个改良和开化的国家，他们作为地主和农民的利益不会受到这些规定的太大影响，尽管他们作为消费者的利益可能会受到粮食价格上涨的影响。
It would be quite otherwise, however, in an unimproved and uncultivated country, where the greater part of the lands could be applied to no other purpose but the feeding of cattle, and where the wool and the hide made the principal part of the value of those cattle.
然而，在一个未经改良和未开垦的国家，情况就完全不同了，那里的大部分土地只能用于饲养牲畜，而羊毛和皮革构成了这些牲畜价值的主要部分。
Their interest as landlords and farmers would in this case be very deeply affected by such regulations, and their interest as consumers very little.
在这种情况下，他们作为地主和农民的利益将受到此类法规的深刻影响，而他们作为消费者的利益则受到很小的影响。
The fall in the price of the wool and the hide would not in this case raise the price of the carcase; because the greater part of the lands of the country being applicable to no other purpose but the feeding of cattle, the same number would still continue to be fed.
在这种情况下，羊毛和生皮价格的下跌不会提高屠体的价格；由于该国大部分土地只能用于饲养牛，因此仍将继续饲养同样数量的牛。
The same quantity of butcher’s meat would still come to market.
相同数量的屠宰肉仍会进入市场。
The demand for it would be no greater than before.
对它的需求不会比以前更大。
Its price, therefore, would be the same as before.
因此，它的价格将与以前相同。
The whole price of cattle would fall, and along with it both the rent and the profit of all those lands of which cattle was the principal produce, that is, of the greater part of the lands of the country.
牲畜的整体价格将会下降，所有以牲畜为主要产品的土地（即该国大部分土地）的地租和利润都会随之下降。
The perpetual prohibition of the exportation of wool, which is commonly, but very falsely, ascribed to Edward III., would, in the then circumstances of the country, have been the most destructive regulation which could well have been thought of.
人们普遍但非常错误地认为，永久禁止羊毛出口是爱德华三世颁布的，在该国当时的情况下，这可能是人们可以想到的最具破坏性的规定。
It would not only have reduced the actual value of the greater part of the lands in the kingdom, but by reducing the price of the most important species of small cattle, it would have retarded very much its subsequent improvement.
它不仅会降低王国大部分土地的实际价值，而且会降低最重要的小牛品种的价格，从而大大阻碍其后续的改善。
The wool of Scotland fell very considerably in its price in consequence of the union with England, by which it was excluded from the great market of Europe, and confined to the narrow one of Great Britain.
由于与英格兰合并，苏格兰羊毛的价格大幅下跌，苏格兰羊毛被排除在欧洲大市场之外，并仅限于狭隘的大不列颠市场。
The value of the greater part of the lands in the southern counties of Scotland, which are chiefly a sheep country, would have been very deeply affected by this event, had not the rise in the price of butcher’s meat fully compensated the fall in the price of wool.
如果不是屠宰肉价格的上涨完全补偿了羊毛价格的下跌，那么苏格兰南部各县（主要是羊产区）的大部分土地的价值将受到这一事件的严重影响。
As the efficacy of human industry, in increasing the quantity either of wool or of raw hides, is limited, so far as it depends upon the produce of the country where it is exerted; so it is uncertain so far as it depends upon the produce of other countries.
由于人类工业在增加羊毛或生皮数量方面的功效是有限的，因为它取决于生产国的产品；因此，就其取决于其他国家的产品而言，这是不确定的。
It so far depends not so much upon the quantity which they produce, as upon that which they do not manufacture; and upon the restraints which they may or may not think proper to impose upon the exportation of this sort of rude produce.
到目前为止，这与其说取决于他们生产的数量，不如说取决于他们不生产的数量。以及他们认为对此类粗产品的出口施加适当或不适当的限制。
These circumstances, as they are altogether independent of domestic industry, so they necessarily render the efficacy of its efforts more or less uncertain.
这些情况完全独立于国内工业，因此必然使其努力的效果或多或少具有不确定性。
In multiplying this sort of rude produce, therefore, the efficacy of human industry is not only limited, but uncertain.
因此，在繁殖这种粗制产品时，人类工业的功效不仅是有限的，而且是不确定的。
In multiplying another very important sort of rude produce, the quantity of fish that is brought to market, it is likewise both limited and uncertain.
在增加另一种非常重要的原始产品（即进入市场的鱼的数量）时，它同样既有限又不确定。
It is limited by the local situation of the country, by the proximity or distance of its different provinces from the sea, by the number of its lakes and rivers, and by what may be called the fertility or barrenness of those seas, lakes, and rivers, as to this sort of rude produce.
这种原始产品，受到当地情况的限制，受到各省距海洋的远近、湖泊和河流的数量以及这些海洋、湖泊和河流所谓的肥沃或贫瘠的限制。
As population increases, as the annual produce of the land and labour of the country grows greater and greater, there come to be more buyers of fish; and those buyers, too, have a greater quantity and variety of other goods, or, what is the same thing, the price of a greater quantity and variety of other goods, to buy with.
随着人口的增加，国家土地和劳动力的年产量越来越大，购买鱼的人也越来越多；这些买家也有更多数量和种类的其他商品，或者，同样的事情，有更多数量和种类的其他商品的价格可供购买。
But it will generally be impossible to supply the great and extended market, without employing a quantity of labour greater than in proportion to what had been requisite for supplying the narrow and confined one.
但是，如果不雇用比供应狭小而有限的市场所需的劳动力数量更多的劳动力，一般就不可能供应广阔而广阔的市场。
A market which, from requiring only one thousand, comes to require annually ten thousand ton of fish, can seldom be supplied, without employing more than ten times the quantity of labour which had before been sufficient to supply it.
一个市场从只需要一千吨鱼，变成每年需要一万吨鱼，如果不雇用十倍于以前足以供应鱼的劳动力，就很难供应。
The fish must generally be sought for at a greater distance, larger vessels must be employed, and more expensive machinery of every kind made use of.
通常必须在更远的距离处寻找鱼，必须使用更大的船只，并且使用各种更昂贵的机械。
The real price of this commodity, therefore, naturally rises in the progress of improvement.
因此，这种商品的实际价格自然会随着改进的进展而上涨。
It has accordingly done so, I believe, more or less in every country.
我相信，每个国家都或多或少地这样做了。
Though the success of a particular day’s fishing may be a very uncertain matter, yet the local situation of the country being supposed, the general efficacy of industry in bringing a certain quantity of fish to market, taking the course of a year, or of several years together, it may, perhaps, be thought is certain enough; and it, no doubt, is so.
虽然某一天的捕捞成功与否可能是一个非常不确定的问题，但考虑到该国的当地情况，以及工业在一年或几年的时间内将一定数量的鱼推向市场的总体效率，也许可以认为是足够确定的；毫无疑问，确实如此。
As it depends more, however, upon the local situation of the country, than upon the state of its wealth and industry; as upon this account it may in different countries be the same in very different periods of improvement, and very different in the same period; its connection with the state of improvement is uncertain; and it is of this sort of uncertainty that I am here speaking.
然而，因为它更多地取决于该国的当地情况，而不是其财富和工业状况；因此，在不同的国家，在不同的改进时期，情况可能是相同的，而在同一时期，情况可能又截然不同；它与改善状况的关系是不确定的；我在这里谈论的正是这种不确定性。
In increasing the quantity of the different minerals and metals which are drawn from the bowels of the earth, that of the more precious ones particularly, the efficacy of human industry seems not to be limited, but to be altogether uncertain.
在增加从地球内部提取的不同矿物和金属的数量，特别是更珍贵的矿物和金属的数量时，人类工业的功效似乎不是有限的，而是完全不确定的。
The quantity of the precious metals which is to be found in any country, is not limited by any thing in its local situation, such as the fertility or barrenness of its own mines.
任何国家所发现的贵金属数量，不受当地情况的限制，例如本国矿山的肥沃或贫瘠。
Those metals frequently abound in countries which possess no mines.
这些金属在没有矿山的国家往往储量丰富。
Their quantity, in every particular country, seems to depend upon two different circumstances; first, upon its power of purchasing, upon the state of its industry, upon the annual produce of its land and labour, in consequence of which it can afford to employ a greater or a smaller quantity of labour and subsistence, in bringing or purchasing such superfluities as gold and silver, either from its own mines, or from those of other countries; and, secondly, upon the fertility or barrenness of the mines which may happen at any particular time to supply the commercial world with those metals.
在每个特定国家，它们的数量似乎取决于两种不同的情况：首先，取决于它的购买力、它的工业状况、它的土地和劳动力的年产量，因此它有能力雇用或多或少的劳动力和生活必需品，从自己的矿场或其他国家的矿场带来或购买金银等过剩品；其次，取决于在任何特定时间为商业世界提供这些金属的矿山的肥沃或贫瘠。
The quantity of those metals in the countries most remote from the mines, must be more or less affected by this fertility or barrenness, on account of the easy and cheap transportation of those metals, of their small bulk and great value.
由于这些金属的运输方便且廉价，且体积小而价值高，因此距离矿山最远的国家的这些金属的数量必定或多或少地受到这种肥沃或贫瘠的影响。
Their quantity in China and Indostan must have been more or less affected by the abundance of the mines of America.
中国和印度斯坦的矿藏数量一定或多或少受到了美国丰富矿藏的影响。
So far as their quantity in any particular country depends upon the former of those two circumstances (the power of purchasing), their real price, like that of all other luxuries and superfluities, is likely to rise with the wealth and improvement of the country, and to fall with its poverty and depression.
只要它们在任何特定国家的数量取决于这两种情况中的前一种情况（购买力），它们的实际价格，就像所有其他奢侈品和过剩品的价格一样，很可能随着国家的财富和进步而上升，并随着国家的贫困和萧条而下降。
Countries which have a great quantity of labour and subsistence to spare, can afford to purchase any particular quantity of those metals at the expense of a greater quantity of labour and subsistence, than countries which have less to spare.
拥有大量劳动力和生活必需品的国家，与拥有较少劳动力和生活必需品的国家相比，能够以更多的劳动力和生活必需品为代价购买任何特定数量的这些金属。
So far as their quantity in any particular country depends upon the latter of those two circumstances (the fertility or barrenness of the mines which happen to supply the commercial world), their real price, the real quantity of labour and subsistence which they will purchase or exchange for, will, no doubt, sink more or less in proportion to the fertility, and rise in proportion to the barrenness of those mines.
只要它们在任何特定国家的数量取决于后两种情况（为商业世界供应的矿山的肥沃或贫瘠），它们的实际价格，即它们将购买或交换的劳动力和生活资料的实际数量，无疑将或多或少地与肥沃程度成比例地下降，并与这些矿山的贫瘠程度成比例上升。
The fertility or barrenness of the mines, however, which may happen at any particular time to supply the commercial world, is a circumstance which, it is evident, may have no sort of connection with the state of industry in a particular country.
然而，在任何特定时间为商业世界供应的矿山的肥沃或贫瘠，显然与特定国家的工业状况没有任何联系。
It seems even to have no very necessary connection with that of the world in general.
它甚至似乎与整个世界没有非常必要的联系。
As arts and commerce, indeed, gradually spread themselves over a greater and a greater part of the earth, the search for new mines, being extended over a wider surface, may have somewhat a better chance for being successful than when confined within narrower bounds.
事实上，随着艺术和商业逐渐扩展到地球上越来越大的地区，在更广阔的表面上寻找新的矿藏可能比局限于更狭窄的范围内更有可能获得成功。
The discovery of new mines, however, as the old ones come to be gradually exhausted, is a matter of the greatest uncertainty, and such as no human skill or industry can insure.
然而，随着旧矿逐渐枯竭，新矿的发现是一个最大的不确定性问题，任何人类技能或工业都无法保证这一点。
All indications, it is acknowledged, are doubtful; and the actual discovery and successful working of a new mine can alone ascertain the reality of its value, or even of its existence.
众所周知，所有迹象都值得怀疑。只有新矿的实际发现和成功开采才能确定其价值，甚至其存在的真实性。
In this search there seem to be no certain limits, either to the possible success, or to the possible disappointment of human industry.
在这种探索中，无论是对人类工业可能的成功还是可能的失望，似乎都没有一定的限制。
In the course of a century or two, it is possible that new mines may be discovered, more fertile than any that have ever yet been known; and it is just equally possible, that the most fertile mine then known may be more barren than any that was wrought before the discovery of the mines of America.
在一两个世纪的时间里，可能会发现新的矿藏，比迄今为止已知的任何矿藏都更加肥沃。同样有可能的是，当时已知的最肥沃的矿井可能比发现美洲矿井之前开采的任何矿井都更加贫瘠。
Whether the one or the other of those two events may happen to take place, is of very little importance to the real wealth and prosperity of the world, to the real value of the annual produce of the land and labour of mankind.
无论这两件事中的一个或另一个发生，对于世界的真正财富和繁荣，对于人类土地和劳动的年产品的真正价值来说，都无关紧要。
Its nominal value, the quantity of gold and silver by which this annual produce could be expressed or represented, would, no doubt, be very different; but its real value, the real quantity of labour which it could purchase or command, would be precisely the same.
毫无疑问，它的名义价值，即可以表达或代表这一年产品的金银数量，将会有很大不同。但它的实际价值，即它可以购买或指挥的实际劳动力数量，却是完全相同的。
A shilling might, in the one case, represent no more labour than a penny does at present; and a penny, in the other, might represent as much as a shilling does now.
在第一种情况下，一先令可能并不比目前的一便士代表更多的劳动。另一方面，一便士的价值可能与现在的一先令一样多。
But in the one case, he who had a shilling in his pocket would be no richer than he who has a penny at present; and in the other, he who had a penny would be just as rich as he who has a shilling now.
但在第一种情况下，口袋里有一先令的人并不比现在拥有一分钱的人更富有；另一方面，拥有一分钱的人将和现在拥有一先令的人一样富有。
The cheapness and abundance of gold and silver plate would be the sole advantage which the world could derive from the one event; and the dearness and scarcity of those trifling superfluities, the only inconveniency it could suffer from the other.
黄金和白银的廉价和丰富将是世界可以从这一事件中获得的唯一优势；那些琐碎的多余物品的昂贵和稀缺，是它可能遭受的唯一不便。
Conclusion of the Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver.
关于白银价值变化的题外话的结论。
The greater part of the writers who have collected the money price of things in ancient times, seem to have considered the low money price of corn, and of goods in general, or, in other words, the high value of gold and silver, as a proof, not only of the scarcity of those metals, but of the poverty and barbarism of the country at the time when it took place.
大多数收集古代物品货币价格的作者似乎都认为，谷物和一般商品的低货币价格，或者换句话说，金银的高价值，不仅证明了这些金属的稀缺性，而且证明了当时国家的贫困和野蛮。
This notion is connected with the system of political economy, which represents national wealth as consisting in the abundance and national poverty in the scarcity, of gold and silver; a system which I shall endeavour to explain and examine at great length in the fourth book of this Inquiry.
这个概念与政治经济学体系有关，政治经济学认为，国家财富在于黄金和白银的丰富，而国家贫困在于黄金和白银的稀缺。我将在本探究的第四本书中尽力解释和详细研究这个系统。
I shall only observe at present, that the high value of the precious metals can be no proof of the poverty or barbarism of any particular country at the time when it took place.
我现在只会指出，贵金属的高价值并不能证明当时任何特定国家的贫困或野蛮。
It is a proof only of the barrenness of the mines which happened at that time to supply the commercial world.
这只是当时供应商业世界的矿山贫瘠的证明。
A poor country, as it cannot afford to buy more, so it can as little afford to pay dearer for gold and silver than a rich one; and the value of those metals, therefore, is not likely to be higher in the former than in the latter.
一个贫穷的国家，因为买不起更多的东西，所以它也无法像富裕的国家那样支付更高的价格购买黄金和白银；因此，前者的这些金属的价值不可能高于后者。
In China, a country much richer than any part of Europe, the value of the precious metals is much higher than in any part of Europe.
在中国这个比欧洲任何地区都富裕得多的国家，贵金属的价值也比欧洲任何地区都高得多。
As the wealth of Europe, indeed, has increased greatly since the discovery of the mines of America, so the value of gold and silver has gradually diminished.
事实上，自从美洲发现矿藏以来，欧洲的财富已经大大增加，因此金银的价值却逐渐贬值。
This diminution of their value, however, has not been owing to the increase of the real wealth of Europe, of the annual produce of its land and labour, but to the accidental discovery of more abundant mines than any that were known before.
然而，它们价值的下降并不是由于欧洲实际财富、土地和劳动力年产的增加，而是由于意外发现了比以前已知的更丰富的矿藏。
The increase of the quantity of gold and silver in Europe, and the increase of its manufactures and agriculture, are two events which, though they have happened nearly about the same time, yet have arisen from very different causes, and have scarce any natural connection with one another.
欧洲金银数量的增加，以及制造业和农业的增加，是两件事，尽管它们几乎同时发生，但其起因却截然不同，彼此之间几乎没有任何自然联系。
The one has arisen from a mere accident, in which neither prudence nor policy either had or could have any share; the other, from the fall of the feudal system, and from the establishment of a government which afforded to industry the only encouragement which it requires, some tolerable security that it shall enjoy the fruits of its own labour.
这一事件纯粹是由一次意外事件引起的，其中无论是谨慎还是政策都没有也不可能有任何影响；另一个原因是封建制度的垮台，政府的建立为工业提供了所需的唯一鼓励，并为工业提供了一些可以接受的安全保障，使其能够享受自己的劳动成果。
Poland, where the feudal system still continues to take place, is at this day as beggarly a country as it was before the discovery of America.
封建制度仍然存在的波兰，如今仍像发现美洲之前一样贫穷。
The money price of corn, however, has risen; the real value of the precious metals has fallen in Poland, in the same manner as in other parts of Europe.
然而，玉米的货币价格却上涨了；波兰的贵金属实际价值已经下降，与欧洲其他地区的情况相同。
Their quantity, therefore, must have increased there as in other places, and nearly in the same proportion to the annual produce of its land and labour.
因此，他们的数量在那里肯定和其他地方一样增加了，而且与当地土地和劳动力的年产值几乎成同样的比例。
This increase of the quantity of those metals, however, has not, it seems, increased that annual produce, has neither improved the manufactures and agriculture of the country, nor mended the circumstances of its inhabitants.
然而，这些金属数量的增加似乎并没有增加年产量，既没有改善该国的制造业和农业，也没有改善其居民的环境。
Spain and Portugal, the countries which possess the mines, are, after Poland, perhaps the two most beggarly countries in Europe.
拥有矿藏的西班牙和葡萄牙也许是继波兰之后欧洲最贫穷的两个国家。
The value of the precious metals, however, must be lower in Spain and Portugal than in any other part of Europe, as they come from those countries to all other parts of Europe, loaded, not only with a freight and an insurance, but with the expense of smuggling, their exportation being either prohibited or subjected to a duty.
然而，贵金属在西班牙和葡萄牙的价值一定低于欧洲任何其他地区，因为它们从这些国家运往欧洲所有其他地区，不仅要承担运费和保险，还要承担走私费用，其出口要么被禁止，要么要缴纳关税。
In proportion to the annual produce of the land and labour, therefore, their quantity must be greater in those countries than in any other part of Europe; those countries, however, are poorer than the greater part of Europe.
因此，按照土地和劳动力年产出的比例，这些国家的土地和劳动力数量必定比欧洲任何其他地区都多。然而，这些国家比欧洲大部分地区更贫穷。
Though the feudal system has been abolished in Spain and Portugal, it has not been succeeded by a much better.
尽管西班牙和葡萄牙的封建制度已经废除，但并没有更好的制度来继承。
As the low value of gold and silver, therefore, is no proof of the wealth and flourishing state of the country where it takes place; so neither is their high value, or the low money price either of goods in general, or of corn in particular, any proof of its poverty and barbarism.
因此，由于金银的价值较低，并不能证明其所在国家的富裕和繁荣；因此，无论是一般商品，还是特别是谷物，它们的高价值或低货币价格都不能证明其贫穷和野蛮。
But though the low money price, either of goods in general, or of corn in particular, be no proof of the poverty or barbarism of the times, the low money price of some particular sorts of goods, such as cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, etc. in proportion to that of corn, is a most decisive one.
但是，虽然低货币价格，无论是一般商品，还是特别是谷物，并不能证明这个时代的贫穷或野蛮，但某些特殊商品的低货币价格，如牛、家禽、各种野味等，与谷物的价格成比例，却是最具决定性的。
It clearly demonstrates, first, their great abundance in proportion to that of corn, and, consequently, the great extent of the land which they occupied in proportion to what was occupied by corn; and, secondly, the low value of this land in proportion to that of corn land, and, consequently, the uncultivated and unimproved state of the far greater part of the lands of the country.
它清楚地表明，首先，他们的粮食丰裕程度与谷物的丰度成正比，因此，他们所占有的土地面积也与谷物所占的面积成正比；其次，与玉米地相比，这些土地的价值较低，因此，该国大部分土地处于未开垦和未改良的状态。
It clearly demonstrates, that the stock and population of the country did not bear the same proportion to the extent of its territory, which they commonly do in civilized countries; and that society was at that time, and in that country, but in its infancy.
它清楚地表明，一个国家的存量和人口与其领土面积的比例并不像文明国家所常见的那样；那个社会当时在那个国家，但还处于起步阶段。
From the high or low money price, either of goods in general, or of corn in particular, we can infer only, that the mines, which at that time happened to supply the commercial world with gold and silver, were fertile or barren, not that the country was rich or poor.
根据货币价格的高低，无论是一般商品的货币价格，还是特别是玉米的货币价格，我们只能推断出当时恰好为商业世界提供金银的矿井是肥沃的还是贫瘠的，而不能推断出这个国家是富裕还是贫穷。
But from the high or low money price of some sorts of goods in proportion to that of others, we can infer, with a degree of probability that approaches almost to certainty, that it was rich or poor, that the greater part of its lands were improved or unimproved, and that it was either in a more or less barbarous state, or in a more or less civilized one.
但是，根据某些商品相对于其他商品的货币价格高低的比例，我们可以在一定程度上几乎可以肯定地推断出该国是富裕还是贫穷，其大部分土地得到了改良或未改良，它处于或多或少的野蛮状态，还是处于或多或少的文明状态。
Any rise in the money price of goods which proceeded altogether from the degradation of the value of silver, would affect all sorts of goods equally, and raise their price universally, a third, or a fourth, or a fifth part higher, according as silver happened to lose a third, or a fourth, or a fifth part of its former value.
任何完全由白银价值贬值引起的商品货币价格的上涨，都会同等地影响各种商品，并普遍提高它们的价格，高出三分之一、第四或五分之一，就像白银碰巧损失了其先前价值的三分之一、第四或五分之一一样。
But the rise in the price of provisions, which has been the subject of so much reasoning and conversation, does not affect all sorts of provisions equally.
但是，食品价格的上涨一直是人们争论和讨论的话题，但它并没有对所有种类的食品产生同等的影响。
Taking the course of the present century at an average, the price of corn, it is acknowledged, even by those who account for this rise by the degradation of the value of silver, has risen much less than that of some other sorts of provisions.
以本世纪的平均水平来看，即使是那些将玉米价格的上涨归因于白银价值贬值的人也承认，玉米价格的涨幅远低于其他一些粮食的涨幅。
The rise in the price of those other sorts of provisions, therefore, cannot be owing altogether to the degradation of the value of silver.
因此，其他种类的供给品价格上涨不能完全归因于白银价值的下降。
Some other causes must be taken into the account; and those which have been above assigned, will, perhaps, without having recourse to the supposed degradation of the value of silver, sufficiently explain this rise in those particular sorts of provisions, of which the price has actually risen in proportion to that of corn.
必须考虑其他一些原因；上面提到的那些，也许无需诉诸所谓的白银价值贬值，就能充分解释那些特定种类的供给品的上涨，这些供给品的价格实际上与谷物的价格成比例上涨。
As to the price of corn itself, it has, during the sixty-four first years of the present century, and before the late extraordinary course of bad seasons, been somewhat lower than it was during the sixty-four last years of the preceding century.
至于玉米本身的价格，在本世纪头六十四年期间，以及在最近出现的异常恶劣季节之前，其价格略低于上世纪最后六十四年期间的价格。
This fact is attested, not only by the accounts of Windsor market, but by the public fiars of all the different counties of Scotland, and by the accounts of several different markets in France, which have been collected with great diligence and fidelity by Mr Messance, and by Mr Dupré de St Maur.
这一事实不仅得到了温莎市场的账目证明，而且得到了苏格兰所有不同县的公共财政和法国几个不同市场的账目的证明，这些账目都是由梅桑斯先生和杜普雷·德·圣莫尔先生以极大的勤奋和忠实收集的。
The evidence is more complete than could well have been expected in a matter which is naturally so very difficult to be ascertained.
在这件自然很难确定的事情上，证据比预期的更完整。
As to the high price of corn during these last ten or twelve years, it can be sufficiently accounted for from the badness of the seasons, without supposing any degradation in the value of silver.
至于最近十年或十二年玉米的高价，可以充分地归因于季节的恶劣，而无需假设白银的价值有任何下降。
The opinion, therefore, that silver is continually sinking in its value, seems not to be founded upon any good observations, either upon the prices of corn, or upon those of other provisions.
因此，关于白银价值持续下跌的观点似乎没有任何良好的观察基础，无论是对谷物价格还是其他粮食价格的观察。
The same quantity of silver, it may perhaps be said, will, in the present times, even according to the account which has been here given, purchase a much smaller quantity of several sorts of provisions than it would have done during some part of the last century; and to ascertain whether this change be owing to a rise in the value of those goods, or to a fall in the value of silver, is only to establish a vain and useless distinction, which can be of no sort of service to the man who has only a certain quantity of silver to go to market with, or a certain fixed revenue in money.
也许可以说，即使根据这里给出的说明，在当今时代，同样数量的白银购买的几种粮食的数量也比上世纪某个时候要少得多。确定这种变化是由于这些商品的价值上升还是由于白银的价值下降，只是建立了一种徒劳而无用的区别，这对那些只有一定数量的白银可用于市场销售或一定的固定货币收入的人没有任何帮助。
I certainly do not pretend that the knowledge of this distinction will enable him to buy cheaper.
我当然不会假装了解这种区别将使他能够以更便宜的价格购买。
It may not, however, upon that account be altogether useless.
然而，它可能并非因此就毫无用处。
It may be of some use to the public, by affording an easy proof of the prosperous condition of the country.
通过提供国家繁荣状况的简单证明，它可能对公众有一些用处。
If the rise in the price of some sorts of provisions be owing altogether to a fall in the value of silver, it is owing to a circumstance, from which nothing can be inferred but the fertility of the American mines.
如果说某种供给品价格的上涨完全是由于白银价值的下跌，那么这是由于一种情况，从这种情况除了美国矿山的肥沃程度之外，我们无法推断出任何其他东西。
The real wealth of the country, the annual produce of its land and labour, may, notwithstanding this circumstance, be either gradually declining, as in Portugal and Poland; or gradually advancing, as in most other parts of Europe.
尽管存在这种情况，国家的实际财富、土地和劳动力的年产出可能会逐渐减少，如葡萄牙和波兰；或者像欧洲大多数其他地区一样逐渐推进。
But if this rise in the price of some sorts of provisions be owing to a rise in the real value of the land which produces them, to its increased fertility, or, in consequence of more extended improvement and good cultivation, to its having been rendered fit for producing corn; it is owing to a circumstance which indicates, in the clearest manner, the prosperous and advancing state of the country.
但是，如果某些食品的价格上涨是由于生产这些食品的土地的实际价值上升、肥力增加，或者由于更广泛的改良和良好耕种而使其适合生产谷物的话；这是因为这种情况最清楚地表明了该国的繁荣和进步状况。
The land constitutes by far the greatest, the most important, and the most durable part of the wealth of every extensive country.
迄今为止，土地是每个幅员辽阔的国家财富中最大、最重要和最持久的部分。
It may surely be of some use, or, at least, it may give some satisfaction to the public, to have so decisive a proof of the increasing value of by far the greatest, the most important, and the most durable part of its wealth.
拥有如此决定性的证据证明其财富中迄今为止最大、最重要和最持久的部分的价值不断增加，肯定会有一些用处，或者至少可以让公众感到满意。
It may, too, be of some use to the public, in regulating the pecuniary reward of some of its inferior servants.
它也可能对公众有一些用处，可以规范一些下等仆人的金钱奖励。
If this rise in the price of some sorts of provisions be owing to a fall in the value of silver, their pecuniary reward, provided it was not too large before, ought certainly to be augmented in proportion to the extent of this fall.
如果某种供给品价格的上涨是由于白银价值的下跌，那么它们的金钱回报，只要以前不是太大，就肯定应该根据白银价值的下跌程度成比例地增加。
If it is not augmented, their real recompence will evidently be so much diminished.
如果不增加的话，他们的真正回报显然会大大减少。
But if this rise of price is owing to the increased value, in consequence of the improved fertility of the land which produces such provisions, it becomes a much nicer matter to judge, either in what proportion any pecuniary reward ought to be augmented, or whether it ought to be augmented at all.
但是，如果价格的上涨是由于价值的增加，是由于生产这些粮食的土地肥力的提高，那么判断金钱奖励应该增加多少比例，或者是否应该增加就变得更好了。
The extension of improvement and cultivation, as it necessarily raises more or less, in proportion to the price of corn, that of every sort of animal food, so it as necessarily lowers that of, I believe, every sort of vegetable food.
改良和种植的扩大，必然或多或少地提高各种动物性食品的价格，与玉米的价格成比例，因此我认为，它也必然会降低各种植物性食品的价格。
It raises the price of animal food; because a great part of the land which produces it, being rendered fit for producing corn, must afford to the landlord and farmer the rent and profit of corn land.
它提高了动物食品的价格；因为生产玉米的大部分土地都适合生产玉米，因此必须向地主和农民提供玉米地的租金和利润。
It lowers the price of vegetable food; because, by increasing the fertility of the land, it increases its abundance.
降低蔬菜食品的价格；因为，通过增加土地的肥力，它会增加其丰富度。
The improvements of agriculture, too, introduce many sorts of vegetable food, which requiring less land, and not more labour than corn, come much cheaper to market.
农业的进步也引入了多种蔬菜食品，与玉米相比，这些食品需要更少的土地和劳动力，而且市场价格便宜得多。
Such are potatoes and maize, or what is called Indian corn, the two most important improvements which the agriculture of Europe, perhaps, which Europe itself, has received from the great extension of its commerce and navigation.
这就是马铃薯和玉米，或者所谓的印度玉米，这两种最重要的改进是欧洲农业（也许是欧洲本身）从其商业和航海的巨大扩展中获得的。
Many sorts of vegetable food, besides, which in the rude state of agriculture are confined to the kitchen-garden, and raised only by the spade, come, in its improved state, to be introduced into common fields, and to be raised by the plough; such as turnips, carrots, cabbages, etc. If, in the progress of improvement, therefore, the real price of one species of food necessarily rises, that of another as necessarily falls; and it becomes a matter of more nicety to judge how far the rise in the one may be compensated by the fall in the other.
此外，许多种类的蔬菜食品，在农业的原始状态下仅限于菜园，只能用铁锹种植，而在其改进的状态下，它们被引入到普通田地中，并由犁种植。因此，如果在改进过程中，一种食物的实际价格必然上涨，那么另一种食物的实际价格也必然下降；判断一个方面的上升可以在多大程度上被另一个方面的下降所补偿，就变成了一个更精确的问题。
When the real price of butcher’s meat has once got to its height (which, with regard to every sort, except perhaps that of hogs flesh, it seems to have done through a great part of England more than a century ago), any rise which can afterwards happen in that of any other sort of animal food, cannot much affect the circumstances of the inferior ranks of people.
当屠宰肉的实际价格一旦达到最高点（一个多世纪前，英国大部分地区似乎都经历了这种情况）之后，任何其他种类的动物食品的价格可能会上涨，但不会对下层人民的处境产生太大影响。
The circumstances of the poor, through a great part of England, cannot surely be so much distressed by any rise in the price of poultry, fish, wild-fowl, or venison, as they must be relieved by the fall in that of potatoes.
英格兰大部分地区的穷人的处境肯定不会因家禽、鱼、野禽或鹿肉价格的上涨而感到如此痛苦，而他们必须因土豆价格的下跌而得到缓解。
In the present season of scarcity, the high price of corn no doubt distresses the poor.
在当前这个粮食匮乏的季节，玉米的高价无疑让穷人苦恼不已。
But in times of moderate plenty, when corn is at its ordinary or average price, the natural rise in the price of any other sort of rude produce cannot much affect them.
但在适度丰裕的时期，当玉米处于普通或平均价格时，任何其他种类的原始产品价格的自然上涨不会对他们产生太大影响。
They suffer more, perhaps, by the artificial rise which has been occasioned by taxes in the price of some manufactured commodities, as of salt, soap, leather, candles, malt, beer, ale, etc.
他们可能因某些制成品（例如盐、肥皂、皮革、蜡烛、麦芽、啤酒、麦芽酒等）的税收而人为上涨而遭受更大的损失。
_Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon the real Price of Manufactures._
_改进进度对制成品实际价格的影响。_
It is the natural effect of improvement, however, to diminish gradually the real price of almost all manufactures.
然而，改进的自然效果是逐渐降低几乎所有制造商的实际价格。
That of the manufacturing workmanship diminishes, perhaps, in all of them without exception.
也许，所有这些产品的制造工艺都在减弱，无一例外。
In consequence of better machinery, of greater dexterity, and of a more proper division and distribution of work, all of which are the natural effects of improvement, a much smaller quantity of labour becomes requisite for executing any particular piece of work; and though, in consequence of the flourishing circumstances of the society, the real price of labour should rise very considerably, yet the great diminution of the quantity will generally much more than compensate the greatest rise which can happen in the price.
由于有了更好的机械、更大的灵活性以及更适当的工作分工和分配，所有这些都是改进的自然结果，执行任何特定的工作所需的劳动量就会少得多；尽管由于社会的繁荣，劳动力的实际价格会大幅上涨，但数量的大幅减少通常远远超过了价格可能发生的最大上涨。
There are, indeed, a few manufactures, in which the necessary rise in the real price of the rude materials will more than compensate all the advantages which improvement can introduce into the execution of the work.
事实上，有一些制造商，其中原材料的实际价格的必要上涨将足以补偿改进可以在工作执行中引入的所有优势。
In carpenters’ and joiners’ work, and in the coarser sort of cabinet work, the necessary rise in the real price of barren timber, in consequence of the improvement of land, will more than compensate all the advantages which can be derived from the best machinery, the greatest dexterity, and the most proper division and distribution of work.
在木匠和细木工的工作中，以及在较粗的细木工工作中，由于土地的改善，贫瘠木材的实际价格必然上涨，这将远远补偿可以从最好的机械、最大的灵巧性和最适当的工作分工和分配中获得的所有优势。
But in all cases in which the real price of the rude material either does not rise at all, or does not rise very much, that of the manufactured commodity sinks very considerably.
但在所有情况下，原材料的实际价格要么根本没有上涨，要么上涨幅度不大，制成品的实际价格就会大幅下跌。
This diminution of price has, in the course of the present and preceding century, been most remarkable in those manufactures of which the materials are the coarser metals.
在本世纪和上个世纪中，这种价格下降在那些以较粗金属为材料的制造品中最为显着。
A better movement of a watch, than about the middle of the last century could have been bought for twenty pounds, may now perhaps be had for twenty shillings.
一块比上世纪中叶更好的手表机芯可以用二十英镑购买，现在也许可以用二十先令购买。
In the work of cutlers and locksmiths, in all the toys which are made of the coarser metals, and in all those goods which are commonly known by the name of Birmingham and Sheffield ware, there has been, during the same period, a very great reduction of price, though not altogether so great as in watch-work.
在刀具匠和锁匠的工作中，在所有由较粗糙的金属制成的玩具中，以及在所有那些通常以伯明翰和谢菲尔德制品为名的商品中，在同一时期内，价格都出现了很大的下降，尽管不如钟表工作中的降幅那么大。
It has, however, been sufficient to astonish the workmen of every other part of Europe, who in many cases acknowledge that they can produce no work of equal goodness for double or even for triple the price.
然而，这足以让欧洲其他地区的工人感到惊讶，他们在许多情况下承认，他们无法以双倍甚至三倍的价格生产出同等品质的作品。
There are perhaps no manufactures, in which the division of labour can be carried further, or in which the machinery employed admits of a greater variety of improvements, than those of which the materials are the coarser metals.
也许没有任何制造业比以粗金属为材料的制造业更能进一步分工，或者所使用的机器可以进行更多种类的改进。
In the clothing manufacture there has, during the same period, been no such sensible reduction of price.
在同一时期，服装制造业并没有出现如此明显的降价。
The price of superfine cloth, I have been assured, on the contrary, has, within these five-and-twenty or thirty years, risen somewhat in proportion to its quality, owing, it was said, to a considerable rise in the price of the material, which consists altogether of Spanish wool.
相反，我确信，在这五年、二十年或三十年里，超细布料的价格与其质量成正比地有所上涨，据说这是由于完全由西班牙羊毛组成的材料价格大幅上涨。
That of the Yorkshire cloth, which is made altogether of English wool, is said, indeed, during the course of the present century, to have fallen a good deal in proportion to its quality.
据说，在本世纪中，完全由英国羊毛制成的约克郡布料的质量确实已经下降了很多。
Quality, however, is so very disputable a matter, that I look upon all information of this kind as somewhat uncertain.
然而，质量是一个非常有争议的问题，以至于我认为所有此类信息都有些不确定。
In the clothing manufacture, the division of labour is nearly the same now as it was a century ago, and the machinery employed is not very different.
在服装制造中，现在的分工与一个世纪前几乎相同，所使用的机器也没有太大不同。
There may, however, have been some small improvements in both, which may have occasioned some reduction of price.
然而，两者可能都有一些小的改进，这可能导致价格有所下降。
But the reduction will appear much more sensible and undeniable, if we compare the price of this manufacture in the present times with what it was in a much remoter period, towards the end of the fifteenth century, when the labour was probably much less subdivided, and the machinery employed much more imperfect, than it is at present.
但是，如果我们将当今这种制造业的价格与更遥远的时期（15世纪末）的价格进行比较，那么这种减少就会显得更加明智和不可否认，当时劳动力的细分程度可能比现在要低得多，所使用的机器也比现在更加不完善。
In 1487, being the 4th of Henry VII., it was enacted, that “whosoever shall sell by retail a broad yard of the finest scarlet grained, or of other grained cloth of the finest making, above sixteen shillings, shall forfeit forty shillings for every yard so sold.” Sixteen shillings, therefore, containing about the same quantity of silver as four-and-twenty shillings of our present money, was, at that time, reckoned not an unreasonable price for a yard of the finest cloth; and as this is a sumptuary law, such cloth, it is probable, had usually been sold somewhat dearer.
1487 年，即亨利七世第四任国王，颁布了“任何人以零售方式出售一码最优质的猩红色粒面布或其他制作精良的粒面布，价格超过十六先令的人，每出售一码将被罚四十先令”。因此，十六先令所含的银子数量与我们现在的四先令二十先令大致相同，在当时，对于一码最优质的布料来说，这价格不算不合理。由于这是一项奢侈的法律，因此这种布料很可能通常会卖得更贵一些。
A guinea may be reckoned the highest price in the present times.
几内亚可能被认为是当今时代的最高价格。
Even though the quality of the cloths, therefore, should be supposed equal, and that of the present times is most probably much superior, yet, even upon this supposition, the money price of the finest cloth appears to have been considerably reduced since the end of the fifteenth century.
因此，尽管布料的质量应该是相同的，而且当今的质量很可能要好得多，但是，即使根据这种假设，自 15 世纪末以来，最好的布料的货币价格似乎已经大大降低了。
But its real price has been much more reduced.
但其实际价格却降低了很多。
Six shillings and eightpence was then, and long afterwards, reckoned the average price of a quarter of wheat.
当时以及很久以后，四分之一小麦的平均价格是六先令八便士。
Sixteen shillings, therefore, was the price of two quarters and more than three bushels of wheat.
因此，十六先令相当于两夸特和三蒲式耳以上小麦的价格。
Valuing a quarter of wheat in the present times at eight-and-twenty shillings, the real price of a yard of fine cloth must, in those times, have been equal to at least three pounds six shillings and sixpence of our present money.
目前四分之一小麦的价值为八又二十先令，当时一码细布的实际价格必定至少等于我们现在的货币三英镑六先令六便士。
The man who bought it must have parted with the command of a quantity of labour and subsistence equal to what that sum would purchase in the present times.
购买它的人必须放弃一定数量的劳动和生活资料，这些劳动和生活资料的数量等于这笔钱在当今时代所能购买的东西。
The reduction in the real price of the coarse manufacture, though considerable, has not been so great as in that of the fine.
粗加工品的实际价格下降虽然相当大，但不如精加工品的降幅大。
In 1463, being the 3rd of Edward IV.
1463年，爱德华四世第三世。
it was enacted, that “no servant in husbandry nor common labourer, nor servant to any artificer inhabiting out of a city or burgh, shall use or wear in their clothing any cloth above two shillings the broad yard.” In the 3rd of Edward IV., two shillings contained very nearly the same quantity of silver as four of our present money.
法令规定，“任何农奴、普通工人、居住在城市或自治市外的技工的仆人，不得在衣服中使用或穿着超过两先令的宽幅布料。”在爱德华四世的第三年，两先令所含的白银数量几乎相当于我们现在的四先令的银量。
But the Yorkshire cloth which is now sold at four shillings the yard, is probably much superior to any that was then made for the wearing of the very poorest order of common servants.
但现在约克郡布料的售价为每码四先令，可能比当时为最贫穷阶层的普通仆人制作的布料要优越得多。
Even the money price of their clothing, therefore, may, in proportion to the quality, be somewhat cheaper in the present than it was in those ancient times.
因此，即使是他们衣服的价格，与质量成比例，现在也可能比古代便宜一些。
The real price is certainly a good deal cheaper.
实际价格肯定便宜很多。
Tenpence was then reckoned what is called the moderate and reasonable price of a bushel of wheat.
当时，十便士被认为是一蒲式耳小麦的适度合理的价格。
Two shillings, therefore, was the price of two bushels and near two pecks of wheat, which in the present times, at three shillings and sixpence the bushel, would be worth eight shillings and ninepence.
因此，两先令相当于两蒲式耳和近两配克小麦的价格，而在当今时代，每蒲式耳三先令六便士的价格，则价值八先令九便士。
For a yard of this cloth the poor servant must have parted with the power of purchasing a quantity of subsistence equal to what eight shillings and ninepence would purchase in the present times.
为了一码这种布料，可怜的仆人必须放弃购买相当于当今八先令九便士所能购买的生活必需品的能力。
This is a sumptuary law, too, restraining the luxury and extravagance of the poor.
这也是禁奢法，限制穷人的奢侈浪费。
Their clothing, therefore, had commonly been much more expensive.
因此，他们的衣服通常要贵得多。
The same order of people are, by the same law, prohibited from wearing hose, of which the price should exceed fourteen-pence the pair, equal to about eight-and-twenty pence of our present money.
根据同一法律，同一阶层的人禁止穿长筒袜，每双的价格应超过十四便士，相当于我们现在的货币的八又二十便士左右。
But fourteen-pence was in those times the price of a bushel and near two pecks of wheat; which in the present times, at three and sixpence the bushel, would cost five shillings and threepence.
但当时十四便士相当于一蒲式耳和近两配克小麦的价格。在当今时代，每蒲式耳三先令六便士，将花费五先令三便士。
We should in the present times consider this as a very high price for a pair of stockings to a servant of the poorest and lowest order.
在当今时代，我们应该认为，对于最贫穷和最低阶层的仆人来说，一双长袜的价格非常高。
He must however, in those times, have paid what was really equivalent to this price for them.
但在那个时候，他一定为他们付出了真正相当于这个代价的东西。
In the time of Edward IV.
在爱德华四世时期。
the art of knitting stockings was probably not known in any part of Europe.
编织长袜的艺术可能在欧洲任何地方都不为人所知。
Their hose were made of common cloth, which may have been one of the causes of their dearness.
他们的软管是用普通布料制成的，这可能是他们昂贵的原因之一。
The first person that wore stockings in England is said to have been Queen Elizabeth.
据说英国第一个穿丝袜的人是伊丽莎白女王。
She received them as a present from the Spanish ambassador.
她从西班牙大使那里收到了它们作为礼物。
Both in the coarse and in the fine woollen manufacture, the machinery employed was much more imperfect in those ancient, than it is in the present times.
无论是在粗毛还是细毛制造中，古代所使用的机器比现在要完善得多。
It has since received three very capital improvements, besides, probably, many smaller ones, of which it may be difficult to ascertain either the number or the importance.
此后，它已经接受了三项非常基本的改进，此外，可能还有许多较小的改进，其中可能很难确定其数量或重要性。
The three capital improvements are, first, the exchange of the rock and spindle for the spinning-wheel, which, with the same quantity of labour, will perform more than double the quantity of work.
这三项基本改进是，第一，用纺车更换岩石和锭子，在相同的劳动量下，纺车的工作量将增加一倍以上。
Secondly, the use of several very ingenious machines, which facilitate and abridge, in a still greater proportion, the winding of the worsted and woollen yarn, or the proper arrangement of the warp and woof before they are put into the loom; an operation which, previous to the invention of those machines, must have been extremely tedious and troublesome.
其次，使用几台非常精巧的机器，这些机器在很大程度上促进和简化了精纺纱线和粗纺纱线的卷绕，或者在将经纱和纬纱放入织机之前对其进行适当的排列；在这些机器发明之前，这项操作一定是极其乏味和麻烦的。
Thirdly, the employment of the fulling-mill for thickening the cloth, instead of treading it in water.
第三，使用缩绒机使布加厚，而不是在水中踩水。
Neither wind nor water mills of any kind were known in England so early as the beginning of the sixteenth century, nor, so far as I know, in any other part of Europe north of the Alps.
早在十六世纪初，英国就没有任何类型的风车或水车，据我所知，阿尔卑斯山以北的欧洲其他地区也没有这种车。
They had been introduced into Italy some time before.
它们在一段时间前被引入意大利。
The consideration of these circumstances may, perhaps, in some measure, explain to us why the real price both of the coarse and of the fine manufacture was so much higher in those ancient than it is in the present times.
对这些情况的考虑也许可以在某种程度上向我们解释为什么古代粗制品和精制品的实际价格比现在高得多。
It cost a greater quantity of labour to bring the goods to market.
将商品推向市场需要花费更多的劳动力。
When they were brought thither, therefore, they must have purchased, or exchanged for the price of, a greater quantity.
因此，当他们被带到那里时，他们一定购买了更多的数量，或者以更高的价格进行了交换。
The coarse manufacture probably was, in those ancient times, carried on in England in the same manner as it always has been in countries where arts and manufactures are in their infancy.
在古代，英国的粗制工业可能与艺术和工业尚处于起步阶段的国家一样。
It was probably a household manufacture, in which every different part of the work was occasionally performed by all the different members of almost every private family, but so as to be their work only when they had nothing else to do, and not to be the principal business from which any of them derived the greater part of their subsistence.
它很可能是一个家庭工厂，几乎每个私人家庭的所有不同成员偶尔都会从事不同的工作，但只有当他们无事可做时才成为他们的工作，而不是成为他们中任何人从中获得大部分生计的主要业务。
The work which is performed in this manner, it has already been observed, comes always much cheaper to market than that which is the principal or sole fund of the workman’s subsistence.
我们已经观察到，以这种方式进行的工作在市场上的价格总是比工人生活的主要或唯一资金便宜得多。
The fine manufacture, on the other hand, was not, in those times, carried on in England, but in the rich and commercial country of Flanders; and it was probably conducted then, in the same manner as now, by people who derived the whole, or the principal part of their subsistence from it.
另一方面，当时的精细制造并不是在英格兰进行的，而是在富裕的商业国家佛兰德斯进行的。当时的人们可能以与现在相同的方式进行这种活动，他们的全部或主要部分的生活都来自于这种活动。
It was, besides, a foreign manufacture, and must have paid some duty, the ancient custom of tonnage and poundage at least, to the king.
此外，它是一家外国制造商，必须向国王缴纳一些税，至少是吨位和磅数的古老惯例。
This duty, indeed, would not probably be very great.
事实上，这个责任可能不会很大。
It was not then the policy of Europe to restrain, by high duties, the importation of foreign manufactures, but rather to encourage it, in order that merchants might be enabled to supply, at as easy a rate as possible, the great men with the conveniencies and luxuries which they wanted, and which the industry of their own country could not afford them.
当时欧洲的政策不是通过高关税来限制外国制造品的进口，而是鼓励外国制造品的进口，以便商人能够以尽可能轻松的价格向伟人提供他们想要的便利和奢侈品，而这些是他们自己国家的工业无法负担的。
The consideration of these circumstances may, perhaps, in some measure explain to us why, in those ancient times, the real price of the coarse manufacture was, in proportion to that of the fine, so much lower than in the present times.
对这些情况的考虑也许可以在某种程度上向我们解释为什么在古代，粗制品的实际价格与精制品的价格成比例，比现在低得多。
Conclusion of the Chapter.
本章结论。
I shall conclude this very long chapter with observing, that every improvement in the circumstances of the society tends, either directly or indirectly, to raise the real rent of land to increase the real wealth of the landlord, his power of purchasing the labour, or the produce of the labour of other people.
我将在这很长的一章的结尾指出，社会环境的每一次改善都会直接或间接地提高实际地租，从而增加地主的实际财富、他购买劳动力或其他人的劳动产品的能力。
The extension of improvement and cultivation tends to raise it directly.
改良和培养的延伸往往会直接提高。
The landlord’s share of the produce necessarily increases with the increase of the produce.
地主的农产品份额必然随着农产品的增加而增加。
That rise in the real price of those parts of the rude produce of land, which is first the effect of the extended improvement and cultivation, and afterwards the cause of their being still further extended, the rise in the price of cattle, for example, tends, too, to raise the rent of land directly, and in a still greater proportion.
土地原始产品的实际价格上涨，首先是扩大改良和耕种的结果，然后是进一步扩大改良和耕种的原因，例如牲畜价格的上涨，也往往会直接提高土地租金，而且幅度更大。
The real value of the landlord’s share, his real command of the labour of other people, not only rises with the real value of the produce, but the proportion of his share to the whole produce rises with it.
地主的份额的实际价值，即他对他人劳动的实际控制权，不仅随着产品的实际价值的提高而提高，而且他的份额占全部产品的比例也随之提高。
That produce, after the rise in its real price, requires no more labour to collect it than before.
这些产品在实际价格上涨后，不需要比以前更多的劳动力来收集。
A smaller proportion of it will, therefore, be sufficient to replace, with the ordinary profit, the stock which employs that labour.
因此，它的一小部分就足以用普通利润替代使用该劳动力的股票。
A greater proportion of it must consequently belong to the landlord.
因此，其中更大的一部分必定属于地主。
All those improvements in the productive powers of labour, which tend directly to reduce the rent price of manufactures, tend indirectly to raise the real rent of land.
所有这些劳动生产力的提高，往往会直接降低制成品的租金价格，也会间接提高实际土地租金。
The landlord exchanges that part of his rude produce, which is over and above his own consumption, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of that part of it, for manufactured produce.
地主将其超出自己消费量的那部分粗产品，或者说，这部分产品的价格，换成制成品。
Whatever reduces the real price of the latter, raises that of the former.
无论怎样降低后者的实际价格，都会提高前者的实际价格。
An equal quantity of the former becomes thereby equivalent to a greater quantity of the latter; and the landlord is enabled to purchase a greater quantity of the conveniencies, ornaments, or luxuries which he has occasion for.
因此，同等数量的前者相当于更大数量的后者；房东可以购买更多他需要的便利物品、装饰品或奢侈品。
Every increase in the real wealth of the society, every increase in the quantity of useful labour employed within it, tends indirectly to raise the real rent of land.
社会实际财富的每一次增加，社会中使用的有用劳动数量的每一次增加，都会间接地提高实际土地地租。
A certain proportion of this labour naturally goes to the land.
这些劳动力的一定比例自然流向了土地。
A greater number of men and cattle are employed in its cultivation, the produce increases with the increase of the stock which is thus employed in raising it, and the rent increases with the produce.
更多的人和牲畜被用于耕种，产量随着用于饲养牲畜的牲畜的增加而增加，地租也随着产量的增加而增加。
The contrary circumstances, the neglect of cultivation and improvement, the fall in the real price of any part of the rude produce of land, the rise in the real price of manufactures from the decay of manufacturing art and industry, the declension of the real wealth of the society, all tend, on the other hand, to lower the real rent of land, to reduce the real wealth of the landlord, to diminish his power of purchasing either the labour, or the produce of the labour, of other people.
另一方面，相反的情况，忽视耕种和改良，任何部分土地原始产品的实际价格下降，由于制造艺术和工业的衰落而导致制成品实际价格上升，社会实际财富的减少，所有这些都倾向于降低地租的实际地租，减少地主的实际财富，削弱他购买其他人的劳动力或劳动产品的能力。
The whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country, or, what comes to the same thing, the whole price of that annual produce, naturally divides itself, it has already been observed, into three parts; the rent of land, the wages of labour, and the profits of stock; and constitutes a revenue to three different orders of people; to those who live by rent, to those who live by wages, and to those who live by profit.
正如我们已经观察到的那样，每个国家的土地和劳动力的全部年产品，或者，同样的事情，年产品的全部价格，自然地分为三部分：地租、劳动工资、股票利润；并为三个不同阶层的人构成收入；那些靠租金生活的人，那些靠工资生活的人，那些靠利润生活的人。
These are the three great, original, and constituent, orders of every civilized society, from whose revenue that of every other order is ultimately derived.
这是每个文明社会的三个伟大的、原始的、构成性的秩序，所有其他秩序的收入最终都是从它们的收入中获得的。
The interest of the first of those three great orders, it appears from what has been just now said, is strictly and inseparably connected with the general interest of the society.
从刚才所说的来看，这三大秩序中的第一秩序的利益，是与社会的整体利益紧密地、不可分割地联系在一起的。
Whatever either promotes or obstructs the one, necessarily promotes or obstructs the other.
凡是促进或阻碍一者的事物，必然会促进或阻碍另一者。
When the public deliberates concerning any regulation of commerce or police, the proprietors of land never can mislead it, with a view to promote the interest of their own particular order; at least, if they have any tolerable knowledge of that interest.
当公众审议任何商业或警察法规时，土地所有者绝不能误导公众，以促进其自身特定秩序的利益；至少，如果他们对这种兴趣有一定的了解的话。
They are, indeed, too often defective in this tolerable knowledge.
事实上，他们在这方面的知识方面往往存在缺陷。
They are the only one of the three orders whose revenue costs them neither labour nor care, but comes to them, as it were, of its own accord, and independent of any plan or project of their own.
他们是这三个命令中唯一的一个，其收入既不花费他们的劳动，也不花费他们的精力，而是自动获得的，并且独立于他们自己的任何计划或项目。
That indolence which is the natural effect of the ease and security of their situation, renders them too often, not only ignorant, but incapable of that application of mind, which is necessary in order to foresee and understand the consequence of any public regulation.
这种懒惰是他们的处境安逸和安全的自然结果，常常使他们不仅无知，而且无法运用头脑，而这是预见和理解任何公共监管的后果所必需的。
The interest of the second order, that of those who live by wages, is as strictly connected with the interest of the society as that of the first.
第二类人的利益，即那些靠工资生活的人的利益，与第一类人的利益一样，与社会的利益紧密相连。
The wages of the labourer, it has already been shewn, are never so high as when the demand for labour is continually rising, or when the quantity employed is every year increasing considerably.
已经表明，当劳动力需求不断增加或就业数量每年大幅增加时，工人的工资是最高的。
When this real wealth of the society becomes stationary, his wages are soon reduced to what is barely enough to enable him to bring up a family, or to continue the race of labourers.
当社会的这种真正财富变得静止时，他的工资很快就会减少到勉强够他养家糊口或继续劳动的水平。
When the society declines, they fall even below this.
当社会衰落时，他们甚至会低于这个水平。
The order of proprietors may perhaps gain more by the prosperity of the society than that of labourers; but there is no order that suffers so cruelly from its decline.
业主阶层也许会比工人阶层从社会的繁荣中获益更多。但没有哪个秩序会因衰落而遭受如此残酷的打击。
But though the interest of the labourer is strictly connected with that of the society, he is incapable either of comprehending that interest, or of understanding its connexion with his own.
但是，尽管劳动者的利益与社会的利益紧密相连，但他既无法理解这种利益，也无法理解这种利益与他自己的利益的联系。
His condition leaves him no time to receive the necessary information, and his education and habits are commonly such as to render him unfit to judge, even though he was fully informed.
他的状况使他没有时间接收必要的信息，而且他的教育和习惯通常使他不适合做出判断，即使他完全了解情况。
In the public deliberations, therefore, his voice is little heard, and less regarded; except upon particular occasions, when his clamour is animated, set on, and supported by his employers, not for his, but their own particular purposes.
因此，在公众讨论中，他的声音很少被听到，也较少受到重视。除非在特殊情况下，当他的叫嚣被他的雇主激发、发起并支持时，不是为了他，而是为了他们自己的特定目的。
His employers constitute the third order, that of those who live by profit.
他的雇主构成第三种秩序，即靠利润生存的人。
It is the stock that is employed for the sake of profit, which puts into motion the greater part of the useful labour of every society.
正是为了利润而使用的资本，推动了每个社会的大部分有用劳动。
The plans and projects of the employers of stock regulate and direct all the most important operation of labour, and profit is the end proposed by all those plans and projects.
股票雇主的计划和项目调节和指导所有最重要的劳动运作，而利润是所有这些计划和项目所提出的目的。
But the rate of profit does not, like rent and wages, rise with the prosperity, and fall with the declension of the society.
但利润率并不像租金和工资那样，随着社会的繁荣而上升，随着社会的衰落而下降。
On the contrary, it is naturally low in rich, and high in poor countries, and it is always highest in the countries which are going fastest to ruin.
相反，在富国自然是低的，在穷国是高的，而且总是在最快毁灭的国家中是最高的。
The interest of this third order, therefore, has not the same connexion with the general interest of the society, as that of the other two.
因此，第三个秩序的利益与社会总体利益的关系不同于其他两个秩序的利益。
Merchants and master manufacturers are, in this order, the two classes of people who commonly employ the largest capitals, and who by their wealth draw to themselves the greatest share of the public consideration.
按照这个顺序，商人和大制造商是两个阶级，他们通常使用最大的资本，并通过他们的财富吸引最多的公众关注。
As during their whole lives they are engaged in plans and projects, they have frequently more acuteness of understanding than the greater part of country gentlemen.
由于他们一生都在从事计划和项目，因此他们的理解力往往比大多数乡村绅士更为敏锐。
As their thoughts, however, are commonly exercised rather about the interest of their own particular branch of business.
然而，因为他们的想法通常是出于自己特定业务部门的利益。
than about that of the society, their judgment, even when given with the greatest candour (which it has not been upon every occasion), is much more to be depended upon with regard to the former of those two objects, than with regard to the latter.
与社会的判断相比，他们的判断，即使是在最坦诚的情况下（并非每次都如此），对这两个目标中的前一个目标比对后者更值得依赖。
Their superiority over the country gentleman is, not so much in their knowledge of the public interest, as in their having a better knowledge of their own interest than he has of his.
他们比乡村绅士的优越性并不在于他们对公共利益的了解，而在于他们比乡村绅士对自己的利益有更多的了解。
It is by this superior knowledge of their own interest that they have frequently imposed upon his generosity, and persuaded him to give up both his own interest and that of the public, from a very simple but honest conviction, that their interest, and not his, was the interest of the public.
正是通过这种对自身利益的超凡了解，他们经常迫使他慷慨解囊，并说服他放弃自己的利益和公众的利益，因为他们有一个非常简单但诚实的信念，即他们的利益，而不是他的利益，才是公众的利益。
The interest of the dealers, however, in any particular branch of trade or manufactures, is always in some respects different from, and even opposite to, that of the public.
然而，在任何特定的贸易或制造部门，经销商的利益在某些方面总是与公众的利益不同，甚至相反。
To widen the market, and to narrow the competition, is always the interest of the dealers.
拓宽市场，缩小竞争，始终是经销商的利益所在。
To widen the market may frequently be agreeable enough to the interest of the public; but to narrow the competition must always be against it, and can only serve to enable the dealers, by raising their profits above what they naturally would be, to levy, for their own benefit, an absurd tax upon the rest of their fellow-citizens.
扩大市场往往足以满足公众的利益；但是，缩小竞争必须始终是反对它的，而且只能使经销商能够通过将利润提高到高于自然水平的水平，为自己的利益向其他同胞征收荒谬的税。
The proposal of any new law or regulation of commerce which comes from this order, ought always to be listened to with great precaution, and ought never to be adopted till after having been long and carefully examined, not only with the most scrupulous, but with the most suspicious attention.
来自该命令的任何新的商业法律或法规的提议，都应该非常谨慎地听取，并且在经过长期和仔细的审查之后才可以被采纳，不仅要以最谨慎的态度，而且要以最可疑的关注。
It comes from an order of men, whose interest is never exactly the same with that of the public, who have generally an interest to deceive and even to oppress the public, and who accordingly have, upon many occasions, both deceived and oppressed it.
它来自一群人，他们的利益与公众的利益从来不完全相同，他们通常有欺骗甚至压迫公众的兴趣，因此，他们在许多情况下既欺骗又压迫公众。
# PRICES OF WHEAT
# 小麦价格
Year Prices/Quarter Average of different Average prices of in each year prices in one year each year in money of 1776
年份价格/季度 不同年份的平均价格 每年的价格 每年的价格（以 1776 美元计）
£ s d £ s d £ s d 1202 0 12 0 1 16 0 1205 0 12 0 0 13 4 0 13 5 2 0 3 0 15 0 1223 0 12 0 1 16 0 1237 0 3 4 0 10 0 1243 0 2 0 0 6 0 1244 0 2 0 0 6 0 1246 0 16 0 2 8 0 1247 0 13 5 2 0 0 1257 1 4 0 3 12 0 1258 1 0 0 0 15 0 0 17 0 2 11 0 0 16 0 1270 4 16 0 6 8 0 5 12 0 16 16 0 1286 0 2 8 0 16 0 0 9 4 1 8 0 Total 35 9 3 Average 2 19 1¼
£ s d £ s d £ s d 1202 0 12 0 1 16 0 1205 0 12 0 0 13 4 0 13 5 2 0 3 0 15 0 1223 0 12 0 1 16 0 1237 0 3 4 0 10 0 1243 0 2 0 0 6 0 1244 0 2 0 0 6 0 1246 0 16 0 2 8 0 1247 0 13 5 2 0 0 1257 1 4 0 3 12 0 1258 1 0 0 0 15 0 0 17 0 2 11 0 0 16 0 1270 4 16 0 6 8 0 5 12 0 16 16 0 1286 0 2 8 0 16 0 0 9 4 1 8 0 总计 35 9 3 平均 2 19 1¼
1287 0 3 4 0 10 0 1288 0 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 6 0 1 8 0 3 0¼ 0 9 1¾ 0 2 0 0 3 4 0 9 4 1289 0 12 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 0 10 1½ 1 10 4½ 0 10 8 1 0 0 1290 0 16 0 2 8 0 1294 0 16 0 2 8 0 1302 0 4 0 0 12 0 1309 0 7 2 1 1 6 1315 1 0 0 3 0 0 1316 1 0 0 1 10 0 1 10 6 4 11 6 1 12 0 2 0 0 1317 2 4 0 0 14 0 2 13 0 1 19 6 5 18 6 4 0 0 0 6 8 1336 0 2 0 0 6 0 1338 0 3 4 0 10 0 Total 23 4 11¼ Average 1 18 8
1287 0 3 4 0 10 0 1288 0 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 6 0 1 8 0 3 0 1/4 0 9 1 3/4 0 2 0 0 3 4 0 9 4 1289 0 12 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 0 10 1 1/2 1 10 4½ 0 10 8 1 0 0 1290 0 16 0 2 8 0 1294 0 16 0 2 8 0 1302 0 4 0 0 12 0 1309 0 7 2 1 1 6 1315 1 0 0 3 0 0 1316 1 0 0 1 10 0 1 10 6 4 11 6 1 12 0 2 0 0 1317 2 4 0 0 14 0 2 13 0 1 19 6 5 18 6 4 0 0 0 6 8 1336 0 2 0 0 6 0 1338 0 3 4 0 10 0 总计 23 4 11¼ 平均 1 18 8
1339 0 9 0 1 7 0 1349 0 2 0 0 5 2 1359 1 6 8 3 2 2 1361 0 2 0 0 4 8 1363 0 15 0 1 15 0 1369 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 2 0 2 9 4 1379 0 4 0 0 9 4 1387 0 2 0 0 4 8 1390 0 13 4 0 14 0 0 14 5 1 13 7 0 16 0 1401 0 16 0 1 17 6 1407 0 4 4¾ 0 3 4 0 3 10 0 8 10 1416 0 16 0 1 12 0 Total 15 9 4 Average 1 5 9½
1339 0 9 0 1 7 0 1349 0 2 0 0 5 2 1359 1 6 8 3 2 2 1361 0 2 0 0 4 8 1363 0 15 0 1 15 0 1369 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 2 0 2 9 4 1379 0 4 0 0 9 4 1387 0 2 0 0 4 8 1390 0 13 4 0 14 0 0 14 5 1 13 7 0 16 0 1401 0 16 0 1 17 6 1407 0 4 4⁄4 0 3 4 0 3 10 0 8 10 1416 0 16 0 1 12 0 总计 15 9 4 平均 1 5 9½
1423 0 8 0 0 1425 0 4 0 0 1434 1 6 8 4 1435 0 5 4 8 1439 1 0 0 1 6 8 1 3 4 2 6 8 1440 1 4 0 2 8 0 1444 0 4 4 0 4 2 0 4 8 0 4 0 1445 0 4 6 0 9 0 1447 0 8 0 0 16 0 1448 0 6 8 0 13 4 1449 0 5 0 0 10 0 1451 0 8 0 0 16 0 Total 12 15 4 Average 1 1 3⅓
1423 0 8 0 0 1425 0 4 0 0 1434 1 6 8 4 1435 0 5 4 8 1439 1 0 0 1 6 8 1 3 4 2 6 8 1440 1 4 0 2 8 0 1444 0 4 4 0 4 2 0 4 8 0 4 0 1445 0 4 6 0 9 0 1447 0 8 0 0 16 0 1448 0 6 8 0 13 4 1449 0 5 0 0 10 0 1451 0 8 0 0 16 0 合计 12 15 4 平均 1 1 3⅓
1453 0 5 4 0 10 8 1455 0 1 2 0 2 4 1457 0 7 8 1 15 4 1459 0 5 0 0 10 0 1460 0 8 0 0 16 0 1463 0 2 0 0 1 10 0 3 8 0 1 8 1464 0 6 8 0 10 0 1486 1 4 0 1 17 0 1491 0 14 8 1 2 0 1494 0 4 0 0 6 0 1495 0 3 4 0 5 0 1497 1 0 0 1 11 0 Total 8 9 0 Average 0 14 1
1453 0 5 4 0 10 8 1455 0 1 2 0 2 4 1457 0 7 8 1 15 4 1459 0 5 0 0 10 0 1460 0 8 0 0 16 0 1463 0 2 0 0 1 10 0 3 8 0 1 8 1464 0 6 8 0 10 0 1486 1 4 0 1 17 0 1491 0 14 8 1 2 0 1494 0 4 0 0 6 0 1495 0 3 4 0 5 0 1497 1 0 0 1 11 0 总计 8 9 0 平均 0 14 1
1499 0 4 0 0 6 0 1504 0 5 8 0 8 6 1521 1 0 0 1 10 0 1551 0 8 0 0 8 0 1553 0 8 0 0 8 0 1554 0 8 0 0 8 0 1555 0 8 0 0 8 0 1556 0 8 0 0 8 0 1557 0 8 0 0 4 0 0 17 8½ 0 17 8½ 0 5 0 2 13 4 1558 0 8 0 0 8 0 1559 0 8 0 0 8 0 1560 0 8 0 0 8 0 Total 6 0 2½ Average 0 10 0½
1499 0 4 0 0 6 0 1504 0 5 8 0 8 6 1521 1 0 0 1 10 0 1551 0 8 0 0 8 0 1553 0 8 0 0 8 0 1554 0 8 0 0 8 0 1555 0 8 0 0 8 0 1556 0 8 0 0 8 0 1557 0 8 0 0 4 0 0 17 8½ 0 17 8½ 0 5 0 2 13 4 1558 0 8 0 0 8 0 1559 0 8 0 0 8 0 1560 0 8 0 0 8 0总计 6 0 2½ 平均 0 10 0½
1561 0 8 0 0 8 0 1562 0 8 0 0 8 0 1574 2 16 0 1 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1587 3 4 0 3 4 0 1594 2 16 0 2 16 0 1595 2 13 0 2 13 0 1596 4 0 0 4 0 0 1597 5 4 0 4 0 0 4 12 0 4 12 0 1598 2 16 8 2 16 8 1599 1 19 2 1 19 8 1600 1 17 8 1 17 8 1601 1 14 10 1 14 10 Total 28 9 4 Average 2 7 5½
1561 0 8 0 0 8 0 1562 0 8 0 0 8 0 1574 2 16 0 1 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1587 3 4 0 3 4 0 1594 2 16 0 2 16 0 1595 2 13 0 2 13 0 1596 4 0 0 4 0 0 1597 5 4 0 4 0 0 4 12 0 4 12 0 1598 2 16 8 2 16 8 1599 1 19 2 1 19 8 1600 1 17 8 1 17 8 1601 1 14 10 1 14 10 总计 28 9 4 平均 2 7 5½
PRICES OF THE QUARTER OF NINE BUSHELS OF THE BEST OR HIGHEST PRICED WHEAT AT WINDSOR MARKET, ON LADY DAY AND MICHAELMAS, FROM 1595 TO 1764 BOTH INCLUSIVE; THE PRICE OF EACH YEAR BEING THE MEDIUM BETWEEN THE HIGHEST PRICES OF THESE TWO MARKET DAYS.
1595 年至 1764 年，夫人节和迈克尔斯节温莎市场上九蒲式耳最好或最高价小麦的价格（含税）；每年的价格是这两个市场日最高价格之间的中间价。
£ s d 1595 2 0 0 1596 2 8 0 1597 3 9 6 1598 2 16 8 1599 1 19 2 1600 1 17 8 1601 1 14 10 1602 1 9 4 1603 1 15 4 1604 1 10 8 1605 1 15 10 1606 1 13 0 1607 1 16 8 1608 2 16 8 1609 2 10 0 1610 1 15 10 1611 1 18 8 1612 2 2 4 1613 2 8 8 1614 2 1 8½ 1615 1 18 8 1616 2 0 4 1617 2 8 8 1618 2 6 8 1619 1 15 4 1620 1 10 4 26)54 0 6½ Average 2 1 6¾
英镑 1595 2 0 0 1596 2 8 0 1597 3 9 6 1598 2 16 8 1599 1 19 2 1600 1 17 8 1601 1 14 10 1602 1 9 4 1603 1 15 4 1604 1 10 8 1605 1 15 10 1606 1 13 0 1607 1 16 8 1608 2 16 8 1609 2 10 0 1610 1 15 10 1611 1 18 8 1612 2 2 4 1613 2 8 8 1614 2 1 8½ 1615 1 18 8 1616 2 0 4 1617 2 8 8 1618 2 6 8 1619 1 15 4 1620 1 10 4 26)54 0 6½ 平均 2 1 6⁄4
1621 1 10 4 1622 2 18 8 1623 2 12 0 1624 2 8 0 1625 2 12 0 1626 2 9 4 1627 1 16 0 1628 1 8 0 1629 2 2 0 1630 2 15 8 1631 3 8 0 1632 2 13 4 1633 2 18 0 1634 2 16 0 1635 2 16 0 1636 2 16 8 16)40 0 0 Average 2 10 0
1621 1 10 4 1622 2 18 8 1623 2 12 0 1624 2 8 0 1625 2 12 0 1626 2 9 4 1627 1 16 0 1628 1 8 0 1629 2 2 0 1630 2 15 8 1631 3 8 0 1632 2 13 4 1633 2 18 0 1634 2 16 0 1635 2 16 0 1636 2 16 8 16)40 0 0 平均 2 10 0
1637 2 13 0 1638 2 17 4 1639 2 4 10 1640 2 4 8 1641 2 8 0 1646 2 8 0 1647 3 13 0 1648 4 5 0 1649 4 0 0 1650 3 16 8 1651 3 13 4 1652 2 9 6 1653 1 15 6 1654 1 6 0 1655 1 13 4 1656 2 3 0 1657 2 6 8 1658 3 5 0 1659 3 6 0 1660 2 16 6 1661 3 10 0 1662 3 14 0 1663 2 17 0 1664 2 0 6 1665 2 9 4 1666 1 16 0 1667 1 16 0 1668 2 0 0 1669 2 4 4 1670 2 1 8 1671 2 2 0 1672 2 1 0 1673 2 6 8 1674 3 8 8 1675 3 4 8 1676 1 18 0 1677 2 2 0 1678 2 19 0 1679 3 0 0 1680 2 5 0 1681 2 6 8 1682 2 4 0 1683 2 0 0 1684 2 4 0 1685 2 6 8 1686 1 14 0 1687 1 5 2 1688 2 6 0 1689 1 10 0 1690 1 14 8 1691 1 14 0 1692 2 6 8 1693 3 7 8 1694 3 4 0 1695 2 13 0 1696 3 11 0 1697 3 0 0 1698 3 8 4 1699 3 4 0 1700 2 0 0 60) 153 1 8 Average 2 11 0⅓
1637 2 13 0 1638 2 17 4 1639 2 4 10 1640 2 4 8 1641 2 8 0 1646 2 8 0 1647 3 13 0 1648 4 5 0 1649 4 0 0 1650 3 16 8 1651 3 13 4 1652 2 9 6 1653 1 15 6 1654 1 6 0 1655 1 13 4 1656 2 3 0 1657 2 6 8 1658 3 5 0 1659 3 6 0 1660 2 16 6 1661 3 10 0 1662 3 14 0 1663 2 17 0 1664 2 0 6 1665 2 9 4 1666 1 16 0 1667 1 16 0 1668 2 0 0 1669 2 4 4 1670 2 1 8 1671 2 2 0 1672 2 1 0 1673 2 6 8 1674 3 8 8 1675 3 4 8 1676 1 18 0 1677 2 2 0 1678 2 19 0 1679 3 0 0 1680 2 5 0 1681 2 6 8 1682 2 4 0 1683 2 0 0 1684 2 4 0 1685 2 6 8 1686 1 14 0 1687 1 5 2 1688 2 6 0 1689 1 10 0 1690 1 14 8 1691 1 14 0 1692 2 6 8 1693 3 7 8 1694 3 4 0 1695 2 13 0 1696 3 11 0 1697 3 0 0 1698 3 8 4 1699 3 4 0 1700 2 0 0 60) 153 1 8 平均 2 11 0⅓
1701 1 17 8 1702 1 9 6 1703 1 16 0 1704 2 6 6 1705 1 10 0 1706 1 6 0 1707 1 8 6 1708 2 1 6 1709 3 18 6 1710 3 18 0 1711 2 14 0 1712 2 6 4 1713 2 11 0 1714 2 10 4 1715 2 3 0 1716 2 8 0 1717 2 5 8 1718 1 18 10 1719 1 15 0 1720 1 17 0 1721 1 17 6 1722 1 16 0 1723 1 14 8 1724 1 17 0 1725 2 8 6 1726 2 6 0 1727 2 2 0 1728 2 14 6 1729 2 6 10 1730 1 16 6 1731 1 12 10 1 12 10 1732 1 6 8 1 6 8 1733 1 8 4 1 8 4 1734 1 18 10 1 18 10 1735 2 3 0 2 3 0 1736 2 0 4 2 0 4 1737 1 18 0 1 18 0 1738 1 15 6 1 15 6 1739 1 18 6 1 18 6 1740 2 10 8 2 10 8 10) 18 12 8 1 17 3½
1701 1 17 8 1702 1 9 6 1703 1 16 0 1704 2 6 6 1705 1 10 0 1706 1 6 0 1707 1 8 6 1708 2 1 6 1709 3 18 6 1710 3 18 0 1711 2 14 0 1712 2 6 4 1713 2 11 0 1714 2 10 4 1715 2 3 0 1716 2 8 0 1717 2 5 8 1718 1 18 10 1719 1 15 0 1720 1 17 0 1721 1 17 6 1722 1 16 0 1723 1 14 8 1724 1 17 0 1725 2 8 6 1726 2 6 0 1727 2 2 0 1728 2 14 6 1729 2 6 10 1730 1 16 6 1731 1 12 10 1 12 10 1732 1 6 8 1 6 8 1733 1 8 4 1 8 4 1734 1 18 10 1 18 10 1735 2 3 0 2 3 0 1736 2 0 4 2 0 4 1737 1 18 0 1 18 0 1738 1 15 6 1 15 6 1739 1 18 6 1 18 6 1740 2 10 8 2 10 8 10) 18 12 8 1 17 3½
1741 2 6 8 2 6 8 1742 1 14 0 1 14 0 1743 1 4 10 1 4 10 1744 1 4 10 1 4 10 1745 1 7 6 1 7 6 1746 1 19 0 1 19 0 1747 1 14 10 1 14 10 1748 1 17 0 1 17 0 1749 1 17 0 1 17 0 1750 1 12 6 1 12 6 10) 16 18 2 1 13 9¾
1741 2 6 8 2 6 8 1742 1 14 0 1 14 0 1743 1 4 10 1 4 10 1744 1 4 10 1 4 10 1745 1 7 6 1 7 6 1746 1 19 0 1 19 0 1747 1 14 10 1 14 10 1748 1 17 0 1 17 0 1749 1 17 0 1 17 0 1750 1 12 6 1 12 6 10) 16 18 2 1 13 9⁄4
1751 1 18 6 1752 2 1 10 1753 2 4 8 1754 1 13 8 1755 1 14 10 1756 2 5 3 1757 3 0 0 1758 2 10 0 1759 1 19 10 1760 1 16 6 1761 1 10 3 1762 1 19 0 1763 2 0 9 1764 2 6 9 64) 129 13 6 Average 2 0 6¾
1751 1 18 6 1752 2 1 10 1753 2 4 8 1754 1 13 8 1755 1 14 10 1756 2 5 3 1757 3 0 0 1758 2 10 0 1759 1 19 10 1760 1 16 6 1761 1 10 3 1762 1 19 0 1763 2 0 9 1764 2 6 9 64) 129 13 6 平均 2 0 6⁄4
BOOK II.
第二册。
OF THE NATURE, ACCUMULATION, AND EMPLOYMENT OF STOCK.
股票的性质、积累和运用。
INTRODUCTION.
介绍。
In that rude state of society, in which there is no division of labour, in which exchanges are seldom made, and in which every man provides every thing for himself, it is not necessary that any stock should be accumulated, or stored up before-hand, in order to carry on the business of the society.
在那种原始的社会状态下，没有劳动分工，很少进行交换，每个人都为自己提供一切，没有必要积累或预先储存任何库存来进行社会的事务。
Every man endeavours to supply, by his own industry, his own occasional wants, as they occur.
每个人都努力通过自己的勤奋来满足自己偶尔出现的需求。
When he is hungry, he goes to the forest to hunt; when his coat is worn out, he clothes himself with the skin of the first large animal he kills: and when his hut begins to go to ruin, he repairs it, as well as he can, with the trees and the turf that are nearest it.
当他饿了的时候，他就去森林里打猎；当他饿了的时候，他就去森林里打猎。当他的外套磨损时，他会用他杀死的第一只大型动物的皮来穿；当他的小屋开始毁坏时，他会用离它最近的树木和草皮来尽可能地修复它。
But when the division of labour has once been thoroughly introduced, the produce of a man’s own labour can supply but a very small part of his occasional wants.
但当分工彻底实行后，一个人自己的劳动产品只能满足他偶尔的需要的很小一部分。
The far greater part of them are supplied by the produce of other men’s labour, which he purchases with the produce, or, what is the same thing, with the price of the produce, of his own.
其中大部分是由其他人的劳动产品提供的，他用自己的产品购买这些产品，或者说，用自己产品的价格购买这些产品。
But this purchase cannot be made till such time as the produce of his own labour has not only been completed, but sold.
但是，只有在他自己的劳动产品不仅完成而且出售之后，才能进行这种购买。
A stock of goods of different kinds, therefore, must be stored up somewhere, sufficient to maintain him, and to supply him with the materials and tools of his work, till such time at least as both these events can be brought about.
因此，必须在某个地方储存不同种类的货物，足以维持他的生活，并为他提供工作的材料和工具，直到至少这两件事发生为止。
A weaver cannot apply himself entirely to his peculiar business, unless there is before-hand stored up somewhere, either in his own possession, or in that of some other person, a stock sufficient to maintain him, and to supply him with the materials and tools of his work, till he has not only completed, but sold his web.
织工不能完全专注于他的特殊业务，除非事先在某个地方（无论是在他自己的财产中，还是在其他人的财产中）储存了足够的库存来维持他的生活，并为他提供工作的材料和工具，直到他不仅完成了，而且卖掉了他的网。
This accumulation must evidently be previous to his applying his industry for so long a time to such a peculiar business.
这种积累显然是在他长期将自己的勤奋应用于如此特殊的业务之前。
As the accumulation of stock must, in the nature of things, be previous to the division of labour, so labour can be more and more subdivided in proportion only as stock is previously more and more accumulated.
由于从本质上讲，资本积累必然先于劳动分工，因此，只有资本积累得越来越多，劳动才能按比例越来越细分。
The quantity of materials which the same number of people can work up, increases in a great proportion as labour comes to be more and more subdivided; and as the operations of each workman are gradually reduced to a greater degree of simplicity, a variety of new machines come to be invented for facilitating and abridging those operations.
The quantity of materials which the same number of people can work up, increases in a great proportion as labour comes to be more and more subdivided; and as the operations of each workman are gradually reduced to a greater degree of simplicity, a variety of new machines come to be invented for facilitating and abridging those operations.
As the division of labour advances, therefore, in order to give constant employment to an equal number of workmen, an equal stock of provisions, and a greater stock of materials and tools than what would have been necessary in a ruder state of things, must be accumulated before-hand.
因此，随着劳动分工的进步，为了给同等数量的工人提供持续的就业，必须预先积累比在原始状态下所需的同等数量的供给品以及更多的材料和工具。
But the number of workmen in every branch of business generally increases with the division of labour in that branch; or rather it is the increase of their number which enables them to class and subdivide themselves in this manner.
但是，每个行业的工人数量通常随着该行业分工的增加而增加；或者更确切地说，正是它们数量的增加使它们能够以这种方式对自己进行分类和细分。
As the accumulation of stock is previously necessary for carrying on this great improvement in the productive powers of labour, so that accumulation naturally leads to this improvement.
As the accumulation of stock is previously necessary for carrying on this great improvement in the productive powers of labour, so that accumulation naturally leads to this improvement.
The person who employs his stock in maintaining labour, necessarily wishes to employ it in such a manner as to produce as great a quantity of work as possible.
使用其股票来维持劳动的人必然希望以产生尽可能多的工作的方式使用它。
He endeavours, therefore, both to make among his workmen the most proper distribution of employment, and to furnish them with the best machines which he can either invent or afford to purchase.
He endeavours, therefore, both to make among his workmen the most proper distribution of employment, and to furnish them with the best machines which he can either invent or afford to purchase.
His abilities, in both these respects, are generally in proportion to the extent of his stock, or to the number of people whom it can employ.
在这两方面，他的能力通常与他的股票规模或股票可以雇用的人数成正比。
The quantity of industry, therefore, not only increases in every country with the increase of the stock which employs it, but, in consequence of that increase, the same quantity of industry produces a much greater quantity of work.
The quantity of industry, therefore, not only increases in every country with the increase of the stock which employs it, but, in consequence of that increase, the same quantity of industry produces a much greater quantity of work.
Such are in general the effects of the increase of stock upon industry and its productive powers.
这就是存量增加对工业及其生产力的一般影响。
In the following book, I have endeavoured to explain the nature of stock, the effects of its accumulation into capital of different kinds, and the effects of the different employments of those capitals.
In the following book, I have endeavoured to explain the nature of stock, the effects of its accumulation into capital of different kinds, and the effects of the different employments of those capitals.
This book is divided into five chapters.
本书分为五章。
In the first chapter, I have endeavoured to shew what are the different parts or branches into which the stock, either of an individual, or of a great society, naturally divides itself.
In the first chapter, I have endeavoured to shew what are the different parts or branches into which the stock, either of an individual, or of a great society, naturally divides itself.
In the second, I have endeavoured to explain the nature and operation of money, considered as a particular branch of the general stock of the society.
In the second, I have endeavoured to explain the nature and operation of money, considered as a particular branch of the general stock of the society.
The stock which is accumulated into a capital, may either be employed by the person to whom it belongs, or it may be lent to some other person.
积累为资本的股票可以由其所属的人使用，也可以借给其他人。
In the third and fourth chapters, I have endeavoured to examine the manner in which it operates in both these situations.
在第三章和第四章中，我尽力研究了它在这两种情况下的运作方式。
The fifth and last chapter treats of the different effects which the different employments of capital immediately produce upon the quantity, both of national industry, and of the annual produce of land and labour.
第五章也是最后一章讨论了资本的不同使用对国民工业以及土地和劳动力的年生产量立即产生的不同影响。
CHAPTER I.
第一章
OF THE DIVISION OF STOCK.
库存的划分。
When the stock which a man possesses is no more than sufficient to maintain him for a few days or a few weeks, he seldom thinks of deriving any revenue from it.
When the stock which a man possesses is no more than sufficient to maintain him for a few days or a few weeks, he seldom thinks of deriving any revenue from it.
He consumes it as sparingly as he can, and endeavours, by his labour, to acquire something which may supply its place before it be consumed altogether.
He consumes it as sparingly as he can, and endeavours, by his labour, to acquire something which may supply its place before it be consumed altogether.
His revenue is, in this case, derived from his labour only.
在这种情况下，他的收入仅来自他的劳动。
This is the state of the greater part of the labouring poor in all countries.
这是所有国家大部分劳动穷人的状况。
But when he possesses stock sufficient to maintain him for months or years, he naturally endeavours to derive a revenue from the greater part of it, reserving only so much for his immediate consumption as may maintain him till this revenue begins to come in.
But when he possesses stock sufficient to maintain him for months or years, he naturally endeavours to derive a revenue from the greater part of it, reserving only so much for his immediate consumption as may maintain him till this revenue begins to come in.
His whole stock, therefore, is distinguished into two parts.
因此，他的全部股票分为两部分。
That part which he expects is to afford him this revenue is called his capital.
他期望为他提供这笔收入的部分称为他的资本。
The other is that which supplies his immediate consumption, and which consists either, first, in that portion of his whole stock which was originally reserved for this purpose; or, secondly, in his revenue, from whatever source derived, as it gradually comes in; or, thirdly, in such things as had been purchased by either of these in former years, and which are not yet entirely consumed, such as a stock of clothes, household furniture, and the like.
The other is that which supplies his immediate consumption, and which consists either, first, in that portion of his whole stock which was originally reserved for this purpose;或者，其次，他的收入，无论其来源如何，都是逐渐获得的；第三，他们中的任何一个人在前几年购买的、尚未完全消耗的东西，例如库存衣服、家用家具等。
In one or other, or all of these three articles, consists the stock which men commonly reserve for their own immediate consumption.
在这三篇文章中的一篇或另一篇或全部中，包含了人们通常为自己立即消费而保留的库存。
There are two different ways in which a capital may be employed so as to yield a revenue or profit to its employer.
有两种不同的方式可以使用资本为其雇主带来收入或利润。
First, it may be employed in raising, manufacturing, or purchasing goods, and selling them again with a profit.
首先，它可以用于饲养、制造或购买商品，然后再次出售以获取利润。
The capital employed in this manner yields no revenue or profit to its employer, while it either remains in his possession, or continues in the same shape.
The capital employed in this manner yields no revenue or profit to its employer, while it either remains in his possession, or continues in the same shape.
The goods of the merchant yield him no revenue or profit till he sells them for money, and the money yields him as little till it is again exchanged for goods.
商人的货物在他将其出售为货币之前不会给他带来收入或利润，而货币在再次交换为货物之前也不会为他带来任何收入或利润。
His capital is continually going from him in one shape, and returning to him in another; and it is only by means of such circulation, or successive changes, that it can yield him any profit.
他的资本不断地以一种形式离开他，又以另一种形式回到他身边。只有通过这种循环，或者连续的变化，他才能获得利润。
Such capitals, therefore, may very properly be called circulating capitals.
因此，这些资本可以非常恰当地称为流动资本。
Secondly, it may be employed in the improvement of land, in the purchase of useful machines and instruments of trade, or in such like things as yield a revenue or profit without changing masters, or circulating any further.
其次，它可以用于改善土地、购买有用的机器和贸易工具，或者用于在不改变主人或进一步流通的情况下产生收入或利润的类似事物。
Such capitals, therefore, may very properly be called fixed capitals.
因此，这些资本可以非常恰当地称为固定资本。
Different occupations require very different proportions between the fixed and circulating capitals employed in them.
不同的职业要求其所使用的固定资本和流动资本之间的比例有很大不同。
The capital of a merchant, for example, is altogether a circulating capital.
例如，商人的资本完全是流动资本。
He has occasion for no machines or instruments of trade, unless his shop or warehouse be considered as such.
他没有机会使用任何机器或贸易工具，除非他的商店或仓库被视为此类。
Some part of the capital of every master artificer or manufacturer must be fixed in the instruments of his trade.
每个工匠或制造商的资本的一部分必须固定在他的行业工具上。
This part, however, is very small in some, and very great in others, A master tailor requires no other instruments of trade but a parcel of needles.
然而，这部分在某些方面非常小，而在另一些方面则非常大。裁缝大师不需要其他贸易工具，只需要一包针。
Those of the master shoemaker are a little, though but a very little, more expensive.
鞋匠大师的鞋要贵一点，虽然只是一点点。
Those of the weaver rise a good deal above those of the shoemaker.
织布工的工作远远高于鞋匠的工作。
The far greater part of the capital of all such master artificers, however, is circulated either in the wages of their workmen, or in the price of their materials, and repaid, with a profit, by the price of the work.
然而，所有这些技工大师的大部分资本要么以工人的工资，要么以其材料的价格进行流通，并通过工作的价格以利润偿还。
In other works a much greater fixed capital is required.
在其他工作中，需要更多的固定资本。
In a great iron-work, for example, the furnace for melting the ore, the forge, the slit-mill, are instruments of trade which cannot be erected without a very great expense.
In a great iron-work, for example, the furnace for melting the ore, the forge, the slit-mill, are instruments of trade which cannot be erected without a very great expense.
In coal works, and mines of every kind, the machinery necessary, both for drawing out the water, and for other purposes, is frequently still more expensive.
In coal works, and mines of every kind, the machinery necessary, both for drawing out the water, and for other purposes, is frequently still more expensive.
That part of the capital of the farmer which is employed in the instruments of agriculture is a fixed, that which is employed in the wages and maintenance of his labouring servants is a circulating capital.
农民资本中用于农业工具的部分是固定资本，用于支付其劳动仆人的工资和维持生计的部分是流动资本。
He makes a profit of the one by keeping it in his own possession, and of the other by parting with it.
他通过将其中一个保留在自己手中来获利，通过放弃另一个来获利。
The price or value of his labouring cattle is a fixed capital, in the same manner as that of the instruments of husbandry; their maintenance is a circulating capital, in the same manner as that of the labouring servants.
其劳动牲畜的价格或价值是固定资本，与畜牧工具的价格或价值相同；他们的维持是流动资本，就像劳工的维持一样。
The farmer makes his profit by keeping the labouring cattle, and by parting with their maintenance.
农民通过饲养劳作的牛并放弃对它们的维护来赚取利润。
Both the price and the maintenance of the cattle which are bought in and fattened, not for labour, but for sale, are a circulating capital.
购买和饲养的牛不是为了劳动，而是为了出售，其价格和维持费用都是流动资本。
The farmer makes his profit by parting with them.
农民通过与它们分离来赚取利润。
A flock of sheep or a herd of cattle, that, in a breeding country, is brought in neither for labour nor for sale, but in order to make a profit by their wool, by their milk, and by their increase, is a fixed capital.
在繁殖国，引入的一群羊或牛既不是为了劳动，也不是为了出售，而是为了通过它们的羊毛、牛奶和它们的生长来赚取利润，它们是固定资本。
The profit is made by keeping them.
利润是通过保留它们来赚取的。
Their maintenance is a circulating capital.
他们的维护是流动资金。
The profit is made by parting with it; and it comes back with both its own profit and the profit upon the whole price of the cattle, in the price of the wool, the milk, and the increase.
利润是通过舍弃而获得的；它既带来了自己的利润，也带来了牲畜整体价格、羊毛、牛奶和增值物价格的利润。
The whole value of the seed, too, is properly a fixed capital.
种子的全部价值也完全是固定资本。
Though it goes backwards and forwards between the ground and the granary, it never changes masters, and therefore does not properly circulate.
虽然它在地面和粮仓之间来回穿梭，但它不曾更换主人，因此不能正常流通。
The farmer makes his profit, not by its sale, but by its increase.
农民不是靠销售而是靠增加来赚取利润。
The general stock of any country or society is the same with that of all its inhabitants or members; and, therefore, naturally divides itself into the same three portions, each of which has a distinct function or office.
任何国家或社会的总存量与其所有居民或成员的总存量相同；因此，它自然地分为相同的三个部分，每个部分都有不同的功能或办公室。
The first is that portion which is reserved for immediate consumption, and of which the characteristic is, that it affords no revenue or profit.
第一个是保留供立即消费的部分，其特点是不提供任何收入或利润。
It consists in the stock of food, clothes, household furniture, etc. which have been purchased by their proper consumers, but which are not yet entirely consumed.
它包括食品、衣服、家具等的库存，这些库存已被适当的消费者购买，但尚未完全消耗。
The whole stock of mere dwelling-houses, too, subsisting at any one time in the country, make a part of this first portion.
该国任何时候都存在的所有单纯住宅也构成了第一部分的一部分。
The stock that is laid out in a house, if it is to be the dwelling-house of the proprietor, ceases from that moment to serve in the function of a capital, or to afford any revenue to its owner.
如果房子是业主的住宅，那么存放在房子里的存货从那时起就不再发挥资本的作用，也不再为其所有者提供任何收入。
A dwelling-house, as such, contributes nothing to the revenue of its inhabitant; and though it is, no doubt, extremely useful to him, it is as his clothes and household furniture are useful to him, which, however, make a part of his expense, and not of his revenue.
住宅本身对其居民的收入没有任何贡献；毫无疑问，这对他来说非常有用，就像他的衣服和家具对他有用一样，然而，这些是他的开支的一部分，而不是他的收入的一部分。
If it is to be let to a tenant for rent, as the house itself can produce nothing, the tenant must always pay the rent out of some other revenue, which he derives, either from labour, or stock, or land.
如果将其出租给租户出租，由于房屋本身不能生产任何东西，租户必须始终用他从劳动力、股票或土地中获得的其他收入来支付租金。
Though a house, therefore, may yield a revenue to its proprietor, and thereby serve in the function of a capital to him, it cannot yield any to the public, nor serve in the function of a capital to it, and the revenue of the whole body of the people can never be in the smallest degree increased by it.
因此，尽管房屋可以为其所有者带来收入，从而对他起到资本的作用，但它不能向公众产生任何收入，也不能对公众起到资本的作用，而且全体人民的收入永远不会因此而增加哪怕一丁点。
Clothes and household furniture, in the same manner, sometimes yield a revenue, and thereby serve in the function of a capital to particular persons.
同样，衣服和家具有时会产生收入，从而对特定的人起到资本的作用。
In countries where masquerades are common, it is a trade to let out masquerade dresses for a night.
在化装舞会盛行的国家，出租化装舞会服装过夜是一种交易。
Upholsterers frequently let furniture by the month or by the year.
室内装潢商经常按月或按年出租家具。
Undertakers let the furniture of funerals by the day and by the week.
殡仪馆按日、按周出租葬礼家具。
Many people let furnished houses, and get a rent, not only for the use of the house, but for that of the furniture.
许多人出租带家具的房屋，并获得租金，不仅用于房屋的使用，还用于家具的使用。
The revenue, however, which is derived from such things, must always be ultimately drawn from some other source of revenue.
然而，从这些事情中获得的收入最终必须来自其他收入来源。
Of all parts of the stock, either of an individual or of a society, reserved for immediate consumption, what is laid out in houses is most slowly consumed.
在所有保留供立即消费的库存部分中，无论是个人的还是社会的，房屋中的库存消耗得最慢。
A stock of clothes may last several years; a stock of furniture half a century or a century; but a stock of houses, well built and properly taken care of, may last many centuries.
A stock of clothes may last several years;半个世纪或一个世纪的家具库存；但是，一批建造良好、维护得当的房屋可能可以持续几个世纪。
Though the period of their total consumption, however, is more distant, they are still as really a stock reserved for immediate consumption as either clothes or household furniture.
然而，尽管它们的总消费期限更为遥远，但它们仍然像衣服或家具一样，实际上是供立即消费的库存。
The second of the three portions into which the general stock of the society divides itself, is the fixed capital; of which the characteristic is, that it affords a revenue or profit without circulating or changing masters.
社会总存量分为三部分，第二部分是固定资本。其特点是不流通、不更换主人就能提供收入或利润。
It consists chiefly of the four following articles.
主要由以下四篇文章组成。
First, of all useful machines and instruments of trade, which facilitate and abridge labour.
首先，所有有用的机器和贸易工具，它们促进和减少了劳动力。
Secondly, of all those profitable buildings which are the means of procuring a revenue, not only to the proprietor who lets them for a rent, but to the person who possesses them, and pays that rent for them; such as shops, warehouses, work-houses, farm-houses, with all their necessary buildings, stables, granaries, etc. These are very different from mere dwelling-houses.
其次，在所有那些作为获得收入的手段的有利可图的建筑物中，不仅对于出租它们以获取租金的业主，而且对于拥有它们并为它们支付租金的人来说也是如此；例如商店、仓库、济贫院、农舍及其所有必要的建筑物、马厩、粮仓等。这些与单纯的住宅有很大不同。
They are a sort of instruments of trade, and may be considered in the same light.
它们是一种贸易工具，可以从同样的角度来考虑。
Thirdly, of the improvements of land, of what has been profitably laid out in clearing, draining, inclosing, manuring, and reducing it into the condition most proper for tillage and culture.
第三，土地的改良，即在清理、排水、围封、施肥和将其降低到最适合耕作和耕种的条件方面所进行的有益的布局。
An improved farm may very justly be regarded in the same light as those useful machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and by means of which an equal circulating capital can afford a much greater revenue to its employer.
一个改良的农场可以非常公正地被视为与那些促进和减少劳动力的有用机器一样，通过这些机器，同等的流动资本可以为其雇主提供更多的收入。
An improved farm is equally advantageous and more durable than any of those machines, frequently requiring no other repairs than the most profitable application of the farmer’s capital employed in cultivating it.
改良后的农场比任何这些机器都同样有利且更耐用，通常不需要其他维修，只需农民的资本最有利可图地用于耕种。
Fourthly, of the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants and members of the society.
第四，所有居民和社会成员获得的和有用的能力。
The acquisition of such talents, by the maintenance of the acquirer during his education, study, or apprenticeship, always costs a real expense, which is a capital fixed and realized, as it were, in his person.
通过在接受者的教育、学习或学徒期间维持他的才能来获得这些人才，总是要花费实际费用，而这种费用可以说是在他本人身上固定和实现的资本。
Those talents, as they make a part of his fortune, so do they likewise that of the society to which he belongs.
这些才能既构成了他的财富的一部分，也构成了他所属社会的一部分。
The improved dexterity of a workman may be considered in the same light as a machine or instrument of trade which facilitates and abridges labour, and which, though it costs a certain expense, repays that expense with a profit.
工人的熟练程度的提高可以被认为是与机器或贸易工具一样，它促进和减少了劳动力，并且虽然花费了一定的费用，但却以利润偿还该费用。
The third and last of the three portions into which the general stock of the society naturally divides itself, is the circulating capital, of which the characteristic is, that it affords a revenue only by circulating or changing masters.
社会总存量自然划分为三个部分的第三个也是最后一个部分是流动资本，其特点是它只能通过流通或更换主人来提供收入。
It is composed likewise of four parts.
It is composed likewise of four parts.
First, of the money, by means of which all the other three are circulated and distributed to their proper consumers.
首先是货币，其他三种货币都通过货币流通并分配给适当的消费者。
Secondly, of the stock of provisions which are in the possession of the butcher, the grazier, the farmer, the corn-merchant, the brewer, etc. and from the sale of which they expect to derive a profit.
其次，屠夫、牧场主、农民、玉米商人、酿酒商等所拥有的粮食库存，他们期望从这些粮食的销售中获得利润。
Thirdly, of the materials, whether altogether rude, or more or less manufactured, of clothes, furniture, and building which are not yet made up into any of those three shapes, but which remain in the hands of the growers, the manufacturers, the mercers, and drapers, the timber-merchants, the carpenters and joiners, the brick-makers, etc.
第三，关于衣服、家具和建筑的材料，无论是完全粗制滥造的，还是或多或少制造的，它们还没有制成这三种形状中的任何一种，但仍然掌握在种植者、制造商、商人和布商、木材商人、木匠和细木工、砖匠等手中。
Fourthly, and lastly, of the work which is made up and completed, but which is still in the hands of the merchant and manufacturer, and not yet disposed of or distributed to the proper consumers; such as the finished work which we frequently find ready made in the shops of the smith, the cabinet-maker, the goldsmith, the jeweller, the china-merchant, etc. The circulating capital consists, in this manner, of the provisions, materials, and finished work of all kinds that are in the hands of their respective dealers, and of the money that is necessary for circulating and distributing them to those who are finally to use or to consume them.
第四，也是最后一点，已完成但仍掌握在商人和制造商手中、尚未处置或分发给适当消费者的工作；例如，我们经常在铁匠、家具制造商、金匠、珠宝商、瓷器商等的商店里看到现成的成品。这样，流动资本就包括各自经销商手中的供给品、材料和各种成品，以及将它们流通和分配给最终使用或消费它们的人所必需的货币。
Of these four parts, three—provisions, materials, and finished work, are either annually or in a longer or shorter period, regularly withdrawn from it, and placed either in the fixed capital, or in the stock reserved for immediate consumption.
在这四部分中，三部分——供给品、材料和成品，要么每年，要么在较长或较短的时期内，定期从其中提取，要么放入固定资本，要么放入储备中供立即消费。
Every fixed capital is both originally derived from, and requires to be continually supported by, a circulating capital.
每一项固定资本最初都来源于流动资本，并且需要流动资本的持续支持。
All useful machines and instruments of trade are originally derived from a circulating capital, which furnishes the materials of which they are made, and the maintenance of the workmen who make them.
所有有用的机器和贸易工具最初都来自于流动资本，流动资本提供制造它们的材料以及制造它们的工人的维持。
They require, too, a capital of the same kind to keep them in constant repair.
它们也需要同样的资本来保持不断的维修。
No fixed capital can yield any revenue but by means of a circulating capital.
除了流动资本之外，任何固定资本都不能产生任何收入。
The most useful machines and instruments of trade will produce nothing, without the circulating capital, which affords the materials they are employed upon, and the maintenance of the workmen who employ them.
如果没有流动资本，即使最有用的机器和贸易工具也不会产生任何东西，因为流动资本提供了它们所使用的材料以及雇用它们的工人的维持。
Land, however improved, will yield no revenue without a circulating capital, which maintains the labourers who cultivate and collect its produce.
无论土地如何改善，如果没有流动资本，就不会产生任何收入，流动资本维持着耕种和采集其产品的劳动者。
To maintain and augment the stock which may be reserved for immediate consumption, is the sole end and purpose both of the fixed and circulating capitals.
维持和增加可供立即消费的存量是固定资本和流动资本的唯一目的和目的。
It is this stock which feeds, clothes, and lodges the people.
正是这种牲畜为人民提供了衣食住行。
Their riches or poverty depend upon the abundant or sparing supplies which those two capitals can afford to the stock reserved for immediate consumption.
它们的富裕或贫穷取决于这两个资本是否能够负担得起为立即消费而保留的库存。
So great a part of the circulating capital being continually withdrawn from it, in order to be placed in the other two branches of the general stock of the society, it must in its turn require continual supplies without which it would soon cease to exist.
如此大量的流动资本不断地从社会中抽出，以便投入到社会总存量的另外两个部门中，因此它又必须需要持续的供给，没有这种供给，它很快就会不复存在。
These supplies are principally drawn from three sources; the produce of land, of mines, and of fisheries.
这些供应主要来自三个来源： the produce of land, of mines, and of fisheries.
These afford continual supplies of provisions and materials, of which part is afterwards wrought up into finished work and by which are replaced the provisions, materials, and finished work, continually withdrawn from the circulating capital.
这些提供了供给品和材料的持续供应，其中一部分随后被加工成成品，并由这些供给品、材料和制成品所取代，不断地从流动资本中提取。
From mines, too, is drawn what is necessary for maintaining and augmenting that part of it which consists in money.
维持和扩大其中的货币部分也需要从矿山中提取。
For though, in the ordinary course of business, this part is not, like the other three, necessarily withdrawn from it, in order to be placed in the other two branches of the general stock of the society, it must, however, like all other things, be wasted and worn out at last, and sometimes, too, be either lost or sent abroad, and must, therefore, require continual, though no doubt much smaller supplies.
因为，虽然在正常的经营过程中，这一部分并不像其他三部分那样必须从社会中撤出，以便放入社会总库存的其他两个部门中，但它必须像所有其他东西一样，最终被浪费和磨损，有时也要么丢失，要么被送往国外，因此必须持续需要供应，尽管无疑要少得多。
Land, mines, and fisheries, require all both a fixed and circulating capital to cultivate them; and their produce replaces, with a profit not only those capitals, but all the others in the society.
土地、矿山和渔业都需要固定资本和流动资本来耕种；他们的产品不仅取代了这些资本，而且还取代了社会上的所有其他资本，从而获得利润。
Thus the farmer annually replaces to the manufacturer the provisions which he had consumed, and the materials which he had wrought up the year before; and the manufacturer replaces to the farmer the finished work which he had wasted and worn out in the same time.
因此，农民每年都会向制造商更换他消耗的粮食和前一年生产的材料。制造商将他同时浪费和磨损的成品替换给农民。
This is the real exchange that is annually made between those two orders of people, though it seldom happens that the rude produce of the one, and the manufactured produce of the other, are directly bartered for one another; because it seldom happens that the farmer sells his corn and his cattle, his flax and his wool, to the very same person of whom he chuses to purchase the clothes, furniture, and instruments of trade, which he wants.
这是这两个阶层之间每年进行的真正交换，尽管很少发生一个人的原始产品与另一个人的制成品直接相互交换的情况；因为农民很少会把他的玉米、牲畜、亚麻和羊毛卖给他选择购买他想要的衣服、家具和贸易工具的同一个人。
He sells, therefore, his rude produce for money, with which he can purchase, wherever it is to be had, the manufactured produce he has occasion for.
因此，他出售他的粗产品换取金钱，无论哪里有这些产品，他都可以用这些钱购买他需要的制成品。
Land even replaces, in part at least, the capitals with which fisheries and mines are cultivated.
土地甚至至少部分地取代了用于渔业和采矿业的资本。
It is the produce of land which draws the fish from the waters; and it is the produce of the surface of the earth which extracts the minerals from its bowels.
土地的出产从水中引来了鱼。它是地球表面的产物，从其内部提取矿物质。
The produce of land, mines, and fisheries, when their natural fertility is equal, is in proportion to the extent and proper application of the capitals employed about them.
土地、矿产和渔业的产出，当其自然肥力相等时，与资本的使用范围和适当使用成正比。
When the capitals are equal, and equally well applied, it is in proportion to their natural fertility.
当资本相等并且运用得同样好时，它就与它们的自然生育力成正比。
In all countries where there is a tolerable security, every man of common understanding will endeavour to employ whatever stock he can command, in procuring either present enjoyment or future profit.
在所有具有可容忍安全的国家中，每个有共同理解的人都会努力利用他所能掌握的一切股票来获得当前的享受或未来的利润。
If it is employed in procuring present enjoyment, it is a stock reserved for immediate consumption.
如果它用于获得当前的享受，那么它就是为立即消费而保留的库存。
If it is employed in procuring future profit, it must procure this profit either by staying with him, or by going from him.
如果它被用来获取未来的利润，它必须通过留在他身边或离开他来获取这种利润。
In the one case it is a fixed, in the other it is a circulating capital.
在一种情况下它是固定资本，在另一种情况下它是流动资本。
A man must be perfectly crazy, who, where there is a tolerable security, does not employ all the stock which he commands, whether it be his own, or borrowed of other people, in some one or other of those three ways.
一个人一定是完全疯了，如果他有足够的安全保障，他不会以这三种方式中的一种或另一种方式使用他所掌握的所有股票，无论是他自己的还是从别人那里借来的。
In those unfortunate countries, indeed, where men are continually afraid of the violence of their superiors, they frequently bury or conceal a great part of their stock, in order to have it always at hand to carry with them to some place of safety, in case of their being threatened with any of those disasters to which they consider themselves at all times exposed.
事实上，在那些不幸的国家，人们总是害怕上级的暴力，他们经常埋葬或隐藏大部分库存，以便随时可以将其带到安全的地方，以防他们受到他们认为自己随时可能遭受的任何灾难的威胁。
This is said to be a common practice in Turkey, in Indostan, and, I believe, in most other governments of Asia.
据说这是土耳其、印度斯坦以及亚洲大多数其他国家政府的常见做法。
It seems to have been a common practice among our ancestors during the violence of the feudal government.
在封建政府的暴力时期，这似乎是我们祖先的普遍做法。
Treasure-trove was, in those times, considered as no contemptible part of the revenue of the greatest sovereigns in Europe.
在那个时代，宝藏被认为是欧洲最伟大君主的收入中不容忽视的一部分。
It consisted in such treasure as was found concealed in the earth, and to which no particular person could prove any right.
它是在地下发现的宝藏，没有任何人能够证明其拥有任何权利。
This was regarded, in those times, as so important an object, that it was always considered as belonging to the sovereign, and neither to the finder nor to the proprietor of the land, unless the right to it had been conveyed to the latter by an express clause in his charter.
在那个时代，这被认为是一个非常重要的物体，以至于它总是被认为属于主权者，而不是属于土地的发现者或所有者，除非土地的权利已通过其宪章中的明确条款转让给后者。
It was put upon the same footing with gold and silver mines, which, without a special clause in the charter, were never supposed to be comprehended in the general grant of the lands, though mines of lead, copper, tin, and coal were, as things of smaller consequence.
它与金矿和银矿处于同样的地位，如果没有特许状中的特殊条款，金矿和银矿永远不应该包含在土地的一般授予中，尽管铅矿、铜矿、锡矿和煤矿是重要性较小的矿产。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF MONEY, CONSIDERED AS A PARTICULAR BRANCH OF THE GENERAL STOCK OF THE SOCIETY, OR OF THE EXPENSE OF MAINTAINING THE NATIONAL CAPITAL.
货币，被视为社会总存量的一个特定分支，或维持国家资本的费用。
It has been shown in the First Book, that the price of the greater part of commodities resolves itself into three parts, of which one pays the wages of the labour, another the profits of the stock, and a third the rent of the land which had been employed in producing and bringing them to market: that there are, indeed, some commodities of which the price is made up of two of those parts only, the wages of labour, and the profits of stock; and a very few in which it consists altogether in one, the wages of labour; but that the price of every commodity necessarily resolves itself into some one or other, or all, of those three parts; every part of it which goes neither to rent nor to wages, being necessarily profit to some body.
第一本书已经表明，大部分商品的价格分解为三部分，其中一部分支付劳动工资，另一部分支付股票利润，第三部分支付用于生产并将其推向市场的土地的租金。确实，有些商品的价格仅由其中两部分组成，即劳动工资和股票利润；还有极少数的东西，它完全由劳动工资组成。但每种商品的价格必然会分解为这三个部分中的一个或另一个或全部；它的每一部分既不用于租金也不用于工资，必然对某些人有利。
Since this is the case, it has been observed, with regard to every particular commodity, taken separately, it must be so with regard to all the commodities which compose the whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country, taken complexly.
既然情况如此，我们已经观察到，对于每一种单独的商品来说，对于构成每个国家土地和劳动力的全部年产品的所有商品来说，复杂地来说也一定是这样。
The whole price or exchangeable value of that annual produce must resolve itself into the same three parts, and be parcelled out among the different inhabitants of the country, either as the wages of their labour, the profits of their stock, or the rent of their land.
年产品的全部价格或可交换价值必须分解为同样的三部分，并在该国的不同居民之间分配，或者作为他们的劳动工资，他们的股票利润，或者他们的土地租金。
But though the whole value of the annual produce of the land and labour of every country, is thus divided among, and constitutes a revenue to, its different inhabitants; yet, as in the rent of a private estate, we distinguish between the gross rent and the neat rent, so may we likewise in the revenue of all the inhabitants of a great country.
但是，尽管每个国家的土地和劳动的年产品的全部价值被分配给不同的居民，并构成收入；然而，正如在私人地产的租金中，我们区分总租金和净租金一样，我们也可以在一个大国所有居民的收入中进行同样的区分。
The gross rent of a private estate comprehends whatever is paid by the farmer; the neat rent, what remains free to the landlord, after deducting the expense of management, of repairs, and all other necessary charges; or what, without hurting his estate, he can afford to place in his stock reserved for immediate consumption, or to spend upon his table, equipage, the ornaments of his house and furniture, his private enjoyments and amusements.
私人庄园的总租金包括农民支付的费用；净租金，扣除管理费用、维修费用和所有其他必要费用后，剩余的部分免费提供给房东；或者说，在不损害他的财产的情况下，他有能力将其存入库存中以供立即消费，或者花在他的餐桌、装备、房屋装饰品和家具、他的私人享受和娱乐上。
His real wealth is in proportion, not to his gross, but to his neat rent.
他的真正财富不是与他的毛额成正比，而是与他的净租金成正比。
The gross revenue of all the inhabitants of a great country comprehends the whole annual produce of their land and labour; the neat revenue, what remains free to them, after deducting the expense of maintaining first, their fixed, and, secondly, their circulating capital, or what, without encroaching upon their capital, they can place in their stock reserved for immediate consumption, or spend upon their subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements.
一个大国所有居民的总收入包括他们的土地和劳动的全部年产值；纯收入，即在扣除维持固定资本、其次扣除流动资本的费用之后，对他们来说仍然可以自由支配的收入，或者在不侵占其资本的情况下，他们可以将其存入库存以供立即消费的收入，或者用于他们的生活、便利和娱乐的支出。
Their real wealth, too, is in proportion, not to their gross, but to their neat revenue.
他们的真正财富也不是与总收入成正比，而是与净收入成正比。
The whole expense of maintaining the fixed capital must evidently be excluded from the neat revenue of the society.
显然，维持固定资本的全部费用必须从社会的纯收入中排除。
Neither the materials necessary for supporting their useful machines and instruments of trade, their profitable buildings, etc. nor the produce of the labour necessary for fashioning those materials into the proper form, can ever make any part of it.
无论是支持有用的机器和贸易工具、有利可图的建筑物等所必需的材料，还是将这些材料塑造成适当形式所必需的劳动产品，都不能成为其中的任何部分。
The price of that labour may indeed make a part of it; as the workmen so employed may place the whole value of their wages in their stock reserved for immediate consumption.
劳动力的价格确实可能成为其中的一部分；因为如此雇用的工人可以将其工资的全部价值存入库存以供立即消费。
But in other sorts of labour, both the price and the produce go to this stock; the price to that of the workmen, the produce to that of other people, whose subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements, are augmented by the labour of those workmen.
但在其他类型的劳动中，价格和产品都归于这种库存；价格相对于工人的价格，产品相对于其他人的产品，而其他人的生活、便利和娱乐都因这些工人的劳动而增加。
The intention of the fixed capital is to increase the productive powers of labour, or to enable the same number of labourers to perform a much greater quantity of work.
固定资本的目的是提高劳动的生产力，或者使同样数量的劳动者能够完成更多的工作量。
In a farm where all the necessary buildings, fences, drains, communications, etc. are in the most perfect good order, the same number of labourers and labouring cattle will raise a much greater produce, than in one of equal extent and equally good ground, but not furnished with equal conveniencies.
在一个所有必要的建筑物、栅栏、排水沟、通讯等都处于最完美状态的农场中，与同等面积和同样良好的土地但没有提供同等便利的农场相比，相同数量的工人和劳作的牛所生产的农产品要多得多。
In manufactures, the same number of hands, assisted with the best machinery, will work up a much greater quantity of goods than with more imperfect instruments of trade.
在制造业中，同样数量的工人在最好的机器的协助下，将比在更不完善的贸易工具下生产出更多的货物。
The expense which is properly laid out upon a fixed capital of any kind, is always repaid with great profit, and increases the annual produce by a much greater value than that of the support which such improvements require.
适当地分配在任何种类的固定资本上的费用，总是能得到丰厚的利润，并且每年的产出增加的价值比这种改进所需的支持的价值要大得多。
This support, however, still requires a certain portion of that produce.
然而，这种支持仍然需要一定比例的产品。
A certain quantity of materials, and the labour of a certain number of workmen, both of which might have been immediately employed to augment the food, clothing, and lodging, the subsistence and conveniencies of the society, are thus diverted to another employment, highly advantageous indeed, but still different from this one.
一定数量的材料和一定数量的工人的劳动，本来可以立即用于增加社会的衣食住行、生活和便利，但现在却被转移到另一种用途，这种用途确实非常有利，但仍然与此不同。
It is upon this account that all such improvements in mechanics, as enable the same number of workmen to perform an equal quantity of work with cheaper and simpler machinery than had been usual before, are always regarded as advantageous to every society.
正是由于这个原因，机械方面的所有这些改进，使相同数量的工人能够使用比以前更便宜和更简单的机器完成相同数量的工作，总是被认为对每个社会都是有利的。
A certain quantity of materials, and the labour of a certain number of workmen, which had before been employed in supporting a more complex and expensive machinery, can afterwards be applied to augment the quantity of work which that or any other machinery is useful only for performing.
以前用于支撑更复杂和更昂贵的机器的一定数量的材料和一定数量的工人的劳动，可以随后用于增加该机器或任何其他机器仅用于执行的工作量。
The undertaker of some great manufactory, who employs a thousand a-year in the maintenance of his machinery, if he can reduce this expense to five hundred, will naturally employ the other five hundred in purchasing an additional quantity of materials, to be wrought up by an additional number of workmen.
某大工厂的承办商每年雇用一千人来维护机器，如果他能将这笔费用减少到五百人，那么他自然会雇用另外五百人来购买额外数量的材料，并由额外数量的工人来组装。
The quantity of that work, therefore, which his machinery was useful only for performing, will naturally be augmented, and with it all the advantage and conveniency which the society can derive from that work.
因此，他的机器仅用于执行的这项工作的数量自然会增加，社会可以从这项工作中获得的所有优势和便利也随之增加。
The expense of maintaining the fixed capital in a great country, may very properly be compared to that of repairs in a private estate.
维护一个大国的固定资本的费用可以非常恰当地与修复私人庄园的费用相比较。
The expense of repairs may frequently be necessary for supporting the produce of the estate, and consequently both the gross and the neat rent of the landlord.
维修费用常常是维持庄园生产所必需的，因此也是维持地主的总租金和纯租金所必需的。
When by a more proper direction, however, it can be diminished without occasioning any diminution of produce, the gross rent remains at least the same as before, and the neat rent is necessarily augmented.
然而，如果按照更正确的方向，可以在不引起任何产品减少的情况下减少租金，则总地租至少保持与以前相同，而纯地租必然会增加。
But though the whole expense of maintaining the fixed capital is thus necessarily excluded from the neat revenue of the society, it is not the same case with that of maintaining the circulating capital.
但是，尽管维持固定资本的全部费用因此必然被排除在社会纯收入之外，但这与维持流动资本的情况不同。
Of the four parts of which this latter capital is composed, money, provisions, materials, and finished work, the three last, it has already been observed, are regularly withdrawn from it, and placed either in the fixed capital of the society, or in their stock reserved for immediate consumption.
构成后一种资本的四个部分是货币、粮食、材料和制成品，最后三部分，我们已经观察到，定期从资本中提取出来，要么放入社会的固定资本，要么放入为立即消费而保留的库存中。
Whatever portion of those consumable goods is not employed in maintaining the former, goes all to the latter, and makes a part of the neat revenue of the society.
这些消费品中没有用于维持前者的部分，全部用于后者，并成为社会纯收入的一部分。
The maintenance of those three parts of the circulating capital, therefore, withdraws no portion of the annual produce from the neat revenue of the society, besides what is necessary for maintaining the fixed capital.
因此，除了维持固定资本所必需的以外，维持这三部分流动资本并没有从社会的纯收入中提取任何年产品。
The circulating capital of a society is in this respect different from that of an individual.
在这方面，社会的流动资本与个人的流动资本不同。
That of an individual is totally excluded from making any part of his neat revenue, which must consist altogether in his profits.
个人的收入完全被排除在其纯收入的任何部分之外，而纯收入必须完全包含在他的利润中。
But though the circulating capital of every individual makes a part of that of the society to which he belongs, it is not upon that account totally excluded from making a part likewise of their neat revenue.
但是，尽管每个人的流动资本构成其所属社会的流动资本的一部分，但并不是因此就完全排除其同样成为其纯收入的一部分。
Though the whole goods in a merchant’s shop must by no means be placed in his own stock reserved for immediate consumption, they may in that of other people, who, from a revenue derived from other funds, may regularly replace their value to him, together with its profits, without occasioning any diminution either of his capital or of theirs.
虽然商人商店里的所有货物决不能放在他自己的库存中以供立即消费，但它们可以放在其他人的库存中，这些人可以从其他基金获得的收入中定期更换其价值及其利润，而不会导致他的资本或他们的资本的任何减少。
Money, therefore, is the only part of the circulating capital of a society, of which the maintenance can occasion any diminution in their neat revenue.
因此，货币是社会流动资本的唯一部分，维持流动资本可能会导致纯收入的减少。
The fixed capital, and that part of the circulating capital which consists in money, so far as they affect the revenue of the society, bear a very great resemblance to one another.
固定资本和流动资本中货币组成的部分，就它们对社会收入的影响而言，彼此之间有很大的相似之处。
First, as those machines and instruments of trade, etc. require a certain expense, first to erect them, and afterwards to support them, both which expenses, though they make a part of the gross, are deductions from the neat revenue of the society; so the stock of money which circulates in any country must require a certain expense, first to collect it, and afterwards to support it; both which expenses, though they make a part of the gross, are, in the same manner, deductions from the neat revenue of the society.
首先，由于这些机器和贸易工具等需要一定的费用，首先是安装它们，然后是支持它们，这两项费用虽然占总收入的一部分，但却是从社会纯收入中扣除的；因此，在任何国家流通的货币存量都必须需要一定的费用，首先是收集它，然后是支持它；这两项支出虽然构成总额的一部分，但同样是从社会纯收入中扣除的。
A certain quantity of very valuable materials, gold and silver, and of very curious labour, instead of augmenting the stock reserved for immediate consumption, the subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements of individuals, is employed in supporting that great but expensive instrument of commerce, by means of which every individual in the society has his subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements, regularly distributed to him in their proper proportions.
一定数量的非常有价值的材料、金银和非常奇特的劳动，不是增加为个人的直接消费、生存、便利和娱乐而保留的库存，而是用于支持这种巨大而昂贵的商业工具，通过这种工具，社会中的每个人都可以定期按适当的比例分配给他的生存、便利和娱乐。
Secondly, as the machines and instruments of trade, etc. which compose the fixed capital either of an individual or of a society, make no part either of the gross or of the neat revenue of either; so money, by means of which the whole revenue of the society is regularly distributed among all its different members, makes itself no part of that revenue.
其次，作为构成个人或社会固定资本的贸易机器和工具等，不构成任何一方的总收入或净收入；因此，社会的全部收入通过货币定期分配给所有不同的成员，但货币本身并不属于这种收入的一部分。
The great wheel of circulation is altogether different from the goods which are circulated by means of it.
流通大轮与借其流通的商品是完全不同的。
The revenue of the society consists altogether in those goods, and not in the wheel which circulates them.
社会的收入完全在于这些商品，而不在于流通它们的车轮。
In computing either the gross or the neat revenue of any society, we must always, from the whole annual circulation of money and goods, deduct the whole value of the money, of which not a single farthing can ever make any part of either.
在计算任何社会的总收入或纯收入时，我们必须始终从货币和商品的全部年度流通中扣除货币的全部价值，而其中任何一分钱都无法构成其中的任何部分。
It is the ambiguity of language only which can make this proposition appear either doubtful or paradoxical.
只有语言的歧义才能使这个命题显得可疑或自相矛盾。
When properly explained and understood, it is almost self-evident.
当正确解释和理解时，它几乎是不言而喻的。
When we talk of any particular sum of money, we sometimes mean nothing but the metal pieces of which it is composed, and sometimes we include in our meaning some obscure reference to the goods which can be had in exchange for it, or to the power of purchasing which the possession of it conveys.
当我们谈论任何特定数额的货币时，我们有时指的只是组成货币的金属片，有时我们的含义中还包括一些含糊的含义，即可以用来交换货币的商品，或者是拥有货币所传达的购买力。
Thus, when we say that the circulating money of England has been computed at eighteen millions, we mean only to express the amount of the metal pieces, which some writers have computed, or rather have supposed, to circulate in that country.
因此，当我们说英国的流通货币已计算为一千八百万时，我们的意思只是表达一些作家已经计算出的，或者更确切地说是假设的，在该国流通的金属件的数量。
But when we say that a man is worth fifty or a hundred pounds a-year, we mean commonly to express, not only the amount of the metal pieces which are annually paid to him, but the value of the goods which he can annually purchase or consume; we mean commonly to ascertain what is or ought to be his way of living, or the quantity and quality of the necessaries and conveniencies of life in which he can with propriety indulge himself.
但是，当我们说一个人每年值五十或一百英镑时，我们通常不仅是指每年支付给他的金属件的数量，而且是指他每年可以购买或消费的商品的价值；我们通常的意思是确定他的生活方式是什么或应该是什么，或者他可以适当地享受的生活必需品和便利设施的数量和质量。
When, by any particular sum of money, we mean not only to express the amount of the metal pieces of which it is composed, but to include in its signification some obscure reference to the goods which can be had in exchange for them, the wealth or revenue which it in this case denotes, is equal only to one of the two values which are thus intimated somewhat ambiguously by the same word, and to the latter more properly than to the former, to the money’s worth more properly than to the money.
当我们用任何特定的货币数额来表示货币时，不仅要表达组成该货币的金属块的数量，而且要在其含义中包含一些对可以用来交换这些货币的商品的模糊提及，在这种情况下，它所表示的财富或收入仅等于两个价值之一，这两个价值因此用同一个词多少含糊地暗示着，并且对后者比对前者更恰当，对货币的价值比对货币更恰当。
Thus, if a guinea be the weekly pension of a particular person, he can in the course of the week purchase with it a certain quantity of subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements.
因此，如果一个几内亚是某个人每周的养老金，他可以在一周内用它购买一定数量的生活必需品、便利设施和娱乐。
In proportion as this quantity is great or small, so are his real riches, his real weekly revenue.
这个数量的大小与他的真正财富、他每周的实际收入成正比。
His weekly revenue is certainly not equal both to the guinea and to what can be purchased with it, but only to one or other of those two equal values, and to the latter more properly than to the former, to the guinea’s worth rather than to the guinea.
他每周的收入当然不等于几内亚和可以用它购买的东西，而只等于这两个相等价值中的一个或另一个，并且后者比前者更合适，是几内亚的价值而不是几内亚的价值。
If the pension of such a person was paid to him, not in gold, but in a weekly bill for a guinea, his revenue surely would not so properly consist in the piece of paper, as in what he could get for it.
如果这样一个人的养老金不是用黄金支付的，而是用每周几尼的账单支付的，那么他的收入肯定不会那么恰当地存在于这张纸上，而在于他能从这张纸上得到什么。
A guinea may be considered as a bill for a certain quantity of necessaries and conveniencies upon all the tradesmen in the neighbourhood.
几内亚可以被视为附近所有商人购买一定数量的必需品和便利设施的账单。
The revenue of the person to whom it is paid, does not so properly consist in the piece of gold, as in what he can get for it, or in what he can exchange it for.
收款人的收入并不完全在于这块金子，而在于他能用它得到什么，或者他能用它交换什么。
If it could be exchanged for nothing, it would, like a bill upon a bankrupt, be of no more value than the most useless piece of paper.
如果它不能兑换任何东西，那么它就像破产者的票据一样，与一张最无用的纸没有任何价值。
Though the weekly or yearly revenue of all the different inhabitants of any country, in the same manner, may be, and in reality frequently is, paid to them in money, their real riches, however, the real weekly or yearly revenue of all of them taken together, must always be great or small, in proportion to the quantity of consumable goods which they can all of them purchase with this money.
尽管任何国家的所有不同居民的每周或每年的收入，以同样的方式，可以而且实际上经常以货币形式支付给他们，但是，他们真正的财富，他们所有人的真正每周或每年的收入加在一起，必须总是或大或小，与他们所有人都可以用这笔钱购买的消费品的数量成比例。
The whole revenue of all of them taken together is evidently not equal to both the money and the consumable goods, but only to one or other of those two values, and to the latter more properly than to the former.
所有这些收入的总收入显然不等于货币和消费品，而只等于这两种价值中的一种或另一种，而且后者比前者更合适。
Though we frequently, therefore, express a person’s revenue by the metal pieces which are annually paid to him, it is because the amount of those pieces regulates the extent of his power of purchasing, or the value of the goods which he can annually afford to consume.
因此，虽然我们经常用每年支付给他的金属件来表示一个人的收入，但这是因为这些金属件的数量决定了他的购买力的程度，或者他每年可以消费的商品的价值。
We still consider his revenue as consisting in this power of purchasing or consuming, and not in the pieces which convey it.
我们仍然认为他的收入在于这种购买或消费的能力，而不是传达这种能力的物品。
But if this is sufficiently evident, even with regard to an individual, it is still more so with regard to a society.
但如果说这一点对于个人来说足够明显的话，那么对于社会来说更是如此。
The amount of the metal pieces which are annually paid to an individual, is often precisely equal to his revenue, and is upon that account the shortest and best expression of its value.
每年支付给个人的金属件数量通常恰好等于他的收入，因此是其价值的最短和最好的表达。
But the amount of the metal pieces which circulate in a society, can never be equal to the revenue of all its members.
但一个社会中流通的金属件的数量永远不可能等于其所有成员的收入。
As the same guinea which pays the weekly pension of one man to-day, may pay that of another to-morrow, and that of a third the day thereafter, the amount of the metal pieces which annually circulate in any country, must always be of much less value than the whole money pensions annually paid with them.
由于今天支付一个人每周养老金的同一几尼，明天可能支付另一个人的养老金，而后天支付三分之一的养老金，因此，每年在任何国家流通的金属件的价值，必然远低于每年用它们支付的全部货币养老金的价值。
But the power of purchasing, or the goods which can successively be bought with the whole of those money pensions, as they are successively paid, must always be precisely of the same value with those pensions; as must likewise be the revenue of the different persons to whom they are paid.
但是，购买力，或者可以用全部货币养老金连续购买的商品，当它们连续支付时，必须始终与这些养老金具有完全相同的价值；同样，支付给不同人的收入也必须如此。
That revenue, therefore, cannot consist in those metal pieces, of which the amount is so much inferior to its value, but in the power of purchasing, in the goods which can successively be bought with them as they circulate from hand to hand.
因此，这种收入不能在于那些数量远远低于其价值的金属件，而在于购买力，在于随着金属件从一个人手中流通到另一个人手中，可以连续购买的商品。
Money, therefore, the great wheel of circulation, the great instrument of commerce, like all other instruments of trade, though it makes a part, and a very valuable part, of the capital, makes no part of the revenue of the society to which it belongs; and though the metal pieces of which it is composed, in the course of their annual circulation, distribute to every man the revenue which properly belongs to him, they make themselves no part of that revenue.
因此，货币是流通的大轮子，是商业的重要工具，就像所有其他贸易工具一样，尽管它构成了资本的一部分，而且是非常有价值的一部分，但却不构成其所属社会的收入的一部分；尽管组成它的金属片在每年的流通过程中向每个人分配了本应属于他的收入，但它们本身并不属于该收入的一部分。
Thirdly, and lastly, the machines and instruments of trade, etc. which compose the fixed capital, bear this further resemblance to that part of the circulating capital which consists in money; that as every saving in the expense of erecting and supporting those machines, which does not diminish the introductive powers of labour, is an improvement of the neat revenue of the society; so every saving in the expense of collecting and supporting that part of the circulating capital which consists in money is an improvement of exactly the same kind.
第三，也是最后，构成固定资本的贸易机器和工具等，与流动资本中由货币组成的部分更加相似。由于安装和支持这些机器的费用的每一项节省，只要不减少劳动力的引进能力，就可以改善社会的纯收入；因此，在收集和支持由货币组成的那部分流动资本的费用上的每一次节省都是完全相同的改进。
It is sufficiently obvious, and it has partly, too, been explained already, in what manner every saving in the expense of supporting the fixed capital is an improvement of the neat revenue of the society.
这是非常明显的，并且已经部分地解释过，支持固定资本的每一笔开支节省以什么方式都是社会纯收入的改善。
The whole capital of the undertaker of every work is necessarily divided between his fixed and his circulating capital.
每项工作的承办者的全部资本必然分为固定资本和流动资本。
While his whole capital remains the same, the smaller the one part, the greater must necessarily be the other.
虽然他的全部资本保持不变，但其中一部分越小，另一部分必然越大。
It is the circulating capital which furnishes the materials and wages of labour, and puts industry into motion.
流动资本提供了劳动的材料和工资，并推动了工业的运转。
Every saving, therefore, in the expense of maintaining the fixed capital, which does not diminish the productive powers of labour, must increase the fund which puts industry into motion, and consequently the annual produce of land and labour, the real revenue of every society.
因此，维持固定资本的每一笔储蓄，在不减少劳动生产力的情况下，都必须增加推动工业运转的资金，从而增加土地和劳动的年产品，即每个社会的实际收入。
The substitution of paper in the room of gold and silver money, replaces a very expensive instrument of commerce with one much less costly, and sometimes equally convenient.
纸张在金银货币中的替代，用一种成本低得多且有时同样方便的商业工具取代了一种非常昂贵的商业工具。
Circulation comes to be carried on by a new wheel, which it costs less both to erect and to maintain than the old one.
流通由一个新轮子进行，安装和维护成本都比旧轮子要低。
But in what manner this operation is performed, and in what manner it tends to increase either the gross or the neat revenue of the society, is not altogether so obvious, and may therefore require some further explication.
但这种操作以什么方式进行，以及以什么方式倾向于增加社会的总收入或纯收入，并不是那么明显，因此可能需要进一步的解释。
There are several different sorts of paper money; but the circulating notes of banks and bankers are the species which is best known, and which seems best adapted for this purpose.
纸币有几种不同的种类；但银行和银行家的流通票据是最著名的种类，而且似乎最适合此目的。
When the people of any particular country have such confidence in the fortune, probity and prudence of a particular banker, as to believe that he is always ready to pay upon demand such of his promissory notes as are likely to be at any time presented to him, those notes come to have the same currency as gold and silver money, from the confidence that such money can at any time be had for them.
当任何特定国家的人民对某位银行家的财富、诚实和审慎充满信心，相信他随时准备按要求支付可能随时向他出示的本票时，这些票据就具有与金银相同的货币，因为人们相信他们可以随时获得这种货币。
A particular banker lends among his customers his own promissory notes, to the extent, we shall suppose, of a hundred thousand pounds.
某位银行家向他的客户借出他自己的本票，我们假设借出的金额为十万英镑。
As those notes serve all the purposes of money, his debtors pay him the same interest as if he had lent them so much money.
由于这些票据满足货币的所有用途，他的债务人向他支付的利息与他借给他们这么多钱的利息相同。
This interest is the source of his gain.
这种兴趣就是他收益的源泉。
Though some of those notes are continually coming back upon him for payment, part of them continue to circulate for months and years together.
尽管其中一些纸币不断地被退回给他付款，但其中一些纸币仍然一起流通数月甚至数年。
Though he has generally in circulation, therefore, notes to the extent of a hundred thousand pounds, twenty thousand pounds in gold and silver may, frequently, be a sufficient provision for answering occasional demands.
因此，虽然他通常流通的纸币数量达到十万英镑，但两万英镑的金银通常足以满足偶尔的需求。
By this operation, therefore, twenty thousand pounds in gold and silver perform all the functions which a hundred thousand could otherwise have performed.
因此，通过这种操作，两万英镑的黄金和白银可以发挥十万英镑本来可以发挥的所有作用。
The same exchanges may be made, the same quantity of consumable goods may be circulated and distributed to their proper consumers, by means of his promissory notes, to the value of a hundred thousand pounds, as by an equal value of gold and silver money.
可以进行相同的交换，可以将相同数量的消费品流通并分配给其适当的消费者，通过其期票，其价值为十万英镑，就像通过等值的金银货币一样。
Eighty thousand pounds of gold and silver, therefore, can in this manner be spared from the circulation of the country; and if different operations of the same kind should, at the same time, be carried on by many different banks and bankers, the whole circulation may thus be conducted with a fifth part only of the gold and silver which would otherwise have been requisite.
这样一来，八万磅的金银就可以免于国家的流通；如果同一类型的不同业务同时由许多不同的银行和银行家进行，则整个流通可能仅用本来需要的金银的五分之一来进行。
Let us suppose, for example, that the whole circulating money of some particular country amounted, at a particular time, to one million sterling, that sum being then sufficient for circulating the whole annual produce of their land and labour; let us suppose, too, that some time thereafter, different banks and bankers issued promissory notes payable to the bearer, to the extent of one million, reserving in their different coffers two hundred thousand pounds for answering occasional demands; there would remain, therefore, in circulation, eight hundred thousand pounds in gold and silver, and a million of bank notes, or eighteen hundred thousand pounds of paper and money together.
例如，让我们假设某个特定国家的全部流通货币在某个特定时间达到一百万英镑，这一数额足以流通其土地和劳动力的全部年产品；我们还假设，此后一段时间，不同的银行和银行家向持票人发行了100万英镑的本票，并在各自的金库中保留了20万英镑以应付偶尔的要求；因此，流通中的黄金和白银还有八十万英镑，一百万张钞票，或者说纸币和货币总共有十八十万英镑。
But the annual produce of the land and labour of the country had before required only one million to circulate and distribute it to its proper consumers, and that annual produce cannot be immediately augmented by those operations of banking.
但该国土地和劳动力的年产出以前只需要一百万就可以流通和分配给适当的消费者，而这些年产出并不能立即通过银行业务来增加。
One million, therefore, will be sufficient to circulate it after them.
因此，一百万就足以在他们之后流通。
The goods to be bought and sold being precisely the same as before, the same quantity of money will be sufficient for buying and selling them.
买卖的货物和以前一模一样，同样数量的钱就足够买卖了。
The channel of circulation, if I may be allowed such an expression, will remain precisely the same as before.
如果允许我这么说的话，流通渠道将与以前一模一样。
One million we have supposed sufficient to fill that channel.
我们认为一百万足以填补这个渠道。
Whatever, therefore, is poured into it beyond this sum, cannot run into it, but must overflow.
因此，无论注入的东西超过这个数量，都无法流入其中，而必须溢出。
One million eight hundred thousand pounds are poured into it.
一百八十万英镑倒入其中。
Eight hundred thousand pounds, therefore, must overflow, that sum being over and above what can be employed in the circulation of the country.
因此，八十万英镑必定会溢出，这个数额超出了国家流通所能使用的数额。
But though this sum cannot be employed at home, it is too valuable to be allowed to lie idle.
虽然这笔钱不能在家里使用，但它太有价值了，不能闲置。
It will, therefore, be sent abroad, in order to seek that profitable employment which it cannot find at home.
因此，他们将被派往国外，以寻求在国内找不到的有利可图的就业机会。
But the paper cannot go abroad; because at a distance from the banks which issue it, and from the country in which payment of it can be exacted by law, it will not be received in common payments.
但报纸不能传到国外；因为与发行该货币的银行以及可以依法要求付款的国家相距甚远，因此不会以普通付款方式收到该货币。
Gold and silver, therefore, to the amount of eight hundred thousand pounds, will be sent abroad, and the channel of home circulation will remain filled with a million of paper instead of a million of those metals which filled it before.
因此，八十万英镑的黄金和白银将被运往国外，而国内流通渠道将仍然充满一百万张纸，而不是以前填充的一百万金属。
But though so great a quantity of gold and silver is thus sent abroad, we must not imagine that it is sent abroad for nothing, or that its proprietors make a present of it to foreign nations.
但是，虽然如此大量的金银被运往国外，但我们决不能认为这些金银是无偿运往国外的，或者是其所有者将其赠送给外国的。
They will exchange it for foreign goods of some kind or another, in order to supply the consumption either of some other foreign country, or of their own.
他们将其交换为某种外国商品，以供应其他外国或本国的消费。
If they employ it in purchasing goods in one foreign country, in order to supply the consumption of another, or in what is called the carrying trade, whatever profit they make will be in addition to the neat revenue of their own country.
如果他们将其用于在一国购买商品，以供应另一国的消费，或者进行所谓的转口贸易，那么他们所获得的任何利润都将是在本国纯收入之外的。
It is like a new fund, created for carrying on a new trade; domestic business being now transacted by paper, and the gold and silver being converted into a fund for this new trade.
它就像一个新基金，是为进行新交易而创建的；国内业务现在通过纸质交易，黄金和白银被转换成这种新贸易的基金。
If they employ it in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption, they may either, first, purchase such goods as are likely to be consumed by idle people, who produce nothing, such as foreign wines, foreign silks, etc.; or, secondly, they may purchase an additional stock of materials, tools, and provisions, in order to maintain and employ an additional number of industrious people, who reproduce, with a profit, the value of their annual consumption.
如果用它来购买外国商品供国内消费，则可以首先购买那些不生产任何东西的游手好闲的人可能消费的商品，例如外国酒、外国丝绸等；或者购买外国商品。其次，他们可以购买额外的材料、工具和供给品，以维持和雇用更多勤劳的人，这些人可以再生产他们每年消费的价值并获得利润。
So far as it is employed in the first way, it promotes prodigality, increases expense and consumption, without increasing production, or establishing any permanent fund for supporting that expense, and is in every respect hurtful to the society.
就第一种方式而言，它助长了挥霍，增加了开支和消费，却没有增加生产，也没有建立任何永久性基金来支持这种开支，在各个方面都对社会有害。
So far as it is employed in the second way, it promotes industry; and though it increases the consumption of the society, it provides a permanent fund for supporting that consumption; the people who consume reproducing, with a profit, the whole value of their annual consumption.
如果用在第二种方式上，则可以促进工业；如果用在第二种方式上，则可以促进工业。尽管它增加了社会的消费，但它为支持这种消费提供了永久性的资金；消费的人通过利润复制其年度消费的全部价值。
The gross revenue of the society, the annual produce of their land and labour, is increased by the whole value which the labour of those workmen adds to the materials upon which they are employed, and their neat revenue by what remains of this value, after deducting what is necessary for supporting the tools and instruments of their trade.
社会的总收入，即他们的土地和劳动的年产值，是由这些工人的劳动增加到他们所使用的材料上的全部价值来增加的，而他们的纯收入是在扣除支持他们的贸易工具和仪器所必需的价值之后剩下的这一价值而增加的。
That the greater part of the gold and silver which being forced abroad by those operations of banking, is employed in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption, is, and must be, employed in purchasing those of this second kind, seems not only probable, but almost unavoidable.
由于银行业务被迫流向国外的大部分黄金和白银被用于购买外国商品供国内消费，现在和必须用于购买第二种商品，这似乎不仅是可能的，而且几乎是不可避免的。
Though some particular men may sometimes increase their expense very considerably, though their revenue does not increase at all, we maybe assured that no class or order of men ever does so; because, though the principles of common prudence do not always govern the conduct of every individual, they always influence that of the majority of every class or order.
尽管某些特定的人有时可能会大大增加他们的开支，尽管他们的收入根本没有增加，但我们可以确信，没有哪个阶级或秩序的人会这样做；因为，尽管共同审慎原则并不总是指导每个人的行为，但它们总是影响每个阶级或秩序中大多数人的行为。
But the revenue of idle people, considered as a class or order, cannot, in the smallest degree, be increased by those operations of banking.
但是，被视为一个阶级或秩序的闲人的收入，在最小程度上，不能通过银行的这些业务来增加。
Their expense in general, therefore, cannot be much increased by them, though that of a few individuals among them may, and in reality sometimes is.
因此，总体而言，他们的开支不会因他们而增加太多，尽管其中少数人的开支可能会增加，而且实际上有时确实如此。
The demand of idle people, therefore, for foreign goods, being the same, or very nearly the same as before, a very small part of the money which, being forced abroad by those operations of banking, is employed in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption, is likely to be employed in purchasing those for their use.
因此，游手好闲的人对外国商品的需求，与以前相同或几乎相同，银行业务被迫流向国外、用于购买外国商品供国内消费的货币的极小部分很可能被用于购买那些供自己使用的商品。
The greater part of it will naturally be destined for the employment of industry, and not for the maintenance of idleness.
其中很大一部分自然会用于工业就业，而不是用于维持闲置。
When we compute the quantity of industry which the circulating capital of any society can employ, we must always have regard to those parts of it only which consist in provisions, materials, and finished work; the other, which consists in money, and which serves only to circulate those three, must always be deducted.
当我们计算任何社会的流动资本可以使用的工业数量时，我们必须始终只考虑其中由供给、材料和制成品组成的部分；另一部分是货币，仅用于这三者的流通，因此必须始终扣除。
In order to put industry into motion, three things are requisite; materials to work upon, tools to work with, and the wages or recompence for the sake of which the work is done.
要推动工业运转，必须具备三件事：工作所用的材料、工作所用的工具以及完成工作所需的工资或报酬。
Money is neither a material to work upon, nor a tool to work with; and though the wages of the workman are commonly paid to him in money, his real revenue, like that of all other men, consists, not in the money, but in the money’s worth; not in the metal pieces, but in what can be got for them.
金钱既不是工作的材料，也不是工作的工具；尽管工人的工资通常是以货币形式支付的，但他的真正收入，就像所有其他人的收入一样，不在于货币，而在于货币的价值。不是金属件，而是金属件能得到什么。
The quantity of industry which any capital can employ, must evidently be equal to the number of workmen whom it can supply with materials, tools, and a maintenance suitable to the nature of the work.
任何资本可以雇用的工业数量显然必须等于它可以提供适合工作性质的材料、工具和维护的工人数量。
Money may be requisite for purchasing the materials and tools of the work, as well as the maintenance of the workmen; but the quantity of industry which the whole capital can employ, is certainly not equal both to the money which purchases, and to the materials, tools, and maintenance, which are purchased with it, but only to one or other of those two values, and to the latter more properly than to the former.
购买工作材料和工具以及工人的生活费可能需要金钱；但是，整个资本可以使用的工业量，肯定不等于购买的货币，也不等于用它购买的材料、工具和维护，而只等于这两种价值中的一种或另一种，而且后者比前者更合适。
When paper is substituted in the room of gold and silver money, the quantity of the materials, tools, and maintenance, which the whole circulating capital can supply, may be increased by the whole value of gold and silver which used to be employed in purchasing them.
当纸币取代金银货币时，全部流动资本所能供给的材料、工具和维修的数量，可能会增加用于购买它们的金银的全部价值。
The whole value of the great wheel of circulation and distribution is added to the goods which are circulated and distributed by means of it.
流通分配大轮的全部价值都加到了借助它流通分配的商品上。
The operation, in some measure, resembles that of the undertaker of some great work, who, in consequence of some improvement in mechanics, takes down his old machinery, and adds the difference between its price and that of the new to his circulating capital, to the fund from which he furnishes materials and wages to his workmen.
这种操作在某种程度上类似于某项伟大工作的承担者的操作，由于机械方面的一些改进，他拆除了他的旧机器，并将其价格与新机器之间的差额添加到他的流动资本中，添加到他为工人提供材料和工资的基金中。
What is the proportion which the circulating money of any country bears to the whole value of the annual produce circulated by means of it, it is perhaps impossible to determine.
任何一个国家的流通货币占其所流通的年产品总价值的比例是多少，也许是无法确定的。
It has been computed by different authors at a fifth, at a tenth, at a twentieth, and at a thirtieth, part of that value.
不同的作者已将其计算为该值的五分之一、十分之一、二十分之一和三十分之一。
But how small soever the proportion which the circulating money may bear to the whole value of the annual produce, as but a part, and frequently but a small part, of that produce, is ever destined for the maintenance of industry, it must always bear a very considerable proportion to that part.
但是，无论流通货币在年产品总价值中所占的比例有多么小，因为它只是年产品的一部分，常常只是很小的一部分，用于维持工业，它必须始终在这部分中占有相当大的比例。
When, therefore, by the substitution of paper, the gold and silver necessary for circulation is reduced to, perhaps, a fifth part of the former quantity, if the value of only the greater part of the other four-fifths be added to the funds which are destined for the maintenance of industry, it must make a very considerable addition to the quantity of that industry, and, consequently, to the value of the annual produce of land and labour.
因此，当流通所需的金银因纸的替代而减少到原来数量的五分之一时，如果仅将另外五分之四的大部分价值添加到用于维持工业的资金中，那么它必然会极大地增加该工业的数量，并因此增加土地和劳动力年产品的价值。
An operation of this kind has, within these five-and-twenty or thirty years, been performed in Scotland, by the erection of new banking companies in almost every considerable town, and even in some country villages.
在这五年、二十年或三十年内，苏格兰已经进行了这种操作，几乎每个大城镇，甚至在一些乡村都建立了新的银行公司。
The effects of it have been precisely those above described.
其效果正是如上所述。
The business of the country is almost entirely carried on by means of the paper of those different banking companies, with which purchases and payments of all kinds are commonly made.
该国的业务几乎完全通过这些不同银行公司的票据进行，通常用这些票据进行各种购买和支付。
Silver very seldom appears, except in the change of a twenty shilling bank note, and gold still seldomer.
除了兑换二十先令的钞票外，白银很少出现，而黄金则更少。
But though the conduct of all those different companies has not been unexceptionable, and has accordingly required an act of parliament to regulate it, the country, notwithstanding, has evidently derived great benefit from their trade.
但是，尽管所有这些不同公司的行为并非无懈可击，因此需要议会法案对其进行监管，但该国显然从他们的贸易中获得了巨大利益。
I have heard it asserted, that the trade of the city of Glasgow doubled in about fifteen years after the first erection of the banks there; and that the trade of Scotland has more than quadrupled since the first erection of the two public banks at Edinburgh; of which the one, called the Bank of Scotland, was established by act of parliament in 1695, and the other, called the Royal Bank, by royal charter in 1727.
我听说有人断言，格拉斯哥市的贸易在银行首次建立后的十五年内翻了一番；自从两家公共银行在爱丁堡首次建立以来，苏格兰的贸易量增长了四倍多；其中一家称为苏格兰银行，于 1695 年根据议会法案成立；另一家称为皇家银行，于 1727 年根据皇家宪章成立。
Whether the trade, either of Scotland in general, or of the city of Glasgow in particular, has really increased in so great a proportion, during so short a period, I do not pretend to know.
我并不假装知道，无论是整个苏格兰的贸易，还是特别是格拉斯哥市的贸易，是否真的在如此短的时间内以如此大的比例增长。
If either of them has increased in this proportion, it seems to be an effect too great to be accounted for by the sole operation of this cause.
如果其中任何一个以这个比例增加，那么其影响似乎太大，无法仅用这一原因的作用来解释。
That the trade and industry of Scotland, however, have increased very considerably during this period, and that the banks have contributed a good deal to this increase, cannot be doubted.
然而，苏格兰的贸易和工业在这一时期有了相当大的增长，而银行对这种增长做出了很大的贡献，这是不容置疑的。
The value of the silver money which circulated in Scotland before the Union in 1707, and which, immediately after it, was brought into the Bank of Scotland, in order to be recoined, amounted to £411,117: 10: 9 sterling.
1707 年联邦成立之前，苏格兰流通的银币价值为 411,117 英镑：10：9 英镑，并在联盟成立后立即进入苏格兰银行重新铸造。
No account has been got of the gold coin; but it appears from the ancient accounts of the mint of Scotland, that the value of the gold annually coined somewhat exceeded that of the silver.
目前还没有得到金币的下落；但从苏格兰造币厂的古代账目来看，每年铸造的金币的价值略高于银币的价值。
There were a good many people, too, upon this occasion, who, from a diffidence of repayment, did not bring their silver into the Bank of Scotland; and there was, besides, some English coin, which was not called in.
这次也有很多人因为缺乏还款能力而没有将白银存入苏格兰银行。此外，还有一些英国硬币，没有被收回。
The whole value of the gold and silver, therefore, which circulated in Scotland before the Union, cannot be estimated at less than a million sterling.
因此，在苏格兰联合之前流通的黄金和白银的总价值估计不能少于一百万英镑。
It seems to have constituted almost the whole circulation of that country; for though the circulation of the Bank of Scotland, which had then no rival, was considerable, it seems to have made but a very small part of the whole.
它似乎几乎构成了该国的全部发行量；因为当时没有对手的苏格兰银行的流通量相当可观，但它似乎只占了整体的很小一部分。
In the present times, the whole circulation of Scotland cannot be estimated at less than two millions, of which that part which consists in gold and silver, most probably, does not amount to half a million.
目前，苏格兰的总流通量估计不能少于两百万，其中金银部分很可能不会达到五十万。
But though the circulating gold and silver of Scotland have suffered so great a diminution during this period, its real riches and prosperity do not appear to have suffered any.
然而，尽管苏格兰流通的黄金和白银在此期间大幅减少，但其真正的财富和繁荣似乎并未受到任何影响。
Its agriculture, manufactures, and trade, on the contrary, the annual produce of its land and labour, have evidently been augmented.
相反，它的农业、制造业和贸易，即它的土地和劳动力的年产出，明显增加了。
It is chiefly by discounting bills of exchange, that is, by advancing money upon them before they are due, that the greater part of banks and bankers issue their promissory notes.
大多数银行和银行家主要通过汇票贴现，即在汇票到期前预付资金，来发行本票。
They deduct always, upon whatever sum they advance, the legal interest till the bill shall become due.
无论预付多少金额，他们总是扣除法定利息，直至账单到期。
The payment of the bill, when it becomes due, replaces to the bank the value of what had been advanced, together with a clear profit of the interest.
当票据到期时，票据的支付将取代银行预付的金额以及明确的利息利润。
The banker, who advances to the merchant whose bill he discounts, not gold and silver, but his own promissory notes, has the advantage of being able to discount to a greater amount by the whole value of his promissory notes, which he finds, by experience, are commonly in circulation.
银行家向商人预付票据，他所贴现的不是金银，而是他自己的本票，银行家的优势是能够将其本票的全部价值贴现到更大的数额，而根据经验，他发现这些本票通常是流通的。
He is thereby enabled to make his clear gain of interest on so much a larger sum.
因此，他能够从如此大的数额中获得明显的利息。
The commerce of Scotland, which at present is not very great, was still more inconsiderable when the two first banking companies were established; and those companies would have had but little trade, had they confined their business to the discounting of bills of exchange.
苏格兰的商业目前还不是很大，当第一家银行成立时，苏格兰的商业就更加微不足道了。如果这些公司的业务仅限于汇票贴现，那么它们的贸易量就很少。
They invented, therefore, another method of issuing their promissory notes; by granting what they call cash accounts, that is, by giving credit, to the extent of a certain sum (two or three thousand pounds for example), to any individual who could procure two persons of undoubted credit and good landed estate to become surety for him, that whatever money should be advanced to him, within the sum for which the credit had been given, should be repaid upon demand, together with the legal interest.
因此，他们发明了另一种发行本票的方法。通过授予他们所谓的现金帐户，即通过给予一定金额（例如两三千英镑）的信贷，向任何能够获得两个毫无疑问的信用和良好土地的人作为他的担保人，预付给他的任何钱，在所给予的信贷金额内，都应按要求连同法定利息一起偿还。
Credits of this kind are, I believe, commonly granted by banks and bankers in all different parts of the world.
我相信，世界各地的银行和银行家通常都会授予此类信贷。
But the easy terms upon which the Scotch banking companies accept of repayment are, so far as I know, peculiar to them, and have perhaps been the principal cause, both of the great trade of those companies, and of the benefit which the country has received from it.
但据我所知，苏格兰银行公司接受还款的宽松条件是他们所特有的，而且也许是这些公司的巨大贸易以及国家从中获得利益的主要原因。
Whoever has a credit of this kind with one of those companies, and borrows a thousand pounds upon it, for example, may repay this sum piece-meal, by twenty and thirty pounds at a time, the company discounting a proportionable part of the interest of the great sum, from the day on which each of those small sums is paid in, till the whole be in this manner repaid.
例如，任何人在其中一家公司拥有此类信用并借入一千英镑，都可以一次二十到三十英镑分批偿还这笔款项，该公司从支付每一笔小额款项之日起，按比例贴现大笔款项的利息，直到全部以这种方式偿还为止。
All merchants, therefore, and almost all men of business, find it convenient to keep such cash accounts with them, and are thereby interested to promote the trade of those companies, by readily receiving their notes in all payments, and by encouraging all those with whom they have any influence to do the same.
因此，所有商人以及几乎所有商人都发现在他们那里保留此类现金账户很方便，因此有兴趣通过在所有付款中随时收到他们的票据并鼓励所有与他们有影响力的人也这样做来促进这些公司的贸易。
The banks, when their customers apply to them for money, generally advance it to them in their own promissory notes.
当客户向银行申请资金时，银行通常会以自己的本票形式预支资金。
These the merchants pay away to the manufacturers for goods, the manufacturers to the farmers for materials and provisions, the farmers to their landlords for rent; the landlords repay them to the merchants for the conveniencies and luxuries with which they supply them, and the merchants again return them to the banks, in order to balance their cash accounts, or to replace what they may have borrowed of them; and thus almost the whole money business of the country is transacted by means of them.
商人向制造商支付货物，制造商向农民支付材料和粮食，农民向地主支付租金；地主将它们偿还给商人，以换取他们向他们提供的便利和奢侈品，而商人又将它们返还给银行，以平衡他们的现金账户，或者偿还他们可能向他们借的钱。因此，该国几乎所有的货币业务都是通过它们进行交易的。
Hence the great trade of those companies.
因此这些公司的贸易量很大。
By means of those cash accounts, every merchant can, without imprudence, carry on a greater trade than he otherwise could do.
通过这些现金账户，每个商人都可以毫不谨慎地进行比其他方式更大的交易。
If there are two merchants, one in London and the other in Edinburgh, who employ equal stocks in the same branch of trade, the Edinburgh merchant can, without imprudence, carry on a greater trade, and give employment to a greater number of people, than the London merchant.
如果有两个商人，一个在伦敦，另一个在爱丁堡，在同一贸易部门中雇用相同的股票，那么爱丁堡商人可以毫不谨慎地进行比伦敦商人更大的贸易，并为更多的人提供就业机会。
The London merchant must always keep by him a considerable sum of money, either in his own coffers, or in those of his banker, who gives him no interest for it, in order to answer the demands continually coming upon him for payment of the goods which he purchases upon credit.
伦敦商人必须始终在他自己的金库中或在他的银行家的金库中保留一大笔钱，银行家不给他利息，以便满足他不断提出的支付他赊购货物的要求。
Let the ordinary amount of this sum be supposed five hundred pounds; the value of the goods in his warehouse must always be less, by five hundred pounds, than it would have been, had he not been obliged to keep such a sum unemployed.
假设这笔款项的正常金额为五百英镑；如果他没有义务将这笔钱闲置的话，他仓库里的货物的价值一定总是要低五百英镑。
Let us suppose that he generally disposes of his whole stock upon hand, or of goods to the value of his whole stock upon hand, once in the year.
让我们假设他通常一年一次处置他手头的全部库存，或者按照他手头的全部库存的价值处置货物。
By being obliged to keep so great a sum unemployed, he must sell in a year five hundred pounds worth less goods than he might otherwise have done.
由于被迫保持如此巨额的失业，他必须在一年内出售比他本来可以卖出的价值少五百英镑的商品。
His annual profits must be less by all that he could have made by the sale of five hundred pounds worth more goods; and the number of people employed in preparing his goods for the market must be less by all those that five hundred pounds more stock could have employed.
他的年利润肯定比他出售价值五百英镑的商品所能赚到的利润还要少。为市场准备商品所雇用的人员数量必定少于 500 磅库存所能雇用的人员数量。
The merchant in Edinburgh, on the other hand, keeps no money unemployed for answering such occasional demands.
另一方面，爱丁堡的商人却不会因为满足这种偶尔的需求而失业。
When they actually come upon him, he satisfies them from his cash account with the bank, and gradually replaces the sum borrowed with the money or paper which comes in from the occasional sales of his goods.
当他们真正找到他时，他用他在银行的现金账户来满足他们的要求，并逐渐用偶尔出售货物所得的金钱或票据来代替借来的金额。
With the same stock, therefore, he can, without imprudence, have at all times in his warehouse a larger quantity of goods than the London merchant; and can thereby both make a greater profit himself, and give constant employment to a greater number of industrious people who prepare those goods for the market.
因此，在同样的库存下，他可以毫不谨慎地在仓库中始终拥有比伦敦商人更多的货物数量。从而既可以为自己赚取更大的利润，又可以为更多勤劳的人提供持续的就业机会，为市场准备这些商品。
Hence the great benefit which the country has derived from this trade.
因此，该国从这项贸易中获得了巨大的利益。
The facility of discounting bills of exchange, it may be thought, indeed, gives the English merchants a conveniency equivalent to the cash accounts of the Scotch merchants.
人们可能认为，汇票贴现的便利确实给英国商人带来了相当于苏格兰商人现金账户的便利。
But the Scotch merchants, it must be remembered, can discount their bills of exchange as easily as the English merchants; and have, besides, the additional conveniency of their cash accounts.
但必须记住，苏格兰商人可以像英国商人一样轻松地贴现他们的汇票。此外，他们还可以享受现金账户带来的额外便利。
The whole paper money of every kind which can easily circulate in any country, never can exceed the value of the gold and silver, of which it supplies the place, or which (the commerce being supposed the same) would circulate there, if there was no paper money.
可以在任何国家轻松流通的各种纸币的全部价值，永远不会超过其提供场所的金银的价值，或者如果没有纸币的话，金银的价值（假设商业也是如此）将在那里流通。
If twenty shilling notes, for example, are the lowest paper money current in Scotland, the whole of that currency which can easily circulate there, cannot exceed the sum of gold and silver which would be necessary for transacting the annual exchanges of twenty shillings value and upwards usually transacted within that country.
例如，如果二十先令纸币是苏格兰现行的最低纸币，那么可以在苏格兰轻松流通的全部货币，不能超过通常在该国进行的价值二十先令及以上的年度兑换所需的黄金和白银的总和。
Should the circulating paper at any time exceed that sum, as the excess could neither be sent abroad nor be employed in the circulation of the country, it must immediately return upon the banks, to be exchanged for gold and silver.
如果流通纸币在任何时候超过这个数额，由于超出部分既不能运往国外，也不能用于国内流通，则必须立即返回银行，兑换成金银。
Many people would immediately perceive that they had more of this paper than was necessary for transacting their business at home; and as they could not send it abroad, they would immediately demand payment for it from the banks.
许多人会立即意识到他们拥有的这种纸张超出了在家处理业务所需的数量；由于他们无法将其发送到国外，他们会立即要求银行付款。
When this superfluous paper was converted into gold and silver, they could easily find a use for it, by sending it abroad; but they could find none while it remained in the shape of paper.
当这些多余的纸张被兑换成金银时，他们可以很容易地找到它的用处，把它送到国外；但当它仍然是纸的形状时，他们什么也找不到。
There would immediately, therefore, be a run upon the banks to the whole extent of this superfluous paper, and if they showed any difficulty or backwardness in payment, to a much greater extent; the alarm which this would occasion necessarily increasing the run.
因此，银行将立即对这些多余的票据进行挤兑，如果银行在付款方面表现出任何困难或落后，那么挤兑的程度就会更大；这将引起必然增加运行的警报。
Over and above the expenses which are common to every branch of trade, such as the expense of house-rent, the wages of servants, clerks, accountants, etc. the expenses peculiar to a bank consist chiefly in two articles: first, in the expense of keeping at all times in its coffers, for answering the occasional demands of the holders of its notes, a large sum of money, of which it loses the interest; and, secondly, in the expense of replenishing those coffers as fast as they are emptied by answering such occasional demands.
除了各行各业的共同开支，如房租、仆人、办事员、会计等的工资之外，银行特有的开支主要包括两部分：第一，为满足银行票据持有者偶尔的需要而一直存放在银行金库中的一大笔钱，而银行却损失了这笔钱的利息；第二，银行的开支主要包括：其次，在金库被清空后，要尽快补充这些偶尔的需求，从而产生费用。
A banking company which issues more paper than can be employed in the circulation of the country, and of which the excess is continually returning upon them for payment, ought to increase the quantity of gold and silver which they keep at all times in their coffers, not only in proportion to this excessive increase of their circulation, but in a much greater proportion; their notes returning upon them much faster than in proportion to the excess of their quantity.
一家银行发行的票据多于国家流通所能使用的票据，并且其超额部分不断地返还给它们以支付，它们应该增加其金库中始终保留的金银数量，不仅与其流通量的过度增加成比例，而且以更大的比例增加；他们的笔记返回到他们身上的速度远远快于其数量的超额比例。
Such a company, therefore, ought to increase the first article of their expense, not only in proportion to this forced increase of their business, but in a much greater proportion.
因此，这样的公司应该增加其第一笔开支，不仅要与被迫增加的业务成比例，而且要以更大的比例增加。
The coffers of such a company, too, though they ought to be filled much fuller, yet must empty themselves much faster than if their business was confined within more reasonable bounds, and must require not only a more violent, but a more constant and uninterrupted exertion of expense, in order to replenish them, The coin, too, which is thus continually drawn in such large quantities from their coffers, cannot be employed in the circulation of the country.
同样，这样的公司的金库虽然应该填得更满，但与将其业务限制在更合理的范围内相比，它们的空虚速度也更快，而且必须不仅需要更猛烈的、而且更持续和不间断的支出，以补充它们。因此，不断从金库中提取如此大量的硬币也不能用于国家的流通。
It comes in place of a paper which is over and above what can be employed in that circulation, and is, therefore, over and above what can be employed in it too.
它所取代的纸张超出了该流通中可以使用的范围，因此也超出了该流通中可以使用的范围。
But as that coin will not be allowed to lie idle, it must, in one shape or another, be sent abroad, in order to find that profitable employment which it cannot find at home; and this continual exportation of gold and silver, by enhancing the difficulty, must necessarily enhance still farther the expense of the bank, in finding new gold and silver in order to replenish those coffers, which empty themselves so very rapidly.
但是，由于不允许这种硬币闲置，它必须以某种形式被送到国外，以便找到它在国内找不到的有利可图的工作；黄金和白银的持续出口，由于增加了难度，必然会进一步增加银行寻找新的黄金和白银以补充那些迅速空虚的金库的费用。
Such a company, therefore, must in proportion to this forced increase of their business, increase the second article of their expense still more than the first.
因此，这样的公司必须按照业务被迫增加的比例，增加第二项开支，但仍多于第一项。
Let us suppose that all the paper of a particular bank, which the circulation of the country can easily absorb and employ, amounts exactly to forty thousand pounds, and that, for answering occasional demands, this bank is obliged to keep at all times in its coffers ten thousand pounds in gold and silver.
让我们假设某家银行的所有票据（国家流通可以轻易地吸收和使用）正好达到四万英镑，并且为了满足偶尔的需求，该银行必须在其金库中始终保留一万英镑的黄金和白银。
Should this bank attempt to circulate forty-four thousand pounds, the four thousand pounds which are over and above what the circulation can easily absorb and employ, will return upon it almost as fast as they are issued.
如果这家银行试图流通四万四千英镑，那么超出流通量可以轻易吸收和使用的四千英镑将几乎与发行的速度一样快地返回。
For answering occasional demands, therefore, this bank ought to keep at all times in its coffers, not eleven thousand pounds only, but fourteen thousand pounds.
因此，为了满足偶尔的需求，这家银行应该始终在其金库中保留一万四千英镑，而不是一万一千英镑。
It will thus gain nothing by the interest of the four thousand pounds excessive circulation; and it will lose the whole expense of continually collecting four thousand pounds in gold and silver, which will be continually going out of its coffers as fast as they are brought into them.
因此，它不会从四千英镑的超额流通中获得任何利益。它将损失掉持续收集四千英镑金银的全部费用，这些金库将随着金库的存入而不断地从金库中流出。
Had every particular banking company always understood and attended to its own particular interest, the circulation never could have been overstocked with paper money.
如果每个特定的银行公司始终了解并关注自己的特定利益，那么流通中就不会出现纸币库存过多的情况。
But every particular banking company has not always understood or attended to its own particular interest, and the circulation has frequently been overstocked with paper money.
但每家特定的银行公司并不总是了解或关注自己的特殊利益，流通中的纸币经常出现过剩。
By issuing too great a quantity of paper, of which the excess was continually returning, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver, the Bank of England was for many years together obliged to coin gold to the extent of between eight hundred thousand pounds and a million a-year; or, at an average, about eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds.
由于发行的纸币数量过多，而多余的纸币不断被退回，以便兑换黄金和白银，英格兰银行多年来被迫每年铸造80万至100万英镑的黄金。平均而言，大约是八十万英镑。
For this great coinage, the bank (in consequence of the worn and degraded state into which the gold coin had fallen a few years ago) was frequently obliged to purchase gold bullion at the high price of four pounds an ounce, which it soon after issued in coin at £3:17:10 ½ an ounce, losing in this manner between two and a half and three per cent.
对于这种伟大的铸币，银行（由于几年前金币已陷入磨损和退化状态）经常被迫以每盎司四英镑的高价购买金条，不久之后又以每盎司 3:17:10 ½ 英镑的价格发行硬币，因此损失了百分之二半到百分之三之间。
upon the coinage of so very large a sum.
铸币金额如此之大。
Though the bank, therefore, paid no seignorage, though the government was properly at the expense of this coinage, this liberality of government did not prevent altogether the expense of the bank.
因此，尽管银行不支付铸币税，尽管政府适当地以这些铸币为代价，但政府的这种慷慨并没有完全阻止银行的支出。
The Scotch banks, in consequence of an excess of the same kind, were all obliged to employ constantly agents at London to collect money for them, at an expense which was seldom below one and a half or two per cent.
苏格兰银行，由于同类的超支，都不得不在伦敦不断雇用代理人为其收款，费用很少低于百分之一半或百分之二。
This money was sent down by the waggon, and insured by the carriers at an additional expense of three quarters per cent.
这笔钱是用马车运下来的，并由承运人以百分之四的额外费用投保。
or fifteen shillings on the hundred pounds.
或一百英镑十五先令。
Those agents were not always able to replenish the coffers of their employers so fast as they were emptied.
这些代理人并不总是能够在雇主的金库被掏空时迅速补充资金。
In this case, the resource of the banks was, to draw upon their correspondents in London bills of exchange, to the extent of the sum which they wanted.
在这种情况下，银行的资源是根据他们想要的金额从伦敦汇票中提取相应的款项。
When those correspondents afterwards drew upon them for the payment of this sum, together with the interest and commission, some of those banks, from the distress into which their excessive circulation had thrown them, had sometimes no other means of satisfying this draught, but by drawing a second set of bills, either upon the same, or upon some other correspondents in London; and the same sum, or rather bills for the same sum, would in this manner make sometimes more than two or three journeys; the debtor bank paying always the interest and commission upon the whole accumulated sum.
当这些往来行随后提取这些银行连同利息和佣金来支付这笔款项时，其中一些银行由于过度流通而陷入困境，有时没有其他办法来支付这笔汇票，只能通过同一银行或伦敦的其他一些往来行提取第二套汇票。同样的金额，或者更确切地说，相同金额的账单，有时会以这种方式进行两到三次以上的旅行；债务银行始终支付全部累计金额的利息和佣金。
Even those Scotch banks which never distinguished themselves by their extreme imprudence, were sometimes obliged to employ this ruinous resource.
即使是那些从未因其极端轻率而出名的苏格兰银行，有时也不得不使用这种毁灭性的资源。
The gold coin which was paid out, either by the Bank of England or by the Scotch banks, in exchange for that part of their paper which was over and above what could be employed in the circulation of the country, being likewise over and above what could be employed in that circulation, was sometimes sent abroad in the shape of coin, sometimes melted down and sent abroad in the shape of bullion, and sometimes melted down and sold to the Bank of England at the high price of four pounds an ounce.
英格兰银行或苏格兰银行支付的金币，以换取超出国内流通使用量的部分纸币，也超出国内流通使用量的纸币，有时以硬币的形式运往国外，有时熔化后以金条的形式运往国外，有时熔化后以每盎司四英镑的高价卖给英格兰银行。
It was the newest, the heaviest, and the best pieces only, which were carefully picked out of the whole coin, and either sent abroad or melted down.
这是最新的、最重的、最好的一枚，是从整枚钱币中精心挑选出来的，要么送到国外，要么被熔化掉。
At home, and while they remained in the shape of coin, those heavy pieces were of no more value than the light; but they were of more value abroad, or when melted down into bullion at home.
在家里，虽然它们仍然是硬币的形状，但那些沉重的碎片并不比光更有价值。但它们在国外或在国内熔化成金条时更有价值。
The Bank of England, notwithstanding their great annual coinage, found, to their astonishment, that there was every year the same scarcity of coin as there had been the year before; and that, notwithstanding the great quantity of good and new coin which was every year issued from the bank, the state of the coin, instead of growing better and better, became every year worse and worse.
尽管英格兰银行每年铸币量很大，但令他们惊讶的是，每年的铸币都和前一年一样稀缺。尽管银行每年发行大量的新硬币，但硬币的状况非但没有变得越来越好，反而变得越来越糟。
Every year they found themselves under the necessity of coining nearly the same quantity of gold as they had coined the year before; and from the continual rise in the price of gold bullion, in consequence of the continual wearing and clipping of the coin, the expense of this great annual coinage became, every year, greater and greater.
每年，他们都发现自己必须铸造与前一年几乎相同数量的黄金。由于金币的不断磨损和剪裁，金条价格不断上涨，每年铸造这一巨大铸币的费用变得越来越大。
The Bank of England, it is to be observed, by supplying its own coffers with coin, is indirectly obliged to supply the whole kingdom, into which coin is continually flowing from those coffers in a great variety of ways.
值得注意的是，英格兰银行通过向自己的金库供应硬币，间接地有义务向整个王国供应硬币，而硬币不断地从这些金库以各种方式流入整个王国。
Whatever coin, therefore, was wanted to support this excessive circulation both of Scotch and English paper money, whatever vacuities this excessive circulation occasioned in the necessary coin of the kingdom, the Bank of England was obliged to supply them.
因此，无论需要哪种硬币来支持苏格兰纸币和英国纸币的过度流通，无论这种过度流通在王国必要的硬币中造成什么空缺，英格兰银行都有义务提供它们。
The Scotch banks, no doubt, paid all of them very dearly for their own imprudence and inattention: but the Bank of England paid very dearly, not only for its own imprudence, but for the much greater imprudence of almost all the Scotch banks.
毫无疑问，苏格兰银行为自己的轻率和疏忽付出了惨重的代价：但英格兰银行却付出了惨重的代价，不仅因为它自己的轻率，还因为几乎所有苏格兰银行的轻率得多。
The over-trading of some bold projectors in both parts of the united kingdom, was the original cause of this excessive circulation of paper money.
英国两地一些大胆的投影仪的过度交易，是纸币过度流通的根源。
What a bank can with propriety advance to a merchant or undertaker of any kind, is not either the whole capital with which he trades, or even any considerable part of that capital; but that part of it only which he would otherwise be obliged to keep by him unemployed and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.
银行可以适当地向商人或任何类型的承办商预付的，既不是他进行交易的全部资本，也不是该资本的任何相当大的一部分；但他只保留那部分，否则他将不得不保留失业的现金，以应付偶尔的需要。
If the paper money which the bank advances never exceeds this value, it can never exceed the value of the gold and silver which would necessarily circulate in the country if there was no paper money; it can never exceed the quantity which the circulation of the country can easily absorb and employ.
如果银行预付的纸币永远不会超过这个价值，那么它就永远不会超过在没有纸币的情况下在该国必然流通的金银的价值；它永远不能超过国家流通能够轻易吸收和使用的数量。
When a bank discounts to a merchant a real bill of exchange, drawn by a real creditor upon a real debtor, and which, as soon as it becomes due, is really paid by that debtor; it only advances to him a part of the value which he would otherwise be obliged to keep by him unemployed and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.
当银行向商人贴现真实汇票时，该汇票由真实债权人向真实债务人开具，并且一旦到期，该债务人就真正支付；它只是预支给他一部分价值，否则他将被迫以失业和现钱形式保留这些价值，以满足偶尔的需求。
The payment of the bill, when it becomes due, replaces to the bank the value of what it had advanced, together with the interest.
当票据到期时，票据的支付将取代银行预付的金额以及利息。
The coffers of the bank, so far as its dealings are confined to such customers, resemble a water-pond, from which, though a stream is continually running out, yet another is continually running in, fully equal to that which runs out; so that, without any further care or attention, the pond keeps always equally, or very near equally full.
银行的金库，就其交易仅限于这些客户而言，就像一个水池，虽然有一条溪流不断地从池中流出，但仍有另一条溪流不断流入，与流出的水完全相等；因此，无需任何进一步的照料或关注，池塘总是保持同样的或几乎同样满的状态。
Little or no expense can ever be necessary for replenishing the coffers of such a bank.
补充这样一家银行的金库几乎不需要花费任何费用。
A merchant, without over-trading, may frequently have occasion for a sum of ready money, even when he has no bills to discount.
一个没有过度交易的商人可能经常有机会获得一笔现钱，即使他没有票据可以贴现。
When a bank, besides discounting his bills, advances him likewise, upon such occasions, such sums upon his cash account, and accepts of a piece-meal repayment, as the money comes in from the occasional sale of his goods, upon the easy terms of the banking companies of Scotland; it dispenses him entirely from the necessity of keeping any part of his stock by him unemployed and in ready money for answering occasional demands.
当银行除了贴现他的票据外，在这种情况下，同样向他预支现金账户上的金额，并接受零散的还款，因为这些钱来自偶尔出售他的货物，并按照苏格兰银行公司的宽松条件；它完全免除了他保留任何部分股票的必要性，因为他处于失业状态，并且有现金来满足偶尔的需求。
When such demands actually come upon him, he can answer them sufficiently from his cash account.
当这样的要求真正降临到他身上时，他可以从他的现金账户中充分满足这些要求。
The bank, however, in dealing with such customers, ought to observe with great attention, whether, in the course of some short period (of four, five, six, or eight months, for example), the sum of the repayments which it commonly receives from them, is, or is not, fully equal to that of the advances which it commonly makes to them.
然而，银行在与这些客户打交道时，应该非常注意地观察，在一段较短的时期内（例如，四、五、六或八个月），银行通常从他们那里收到的还款总额是否完全等于银行通常向他们提供的预付款总额。
If, within the course of such short periods, the sum of the repayments from certain customers is, upon most occasions, fully equal to that of the advances, it may safely continue to deal with such customers.
如果在如此短的时间内，某些客户的还款总额在大多数情况下完全等于预付款的总额，那么它可以安全地继续与这些客户进行交易。
Though the stream which is in this case continually running out from its coffers may be very large, that which is continually running into them must be at least equally large, so that, without any further care or attention, those coffers are likely to be always equally or very near equally full, and scarce ever to require any extraordinary expense to replenish them.
尽管在这种情况下，不断地从金库流出的资金可能非常大，但不断流入金库的资金也必须至少同样大，因此，在没有任何进一步的照顾或关注的情况下，这些金库可能总是同样或非常接近同样满，并且几乎不需要任何额外的费用来补充它们。
If, on the contrary, the sum of the repayments from certain other customers, falls commonly very much short of the advances which it makes to them, it cannot with any safety continue to deal with such customers, at least if they continue to deal with it in this manner.
相反，如果某些其他客户的还款总额通常远远低于它向他们提供的预付款，那么它就不能安全地继续与这些客户打交道，至少如果他们继续以这种方式打交道的话。
The stream which is in this case continually running out from its coffers, is necessarily much larger than that which is continually running in; so that, unless they are replenished by some great and continual effort of expense, those coffers must soon be exhausted altogether.
在这种情况下，不断从金库流出的水流必然比不断流入的水流大得多。因此，除非通过某种巨大而持续的支出努力来补充它们，否则这些金库很快就会耗尽。
The banking companies of Scotland, accordingly, were for a long time very careful to require frequent and regular repayments from all their customers, and did not care to deal with any person, whatever might be his fortune or credit, who did not make, what they called, frequent and regular operations with them.
因此，苏格兰的银行公司长期以来非常谨慎地要求所有客户经常和定期还款，并且不关心与任何没有与他们进行频繁和定期业务的人打交道，无论他的财富或信用如何。
By this attention, besides saving almost entirely the extraordinary expense of replenishing their coffers, they gained two other very considerable advantages.
通过这种关注，除了几乎完全节省了补充金库的巨额开支外，他们还获得了另外两个非常可观的优势。
First, by this attention they were enabled to make some tolerable judgment concerning the thriving or declining circumstances of their debtors, without being obliged to look out for any other evidence besides what their own books afforded them; men being, for the most part, either regular or irregular in their repayments, according as their circumstances are either thriving or declining.
首先，通过这种关注，他们能够对债务人的兴衰状况做出一些可以接受的判断，而不必寻找除了他们自己的账本提供给他们的证据之外的任何其他证据；大多数情况下，男人的还款要么是定期的，要么是不定期的，这取决于他们的情况是兴旺还是衰落。
A private man who lends out his money to perhaps half a dozen or a dozen of debtors, may, either by himself or his agents, observe and inquire both constantly and carefully into the conduct and situation of each of them.
一个私人将钱借给大约六到十几个债务人时，他本人或他的代理人可以不断地、仔细地观察和询问每个人的行为和情况。
But a banking company, which lends money to perhaps five hundred different people, and of which the attention is continually occupied by objects of a very different kind, can have no regular information concerning the conduct and circumstances of the greater part of its debtors, beyond what its own books afford it.
但是，一家银行公司向大约五百个不同的人放贷，并且其注意力不断被不同类型的对象所占据，除了其账簿所能提供的信息之外，它无法获得有关其大部分债务人的行为和情况的常规信息。
In requiring frequent and regular repayments from all their customers, the banking companies of Scotland had probably this advantage in view.
苏格兰的银行公司可能考虑到了这一优势，要求所有客户经常定期还款。
Secondly, by this attention they secured themselves from the possibility of issuing more paper money than what the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ.
其次，通过这种关注，他们避免了发行超过国家流通能够轻易吸收和使用的纸币的可能性。
When they observed, that within moderate periods of time, the repayments of a particular customer were, upon most occasions, fully equal to the advances which they had made to him, they might be assured that the paper money which they had advanced to him had not, at any time, exceeded the quantity of gold and silver which he would otherwise have been obliged to keep by him for answering occasional demands; and that, consequently, the paper money, which they had circulated by his means, had not at any time exceeded the quantity of gold and silver which would have circulated in the country, had there been no paper money.
当他们观察到，在相当长的时间内，某个特定顾客的还款额在大多数情况下完全等于他们向他预付的金额，他们就可以放心，他们向他预付的纸币在任何时候都不会超过他本应保留的金银数量，以应付偶尔的需求；因此，他们通过他的手段流通的纸币在任何时候都没有超过如果没有纸币的话该国流通的金银数量。
The frequency, regularity, and amount of his repayments, would sufficiently demonstrate that the amount of their advances had at no time exceeded that part of his capital which he would otherwise have been obliged to keep by him unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands; that is, for the purpose of keeping the rest of his capital in constant employment.
他还款的频率、规律性和金额足以证明，他们的预付款金额在任何时候都没有超过他的资本部分，否则他将不得不保留失业的现金，以应付偶尔的要求；也就是说，为了保持剩余资本的持续使用。
It is this part of his capital only which, within moderate periods of time, is continually returning to every dealer in the shape of money, whether paper or coin, and continually going from him in the same shape.
正是他的这部分资本，在一段适当的时间内，不断地以货币（无论是纸币还是硬币）的形式返回到每个商人手中，并不断地以同样的形式从他身边消失。
If the advances of the bank had commonly exceeded this part of his capital, the ordinary amount of his repayments could not, within moderate periods of time, have equalled the ordinary amount of its advances.
如果银行的预付款通常超过了他的资本的这一部分，那么他的正常还款额在一段时间内就不可能等于其预付款的正常金额。
The stream which, by means of his dealings, was continually running into the coffers of the bank, could not have been equal to the stream which, by means of the same dealings was continually running out.
通过他的交易，不断流入银行金库的资金不可能等于通过同样的交易不断流出的资金。
The advances of the bank paper, by exceeding the quantity of gold and silver which, had there been no such advances, he would have been obliged to keep by him for answering occasional demands, might soon come to exceed the whole quantity of gold and silver which ( the commerce being supposed the same ) would have circulated in the country, had there been no paper money; and, consequently, to exceed the quantity which the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ; and the excess of this paper money would immediately have returned upon the bank, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver.
银行票据的预付款，由于超过了如果没有这种预付款，他为了满足偶尔的需求而必须保留的金银数量，可能很快就会超过如果没有纸币的话（商业假设相同）在该国流通的金银总量；因此，超过了国家流通能够轻易吸收和使用的数量；多余的纸币将立即返还银行，以兑换黄金和白银。
This second advantage, though equally real, was not, perhaps, so well understood by all the different banking companies in Scotland as the first.
第二个优势虽然同样真实，但可能并不像第一个优势那样被苏格兰所有不同的银行公司充分理解。
When, partly by the conveniency of discounting bills, and partly by that of cash accounts, the creditable traders of any country can be dispensed from the necessity of keeping any part of their stock by them unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands, they can reasonably expect no farther assistance from hanks and bankers, who, when they have gone thus far, cannot, consistently with their own interest and safety, go farther.
当部分由于贴现票据的便利性和部分由于现金账户的便利性，任何国家的信誉良好的商人都不必为了满足偶尔的需求而保留任何部分库存时，他们就可以合理地期望汉克和银行家不再提供进一步的援助，而他们既然已经走到了这一步，为了符合自己的利益和安全，就不能再走得更远了。
A bank cannot, consistently with its own interest, advance to a trader the whole, or even the greater part of the circulating capital with which he trades; because, though that capital is continually returning to him in the shape of money, and going from him in the same shape, yet the whole of the returns is too distant from the whole of the outgoings, and the sum of his repayments could not equal the sum of his advances within such moderate periods of time as suit the conveniency of a bank.
银行不能根据其自身利益向交易者预付其进行交易的全部甚至大部分流动资本；因为，虽然资本不断地以货币的形式回到他的手中，又以同样的形式离开他，但总的回报与总的支出相去甚远，在适合银行便利的一段时间内，他的还款总额不可能等于他的预付款总额。
Still less could a bank afford to advance him any considerable part of his fixed capital; of the capital which the undertaker of an iron forge, for example, employs in erecting his forge and smelting-houses, his work-houses, and warehouses, the dwelling-houses of his workmen, etc.; of the capital which the undertaker of a mine employs in sinking his shafts, in erecting engines for drawing out the water, in making roads and waggon-ways, etc.; of the capital which the person who undertakes to improve land employs in clearing, draining, inclosing, manuring, and ploughing waste and uncultivated fields; in building farmhouses, with all their necessary appendages of stables, granaries, etc. The returns of the fixed capital are, in almost all cases, much slower than those of the circulating capital: and such expenses, even when laid out with the greatest prudence and judgment, very seldom return to the undertaker till after a period of many years, a period by far too distant to suit the conveniency of a bank.
银行更不可能向他预付固定资本的大部分；例如，铁匠铺的经营者用于建造他的锻造厂和冶炼厂、他的工作室、仓库、他的工人的住宅等的资本；矿山经营者用于凿井、安装抽水机、修建道路和车道等的资本；负责改良土地的人用于清理、排水、围封、施肥和犁耕废物和未开垦土地的资本；几乎在所有情况下，固定资本的回报都比流动资本慢得多：而这些费用，即使以最谨慎和判断力的方式支出，也很少会在多年之后返回承办者，而这个时期对于银行的便利性来说太遥远了。
Traders and other undertakers may, no doubt with great propriety, carry on a very considerable part of their projects with borrowed money.
毫无疑问，贸易商和其他承办商可能会非常恰当地利用借来的资金来开展他们的大部分项目。
In justice to their creditors, however, their own capital ought in this case to be sufficient to insure, if I may say so, the capital of those creditors; or to render it extremely improbable that those creditors should incur any loss, even though the success of the project should fall very much short of the expectation of the projectors.
然而，为了公平地对待他们的债权人，在这种情况下，如果我可以这么说的话，他们自己的资本应该足以保证这些债权人的资本；或者使这些债权人极不可能遭受任何损失，即使该项目的成功远远低于计划者的期望。
Even with this precaution, too, the money which is borrowed, and which it is meant should not be repaid till after a period of several years, ought not to be borrowed of a bank, but ought to be borrowed upon bond or mortgage, of such private people as propose to live upon the interest of their money, without taking the trouble themselves to employ the capital, and who are, upon that account, willing to lend that capital to such people of good credit as are likely to keep it for several years.
即使有这样的预防措施，所借的钱也应该在几年后才偿还，不应该从银行借，而应该以债券或抵押的方式借给那些打算靠自己的钱的利息生活的私人，而不是自己费力地使用资本，因此，他们愿意将资本借给信用良好的人，并可能将其保留数年。
A bank, indeed, which lends its money without the expense of stamped paper, or of attorneys’ fees for drawing bonds and mortgages, and which accepts of repayment upon the easy terms of the banking companies of Scotland, would, no doubt, be a very convenient creditor to such traders and undertakers.
事实上，如果一家银行放贷时不需要盖章的纸，也不需要支付债券和抵押贷款的律师费，并且按照苏格兰银行公司的宽松条件接受还款，那么毫无疑问，对于这些交易者和承办人来说，它会是一个非常方便的债权人。
But such traders and undertakers would surely be most inconvenient debtors to such a bank.
但这样的交易商和承办商肯定是这样一家银行最不方便的债务人。
It is now more than five and twenty years since the paper money issued by the different banking companies of Scotland was fully equal, or rather was somewhat more than fully equal, to what the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ.
自从苏格兰各银行公司发行的纸币与该国流通可以轻松吸收和使用的纸币完全相等，或者更确切地说，在某种程度上超过完全相等以来，已经过去五年多和二十年了。
Those companies, therefore, had so long ago given all the assistance to the traders and other undertakers of Scotland which it is possible for banks and bankers, consistently with their own interest, to give.
因此，这些公司很久以前就向苏格兰的贸易商和其他承办商提供了银行和银行家可以根据自己的利益提供的所有援助。
They had even done somewhat more.
他们甚至做得更多。
They had over-traded a little, and had brought upon themselves that loss, or at least that diminution of profit, which, in this particular business, never fails to attend the smallest degree of over-trading.
他们的交易有点过度，给自己带来了损失，或者至少是利润的减少，在这个特殊的行业中，哪怕是最小程度的过度交易，也必然会造成这种损失。
Those traders and other undertakers, having got so much assistance from banks and bankers, wished to get still more.
这些交易员和其他殡葬承办商在从银行和银行家那里得到了如此多的援助后，还希望获得更多。
The banks, they seem to have thought, could extend their credits to whatever sum might be wanted, without incurring any other expense besides that of a few reams of paper.
他们似乎认为，银行可以根据需要提供任何金额的信贷，除了几令纸之外，不会产生任何其他费用。
They complained of the contracted views and dastardly spirit of the directors of those banks, which did not, they said, extend their credits in proportion to the extension of the trade of the country; meaning, no doubt, by the extension of that trade, the extension of their own projects beyond what they could carry on either with their own capital, or with what they had credit to borrow of private people in the usual way of bond or mortgage.
他们抱怨这些银行董事的狭隘观点和卑鄙精神，他们说，这些银行没有根据国家贸易的扩展按比例发放信贷；毫无疑问，这意味着通过贸易的扩展，他们自己的项目超出了他们可以用自己的资本进行的范围，或者用他们有信用以通常的债券或抵押方式向私人借款的范围。
The banks, they seem to have thought, were in honour bound to supply the deficiency, and to provide them with all the capital which they wanted to trade with.
他们似乎认为，银行有义务弥补不足，并为他们提供他们想要进行交易的所有资本。
The banks, however, were of a different opinion; and upon their refusing to extend their credits, some of those traders had recourse to an expedient which, for a time, served their purpose, though at a much greater expense, yet as effectually as the utmost extension of bank credits could have done.
然而，银行却有不同的看法。当他们拒绝提供信贷时，其中一些商人采取了一种权宜之计，这种权宜之计一度达到了他们的目的，尽管费用要高得多，但与最大限度地延长银行信贷所能达到的效果一样有效。
This expedient was no other than the well known shift of drawing and redrawing; the shift to which unfortunate traders have sometimes recourse, when they are upon the brink of bankruptcy.
这个权宜之计就是众所周知的绘图和重绘图的转变。当不幸的交易者处于破产边缘时，他们有时会求助于这种转变。
The practice of raising money in this manner had been long known in England; and, during the course of the late war, when the high profits of trade afforded a great temptation to over-trading, is said to have been carried on to a very great extent.
以这种方式筹集资金的做法在英国早已广为人知。而且，在战争后期，高额贸易利润对过度贸易产生了很大的诱惑，据说这种现象在很大程度上得以延续。
From England it was brought into Scotland, where, in proportion to the very limited commerce, and to the very moderate capital of the country, it was soon carried on to a much greater extent than it ever had been in England.
它从英格兰被引入苏格兰，由于该国的商业非常有限，资本也非常有限，它很快就得到了比英格兰更广泛的发展。
The practice of drawing and redrawing is so well known to all men of business, that it may, perhaps, be thought unnecessary to give any account of it.
绘图和重绘图的做法对于所有商界人士来说都是众所周知的，因此也许认为没有必要对其进行任何说明。
But as this book may come into the hands of many people who are not men of business, and as the effects of this practice upon the banking trade are not, perhaps, generally understood, even by men of business themselves, I shall endeavour to explain it as distinctly as I can.
但是，由于这本书可能会落入许多非商人的手中，而且这种做法对银行业的影响甚至连商人本身也没有被普遍理解，所以我将尽力尽可能清楚地解释它。
The customs of merchants, which were established when the barbarous laws of Europe did not enforce the performance of their contracts, and which, during the course of the two last centuries, have been adopted into the laws of all European nations, have given such extraordinary privileges to bills of exchange, that money is more readily advanced upon them than upon any other species of obligation; especially when they are made payable within so short a period as two or three months after their date.
商人的习惯是在欧洲野蛮的法律不强制履行他们的合同时建立起来的，并且在过去的两个世纪中已被采纳为所有欧洲国家的法律，赋予汇票如此非凡的特权，以至于比任何其他种类的债务更容易预付货币。特别是当它们在日期后两三个月内支付时。
If, when the bill becomes due, the acceptor does not pay it as soon as it is presented, he becomes from that moment a bankrupt.
如果汇票到期时，承兑人在出示后不立即付款，则从那时起他就破产了。
The bill is protested, and returns upon the drawer, who, if he does not immediately pay it, becomes likewise a bankrupt.
汇票遭到拒绝，并退回出票人，如果出票人不立即付款，同样会破产。
If, before it came to the person who presents it to the acceptor for payment, it had passed through the hands of several other persons, who had successively advanced to one another the contents of it, either in money or goods, and who, to express that each of them had in his turn received those contents, had all of them in their order indorsed, that is, written their names upon the back of the bill; each indorser becomes in his turn liable to the owner of the bill for those contents, and, if he fails to pay, he becomes too, from that moment, a bankrupt.
如果在汇票到达将汇票交给承兑人付款的人之前，汇票已经经过了其他几个人的手，这些人相继将汇票上的内容（无论是金钱还是货物）垫付给彼此，并且为了表示他们每个人都依次收到了这些内容，并让所有人按顺序背书，即将他们的名字写在汇票的背面；每个背书人依次对汇票所有人承担这些内容的责任，如果他未能付款，从那时起，他也将破产。
Though the drawer, acceptor, and indorsers of the bill, should all of them be persons of doubtful credit; yet, still the shortness of the date gives some security to the owner of the bill.
汇票的出票人、承兑人、背书人虽均为信用可疑者；然而，日期的短暂仍然给票据的所有者带来了一些安全感。
Though all of them may be very likely to become bankrupts, it is a chance if they all become so in so short a time.
虽然他们都破产的可能性很大，但如果在这么短的时间内都破产，那也是一个机会。
The house is crazy, says a weary traveller to himself, and will not stand very long; but it is a chance if it falls to-night, and I will venture, therefore, to sleep in it to-night.
一位疲惫的旅行者自言自语道，这座房子太疯狂了，撑不了多久。但如果今晚它落下来，那就是一个机会，因此，我今晚将大胆地睡在里面。
The trader A in Edinburgh, we shall suppose, draws a bill upon B in London, payable two months after date.
我们假定，爱丁堡的交易者 A 向伦敦的 B 开具了一张汇票，付款日期为两个月后。
In reality B in London owes nothing to A in Edinburgh; but he agrees to accept of A’s bill, upon condition, that before the term of payment he shall redraw upon A in Edinburgh for the same sum, together with the interest and a commission, another bill, payable likewise two months after date.
事实上，伦敦的 B 与爱丁堡的 A 没有任何关系；但他同意接受 A 的账单，但条件是，在付款期限之前，他应在爱丁堡向 A 重新提取相同金额的款项，连同利息和佣金，另一张账单同样应在付款日期后两个月支付。
B accordingly, before the expiration of the first two months, redraws this bill upon A in Edinburgh; who, again before the expiration of the second two months, draws a second bill upon B in London, payable likewise two months after date; and before the expiration of the third two months, B in London redraws upon A in Edinburgh another bill payable also two months after date.
因此，B 在前两个月到期之前，在爱丁堡向 A 重新提款；在第二个月到期之前，他再次在伦敦向 B 开具第二张汇票，同样在该日期后两个月付款；在第三个月到期之前，伦敦的 B 向爱丁堡的 A 重新提款，该汇票也是在该日期后两个月支付的。
This practice has sometimes gone on, not only for several months, but for several years together, the bill always returning upon A in Edinburgh with the accumulated interest and commission of all the former bills.
这种做法有时不仅会持续几个月，而且会持续数年，账单总是带着之前所有账单的累积利息和佣金返回到爱丁堡的 A 处。
The interest was five per cent.
利息是百分之五。
in the year, and the commission was never less than one half per cent.
当年，佣金从来不低于百分之一。
on each draught.
在每个草稿上。
This commission being repeated more than six times in the year, whatever money A might raise by this expedient might necessarily have cost him something more than eight per cent.
这项委托一年中重复了六次以上，无论 A 通过这种权宜之计筹集到多少资金，他的成本都可能超过百分之八。
in the year and sometimes a great deal more, when either the price of the commission happened to rise, or when he was obliged to pay compound interest upon the interest and commission of former bills.
一年中，有时甚至更多，当佣金的价格碰巧上涨，或者当他不得不支付以前账单的利息和佣金的复利时。
This practice was called raising money by circulation.
这种做法被称为通过流通筹集资金。
In a country where the ordinary profits of stock, in the greater part of mercantile projects, are supposed to run between six and ten per cent.
在一个国家，大部分商业项目的股票普通利润应该在百分之六到百分之十之间。
it must have been a very fortunate speculation, of which the returns could not only repay the enormous expense at which the money was thus borrowed for carrying it on, but afford, besides, a good surplus profit to the projector.
这肯定是一次非常幸运的投机，其回报不仅可以偿还为继续进行而借钱的巨额费用，而且还可以为放映机提供可观的超额利润。
Many vast and extensive projects, however, were undertaken, and for several years carried on, without any other fund to support them besides what was raised at this enormous expense.
然而，许多庞大而广泛的项目已经实施，并持续了数年，除了以巨额费用筹集的资金之外，没有任何其他资金来支持它们。
The projectors, no doubt, had in their golden dreams the most distinct vision of this great profit.
毫无疑问，投影仪在他们的金色梦想中对这一巨大利润有着最清晰的愿景。
Upon their awakening, however, either at the end of their projects, or when they were no longer able to carry them on, they very seldom, I believe, had the good fortune to find it.
然而，当他们觉醒时，无论是在他们的项目结束时，还是当他们不再能够继续下去时，我相信，他们很少有幸找到它。
{The method described in the text was by no means either the most common or the most expensive one in which those adventurers sometimes raised money by circulation.
{文中描述的方法绝不是那些冒险者有时通过流通筹集资金的最常见或最昂贵的方法。
It frequently happened, that A in Edinburgh would enable B in London to pay the first bill of exchange, by drawing, a few days before it became due, a second bill at three months date upon the same B in London.
经常发生的情况是，爱丁堡的 A 可以让伦敦的 B 支付第一张汇票，方法是在到期前几天，在三个月的日期向伦敦的同一张汇票开具第二张汇票。
This bill, being payable to his own order, A sold in Edinburgh at par; and with its contents purchased bills upon London, payable at sight to the order of B, to whom he sent them by the post.
这张账单是根据他自己的订单支付的，A 在爱丁堡按面值出售；并用其中的内容在伦敦购买了汇票，见票即付给B的订单，然后他将这些汇票邮寄给B。
Towards the end of the late war, the exchange between Edinburgh and London was frequently three per cent.
战争末期，爱丁堡和伦敦之间的汇率经常为百分之三。
against Edinburgh, and those bills at sight must frequently have cost A that premium.
与爱丁堡相比，这些即期账单必定经常花费 A 的溢价。
This transaction, therefore, being repeated at least four times in the year, and being loaded with a commission of at least one half per cent.
因此，这项交易一年中至少重复四次，并收取至少百分之五的佣金。
upon each repetition, must at that period have cost A, at least, fourteen per cent.
每次重复时，在该期间必须花费 A 至少百分之十四。
in the year.
在这一年里。
At other times A would enable to discharge the first bill of exchange, by drawing, a few days before it became due, a second bill at two months date, not upon B, but upon some third person, C, for example, in London.
在其他时候，A 可以在到期前几天通过在两个月的日期签发第二张汇票来履行第一张汇票，不是向 B 而是向第三人 C（例如在伦敦）。
This other bill was made payable to the order of B, who, upon its being accepted by C, discounted it with some banker in London; and A enabled C to discharge it, by drawing, a few day’s before it became due, a third bill likewise at two months date, sometimes upon his first correspondent B, and sometimes upon some fourth or fifth person, D or E, for example.
另一张汇票的抬头人是 B，C 接受该汇票后，B 就在伦敦的某家银行家那里贴现了该汇票； A 使 C 能够在到期日前几天，同样在两个月的日期开具第三张汇票，有时向他的第一个联络人 B，有时向第四或第五个人，例如 D 或 E，从而解除该汇票。
This third bill was made payable to the order of C, who, as soon as it was accepted, discounted it in the same manner with some banker in London.
第三张汇票的付款人是 C 的订单，C 的订单一被接受，就以同样的方式与伦敦的一些银行家进行贴现。
Such operations being repeated at least six times in the year, and being loaded with a commission of at least one half per cent.
此类操作一年中至少重复六次，并收取至少百分之五的佣金。
upon each repetition, together with the legal interest of five per cent.
每次重复，连同百分之五的合法权益。
this method of raising money, in the same manner as that described in the text, must have cost A something more than eight per cent.
这种筹集资金的方法，与文中描述的方式相同，A的成本肯定超过百分之八。
By saving, however, the exchange between Edinburgh and London, it was less expensive than that mentioned in the foregoing part of this note; but then it required an established credit with more houses than one in London, an advantage which many of these adventurers could not always find it easy to procure.}
然而，通过节省爱丁堡和伦敦之间的汇率，它比本说明前面部分提到的要便宜；但随后它需要拥有比伦敦更多的房屋的既定信用，这是许多冒险家并不总是能轻易获得的优势。}
The bills which A in Edinburgh drew upon B in London, he regularly discounted two months before they were due, with some bank or banker in Edinburgh; and the bills which B in London redrew upon A in Edinburgh, he as regularly discounted, either with the Bank of England, or with some other banker in London.
A在爱丁堡向B在伦敦支取的汇票，他经常在到期前两个月向爱丁堡的某家银行或银行家贴现； B在伦敦向A在爱丁堡重新开出的汇票，他经常在英格兰银行或伦敦的其他银行家那里进行贴现。
Whatever was advanced upon such circulating bills was in Edinburgh advanced in the paper of the Scotch banks; and in London, when they were discounted at the Bank of England in the paper of that bank.
爱丁堡的苏格兰银行在报纸上预付了这些流通票据的预付金额。在伦敦，它们在英格兰银行以该银行的票据贴现。
Though the bills upon which this paper had been advanced were all of them repaid in their turn as soon as they became due, yet the value which had been really advanced upon the first bill was never really returned to the banks which advanced it; because, before each bill became due, another bill was always drawn to somewhat a greater amount than the bill which was soon to be paid: and the discounting of this other bill was essentially necessary towards the payment of that which was soon to be due.
尽管预付这张票据的票据一到期就全部偿还，但第一张票据上实际预付的价值却从未真正返还给预付该票据的银行；因为，在每张汇票到期之前，总是会提取另一张汇票，其金额略高于即将支付的汇票：而另一张汇票的贴现对于支付即将到期的汇票来说本质上是必要的。
This payment, therefore, was altogether fictitious.
因此，这笔付款完全是虚构的。
The stream which, by means of those circulating bills of exchange, had once been made to run out from the coffers of the banks, was never replaced by any stream which really ran into them.
通过流通汇票，曾经从银行金库中流出的资金从未被任何真正流入银行的资金所取代。
The paper which was issued upon those circulating bills of exchange amounted, upon many occasions, to the whole fund destined for carrying on some vast and extensive project of agriculture, commerce, or manufactures; and not merely to that part of it which, had there been no paper money, the projector would have been obliged to keep by him unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.
在许多情况下，以这些流通汇票为基础发行的票据相当于用于进行农业、商业或制造业的某些庞大而广泛的项目的全部资金；不仅仅是那部分，如果没有纸币，放映员将不得不让他失业，并保留现成的钱，以满足偶尔的需求。
The greater part of this paper was, consequently, over and above the value of the gold and silver which would have circulated in the country, had there been no paper money.
因此，如果没有纸币的话，这些纸币的大部分价值都超过了该国流通的金银的价值。
It was over and above, therefore, what the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ, and upon that account, immediately returned upon the banks, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver, which they were to find as they could.
因此，这超出了国家流通能够轻易吸收和使用的范围，因此，立即返回银行，以便兑换成金银，而银行则可以尽可能地找到这些金银。
It was a capital which those projectors had very artfully contrived to draw from those banks, not only without their knowledge or deliberate consent, but for some time, perhaps, without their having the most distant suspicion that they had really advanced it.
这些资金是那些投影仪巧妙地从这些银行提取的，不仅在他们不知情或故意同意的情况下，而且在一段时间内，他们可能根本没有怀疑他们是否真的预支了这笔资金。
When two people, who are continually drawing and redrawing upon one another, discount their bills always with the same banker, he must immediately discover what they are about, and see clearly that they are trading, not with any capital of their own, but with the capital which he advances to them.
当两个人不断地相互提款和再提款时，他们总是向同一个银行家贴现他们的票据，他必须立即发现他们的目的，并清楚地看到他们不是用自己的任何资本进行交易，而是用他预付给他们的资本进行交易。
But this discovery is not altogether so easy when they discount their bills sometimes with one banker, and sometimes with another, and when the two same persons do not constantly draw and redraw upon one another, but occasionally run the round of a great circle of projectors, who find it for their interest to assist one another in this method of raising money and to render it, upon that account, as difficult as possible to distinguish between a real and a fictitious bill of exchange, between a bill drawn by a real creditor upon a real debtor, and a bill for which there was properly no real creditor but the bank which discounted it, nor any real debtor but the projector who made use of the money.
但是，当他们有时与一位银行家贴现票据，有时与另一位银行家贴现票据时，当这两个人并不经常相互提款和重提款，而是偶尔绕着一大圈投影仪转时，这一发现就不是那么容易了，他们发现以这种方式筹集资金符合他们的利益，并因此而使之尽可能难以区分真实的和虚构的汇票，区分真正的债权人向真正的债务人开具的汇票和汇票。对于这种情况，除了贴现的银行之外，实际上没有真正的债权人，除了使用这笔钱的投影仪之外，也没有任何真正的债务人。
When a banker had even made this discovery, he might sometimes make it too late, and might find that he had already discounted the bills of those projectors to so great an extent, that, by refusing to discount any more, he would necessarily make them all bankrupts; and thus by ruining them, might perhaps ruin himself.
当银行家发现这一点时，有时他可能会发现为时已晚，并且可能会发现他已经对这些投影仪的账单进行了如此大的贴现，以至于如果他拒绝再贴现，他必然会使它们全部破产；因此，毁了他们，也许就毁了他自己。
For his own interest and safety, therefore, he might find it necessary, in this very perilous situation, to go on for some time, endeavouring, however, to withdraw gradually, and, upon that account, making every day greater and greater difficulties about discounting, in order to force these projectors by degrees to have recourse, either to other bankers, or to other methods of raising money: so as that he himself might, as soon as possible, get out of the circle.
因此，为了他自己的利益和安全，在这种非常危险的情况下，他可能会发现有必要继续一段时间，但努力逐渐退出，并因此使贴现方面的困难日益加大，以迫使这些投影仪逐渐求助于其他银行家或其他筹集资金的方法：以便他自己可以尽快摆脱这个圈子。
The difficulties, accordingly, which the Bank of England, which the principal bankers in London, and which even the more prudent Scotch banks began, after a certain time, and when all of them had already gone too far, to make about discounting, not only alarmed, but enraged, in the highest degree, those projectors.
因此，英格兰银行、伦敦的主要银行家，甚至是更为谨慎的苏格兰银行，在一段时间之后，当它们都已经走得太远时，开始在贴现方面遇到困难，这不仅使那些预测者感到震惊，而且在很大程度上激怒了他们。
Their own distress, of which this prudent and necessary reserve of the banks was, no doubt, the immediate occasion, they called the distress of the country; and this distress of the country, they said, was altogether owing to the ignorance, pusillanimity, and bad conduct of the banks, which did not give a sufficiently liberal aid to the spirited undertakings of those who exerted themselves in order to beautify, improve, and enrich the country.
他们把自己的困境称为“国家的困境”，毫无疑问，银行谨慎而必要的储备是造成这种困境的直接原因。他们说，国家的这种困境完全是由于银行的无知、胆怯和不良行为造成的，银行没有为那些为美化、改善和丰富国家而努力奋斗的人提供足够慷慨的援助。
It was the duty of the banks, they seemed to think, to lend for as long a time, and to as great an extent, as they might wish to borrow.
他们似乎认为，银行有责任按照他们希望借钱的时间和程度提供贷款。
The banks, however, by refusing in this manner to give more credit to those to whom they had already given a great deal too much, took the only method by which it was now possible to save either their own credit, or the public credit of the country.
然而，银行拒绝以这种方式向那些已经给予过多信贷的人提供更多信贷，从而采取了现在可以挽救自己信用或国家公共信用的唯一方法。
In the midst of this clamour and distress, a new bank was established in Scotland, for the express purpose of relieving the distress of the country.
在这种喧嚣和困境中，苏格兰成立了一家新银行，其明确目的是缓解国家的困境。
The design was generous; but the execution was imprudent, and the nature and causes of the distress which it meant to relieve, were not, perhaps, well understood.
设计很慷慨；但执行是轻率的，而且它所要缓解的痛苦的性质和原因也许并没有得到很好的理解。
This bank was more liberal than any other had ever been, both in granting cash-accounts, and in discounting bills of exchange.
这家银行在发放现金账户和贴现汇票方面比任何其他银行都更加自由。
With regard to the latter, it seems to have made scarce any distinction between real and circulating bills, but to have discounted all equally.
就后者而言，它似乎几乎没有区分真实钞票和流通钞票，而是平等地贴现。
It was the avowed principle of this bank to advance upon any reasonable security, the whole capital which was to be employed in those improvements of which the returns are the most slow and distant, such as the improvements of land.
该银行公开宣称的原则是，以任何合理的担保为基础，将全部资本用于那些回报最慢、最遥远的改良，例如土地的改良。
To promote such improvements was even said to be the chief of the public-spirited purposes for which it was instituted.
甚至有人说，促进此类改进是其设立的主要公益目的。
By its liberality in granting cash-accounts, and in discounting bills of exchange, it, no doubt, issued great quantities of its bank notes.
由于其慷慨地发放现金账户和贴现汇票，毫无疑问，它发行了大量的纸币。
But those bank notes being, the greater part of them, over and above what the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ, returned upon it, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver, as fast as they were issued.
但是，这些纸币中的大部分超出了国家流通可以轻易吸收和使用的范围，一旦发行，就可以兑换成金银。
Its coffers were never well filled.
它的金库从来都填不满。
The capital which had been subscribed to this bank, at two different subscriptions, amounted to one hundred and sixty thousand pounds, of which eighty per cent.
这家银行分两次认购的资本总额为十六万英镑，其中百分之八十是。
only was paid up.
只被付清了。
This sum ought to have been paid in at several different instalments.
这笔钱应该分几次支付。
A great part of the proprietors, when they paid in their first instalment, opened a cash-account with the bank; and the directors, thinking themselves obliged to treat their own proprietors with the same liberality with which they treated all other men, allowed many of them to borrow upon this cash-account what they paid in upon all their subsequent instalments.
很大一部分业主在支付第一期付款时，就在银行开设了现金账户；董事们认为自己有义务像对待所有其他人一样慷慨地对待自己的所有者，因此允许他们中的许多人通过这个现金帐户借入他们在以后所有分期付款中所支付的金额。
Such payments, therefore, only put into one coffer what had the moment before been taken out of another.
因此，此类付款只是将前一刻从另一个金库中取出的资金存入一个金库。
But had the coffers of this bank been filled ever so well, its excessive circulation must have emptied them faster than they could have been replenished by any other expedient but the ruinous one of drawing upon London; and when the bill became due, paying it, together with interest and commission, by another draught upon the same place.
但是，如果这家银行的金库装得如此充裕，那么其过度的流通必定会比除了利用伦敦这一毁灭性的手段之外的任何其他权宜之计补充金库的速度更快；当汇票到期时，连同利息和佣金，以另一张汇票在同一地点支付。
Its coffers having been filled so very ill, it is said to have been driven to this resource within a very few months after it began to do business.
它的金库已经被填满了，据说在它开始做生意后的几个月内就被驱使到这个资源。
The estates of the proprietors of this bank were worth several millions, and, by their subscription to the original bond or contract of the bank, were really pledged for answering all its engagements.
这家银行的所有者的财产价值数百万美元，并且通过他们对银行原始债券或合同的认购，他们确实承诺履行其所有承诺。
By means of the great credit which so great a pledge necessarily gave it, it was, notwithstanding its too liberal conduct, enabled to carry on business for more than two years.
凭借如此巨大的承诺所必然给予它的巨大信用，尽管它的行为过于慷慨，它仍然能够继续营业两年多。
When it was obliged to stop, it had in the circulation about two hundred thousand pounds in bank notes.
当它不得不停止时，它流通着大约二十万英镑的钞票。
In order to support the circulation of those notes, which were continually returning upon it as fast as they were issued, it had been constantly in the practice of drawing bills of exchange upon London, of which the number and value were continually increasing, and, when it stopt, amounted to upwards of six hundred thousand pounds.
为了支持这些纸币的流通，这些纸币一发行就不断地返回到它，它一直在伦敦签发汇票，其数量和价值不断增加，当它停止时，达到了六十万英镑以上。
This bank, therefore, had, in little more than the course of two years, advanced to different people upwards of eight hundred thousand pounds at five per cent.
因此，这家银行在两年多一点的时间里，就以百分之五的利率向不同的人提供了八十万英镑以上的预付款。
Upon the two hundred thousand pounds which it circulated in bank notes, this five per cent.
以它以纸币形式流通的二十万英镑计算，这是百分之五。
might perhaps be considered as a clear gain, without any other deduction besides the expense of management.
也许可以被认为是一个明显的收益，除了管理费用之外没有任何其他扣除。
But upon upwards of six hundred thousand pounds, for which it was continually drawing bills of exchange upon London, it was paying, in the way of interest and commission, upwards of eight per cent.
但它不断地在伦敦开出汇票，为六十万英镑以上的资金支付百分之八以上的利息和佣金。
and was consequently losing more than three per cent.
因此损失超过百分之三。
upon more than three fourths of all its dealings.
其所有交易的四分之三以上。
The operations of this bank seem to have produced effects quite opposite to those which were intended by the particular persons who planned and directed it.
该银行的运作似乎产生了与计划和指导该银行的特定人士的预期完全相反的效果。
They seem to have intended to support the spirited undertakings, for as such they considered them, which were at that time carrying on in different parts of the country; and, at the same time, by drawing the whole banking business to themselves, to supplant all the other Scotch banks, particularly those established at Edinburgh, whose backwardness in discounting bills of exchange had given some offence.
他们似乎打算支持当时在该国不同地区进行的充满活力的事业，因为他们认为这些事业是这样的；同时，通过吸引整个银行业务，取代所有其他苏格兰银行，特别是那些在爱丁堡设立的银行，这些银行在贴现汇票方面的落后已经引起了一些冒犯。
This bank, no doubt, gave some temporary relief to those projectors, and enabled them to carry on their projects for about two years longer than they could otherwise have done.
毫无疑问，这家银行给这些投影仪带来了一些暂时的缓解，并使他们能够比原本可以多进行大约两年的项目。
But it thereby only enabled them to get so much deeper into debt; so that, when ruin came, it fell so much the heavier both upon them and upon their creditors.
但这只会让他们陷入更深的债务之中。因此，当破产来临时，他们及其债权人的负担就更加沉重。
The operations of this bank, therefore, instead of relieving, in reality aggravated in the long-run the distress which those projectors had brought both upon themselves and upon their country.
因此，从长远来看，这家银行的运作非但没有缓解这些问题，反而加剧了这些投影仪给他们自己和他们的国家带来的痛苦。
It would have been much better for themselves, their creditors, and their country, had the greater part of them been obliged to stop two years sooner than they actually did.
如果他们中的大多数人被迫比实际情况提前两年停止，那对他们自己、他们的债权人和他们的国家来说会好得多。
The temporary relief, however, which this bank afforded to those projectors, proved a real and permanent relief to the other Scotch banks.
然而，这家银行为这些投影仪提供的暂时缓解，事实证明对其他苏格兰银行来说是真正且永久的缓解。
All the dealers in circulating bills of exchange, which those other banks had become so backward in discounting, had recourse to this new bank, where they were received with open arms.
所有流通汇票的交易商（其他银行在贴现方面已经变得如此落后）都求助于这家新银行，在那里他们受到了张开双臂的欢迎。
Those other banks, therefore, were enabled to get very easily out of that fatal circle, from which they could not otherwise have disengaged themselves without incurring a considerable loss, and perhaps, too, even some degree of discredit.
因此，其他银行能够很容易地摆脱这个致命的循环，否则它们不可能摆脱这个循环，而不会遭受相当大的损失，甚至可能还会遭受某种程度的声誉损失。
In the long-run, therefore, the operations of this bank increased the real distress of the country, which it meant to relieve; and effectually relieved, from a very great distress, those rivals whom it meant to supplant.
因此，从长远来看，这家银行的运营增加了国家的实际困境，而这本来是为了缓解国家的困境。并有效地使那些本来打算取代的竞争对手摆脱了巨大的痛苦。
At the first setting out of this bank, it was the opinion of some people, that how fast soever its coffers might be emptied, it might easily replenish them, by raising money upon the securities of those to whom it had advanced its paper.
在这家银行成立之初，一些人认为，无论其金库被掏空的速度有多快，它都可以通过向其预付票据的人的证券筹集资金来轻松补充资金。
Experience, I believe, soon convinced them that this method of raising money was by much too slow to answer their purpose; and that coffers which originally were so ill filled, and which emptied themselves so very fast, could be replenished by no other expedient but the ruinous one of drawing bills upon London, and when they became due, paying them by other draughts on the same place, with accumulated interest and commission.
我相信，经验很快让他们相信，这种筹集资金的方法对于实现他们的目的来说太慢了。原来的金库严重不足，很快就空空如也，除了在伦敦开具毁灭性的汇票之外，没有其他权宜之计可以补充，当汇票到期时，用同一地点的其他汇票支付，并累积利息和佣金。
But though they had been able by this method to raise money as fast as they wanted it, yet, instead of making a profit, they must have suffered a loss of every such operation; so that in the long-run they must have ruined themselves as a mercantile company, though perhaps not so soon as by the more expensive practice of drawing and redrawing.
尽管他们能够通过这种方法以他们想要的速度筹集资金，但每次这样的操作他们非但没有盈利，反而遭受了损失；因此，从长远来看，作为一家商业公司，他们肯定会毁掉自己，尽管也许不会因为更昂贵的绘制和重新绘制的做法而毁掉自己。
They could still have made nothing by the interest of the paper, which, being over and above what the circulation of the country could absorb and employ, returned upon them in order to be exchanged for gold and silver, as fast as they issued it; and for the payment of which they were themselves continually obliged to borrow money.
他们仍然无法通过纸币的利息赚到什么，因为纸币的利息超出了国家流通所能吸收和使用的范围，一旦发行，纸币的利息就会返回给他们，以便兑换成金银。为了支付这笔费用，他们自己不得不不断地借钱。
On the contrary, the whole expense of this borrowing, of employing agents to look out for people who had money to lend, of negotiating with those people, and of drawing the proper bond or assignment, must have fallen upon them, and have been so much clear loss upon the balance of their accounts.
相反，这笔借款的全部费用、雇用代理人寻找有钱可借的人、与这些人谈判、以及提取适当的保证金或转让的费用，一定都落在他们身上，并且对他们的账户余额来说是如此明显的损失。
The project of replenishing their coffers in this manner may be compared to that of a man who had a water-pond from which a stream was continually running out, and into which no stream was continually running, but who proposed to keep it always equally full, by employing a number of people to go continually with buckets to a well at some miles distance, in order to bring water to replenish it.
以这种方式补充金库的计划可以比作一个人，他有一个水池，有溪流不断地从池子里流出，而没有溪流不断地流入池子，但他打算让许多人不断地提着水桶到几英里外的井里取水来补充水池，以保持池子始终充满水。
But though this operation had proved not only practicable, but profitable to the bank, as a mercantile company; yet the country could have derived no benefit front it, but, on the contrary, must have suffered a very considerable loss by it.
但是，尽管这一操作已被证明不仅可行，而且对银行（作为一家商业公司）来说也是有利可图的；然而，国家不但不能从中得到任何好处，反而一定会遭受相当大的损失。
This operation could not augment, in the smallest degree, the quantity of money to be lent.
这一操作丝毫不能增加借出的资金量。
It could only have erected this bank into a sort of general loan office for the whole country.
它只能把这家银行建成一个全国性的综合贷款办公室。
Those who wanted to borrow must have applied to this bank, instead of applying to the private persons who had lent it their money.
那些想要借钱的人必须向这家银行申请，而不是向借钱的私人申请。
But a bank which lends money, perhaps to five hundred different people, the greater part of whom its directors can know very little about, is not likely to be more judicious in the choice of its debtors than a private person who lends out his money among a few people whom he knows, and in whose sober and frugal conduct he thinks he has good reason to confide.
但是，一家向五百个不同的人放贷的银行，其董事对其中大部分人知之甚少，在选择债务人时，不可能比一个向少数几个他认识的人借钱的私人更明智，而且他认为自己有充分理由相信这些人的清醒和节俭的行为。
The debtors of such a bank as that whose conduct I have been giving some account of were likely, the greater part of them, to be chimerical projectors, the drawers and redrawers of circulating bills of exchange, who would employ the money in extravagant undertakings, which, with all the assistance that could be given them, they would probably never be able to complete, and which, if they should be completed, would never repay the expense which they had really cost, would never afford a fund capable of maintaining a quantity of labour equal to that which had been employed about them.
我已经对这种银行的行为进行了一些说明，他们中的大部分人很可能是空想的投影仪，是流通汇票的出票人和再出票人，他们会把这些钱用于奢侈的事业，这些事业即使在可以给予他们的所有帮助下，也可能永远无法完成，而且即使完成，也永远无法偿还他们实际花费的费用，也永远负担不起能够维持同等劳动量的资金。对他们所使用的东西。
The sober and frugal debtors of private persons, on the contrary, would be more likely to employ the money borrowed in sober undertakings which were proportioned to their capitals, and which, though they might have less of the grand and the marvellous, would have more of the solid and the profitable; which would repay with a large profit whatever had been laid out upon them, and which would thus afford a fund capable of maintaining a much greater quantity of labour than that which had been employed about them.
相反，清醒而节俭的私人债务人更有可能将借来的钱用于与其资本成比例的清醒事业，尽管他们可能拥有较少的宏伟和奇妙的事业，但会拥有更多的坚实和有利可图的事业；无论分配给他们什么，他们都将获得巨额利润，从而提供一笔资金，能够维持比他们所雇用的劳动力多得多的劳动力。
The success of this operation, therefore, without increasing in the smallest degree the capital of the country, would only have transferred a great part of it from prudent and profitable to imprudent and unprofitable undertakings.
因此，这一行动的成功，在没有增加国家资本哪怕是一丁点的情况下，只会将大部分资本从谨慎而有利可图的事业转移到轻率而无利可图的事业上。
That the industry of Scotland languished for want of money to employ it, was the opinion of the famous Mr Law.
著名的劳先生认为，苏格兰的工业因缺乏资金而陷入困境。
By establishing a bank of a particular kind, which he seems to have imagined might issue paper to the amount of the whole value of all the lands in the country, he proposed to remedy this want of money.
他提议通过建立一家特定类型的银行来弥补这种资金短缺的问题，他似乎认为该银行可以发行相当于该国所有土地总价值的票据。
The parliament of Scotland, when he first proposed his project, did not think proper to adopt it.
当他第一次提出他的计划时，苏格兰议会认为不适合采纳。
It was afterwards adopted, with some variations, by the Duke of Orleans, at that time regent of France.
后来，它被当时的法国摄政王奥尔良公爵采纳，但有一些变化。
The idea of the possibility of multiplying paper money to almost any extent was the real foundation of what is called the Mississippi scheme, the most extravagant project, both of banking and stock-jobbing, that perhaps the world ever saw.
几乎任何程度地增加纸币的可能性的想法是所谓的密西西比计划的真正基础，密西西比计划是银行业和股票交易方面最奢侈的项目，也许是世界上见过的。
The different operations of this scheme are explained so fully, so clearly, and with so much order and distinctness, by Mr Du Verney, in his Examination of the Political Reflections upon commerce and finances of Mr Du Tot, that I shall not give any account of them.
杜维尼先生在《杜托特先生对商业和金融的政治反思的审查》中对这一计划的不同运作进行了如此全面、如此清晰、如此有序和明确的解释，因此我将不再对其进行任何说明。
The principles upon which it was founded are explained by Mr Law himself, in a discourse concerning money and trade, which he published in Scotland when he first proposed his project.
劳先生在他首次提出他的项目时在苏格兰发表的一篇有关货币和贸易的论述中解释了其创立的原则。
The splendid but visionary ideas which are set forth in that and some other works upon the same principles, still continue to make an impression upon many people, and have, perhaps, in part, contributed to that excess of banking, which has of late been complained of, both in Scotland and in other places.
这部著作和其他一些基于同样原则的著作所提出的辉煌而富有远见的思想，仍然继续给许多人留下深刻的印象，并且也许在一定程度上促成了银行业的过度发展，而这种现象最近在苏格兰和其他地方都受到了抱怨。
The Bank of England is the greatest bank of circulation in Europe.
英格兰银行是欧洲最大的流通银行。
It was incorporated, in pursuance of an act of parliament, by a charter under the great seal, dated the 27th of July 1694.
根据议会法案，1694 年 7 月 27 日盖章的宪章将其合并。
It at that time advanced to government the sum of £1,200,000 for an annuity of £100,000, or for £ 96,000 a-year, interest at the rate of eight per cent.
当时它向政府预付了1,200,000英镑，年金为10万英镑，或者每年96,000英镑，利率为8%。
and £4,000 a-year for the expense of management.
每年 4,000 英镑用于管理费用。
The credit of the new government, established by the Revolution, we may believe, must have been very low, when it was obliged to borrow at so high an interest.
我们可能认为，革命建立的新政府在被迫以如此高的利息借款时，其信用一定非常低。
In 1697, the bank was allowed to enlarge its capital stock, by an ingraftment of £1,001,171:10s.
1697 年，银行获准通过注入 1,001,171:10 英镑来扩大其股本。
Its whole capital stock, therefore, amounted at this time to £2,201,171: 10s.
因此，此时其全部股本为 2,201,171 英镑：10 先令。
This ingraftment is said to have been for the support of public credit.
据说这种植入是为了支持公共信贷。
In 1696, tallies had been at forty, and fifty, and sixty, per cent.
1696 年，统计数字分别为百分之四十、百分之五十和百分之六十。
discount, and bank notes at twenty per cent.
折扣，以及百分之二十的钞票。
{James Postlethwaite’s History of the Public Revenue, p.301.} During the great re-coinage of the silver, which was going on at this time, the bank had thought proper to discontinue the payment of its notes, which necessarily occasioned their discredit.
{詹姆斯·波斯尔思韦特 (James Postlethwaite) 的《公共收入史》，第 301 页。} 在当时正在进行的白银重新铸币过程中，银行认为停止支付纸币是适当的，这必然导致他们的信誉受损。
In pursuance of the 7th Anne, c.
根据第七安妮，c。
7, the bank advanced and paid into the exchequer the sum of £400,000; making in all the sum of £1,600,000, which it had advanced upon its original annuity of £96,000 interest, and £4,000 for expense of management.
7、银行预付并缴入国库40万英镑；总共赚了 1,600,000 英镑，这是在原来的年金 96,000 英镑利息的基础上预付的，还有 4,000 英镑用于管理费用。
In 1708, therefore, the credit of government was as good as that of private persons, since it could borrow at six per cent.
因此，1708年，政府的信用与私人的信用一样好，因为它可以以百分之六的利率借款。
interest, the common legal and market rate of those times.
利息，当时常见的法定利率和市场利率。
In pursuance of the same act, the bank cancelled exchequer bills to the amount of £ 1,775,027: 17s: 10½d.
根据同一法案，银行注销了金额为 1,775,027 英镑：17 便士：10 ½ 便士的国库票据。
at six per cent.
百分之六。
interest, and was at the same time allowed to take in subscriptions for doubling its capital.
利息，同时获准认购以使其资本增加一倍。
In 1703, therefore, the capital of the bank amounted to £4,402,343; and it had advanced to government the sum of £3,375,027:17:10½d.
因此，1703 年，银行资本为 4,402,343 英镑；它已向政府预付了 3,375,027:17:10 d 英镑。
By a call of fifteen per cent.
按百分之十五的要求。
in 1709, there was paid in, and made stock, £ 656,204:1:9d.; and by another of ten per cent.
1709 年，支付并制作了股票 656,204:1:9d。另外百分之十。
in 1710, £501,448:12:11d.
1710 年，£501,448:12:11d。
In consequence of those two calls, therefore, the bank capital amounted to £ 5,559,995:14:8d.
因此，由于这两次催缴，银行资本达到 5,559,995:14:8d 英镑。
In pursuance of the 3rd George I.
追随第三任乔治一世。
c.8, the bank delivered up two millions of exchequer Bills to be cancelled.
c.8，银行交付200万张国库券待注销。
It had at this time, therefore, advanced to government £5,375,027:17 10d.
因此，此时它已预付给政府 5,375,027:17 10d。
In pursuance of the 8th George I.
追随第八任乔治一世。
c.21, the bank purchased of the South-sea company, stock to the amount of £4,000,000: and in 1722, in consequence of the subscriptions which it had taken in for enabling it to make this purchase, its capital stock was increased by £ 3,400,000.
c.21，银行购买了南海公司的股票，金额为 4,000,000 英镑：1722 年，由于其为进行此次购买而接受的认购，其股本增加了 3,400,000 英镑。
At this time, therefore, the bank had advanced to the public £ 9,375,027 17s.
因此，此时银行已向公众预付了 9,375,027 英镑 17 英镑。
10½d.; and its capital stock amounted only to £ 8,959,995:14:8d.
10½d.；其股本仅为 8,959,995:14:8d 英镑。
It was upon this occasion that the sum which the bank had advanced to the public, and for which it received interest, began first to exceed its capital stock, or the sum for which it paid a dividend to the proprietors of bank stock; or, in other words, that the bank began to have an undivided capital, over and above its divided one.
正是在这个时候，银行向公众预付并收取利息的金额首先开始超过其股本，或者说它向银行股票所有者支付股息的金额；或者，换句话说，银行开始拥有除分割资本之外的不可分割资本。
It has continued to have an undivided capital of the same kind ever since.
从那时起，它就一直拥有同样类型的不可分割的资本。
In 1746, the bank had, upon different occasions, advanced to the public £11,686,800, and its divided capital had been raised by different calls and subscriptions to £ 10,780,000.
1746年，该银行在不同场合向公众预付了11,686,800英镑，其分割资本通过不同的催缴和认购筹集到了10,780,000英镑。
The state of those two sums has continued to be the same ever since.
从那以后，这两项金额的状况一直保持不变。
In pursuance of the 4th of George III.
奉行乔治三世四世。
c.25, the bank agreed to pay to government for the renewal of its charter £110,000, without interest or re-payment.
c.25，银行同意向政府支付 110,000 英镑以更新其执照，无需利息或偿还。
This sum, therefore did not increase either of those two other sums.
因此，这笔金额并没有增加其他两项金额中的任何一项。
The dividend of the bank has varied according to the variations in the rate of the interest which it has, at different times, received for the money it had advanced to the public, as well as according to other circumstances.
银行的股息根据其在不同时间向公众预付的资金所收到的利率的变化以及其他情况而变化。
This rate of interest has gradually been reduced from eight to three per cent.
该利率已逐渐从百分之八降至百分之三。
For some years past, the bank dividend has been at five and a half per cent.
过去几年，银行股息一直为百分之五半。
The stability of the bank of England is equal to that of the British government.
英格兰银行的稳定性与英国政府的稳定性相当。
All that it has advanced to the public must be lost before its creditors can sustain any loss.
在债权人承受任何损失之前，它向公众提供的所有预付款都必须全部损失。
No other banking company in England can be established by act of parliament, or can consist of more than six members.
英格兰没有其他银行公司可以通过议会法案成立，也不能由六名以上的成员组成。
It acts, not only as an ordinary bank, but as a great engine of state.
它不仅充当普通银行，而且充当国家的伟大引擎。
It receives and pays the greater part of the annuities which are due to the creditors of the public; it circulates exchequer bills; and it advances to government the annual amount of the land and malt taxes, which are frequently not paid up till some years thereafter.
它接收并支付应付给公众债权人的大部分年金；它流通国库券；它向政府预付每年的土地税和麦芽税，而这些税款往往要到几年后才能缴纳。
In these different operations, its duty to the public may sometimes have obliged it, without any fault of its directors, to overstock the circulation with paper money.
在这些不同的业务中，它对公众的责任有时可能会迫使它在流通中过量发行纸币，而这并非其董事的过错。
It likewise discounts merchants’ bills, and has, upon several different occasions, supported the credit of the principal houses, not only of England, but of Hamburgh and Holland.
它还对商业票据进行贴现，并在多个不同的场合支持主要商行的信贷，不仅是英国的，而且是汉堡和荷兰的。
Upon one occasion, in 1763, it is said to have advanced for this purpose, in one week, about £1,600,000, a great part of it in bullion.
据说，有一次，1763 年，一周内就为此目的预付了约 1,600,000 英镑，其中很大一部分是金条。
I do not, however, pretend to warrant either the greatness of the sum, or the shortness of the time.
然而，我并不假装保证金额之大或时间之短。
Upon other occasions, this great company has been reduced to the necessity of paying in sixpences.
在其他情况下，这家伟大的公司不得不支付六便士。
It is not by augmenting the capital of the country, but by rendering a greater part of that capital active and productive than would otherwise be so, that the most judicious operations of banking can increase the industry of the country.
银行业最明智的运作能够增强国家的工业，并不是通过增加国家的资本，而是通过使大部分资本变得活跃和富有成效。
That part of his capital which a dealer is obliged to keep by him unemployed and in ready money, for answering occasional demands, is so much dead stock, which, so long as it remains in this situation, produces nothing, either to him or to his country.
商人必须保留自己的那部分闲置资金和现钱，以应付偶尔的需求，这部分资金是大量的滞销库存，只要它保持在这种情况下，就不会为他或他的国家产生任何东西。
The judicious operations of banking enable him to convert this dead stock into active and productive stock; into materials to work upon; into tools to work with; and into provisions and subsistence to work for; into stock which produces something both to himself and to his country.
银行业的明智运作使他能够将这些死库存转化为活跃的、生产性的库存。转化为可加工的材料；变成可以使用的工具；以及工作所需的供给和生计；存货，为他自己和他的国家生产一些东西。
The gold and silver money which circulates in any country, and by means of which, the produce of its land and labour is annually circulated and distributed to the proper consumers, is, in the same manner as the ready money of the dealer, all dead stock.
在任何国家流通的金银货币，每年通过其土地和劳动的产品流通并分配给适当的消费者，与商人的现钱一样，都是滞销品。
It is a very valuable part of the capital of the country, which produces nothing to the country.
它是国家首都非常有价值的一部分，但对国家没有任何产出。
The judicious operations of banking, by substituting paper in the room of a great part of this gold and silver, enable the country to convert a great part of this dead stock into active and productive stock; into stock which produces something to the country.
银行业的明智运作，通过用纸质替代大部分黄金和白银，使国家能够将大部分滞留库存转化为活跃的生产性库存；存货为国家生产一些东西。
The gold and silver money which circulates in any country may very properly be compared to a highway, which, while it circulates and carries to market all the grass and corn of the country, produces itself not a single pile of either.
在任何国家流通的金银货币都可以非常恰当地比作一条高速公路，它在流通并将该国所有的青草和玉米运往市场时，自己却不会生产任何一团东西。
The judicious operations of banking, by providing, if I may be allowed so violent a metaphor, a sort of waggon-way through the air, enable the country to convert, as it were, a great part of its highways into good pastures, and corn fields, and thereby to increase, very considerably, the annual produce of its land and labour.
银行业的明智运作，通过提供（如果允许我如此激烈的比喻的话）一种空中的马车通道，使该国能够将其大部分高速公路转变为良好的牧场和玉米地，从而大大增加其土地和劳动力的年产量。
The commerce and industry of the country, however, it must be acknowledged, though they may be somewhat augmented, cannot be altogether so secure, when they are thus, as it were, suspended upon the Daedalian wings of paper money, as when they travel about upon the solid ground of gold and silver.
然而，必须承认，国家的商业和工业虽然可能有所增强，但当它们悬挂在纸币的代达利翅膀上时，就像它们在金银的坚实地面上行驶时一样，它们不可能完全如此安全。
Over and above the accidents to which they are exposed from the unskilfulness of the conductors of this paper money, they are liable to several others, from which no prudence or skill of those conductors can guard them.
除了由于纸币发行者的不熟练而导致的事故之外，他们还可能遭受其他一些事故，而这些发行者的谨慎或技巧都无法保护他们免受这些事故的影响。
An unsuccessful war, for example, in which the enemy got possession of the capital, and consequently of that treasure which supported the credit of the paper money, would occasion a much greater confusion in a country where the whole circulation was carried on by paper, than in one where the greater part of it was carried on by gold and silver.
例如，在一场不成功的战争中，敌人占领了首都，从而占领了支持纸币信用的宝藏，在一个整个流通由纸币进行的国家，会比在一个大部分流通由金银进行的国家造成更大的混乱。
The usual instrument of commerce having lost its value, no exchanges could be made but either by barter or upon credit.
通常的商业工具已经失去了价值，只能通过易货或信用进行交换。
All taxes having been usually paid in paper money, the prince would not have wherewithal either to pay his troops, or to furnish his magazines; and the state of the country would be much more irretrievable than if the greater part of its circulation had consisted in gold and silver.
所有的税款通常都是用纸币支付的，王子既没有足够的资金来支付他的军队的费用，也没有足够的资金来提供他的杂志；如果国家的流通大部分由黄金和白银组成，那么该国的状况将更加难以挽回。
A prince, anxious to maintain his dominions at all times in the state in which he can most easily defend them, ought upon this account to guard not only against that excessive multiplication of paper money which ruins the very banks which issue it, but even against that multiplication of it which enables them to fill the greater part of the circulation of the country with it.
一位君主渴望始终将自己的领土维持在他最容易保卫的状态，因此不仅应该防止纸币的过度增加，从而毁掉发行纸币的银行，而且还要防止纸币的增加，使它们能够用纸币填充国家的大部分流通。
The circulation of every country may be considered as divided into two different branches; the circulation of the dealers with one another, and the circulation between the dealers and the consumers.
每个国家的流通可以被认为分为两个不同的分支：经销商之间的流通、经销商与消费者之间的流通。
Though the same pieces of money, whether paper or metal, may be employed sometimes in the one circulation and sometimes in the other; yet as both are constantly going on at the same time, each requires a certain stock of money, of one kind or another, to carry it on.
尽管同一张钱，无论是纸币还是金属币，有时可能用于一种流通，有时用于另一种流通；然而，由于两者不断同时进行，因此每一种都需要一定数量的货币来维持其运行。
The value of the goods circulated between the different dealers never can exceed the value of those circulated between the dealers and the consumers; whatever is bought by the dealers being ultimately destined to be sold to the consumers.
不同经销商之间流通的商品价值决不能超过经销商与消费者之间流通的商品价值；经销商购买的任何东西最终都会卖给消费者。
The circulation between the dealers, as it is carried on by wholesale, requires generally a pretty large sum for every particular transaction.
经销商之间的流通，由于是批发进行的，每笔特定交易通常需要相当大的金额。
That between the dealers and the consumers, on the contrary, as it is generally carried on by retail, frequently requires but very small ones, a shilling, or even a halfpenny, being often sufficient.
相反，经销商和消费者之间的交易通常是通过零售进行的，通常需要的金额非常小，一先令，甚至半便士往往就足够了。
But small sums circulate much faster than large ones.
但小额资金的流通速度比大额资金快得多。
A shilling changes masters more frequently than a guinea, and a halfpenny more frequently than a shilling.
一先令比几尼更频繁地更换主人，半便士比一先令更换主人更频繁。
Though the annual purchases of all the consumers, therefore, are at least equal in value to those of all the dealers, they can generally be transacted with a much smaller quantity of money; the same pieces, by a more rapid circulation, serving as the instrument of many more purchases of the one kind than of the other.
因此，尽管所有消费者每年的购买量至少与所有经销商的购买量相等，但通常可以用少得多的金额进行交易；同样的作品，通过更快的流通，成为一种比另一种购买更多的工具。
Paper money may be so regulated as either to confine itself very much to the circulation between the different dealers, or to extend itself likewise to a great part of that between the dealers and the consumers.
纸币的监管可能要么将其自身限制在不同经销商之间的流通，要么同样将其自身扩展到经销商和消费者之间的大部分流通。
Where no bank notes are circulated under £10 value, as in London, paper money confines itself very much to the circulation between the dealers.
在伦敦等地方，流通纸币的流通面值不得低于 10 英镑，纸币的流通很大程度上局限于交易商之间。
When a ten pound bank note comes into the hands of a consumer, he is generally obliged to change it at the first shop where he has occasion to purchase five shillings worth of goods; so that it often returns into the hands of a dealer before the consumer has spent the fortieth part of the money.
当一张十英镑的钞票到达消费者手中时，他通常必须在他有机会购买价值五先令的商品的第一家商店兑换它；因此，在消费者花掉百分之四十的钱之前，它常常又回到了经销商的手中。
Where bank notes are issued for so small sums as 20s.
发行的纸币金额小至 20 便士。
as in Scotland, paper money extends itself to a considerable part of the circulation between dealers and consumers.
与苏格兰一样，纸币在经销商和消费者之间的流通中占据了很大一部分。
Before the Act of parliament which put a stop to the circulation of ten and five shilling notes, it filled a still greater part of that circulation.
在议会法案停止十先令和五先令纸币的流通之前，它占了流通量的很大一部分。
In the currencies of North America, paper was commonly issued for so small a sum as a shilling, and filled almost the whole of that circulation.
在北美的货币中，纸币的发行量通常只有先令那么小，并且几乎占据了整个流通量。
In some paper currencies of Yorkshire, it was issued even for so small a sum as a sixpence.
约克郡的一些纸币的发行金额甚至只有六便士。
Where the issuing of bank notes for such very small sums is allowed, and commonly practised, many mean people are both enabled and encouraged to become bankers.
如果允许发行如此小额的钞票，并且这种做法很普遍，那么许多卑鄙的人就会被鼓励成为银行家。
A person whose promissory note for £5, or even for 20s.
持有 5 英镑甚至 20 多英镑本票的人。
would be rejected by every body, will get it to be received without scruple when it is issued for so small a sum as a sixpence.
会被每个人拒绝，但当它以六便士那么小的金额发行时，会毫无顾忌地接受它。
But the frequent bankruptcies to which such beggarly bankers must be liable, may occasion a very considerable inconveniency, and sometimes even a very great calamity, to many poor people who had received their notes in payment.
但是，这些可怜的银行家必须承担的频繁破产，可能会给许多收到票据付款的穷人带来很大的不便，有时甚至带来很大的灾难。
It were better, perhaps, that no bank notes were issued in any part of the kingdom for a smaller sum than £5.
或许，王国任何地方都不发行低于 5 英镑的纸币，这样更好。
Paper money would then, probably, confine itself, in every part of the kingdom, to the circulation between the different dealers, as much as it does at present in London, where no bank notes are issued under £10 value; £5 being, in most part of the kingdom, a sum which, though it will purchase, perhaps, little more than half the quantity of goods, is as much considered, and is as seldom spent all at once, as £10 are amidst the profuse expense of London.
到那时，纸币可能会在王国的各个地方限制在不同交易商之间的流通，就像目前在伦敦的情况一样，伦敦不发行面值 10 英镑以下的纸币；在王国的大部分地区，5英镑虽然能购买的商品数量可能只多于一半，但也像10英镑在伦敦的巨额开支中一样被考虑在内，而且很少一次性花完。
Where paper money, it is to be observed, is pretty much confined to the circulation between dealers and dealers, as at London, there is always plenty of gold and silver.
值得注意的是，在纸币几乎仅限于交易商与交易商之间流通的地方，例如在伦敦，总是有大量的黄金和白银。
Where it extends itself to a considerable part of the circulation between dealers and consumers, as in Scotland, and still more in North America, it banishes gold and silver almost entirely from the country; almost all the ordinary transactions of its interior commerce being thus carried on by paper.
在它延伸到经销商和消费者之间流通的相当大一部分的地方，例如在苏格兰，尤其是在北美，它几乎将黄金和白银完全驱逐出该国；因此，其内部商业的几乎所有日常交易都是通过纸张进行的。
The suppression of ten and five shilling bank notes, somewhat relieved the scarcity of gold and silver in Scotland; and the suppression of twenty shilling notes will probably relieve it still more.
十先令和五先令纸币的压制，在一定程度上缓解了苏格兰金银的短缺；压制二十先令纸币可能会进一步缓解这种情况。
Those metals are said to have become more abundant in America, since the suppression of some of their paper currencies.
据说，自从一些纸币受到压制以来，这些金属在美国变得更加丰富。
They are said, likewise, to have been more abundant before the institution of those currencies.
同样，据说在这些货币建立之前，它们的数量就更加丰富。
Though paper money should be pretty much confined to the circulation between dealers and dealers, yet banks and bankers might still be able to give nearly the same assistance to the industry and commerce of the country, as they had done when paper money filled almost the whole circulation.
尽管纸币应该在很大程度上局限于经销商和经销商之间的流通，但银行和银行家仍然能够为国家的工商业提供几乎相同的帮助，就像纸币几乎充满整个流通时那样。
The ready money which a dealer is obliged to keep by him, for answering occasional demands, is destined altogether for the circulation between himself and other dealers of whom he buys goods.
经销商为了满足偶尔的需求而必须保留的现钱，完全是为了在他自己和他购买商品的其他经销商之间流通。
He has no occasion to keep any by him for the circulation between himself and the consumers, who are his customers, and who bring ready money to him, instead of taking any from him.
他没有必要保留任何钱用于他和消费者之间的流通，消费者是他的顾客，他们给他带来现成的钱，而不是从他那里拿走任何钱。
Though no paper money, therefore, was allowed to be issued, but for such sums as would confine it pretty much to the circulation between dealers and dealers; yet partly by discounting real bills of exchange, and partly by lending upon cash-accounts, banks and bankers might still be able to relieve the greater part of those dealers from the necessity of keeping any considerable part of their stock by them unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.
因此，尽管纸币是不被允许发行的，但是纸币的发行量几乎限制在经销商与经销商之间的流通；然而，通过部分地贴现真实汇票，部分地通过现金账户贷款，银行和银行家仍然能够使大部分交易商免于将相当大一部分的库存保留在失业状态，并以现金形式来满足偶尔的需求。
They might still be able to give the utmost assistance which banks and bankers can with propriety give to traders of every kind.
他们也许仍然能够提供银行和银行家可以适当地向各种交易者提供的最大帮助。
To restrain private people, it may be said, from receiving in payment the promissory notes of a banker for any sum, whether great or small, when they themselves are willing to receive them; or, to restrain a banker from issuing such notes, when all his neighbours are willing to accept of them, is a manifest violation of that natural liberty, which it is the proper business of law not to infringe, but to support.
可以说，当私人愿意接受银行家的任何金额的本票时，无论其数额是大是小，都可以阻止他们接受这些本票；或者，当银行家的所有邻居都愿意接受这些纸币时，却限制银行家发行这种纸币，这显然是对自然自由的侵犯，而法律的正当职责是不侵犯而不是支持这种自由。
Such regulations may, no doubt, be considered as in some respect a violation of natural liberty.
毫无疑问，此类规定在某些方面可能被视为侵犯自然自由。
But those exertions of the natural liberty of a few individuals, which might endanger the security of the whole society, are, and ought to be, restrained by the laws of all governments; of the most free, as well as or the most despotical.
但是，少数人自然自由的行为可能会危及整个社会的安全，因此，各国政府都应该而且应该受到法律的限制；最自由的，也是最专制的。
The obligation of building party walls, in order to prevent the communication of fire, is a violation of natural liberty, exactly of the same kind with the regulations of the banking trade which are here proposed.
为了防止火灾蔓延而修建隔离墙的义务是对自然自由的侵犯，这与这里提出的银行业法规完全相同。
A paper money, consisting in bank notes, issued by people of undoubted credit, payable upon demand, without any condition, and, in fact, always readily paid as soon as presented, is, in every respect, equal in value to gold and silver money, since gold and silver money can at anytime be had for it.
纸币由银行票据组成，由信用不容置疑的人发行，可以按需支付，无任何条件，而且事实上，一出示就可以立即支付，在任何方面都与金币和银币具有同等价值，因为金币和银币可以随时获得。
Whatever is either bought or sold for such paper, must necessarily be bought or sold as cheap as it could have been for gold and silver.
无论以此类票据购买或出售什么，都必须像黄金和白银一样便宜地购买或出售。
The increase of paper money, it has been said, by augmenting the quantity, and consequently diminishing the value, of the whole currency, necessarily augments the money price of commodities.
据说，纸币的增加，通过增加整个货币的数量，从而减少其价值，必然会增加商品的货币价格。
But as the quantity of gold and silver, which is taken from the currency, is always equal to the quantity of paper which is added to it, paper money does not necessarily increase the quantity of the whole currency.
但由于从货币中取出的金银的数量总是等于添加到其中的纸的数量，因此纸币并不一定会增加整个货币的数量。
From the beginning of the last century to the present time, provisions never were cheaper in Scotland than in 1759, though, from the circulation of ten and five shilling bank notes, there was then more paper money in the country than at present.
从上世纪初到现在，苏格兰的粮食从来没有比1759年便宜过，不过，从十先令和五先令纸币的流通来看，当时该国的纸币比现在多。
The proportion between the price of provisions in Scotland and that in England is the same now as before the great multiplication of banking companies in Scotland.
现在苏格兰和英格兰的粮食价格比例与苏格兰银行公司大量增加之前相同。
Corn is, upon most occasions, fully as cheap in England as in France, though there is a great deal of paper money in England, and scarce any in France.
在大多数情况下，英国的玉米和法国的一样便宜，尽管英国有大量纸币，而法国却很少。
In 1751 and 1752, when Mr Hume published his Political Discourses, and soon after the great multiplication of paper money in Scotland, there was a very sensible rise in the price of provisions, owing, probably, to the badness of the seasons, and not to the multiplication of paper money.
1751年和1752年，当休谟先生发表他的《政治话语》时，以及在苏格兰纸币大量增加后不久，粮食价格出现了非常明显的上涨，这可能是由于季节的恶劣，而不是纸币的增加。
It would be otherwise, indeed, with a paper money, consisting in promissory notes, of which the immediate payment depended, in any respect, either upon the good will of those who issued them, or upon a condition which the holder of the notes might not always have it in his power to fulfil, or of which the payment was not exigible till after a certain number of years, and which, in the mean time, bore no interest.
事实上，对于由本票组成的纸币来说，情况就不同了，这种纸币的立即付款在任何方面都取决于发行者的善意，或者取决于票据持有者可能并不总是有能力履行的条件，或者只有在一定年限之后才可以付款，并且同时不产生利息。
Such a paper money would, no doubt, fall more or less below the value of gold and silver, according as the difficulty or uncertainty of obtaining immediate payment was supposed to be greater or less, or according to the greater or less distance of time at which payment was exigible.
毫无疑问，这种纸币的价值或多或少会低于金银的价值，这取决于获得立即付款的难度或不确定性的大小，或者根据可以支付的时间的长短。
Some years ago the different banking companies of Scotland were in the practice of inserting into their bank notes, what they called an optional clause; by which they promised payment to the bearer, either as soon as the note should be presented, or, in the option of the directors, six months after such presentment, together with the legal interest for the said six months.
几年前，苏格兰的不同银行公司都在实践中在他们的银行票据中插入他们所谓的可选条款；他们承诺在票据一出示后立即向持票人付款，或者根据董事的选择，在出示后六个月内向持票人付款，并支付上述六个月的法定利息。
The directors of some of those banks sometimes took advantage of this optional clause, and sometimes threatened those who demanded gold and silver in exchange for a considerable number of their notes, that they would take advantage of it, unless such demanders would content themselves with a part of what they demanded.
其中一些银行的董事有时会利用这一可选条款，有时会威胁那些索要金银以换取大量纸币的人，称他们会利用这一条款，除非这些索要者满足于他们所要求的一部分。
The promissory notes of those banking companies constituted, at that time, the far greater part of the currency of Scotland, which this uncertainty of payment necessarily degraded below value of gold and silver money.
当时，这些银行公司的期票构成了苏格兰货币的很大一部分，这种支付的不确定性必然使苏格兰货币的价值低于金银货币的价值。
During the continuance of this abuse (which prevailed chiefly in 1762, 1763, and 1764), while the exchange between London and Carlisle was at par, that between London and Dumfries would sometimes be four per cent.
在这种滥用行为持续期间（主要盛行于1762年、1763年和1764年），虽然伦敦和卡莱尔之间的汇率持平，但伦敦和邓弗里斯之间的汇率有时会达到百分之四。
against Dumfries, though this town is not thirty miles distant from Carlisle.
对阵邓弗里斯，尽管这个小镇距离卡莱尔不到三十英里。
But at Carlisle, bills were paid in gold and silver; whereas at Dumfries they were paid in Scotch bank notes; and the uncertainty of getting these bank notes exchanged for gold and silver coin, had thus degraded them four per cent.
但在卡莱尔，账单是用黄金和白银支付的。而在邓弗里斯，他们的工资是用苏格兰纸币支付的。将这些纸币兑换成金银币的不确定性，使它们的价值降低了百分之四。
below the value of that coin.
低于该硬币的价值。
The same act of parliament which suppressed ten and five shilling bank notes, suppressed likewise this optional clause, and thereby restored the exchange between England and Scotland to its natural rate, or to what the course of trade and remittances might happen to make it.
议会的同一法案压制了十先令和五先令的纸币，同样压制了这一可选条款，从而将英格兰和苏格兰之间的汇率恢复到自然汇率，或者恢复到贸易和汇款过程可能发生的水平。
In the paper currencies of Yorkshire, the payment of so small a sum as 6d.
在约克郡的纸币中，支付的金额只有 6 迪。
sometimes depended upon the condition, that the holder of the note should bring the change of a guinea to the person who issued it; a condition which the holders of such notes might frequently find it very difficult to fulfil, and which must have degraded this currency below the value of gold and silver money.
有时取决于纸币持有人应将零钱交给发行人的条件；这种纸币的持有者可能经常发现很难满足这一条件，并且一定会导致这种货币的价值低于金银货币的价值。
An act of parliament, accordingly, declared all such clauses unlawful, and suppressed, in the same manner as in Scotland, all promissory notes, payable to the bearer, under 20s.
因此，议会法案宣布所有此类条款非法，并以与苏格兰相同的方式禁止所有 20 岁以下的应付给持票人的期票。
value.
价值。
The paper currencies of North America consisted, not in bank notes payable to the bearer on demand, but in a government paper, of which the payment was not exigible till several years after it was issued; and though the colony governments paid no interest to the holders of this paper, they declared it to be, and in fact rendered it, a legal tender of payment for the full value for which it was issued.
北美的纸币不是按要求向持票人支付的银行票据，而是由政府票据组成，这种票据在发行几年后才可以付款；尽管殖民地政府不向该票据的持有者支付任何利息，但他们宣称该票据是并且事实上也使其成为支付其发行时全部价值的法定货币。
But allowing the colony security to be perfectly good, £100, payable fifteen years hence, for example, in a country where interest is at six per cent., is worth little more than £40 ready money.
但是，如果殖民地的安全状况非常好，100英镑，十五年后支付，例如，在一个利率为6%的国家，其价值只比40英镑的现钱多一点。
To oblige a creditor, therefore, to accept of this as full payment for a debt of £100, actually paid down in ready money, was an act of such violent injustice, as has scarce, perhaps, been attempted by the government of any other country which pretended to be free.
因此，强迫债权人接受这笔债务作为100英镑债务的全额偿付，实际上是用现钱偿还的，这是一种非常暴力的不公正行为，而任何其他自称自由的国家的政府也许很少尝试过这种行为。
It bears the evident marks of having originally been, what the honest and downright Doctor Douglas assures us it was, a scheme of fraudulent debtors to cheat their creditors.
正如诚实而彻底的道格拉斯博士向我们保证的那样，它最初是一个欺诈性债务人欺骗其债权人的计划。
The government of Pennsylvania, indeed, pretended, upon their first emission of paper money, in 1722, to render their paper of equal value with gold and silver, by enacting penalties against all those who made any difference in the price of their goods when they sold them for a colony paper, and when they sold them for gold and silver, a regulation equally tyrannical, but much less, effectual, than that which it was meant to support.
事实上，宾夕法尼亚州政府在 1722 年首次发行纸币时，就假装要使纸币与金银具有同等价值，对所有在以殖民地纸币出售商品时造成商品价格差异的人实施处罚，而当他们以金银出售商品时，这一规定同样残暴，但远不如它所支持的那样有效。
A positive law may render a shilling a legal tender for a guinea, because it may direct the courts of justice to discharge the debtor who has made that tender; but no positive law can oblige a person who sells goods, and who is at liberty to sell or not to sell as he pleases, to accept of a shilling as equivalent to a guinea in the price of them.
实在法可以使一先令成为几内亚的法定货币，因为它可以指示法院免除支付该货币的债务人的债务；但任何成文法都不能强制销售货物并可随心所欲地自由出售或不出售的人接受一先令相当于一几尼的货物价格。
Notwithstanding any regulation of this kind, it appeared, by the course of exchange with Great Britain, that £100 sterling was occasionally considered as equivalent, in some of the colonies, to £130, and in others to so great a sum as £1100 currency; this difference in the value arising from the difference in the quantity of paper emitted in the different colonies, and in the distance and probability of the term of its final discharge and redemption.
尽管有这样的规定，但在与英国的兑换过程中，100英镑在某些殖民地有时被认为相当于130英镑，而在另一些殖民地则被认为相当于1100英镑的货币；这种价值的差异是由于不同殖民地排放的纸张数量的差异以及最终排放和赎回期限的距离和概率的差异而产生的。
No law, therefore, could be more equitable than the act of parliament, so unjustly complained of in the colonies, which declared, that no paper currency to be emitted there in time coming, should be a legal tender of payment.
因此，没有任何法律比议会的法案更公平，而议会的法案在殖民地受到了不公正的抱怨，该法案宣布，未来在那里发行的纸币不应成为法定的支付货币。
Pennsylvania was always more moderate in its emissions of paper money than any other of our colonies.
宾夕法尼亚州的纸币排放量始终比我们任何其他殖民地都要温和。
Its paper currency, accordingly, is said never to have sunk below the value of the gold and silver which was current in the colony before the first emission of its paper money.
因此，据说其纸币从未跌至低于首次发行纸币之前殖民地流通的金银价值。
Before that emission, the colony had raised the denomination of its coin, and had, by act of assembly, ordered 5s.
在那次发行之前，殖民地提高了硬币的面额，并通过集会法案订购了 5 枚硬币。
sterling to pass in the colonies for 6s:3d., and afterwards for 6s:8d.
英镑在 6 秒：3 天的时间里通过殖民地，然后是 6 秒：8 天。
A pound, colony currency, therefore, even when that currency was gold and silver, was more than thirty per cent.
因此，即使殖民地货币是金和银，英镑的价值也超过百分之三十。
below the value of £1 sterling; and when that currency was turned into paper, it was seldom much more than thirty per cent.
低于 1 英镑的价值；当这种货币变成纸币时，很少会超过百分之三十。
below that value.
低于该值。
The pretence for raising the denomination of the coin was to prevent the exportation of gold and silver, by making equal quantities of those metals pass for greater sums in the colony than they did in the mother country.
提高硬币面额的借口是为了阻止金银的出口，方法是让等量的这些金属在殖民地流通的金额比在母国流通的金额更高。
It was found, however, that the price of all goods from the mother country rose exactly in proportion as they raised the denomination of their coin, so that their gold and silver were exported as fast as ever.
然而，人们发现，来自母国的所有商品的价格都随着货币面额的提高而上涨，因此他们的金银出口速度一如既往。
The paper of each colony being received in the payment of the provincial taxes, for the full value for which it had been issued, it necessarily derived from this use some additional value, over and above what it would have had, from the real or supposed distance of the term of its final discharge and redemption.
每个殖民地在缴纳省税时收到的纸币，就其发行时的全部价值而言，必然会从这种使用中获得一些额外的价值，超出其本来应有的价值，距离其最终解除和赎回期限的实际或假定距离。
This additional value was greater or less, according as the quantity of paper issued was more or less above what could be employed in the payment of the taxes of the particular colony which issued it.
这种附加值的大小取决于发行的纸张数量或多或少高于发行该纸张的特定殖民地可用于支付税款的数量。
It was in all the colonies very much above what could be employed in this manner.
在所有殖民地中，它都远远超出了可以以这种方式使用的范围。
A prince, who should enact that a certain proportion of his taxes should be paid in a paper money of a certain kind, might thereby give a certain value to this paper money, even though the term of its final discharge and redemption should depend altogether upon the will of the prince.
君主如果规定其一定比例的税款应以某种纸币缴纳，则可能会赋予这种纸币一定的价值，尽管其最终清偿和赎回的期限完全取决于君主的意愿。
If the bank which issued this paper was careful to keep the quantity of it always somewhat below what could easily be employed in this manner, the demand for it might be such as to make it even bear a premium, or sell for somewhat more in the market than the quantity of gold or silver currency for which it was issued.
如果发行这种票据的银行小心翼翼地将其数量始终保持在低于可以以这种方式使用的水平的水平，那么对其的需求可能会使其甚至承担溢价，或者在市场上以比其发行的金银货币数量更高的价格出售。
Some people account in this manner for what is called the agio of the bank of Amsterdam, or for the superiority of bank money over current money, though this bank money, as they pretend, cannot be taken out of the bank at the will of the owner.
有些人用这种方式来解释所谓的阿姆斯特丹银行的贴水，或者银行货币相对于流通货币的优越性，尽管这些银行货币，正如他们假装的那样，不能按照所有者的意愿从银行中取出。
The greater part of foreign bills of exchange must be paid in bank money, that is, by a transfer in the books of the bank; and the directors of the bank, they allege, are careful to keep the whole quantity of bank money always below what this use occasions a demand for.
大部分外国汇票必须以银行货币支付，即通过银行账簿转账；他们声称，银行董事们小心翼翼地将银行货币总量保持在低于这种用途所产生的需求的水平。
It is upon this account, they say, the bank money sells for a premium, or bears an agio of four or five per cent.
他们说，正是由于这个原因，银行资金才能溢价出售，或者具有百分之四或百分之五的贴水。
above the same nominal sum of the gold and silver currency of the country.
高于该国金银货币的相同面值总和。
This account of the bank of Amsterdam, however, it will appear hereafter, is in a great measure chimerical.
然而，从下文看来，阿姆斯特丹银行的这个账户在很大程度上是空想的。
A paper currency which falls below the value of gold and silver coin, does not thereby sink the value of those metals, or occasion equal quantities of them to exchange for a smaller quantity of goods of any other kind.
纸币的价值低于金币和银币的价值，并不会因此而降低这些金属的价值，也不会导致等量的金属兑换成数量较少的任何其他种类的商品。
The proportion between the value of gold and silver and that of goods of any other kind, depends in all cases, not upon the nature and quantity of any particular paper money, which may be current in any particular country, but upon the richness or poverty of the mines, which happen at any particular time to supply the great market of the commercial world with those metals.
金银和任何其他种类的商品的价值之间的比例在任何情况下都不取决于任何特定国家可能流通的任何特定纸币的性质和数量，而是取决于在任何特定时间为商业世界的大市场提供这些金属的矿产的丰富或贫穷。
It depends upon the proportion between the quantity of labour which is necessary in order to bring a certain quantity of gold and silver to market, and that which is necessary in order to bring thither a certain quantity of any other sort of goods.
它取决于将一定数量的金银推向市场所需的劳动量与将一定数量的任何其他种类的商品推向市场所需的劳动量之间的比例。
If bankers are restrained from issuing any circulating bank notes, or notes payable to the bearer, for less than a certain sum; and if they are subjected to the obligation of an immediate and unconditional payment of such bank notes as soon as presented, their trade may, with safety to the public, be rendered in all other respects perfectly free.
如果银行家被限制发行低于一定金额的任何流通银行票据或应付给持票人的票据；如果他们有义务在出示此类钞票后立即无条件支付，那么他们的贸易就可以在保证公众安全的情况下在所有其他方面完全自由。
The late multiplication of banking companies in both parts of the united kingdom, an event by which many people have been much alarmed, instead of diminishing, increases the security of the public.
最近，英国两地的银行公司数量激增，许多人对此感到非常震惊，但公众的安全非但没有减少，反而增加了。
It obliges all of them to be more circumspect in their conduct, and, by not extending their currency beyond its due proportion to their cash, to guard themselves against those malicious runs, which the rivalship of so many competitors is always ready to bring upon them.
它迫使他们所有人在行为上更加谨慎，并且不要将货币超出其现金的适当比例，以防止恶意挤兑，而众多竞争对手的竞争总是随时准备给他们带来这种恶意挤兑。
It restrains the circulation of each particular company within a narrower circle, and reduces their circulating notes to a smaller number.
它将每个特定公司的流通限制在一个更小的范围内，并将其流通的票据减少到更小的数量。
By dividing the whole circulation into a greater number of parts, the failure of any one company, an accident which, in the course of things, must sometimes happen, becomes of less consequence to the public.
通过将整个流通分成更多的部分，任何一家公司的失败，或者在事情发展过程中有时必然发生的事故，对公众来说都变得不那么重要。
This free competition, too, obliges all bankers to be more liberal in their dealings with their customers, lest their rivals should carry them away.
这种自由竞争也迫使所有银行家在与客户打交道时更加自由，以免被竞争对手抢走。
In general, if any branch of trade, or any division of labour, be advantageous to the public, the freer and more general the competition, it will always be the more so.
一般来说，如果任何一个贸易部门或任何劳动分工对公众有利，那么竞争越自由、越普遍，它总是越有利。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
OF THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL, OR OF PRODUCTIVE AND UNPRODUCTIVE LABOUR.
资本的积累，或生产性和非生产性劳动的积累。
There is one sort of labour which adds to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed; there is another which has no such effect.
有一种劳动可以增加其所赋予的主体的价值。还有一种则没有这样的效果。
The former as it produces a value, may be called productive, the latter, unproductive labour.
前者产生价值，可称为生产性劳动，后者可称为非生产性劳动。
{Some French authors of great learning and ingenuity have used those words in a different sense.
{一些博学多才的法国作家以不同的含义使用了这些词。
In the last chapter of the fourth book, I shall endeavour to shew that their sense is an improper one.} Thus the labour of a manufacturer adds generally to the value of the materials which he works upon, that of his own maintenance, and of his master’s profit.
在第四本书的最后一章中，我将尽力表明他们的感觉是不正确的。}因此，制造商的劳动通常会增加他所加工的材料的价值，他自己的维护价值以及他主人的利润。
The labour of a menial servant, on the contrary, adds to the value of nothing.
相反，仆人的劳动不会增加任何价值。
Though the manufacturer has his wages advanced to him by his master, he in reality costs him no expense, the value of those wages being generally restored, together with a profit, in the improved value of the subject upon which his labour is bestowed.
尽管制造商的工资是由他的主人预付给他的，但他实际上并没有花费任何费用，这些工资的价值通常会随着他的劳动所赋予的对象的价值的提高而得到恢复，并带来利润。
But the maintenance of a menial servant never is restored.
但仆人的生活却永远不会恢复。
A man grows rich by employing a multitude of manufacturers; he grows poor by maintaining a multitude or menial servants.
一个人通过雇佣众多制造商而变得富有；他因养育众多或卑微的仆人而变得贫穷。
The labour of the latter, however, has its value, and deserves its reward as well as that of the former.
然而，后者的劳动有其价值，并且与前者一样值得得到回报。
But the labour of the manufacturer fixes and realizes itself in some particular subject or vendible commodity, which lasts for some time at least after that labour is past.
但是制造商的劳动在某种特定的主体或可销售的商品中固定并实现了自己，这种劳动至少在劳动结束后还持续一段时间。
It is, as it were, a certain quantity of labour stocked and stored up, to be employed, if necessary, upon some other occasion.
可以说，它是储存和储存的一定数量的劳动力，以便在必要时在其他场合使用。
That subject, or, what is the same thing, the price of that subject, can afterwards, if necessary, put into motion a quantity of labour equal to that which had originally produced it.
如果有必要的话，这个主体，或者说，这个主体的价格，可以随后投入与最初生产它的劳动量相等的劳动量。
The labour of the menial servant, on the contrary, does not fix or realize itself in any particular subject or vendible commodity.
相反，仆人的劳动并不固定或实现于任何特定的主体或可出售的商品中。
His services generally perish in the very instant of their performance, and seldom leave any trace of value behind them, for which an equal quantity of service could afterwards be procured.
他的服务通常在履行的瞬间就消失了，并且很少留下任何价值痕迹，而之后可以为此获得同等数量的服务。
The labour of some of the most respectable orders in the society is, like that of menial servants, unproductive of any value, and does not fix or realize itself in any permanent subject, or vendible commodity, which endures after that labour is past, and for which an equal quantity of labour could afterwards be procured.
社会中一些最受尊敬的阶层的劳动，就像卑微的仆人的劳动一样，没有任何价值，并且不会固定或实现任何永久主体或可销售商品，这些商品在劳动结束后仍然存在，并且随后可以为其获得等量的劳动。
The sovereign, for example, with all the officers both of justice and war who serve under him, the whole army and navy, are unproductive labourers.
例如，君主以及在他手下服役的所有司法和战争官员，以及整个陆军和海军，都是非生产性的劳动者。
They are the servants of the public, and are maintained by a part of the annual produce of the industry of other people.
他们是公众的公仆，靠别人工业年产品的一部分来维持。
Their service, how honourable, how useful, or how necessary soever, produces nothing for which an equal quantity of service can afterwards be procured.
他们的服务，无论多么光荣，多么有用，或者多么必要，都不会产生任何事后可以获得同等数量服务的结果。
The protection, security, and defence, of the commonwealth, the effect of their labour this year, will not purchase its protection, security, and defence, for the year to come.
联邦的保护、安全和防御，他们今年的劳动成果，不会换来来年的保护、安全和防御。
In the same class must be ranked, some both of the gravest and most important, and some of the most frivolous professions; churchmen, lawyers, physicians, men of letters of all kinds; players, buffoons, musicians, opera-singers, opera-dancers, etc. The labour of the meanest of these has a certain value, regulated by the very same principles which regulate that of every other sort of labour; and that of the noblest and most useful, produces nothing which could afterwards purchase or procure an equal quantity of labour.
必须在同一级别中进行排名，有些是最严肃和最重要的职业，有些是最琐碎的职业；牧师、律师、医生、各类文人；演奏家、小丑、音乐家、歌剧演员、歌剧舞者等。其中最卑贱的人的劳动也具有一定的价值，其价值受到与其他所有劳动相同的原则的制约。而最高贵和最有用的人所生产的东西，后来却无法购买或获得同等数量的劳动。
Like the declamation of the actor, the harangue of the orator, or the tune of the musician, the work of all of them perishes in the very instant of its production.
就像演员的朗诵、演说家的长篇大论或音乐家的曲调一样，所有这些作品在创作的瞬间就消失了。
Both productive and unproductive labourers, and those who do not labour at all, are all equally maintained by the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.
无论是生产性劳动者还是非生产性劳动者，以及那些根本不劳动的人，都平等地由国家的土地和劳动的年产品来维持。
This produce, how great soever, can never be infinite, but must have certain limits.
这种产出无论有多大，都不可能是无限的，而必须有一定的限度。
According, therefore, as a smaller or greater proportion of it is in any one year employed in maintaining unproductive hands, the more in the one case, and the less in the other, will remain for the productive, and the next year’s produce will be greater or smaller accordingly; the whole annual produce, if we except the spontaneous productions of the earth, being the effect of productive labour.
因此，在任何一年中，如果用于维持非生产性劳动力的比例越来越小或越来越大，那么，在一种情况下，用于生产性劳动力的比例就越大，而在另一种情况下，留给生产性劳动力的比例就越少，那么下一年的产量就会相应地增加或减少；如果我们除去地球的自发生产，那么全部年产量都是生产劳动的结果。
Though the whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country is no doubt ultimately destined for supplying the consumption of its inhabitants, and for procuring a revenue to them; yet when it first comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, it naturally divides itself into two parts.
尽管每个国家的土地和劳动力的全部年产出无疑最终都将用于供应其居民的消费，并为他们获取收入；然而，当它最初来自土地，或者来自生产劳动者的手中时，它自然地分成两部分。
One of them, and frequently the largest, is, in the first place, destined for replacing a capital, or for renewing the provisions, materials, and finished work, which had been withdrawn from a capital; the other for constituting a revenue either to the owner of this capital, as the profit of his stock, or to some other person, as the rent of his land.
其中一个，通常是最大的，首先是为了更换首都，或更新从首都撤出的给养、材料和成品；另一个是作为资本所有者的收入（作为其股票的利润）或作为其他人的收入（作为其土地的租金）。
Thus, of the produce of land, one part replaces the capital of the farmer; the other pays his profit and the rent of the landlord; and thus constitutes a revenue both to the owner of this capital, as the profits of his stock, and to some other person as the rent of his land.
这样，土地产品的一部分替代了农民的资本，另一部分替代了农民的资本。另一方支付他的利润和房东的租金；因此，对于该资本的所有者来说，既是其股票的利润，又是其他人的收入，是其土地的租金。
Of the produce of a great manufactory, in the same manner, one part, and that always the largest, replaces the capital of the undertaker of the work; the other pays his profit, and thus constitutes a revenue to the owner of this capital.
同样，大工厂的产品中的一部分（而且总是最大的）取代了工作承担者的资本；另一个人支付他的利润，从而构成该资本所有者的收入。
That part of the annual produce of the land and labour of any country which replaces a capital, never is immediately employed to maintain any but productive hands.
任何国家土地和劳动力的年产品中替代资本的那部分永远不会立即被用来维持除了生产性的双手之外的任何人。
It pays the wages of productive labour only.
它只支付生产劳动的工资。
That which is immediately destined for constituting a revenue, either as profit or as rent, may maintain indifferently either productive or unproductive hands.
那些直接注定要构成收入的东西，无论是利润还是租金，都可能冷漠地维持着生产性或非生产性的双手。
Whatever part of his stock a man employs as a capital, he always expects it to be replaced to him with a profit.
一个人无论将股票的哪一部分用作资本，他总是期望它能被利润所取代。
He employs it, therefore, in maintaining productive hands only; and after having served in the function of a capital to him, it constitutes a revenue to them.
因此，他只用它来维持生产力。在对他发挥了资本的作用之后，它对他们构成了收入。
Whenever he employs any part of it in maintaining unproductive hands of any kind, that part is from that moment withdrawn from his capital, and placed in his stock reserved for immediate consumption.
每当他使用其中的任何一部分来维持任何类型的非生产性双手时，该部分从那时起就从他的资本中提取出来，并放入他的库存中以供立即消费。
Unproductive labourers, and those who do not labour at all, are all maintained by revenue; either, first, by that part of the annual produce which is originally destined for constituting a revenue to some particular persons, either as the rent of land, or as the profits of stock; or, secondly, by that part which, though originally destined for replacing a capital, and for maintaining productive labourers only, yet when it comes into their hands, whatever part of it is over and above their necessary subsistence, may be employed in maintaining indifferently either productive or unproductive hands.
非生产性劳动者和那些根本不劳动的人都是靠收入维持生计的。或者，首先，通过最初用于为某些特定的人构成收入的那部分年产品，或者作为土地租金，或者作为股票利润；或者，其次，这部分虽然最初是用来取代资本的，并且只是用来维持生产性劳动者的，但当它到达他们手中时，无论这部分超出了他们的生存必需品，都可以用来维持无差别的生产性劳动者或非生产性劳动者。
Thus, not only the great landlord or the rich merchant, but even the common workman, if his wages are considerable, may maintain a menial servant; or he may sometimes go to a play or a puppet-show, and so contribute his share towards maintaining one set of unproductive labourers; or he may pay some taxes, and thus help to maintain another set, more honourable and useful, indeed, but equally unproductive.
因此，不仅大地主、富商，就是普通工人，如果工资很高，也可以养一个仆人；或者他有时会去看一场戏剧或木偶戏，从而为维持一组非生产性劳动者贡献自己的一份力量；或者他可以缴纳一些税，从而帮助维持另一组，确实更光荣和有用，但同样没有生产力。
No part of the annual produce, however, which had been originally destined to replace a capital, is ever directed towards maintaining unproductive hands, till after it has put into motion its full complement of productive labour, or all that it could put into motion in the way in which it was employed.
然而，原本注定要取代资本的年产品中，没有任何一部分会被用来维持非生产性的劳动力，直到它投入了全部生产性劳动，或者它能够按照其使用方式投入的全部劳动。
The workman must have earned his wages by work done, before he can employ any part of them in this manner.
工人必须通过完成工作赚取工资，然后才能以这种方式雇用其中的任何部分。
That part, too, is generally but a small one.
这部分通常也很小。
It is his spare revenue only, of which productive labourers have seldom a great deal.
这只是他的闲余收入，生产劳动者很少有这样的收入。
They generally have some, however; and in the payment of taxes, the greatness of their number may compensate, in some measure, the smallness of their contribution.
然而，他们通常有一些；在纳税方面，他们人数众多，可以在某种程度上补偿他们贡献的微小。
The rent of land and the profits of stock are everywhere, therefore, the principal sources from which unproductive hands derive their subsistence.
因此，地租和股票利润无处不在，它们是非生产性劳动者赖以生存的主要来源。
These are the two sorts of revenue of which the owners have generally most to spare.
这是所有者通常最有闲钱的两种收入。
They might both maintain indifferently, either productive or unproductive hands.
他们可能都保持着漠不关心的态度，无论是富有成效的还是无成效的。
They seem, however, to have some predilection for the latter.
然而，他们似乎更偏爱后者。
The expense of a great lord feeds generally more idle than industrious people.
大领主的开支通常比勤劳的人更能养活懒惰的人。
The rich merchant, though with his capital he maintains industrious people only, yet by his expense, that is, by the employment of his revenue, he feeds commonly the very same sort as the great lord.
富商虽然用他的资本只养活勤劳的人民，但他用他的开支，即用他的收入，通常养活与大领主一样的人。
The proportion, therefore, between the productive and unproductive hands, depends very much in every country upon the proportion between that part of the annual produce, which, as soon as it comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, is destined for replacing a capital, and that which is destined for constituting a revenue, either as rent or as profit.
因此，在每个国家，生产性劳动者和非生产性劳动者之间的比例在很大程度上取决于年产品中用于替代资本的那部分年产品与用于构成收入（无论是地租还是利润）的部分之间的比例。
This proportion is very different in rich from what it is in poor countries.
富国和穷国的这一比例有很大不同。
Thus, at present, in the opulent countries of Europe, a very large, frequently the largest, portion of the produce of the land, is destined for replacing the capital of the rich and independent farmer; the other for paying his profits, and the rent of the landlord.
因此，目前，在欧洲的富裕国家，土地产品的很大一部分，通常是最大的一部分，注定要取代富裕而独立的农民的资本。另一个用于支付他的利润和房东的租金。
But anciently, during the prevalency of the feudal government, a very small portion of the produce was sufficient to replace the capital employed in cultivation.
但在古代，在封建政府盛行的时期，很少一部分农产品就足以替代耕种所用的资本。
It consisted commonly in a few wretched cattle, maintained altogether by the spontaneous produce of uncultivated land, and which might, therefore, be considered as a part of that spontaneous produce.
它通常由一些可怜的牛组成，完全由未开垦土地的自发产物维持，因此，它们可以被视为自发产物的一部分。
It generally, too, belonged to the landlord, and was by him advanced to the occupiers of the land.
它通常也属于地主，并由地主预付给土地的占有者。
All the rest of the produce properly belonged to him too, either as rent for his land, or as profit upon this paltry capital.
所有其余的产品也理所当然地属于他，要么作为他的土地的租金，要么作为这笔微薄资本的利润。
The occupiers of land were generally bond-men, whose persons and effects were equally his property.
土地的占有者一般是奴隶，他们的人身和财物同样是他的财产。
Those who were not bond-men were tenants at will; and though the rent which they paid was often nominally little more than a quit-rent, it really amounted to the whole produce of the land.
那些不是奴隶的人可以随意成为佃户。尽管他们支付的地租通常名义上只不过是地租，但实际上相当于土地的全部出产。
Their lord could at all times command their labour in peace and their service in war.
他们的主人在和平时期随时可以指挥他们的劳动，在战争时期也可以指挥他们的服务。
Though they lived at a distance from his house, they were equally dependent upon him as his retainers who lived in it.
虽然他们住的地方离他的房子很远，但他们和住在里面的他的家臣一样依赖他。
But the whole produce of the land undoubtedly belongs to him, who can dispose of the labour and service of all those whom it maintains.
但土地的全部产品无疑都属于他，他可以支配所有土地所维持的人的劳动和服务。
In the present state of Europe, the share of the landlord seldom exceeds a third, sometimes not a fourth part of the whole produce of the land.
在欧洲目前的状况下，地主的份额很少超过土地全部产出的三分之一，有时甚至不到四分之一。
The rent of land, however, in all the improved parts of the country, has been tripled and quadrupled since those ancient times; and this third or fourth part of the annual produce is, it seems, three or four times greater than the whole had been before.
然而，自古以来，在这个国家所有经济发达的地区，地租已经增加了三倍或四倍。年产量的第三或第四部分似乎比以前多了三到四倍。
In the progress of improvement, rent, though it increases in proportion to the extent, diminishes in proportion to the produce of the land.
在改良过程中，地租虽然与程度成正比增加，但与土地产量成正比减少。
In the opulent countries of Europe, great capitals are at present employed in trade and manufactures.
在欧洲富裕国家，大量资本目前被用于贸易和制造业。
In the ancient state, the little trade that was stirring, and the few homely and coarse manufactures that were carried on, required but very small capitals.
在古代国家，小规模的贸易正在蓬勃发展，并且进行着少量的粗制滥造的制造业，只需要很少的资本。
These, however, must have yielded very large profits.
然而，这些一定产生了非常大的利润。
The rate of interest was nowhere less than ten per cent.
利率不低于百分之十。
and their profits must have been sufficient to afford this great interest.
他们的利润一定足以支付这么大的利息。
At present, the rate of interest, in the improved parts of Europe, is nowhere higher than six per cent.; and in some of the most improved, it is so low as four, three, and two per cent.
目前，欧洲经济发达地区的利率根本不高于百分之六。在一些改善最大的国家中，这一比例低至百分之四、百分之三和百分之二。
Though that part of the revenue of the inhabitants which is derived from the profits of stock, is always much greater in rich than in poor countries, it is because the stock is much greater; in proportion to the stock, the profits are generally much less.
尽管富国居民从股票利润中获得的那部分收入总是比穷国多得多，但这是因为股票多得多。与股票相比，利润通常要少得多。
That part of the annual produce, therefore, which, as soon as it comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, is destined for replacing a capital, is not only much greater in rich than in poor countries, but bears a much greater proportion to that which is immediately destined for constituting a revenue either as rent or as profit.
因此，一旦来自土地或生产劳动者手中的那部分年产品注定要替代资本，富国不仅比穷国多得多，而且在直接用来构成租金或利润的收入中所占的比例也大得多。
The funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour are not only much greater in the former than in the latter, but bear a much greater proportion to those which, though they may be employed to maintain either productive or unproductive hands, have generally a predilection for the latter.
前者用于维持生产性劳动的资金不仅比后者多得多，而且在那些虽然可能用于维持生产性劳动或非生产性劳动但通常偏爱后者的资金中所占的比例要大得多。
The proportion between those different funds necessarily determines in every country the general character of the inhabitants as to industry or idleness.
这些不同资金之间的比例必然决定每个国家居民的勤劳或闲散的一般特征。
We are more industrious than our forefathers, because, in the present times, the funds destined for the maintenance of industry are much greater in proportion to those which are likely to be employed in the maintenance of idleness, than they were two or three centuries ago.
我们比我们的祖先更加勤奋，因为在当今时代，用于维持工业的资金与可能用于维持闲散的资金的比例比两三个世纪前要大得多。
Our ancestors were idle for want of a sufficient encouragement to industry.
我们的祖先因为缺乏对工业的充分鼓励而无所事事。
It is better, says the proverb, to play for nothing, than to work for nothing.
俗话说，无所事事地玩耍，比无所事事地工作要好。
In mercantile and manufacturing towns, where the inferior ranks of people are chiefly maintained by the employment of capital, they are in general industrious, sober, and thriving; as in many English, and in most Dutch towns.
在商业和制造业城镇中，底层人民主要靠资本的使用来维持，他们一般都是勤劳、清醒和繁荣的。就像许多英语和大多数荷兰城镇一样。
In those towns which are principally supported by the constant or occasional residence of a court, and in which the inferior ranks of people are chiefly maintained by the spending of revenue, they are in general idle, dissolute, and poor; as at Rome, Versailles, Compeigne, and Fontainbleau.
在那些主要靠常驻或偶尔居住的宫廷维持生计、下层人民主要靠财政支出维持生计的城镇里，他们一般都是游手好闲、放荡和贫穷的。如罗马、凡尔赛、贡佩涅和枫丹白露。
If you except Rouen and Bourdeaux, there is little trade or industry in any of the parliament towns of France; and the inferior ranks of people, being chiefly maintained by the expense of the members of the courts of justice, and of those who come to plead before them, are in general idle and poor.
如果除了鲁昂和布尔多之外，法国的任何议会城镇都几乎没有贸易或工业。下层人民主要靠法院法官和前来法庭辩护的人的开支维持生计，他们普遍游手好闲且贫穷。
The great trade of Rouen and Bourdeaux seems to be altogether the effect of their situation.
鲁昂和布尔多的巨大贸易似乎完全是其所处处境的结果。
Rouen is necessarily the entrepot of almost all the goods which are brought either from foreign countries, or from the maritime provinces of France, for the consumption of the great city of Paris.
鲁昂必然是几乎所有从外国或法国沿海省份运来的货物的转口地，供大城市巴黎消费。
Bourdeaux is, in the same manner, the entrepot of the wines which grow upon the banks of the Garronne, and of the rivers which run into it, one of the richest wine countries in the world, and which seems to produce the wine fittest for exportation, or best suited to the taste of foreign nations.
同样，布尔多也是加龙河沿岸和注入加龙河的河流中生长的葡萄酒的集散地，是世界上最富有的葡萄酒国家之一，似乎生产出最适合出口或最适合外国口味的葡萄酒。
Such advantageous situations necessarily attract a great capital by the great employment which they afford it; and the employment of this capital is the cause of the industry of those two cities.
这种有利的形势必然会因其提供的大量就业机会而吸引大量资本。而这个资本的就业，就是这两个城市的工业的事业。
In the other parliament towns of France, very little more capital seems to be employed than what is necessary for supplying their own consumption; that is, little more than the smallest capital which can be employed in them.
在法国的其他议会城镇，所使用的资本似乎只多于供应自身消费所需的资本。也就是说，只不过是可以在其中使用的最小资本。
The same thing may be said of Paris, Madrid, and Vienna.
同样的情况也适用于巴黎、马德里和维也纳。
Of those three cities, Paris is by far the most industrious, but Paris itself is the principal market of all the manufactures established at Paris, and its own consumption is the principal object of all the trade which it carries on.
在这三个城市中，巴黎是迄今为止最勤奋的，但巴黎本身是在巴黎建立的所有制造商的主要市场，其自身的消费是其进行的所有贸易的主要目标。
London, Lisbon, and Copenhagen, are, perhaps, the only three cities in Europe, which are both the constant residence of a court, and can at the same time be considered as trading cities, or as cities which trade not only for their own consumption, but for that of other cities and countries.
伦敦、里斯本和哥本哈根也许是欧洲仅有的三个既是宫廷常驻地又可以同时被视为贸易城市的城市，或者说是不仅为了自身消费而且还为了其他城市和国家的消费而进行贸易的城市。
The situation of all the three is extremely advantageous, and naturally fits them to be the entrepots of a great part of the goods destined for the consumption of distant places.
这三个地方的地理位置都十分优越，自然适合作为大部分运往远方消费的货物的转口地。
In a city where a great revenue is spent, to employ with advantage a capital for any other purpose than for supplying the consumption of that city, is probably more difficult than in one in which the inferior ranks of people have no other maintenance but what they derive from the employment of such a capital.
在一个花费大量收入的城市中，将资本有利地用于除供应该城市消费之外的任何其他目的，可能比在一个低层人民除了从使用这种资本中获得的收入之外没有其他维持生计的城市更困难。
The idleness of the greater part of the people who are maintained by the expense of revenue, corrupts, it is probable, the industry of those who ought to be maintained by the employment of capital, and renders it less advantageous to employ a capital there than in other places.
大多数靠税收支出维持生计的人的闲散，很可能会腐蚀那些本应靠使用资本来维持的人的勤奋，并使在那里使用资本比在其他地方更有利。
There was little trade or industry in Edinburgh before the Union.
在联邦成立之前，爱丁堡几乎没有贸易或工业。
When the Scotch parliament was no longer to be assembled in it, when it ceased to be the necessary residence of the principal nobility and gentry of Scotland, it became a city of some trade and industry.
当苏格兰议会不再在此召开时，当它不再是苏格兰主要贵族和绅士的必要住所时，它就成为了一座贸易和工业城市。
It still continues, however, to be the residence of the principal courts of justice in Scotland, of the boards of customs and excise, etc. A considerable revenue, therefore, still continues to be spent in it.
然而，它仍然是苏格兰主要法院、海关和税务局等机构的所在地。因此，仍然有大量收入花在其中。
In trade and industry, it is much inferior to Glasgow, of which the inhabitants are chiefly maintained by the employment of capital.
在贸易和工业方面，它比格拉斯哥差得多，格拉斯哥的居民主要靠资本的使用维持生计。
The inhabitants of a large village, it has sometimes been observed, after having made considerable progress in manufactures, have become idle and poor, in consequence of a great lord’s having taken up his residence in their neighbourhood.
人们有时会观察到，一个大村庄的居民在制造业取得了相当大的进步之后，却因为一位大领主在他们附近定居而变得游手好闲和贫穷。
The proportion between capital and revenue, therefore, seems everywhere to regulate the proportion between industry and idleness.
因此，资本与收入之间的比例似乎到处都在调节勤奋与闲散之间的比例。
Wherever capital predominates, industry prevails; wherever revenue, idleness.
资本占主导地位的地方，工业占主导地位；哪里有收入，哪里就闲着。
Every increase or diminution of capital, therefore, naturally tends to increase or diminish the real quantity of industry, the number of productive hands, and consequently the exchangeable value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, the real wealth and revenue of all its inhabitants.
因此，资本的每一次增加或减少，自然会增加或减少工业的实际数量、生产工人的数量，从而增加或减少国家土地和劳动力年产品的交换价值、所有居民的实际财富和收入。
Capitals are increased by parsimony, and diminished by prodigality and misconduct.
资本因吝啬而增加，因挥霍和不当行为而减少。
Whatever a person saves from his revenue he adds to his capital, and either employs it himself in maintaining an additional number of productive hands, or enables some other person to do so, by lending it to him for an interest, that is, for a share of the profits.
一个人从他的收入中节省下来的任何东西都会增加到他的资本中，并且要么自己使用它来维持额外数量的生产性劳动力，要么通过将其借给他以获取利息（即利润的一部分）来让其他人这样做。
As the capital of an individual can be increased only by what he saves from his annual revenue or his annual gains, so the capital of a society, which is the same with that of all the individuals who compose it, can be increased only in the same manner.
正如个人的资本只能通过他从年收入或年收益中节省下来的资金来增加一样，一个社会的资本也只能以同样的方式增加，社会的资本与组成社会的所有个人的资本是一样的。
Parsimony, and not industry, is the immediate cause of the increase of capital.
资本增加的直接原因是吝啬，而不是工业。
Industry, indeed, provides the subject which parsimony accumulates; but whatever industry might acquire, if parsimony did not save and store up, the capital would never be the greater.
事实上，工业提供了节俭积累的主题。但是，无论工业获得什么，如果不节俭地储蓄和积累，资本就永远不会增加。
Parsimony, by increasing the fund which is destined for the maintenance of productive hands, tends to increase the number of those hands whose labour adds to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed.
节俭通过增加用于维持生产性劳动力的资金，往往会增加那些劳动力的数量，这些劳动力的劳动增加了其所赋予的主体的价值。
It tends, therefore, to increase the exchangeable value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.
因此，它往往会增加国家土地和劳动力年产品的交换价值。
It puts into motion an additional quantity of industry, which gives an additional value to the annual produce.
它启动了额外的工业数量，从而为年产品带来了附加值。
What is annually saved, is as regularly consumed as what is annually spent, and nearly in the same time too: but it is consumed by a different set of people.
每年节省下来的钱和每年花费的钱一样经常被消费，而且几乎在同一时间消费：但它被不同的人消费。
That portion of his revenue which a rich man annually spends, is, in most cases, consumed by idle guests and menial servants, who leave nothing behind them in return for their consumption.
富人每年花费的那部分收入，在大多数情况下，都被游手好闲的客人和卑微的仆人所消耗，他们的消费没有留下任何回报。
That portion which he annually saves, as, for the sake of the profit, it is immediately employed as a capital, is consumed in the same manner, and nearly in the same time too, but by a different set of people: by labourers, manufacturers, and artificers, who reproduce, with a profit, the value of their annual consumption.
他每年节省下来的那部分，因为为了利润，它立即被用作资本，以同样的方式、几乎在同一时间被消费，但被不同的一群人消费：被劳动者、制造商和工匠，他们以利润再生产他们每年消费的价值。
His revenue, we shall suppose, is paid him in money.
我们假设，他的收入是以货币形式支付的。
Had he spent the whole, the food, clothing, and lodging, which the whole could have purchased, would have been distributed among the former set of people.
如果他把全部都花光了，那么全部可以购买的食物、衣服和住宿，都会分配给以前的那群人。
By saving a part of it, as that part is, for the sake of the profit, immediately employed as a capital, either by himself or by some other person, the food, clothing, and lodging, which may be purchased with it, are necessarily reserved for the latter.
通过储蓄一部分，因为这部分为了利润，立即被自己或其他人用作资本，那么用它购买的食物、衣服和住宿就必然为后者保留。
The consumption is the same, but the consumers are different.
消费是一样的，但消费者是不同的。
By what a frugal man annually saves, he not only affords maintenance to an additional number of productive hands, for that of the ensuing year, but like the founder of a public work-house he establishes, as it were, a perpetual fund for the maintenance of an equal number in all times to come.
一个节俭的人每年节省下来的钱，不仅可以维持下一年额外数量的生产性劳动力的生活，而且像公共济贫院的创始人一样，他可以说建立了一个永久性基金，用于在未来的任何时候维持同等数量的劳动力。
The perpetual allotment and destination of this fund, indeed, is not always guarded by any positive law, by any trust-right or deed of mortmain.
事实上，该基金的永久分配和目的地并不总是受到任何成文法、任何信托权或抵押契约的保护。
It is always guarded, however, by a very powerful principle, the plain and evident interest of every individual to whom any share of it shall ever belong.
然而，它总是受到一个非常有力的原则的保护，即它的任何份额所属的每个人的明确而明显的利益。
No part of it can ever afterwards be employed to maintain any but productive hands, without an evident loss to the person who thus perverts it from its proper destination.
以后，它的任何部分都不能被用来维持除了生产力之外的任何人，而不会给那些因此而将其偏离其正确用途的人造成明显的损失。
The prodigal perverts it in this manner: By not confining his expense within his income, he encroaches upon his capital.
浪子以这种方式曲解了这一点：他不将支出限制在收入之内，就侵占了他的资本。
Like him who perverts the revenues of some pious foundation to profane purposes, he pays the wages of idleness with those funds which the frugality of his forefathers had, as it were, consecrated to the maintenance of industry.
就像那些将某个虔诚基金会的收入用于亵渎目的的人一样，他用他祖先的节俭所奉献的那些资金来支付闲散的工资，这些资金可以说是专门用来维持工业的。
By diminishing the funds destined for the employment of productive labour, he necessarily diminishes, so far as it depends upon him, the quantity of that labour which adds a value to the subject upon which it is bestowed, and, consequently, the value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the whole country, the real wealth and revenue of its inhabitants.
通过减少用于生产性劳动的资金，他必然会减少（只要它取决于他）为所赋予的主体增加价值的劳动量，从而减少整个国家的土地和劳动的年产品价值、其居民的实际财富和收入。
If the prodigality of some were not compensated by the frugality of others, the conduct of every prodigal, by feeding the idle with the bread of the industrious, would tend not only to beggar himself, but to impoverish his country.
如果一些人的挥霍没有得到另一些人的节俭的补偿，那么每个挥霍者用勤劳者的面包来养活懒惰者的行为，不仅会导致自己沦为乞丐，而且会使他的国家陷入贫困。
Though the expense of the prodigal should be altogether in home made, and no part of it in foreign commodities, its effect upon the productive funds of the society would still be the same.
尽管浪子的开支应该完全是国内的，而不是外国商品的一部分，但它对社会生产资金的影响仍然是一样的。
Every year there would still be a certain quantity of food and clothing, which ought to have maintained productive, employed in maintaining unproductive hands.
每年仍有一定数量的食物和衣服，本应维持生产性，用于维持非生产性的双手。
Every year, therefore, there would still be some diminution in what would otherwise have been the value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.
因此，每年，国家土地和劳动力的年产品价值仍然会有所减少。
This expense, it may be said, indeed, not being in foreign goods, and not occasioning any exportation of gold and silver, the same quantity of money would remain in the country as before.
确实，可以说，这笔费用不用于外国商品，也不引起任何金银出口，国内仍将保留与以前相同数量的货币。
But if the quantity of food and clothing which were thus consumed by unproductive, had been distributed among productive hands, they would have reproduced, together with a profit, the full value of their consumption.
但是，如果非生产者所消耗的食物和衣服的数量被分配给生产者，那么他们就可以再生产他们的消费的全部价值，同时获得利润。
The same quantity of money would, in this case, equally have remained in the country, and there would, besides, have been a reproduction of an equal value of consumable goods.
在这种情况下，同样数量的货币将同样留在国内，而且还会有同等价值的消费品的再生产。
There would have been two values instead of one.
将会有两个值而不是一个。
The same quantity of money, besides, can not long remain in any country in which the value of the annual produce diminishes.
此外，同样数量的货币不可能长期存在于年产品价值下降的国家。
The sole use of money is to circulate consumable goods.
货币的唯一用途是流通消费品。
By means of it, provisions, materials, and finished work, are bought and sold, and distributed to their proper consumers.
通过它，供给品、材料和成品被买卖，并分配给适当的消费者。
The quantity of money, therefore, which can be annually employed in any country, must be determined by the value of the consumable goods annually circulated within it.
因此，任何国家每年可使用的货币数量必须由该国每年流通的消费品的价值决定。
These must consist, either in the immediate produce of the land and labour of the country itself, or in something which had been purchased with some part of that produce.
这些必须要么是国家本身的土地和劳动力的直接产品，要么是用部分产品购买的东西。
Their value, therefore, must diminish as the value of that produce diminishes, and along with it the quantity of money which can be employed in circulating them.
因此，它们的价值必定会随着产品价值的减少而减少，以及可用于流通它们的货币数量的减少。
But the money which, by this annual diminution of produce, is annually thrown out of domestic circulation, will not be allowed to lie idle.
但是，由于产量逐年减少，每年被排除在国内流通之外的资金将不会被闲置。
The interest of whoever possesses it requires that it should be employed; but having no employment at home, it will, in spite of all laws and prohibitions, be sent abroad, and employed in purchasing consumable goods, which may be of some use at home.
拥有它的人的利益要求它应该被使用；但由于在国内没有工作，尽管有所有法律和禁令，它仍将被派往国外，并受雇购买消费品，这些消费品在国内可能有用。
Its annual exportation will, in this manner, continue for some time to add something to the annual consumption of the country beyond the value of its own annual produce.
这样，其每年的出口将在一段时间内继续增加该国的年消费量，超出其自身年产品的价值。
What in the days of its prosperity had been saved from that annual produce, and employed in purchasing gold and silver, will contribute, for some little time, to support its consumption in adversity.
在其繁荣时期，从年生产中节省下来的、用于购买黄金和白银的资金，将在一段时间内支持其在逆境中的消费。
The exportation of gold and silver is, in this case, not the cause, but the effect of its declension, and may even, for some little time, alleviate the misery of that declension.
在这种情况下，黄金和白银的出口并不是其衰落的原因，而是其结果，甚至可能在一段时间内缓解该衰落的痛苦。
The quantity of money, on the contrary, must in every country naturally increase as the value of the annual produce increases.
相反，每个国家的货币数量必然随着年产品价值的增加而自然增加。
The value of the consumable goods annually circulated within the society being greater, will require a greater quantity of money to circulate them.
每年在社会中流通的消费品的价值越大，则需要越多的货币来流通。
A part of the increased produce, therefore, will naturally be employed in purchasing, wherever it is to be had, the additional quantity of gold and silver necessary for circulating the rest.
因此，增加的产品的一部分自然会被用来购买（无论哪里有）额外的金银，以流通其余的产品。
The increase of those metals will, in this case, be the effect, not the cause, of the public prosperity.
在这种情况下，这些金属的增加将成为公共繁荣的结果，而不是原因。
Gold and silver are purchased everywhere in the same manner.
黄金和白银在任何地方都以相同的方式购买。
The food, clothing, and lodging, the revenue and maintenance, of all those whose labour or stock is employed in bringing them from the mine to the market, is the price paid for them in Peru as well as in England.
食物、衣服、住宿、收入和生活费，所有那些被雇用的劳动力或股票从矿山运到市场的人，都是在秘鲁和英国支付的价格。
The country which has this price to pay, will never belong without the quantity of those metals which it has occasion for; and no country will ever long retain a quantity which it has no occasion for.
一个国家必须付出这样的代价，如果没有它所需要的金属数量，它就永远不会属于自己。任何国家都不会长期保留其不需要的数量。
Whatever, therefore, we may imagine the real wealth and revenue of a country to consist in, whether in the value of the annual produce of its land and labour, as plain reason seems to dictate, or in the quantity of the precious metals which circulate within it, as vulgar prejudices suppose; in either view of the matter, every prodigal appears to be a public enemy, and every frugal man a public benefactor.
因此，我们可以想象一个国家的真正财富和收入是什么，无论是其土地和劳动的年产品价值（如显而易见的理性所决定的），还是其内部流通的贵金属的数量（如庸俗偏见所假设的）；无论从哪种角度来看，每个浪子似乎都是公众的敌人，而每个节俭的人似乎都是公众的恩人。
The effects of misconduct are often the same as those of prodigality.
不当行为的后果往往与挥霍的后果相同。
Every injudicious and unsuccessful project in agriculture, mines, fisheries, trade, or manufactures, tends in the same manner to diminish the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour.
农业、矿业、渔业、贸易或制造业中的每一个不明智和不成功的项目，都会以同样的方式减少用于维持生产性劳动的资金。
In every such project, though the capital is consumed by productive hands only, yet as, by the injudicious manner in which they are employed, they do not reproduce the full value of their consumption, there must always be some diminution in what would otherwise have been the productive funds of the society.
在每一个这样的项目中，尽管资本只被生产者消耗，但由于他们的使用方式不明智，他们并没有再生产其消费的全部价值，所以社会的生产资金必然会有所减少。
It can seldom happen, indeed, that the circumstances of a great nation can be much affected either by the prodigality or misconduct of individuals; the profusion or imprudence of some being always more than compensated by the frugality and good conduct of others.
事实上，一个伟大国家的境况很少会因个人的挥霍或不当行为而受到很大影响。某些人的挥霍或轻率总是会被另一些人的节俭和良好行为所补偿。
With regard to profusion, the principle which prompts to expense is the passion for present enjoyment; which, though sometimes violent and very difficult to be restrained, is in general only momentary and occasional.
就富裕而言，促使消费的原则是对当前享乐的热情；尽管有时是暴力的并且很难被抑制，但一般来说只是暂时的和偶然的。
But the principle which prompts to save, is the desire of bettering our condition; a desire which, though generally calm and dispassionate, comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us till we go into the grave.
但促使我们储蓄的原则是改善我们状况的愿望；这种欲望虽然通常是平静和冷静的，但它从子宫里就伴随着我们，直到我们进入坟墓才离开我们。
In the whole interval which separates those two moments, there is scarce, perhaps, a single instance, in which any man is so perfectly and completely satisfied with his situation, as to be without any wish of alteration or improvement of any kind.
在这两个时刻之间的整个时间间隔中，也许很少有一个人对自己的处境如此完美和完全满意，以至于不希望有任何改变或改进。
An augmentation of fortune is the means by which the greater part of men propose and wish to better their condition.
增加财富是大多数人提出并希望改善自己状况的手段。
It is the means the most vulgar and the most obvious; and the most likely way of augmenting their fortune, is to save and accumulate some part of what they acquire, either regularly and annually, or upon some extraordinary occasion.
这是最粗俗、最明显的手段；增加财富的最有可能的方法是定期或每年或在某些特殊场合储蓄和积累所获得的部分财产。
Though the principle of expense, therefore, prevails in almost all men upon some occasions, and in some men upon almost all occasions; yet in the greater part of men, taking the whole course of their life at an average, the principle of frugality seems not only to predominate, but to predominate very greatly.
因此，虽然开支原则在某些情况下几乎对所有人都盛行，而有些人则几乎在所有情况下都盛行。然而，在大多数人的一生中，平均而言，节俭的原则似乎不仅占主导地位，而且占主导地位非常大。
With regard to misconduct, the number of prudent and successful undertakings is everywhere much greater than that of injudicious and unsuccessful ones.
就不当行为而言，谨慎而成功的行为数量远多于不明智且不成功的行为。
After all our complaints of the frequency of bankruptcies, the unhappy men who fall into this misfortune, make but a very small part of the whole number engaged in trade, and all other sorts of business; not much more, perhaps, than one in a thousand.
尽管我们对破产的频繁发生提出了各种抱怨，但那些不幸陷入这种不幸的人，只占从事贸易和所有其他种类业务的总数中的一小部分；也许不比千分之一多多少。
Bankruptcy is, perhaps, the greatest and most humiliating calamity which can befal an innocent man.
破产也许是无辜者遭受的最大、最耻辱的灾难。
The greater part of men, therefore, are sufficiently careful to avoid it.
因此，大多数人都非常小心地避免这种情况。
Some, indeed, do not avoid it; as some do not avoid the gallows.
事实上，有些人并没有回避它；有些人则没有这样做。因为有些人无法避免绞刑架。
Great nations are never impoverished by private, though they sometimes are by public prodigality and misconduct.
伟大的国家永远不会因私人而陷入贫困，尽管有时会因公共的挥霍和不当行为而陷入贫困。
The whole, or almost the whole public revenue is, in most countries, employed in maintaining unproductive hands.
在大多数国家，全部或几乎全部公共收入都用于维持非生产性劳动力。
Such are the people who compose a numerous and splendid court, a great ecclesiastical establishment, great fleets and armies, who in time of peace produce nothing, and in time of war acquire nothing which can compensate the expense of maintaining them, even while the war lasts.
这些人组成了众多而辉煌的宫廷、伟大的教会机构、伟大的舰队和军队，他们在和平时期什么也不生产，在战争时期也没有获得任何东西来补偿维持它们的费用，即使在战争持续期间也是如此。
Such people, as they themselves produce nothing, are all maintained by the produce of other men’s labour.
这些人，由于他们自己不生产任何东西，都是靠别人的劳动产品维持生计的。
When multiplied, therefore, to an unnecessary number, they may in a particular year consume so great a share of this produce, as not to leave a sufficiency for maintaining the productive labourers, who should reproduce it next year.
因此，当数量增加到不必要的数量时，他们可能在某一年消耗掉很大一部分这种产品，以至于没有足够的钱来维持生产劳动者，而他们明年应该再生产这些产品。
The next year’s produce, therefore, will be less than that of the foregoing; and if the same disorder should continue, that of the third year will be still less than that of the second.
因此，下一年的产量将少于前一年；如果同样的混乱继续下去，第三年的混乱程度将比第二年的还要少。
Those unproductive hands who should be maintained by a part only of the spare revenue of the people, may consume so great a share of their whole revenue, and thereby oblige so great a number to encroach upon their capitals, upon the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour, that all the frugality and good conduct of individuals may not be able to compensate the waste and degradation of produce occasioned by this violent and forced encroachment.
那些本应仅靠人民剩余收入的一部分来维持的非生产性双手，可能会消耗其全部收入的很大一部分，从而迫使如此多的人侵占他们的资本，侵占用于维持生产性劳动的资金，以至于个人的所有节俭和良好行为都可能无法补偿这种暴力和强迫侵占所造成的产品浪费和退化。
This frugality and good conduct, however, is, upon most occasions, it appears from experience, sufficient to compensate, not only the private prodigality and misconduct of individuals, but the public extravagance of government.
然而，从经验看来，在大多数情况下，这种节俭和良好的行为不仅足以弥补个人的私人挥霍和不当行为，而且足以弥补政府在公共场合的铺张浪费。
The uniform, constant, and uninterrupted effort of every man to better his condition, the principle from which public and national, as well as private opulence is originally derived, is frequently powerful enough to maintain the natural progress of things towards improvement, in spite both of the extravagance of government, and of the greatest errors of administration.
每个人为改善自己的状况而一致、持续和不间断的努力，是公共和国家以及私人富裕最初产生的原则，往往足以保持事物朝着改善的自然进展，尽管政府有铺张浪费，也有最大的管理错误。
Like the unknown principle of animal life, it frequently restores health and vigour to the constitution, in spite not only of the disease, but of the absurd prescriptions of the doctor.
就像动物生命中未知的原理一样，它经常使体质恢复健康和活力，不仅不受疾病的影响，而且不受医生荒谬处方的影响。
The annual produce of the land and labour of any nation can be increased in its value by no other means, but by increasing either the number of its productive labourers, or the productive powers of those labourers who had before been employed.
任何国家的土地和劳动力的年产值的增加没有其他办法，只能通过增加其生产性劳动者的数量，或者增加以前被雇用的劳动者的生产力来实现。
The number of its productive labourers, it is evident, can never be much increased, but in consequence of an increase of capital, or of the funds destined for maintaining them.
显然，除非资本或用于维持他们的资金增加，否则其生产劳动者的数量永远不可能增加太多。
The productive powers of the same number of labourers cannot be increased, but in consequence either of some addition and improvement to those machines and instruments which facilitate and abridge labour, or of more proper division and distribution of employment.
同样数量的劳动者的生产力不可能提高，结果要么是对那些有利于和减少劳动的机器和工具进行某种增加和改进，要么是更适当地分工和分配就业。
In either case, an additional capital is almost always required.
无论哪种情况，几乎总是需要额外的资本。
It is by means of an additional capital only, that the undertaker of any work can either provide his workmen with better machinery, or make a more proper distribution of employment among them.
只有通过额外的资本，任何工作的承担者才能为其工人提供更好的机械，或者在他们之间进行更适当的就业分配。
When the work to be done consists of a number of parts, to keep every man constantly employed in one way, requires a much greater capital than where every man is occasionally employed in every different part of the work.
当要完成的工作由多个部分组成时，要让每个人始终以一种方式受雇，比每个人偶尔受雇于工作的每个不同部分需要更多的资本。
When we compare, therefore, the state of a nation at two different periods, and find that the annual produce of its land and labour is evidently greater at the latter than at the former, that its lands are better cultivated, its manufactures more numerous and more flourishing, and its trade more extensive; we may be assured that its capital must have increased during the interval between those two periods, and that more must have been added to it by the good conduct of some, than had been taken from it either by the private misconduct of others, or by the public extravagance of government.
因此，当我们比较一个民族在两个不同时期的状况时，就会发现，后者的土地和劳动力的年生产量明显高于前者，其土地耕种得更好，其制造业更加丰富和繁荣，其贸易更加广泛；我们可以确信，在这两个时期之间，它的资本一定有所增加，并且由于某些人的良好行为所增加的资本一定比由于其他人私人不当行为或政府公开铺张浪费所夺走的资本还要多。
But we shall find this to have been the case of almost all nations, in all tolerably quiet and peaceable times, even of those who have not enjoyed the most prudent and parsimonious governments.
但我们会发现，在所有还算平静和和平的时期，几乎所有国家都是如此，甚至那些没有享受过最审慎和节俭政府的国家也是如此。
To form a right judgment of it, indeed, we must compare the state of the country at periods somewhat distant from one another.
事实上，为了做出正确的判断，我们必须比较不同时期的国家状况。
The progress is frequently so gradual, that, at near periods, the improvement is not only not sensible, but, from the declension either of certain branches of industry, or of certain districts of the country, things which sometimes happen, though the country in general is in great prosperity, there frequently arises a suspicion, that the riches and industry of the whole are decaying.
这种进步往往是渐进的，以至于在不久的时期内，这种进步不仅不明显，而且由于某些工业部门或国家某些地区的衰落，有时会发生这样的情况，尽管整个国家总体上非常繁荣，但人们常常怀疑整个国家的财富和工业正在衰落。
The annual produce of the land and labour of England, for example, is certainly much greater than it was a little more than a century ago, at the restoration of Charles II.
例如，英国土地和劳动力的年产出肯定比一个多世纪前查理二世复辟时要高得多。
Though at present few people, I believe, doubt of this, yet during this period five years have seldom passed away, in which some book or pamphlet has not been published, written, too, with such abilities as to gain some authority with the public, and pretending to demonstrate that the wealth of the nation was fast declining; that the country was depopulated, agriculture neglected, manufactures decaying, and trade undone.
我相信，虽然现在很少有人对此表示怀疑，但在这五年里，很少有五年过去了，其中也没有出版或撰写过一些书籍或小册子，具有在公众中获得某种权威的能力，并假装证明国家的财富正在迅速减少；该国人口减少，农业被忽视，制造业衰败，贸易停滞。
Nor have these publications been all party pamphlets, the wretched offspring of falsehood and venality.
这些出版物也不全是政党小册子，是谎言和唯利是图的可怜产物。
Many of them have been written by very candid and very intelligent people, who wrote nothing but what they believed, and for no other reason but because they believed it.
其中许多是由非常坦率和非常聪明的人写的，他们写的只是他们所相信的，没有其他原因，只是因为他们相信它。
The annual produce of the land and labour of England, again, was certainly much greater at the Restoration than we can suppose it to have been about a hundred years before, at the accession of Elizabeth.
同样，复辟时期英格兰土地和劳动力的年产出肯定比我们想象的大约一百年前伊丽莎白即位时要高得多。
At this period, too, we have all reason to believe, the country was much more advanced in improvement, than it had been about a century before, towards the close of the dissensions between the houses of York and Lancaster.
我们也有理由相信，在这一时期，随着约克家族和兰开斯特家族之间的争端结束，这个国家的进步比大约一个世纪前要先进得多。
Even then it was, probably, in a better condition than it had been at the Norman conquest: and at the Norman conquest, than during the confusion of the Saxon heptarchy.
即使在那时，它的状况也可能比诺曼征服时更好：而诺曼征服时，也比撒克逊七国统治时期的混乱时期要好。
Even at this early period, it was certainly a more improved country than at the invasion of Julius Caesar, when its inhabitants were nearly in the same state with the savages in North America.
即使在这个早期阶段，它也肯定比尤利乌斯·凯撒入侵时更加进步，当时它的居民几乎与北美的野蛮人处于同一状态。
In each of those periods, however, there was not only much private and public profusion, many expensive and unnecessary wars, great perversion of the annual produce from maintaining productive to maintain unproductive hands; but sometimes, in the confusion of civil discord, such absolute waste and destruction of stock, as might be supposed, not only to retard, as it certainly did, the natural accumulation of riches, but to have left the country, at the end of the period, poorer than at the beginning.
然而，在每一个时期，不仅有大量的私人和公共的富裕、许多昂贵和不必要的战争、年生产的巨大扭曲，从维持生产性的双手转向维持非生产性的双手；但有时，在内乱的混乱中，这种对库存的绝对浪费和破坏，正如人们所认为的那样，不仅阻碍了财富的自然积累，而且在这一时期结束时，该国比开始时更加贫穷。
Thus, in the happiest and most fortunate period of them all, that which has passed since the Restoration, how many disorders and misfortunes have occurred, which, could they have been foreseen, not only the impoverishment, but the total ruin of the country would have been expected from them?
因此，在他们最幸福和最幸运的时期，即自复辟以来所经历的时期，发生了多少动乱和不幸，如果他们能预见到，他们不仅会导致国家贫困，而且会导致国家彻底毁灭？
The fire and the plague of London, the two Dutch wars, the disorders of the revolution, the war in Ireland, the four expensive French wars of 1688, 1701, 1742, and 1756, together with the two rebellions of 1715 and 1745.
伦敦的火灾和瘟疫、两次荷兰战争、革命的混乱、爱尔兰战争、1688年、1701年、1742年和1756年四次代价高昂的法国战争，以及1715年和1745年的两次叛乱。
In the course of the four French wars, the nation has contracted more than £145,000,000 of debt, over and above all the other extraordinary annual expense which they occasioned; so that the whole cannot be computed at less than £200,000,000.
在四次法国战争中，国家背负了超过 1.45 亿英镑的债务，这超出了战争造成的其他每年的巨额支出；因此，总金额不能低于 200,000,000 英镑。
So great a share of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, has, since the Revolution, been employed upon different occasions, in maintaining an extraordinary number of unproductive hands.
自革命以来，国家土地和劳动力的年产出的很大一部分被用于不同的场合，以维持大量非生产性的劳动力。
But had not those wars given this particular direction to so large a capital, the greater part of it would naturally have been employed in maintaining productive hands, whose labour would have replaced, with a profit, the whole value of their consumption.
但是，如果这些战争没有给如此大的资本以这种特殊的方向，那么它的大部分自然会被用来维持生产性的劳动力，他们的劳动将用利润取代他们消费的全部价值。
The value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country would have been considerably increased by it every year, and every years increase would have augmented still more that of the following year.
国家的土地和劳动力的年产值每年都会大大增加，而且每年的增加都会比下一年增加得更多。
More houses would have been built, more lands would have been improved, and those which had been improved before would have been better cultivated; more manufactures would have been established, and those which had been established before would have been more extended; and to what height the real wealth and revenue of the country might by this time have been raised, it is not perhaps very easy even to imagine.
更多的房屋将被建造，更多的土地将被改善，而那些以前被改善的土地将得到更好的耕种；将会建立更多的制造商，并且以前建立的制造商将会得到更大的扩展；到这个时候，国家的实际财富和收入可能会增加到什么程度，甚至很难想象。
But though the profusion of government must undoubtedly have retarded the natural progress of England towards wealth and improvement, it has not been able to stop it.
但是，尽管政府的过多无疑阻碍了英格兰走向财富和进步的自然进程，但它却无法阻止它。
The annual produce of its land and labour is undoubtedly much greater at present than it was either at the Restoration or at the Revolution.
目前，其土地和劳动力的年产出无疑比复辟时期或革命时期要高得多。
The capital, therefore, annually employed in cultivating this land, and in maintaining this labour, must likewise be much greater.
因此，每年用于耕种这片土地和维持这种劳动的资本也必定要大得多。
In the midst of all the exactions of government, this capital has been silently and gradually accumulated by the private frugality and good conduct of individuals, by their universal, continual, and uninterrupted effort to better their own condition.
在政府的所有勒索中，这种资本是通过个人的私人节俭和良好行为，通过他们普遍、持续和不间断的努力来改善自己的状况而默默地逐渐积累起来的。
It is this effort, protected by law, and allowed by liberty to exert itself in the manner that is most advantageous, which has maintained the progress of England towards opulence and improvement in almost all former times, and which, it is to be hoped, will do so in all future times.
正是这种受法律保护、自由允许以最有利的方式发挥作用的努力，几乎在过去的所有时期都保持了英格兰向富裕和进步的进步，并且希望在未来的所有时期也将如此。
England, however, as it has never been blessed with a very parsimonious government, so parsimony has at no time been the characteristic virtue of its inhabitants.
然而，英国从未有过一个非常节俭的政府，因此节俭从来都不是其居民特有的美德。
It is the highest impertinence and presumption, therefore, in kings and ministers to pretend to watch over the economy of private people, and to restrain their expense, either by sumptuary laws, or by prohibiting the importation of foreign luxuries.
因此，国王和大臣假装监督私人经济，并通过奢侈法或禁止进口外国奢侈品来限制他们的开支，这是最无礼和自以为是的行为。
They are themselves always, and without any exception, the greatest spendthrifts in the society.
他们无一例外地始终是社会上最大的挥霍者。
Let them look well after their own expense, and they may safely trust private people with theirs.
让他们照顾好自己的开支，他们就可以放心地将自己的开支托付给私人。
If their own extravagance does not ruin the state, that of the subject never will.
如果他们自己的奢侈行为不能毁掉国家，那么臣民也永远不会毁掉国家。
As frugality increases, and prodigality diminishes, the public capital, so the conduct of those whose expense just equals their revenue, without either accumulating or encroaching, neither increases nor diminishes it.
随着节俭的增加和挥霍的减少，公共资本，那些支出刚好等于收入的人的行为既不积累也不侵占，既不会增加也不会减少公共资本。
Some modes of expense, however, seem to contribute more to the growth of public opulence than others.
然而，某些支出方式似乎比其他方式对公共财富增长的贡献更大。
The revenue of an individual may be spent, either in things which are consumed immediately, and in which one day’s expense can neither alleviate nor support that of another; or it may be spent in things mere durable, which can therefore be accumulated, and in which every day’s expense may, as he chooses, either alleviate, or support and heighten, the effect of that of the following day.
个人的收入可以花在立即消耗的东西上，一天的支出既不能减轻也不能支持另一天的支出；或者它可以花在纯粹耐用的东西上，因此可以积累，每天的开支可以根据他的选择，减轻或支持和提高第二天的效果。
A man of fortune, for example, may either spend his revenue in a profuse and sumptuous table, and in maintaining a great number of menial servants, and a multitude of dogs and horses; or, contenting himself with a frugal table, and few attendants, he may lay out the greater part of it in adorning his house or his country villa, in useful or ornamental buildings, in useful or ornamental furniture, in collecting books, statues, pictures; or in things more frivolous, jewels, baubles, ingenious trinkets of different kinds; or, what is most trifling of all, in amassing a great wardrobe of fine clothes, like the favourite and minister of a great prince who died a few years ago.
例如，一个富有的人，要么把他的收入花在丰盛而奢华的餐桌上，养活大量的仆人和大量的狗和马；或者，他满足于一张节俭的桌子和很少的服务员，他可能会把大部分时间花在装饰他的房子或乡村别墅、有用或装饰性的建筑物、有用或装饰性的家具、收集书籍、雕像、图画上。或者是一些更琐碎的东西，比如珠宝、小玩意、各种巧妙的小饰品；或者，最微不足道的是，积攒一大衣柜漂亮的衣服，就像几年前去世的一位伟大王子的宠儿和大臣一样。
Were two men of equal fortune to spend their revenue, the one chiefly in the one way, the other in the other, the magnificence of the person whose expense had been chiefly in durable commodities, would be continually increasing, every day’s expense contributing something to support and heighten the effect of that of the following day; that of the other, on the contrary, would be no greater at the end of the period than at the beginning.
如果两个财富相同的人花他们的收入，一个主要以一种方式，另一个以另一种方式，则主要花费在耐用商品上的人的辉煌将会不断增加，每天的支出都会有助于支持和提高第二天的效果；相反，另一方在该时期结束时不会比在开始时更大。
The former too would, at the end of the period, be the richer man of the two.
在此期间结束时，前者也将成为两人中更富有的人。
He would have a stock of goods of some kind or other, which, though it might not be worth all that it cost, would always be worth something.
他会有某种商品库存，尽管这些商品可能不值那么多钱，但总是有价值的。
No trace or vestige of the expense of the latter would remain, and the effects of ten or twenty years’ profusion would be as completely annihilated as if they had never existed.
后者的花费不会留下任何痕迹或遗迹，十年或二十年丰富的影响将完全消失，就好像它们从未存在过一样。
As the one mode of expense is more favourable than the other to the opulence of an individual, so is it likewise to that of a nation.
由于一种消费方式比另一种方式更有利于个人的富裕，因此对于一个国家来说也是如此。
The houses, the furniture, the clothing of the rich, in a little time, become useful to the inferior and middling ranks of people.
富人的房屋、家具、衣服，过不了多久，就会对中下阶层的人有用。
They are able to purchase them when their superiors grow weary of them; and the general accommodation of the whole people is thus gradually improved, when this mode of expense becomes universal among men of fortune.
当上级厌倦时，他们可以购买；当这种消费方式在富人中普及时，全民的总体生活水平就会逐渐改善。
In countries which have long been rich, you will frequently find the inferior ranks of people in possession both of houses and furniture perfectly good and entire, but of which neither the one could have been built, nor the other have been made for their use.
在长期富裕的国家，你经常会发现下层人民拥有完好无损的房屋和家具，但其中一个不可能被建造，另一个也不是为他们使用而制造的。
What was formerly a seat of the family of Seymour, is now an inn upon the Bath road.
这里以前是西摩家族的住所，现在是巴斯路上的一家旅馆。
The marriage-bed of James I.
詹姆斯一世的婚床。
of Great Britain, which his queen brought with her from Denmark, as a present fit for a sovereign to make to a sovereign, was, a few years ago, the ornament of an alehouse at Dunfermline.
几年前，英国女王从丹麦带来的英国国旗，作为君主送给君主的礼物，是邓弗姆林一家啤酒屋的装饰品。
In some ancient cities, which either have been long stationary, or have gone somewhat to decay, you will sometimes scarce find a single house which could have been built for its present inhabitants.
在一些古老的城市中，要么长期静止，要么已经有些衰败，有时你很难找到一栋可以为现在的居民建造的房屋。
If you go into those houses, too, you will frequently find many excellent, though antiquated pieces of furniture, which are still very fit for use, and which could as little have been made for them.
如果你也走进那些房子，你经常会发现许多精美的家具，虽然已经过时了，但仍然非常适合使用，而且可能是为它们制作的东西很少。
Noble palaces, magnificent villas, great collections of books, statues, pictures, and other curiosities, are frequently both an ornament and an honour, not only to the neighbourhood, but to the whole country to which they belong.
高贵的宫殿、宏伟的别墅、大量的书籍、雕像、图画和其他珍品，常常既是一种装饰品，也是一种荣誉，不仅对邻里来说，而且对他们所属的整个国家来说也是如此。
Versailles is an ornament and an honour to France, Stowe and Wilton to England.
凡尔赛宫是法国的装饰品和荣誉，斯托和威尔顿是英国的装饰品和荣誉。
Italy still continues to command some sort of veneration, by the number of monuments of this kind which it possesses, though the wealth which produced them has decayed, and though the genius which planned them seems to be extinguished, perhaps from not having the same employment.
意大利仍然因其拥有的此类纪念碑的数量而继续受到某种程度的尊敬，尽管创造这些纪念碑的财富已经腐烂，尽管规划它们的天才似乎已经消失，也许是因为没有同样的工作。
The expense, too, which is laid out in durable commodities, is favourable not only to accumulation, but to frugality.
耐用品的支出不仅有利于积累，而且有利于节俭。
If a person should at any time exceed in it, he can easily reform without exposing himself to the censure of the public.
如果一个人在任何时候超过了，他都可以很容易地改过自新，而不会受到公众的谴责。
To reduce very much the number of his servants, to reform his table from great profusion to great frugality, to lay down his equipage after he has once set it up, are changes which cannot escape the observation of his neighbours, and which are supposed to imply some acknowledgment of preceding bad conduct.
大幅度减少仆人的数量，将餐桌从丰盛改为极其节俭，在装备准备好后就将其放下，这些变化都无法逃脱邻居的观察，并且被认为意味着对以前的不良行为的某种承认。
Few, therefore, of those who have once been so unfortunate as to launch out too far into this sort of expense, have afterwards the courage to reform, till ruin and bankruptcy oblige them.
因此，那些曾经不幸投入过多此类开支的人，很少有后来有勇气进行改革，直到破产和破产。
But if a person has, at any time, been at too great an expense in building, in furniture, in books, or pictures, no imprudence can be inferred from his changing his conduct.
但是，如果一个人在任何时候在建筑、家具、书籍或绘画上花费过多，就不能从他改变行为的角度推断出他是轻率的。
These are things in which further expense is frequently rendered unnecessary by former expense; and when a person stops short, he appears to do so, not because he has exceeded his fortune, but because he has satisfied his fancy.
在这些事情上，以前的支出常常会导致不必要的进一步支出；当一个人停下来时，他这样做似乎并不是因为他已经超出了他的财富，而是因为他已经满足了他的幻想。
The expense, besides, that is laid out in durable commodities, gives maintenance, commonly, to a greater number of people than that which is employed in the most profuse hospitality.
此外，用于耐用商品的费用通常比用于最慷慨招待的费用提供给更多的人。
Of two or three hundred weight of provisions, which may sometimes be served up at a great festival, one half, perhaps, is thrown to the dunghill, and there is always a great deal wasted and abused.
有时在重大节日上供应的两三百重量的粮食，也许有一半被扔进了粪堆，而且总是有大量的浪费和滥用。
But if the expense of this entertainment had been employed in setting to work masons, carpenters, upholsterers, mechanics, etc. a quantity of provisions of equal value would have been distributed among a still greater number of people, who would have bought them in pennyworths and pound weights, and not have lost or thrown away a single ounce of them.
但是，如果这种招待的费用被用来安排石匠、木匠、室内装潢师、机械师等工作，那么一定数量的同等价值的供给品就会被分配给更多的人，他们会以便士和磅的重量购买它们，而不会丢失或扔掉一盎司的供给品。
In the one way, besides, this expense maintains productive, in the other unproductive hands.
此外，从一方面来说，这笔费用在其他非生产性的手中保持了生产性。
In the one way, therefore, it increases, in the other it does not increase the exchangeable value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.
因此，一方面，它增加了国家土地和劳动力年产品的交换价值，另一方面，它却没有增加。
I would not, however, by all this, be understood to mean, that the one species of expense always betokens a more liberal or generous spirit than the other.
然而，我并不认为这一切意味着，一种支出总是比另一种支出更自由或更慷慨。
When a man of fortune spends his revenue chiefly in hospitality, he shares the greater part of it with his friends and companions; but when he employs it in purchasing such durable commodities, he often spends the whole upon his own person, and gives nothing to any body without an equivalent.
当一个富有的人把他的收入主要花在款待上时，他就会与他的朋友和同伴分享其中的大部分。但当他用这笔钱购买这些耐用品时，他常常把全部钱花在自己身上，而不给任何没有等价物的人。
The latter species of expense, therefore, especially when directed towards frivolous objects, the little ornaments of dress and furniture, jewels, trinkets, gew-gaws, frequently indicates, not only a trifling, but a base and selfish disposition.
因此，后一种支出，尤其是当针对琐碎的物品时，例如衣服和家具、珠宝、小饰品、小玩意儿等小装饰品，常常表明不仅是琐碎的，而且是卑鄙和自私的性情。
All that I mean is, that the one sort of expense, as it always occasions some accumulation of valuable commodities, as it is more favourable to private frugality, and, consequently, to the increase of the public capital, and as it maintains productive rather than unproductive hands, conduces more than the other to the growth of public opulence.
我的意思是，由于某一种支出总是引起有价值的商品的积累，因为它更有利于私人节俭，从而有利于公共资本的增加，并且因为它保留了生产性而非非生产性的双手，所以它比另一种支出更有利于公共富裕的增长。
CHAPTER IV.
第四章。
OF STOCK LENT AT INTEREST.
有息借出的股票。
The stock which is lent at interest is always considered as a capital by the lender.
以利息借出的股票始终被贷方视为资本。
He expects that in due time it is to be restored to him, and that, in the mean time, the borrower is to pay him a certain annual rent for the use of it.
他期望在适当的时候将其归还给他，同时借款人应向他支付一定的年租金以使用它。
The borrower may use it either as a capital, or as a stock reserved for immediate consumption.
借款人可以将其用作资本，也可以用作保留供立即消费的股票。
If he uses it as a capital, he employs it in the maintenance of productive labourers, who reproduce the value, with a profit.
如果他将其用作资本，他就会将其用于维持生产劳动者，生产劳动者再生产价值并获得利润。
He can, in this case, both restore the capital, and pay the interest, without alienating or encroaching upon any other source of revenue.
在这种情况下，他既可以恢复资本，又可以支付利息，而不会剥夺或侵占任何其他收入来源。
If he uses it as a stock reserved for immediate consumption, he acts the part of a prodigal, and dissipates, in the maintenance of the idle, what was destined for the support of the industrious.
如果他将其用作立即消费的储备，那么他就扮演了一个挥霍者的角色，并在维持闲置者的过程中浪费了注定用于支持勤劳者的东西。
He can, in this case, neither restore the capital nor pay the interest, without either alienating or encroaching upon some other source of revenue, such as the property or the rent of land.
在这种情况下，他既不能恢复资本，也不能支付利息，除非让渡或侵占其他收入来源，例如财产或土地租金。
The stock which is lent at interest is, no doubt, occasionally employed in both these ways, but in the former much more frequently than in the latter.
毫无疑问，以利息借出的股票偶尔会以这两种方式使用，但前者比后者更频繁。
The man who borrows in order to spend will soon be ruined, and he who lends to him will generally have occasion to repent of his folly.
为了消费而借钱的人很快就会破产，而借钱给他的人通常会有机会后悔自己的愚蠢行为。
To borrow or to lend for such a purpose, therefore, is, in all cases, where gross usury is out of the question, contrary to the interest of both parties; and though it no doubt happens sometimes, that people do both the one and the other, yet, from the regard that all men have for their own interest, we may be assured, that it cannot happen so very frequently as we are sometimes apt to imagine.
因此，在任何情况下，为这种目的而借入或放出的资金，在不存在高额高利贷的情况下，都是违背双方利益的；尽管人们有时会同时做这一种和另一种，但毫无疑问，从所有人对自己利益的考虑来看，我们可以确信，这种情况不会像我们有时想象的那样频繁发生。
Ask any rich man of common prudence, to which of the two sorts of people he has lent the greater part of his stock, to those who he thinks will employ it profitably, or to those who will spend it idly, and he will laugh at you for proposing the question.
如果你问任何一个有普遍谨慎态度的富人，他把他的大部分股票借给了这两类人中的哪一种，借给了那些他认为会有利可图地使用它的人，或者借给了那些会无所事事地花掉它的人，他会嘲笑你提出这个问题。
Even among borrowers, therefore, not the people in the world most famous for frugality, the number of the frugal and industrious surpasses considerably that of the prodigal and idle.
因此，即使在借贷者中，而不是世界上以节俭闻名的人们中，节俭和勤劳的人数也远远超过了挥霍和懒惰的人。
The only people to whom stock is commonly lent, without their being expected to make any very profitable use of it, are country gentlemen, who borrow upon mortgage.
唯一经常借出股票的人是乡村绅士，他们通过抵押贷款借钱，但并不指望他们能利用股票获得任何非常有利可图的收益。
Even they scarce ever borrow merely to spend.
即使是他们也很少仅仅为了消费而借钱。
What they borrow, one may say, is commonly spent before they borrow it.
有人可能会说，他们借的钱通常在借之前就花掉了。
They have generally consumed so great a quantity of goods, advanced to them upon credit by shop-keepers and tradesmen, that they find it necessary to borrow at interest, in order to pay the debt.
他们通常消费了大量由店主和商人赊账给他们的商品，以至于他们发现有必要以利息借款来偿还债务。
The capital borrowed replaces the capitals of those shop-keepers and tradesmen which the country gentlemen could not have replaced from the rents of their estates.
借来的资本取代了那些店主和商人的资本，而乡村绅士们无法用他们的庄园租金来替代这些资本。
It is not properly borrowed in order to be spent, but in order to replace a capital which had been spent before.
正确借入资金并不是为了花掉，而是为了替换之前已经花掉的资本。
Almost all loans at interest are made in money, either of paper, or of gold and silver; but what the borrower really wants, and what the lender readily supplies him with, is not the money, but the money’s worth, or the goods which it can purchase.
几乎所有有息贷款都是以货币形式发放的，要么是纸币，要么是金银；但借款人真正想要的，以及贷款人愿意提供给他的，不是钱，而是钱的价值，或者它可以购买的商品。
If he wants it as a stock for immediate consumption, it is those goods only which he can place in that stock.
如果他想要将其作为立即消费的库存，则只能将其放入该库存中。
If he wants it as a capital for employing industry, it is from those goods only that the industrious can be furnished with the tools, materials, and maintenance necessary for carrying on their work.
如果他想把它作为雇用工业的资本，那么只有从这些商品中，勤劳的人才能获得进行他们的工作所必需的工具、材料和维护。
By means of the loan, the lender, as it were, assigns to the borrower his right to a certain portion of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, to be employed as the borrower pleases.
通过贷款，贷款人可以将国家土地和劳动力年产品的一定部分的权利转让给借款人，并按借款人的意愿使用。
The quantity of stock, therefore, or, as it is commonly expressed, of money, which can be lent at interest in any country, is not regulated by the value of the money, whether paper or coin, which serves as the instrument of the different loans made in that country, but by the value of that part of the annual produce, which, as soon as it comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, is destined, not only for replacing a capital, but such a capital as the owner does not care to be at the trouble of employing himself.
因此，在任何国家可以以利息借出的存量，或者按通常的说法，货币的数量，不受货币价值的调节，无论是纸币还是硬币，它们是在该国发放的各种贷款的工具，而是由年产品的那部分价值决定的，这部分年产品一旦来自土地，或者来自生产劳动者的手中，就注定不仅要替换资本，而且要替换所有者不关心的资本。自己会遇到麻烦。
As such capitals are commonly lent out and paid back in money, they constitute what is called the monied interest.
由于此类资本通常以货币形式借出并偿还，因此它们构成了所谓的货币利息。
It is distinct, not only from the landed, but from the trading and manufacturing interests, as in these last the owners themselves employ their own capitals.
它不仅与土地利益不同，而且与贸易和制造利益不同，因为在后者中，所有者自己使用自己的资本。
Even in the monied interest, however, the money is, as it were, but the deed of assignment, which conveys from one hand to another those capitals which the owners do not care to employ themselves.
然而，即使在货币利息中，货币也可以说是转让契约，它将所有者不愿意使用的资本从一只手转移到另一只手。
Those capitals may be greater, in almost any proportion, than the amount of the money which serves as the instrument of their conveyance; the same pieces of money successively serving for many different loans, as well as for many different purchases.
这些资本几乎以任何比例都可能大于作为其运输工具的货币数额。同样的钱连续用于许多不同的贷款，以及许多不同的购买。
A, for example, lends to W £1000, with which W immediately purchases of B £1000 worth of goods.
例如，A 借给 W 1000 英镑，W 立即用这笔钱购买 B 价值 1000 英镑的商品。
B having no occasion for the money himself, lends the identical pieces to X, with which X immediately purchases of C another £1000 worth of goods.
B 自己没有钱，就把同样的东西借给了 X，X 立即用它向 C 购买了另外价值 1000 英镑的商品。
C, in the same manner, and for the same reason, lends them to Y, who again purchases goods with them of D.
C 以同样的方式、出于同样的原因，将它们借给 Y，Y 又用它们购买 D 的商品。
In this manner, the same pieces, either of coin or of paper, may, in the course of a few days, serve as the Instrument of three different loans, and of three different purchases, each of which is, in value, equal to the whole amount of those pieces.
以这种方式，相同的硬币或纸张，可以在几天内充当三种不同贷款和三种不同购买的工具，其中每一种的价值都等于这些硬币的总金额。
What the three monied men, A, B, and C, assigned to the three borrowers, W, X, and Y, is the power of making those purchases.
三个有钱人 A、B 和 C 分配给三个借款人 W、X 和 Y 的是进行这些购买的权力。
In this power consist both the value and the use of the loans.
这种权力包括贷款的价值和用途。
The stock lent by the three monied men is equal to the value of the goods which can be purchased with it, and is three times greater than that of the money with which the purchases are made.
三个有钱人借出的股票等于可用其购买的商品的价值，并且是购买商品的货币的三倍。
Those loans, however, may be all perfectly well secured, the goods purchased by the different debtors being so employed as, in due time, to bring back, with a profit, an equal value either of coin or of paper.
然而，这些贷款可能都得到了很好的担保，不同债务人购买的货物被用来在适当的时候带回等值的硬币或纸币，并从中获利。
And as the same pieces of money can thus serve as the instrument of different loans to three, or, for the same reason, to thirty times their value, so they may likewise successively serve as the instrument of repayment.
由于同样的货币可以作为不同贷款的工具，提供给三倍，或者出于同样的原因，提供给其价值的三十倍，因此它们同样可以连续地作为还款工具。
A capital lent at interest may, in this manner, be considered as an assignment, from the lender to the borrower, of a certain considerable portion of the annual produce, upon condition that the burrower in return shall, during the continuance of the loan, annually assign to the lender a small portion, called the interest; and, at the end of it, a portion equally considerable with that which had originally been assigned to him, called the repayment.
以这种方式，以利息方式贷出的资本可以被视为从贷款人向借款人转让相当大一部分的年产品，条件是，在贷款持续期间，挖洞者每年应将一小部分（称为利息）分配给贷款人；最后，还有一笔与最初分配给他的数额相当的部分，称为偿还。
Though money, either coin or paper, serves generally as the deed of assignment, both to the smaller and to the more considerable portion, it is itself altogether different from what is assigned by it.
尽管货币，无论是硬币还是纸币，通常都可以作为转让契约，无论是对于较小的部分还是对于较大的部分，它本身与它所分配的东西完全不同。
In proportion as that share of the annual produce which, as soon as it comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, is destined for replacing a capital, increases in any country, what is called the monied interest naturally increases with it.
任何国家，一旦来自土地或生产劳动者手中的用于替代资本的年产品份额增加，所谓的货币利息自然也随之增加。
The increase of those particular capitals from which the owners wish to derive a revenue, without being at the trouble of employing them themselves, naturally accompanies the general increase of capitals; or, in other words, as stock increases, the quantity of stock to be lent at interest grows gradually greater and greater.
所有者希望从中获得收入但又不想自己使用这些资本的那些特定资本的增加，自然会伴随着资本的普遍增加。或者换句话说，随着股票的增加，利息借出的股票数量也逐渐增加。
As the quantity of stock to be lent at interest increases, the interest, or the price which must be paid for the use of that stock, necessarily diminishes, not only from those general causes which make the market price of things commonly diminish as their quantity increases, but from other causes which are peculiar to this particular case.
当以利息借出的股票数量增加时，利息或使用该股票必须支付的价格必然会减少，这不仅是由于使物品的市场价格通常随着其数量的增加而减少的一般原因，而且是由于这种特殊情况所特有的其他原因。
As capitals increase in any country, the profits which can be made by employing them necessarily diminish.
当任何国家的资本增加时，利用它们所能获得的利润必然会减少。
It becomes gradually more and more difficult to find within the country a profitable method of employing any new capital.
在国内找到利用新资本有利可图的方法逐渐变得越来越困难。
There arises, in consequence, a competition between different capitals, the owner of one endeavouring to get possession of that employment which is occupied by another; but, upon most occasions, he can hope to justle that other out of this employment by no other means but by dealing upon more reasonable terms.
结果，不同资本之间就出现了竞争，一个资本的所有者试图占有被另一个资本占据的就业机会；但是，在大多数情况下，除了以更合理的条件进行交易外，他只能希望通过其他方式摆脱这种雇佣关系。
He must not only sell what he deals in somewhat cheaper, but, in order to get it to sell, he must sometimes, too, buy it dearer.
他不仅必须以稍微便宜的价格出售他所交易的商品，而且为了使其能够出售，他有时还必须以更高的价格购买它。
The demand for productive labour, by the increase of the funds which are destined for maintaining it, grows every day greater and greater.
由于用于维持生产性劳动的资金不断增加，对生产性劳动的需求日益增加。
Labourers easily find employment; but the owners of capitals find it difficult to get labourers to employ.
劳动者就业容易；但资本所有者发现很难雇用工人。
Their competition raises the wages of labour, and sinks the profits of stock.
他们的竞争提高了劳动工资，却降低了股票利润。
But when the profits which can be made by the use of a capital are in this manner diminished, as it were, at both ends, the price which can be paid for the use of it, that is, the rate of interest, must necessarily be diminished with them.
但是，当利用资本所能获得的利润以这种方式，可以说是在两端都减少时，为使用资本而支付的价格，即利率，必然也随之减少。
Mr Locke, Mr Lawe, and Mr Montesquieu, as well as many other writers, seem to have imagined that the increase of the quantity of gold and silver, in consequence of the discovery of the Spanish West Indies, was the real cause of the lowering of the rate of interest through the greater part of Europe.
洛克先生、劳先生和孟德斯鸠先生，以及许多其他作家，似乎都认为，由于西班牙西印度群岛的发现而导致的金银数量的增加，是欧洲大部分地区利率下降的真正原因。
Those metals, they say, having become of less value themselves, the use of any particular portion of them necessarily became of less value too, and, consequently, the price which could be paid for it.
他们说，这些金属本身的价值已经降低，它们的任何特定部分的使用也必然变得价值降低，因此，为其支付的价格也会降低。
This notion, which at first sight seems so plausible, has been so fully exposed by Mr Hume, that it is, perhaps, unnecessary to say any thing more about it.
这个观点乍一看似乎很有道理，但休谟先生已将其阐述得如此充分，以至于也许没有必要再多说什么了。
The following very short and plain argument, however, may serve to explain more distinctly the fallacy which seems to have misled those gentlemen.
然而，下面这个非常简短而简单的论点可能有助于更清楚地解释似乎误导了这些先生们的谬论。
Before the discovery of the Spanish West Indies, ten per cent.
在发现西属西印度群岛之前，百分之十。
seems to have been the common rate of interest through the greater part of Europe.
似乎是欧洲大部分地区的共同利率。
It has since that time, in different countries, sunk to six, five, four, and three per cent.
从那时起，在不同的国家，这一比例已下降至百分之六、百分之五、百分之四和百分之三。
Let us suppose, that in every particular country the value of silver has sunk precisely in the same proportion as the rate of interest; and that in those countries, for example, where interest has been reduced from ten to five per cent.
让我们假设，在每个特定国家，白银的价值都以与利率相同的比例下降；例如，在那些国家，利息已从百分之十降至百分之五。
the same quantity of silver can now purchase just half the quantity of goods which it could have purchased before.
同样数量的白银现在只能购买以前可以购买的商品数量的一半。
This supposition will not, I believe, be found anywhere agreeable to the truth; but it is the most favourable to the opinion which we are going to examine; and, even upon this supposition, it is utterly impossible that the lowering of the value of silver could have the smallest tendency to lower the rate of interest.
我相信，这种假设在任何地方都不会符合事实。但这是最有利于我们要研究的观点的；而且，即使根据这种假设，白银价值的降低也完全不可能对利率降低产生最小的影响。
If £100 are in those countries now of no more value than £50 were then, £10 must now be of no more value than £5 were then.
如果现在 100 英镑在这些国家的价值不高于当时的 50 英镑，那么现在的 10 英镑肯定不高于当时的 5 英镑。
Whatever were the causes which lowered the value of the capital, the same must necessarily have lowered that of the interest, and exactly in the same proportion.
无论是什么原因导致资本价值下降，同样的原因也必然导致利息价值下降，而且下降的比例完全相同。
The proportion between the value of the capital and that of the interest must have remained the same, though the rate had never been altered.
尽管利率从未改变，但资本价值与利息之间的比例必定保持不变。
By altering the rate, on the contrary, the proportion between those two values is necessarily altered.
相反，通过改变比率，这两个值之间的比例必然会改变。
If £100 now are worth no more than £50 were then, £5 now can be worth no more than £2:10s.
如果现在 100 英镑的价值不超过当时的 50 英镑，那么现在的 5 英镑的价值可能不超过 2:10 英镑。
were then.
那时。
By reducing the rate of interest, therefore, from ten to five per cent.
因此，通过将利率从百分之十降低到百分之五。
we give for the use of a capital, which is supposed to be equal to one half of its former value, an interest which is equal to one fourth only of the value of the former interest.
对于资本的使用，我们给予的利息应该等于其原来价值的一半，而利息仅等于原来利息价值的四分之一。
An increase in the quantity of silver, while that of the commodities circulated by means of it remained the same, could have no other effect than to diminish the value of that metal.
白银数量的增加，而通过白银流通的商品数量保持不变，除了降低白银的价值外，不会产生任何其他影响。
The nominal value of all sorts of goods would be greater, but their real value would be precisely the same as before.
各种商品的名义价值会更高，但它们的实际价值却和以前一模一样。
They would be exchanged for a greater number of pieces of silver; but the quantity of labour which they could command, the number of people whom they could maintain and employ, would be precisely the same.
它们可以兑换更多的银币；但他们能够指挥的劳动量、他们能够维持和雇用的人数却是完全相同的。
The capital of the country would be the same, though a greater number of pieces might be requisite for conveying any equal portion of it from one hand to another.
该国的首都将是相同的，尽管可能需要更多的碎片才能将其任何相等的部分从一只手转移到另一只手。
The deeds of assignment, like the conveyances of a verbose attorney, would be more cumbersome; but the thing assigned would be precisely the same as before, and could produce only the same effects.
转让契约就像冗长的律师的转让书一样，会更加麻烦；但分配的东西和以前一模一样，只能产生同样的效果。
The funds for maintaining productive labour being the same, the demand for it would be the same.
维持生产性劳动的资金相同，对其的需求也会相同。
Its price or wages, therefore, though nominally greater, would really be the same.
因此，它的价格或工资虽然名义上更高，但实际上是相同的。
They would be paid in a greater number of pieces of silver, but they would purchase only the same quantity of goods.
他们将获得更多数量的白银，但他们只能购买相同数量的商品。
The profits of stock would be the same, both nominally and really.
股票的名义利润和实际利润都是一样的。
The wages of labour are commonly computed by the quantity of silver which is paid to the labourer.
劳动工资通常是根据支付给劳动者的白银数量来计算的。
When that is increased, therefore, his wages appear to be increased, though they may sometimes be no greater than before.
因此，当工资增加时，他的工资似乎也增加了，尽管有时可能并不比以前高。
But the profits of stock are not computed by the number of pieces of silver with which they are paid, but by the proportion which those pieces bear to the whole capital employed.
但是，股票的利润不是按照支付的白银数量来计算的，而是按照这些白银占全部使用资本的比例来计算的。
Thus, in a particular country, 5s.
因此，在特定国家/地区，5s。
a-week are said to be the common wages of labour, and ten per cent.
据说一周是劳动者的普通工资，百分之十。
the common profits of stock; but the whole capital of the country being the same as before, the competition between the different capitals of individuals into which it was divided would likewise be the same.
股票的共同利润；但是，国家的整个资本与以前一样，它所划分的不同个人资本之间的竞争也将是相同的。
They would all trade with the same advantages and disadvantages.
他们都会以相同的优势和劣势进行交易。
The common proportion between capital and profit, therefore, would be the same, and consequently the common interest of money; what can commonly be given for the use of money being necessarily regulated by what can commonly be made by the use of it.
因此，资本和利润之间的共同比例将是相同的，因此货币的共同利益也是相同的。金钱的使用通常可以给予什么，必然受到使用金钱通常可以赚到的东西的调节。
Any increase in the quantity of commodities annually circulated within the country, while that of the money which circulated them remained the same, would, on the contrary, produce many other important effects, besides that of raising the value of the money.
国内每年流通的商品数量的任何增加，而流通商品的货币数量保持不变，相反，除了提高货币价值之外，还会产生许多其他重要影响。
The capital of the country, though it might nominally be the same, would really be augmented.
该国的首都虽然名义上是一样的，但实际上会有所增加。
It might continue to be expressed by the same quantity of money, but it would command a greater quantity of labour.
它可能继续用相同数量的货币来表示，但它将需要更多的劳动力。
The quantity of productive labour which it could maintain and employ would be increased, and consequently the demand for that labour.
它能够维持和使用的生产劳动数量将会增加，因此对这种劳动的需求也会增加。
Its wages would naturally rise with the demand, and yet might appear to sink.
它的工资自然会随着需求而上升，但也可能会下降。
They might be paid with a smaller quantity of money, but that smaller quantity might purchase a greater quantity of goods than a greater had done before.
他们可能会收到较少数量的货币，但较小的数量可能会比以前更大的数量购买更多的商品。
The profits of stock would be diminished, both really and in appearance.
股票的利润无论是实际上还是表面上都会减少。
The whole capital of the country being augmented, the competition between the different capitals of which it was composed would naturally be augmented along with it.
整个国家的首都都扩大了，组成这个国家的不同首都之间的竞争自然也会随之加剧。
The owners of those particular capitals would be obliged to content themselves with a smaller proportion of the produce of that labour which their respective capitals employed.
这些特定资本的所有者将不得不满足于他们各自资本所使用的劳动产品的一小部分。
The interest of money, keeping pace always with the profits of stock, might, in this manner, be greatly diminished, though the value of money, or the quantity of goods which any particular sum could purchase, was greatly augmented.
货币的利息总是与股票的利润保持同步，因此，尽管货币的价值或任何特定金额可以购买的商品数量大大增加，但货币的利息可能会大大减少。
In some countries the interest of money has been prohibited by law.
在一些国家，法律禁止金钱利息。
But as something can everywhere be made by the use of money, something ought everywhere to be paid for the use of it.
但是，由于任何地方都可以通过使用金钱来制造某些东西，因此任何地方都应该为使用金钱而付费。
This regulation, instead of preventing, has been found from experience to increase the evil of usury.
经验表明，这一规定非但没有起到预防作用，反而加剧了高利贷的罪恶。
The debtor being obliged to pay, not only for the use of the money, but for the risk which his creditor runs by accepting a compensation for that use, he is obliged, if one may say so, to insure his creditor from the penalties of usury.
债务人不仅有义务支付金钱的使用费用，而且还支付其债权人因接受该使用补偿而承担的风险，如果可以这么说，他有义务确保其债权人免受高利贷的处罚。
In countries where interest is permitted, the law in order to prevent the extortion of usury, generally fixes the highest rate which can be taken without incurring a penalty.
在允许利息的国家，法律为了防止高利贷的勒索，一般会规定最高利率，而不会受到处罚。
This rate ought always to be somewhat above the lowest market price, or the price which is commonly paid for the use of money by those who can give the most undoubted security.
这个比率应该总是略高于最低市场价格，或者是那些能够提供最无疑安全的人使用货币通常支付的价格。
If this legal rate should be fixed below the lowest market rate, the effects of this fixation must be nearly the same as those of a total prohibition of interest.
如果这一法定利率应固定在最低市场利率以下，那么这种固定的效果必定与完全禁止利息的效果几乎相同。
The creditor will not lend his money for less than the use of it is worth, and the debtor must pay him for the risk which he runs by accepting the full value of that use.
债权人不会以低于其使用价值的价格借出资金，债务人必须通过接受该使用的全部价值来支付他所承担的风险。
If it is fixed precisely at the lowest market price, it ruins, with honest people who respect the laws of their country, the credit of all those who cannot give the very best security, and obliges them to have recourse to exorbitant usurers.
如果它精确地固定在最低的市场价格，那么对于那些尊重本国法律的诚实的人来说，它就会破坏所有那些不能提供最好安全的人的信用，并迫使他们求助于高利贷者。
In a country such as Great Britain, where money is lent to government at three per cent.
在英国这样的国家，贷款给政府的利率是百分之三。
and to private people, upon good security, at four and four and a-half, the present legal rate, five per cent.
对于私人，在安全性良好的情况下，税率为四点半，目前的法定税率为百分之五。
is perhaps as proper as any.
也许是最合适的。
The legal rate, it is to be observed, though it ought to be somewhat above, ought not to be much above the lowest market rate.
值得注意的是，法定利率虽然应该略高于最低市场利率，但不应高出太多。
If the legal rate of interest in Great Britain, for example, was fixed so high as eight or ten per cent.
例如，如果英国的法定利率固定为百分之八或百分之十。
the greater part of the money which was to be lent, would be lent to prodigals and projectors, who alone would be willing to give this high interest.
借出的钱的大部分将借给浪子和投影仪，只有他们才愿意支付这么高的利息。
Sober people, who will give for the use of money no more than a part of what they are likely to make by the use of it, would not venture into the competition.
清醒的人不会冒险参与竞争，他们所付出的金钱不会超过他们可能通过使用金钱赚取的一部分。
A great part of the capital of the country would thus be kept out of the hands which were most likely to make a profitable and advantageous use of it, and thrown into those which were most likely to waste and destroy it.
因此，国家的大部分资本将被排除在最有可能有利可图地利用它的手中，而被投入到最有可能浪费和破坏它的人手中。
Where the legal rate of interest, on the contrary, is fixed but a very little above the lowest market rate, sober people are universally preferred, as borrowers, to prodigals and projectors.
相反，如果法定利率是固定的，但略高于最低市场利率，那么作为借款人，清醒的人普遍会比挥霍者和投影仪更受青睐。
The person who lends money gets nearly as much interest from the former as he dares to take from the latter, and his money is much safer in the hands of the one set of people than in those of the other.
借钱的人从前者那里得到的利息几乎和他敢于从后者那里拿走的利息一样多，而且他的钱在一组人手中比在另一组人手中安全得多。
A great part of the capital of the country is thus thrown into the hands in which it is most likely to be employed with advantage.
国家的大部分资本就这样被投入到最有可能得到利用的手中。
No law can reduce the common rate of interest below the lowest ordinary market rate at the time when that law is made.
任何法律都不能将普通利率降低到该法律制定时的最低普通市场利率以下。
Notwithstanding the edict of 1766, by which the French king attempted to reduce the rate of interest from five to four per cent.
尽管法国国王颁布了 1766 年的法令，仍试图将利率从百分之五降至百分之四。
money continued to be lent in France at five per cent.
法国继续以百分之五的利率放贷。
the law being evaded in several different ways.
以几种不同的方式逃避法律。
The ordinary market price of land, it is to be observed, depends everywhere upon the ordinary market rate of interest.
值得注意的是，土地的普通市场价格在任何地方都取决于普通市场利率。
The person who has a capital from which he wishes to derive a revenue, without taking the trouble to employ it himself, deliberates whether he should buy land with it, or lend it out at interest.
拥有资本并希望从中获得收入的人，如果自己不费力去使用它，就会考虑是否应该用它购买土地，或者将其利息出租。
The superior security of land, together with some other advantages which almost everywhere attend upon this species of property, will generally dispose him to content himself with a smaller revenue from land, than what he might have by lending out his money at interest.
土地的优越安全性，加上几乎所有地方都伴随着这种财产的其他一些优势，通常会使他满足于从土地获得的收入，而不是通过以利息借出资金而获得的收入。
These advantages are sufficient to compensate a certain difference of revenue; but they will compensate a certain difference only; and if the rent of land should fall short of the interest of money by a greater difference, nobody would buy land, which would soon reduce its ordinary price.
这些优势足以弥补一定的收入差异；但他们只会补偿一定的差异；如果土地租金与货币利息相差较大，那么没有人会购买土地，这很快就会降低土地的正常价格。
On the contrary, if the advantages should much more than compensate the difference, everybody would buy land, which again would soon raise its ordinary price.
相反，如果优势远大于补偿差异，那么每个人都会购买土地，这很快就会再次提高其普通价格。
When interest was at ten per cent.
当利息为百分之十时。
land was commonly sold for ten or twelve years purchase.
土地通常以十年或十二年的期限出售。
As interest sunk to six, five, and four per cent.
随着利息下降到百分之六、百分之五和百分之四。
the price of land rose to twenty, five-and-twenty, and thirty years purchase.
土地价格上涨到二十年、五年、二十年、三十年购买。
The market rate of interest is higher in France than in England, and the common price of land is lower.
法国的市场利率高于英国，而土地的共同价格则较低。
In England it commonly sells at thirty, in France at twenty years purchase.
在英国，它通常以三十年的价格出售，在法国则以二十年的价格出售。
CHAPTER V.
第五章
OF THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF CAPITALS.
资本的不同运用。
Though all capitals are destined for the maintenance of productive labour only, yet the quantity of that labour which equal capitals are capable of putting into motion, varies extremely according to the diversity of their employment; as does likewise the value which that employment adds to the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.
尽管所有资本都只能用于维持生产劳动，但同等资本能够投入生产的劳动数量却因其就业的不同而有很大差异。同样，就业给国家土地和劳动力的年生产增加的价值也是如此。
A capital may be employed in four different ways; either, first, in procuring the rude produce annually required for the use and consumption of the society; or, secondly, in manufacturing and preparing that rude produce for immediate use and consumption; or, thirdly in transporting either the rude or manufactured produce from the places where they abound to those where they are wanted; or, lastly, in dividing particular portions of either into such small parcels as suit the occasional demands of those who want them.
资本可以以四种不同的方式使用；要么，首先，每年采购社会使用和消费所需的原产品；或者，其次，在制造和准备原始产品以供立即使用和消费时；第三，将粗品或制成品从盛产的地方运输到需要它们的地方；或者，最后，将其中任何一个的特定部分分成小块，以满足那些需要它们的人的偶尔需求。
In the first way are employed the capitals of all those who undertake improvement or cultivation of lands, mines, or fisheries; in the second, those of all master manufacturers; in the third, those of all wholesale merchants; and in the fourth, those of all retailers.
第一种方式是利用所有从事土地、矿山或渔业改良或耕种的人的资本；二是各大厂的情况；三是所有批发商；第四个是所有零售商。
It is difficult to conceive that a capital should be employed in any way which may not be classed under some one or other of those four.
很难想象资本应该以任何不属于这四种方式的方式使用。
Each of those four methods of employing a capital is essentially necessary, either to the existence or extension of the other three, or to the general conveniency of the society.
这四种使用资本的方法中的每一种对于其他三种方法的存在或扩展，或者对于社会的普遍便利来说都是本质上必要的。
Unless a capital was employed in furnishing rude produce to a certain degree of abundance, neither manufactures nor trade of any kind could exist.
除非资本被用来提供一定程度的丰富的原始产品，否则任何形式的制造业和贸易都无法存在。
Unless a capital was employed in manufacturing that part of the rude produce which requires a good deal of preparation before it can be fit for use and consumption, it either would never be produced, because there could be no demand for it; or if it was produced spontaneously, it would be of no value in exchange, and could add nothing to the wealth of the society.
除非资本被用来制造那部分需要大量准备才能适合使用和消费的原始产品，否则它要么永远不会被生产，因为不可能有对它的需求；要么它要么永远不会被生产，因为不可能有对它的需求；如果它是自发产生的，那么它就没有交换价值，也不能增加社会财富。
Unless a capital was employed in transporting either the rude or manufactured produce from the places where it abounds to those where it is wanted, no more of either could be produced than was necessary for the consumption of the neighbourhood.
除非资本被用来将原产或制成品从盛产的地方运输到需要的地方，否则生产的任何一种产品都不会超过邻里消费所需的数量。
The capital of the merchant exchanges the surplus produce of one place for that of another, and thus encourages the industry, and increases the enjoyments of both.
商人的资本用一地的剩余产品交换另一地的剩余产品，从而鼓励了工业，并增加了双方的享受。
Unless a capital was employed in breaking and dividing certain portions either of the rude or manufactured produce into such small parcels as suit the occasional demands of those who want them, every man would be obliged to purchase a greater quantity of the goods he wanted than his immediate occasions required.
除非使用资本来将某些部分的原产品或制成品打碎并分割成小块，以满足那些需要它们的人的偶尔需求，否则每个人都将不得不购买比他当前需要的更多的他想要的商品。
If there was no such trade as a butcher, for example, every man would be obliged to purchase a whole ox or a whole sheep at a time.
例如，如果没有屠夫这样的行业，每个人就不得不一次购买一整头牛或一整只羊。
This would generally be inconvenient to the rich, and much more so to the poor.
这通常会给富人带来不便，对穷人来说更是如此。
If a poor workman was obliged to purchase a month’s or six months’ provisions at a time, a great part of the stock which he employs as a capital in the instruments of his trade, or in the furniture of his shop, and which yields him a revenue, he would be forced to place in that part of his stock which is reserved for immediate consumption, and which yields him no revenue.
如果一个贫穷的工人被迫一次购买一个月或六个月的粮食，他将大部分库存用作他的贸易工具或商店的家具的资本，这会给他带来收入，那么他将被迫将他的库存中的那部分保留下来供立即消费，而这部分不会给他带来任何收入。
Nothing can be more convenient for such a person than to be able to purchase his subsistence from day to day, or even from hour to hour, as he wants it.
对于这样的人来说，没有什么比能够按自己的意愿购买日复一日甚至每小时的生活品更方便的了。
He is thereby enabled to employ almost his whole stock as a capital.
因此，他能够使用几乎所有的股票作为资本。
He is thus enabled to furnish work to a greater value; and the profit which he makes by it in this way much more than compensates the additional price which the profit of the retailer imposes upon the goods.
因此，他能够为工作提供更大的价值；他通过这种方式获得的利润远远超过补偿零售商的利润强加给商品的额外价格。
The prejudices of some political writers against shopkeepers and tradesmen are altogether without foundation.
一些政治作家对店主和商人的偏见完全没有根据。
So far is it from being necessary either to tax them, or to restrict their numbers, that they can never be multiplied so as to hurt the public, though they may so as to hurt one another.
到目前为止，没有必要对它们征税或限制它们的数量，它们的数量永远不会增加而伤害公众，尽管它们可能会相互伤害。
The quantity of grocery goods, for example, which can be sold in a particular town, is limited by the demand of that town and its neighbourhood.
例如，可以在特定城镇销售的杂货数量受到该城镇及其邻近地区的需求的限制。
The capital, therefore, which can be employed in the grocery trade, cannot exceed what is sufficient to purchase that quantity.
因此，可用于杂货贸易的资本不能超过足以购买该数量的资本。
If this capital is divided between two different grocers, their competition will tend to make both of them sell cheaper than if it were in the hands of one only; and if it were divided among twenty, their competition would be just so much the greater, and the chance of their combining together, in order to raise the price, just so much the less.
如果这笔资金被分配给两个不同的杂货商，他们的竞争往往会使他们的售价比只掌握在一个杂货商手中时便宜；如果分成二十个人，他们的竞争就会更大，而他们联合起来提高价格的机会就会更少。
Their competition might, perhaps, ruin some of themselves; but to take care of this, is the business of the parties concerned, and it may safely be trusted to their discretion.
他们的竞争也许会毁掉他们自己的一些人；但处理这件事是有关各方的事，可以放心地相信他们的判断力。
It can never hurt either the consumer or the producer; on the contrary, it must tend to make the retailers both sell cheaper and buy dearer, than if the whole trade was monopolised by one or two persons.
它永远不会伤害消费者或生产者；相反，与整个贸易由一两个人垄断相比，它必定会使零售商卖得更便宜，买得更贵。
Some of them, perhaps, may sometimes decoy a weak customer to buy what he has no occasion for.
也许他们中的一些人有时可能会诱骗实力较弱的顾客购买他没有机会购买的东西。
This evil, however, is of too little importance to deserve the public attention, nor would it necessarily be prevented by restricting their numbers.
然而，这种邪恶的重要性太小，不值得公众关注，也不一定通过限制其数量来预防。
It is not the multitude of alehouses, to give the must suspicious example, that occasions a general disposition to drunkenness among the common people; but that disposition, arising from other causes, necessarily gives employment to a multitude of alehouses.
举个令人怀疑的例子，并不是酒馆数量众多，导致了普通民众普遍酗酒；而是因为酒馆众多。但由于其他原因而产生的这种倾向必然为许多啤酒屋提供了就业机会。
The persons whose capitals are employed in any of those four ways, are themselves productive labourers.
资本以这四种方式使用的人本身就是生产性劳动者。
Their labour, when properly directed, fixes and realizes itself in the subject or vendible commodity upon which it is bestowed, and generally adds to its price the value at least of their own maintenance and consumption.
他们的劳动如果得到适当的指导，就会在其所赋予的主体或可销售商品中固定并实现自己，并且通常至少会增加其自身维护和消费的价值。
The profits of the farmer, of the manufacturer, of the merchant, and retailer, are all drawn from the price of the goods which the two first produce, and the two last buy and sell.
农民、制造商、商人和零售商的利润都来自于这两者首先生产、最后两者买卖的商品的价格。
Equal capitals, however, employed in each of those four different ways, will immediately put into motion very different quantities of productive labour; and augment, too, in very different proportions, the value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the society to which they belong.
然而，同等资本以这四种不同方式使用时，将立即投入数量截然不同的生产劳动。并以不同的比例增加土地和其所属社会劳动的年产品价值。
The capital of the retailer replaces, together with its profits, that of the merchant of whom he purchases goods, and thereby enables him to continue his business.
零售商的资本及其利润取代了他购买商品的商人的资本，从而使他能够继续经营。
The retailer himself is the only productive labourer whom it immediately employs.
零售商本人是其直接雇用的唯一生产劳动者。
In his profit consists the whole value which its employment adds to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.
他的利润包括其就业增加到土地和社会劳动年产中的全部价值。
The capital of the wholesale merchant replaces, together with their profits, the capitals of the farmers and manufacturers of whom he purchases the rude and manufactured produce which he deals in, and thereby enables them to continue their respective trades.
批发商的资本连同他们的利润一起取代了农民和制造商的资本，他从这些农民和制造商那里购买了他所经营的原材料和制成品，从而使他们能够继续各自的贸易。
It is by this service chiefly that he contributes indirectly to support the productive labour of the society, and to increase the value of its annual produce.
他主要通过这种服务间接地支持社会的生产劳动，并增加其年产品的价值。
His capital employs, too, the sailors and carriers who transport his goods from one place to another; and it augments the price of those goods by the value, not only of his profits, but of their wages.
他的首都还雇佣水手和承运人，将他的货物从一地运到另一地。它不仅增加了他的利润，还增加了他们的工资，从而提高了这些商品的价格。
This is all the productive labour which it immediately puts into motion, and all the value which it immediately adds to the annual produce.
这是它立即投入运转的所有生产劳动，以及它立即增加到年产品中的所有价值。
Its operation in both these respects is a good deal superior to that of the capital of the retailer.
它在这两个方面的运作都比零售商的资本要优越得多。
Part of the capital of the master manufacturer is employed as a fixed capital in the instruments of his trade, and replaces, together with its profits, that of some other artificer of whom he purchases them.
大制造商的部分资本被用作他的贸易工具的固定资本，并连同其利润一起取代他从其他技工那里购买这些工具的资本。
Part of his circulating capital is employed in purchasing materials, and replaces, with their profits, the capitals of the farmers and miners of whom he purchases them.
他的部分流动资本用于购买材料，并用他们的利润代替他购买材料的农民和矿工的资本。
But a great part of it is always, either annually, or in a much shorter period, distributed among the different workmen whom he employs.
但其中很大一部分总是每年或在更短的时间内分配给他雇用的不同工人。
It augments the value of those materials by their wages, and by their masters’ profits upon the whole stock of wages, materials, and instruments of trade employed in the business.
它通过工资以及其主人在企业中使用的工资、材料和贸易工具的全部存量上获得的利润来增加这些材料的价值。
It puts immediately into motion, therefore, a much greater quantity of productive labour, and adds a much greater value to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society, than an equal capital in the hands of any wholesale merchant.
因此，与任何批发商手中的同等资本相比，它立即投入了更多的生产劳动，为土地和社会劳动的年产品增加了更多的价值。
No equal capital puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour than that of the farmer.
在同等资本中，没有哪一个资本能比农民投入更多的生产劳动。
Not only his labouring servants, but his labouring cattle, are productive labourers.
不仅他的劳动仆人，而且他的劳动牲畜都是生产劳动者。
In agriculture, too, Nature labours along with man; and though her labour costs no expense, its produce has its value, as well as that of the most expensive workmen.
在农业领域，自然也与人类一起劳动。尽管她的劳动力不花钱，但其产品和最昂贵的工人一样具有其价值。
The most important operations of agriculture seem intended, not so much to increase, though they do that too, as to direct the fertility of Nature towards the production of the plants most profitable to man.
农业最重要的运作似乎并不是为了增加产量，尽管它们也这样做，而是为了将自然的肥力引导到对人类最有利可图的植物的生产上。
A field overgrown with briars and brambles, may frequently produce as great a quantity of vegetables as the best cultivated vineyard or corn field.
一片长满荆棘和荆棘的田地，其蔬菜产量往往与栽培最好的葡萄园或玉米田一样多。
Planting and tillage frequently regulate more than they animate the active fertility of Nature; and after all their labour, a great part of the work always remains to be done by her.
种植和耕作经常调节自然的活跃肥力，而不是促进其活跃。在他们付出了所有的劳动之后，很大一部分工作仍然需要她来完成。
The labourers and labouring cattle, therefore, employed in agriculture, not only occasion, like the workmen in manufactures, the reproduction of a value equal to their own consumption, or to the capital which employs them, together with its owner’s profits, but of a much greater value.
因此，农业中的工人和劳作的牲畜，不仅像制造业中的工人一样，再生产出相当于他们自己的消费或雇用他们的资本及其所有者的利润的价值，而且还具有更大的价值。
Over and above the capital of the farmer, and all its profits, they regularly occasion the reproduction of the rent of the landlord.
除了农民的资本及其全部利润之外，它们还经常引起地主地租的再生产。
This rent may be considered as the produce of those powers of Nature, the use of which the landlord lends to the farmer.
这种地租可以被视为自然力量的产物，地主将其使用权借给农民。
It is greater or smaller, according to the supposed extent of those powers, or, in other words, according to the supposed natural or improved fertility of the land.
它的大小取决于这些权力的假定范围，或者换句话说，取决于土地的自然肥力或改良肥力。
It is the work of Nature which remains, after deducting or compensating every thing which can be regarded as the work of man.
在扣除或补偿一切可被视为人类的作品之后，剩下的就是自然的作品。
It is seldom less than a fourth, and frequently more than a third, of the whole produce.
它很少少于总产量的四分之一，常常超过三分之一。
No equal quantity of productive labour employed in manufactures, can ever occasion so great reproduction.
制造业中使用的同等数量的生产劳动不可能产生如此巨大的再生产。
In them Nature does nothing; man does all; and the reproduction must always be in proportion to the strength of the agents that occasion it.
大自然对它们无所作为；人做一切事；繁殖必须始终与引发繁殖的代理人的力量成正比。
The capital employed in agriculture, therefore, not only puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour than any equal capital employed in manufactures; but in proportion, too, to the quantity of productive labour which it employs, it adds a much greater value to the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, to the real wealth and revenue of its inhabitants.
因此，农业中使用的资本不仅比制造业中使用的任何同等资本投入更多的生产劳动，而且但也与它所使用的生产劳动量成正比，它给国家的土地和劳动的年产值以及居民的实际财富和收入增加了更大的价值。
Of all the ways in which a capital can be employed, it is by far the most advantageous to society.
在资本使用的所有方式中，它是迄今为止对社会最有利的。
The capitals employed in the agriculture and in the retail trade of any society, must always reside within that society.
任何社会的农业和零售业所使用的资本都必须始终存在于该社会内部。
Their employment is confined almost to a precise spot, to the farm, and to the shop of the retailer.
他们的工作几乎局限于一个精确的地点：农场和零售商的商店。
They must generally, too, though there are some exceptions to this, belong to resident members of the society.
尽管有一些例外，它们通常也必须属于社会的居民成员。
The capital of a wholesale merchant, on the contrary, seems to have no fixed or necessary residence anywhere, but may wander about from place to place, according as it can either buy cheap or sell dear.
批发商的资本则相反，似乎没有固定的、必要的住所，而是可以到处流浪，可以便宜买，也可以高价卖。
The capital of the manufacturer must, no doubt, reside where the manufacture is carried on; but where this shall be, is not always necessarily determined.
毫无疑问，制造商的资本必须位于制造进行地；但这个位置在哪里并不总是确定的。
It may frequently be at a great distance, both from the place where the materials grow, and from that where the complete manufacture is consumed.
它通常可能距离材料生长的地方和整个制造品消耗的地方都很远。
Lyons is very distant, both from the places which afford the materials of its manufactures, and from those which consume them.
里昂距离提供其制造材料的地方和消费这些材料的地方都非常遥远。
The people of fashion in Sicily are clothed in silks made in other countries, from the materials which their own produces.
西西里岛的时尚人士穿着其他国家用本国生产的材料制成的丝绸衣服。
Part of the wool of Spain is manufactured in Great Britain, and some part of that cloth is afterwards sent back to Spain.
西班牙的部分羊毛是在英国制造的，部分布料随后被运回西班牙。
Whether the merchant whose capital exports the surplus produce of any society, be a native or a foreigner, is of very little importance.
其资本出口任何社会的剩余产品的商人是本地人还是外国人，并不重要。
If he is a foreigner, the number of their productive labourers is necessarily less than if he had been a native, by one man only; and the value of their annual produce, by the profits of that one man.
如果他是外国人，他们的生产劳动者的数量必然比他是本地人时少，只有一个人；以及他们年产品的价值，由那个人的利润决定。
The sailors or carriers whom he employs, may still belong indifferently either to his country, or to their country, or to some third country, in the same manner as if he had been a native.
他雇用的水手或承运人可能仍然漠不关心地属于他的国家，或者属于他们的国家，或者属于某个第三国，就像他是当地人一样。
The capital of a foreigner gives a value to their surplus produce equally with that of a native, by exchanging it for something for which there is a demand at home.
外国人的资本通过将剩余产品交换为国内需要的东西，赋予其剩余产品与本国人同等的价值。
It as effectually replaces the capital of the person who produces that surplus, and as effectually enables him to continue his business, the service by which the capital of a wholesale merchant chiefly contributes to support the productive labour, and to augment the value of the annual produce of the society to which he belongs.
它有效地取代了生产剩余的人的资本，并有效地使他能够继续经营，批发商人的资本主要用于支持生产性劳动，并增加他所属社会的年产品的价值。
It is of more consequence that the capital of the manufacturer should reside within the country.
更重要的是，制造商的资本应位于国内。
It necessarily puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour, and adds a greater value to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.
它必然会投入更多的生产劳动，使土地和社会劳动的年产品增加更大的价值。
It may, however, be very useful to the country, though it should not reside within it.
然而，它可能对国家非常有用，尽管它不应该驻留在国内。
The capitals of the British manufacturers who work up the flax and hemp annually imported from the coasts of the Baltic, are surely very useful to the countries which produce them.
英国制造商的资本每年加工从波罗的海沿岸进口的亚麻和大麻，这对生产它们的国家来说肯定非常有用。
Those materials are a part of the surplus produce of those countries, which, unless it was annually exchanged for something which is in demand there, would be of no value, and would soon cease to be produced.
这些材料是这些国家剩余产品的一部分，除非每年将其交换为那里需要的东西，否则这些材料将没有任何价值，并且很快就会停止生产。
The merchants who export it, replace the capitals of the people who produce it, and thereby encourage them to continue the production; and the British manufacturers replace the capitals of those merchants.
出口产品的商人取代了生产者的资本，从而鼓励他们继续生产；英国制造商取代了那些商人的资本。
A particular country, in the same manner as a particular person, may frequently not have capital sufficient both to improve and cultivate all its lands, to manufacture and prepare their whole rude produce for immediate use and consumption, and to transport the surplus part either of the rude or manufactured produce to those distant markets, where it can be exchanged for something for which there is a demand at home.
一个特定的国家，就像一个特定的人一样，常常可能没有足够的资本来改善和耕种其所有土地，制造和准备其全部原始产品以供立即使用和消费，并将剩余部分的原始产品或制成品运输到遥远的市场，在那里可以交换国内有需求的东西。
The inhabitants of many different parts of Great Britain have not capital sufficient to improve and cultivate all their lands.
英国许多不同地区的居民没有足够的资本来改善和耕种他们的所有土地。
The wool of the southern counties of Scotland is, a great part of it, after a long land carriage through very bad roads, manufactured in Yorkshire, for want of a capital to manufacture it at home.
苏格兰南部各郡的羊毛，很大一部分是在约克郡经过长途陆运，经过非常糟糕的道路后在约克郡制造的，因为缺乏资金在国内制造羊毛。
There are many little manufacturing towns in Great Britain, of which the inhabitants have not capital sufficient to transport the produce of their own industry to those distant markets where there is demand and consumption for it.
英国有许多制造业小城镇，这些城镇的居民没有足够的资金将自己工业的产品运输到有需求和消费的遥远市场。
If there are any merchants among them, they are, properly, only the agents of wealthier merchants who reside in some of the great commercial cities.
如果他们中间有商人的话，那么他们也只是居住在一些大城市的富裕商人的代理人。
When the capital of any country is not sufficient for all those three purposes, in proportion as a greater share of it is employed in agriculture, the greater will be the quantity of productive labour which it puts into motion within the country; as will likewise be the value which its employment adds to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.
当任何国家的资本不足以满足所有这三个目的时，用于农业的资本比例越大，该国在国内投入的生产劳动量就越大。同样，它的就业也将为土地和社会劳动的年产增加价值。
After agriculture, the capital employed in manufactures puts into motion the greatest quantity of productive labour, and adds the greatest value to the annual produce.
继农业之后，用于制造业的资本投入了最大量的生产劳动，并为年产品增加了最大的价值。
That which is employed in the trade of exportation has the least effect of any of the three.
出口贸易中使用的因素在这三者中影响最小。
The country, indeed, which has not capital sufficient for all those three purposes, has not arrived at that degree of opulence for which it seems naturally destined.
事实上，这个国家没有足够的资本来实现这三个目的，因此还没有达到它似乎注定要达到的富裕程度。
To attempt, however, prematurely, and with an insufficient capital, to do all the three, is certainly not the shortest way for a society, no more than it would be for an individual, to acquire a sufficient one.
然而，在资本不足的情况下，过早地尝试实现这三点对于一个社会来说肯定不是最快捷的方式，就像对于个人来说，获得足够的资本一样。
The capital of all the individuals of a nation has its limits, in the same manner as that of a single individual, and is capable of executing only certain purposes.
一个国家所有个人的资本与单个个人的资本一样，都有其局限性，并且只能实现某些目的。
The capital of all the individuals of a nation is increased in the same manner as that of a single individual, by their continually accumulating and adding to it whatever they save out of their revenue.
一个国家所有个人的资本都以与单个个人相同的方式增加，即通过不断积累和增加他们从收入中节省下来的资本。
It is likely to increase the fastest, therefore, when it is employed in the way that affords the greatest revenue to all the inhabitants or the country, as they will thus be enabled to make the greatest savings.
因此，当它以向所有居民或国家提供最大收入的方式使用时，它可能会增长最快，因为他们将因此能够获得最大的储蓄。
But the revenue of all the inhabitants of the country is necessarily in proportion to the value of the annual produce of their land and labour.
但该国所有居民的收入必然与其土地和劳动的年产值成正比。
It has been the principal cause of the rapid progress of our American colonies towards wealth and greatness, that almost their whole capitals have hitherto been employed in agriculture.
迄今为止，我们的美洲殖民地几乎全部资本都用于农业，这是它们迅速走向财富和伟大的主要原因。
They have no manufactures, those household and coarser manufactures excepted, which necessarily accompany the progress of agriculture, and which are the work of the women and children in every private family.
他们没有制造业，但家庭和粗加工制造业除外，这些制造业必然伴随着农业的进步，并且是每个私人家庭中妇女和儿童的工作。
The greater part, both of the exportation and coasting trade of America, is carried on by the capitals of merchants who reside in Great Britain.
美国的出口和沿海贸易的大部分是由居住在英国的商人的首都进行的。
Even the stores and warehouses from which goods are retailed in some provinces, particularly in Virginia and Maryland, belong many of them to merchants who reside in the mother country, and afford one of the few instances of the retail trade of a society being carried on by the capitals of those who are not resident members of it.
即使是在某些省份（特别是弗吉尼亚州和马里兰州）零售商品的商店和仓库，其中许多也属于居住在母国的商人，并且是由非居民成员的首都进行社会零售贸易的少数实例之一。
Were the Americans, either by combination, or by any other sort of violence, to stop the importation of European manufactures, and, by thus giving a monopoly to such of their own countrymen as could manufacture the like goods, divert any considerable part of their capital into this employment, they would retard, instead of accelerating, the further increase in the value of their annual produce, and would obstruct, instead of promoting, the progress of their country towards real wealth and greatness.
如果美国人通过联合行动或任何其他形式的暴力来阻止欧洲制造品的进口，并通过将垄断权授予能够制造同类产品的本国人，将其大部分资本转移到这种用途上，那么他们就会阻碍而不是加速其年产品价值的进一步增长，并且会阻碍而不是促进他们的国家走向真正的财富和伟大。
This would be still more the case, were they to attempt, in the same manner, to monopolize to themselves their whole exportation trade.
如果他们试图以同样的方式垄断整个出口贸易，情况就更是如此。
The course of human prosperity, indeed, seems scarce ever to have been of so long continuance as to enable any great country to acquire capital sufficient for all those three purposes; unless, perhaps, we give credit to the wonderful accounts of the wealth and cultivation of China, of those of ancient Egypt, and of the ancient state of Indostan.
事实上，人类繁荣的进程似乎从来没有持续这么长时间，以至于任何伟大的国家都无法获得足够的资本来实现这三个目的。也许，除非我们相信对中国、古埃及和古代印度斯坦的财富和耕作的精彩记载。
Even those three countries, the wealthiest, according to all accounts, that ever were in the world, are chiefly renowned for their superiority in agriculture and manufactures.
即使这三个国家，根据各种记载，是世界上最富有的国家，也主要以其在农业和制造业方面的优势而闻名。
They do not appear to have been eminent for foreign trade.
他们在对外贸易方面似乎并不突出。
The ancient Egyptians had a superstitious antipathy to the sea; a superstition nearly of the same kind prevails among the Indians; and the Chinese have never excelled in foreign commerce.
古埃及人对海洋怀有一种迷信的反感。类似的迷信在印第安人中盛行。中国人在对外贸易方面从来没有表现出色。
The greater part of the surplus produce of all those three countries seems to have been always exported by foreigners, who gave in exchange for it something else, for which they found a demand there, frequently gold and silver.
这三个国家的大部分剩余产品似乎总是由外国人出口，他们用其他东西来交换，而他们在那里发现了对这些东西的需求，通常是黄金和白银。
It is thus that the same capital will in any country put into motion a greater or smaller quantity of productive labour, and add a greater or smaller value to the annual produce of its land and labour, according to the different proportions in which it is employed in agriculture, manufactures, and wholesale trade.
因此，同样的资本在任何国家都会根据其用于农业、制造业和批发贸易的不同比例，投入或多或少的生产性劳动，并为其土地和劳动的年产品增加或多或少的价值。
The difference, too, is very great, according to the different sorts of wholesale trade in which any part of it is employed.
根据批发贸易的任何部分所采用的不同类型，差异也很大。
All wholesale trade, all buying in order to sell again by wholesale, maybe reduced to three different sorts: the home trade, the foreign trade of consumption, and the carrying trade.
所有的批发贸易，都是为了批发再卖而买的，可以归结为三种不同的类型：国内贸易、消费的外贸、以及转口贸易。
The home trade is employed in purchasing in one part of the same country, and selling in another, the produce of the industry of that country.
国内贸易是指在同一国家的一个地方购买该国工业产品，然后在另一个地方销售该产品。
It comprehends both the inland and the coasting trade.
它包括内陆贸易和沿海贸易。
The foreign trade of consumption is employed in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption.
消费对外贸易是指购买外国商品供国内消费。
The carrying trade is employed in transacting the commerce of foreign countries, or in carrying the surplus produce of one to another.
携带贸易用于进行外国贸易，或将一国的剩余产品运往另一国。
The capital which is employed in purchasing in one part of the country, in order to sell in another, the produce of the industry of that country, generally replaces, by every such operation, two distinct capitals, that had both been employed in the agriculture or manufactures of that country, and thereby enables them to continue that employment.
用于在国家的一个地方购买该国工业产品以便在另一个地方出售的资本，在每一次这样的操作中，通常会取代两种不同的资本，这两种资本都被用于该国的农业或制造业，从而使它们能够继续这种就业。
When it sends out from the residence of the merchant a certain value of commodities, it generally brings back in return at least an equal value of other commodities.
当它从商人的住所送出一定价值的商品时，通常会带回至少等值的其他商品。
When both are the produce of domestic industry, it necessarily replaces, by every such operation, two distinct capitals, which had both been employed in supporting productive labour, and thereby enables them to continue that support.
当两者都是国内工业的产品时，每一次这样的操作都必然取代两种不同的资本，这两种资本都被用来支持生产性劳动，从而使它们能够继续这种支持。
The capital which sends Scotch manufactures to London, and brings back English corn and manufactures to Edinburgh, necessarily replaces, by every such operation, two British capitals, which had both been employed in the agriculture or manufactures of Great Britain.
将苏格兰制成品运往伦敦，并将英国玉米和制成品带回爱丁堡的首都，每次这样的运作都必然取代两个英国首都，这两个首都都曾用于英国的农业或制造业。
The capital employed in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption, when this purchase is made with the produce of domestic industry, replaces, too, by every such operation, two distinct capitals; but one of them only is employed in supporting domestic industry.
当这种购买是用国内工业的产品进行时，用于购买外国商品供国内消费所使用的资本也通过每一次这样的操作取代了两种不同的资本：但其中之一仅用于支持国内工业。
The capital which sends British goods to Portugal, and brings back Portuguese goods to Great Britain, replaces, by every such operation, only one British capital.
将英国货物运往葡萄牙，并将葡萄牙货物运回英国的首都，每一次此类行动都只取代了一个英国首都。
The other is a Portuguese one.
另一位是葡萄牙人。
Though the returns, therefore, of the foreign trade of consumption, should be as quick as those of the home trade, the capital employed in it will give but one half of the encouragement to the industry or productive labour of the country.
因此，虽然消费的对外贸易的回报应该与国内贸易的回报一样快，但用于消费的资本对国家工业或生产劳动的鼓励作用却只有一半。
But the returns of the foreign trade of consumption are very seldom so quick as those of the home trade.
但消费外贸的回报却很少像国内贸易那么快。
The returns of the home trade generally come in before the end of the year, and sometimes three or four times in the year.
国内贸易的回报一般在年底前到来，有时一年三四次。
The returns of the foreign trade of consumption seldom come in before the end of the year, and sometimes not till after two or three years.
消费外贸的回报很少在年底之前就到账，有时要到两三年后才能到账。
A capital, therefore, employed in the home trade, will sometimes make twelve operations, or be sent out and returned twelve times, before a capital employed in the foreign trade of consumption has made one.
因此，在用于消费的对外贸易的资本完成一次操作之前，用于国内贸易的资本有时会进行十二次操作，或者发出和返回十二次。
If the capitals are equal, therefore, the one will give four-and-twenty times more encouragement and support to the industry of the country than the other.
因此，如果资本相等，一方对本国工业的鼓励和支持将是另一方的四倍和二十倍。
The foreign goods for home consumption may sometimes be purchased, not with the produce of domestic industry but with some other foreign goods.
用于国内消费的外国商品有时可能不是与国内工业产品一起购买，而是与其他一些外国商品一起购买。
These last, however, must have been purchased, either immediately with the produce of domestic industry, or with something else that had been purchased with it; for, the case of war and conquest excepted, foreign goods can never be acquired, but in exchange for something that had been produced at home, either immediately, or after two or more different exchanges.
然而，最后这些必须是购买的，要么立即与国内工业的产品一起购买，要么与与国内工业一起购买的其他东西一起购买；因为，除了战争和征服的情况外，除非立即或在两次或多次不同的交换之后交换国内生产的东西，否则永远无法获得外国商品。
The effects, therefore, of a capital employed in such a round-about foreign trade of consumption, are, in every respect, the same as those of one employed in the most direct trade of the same kind, except that the final returns are likely to be still more distant, as they must depend upon the returns of two or three distinct foreign trades.
因此，在这种迂回的对外消费贸易中使用的资本的效果在各方面都与在同类最直接的贸易中使用的资本的效果相同，只是最终的回报可能更加遥远，因为它们必须取决于两到三个不同的对外贸易的回报。
If the hemp and flax of Riga are purchased with the tobacco of Virginia, which had been purchased with British manufactures, the merchant must wait for the returns of two distinct foreign trades, before he can employ the same capital in repurchasing a like quantity of British manufactures.
如果里加的大麻和亚麻是和弗吉尼亚的烟草一起购买的，而弗吉尼亚的烟草是和英国的制成品一起购买的，那么商人必须等待两次不同的对外贸易的回报，然后才能用相同的资本购买同等数量的英国制成品。
If the tobacco of Virginia had been purchased, not with British manufactures, but with the sugar and rum of Jamaica, which had been purchased with those manufactures, he must wait for the returns of three.
如果弗吉尼亚的烟草不是与英国制造商一起购买的，而是与牙买加的糖和朗姆酒一起购买的，而牙买加的糖和朗姆酒是与这些制造商一起购买的，那么他必须等待三份退货。
If those two or three distinct foreign trades should happen to be carried on by two or three distinct merchants, of whom the second buys the goods imported by the first, and the third buys those imported by the second, in order to export them again, each merchant, indeed, will, in this case, receive the returns of his own capital more quickly; but the final returns of the whole capital employed in the trade will be just as slow as ever.
如果这两种或三种不同的对外贸易碰巧由两个或三个不同的商人进行，其中第二个商人购买第一个商人进口的货物，第三个商人购买第二个商人进口的货物，以便再次出口，那么在这种情况下，每个商人确实会更快地获得自己资本的回报；但交易中使用的全部资本的最终回报将一如既往地缓慢。
Whether the whole capital employed in such a round about trade belong to one merchant or to three, can make no difference with regard to the country, though it may with regard to the particular merchants.
在这样的一轮贸易中使用的全部资本是否属于一个商人或三个商人，对于国家来说没有什么区别，尽管对于特定的商人来说可能有区别。
Three times a greater capital must in both cases be employed, in order to exchange a certain value of British manufactures for a certain quantity of flax and hemp, than would have been necessary, had the manufactures and the flax and hemp been directly exchanged for one another.
在这两种情况下，为了将一定价值的英国制成品换成一定数量的亚麻和大麻，必须使用比制成品与亚麻和大麻直接相互交换所需的资本多三倍的资本。
The whole capital employed, therefore, in such a round-about foreign trade of consumption, will generally give less encouragement and support to the productive labour of the country, than an equal capital employed in a more direct trade of the same kind.
因此，在这种迂回的消费对外贸易中使用的全部资本，通常比在同类更直接的贸易中使用的同等资本对国家生产劳动的鼓励和支持要少。
Whatever be the foreign commodity with which the foreign goods for home consumption are purchased, it can occasion no essential difference, either in the nature of the trade, or in the encouragement and support which it can give to the productive labour of the country from which it is carried on.
无论用于国内消费的外国商品是用什么外国商品购买的，无论是在贸易的性质上，还是在它对贸易来源国生产劳动的鼓励和支持方面，都不会造成本质上的区别。
If they are purchased with the gold of Brazil, for example, or with the silver of Peru, this gold and silver, like the tobacco of Virginia, must have been purchased with something that either was the produce of the industry of the country, or that had been purchased with something else that was so.
例如，如果用巴西的黄金或秘鲁的白银购买它们，那么这些金银，就像弗吉尼亚的烟草一样，一定是用该国工业产品购买的，或者是用其他工业产品购买的。
So far, therefore, as the productive labour of the country is concerned, the foreign trade of consumption, which is carried on by means of gold and silver, has all the advantages and all the inconveniencies of any other equally round-about foreign trade of consumption; and will replace, just as fast, or just as slow, the capital which is immediately employed in supporting that productive labour.
因此，就国家的生产劳动而言，以金银为手段进行的消费对外贸易，具有任何其他同样迂回的消费对外贸易的一切优点和一切不便；并将以同样快或同样慢的速度取代立即用于支持生产性劳动的资本。
It seems even to have one advantage over any other equally round-about foreign trade.
与任何其他同样迂回的对外贸易相比，它甚至似乎具有一项优势。
The transportation of those metals from one place to another, on account of their small bulk and great value, is less expensive than that of almost any other foreign goods of equal value.
由于这些金属体积小、价值高，将这些金属从一地运输到另一地的成本比几乎任何其他同等价值的外国货物都要便宜。
Their freight is much less, and their insurance not greater; and no goods, besides, are less liable to suffer by the carriage.
他们的运费要少得多，而他们的保险也并不多；此外，没有任何货物更容易受到运输的影响。
An equal quantity of foreign goods, therefore, may frequently be purchased with a smaller quantity of the produce of domestic industry, by the intervention of gold and silver, than by that of any other foreign goods.
因此，通过黄金和白银的干预，通常可以用比任何其他外国商品更少的国内工业产品购买同等数量的外国商品。
The demand of the country may frequently, in this manner, be supplied more completely, and at a smaller expense, than in any other.
通过这种方式，国家的需求往往可以比任何其他方式更充分地、以更少的费用得到满足。
Whether, by the continual exportation of those metals, a trade of this kind is likely to impoverish the country from which it is carried on in any other way, I shall have occasion to examine at great length hereafter.
通过不断出口这些金属，这种贸易是否可能使以任何其他方式进行贸易的国家陷入贫困，我将在以后有机会进行详细研究。
That part of the capital of any country which is employed in the carrying trade, is altogether withdrawn from supporting the productive labour of that particular country, to support that of some foreign countries.
任何国家用于转口贸易的那部分资本都完全从支持该特定国家的生产劳动中抽出，以支持某些外国的生产劳动。
Though it may replace, by every operation, two distinct capitals, yet neither of them belongs to that particular country.
尽管它可能通过每项行动取代两个不同的首都，但它们都不属于该特定国家。
The capital of the Dutch merchant, which carries the corn of Poland to Portugal, and brings back the fruits and wines of Portugal to Poland, replaces by every such operation two capitals, neither of which had been employed in supporting the productive labour of Holland; but one of them in supporting that of Poland, and the other that of Portugal.
荷兰商人的资本将波兰的谷物运往葡萄牙，并将葡萄牙的水果和葡萄酒带回波兰，每次这样的操作都取代了两个资本，而这两个资本都没有被用来支持荷兰的生产劳动；但其中一个支持波兰，另一个支持葡萄牙。
The profits only return regularly to Holland, and constitute the whole addition which this trade necessarily makes to the annual produce of the land and labour of that country.
利润只会定期返回荷兰，并构成该贸易必然为该国土地和劳动力的年产品带来的全部增加。
When, indeed, the carrying trade of any particular country is carried on with the ships and sailors of that country, that part of the capital employed in it which pays the freight is distributed among, and puts into motion, a certain number of productive labourers of that country.
事实上，当任何特定国家的运输贸易是通过该国的船只和水手进行时，用于支付运费的那部分资本就被分配给该国一定数量的生产劳动者，并推动其运转。
Almost all nations that have had any considerable share of the carrying trade have, in fact, carried it on in this manner.
事实上，几乎所有在承运贸易中占有相当大份额的国家都是以这种方式进行的。
The trade itself has probably derived its name from it, the people of such countries being the carriers to other countries.
贸易本身的名称可能就是由此而来，这些国家的人民是前往其他国家的运输者。
It does not, however, seem essential to the nature of the trade that it should be so.
然而，对于贸易的性质来说，这似乎并不重要。
A Dutch merchant may, for example, employ his capital in transacting the commerce of Poland and Portugal, by carrying part of the surplus produce of the one to the other, not in Dutch, but in British bottoms.
例如，一位荷兰商人可以利用自己的资本来进行波兰和葡萄牙的商业交易，将一方的部分剩余产品运往另一方，不是用荷兰语，而是用英国语。
It maybe presumed, that he actually does so upon some particular occasions.
也许可以推测，他实际上是在某些特定场合这样做的。
It is upon this account, however, that the carrying trade has been supposed peculiarly advantageous to such a country as Great Britain, of which the defence and security depend upon the number of its sailors and shipping.
然而，正是由于这个原因，人们认为承运贸易对像英国这样的国家特别有利，因为英国的国防和安全取决于其水手和船只的数量。
But the same capital may employ as many sailors and shipping, either in the foreign trade of consumption, or even in the home trade, when carried on by coasting vessels, as it could in the carrying trade.
但同样的资本，无论是在对外消费贸易中，还是在由沿海船只进行的国内贸易中，都可以雇用与在运输贸易中一样多的水手和船运。
The number of sailors and shipping which any particular capital can employ, does not depend upon the nature of the trade, but partly upon the bulk of the goods, in proportion to their value, and partly upon the distance of the ports between which they are to be carried; chiefly upon the former of those two circumstances.
任何特定资本可以雇用的水手和船只的数量，并不取决于贸易的性质，而是部分取决于货物的体积与其价值的比例，部分取决于货物运输港口之间的距离；主要针对这两种情况中的前一种情况。
The coal trade from Newcastle to London, for example, employs more shipping than all the carrying trade of England, though the ports are at no great distance.
例如，从纽卡斯尔到伦敦的煤炭贸易所使用的航运量比英格兰所有的运输贸易都多，尽管港口距离并不远。
To force, therefore, by extraordinary encouragements, a larger share of the capital of any country into the carrying trade, than what would naturally go to it, will not always necessarily increase the shipping of that country.
因此，通过特别的鼓励措施，迫使任何国家的资本比自然流向的更大份额进入转口贸易，并不一定会增加该国的航运。
The capital, therefore, employed in the home trade of any country, will generally give encouragement and support to a greater quantity of productive labour in that country, and increase the value of its annual produce, more than an equal capital employed in the foreign trade of consumption; and the capital employed in this latter trade has, in both these respects, a still greater advantage over an equal capital employed in the carrying trade.
因此，在任何国家的国内贸易中使用的资本，一般都会比在对外贸易或消费中使用的同等资本更多地鼓励和支持该国更多的生产劳动，并增加其年产品的价值；在这两个方面，后一贸易中使用的资本比转口贸易中使用的同等资本具有更大的优势。
The riches, and so far as power depends upon riches, the power of every country must always be in proportion to the value of its annual produce, the fund from which all taxes must ultimately be paid.
财富，就权力取决于财富而言，每个国家的权力必须始终与其年产品的价值成正比，而年产品的价值最终必须由其支付。
But the great object of the political economy of every country, is to increase the riches and power of that country.
但每个国家政治经济学的伟大目标，都是增加该国的财富和实力。
It ought, therefore, to give no preference nor superior encouragement to the foreign trade of consumption above the home trade, nor to the carrying trade above either of the other two.
因此，它不应给予消费对外贸易高于国内贸易的优惠或优先鼓励，也不应给予套利贸易高于其他两者的优惠或优先鼓励。
It ought neither to force nor to allure into either of those two channels a greater share of the capital of the country, than what would naturally flow into them of its own accord.
它既不应该强迫也不应该吸引更多的国家资本流入这两个渠道，而不是自然流入这两个渠道的资本。
Each of those different branches of trade, however, is not only advantageous, but necessary and unavoidable, when the course of things, without any constraint or violence, naturally introduces it.
然而，当事物的进程在没有任何约束或暴力的情况下自然地引入时，这些不同的贸易部门中的每一个不仅是有利的，而且是必要的和不可避免的。
When the produce of any particular branch of industry exceeds what the demand of the country requires, the surplus must be sent abroad, and exchanged for something for which there is a demand at home.
当任何特定工业部门的产品超过国家的需求时，过剩的产品就必须运往国外，换取国内需要的东西。
Without such exportation, a part of the productive labour of the country must cease, and the value of its annual produce diminish.
如果没有这种出口，该国的部分生产劳动就必须停止，其年产品的价值就会减少。
The land and labour of Great Britain produce generally more corn, woollens, and hardware, than the demand of the home market requires.
英国的土地和劳动力生产的玉米、羊毛和五金制品通常多于国内市场的需求。
The surplus part of them, therefore, must be sent abroad, and exchanged for something for which there is a demand at home.
因此，多余的部分必须运往国外，换取国内需要的东西。
It is only by means of such exportation, that this surplus can acquire a value sufficient to compensate the labour and expense of producing it.
只有通过这种出口，这种剩余才能获得足以补偿生产它的劳动力和费用的价值。
The neighbourhood of the sea-coast, and the banks of all navigable rivers, are advantageous situations for industry, only because they facilitate the exportation and exchange of such surplus produce for something else which is more in demand there.
沿海地区和所有可通航河流的沿岸对于工业来说是有利的，只是因为它们有利于这些剩余产品的出口和交换，以换取那里更需要的其他产品。
When the foreign goods which are thus purchased with the surplus produce of domestic industry exceed the demand of the home market, the surplus part of them must be sent abroad again, and exchanged for something more in demand at home.
当用国内工业的剩余产品购买的外国商品超过国内市场的需求时，多余的部分必须再次运往国外，换取国内更需要的东西。
About 96,000 hogsheads of tobacco are annually purchased in Virginia and Maryland with a part of the surplus produce of British industry.
弗吉尼亚州和马里兰州每年用英国工业剩余产品的一部分购买大约 96,000 桶烟草。
But the demand of Great Britain does not require, perhaps, more than 14,000.
但英国的需求或许并不需要超过 14,000 人。
If the remaining 82,000, therefore, could not be sent abroad, and exchanged for something more in demand at home, the importation of them must cease immediately, and with it the productive labour of all those inhabitants of Great Britain who are at present employed in preparing the goods with which these 82,000 hogsheads are annually purchased.
因此，如果剩余的82,000个桶不能被送到国外，换取国内更需要的东西，那么它们的进口就必须立即停止，所有目前受雇于准备每年购买这82,000个桶的货物的英国居民的生产劳动也必须立即停止。
Those goods, which are part of the produce of the land and labour of Great Britain, having no market at home, and being deprived of that which they had abroad, must cease to be produced.
这些商品是英国土地和劳动力产品的一部分，在国内没有市场，并且被剥夺了在国外拥有的产品，因此必须停止生产。
The most round-about foreign trade of consumption, therefore, may, upon some occasions, be as necessary for supporting the productive labour of the country, and the value of its annual produce, as the most direct.
因此，在某些情况下，最迂回的消费对外贸易可能与最直接的消费对外贸易一样，对于支持国家的生产性劳动及其年产品的价值也是必要的。
When the capital stock of any country is increased to such a degree that it cannot be all employed in supplying the consumption, and supporting the productive labour of that particular country, the surplus part of it naturally disgorges itself into the carrying trade, and is employed in performing the same offices to other countries.
当任何一个国家的资本存量增加到不能全部用于供给该国的消费和生产劳动时，其剩余部分自然会转入套利贸易，并用于向其他国家履行同样的职责。
The carrying trade is the natural effect and symptom of great national wealth; but it does not seem to be the natural cause of it.
套利贸易是巨大国民财富的自然效应和表征；但这似乎不是其自然原因。
Those statesmen who have been disposed to favour it with particular encouragement, seem to have mistaken the effect and symptom for the cause.
那些倾向于特别鼓励它的政治家似乎把结果和症状误认为是原因。
Holland, in proportion to the extent of the land and the number of its inhabitants, by far the richest country in Europe, has accordingly the greatest share of the carrying trade of Europe.
就土地面积和居民人数而言，荷兰是欧洲迄今为止最富裕的国家，因此在欧洲的运输贸易中占有最大的份额。
England, perhaps the second richest country of Europe, is likewise supposed to have a considerable share in it; though what commonly passes for the carrying trade of England will frequently, perhaps, be found to be no more than a round-about foreign trade of consumption.
英国也许是欧洲第二富有的国家，同样应该在其中占有相当大的份额。尽管通常被认为是英国的转口贸易，也许常常被发现只不过是一种迂回的对外消费贸易。
Such are, in a great measure, the trades which carry the goods of the East and West Indies and of America to the different European markets.
在很大程度上，这些贸易将东印度群岛、西印度群岛以及美洲的货物运往不同的欧洲市场。
Those goods are generally purchased, either immediately with the produce of British industry, or with something else which had been purchased with that produce, and the final returns of those trades are generally used or consumed in Great Britain.
这些商品通常是立即与英国工业产品一起购买，或者与与该产品一起购买的其他东西一起购买，而这些贸易的最终回报通常在英国使用或消费。
The trade which is carried on in British bottoms between the different ports of the Mediterranean, and some trade of the same kind carried on by British merchants between the different ports of India, make, perhaps, the principal branches of what is properly the carrying trade of Great Britain.
英国船底在地中海不同港口之间进行的贸易，以及英国商人在印度不同港口之间进行的某些同类贸易，也许构成了英国真正的转口贸易的主要分支。
The extent of the home trade, and of the capital which can be employed in it, is necessarily limited by the value of the surplus produce of all those distant places within the country which have occasion to exchange their respective productions with one another; that of the foreign trade of consumption, by the value of the surplus produce of the whole country, and of what can be purchased with it; that of the carrying trade, by the value of the surplus produce of all the different countries in the world.
国内贸易的规模以及可用于国内贸易的资本，必然受到国内所有那些有机会相互交换各自产品的遥远地区的剩余产品价值的限制；消费对外贸易，以全国剩余产品的价值和可用其购买的产品的价值为依据；转口贸易，按世界各国剩余产品的价值计算。
Its possible extent, therefore, is in a manner infinite in comparison of that of the other two, and is capable of absorbing the greatest capitals.
因此，与其他两者相比，它的可能范围在某种程度上是无限的，并且能够吸收最大的资本。
The consideration of his own private profit is the sole motive which determines the owner of any capital to employ it either in agriculture, in manufactures, or in some particular branch of the wholesale or retail trade.
对自己私人利润的考虑是决定任何资本所有者将其用于农业、制造业或批发或零售贸易的某些特定部门的唯一动机。
The different quantities of productive labour which it may put into motion, and the different values which it may add to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society, according as it is employed in one or other of those different ways, never enter into his thoughts.
他从来没有考虑过它可能投入的不同数量的生产劳动，以及它可能为土地和社会劳动的年产品增加的不同价值，这取决于它以这些不同方式中的一种或另一种使用方式。
In countries, therefore, where agriculture is the most profitable of all employments, and farming and improving the most direct roads to a splendid fortune, the capitals of individuals will naturally be employed in the manner most advantageous to the whole society.
因此，在农业是所有就业中最有利可图的国家，耕种和改良是致富最直接的途径，个人的资本自然会以对整个社会最有利的方式使用。
The profits of agriculture, however, seem to have no superiority over those of other employments in any part of Europe.
然而，在欧洲任何地区，农业的利润似乎并不比其他职业的利润优越。
Projectors, indeed, in every corner of it, have, within these few years, amused the public with most magnificent accounts of the profits to be made by the cultivation and improvement of land.
事实上，在这几年里，各个角落的投影仪都用最华丽的方式展示了耕种和改良土地所获得的利润，让公众感到高兴。
Without entering into any particular discussion of their calculations, a very simple observation may satisfy us that the result of them must be false.
无需对他们的计算进行任何具体讨论，一个非常简单的观察就可以让我们确信他们的结果一定是错误的。
We see, every day, the most splendid fortunes, that have been acquired in the course of a single life, by trade and manufactures, frequently from a very small capital, sometimes from no capital.
我们每天都看到最辉煌的财富，这些财富是在一生中通过贸易和制造业获得的，通常来自很小的资本，有时甚至没有资本。
A single instance of such a fortune, acquired by agriculture in the same time, and from such a capital, has not, perhaps, occurred in Europe, during the course of the present century.
在本世纪的整个过程中，欧洲也许还没有发生过这样一个例子，即在同一时期通过农业从这样的资本中获得的财富。
In all the great countries of Europe, however, much good land still remains uncultivated; and the greater part of what is cultivated, is far from being improved to the degree of which it is capable.
然而，在欧洲所有伟大国家中，仍有许多良田尚未开垦。大部分已耕种的东西还远远没有改善到其所能达到的程度。
Agriculture, therefore, is almost everywhere capable of absorbing a much greater capital than has ever yet been employed in it.
因此，几乎所有地方的农业都能够吸收比其迄今所使用的资本多得多的资本。
What circumstances in the policy of Europe have given the trades which are carried on in towns so great an advantage over that which is carried on in the country, that private persons frequently find it more for their advantage to employ their capitals in the most distant carrying trades of Asia and America than in the improvement and cultivation of the most fertile fields in their own neighbourhood, I shall endeavour to explain at full length in the two following books.
欧洲的政策环境使城镇贸易比乡村贸易具有如此大的优势，以至于私人经常发现将其资本用于亚洲和美洲最遥远的运输贸易比改良和耕种自己邻国最肥沃的土地更有利，我将在接下来的两本书中尽力详细解释。
BOOK III.
第三册。
OF THE DIFFERENT PROGRESS OF OPULENCE IN DIFFERENT NATIONS
不同国家富裕程度的不同进展
CHAPTER I.
第一章
OF THE NATURAL PROGRESS OF OPULENCE.
富裕的自然进步。
The great commerce of every civilized society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country.
每个文明社会的伟大商业都是在城镇居民和乡村居民之间进行的。
It consists in the exchange of rude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or by the intervention of money, or of some sort of paper which represents money.
它包括将原油换成制成品，要么立即进行，要么通过货币或某种代表货币的纸张的干预。
The country supplies the town with the means of subsistence and the materials of manufacture.
国家为城镇提供生活资料和制造材料。
The town repays this supply, by sending back a part of the manufactured produce to the inhabitants of the country.
该镇通过将部分制成品返还给该国居民来回报这一供应。
The town, in which there neither is nor can be any reproduction of substances, may very properly be said to gain its whole wealth and subsistence from the country.
这座城市既没有也不可能有任何物质的再生产，可以说，它的全部财富和生存都来自于乡村。
We must not, however, upon this account, imagine that the gain of the town is the loss of the country.
然而，我们决不能因此认为城市的得益就是乡村的失落。
The gains of both are mutual and reciprocal, and the division of labour is in this, as in all other cases, advantageous to all the different persons employed in the various occupations into which it is subdivided.
两者的收益是相互的和互惠的，而且，正如在所有其他情况下一样，劳动分工对于从事其细分的各种职业的所有不同的人都是有利的。
The inhabitants of the country purchase of the town a greater quantity of manufactured goods with the produce of a much smaller quantity of their own labour, than they must have employed had they attempted to prepare them themselves.
乡村居民用自己的劳动生产的产品，在城镇中购买了更多数量的制成品，而如果他们试图自己制造这些产品，那么他们必须使用的产品数量要少得多。
The town affords a market for the surplus produce of the country, or what is over and above the maintenance of the cultivators; and it is there that the inhabitants of the country exchange it for something else which is in demand among them.
城镇为国家的剩余产品提供了一个市场，或者说除了维持耕种者的生存之外的产品；正是在那里，该国的居民用它来交换他们需要的其他东西。
The greater the number and revenue of the inhabitants of the town, the more extensive is the market which it affords to those of the country; and the more extensive that market, it is always the more advantageous to a great number.
城镇居民的数量和收入越多，它为乡村居民提供的市场就越广阔。市场越广泛，对大多数人来说总是越有利。
The corn which grows within a mile of the town, sells there for the same price with that which comes from twenty miles distance.
距城镇一英里以内种植的玉米，在那里以与二十英里外的玉米相同的价格出售。
But the price of the latter must, generally, not only pay the expense of raising it and bringing it to market, but afford, too, the ordinary profits of agriculture to the farmer.
但后者的价格通常不仅必须支付饲养和上市的费用，而且还必须支付农民的农业普通利润。
The proprietors and cultivators of the country, therefore, which lies in the neighbourhood of the town, over and above the ordinary profits of agriculture, gain, in the price of what they sell, the whole value of the carriage of the like produce that is brought from more distant parts; and they save, besides, the whole value of this carriage in the price of what they buy.
因此，位于城镇附近的乡村的业主和耕种者，除了获得普通农业利润外，还可以从他们出售的产品的价格中获得从更远的地方运来的同类产品的全部价值。此外，他们还把这辆马车的全部价值都省在了购买的价格中。
Compare the cultivation of the lands in the neighbourhood of any considerable town, with that of those which lie at some distance from it, and you will easily satisfy yourself how much the country is benefited by the commerce of the town.
将任何一个大城镇附近的土地的耕种情况与距该城镇一定距离的土地的耕种情况进行比较，您就会很容易地确信该国从该城镇的商业中受益了多少。
Among all the absurd speculations that have been propagated concerning the balance of trade, it has never been pretended that either the country loses by its commerce with the town, or the town by that with the country which maintains it.
在所有关于贸易平衡的荒谬猜测中，从来没有假装国家因与城镇的贸易而遭受损失，或者城镇因与维持城镇的国家的贸易而受到损失。
As subsistence is, in the nature of things, prior to conveniency and luxury, so the industry which procures the former, must necessarily be prior to that which ministers to the latter.
正如事物本质上的生存先于便利和奢侈一样，提供前者的工业也必然先于提供后者的工业。
The cultivation and improvement of the country, therefore, which affords subsistence, must, necessarily, be prior to the increase of the town, which furnishes only the means of conveniency and luxury.
因此，提供生计的乡村的耕种和改善必然先于只提供便利和奢侈手段的城镇的发展。
It is the surplus produce of the country only, or what is over and above the maintenance of the cultivators, that constitutes the subsistence of the town, which can therefore increase only with the increase of the surplus produce.
只有乡村的剩余产品，或者说超出耕种者维持生计的东西，才构成城市的生存，因此，城市的生存只能随着剩余产品的增加而增加。
The town, indeed, may not always derive its whole subsistence from the country in its neighbourhood, or even from the territory to which it belongs, but from very distant countries; and this, though it forms no exception from the general rule, has occasioned considerable variations in the progress of opulence in different ages and nations.
事实上，城镇的全部生存可能并不总是来自其邻近的国家，甚至不是来自其所属的领土，而是来自非常遥远的国家。尽管这不构成一般规则的例外，但它却在不同时代和国家的富裕进程中造成了相当大的差异。
That order of things which necessity imposes, in general, though not in every particular country, is in every particular country promoted by the natural inclinations of man.
总体而言，虽然不是在每个特定国家，但必然所强加的事物秩序在每个特定国家都是由人的自然倾向推动的。
If human institutions had never thwarted those natural inclinations, the towns could nowhere have increased beyond what the improvement and cultivation of the territory in which they were situated could support; till such time, at least, as the whole of that territory was completely cultivated and improved.
如果人类制度从未阻碍过这些自然倾向，城镇的发展就不可能超出其所在领土的改善和耕种所能支持的范围。至少到那时为止，整个领土已经完全被耕种和改良了。
Upon equal, or nearly equal profits, most men will choose to employ their capitals, rather in the improvement and cultivation of land, than either in manufactures or in foreign trade.
在利润相等或接近相等的情况下，大多数人会选择将其资本用于改良和耕种土地，而不是用于制造业或对外贸易。
The man who employs his capital in land, has it more under his view and command; and his fortune is much less liable to accidents than that of the trader, who is obliged frequently to commit it, not only to the winds and the waves, but to the more uncertain elements of human folly and injustice, by giving great credits, in distant countries, to men with whose character and situation he can seldom be thoroughly acquainted.
将资本用于土地的人，对土地的掌控程度更高。他的财富比商人的财富更不易受到意外事故的影响，商人不仅经常被迫将其命运置于风浪之中，而且还置于人类愚蠢和不公正的更不确定的因素之中，因为他在遥远的国家向那些他很少能够彻底了解其性格和处境的人提供巨额信贷。
The capital of the landlord, on the contrary, which is fixed in the improvement of his land, seems to be as well secured as the nature of human affairs can admit of.
相反，地主的资本固定在改良自己的土地上，似乎是按照人类事务的本质所允许的那样得到了充分保障。
The beauty of the country, besides, the pleasure of a country life, the tranquillity of mind which it promises, and, wherever the injustice of human laws does not disturb it, the independency which it really affords, have charms that, more or less, attract everybody; and as to cultivate the ground was the original destination of man, so, in every stage of his existence, he seems to retain a predilection for this primitive employment.
此外，乡村的美丽、乡村生活的乐趣、它所带来的心灵的宁静，以及在人类法律的不公正不干扰它的情况下，它真正提供的独立性，都具有或多或少吸引每个人的魅力；由于耕种土地是人类最初的目的，因此，在人类存在的每个阶段，人类似乎都保留着对这种原始职业的偏爱。
Without the assistance of some artificers, indeed, the cultivation of land cannot be carried on, but with great inconveniency and continual interruption.
事实上，如果没有一些工匠的帮助，土地的耕种就无法进行，而且会带来极大的不便和不断的中断。
Smiths, carpenters, wheelwrights and ploughwrights, masons and bricklayers, tanners, shoemakers, and tailors, are people whose service the farmer has frequent occasion for.
铁匠、木匠、轮匠和犁匠、石匠和瓦匠、制革匠、鞋匠和裁缝是农民经常需要服务的人。
Such artificers, too, stand occasionally in need of the assistance of one another; and as their residence is not, like that of the farmer, necessarily tied down to a precise spot, they naturally settle in the neighbourhood of one another, and thus form a small town or village.
这些工匠有时也需要彼此的帮助。由于他们的住所并不像农民那样被固定在一个特定的地点，所以他们很自然地定居在彼此附近，从而形成一个小镇或村庄。
The butcher, the brewer, and the baker, soon join them, together with many other artificers and retailers, necessary or useful for supplying their occasional wants, and who contribute still further to augment the town.
屠夫、酿酒师和面包师很快就加入了他们，还有许多其他工匠和零售商，这些工匠和零售商对于满足他们偶尔的需求是必要的或有用的，并且他们为扩大城镇做出了进一步的贡献。
The inhabitants of the town, and those of the country, are mutually the servants of one another.
城镇居民和乡村居民互为仆人。
The town is a continual fair or market, to which the inhabitants of the country resort, in order to exchange their rude for manufactured produce.
这座城镇是一个持续不断的集市或市场，乡村居民来到这里，将他们的原材料换成制成品。
It is this commerce which supplies the inhabitants of the town, both with the materials of their work, and the means of their subsistence.
正是这种商业为城镇居民提供了工作材料和生活资料。
The quantity of the finished work which they sell to the inhabitants of the country, necessarily regulates the quantity of the materials and provisions which they buy.
他们出售给该国居民的成品数量必然决定他们购买的材料和供给的数量。
Neither their employment nor subsistence, therefore, can augment, but in proportion to the augmentation of the demand from the country for finished work; and this demand can augment only in proportion to the extension of improvement and cultivation.
因此，他们的就业和生计都不会增加，但只能与国家对成品的需求增加成比例；而这种需求只会随着改良和种植的扩大而增加。
Had human institutions, therefore, never disturbed the natural course of things, the progressive wealth and increase of the towns would, in every political society, be consequential, and in proportion to the improvement and cultivation of the territory of country.
因此，如果人类制度从未扰乱事物的自然进程，那么在每一个政治社会中，城镇的财富和增长都会产生重大影响，并且与国家领土的改善和耕种成比例。
In our North American colonies, where uncultivated land is still to be had upon easy terms, no manufactures for distant sale have ever yet been established in any of their towns.
在我们的北美殖民地，未开垦的土地仍然可以以宽松的条件获得，但在他们的任何城镇中还没有建立任何用于远距离销售的制造商。
When an artificer has acquired a little more stock than is necessary for carrying on his own business in supplying the neighbouring country, he does not, in North America, attempt to establish with it a manufacture for more distant sale, but employs it in the purchase and improvement of uncultivated land.
当一个技工获得的库存多于自己经营供应邻国所需的库存时，他不会在北美试图用这些库存建立一家工厂以进行更远的销售，而是将其用于购买和改良未开垦的土地。
From artificer he becomes planter; and neither the large wages nor the easy subsistence which that country affords to artificers, can bribe him rather to work for other people than for himself.
他从工匠变成了种植者；国家为技工提供的高额工资和轻松的生活条件都无法贿赂他为别人工作而不是为自己工作。
He feels that an artificer is the servant of his customers, from whom he derives his subsistence; but that a planter who cultivates his own land, and derives his necessary subsistence from the labour of his own family, is really a master, and independent of all the world.
他认为工匠是顾客的仆人，他的生计就是从顾客那里获得的。但是，一个耕种自己的土地并从自己家庭的劳动中获得必要生计的种植园主才是真正的主人，并且独立于整个世界。
In countries, on the contrary, where there is either no uncultivated land, or none that can be had upon easy terms, every artificer who has acquired more stock than he can employ in the occasional jobs of the neighbourhood, endeavours to prepare work for more distant sale.
相反，在那些没有未开垦的土地，或者没有可以以轻松条件获得的土地的国家，每一个获得的库存多于他在附近的临时工作中使用的库存的工匠，都会努力为更远的销售做准备。
The smith erects some sort of iron, the weaver some sort of linen or woollen manufactory.
铁匠建造某种铁器，织工建造某种亚麻或羊毛工厂。
Those different manufactures come, in process of time, to be gradually subdivided, and thereby improved and refined in a great variety of ways, which may easily be conceived, and which it is therefore unnecessary to explain any farther.
随着时间的推移，这些不同的制造商逐渐细分，从而以各种各样的方式改进和完善，这是很容易想象的，因此没有必要进一步解释。
In seeking for employment to a capital, manufactures are, upon equal or nearly equal profits, naturally preferred to foreign commerce, for the same reason that agriculture is naturally preferred to manufactures.
在为资本寻找就业机会时，在利润相同或接近相同的情况下，制造业自然会优先于对外贸易，这与农业自然优先于制造业的原因相同。
As the capital of the landlord or farmer is more secure than that of the manufacturer, so the capital of the manufacturer, being at all times more within his view and command, is more secure than that of the foreign merchant.
正如地主或农民的资本比制造商的资本更安全一样，制造商的资本在任何时候都更处于他的视野和指挥范围内，因此比外国商人的资本更安全。
In every period, indeed, of every society, the surplus part both of the rude and manufactured produce, or that for which there is no demand at home, must be sent abroad, in order to be exchanged for something for which there is some demand at home.
事实上，在每个社会的每个时期，剩余的原材料和制成品，或者国内没有需求的产品，都必须被送往国外，以便交换国内有需求的产品。
But whether the capital which carries this surplus produce abroad be a foreign or a domestic one, is of very little importance.
但将这种剩余产品运往国外的资本是外国资本还是国内资本，并不重要。
If the society has not acquired sufficient capital, both to cultivate all its lands, and to manufacture in the completest manner the whole of its rude produce, there is even a considerable advantage that the rude produce should be exported by a foreign capital, in order that the whole stock of the society may be employed in more useful purposes.
如果社会没有获得足够的资本来耕种其全部土地，并以最完整的方式制造其全部原始产品，则由外国资本出口原始产品甚至具有相当大的优势，以便可以将社会的全部存量用于更有用的目的。
The wealth of ancient Egypt, that of China and Indostan, sufficiently demonstrate that a nation may attain a very high degree of opulence, though the greater part of its exportation trade be carried on by foreigners.
古埃及、中国和印度斯坦的财富足以证明一个国家可以达到很高的富裕程度，尽管其出口贸易的大部分是由外国人进行的。
The progress of our North American and West Indian colonies, would have been much less rapid, had no capital but what belonged to themselves been employed in exporting their surplus produce.
如果没有资本，我们的北美和西印度殖民地的进步将不会那么快，而是将属于它们自己的东西用于出口剩余产品。
According to the natural course of things, therefore, the greater part of the capital of every growing society is, first, directed to agriculture, afterwards to manufactures, and, last of all, to foreign commerce.
因此，按照事物的自然进程，每个发展中社会的大部分资本首先流向农业，然后流向制造业，最后流向对外贸易。
This order of things is so very natural, that in every society that had any territory, it has always, I believe, been in some degree observed.
这种秩序是非常自然的，我相信，在每一个拥有任何领土的社会中，它总是在某种程度上得到遵守。
Some of their lands must have been cultivated before any considerable towns could be established, and some sort of coarse industry of the manufacturing kind must have been carried on in those towns, before they could well think of employing themselves in foreign commerce.
在建立任何相当大的城镇之前，他们的一些土地一定已经被耕种了，而且在他们完全考虑从事对外贸易之前，这些城镇一定已经开展了某种粗工业的制造业。
But though this natural order of things must have taken place in some degree in every such society, it has, in all the modern states of Europe, been in many respects entirely inverted.
但是，尽管这种事物的自然秩序一定在某种程度上在每一个这样的社会中都发生过，但在欧洲所有现代国家中，它在许多方面都被完全颠倒了。
The foreign commerce of some of their cities has introduced all their finer manufactures, or such as were fit for distant sale; and manufactures and foreign commerce together have given birth to the principal improvements of agriculture.
他们的一些城市的对外贸易引进了他们所有的优质制品，或者适合远距离销售的制品；制造业和对外贸易共同促进了农业的重大进步。
The manners and customs which the nature of their original government introduced, and which remained after that government was greatly altered, necessarily forced them into this unnatural and retrograde order.
他们原来政府的性质所引入的礼仪和习俗，以及在政府发生巨大改变后仍然保留的礼仪和习俗，必然迫使他们陷入这种不自然和倒退的秩序。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF THE DISCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ANCIENT STATE OF EUROPE, AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
罗马帝国灭亡后，古代欧洲国家农业的衰退。
When the German and Scythian nations overran the western provinces of the Roman empire, the confusions which followed so great a revolution lasted for several centuries.
当日耳曼民族和斯基泰民族蹂躏罗马帝国的西部省份时，一场伟大的革命所带来的混乱持续了几个世纪。
The rapine and violence which the barbarians exercised against the ancient inhabitants, interrupted the commerce between the towns and the country.
野蛮人对古代居民的掠夺和暴力中断了城镇和乡村之间的贸易。
The towns were deserted, and the country was left uncultivated; and the western provinces of Europe, which had enjoyed a considerable degree of opulence under the Roman empire, sunk into the lowest state of poverty and barbarism.
城镇荒芜，乡村荒芜。欧洲西部省份在罗马帝国统治下曾经享有相当程度的富裕，现在却陷入了最贫穷和野蛮的状态。
During the continuance of those confusions, the chiefs and principal leaders of those nations acquired, or usurped to themselves, the greater part of the lands of those countries.
在这些混乱持续存在期间，这些国家的酋长和主要领导人获得或侵占了这些国家的大部分土地。
A great part of them was uncultivated; but no part of them, whether cultivated or uncultivated, was left without a proprietor.
他们中的很大一部分是未开垦的。但无论是已耕种的还是未耕种的，它们的每一部分都没有所有者。
All of them were engrossed, and the greater part by a few great proprietors.
他们所有人都全神贯注，其中大部分是一些大业主。
This original engrossing of uncultivated lands, though a great, might have been but a transitory evil.
最初对未开垦土地的侵占虽然是一件伟大的事情，但也可能只是一种短暂的罪恶。
They might soon have been divided again, and broke into small parcels, either by succession or by alienation.
他们可能很快就会再次分裂，并分裂成小块，要么通过继承，要么通过疏远。
The law of primogeniture hindered them from being divided by succession; the introduction of entails prevented their being broke into small parcels by alienation.
长子继承法阻碍了他们因继承而被分割。继承权的引入防止了它们因异化而被分割成小块。
When land, like moveables, is considered as the means only of subsistence and enjoyment, the natural law of succession divides it, like them, among all the children of the family; of all of whom the subsistence and enjoyment may be supposed equally dear to the father.
当土地像动产一样仅仅被视为生存和享受的手段时，继承的自然法则就会像他们一样将土地分配给家庭的所有子女。对于所有这些人来说，他们的生存和享受对于父亲来说都是同等重要的。
This natural law of succession, accordingly, took place among the Romans who made no more distinction between elder and younger, between male and female, in the inheritance of lands, than we do in the distribution of moveables.
因此，这种自然的继承法也发生在罗马人身上，他们在土地继承方面对长辈和晚辈、男性和女性没有任何区别，就像我们在动产的分配上一样。
But when land was considered as the means, not of subsistence merely, but of power and protection, it was thought better that it should descend undivided to one.
但是，当土地不仅被视为生存手段，而且被视为权力和保护的手段时，人们认为最好将土地一分为二。
In those disorderly times, every great landlord was a sort of petty prince.
在那个乱世，每一个大地主都是小王子。
His tenants were his subjects.
他的房客就是他的臣民。
He was their judge, and in some respects their legislator in peace and their leader in war.
他是他们的法官，在某些方面是他们和平时期的立法者和战争时期的领袖。
He made war according to his own discretion, frequently against his neighbours, and sometimes against his sovereign.
他根据自己的判断发动战争，经常针对他的邻国，有时也针对他的君主。
The security of a landed estate, therefore, the protection which its owner could afford to those who dwelt on it, depended upon its greatness.
因此，土地财产的安全，即土地所有者能够为居住在土地上的人提供的保护，取决于土地的大小。
To divide it was to ruin it, and to expose every part of it to be oppressed and swallowed up by the incursions of its neighbours.
分割它就是毁掉它，使它的每一部分都暴露在邻国的入侵之下，受到压迫和吞没。
The law of primogeniture, therefore, came to take place, not immediately indeed, but in process of time, in the succession of landed estates, for the same reason that it has generally taken place in that of monarchies, though not always at their first institution.
因此，长子继承权法并不是立即发生的，而是随着时间的推移，在土地继承过程中发生的，其原因与君主制国家普遍发生的原因相同，尽管并不总是在君主制最初建立时发生。
That the power, and consequently the security of the monarchy, may not be weakened by division, it must descend entire to one of the children.
为了使权力以及君主制的安全不因分裂而被削弱，它必须全部归于其中一个孩子。
To which of them so important a preference shall be given, must be determined by some general rule, founded not upon the doubtful distinctions of personal merit, but upon some plain and evident difference which can admit of no dispute.
应该优先考虑其中哪一个如此重要，必须由某种一般规则来决定，该规则不是建立在个人功绩的可疑区别之上，而是建立在一些不容争议的明显差异之上。
Among the children of the same family there can be no indisputable difference but that of sex, and that of age.
同一家庭的孩子之间，除了性别和年龄之外，不可能有任何无可争议的差异。
The male sex is universally preferred to the female; and when all other things are equal, the elder everywhere takes place of the younger.
普遍偏爱男性多于女性；当所有其他条件都相同时，年长的人总是会取代年幼的人。
Hence the origin of the right of primogeniture, and of what is called lineal succession.
因此，长子继承权和所谓的直系继承权的起源。
Laws frequently continue in force long after the circumstances which first gave occasion to them, and which could alone render them reasonable, are no more.
法律经常在最初产生法律的环境消失很久之后仍然有效，而只有这些环境才可以使法律变得合理。
In the present state of Europe, the proprietor of a single acre of land is as perfectly secure in his possession as the proprietor of 100,000.
在欧洲目前的状况下，一英亩土地的所有者与十万英亩土地的所有者一样，拥有完全安全的财产。
The right of primogeniture, however, still continues to be respected; and as of all institutions it is the fittest to support the pride of family distinctions, it is still likely to endure for many centuries.
然而，长子继承权仍然受到尊重；在所有制度中，它最适合支持家庭荣誉的自豪感，它仍然可能持续多个世纪。
In every other respect, nothing can be more contrary to the real interest of a numerous family, than a right which, in order to enrich one, beggars all the rest of the children.
在其他方面，没有什么比为了使一个家庭致富而剥夺其他所有孩子的权利更违背一个众多家庭的真正利益的了。
Entails are the natural consequences of the law of primogeniture.
继承权是长子继承权法的自然结果。
They were introduced to preserve a certain lineal succession, of which the law of primogeniture first gave the idea, and to hinder any part of the original estate from being carried out of the proposed line, either by gift, or device, or alienation; either by the folly, or by the misfortune of any of its successive owners.
它们的引入是为了保留某种直系继承权，其中长子继承权法首先提出了这种想法，并阻止原始财产的任何部分通过赠与、设计或转让而从拟议的继承权中转移出来；要么是由于它的继任所有者的愚蠢，要么是由于它的不幸。
They were altogether unknown to the Romans.
罗马人完全不知道他们。
Neither their substitutions, nor fidei commisses, bear any resemblance to entails, though some French lawyers have thought proper to dress the modern institution in the language and garb of those ancient ones.
尽管一些法国律师认为用古代法律的语言和外衣来装饰现代机构是适当的，但它们的替代物和信仰承诺都与继承法没有任何相似之处。
When great landed estates were a sort of principalities, entails might not be unreasonable.
当大地产是一种公国时，继承权可能并非不合理。
Like what are called the fundamental laws of some monarchies, they might frequently hinder the security of thousands from being endangered by the caprice or extravagance of one man.
就像一些君主政体的所谓基本法一样，它们可能经常妨碍数千人的安全因一个人的任性或奢侈而受到威胁。
But in the present state of Europe, when small as well as great estates derive their security from the laws of their country, nothing can be more completely absurd.
但在欧洲目前的状况下，当大大小小的庄园都从本国法律中获得安全时，没有什么比这更荒谬的了。
They are founded upon the most absurd of all suppositions, the supposition that every successive generation of men have not an equal right to the earth, and to all that it possesses; but that the property of the present generation should be restrained and regulated according to the fancy of those who died, perhaps five hundred years ago.
它们建立在所有假设中最荒谬的假设之上，即每一代人对地球及其所拥有的一切都没有平等的权利。但当代人的财产应该根据那些也许五百年前去世的人的想象来限制和管理。
Entails, however, are still respected, through the greater part of Europe; In those countries, particularly, in which noble birth is a necessary qualification for the enjoyment either of civil or military honours.
然而，在欧洲大部分地区，恩泰尔斯仍然受到尊重。特别是在那些贵族出身是享受民事或军事荣誉的必要条件的国家。
Entails are thought necessary for maintaining this exclusive privilege of the nobility to the great offices and honours of their country; and that order having usurped one unjust advantage over the rest of their fellow-citizens, lest their poverty should render it ridiculous, it is thought reasonable that they should have another.
人们认为，为了维持贵族在国家中担任重要职位和荣誉的专有特权，恩泰是必要的。这个秩序剥夺了他们相对于其他公民的一项不公正的优势，以免他们的贫困变得荒谬，他们应该拥有另一个被认为是合理的。
The common law of England, indeed, is said to abhor perpetuities, and they are accordingly more restricted there than in any other European monarchy; though even England is not altogether without them.
事实上，据说英格兰的普通法憎恶永续制，因此，与任何其他欧洲君主制国家相比，英国的普通法受到更多的限制。尽管英格兰也并非完全没有它们。
In Scotland, more than one fifth, perhaps more than one third part of the whole lands in the country, are at present supposed to be under strict entail.
在苏格兰，该国全部土地的五分之一以上，或许三分之一以上，目前应该处于严格继承之下。
Great tracts of uncultivated land were in this manner not only engrossed by particular families, but the possibility of their being divided again was as much as possible precluded for ever.
大片未开垦的土地以这种方式不仅被特定的家庭侵占，而且永远排除了它们再次被分割的可能性。
It seldom happens, however, that a great proprietor is a great improver.
然而，伟大的业主同时也是伟大的改进者的情况很少发生。
In the disorderly times which gave birth to those barbarous institutions, the great proprietor was sufficiently employed in defending his own territories, or in extending his jurisdiction and authority over those of his neighbours.
在催生了这些野蛮制度的混乱时代，大地主充分致力于保卫自己的领土，或将他的管辖权和权威扩展到邻国的领土上。
He had no leisure to attend to the cultivation and improvement of land.
他没有闲暇去耕种和改良土地。
When the establishment of law and order afforded him this leisure, he often wanted the inclination, and almost always the requisite abilities.
当法律和秩序的建立为他提供了这种闲暇时，他常常需要这种倾向，而且几乎总是需要必要的能力。
If the expense of his house and person either equalled or exceeded his revenue, as it did very frequently, he had no stock to employ in this manner.
如果他的房屋和个人开支等于或超过他的收入（这种情况经常发生），他就没有库存可以这样使用。
If he was an economist, he generally found it more profitable to employ his annual savings in new purchases than in the improvement of his old estate.
如果他是一名经济学家，他通常会发现将每年的储蓄用于新的购买比用于改善他的旧房产更有利可图。
To improve land with profit, like all other commercial projects, requires an exact attention to small savings and small gains, of which a man born to a great fortune, even though naturally frugal, is very seldom capable.
与所有其他商业项目一样，要以利润改善土地，就需要精确地注意小额储蓄和小额收益，而一个生来就富有的人，即使生性节俭，也很少有能力做到这一点。
The situation of such a person naturally disposes him to attend rather to ornament, which pleases his fancy, than to profit, for which he has so little occasion.
这种人的处境很自然地使他倾向于关注装饰，因为装饰可以满足他的幻想，而不是关注利润，因为他很少有机会关注利润。
The elegance of his dress, of his equipage, of his house and household furniture, are objects which, from his infancy, he has been accustomed to have some anxiety about.
他的着装、他的装备、他的房子和家用家具的优雅，这些都是从他婴儿时期起，他就习惯于担心的事情。
The turn of mind which this habit naturally forms, follows him when he comes to think of the improvement of land.
当他想到改善土地时，这种习惯自然而然地形成了他的思想。
He embellishes, perhaps, four or five hundred acres in the neighbourhood of his house, at ten times the expense which the land is worth after all his improvements; and finds, that if he was to improve his whole estate in the same manner, and he has little taste for any other, he would be a bankrupt before he had finished the tenth part of it.
他也许在他的房子附近装饰了四五百英亩土地，其费用是他所有改进后土地价值的十倍；他发现，如果他以同样的方式改善他的全部财产，而他对其他财产没有什么兴趣，那么在完成十分之一之前，他就会破产。
There still remain, in both parts of the united kingdom, some great estates which have continued, without interruption, in the hands of the same family since the times of feudal anarchy.
自封建无政府状态以来，在联合王国的两个地区仍然保留着一些大庄园，这些庄园一直不间断地掌握在同一家族的手中。
Compare the present condition of those estates with the possessions of the small proprietors in their neighbourhood, and you will require no other argument to convince you how unfavourable such extensive property is to improvement.
将这些庄园的现状与附近小业主的财产进行比较，您将不需要其他论据来说服您如此广泛的财产对改善是多么不利。
If little improvement was to be expected from such great proprietors, still less was to be hoped for from those who occupied the land under them.
如果说对这些大地主的改善期望甚微，那么对那些占领他们手下土地的人的期望就更小了。
In the ancient state of Europe, the occupiers of land were all tenants at will.
在欧洲古代国家，土地的占有者都是随意的佃农。
They were all, or almost all, slaves, but their slavery was of a milder kind than that known among the ancient Greeks and Romans, or even in our West Indian colonies.
他们都是或几乎都是奴隶，但他们的奴隶制比古希腊人和罗马人甚至我们西印度殖民地的奴隶制要温和一些。
They were supposed to belong more directly to the land than to their master.
他们应该更直接地属于这片土地，而不是属于他们的主人。
They could, therefore, be sold with it, but not separately.
因此，它们可以与它一起出售，但不能单独出售。
They could marry, provided it was with the consent of their master; and he could not afterwards dissolve the marriage by selling the man and wife to different persons.
只要征得主人的同意，他们就可以结婚；而且他事后也不能通过将丈夫和妻子卖给不同的人来解除婚姻。
If he maimed or murdered any of them, he was liable to some penalty, though generally but to a small one.
如果他残害或谋杀了他们中的任何一个人，他就会受到一些惩罚，尽管一般来说只是很小的惩罚。
They were not, however, capable of acquiring property.
然而，他们没有能力获得财产。
Whatever they acquired was acquired to their master, and he could take it from them at pleasure.
他们所获得的一切都是他们主人的，他可以随心所欲地从他们手中夺走。
Whatever cultivation and improvement could be carried on by means of such slaves, was properly carried on by their master.
凡是靠这些奴隶能进行的修炼和提高，都是他们的主人好好进行的。
It was at his expense.
这是他的费用。
The seed, the cattle, and the instruments of husbandry, were all his.
种子、牲畜和农具都是他的。
It was for his benefit.
这是为了他的利益。
Such slaves could acquire nothing but their daily maintenance.
这些奴隶除了日常维持之外一无所有。
It was properly the proprietor himself, therefore, that in this case occupied his own lands, and cultivated them by his own bondmen.
因此，在这种情况下，土地所有者本人占据了自己的土地，并由自己的奴隶耕种。
This species of slavery still subsists in Russia, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and other parts of Germany.
这种奴隶制在俄罗斯、波兰、匈牙利、波西米亚、摩拉维亚和德国其他地区仍然存在。
It is only in the western and south-western provinces of Europe that it has gradually been abolished altogether.
只有在欧洲西部和西南部省份才逐渐完全废除。
But if great improvements are seldom to be expected from great proprietors, they are least of all to be expected when they employ slaves for their workmen.
但是，如果人们很少指望大业主会带来巨大的进步，那么当他们雇用奴隶为工人时，他们就更不值得指望了。
The experience of all ages and nations, I believe, demonstrates that the work done by slaves, though it appears to cost only their maintenance, is in the end the dearest of any.
我相信，所有时代和国家的经验都表明，奴隶所做的工作虽然看起来只花费他们的维持费用，但最终是最昂贵的。
A person who can acquire no property can have no other interest but to eat as much and to labour as little as possible.
一个人如果得不到财产，除了尽可能多吃、尽量少劳之外，别无其他兴趣。
Whatever work he does beyond what is sufficient to purchase his own maintenance, can be squeezed out of him by violence only, and not by any interest of his own.
无论他做什么工作，只要足以支付自己的生活费，都只能通过暴力，而不是通过他自己的任何利益来榨取。
In ancient Italy, how much the cultivation of corn degenerated, how unprofitable it became to the master, when it fell under the management of slaves, is remarked both by Pliny and Columella.
在古代意大利，普林尼和科鲁梅拉都曾指出，当玉米的种植落入奴隶的管理之下时，玉米的种植是多么退化，对主人来说是多么无利可图。
In the time of Aristotle, it had not been much better in ancient Greece.
在亚里士多德时代，古希腊的情况也好不了多少。
Speaking of the ideal republic described in the laws of Plato, to maintain 5000 idle men (the number of warriors supposed necessary for its defence), together with their women and servants, would require, he says, a territory of boundless extent and fertility, like the plains of Babylon.
谈到柏拉图法律中描述的理想共和国，他说，要维持 5000 名游手好闲的男人（据认为保卫国家所需的战士数量）以及他们的妇女和仆人，就需要一片广阔而肥沃的领土，就像巴比伦平原一样。
The pride of man makes him love to domineer, and nothing mortifies him so much as to be obliged to condescend to persuade his inferiors.
人的骄傲使他喜欢专横跋扈，没有什么比被迫屈尊劝说他的下级更让他感到羞耻的了。
Wherever the law allows it, and the nature of the work can afford it, therefore, he will generally prefer the service of slaves to that of freemen.
因此，只要法律允许，并且工作性质能够负担得起，他通常会更喜欢为奴隶服务而不是为自由人服务。
The planting of sugar and tobacco can afford the expense of slave cultivation.
种植糖和烟草可以支付奴隶耕种的费用。
The raising of corn, it seems, in the present times, cannot.
在当今时代，种植玉米似乎已经不可能了。
In the English colonies, of which the principal produce is corn, the far greater part of the work is done by freemen.
在主要产品是玉米的英国殖民地，大部分工作是由自由民完成的。
The late resolution of the Quakers in Pennsylvania, to set at liberty all their negro slaves, may satisfy us that their number cannot be very great.
宾夕法尼亚州贵格会最近决定释放他们所有的黑人奴隶，这可能会让我们确信，他们的人数不会很多。
Had they made any considerable part of their property, such a resolution could never have been agreed to.
如果他们拿出相当大的一部分财产，这样的决议就永远不会被同意。
In our sugar colonies., on the contrary, the whole work is done by slaves, and in our tobacco colonies a very great part of it.
相反，在我们的糖业殖民地，所有工作都是由奴隶完成的，而在我们的烟草殖民地，其中很大一部分工作都是由奴隶完成的。
The profits of a sugar plantation in any of our West Indian colonies, are generally much greater than those of any other cultivation that is known either in Europe or America; and the profits of a tobacco plantation, though inferior to those of sugar, are superior to those of corn, as has already been observed.
我们西印度群岛任何一个殖民地的甘蔗种植园的利润通常都比欧洲或美洲已知的任何其他种植园的利润高得多。正如我们已经观察到的那样，烟草种植园的利润虽然低于糖业，但高于玉米种植园的利润。
Both can afford the expense of slave cultivation but sugar can afford it still better than tobacco.
两者都可以负担奴隶种植的费用，但糖比烟草更能负担得起。
The number of negroes, accordingly, is much greater, in proportion to that of whites, in our sugar than in our tobacco colonies.
因此，与白人相比，我们蔗区的黑人人数比烟草殖民地的黑人人数要多得多。
To the slave cultivators of ancient times gradually succeeded a species of farmers, known at present in France by the name of metayers.
古代奴隶耕种者逐渐继承了一种农民，目前在法国被称为梅耶耶斯（metayers）。
They are called in Latin Coloni Partiarii.
它们在拉丁语中被称为 Coloni Partiarii。
They have been so long in disuse in England, that at present I know no English name for them.
它们在英国已经废弃很长时间了，目前我还不知道它们的英文名称。
The proprietor furnished them with the seed, cattle, and instruments of husbandry, the whole stock, in short, necessary for cultivating the farm.
业主向他们提供种子、牲畜和农具，简而言之，是耕种农场所必需的全部牲畜。
The produce was divided equally between the proprietor and the farmer, after setting aside what was judged necessary for keeping up the stock, which was restored to the proprietor, when the farmer either quitted or was turned out of the farm.
在保留必要的库存后，产品在业主和农民之间平均分配，当农民退出或被赶出农场时，这些库存又归还给业主。
Land occupied by such tenants is properly cultivated at the expense of the proprietors, as much as that occupied by slaves.
这些佃户所占用的土地与奴隶所占用的土地一样，都是以业主的利益为代价进行适当耕种的。
There is, however, one very essential difference between them.
然而，它们之间有一个非常本质的区别。
Such tenants, being freemen, are capable of acquiring property; and having a certain proportion of the produce of the land, they have a plain interest that the whole produce should be as great as possible, in order that their own proportion may be so.
这些租户是自由民，有能力获得财产；他们拥有一定比例的土地出产，他们有一个明显的利益，那就是所有的出产应该尽可能多，以便他们自己的比例也能如此。
A slave, on the contrary, who can acquire nothing but his maintenance, consults his own ease, by making the land produce as little as possible over and above that maintenance.
相反，一个除了维持生计之外什么也得不到的奴隶，会考虑自己的安逸，除了维持生计之外，尽可能少地生产土地。
It is probable that it was partly upon account of this advantage, and partly upon account of the encroachments which the sovereigns, always jealous of the great lords, gradually encouraged their villains to make upon their authority, and which seem, at least, to have been such as rendered this species of servitude altogether inconvenient, that tenure in villanage gradually wore out through the greater part of Europe.
很可能部分是由于这种优势，部分是由于总是嫉妒大领主的君主逐渐鼓励他们的恶棍对他们的权威进行侵犯，而这至少似乎使这种奴役完全不方便，欧洲大部分地区的乡村保有权逐渐消失。
The time and manner, however, in which so important a revolution was brought about, is one of the most obscure points in modern history.
然而，这场如此重要的革命发生的时间和方式却是现代历史上最模糊的点之一。
The church of Rome claims great merit in it; and it is certain, that so early as the twelfth century, Alexander III.
罗马教会自称其功德无量。可以肯定的是，早在十二世纪，亚历山大三世。
published a bull for the general emancipation of slaves.
发表了普遍解放奴隶的宣言。
It seems, however, to have been rather a pious exhortation, than a law to which exact obedience was required from the faithful.
然而，这似乎是一种虔诚的劝告，而不是要求信徒严格遵守的法律。
Slavery continued to take place almost universally for several centuries afterwards, till it was gradually abolished by the joint operation of the two interests above mentioned; that of the proprietor on the one hand, and that of the sovereign on the other.
此后的几个世纪里，奴隶制几乎普遍存在，直到在上述两种利益的共同作用下逐渐被废除。一方面是所有者的利益，另一方面是主权者的利益。
A villain, enfranchised, and at the same time allowed to continue in possession of the land, having no stock of his own, could cultivate it only by means of what the landlord advanced to him, and must therefore have been what the French call a metayer.
一个恶棍，被授予选举权，同时被允许继续占有土地，他自己没有股票，只能通过地主预付给他的东西来耕种土地，因此一定是法国人所说的梅耶尔（metayer）。
It could never, however, be the interest even of this last species of cultivators, to lay out, in the further improvement of the land, any part of the little stock which they might save from their own share of the produce; because the landlord, who laid out nothing, was to get one half of whatever it produced.
然而，即使是最后一类耕种者，也不可能将他们从自己的产品份额中节省下来的一点点牲畜用于进一步改良土地。因为地主虽然什么也没拿出来，却只能得到其生产的一半。
The tithe, which is but a tenth of the produce, is found to be a very great hindrance to improvement.
人们发现，什一税只占农产品的十分之一，但却是进步的巨大障碍。
A tax, therefore, which amounted to one half, must have been an effectual bar to it.
因此，相当于一半的税收一定是对其的有效限制。
It might be the interest of a metayer to make the land produce as much as could be brought out of it by means of the stock furnished by the proprietor; but it could never be his interest to mix any part of his own with it.
梅耶尔的利益可能是通过土地所有者提供的库存尽可能多地生产土地。但他绝不可能有兴趣将自己的任何部分与它混在一起。
In France, where five parts out of six of the whole kingdom are said to be still occupied by this species of cultivators, the proprietors complain, that their metayers take every opportunity of employing their master’s cattle rather in carriage than in cultivation; because, in the one case, they get the whole profits to themselves, in the other they share them with their landlord.
在法国，据说整个王国六分之五的地区仍然被这种耕种者占据，业主们抱怨说，他们的牧民利用一切机会使用主人的牛，而不是用于运输而不是耕种；因为，在一种情况下，他们将全部利润归于自己，而在另一种情况下，他们与房东分享。
This species of tenants still subsists in some parts of Scotland.
这种佃户在苏格兰的一些地区仍然存在。
They are called steel-bow tenants.
他们被称为“钢弓佃户”。
Those ancient English tenants, who are said by Chief-Baron Gilbert and Dr Blackstone to have been rather bailiffs of the landlord than farmers, properly so called, were probably of the same kind.
吉尔伯特男爵和布莱克斯通博士说，那些古老的英国佃农，他们更像是地主的法警，而不是农民，确切地说，他们可能是同一类。
To this species of tenantry succeeded, though by very slow degrees, farmers, properly so called, who cultivated the land with their own stock, paying a rent certain to the landlord.
这种佃农取得了成功，尽管进展缓慢，但农民（确切地说是所谓的农民）用自己的牲畜耕种土地，向地主支付一定的租金。
When such farmers have a lease for a term of years, they may sometimes find it for their interest to lay out part of their capital in the further improvement of the farm; because they may sometimes expect to recover it, with a large profit, before the expiration of the lease.
当这些农民拥有多年的租约时，他们有时可能会发现为了自己的利益，将部分资本用于进一步改善农场；因为他们有时可能期望在租约到期之前收回它并获得大量利润。
The possession, even of such farmers, however, was long extremely precarious, and still is so in many parts of Europe.
然而，即使是这些农民的财产长期以来也极其不稳定，而且在欧洲许多地方仍然如此。
They could, before the expiration of their term, be legally ousted of their leases by a new purchaser; in England, even, by the fictitious action of a common recovery.
在期限届满之前，他们可以被新买家合法地取消租约；在英国，甚至是通过共同复苏的虚构行动。
If they were turned out illegally by the violence of their master, the action by which they obtained redress was extremely imperfect.
如果他们是因为主人的暴力而被非法驱逐的，那么他们获得补救的行动就极其不完美。
It did not always reinstate them in the possession of the land, but gave them damages, which never amounted to a real loss.
它并不总是恢复他们对土地的占有，而是给他们带来了损害，但这种损害从来不构成真正的损失。
Even in England, the country, perhaps of Europe, where the yeomanry has always been most respected, it was not till about the 14th of Henry VII.
即使在英国这个自耕农历来最受尊重的国家，也许是欧洲国家，直到亨利七世14世纪左右才受到尊重。
that the action of ejectment was invented, by which the tenant recovers, not damages only, but possession, and in which his claim is not necessarily concluded by the uncertain decision of a single assize.
驱逐行为是发明出来的，通过这种行为，承租人不仅可以恢复损害，还可以恢复占有权，并且他的索赔不一定是由单一巡回法院的不确定决定得出的。
This action has been found so effectual a remedy, that, in the modern practice, when the landlord has occasion to sue for the possession of the land, he seldom makes use of the actions which properly belong to him as a landlord, the writ of right or the writ of entry, but sues in the name of his tenant, by the writ of ejectment.
这种诉讼已被认为是一种非常有效的补救措施，以至于在现代实践中，当地主有机会就土地占有提出诉讼时，他很少使用适当属于他作为地主的诉讼，即权利令状或进入令状，而是以租客的名义，通过驱逐令状进行起诉。
In England, therefore the security of the tenant is equal to that of the proprietor.
因此，在英国，租客的安全保障与业主的安全保障相同。
In England, besides, a lease for life of forty shillings a-year value is a freehold, and entitles the lessee to a vote for a member of parliament; and as a great part of the yeomanry have freeholds of this kind, the whole order becomes respectable to their landlords, on account of the political consideration which this gives them.
此外，在英国，每年价值四十先令的终身租赁是永久业权，承租人有权投票选举议会议员；由于大部分自耕农都拥有这种类型的自由土地，因此整个秩序都受到他们的地主的尊重，因为这给了他们政治上的考虑。
There is, I believe, nowhere in Europe, except in England, any instance of the tenant building upon the land of which he had no lease, and trusting that the honour of his landlord would take no advantage of so important an improvement.
我相信，除了英国之外，欧洲没有任何一个地方有这样的例子：佃户在他没有租赁的土地上建造房屋，并相信他的房东的荣誉不会利用如此重要的改进。
Those laws and customs, so favourable to the yeomanry, have perhaps contributed more to the present grandeur of England, than all their boasted regulations of commerce taken together.
这些对自耕农如此有利的法律和习俗，或许比他们所吹嘘的所有商业法规对英格兰目前的辉煌做出的贡献还要大。
The law which secures the longest leases against successors of every kind, is, so far as I know, peculiar to Great Britain.
据我所知，确保针对各种继承人的最长租约的法律是英国特有的。
It was introduced into Scotland so early as 1449, by a law of James II.
早在 1449 年，根据詹姆斯二世的一项法律，它就被引入苏格兰。
Its beneficial influence, however, has been much obstructed by entails; the heirs of entail being generally restrained from letting leases for any long term of years, frequently for more than one year.
然而，它的有益影响却因必要条件而受到很大阻碍。继承权的继承人通常被禁止长期出租租赁，通常超过一年。
A late act of parliament has, in this respect, somewhat slackened their fetters, though they are still by much too strait.
在这方面，议会的一项最新法案在一定程度上放松了他们的束缚，尽管他们仍然过于束缚。
In Scotland, besides, as no leasehold gives a vote for a member of parliament, the yeomanry are upon this account less respectable to their landlords than in England.
此外，在苏格兰，由于没有租赁权给予议会成员投票权，因此自耕农对地主的尊重不如英格兰。
In other parts of Europe, after it was found convenient to secure tenants both against heirs and purchasers, the term of their security was still limited to a very short period; in France, for example, to nine years from the commencement of the lease.
在欧洲其他地区，虽然发现可以方便地保护租户免受继承人和购买者的侵害，但他们的担保期限仍然限于很短的期限；例如，在法国，期限为自租赁开始之日起九年。
It has in that country, indeed, been lately extended to twentyseven, a period still too short to encourage the tenant to make the most important improvements.
事实上，该国最近已将期限延长至二十七年，但这个期限仍然太短，不足以鼓励租户做出最重要的改进。
The proprietors of land were anciently the legislators of every part of Europe.
古代，土地所有者是欧洲各地的立法者。
The laws relating to land, therefore, were all calculated for what they supposed the interest of the proprietor.
因此，与土地有关的法律都是为了他们所认为的所有者的利益而计算的。
It was for his interest, they had imagined, that no lease granted by any of his predecessors should hinder him from enjoying, during a long term of years, the full value of his land.
他们认为，为了他的利益，他的任何前任授予的任何租约都不应妨碍他在长期内享受其土地的全部价值。
Avarice and injustice are always short-sighted, and they did not foresee how much this regulation must obstruct improvement, and thereby hurt, in the long-run, the real interest of the landlord.
贪婪和不公正总是短视的，他们没有预见到这一规定将在多大程度上阻碍改进，从而从长远来看损害房东的真正利益。
The farmers, too, besides paying the rent, were anciently, it was supposed, bound to perform a great number of services to the landlord, which were seldom either specified in the lease, or regulated by any precise rule, but by the use and wont of the manor or barony.
人们认为，古代农民除了支付租金外，还必须为地主提供大量服务，这些服务很少在租约中明确规定，也很少由任何明确的规则规定，而是由庄园或男爵领地的使用和习惯决定。
These services, therefore, being almost entirely arbitrary, subjected the tenant to many vexations.
因此，这些服务几乎完全是任意的，给租户带来了许多烦恼。
In Scotland the abolition of all services not precisely stipulated in the lease, has, in the course of a few years, very much altered for the better the condition of the yeomanry of that country.
在苏格兰，废除租约中未明确规定的所有服务，在几年的时间里，极大地改变了该国自耕农的状况。
The public services to which the yeomanry were bound, were not less arbitrary than the private ones.
自耕农所从事的公共服务并不比私人服务更随意。
To make and maintain the high roads, a servitude which still subsists, I believe, everywhere, though with different degrees of oppression in different countries, was not the only one.
我相信，修建和维护公路是一种在任何地方都仍然存在的奴役，尽管在不同的国家受到不同程度的压迫，但这并不是唯一的奴役。
When the king’s troops, when his household, or his officers of any kind, passed through any part of the country, the yeomanry were bound to provide them with horses, carriages, and provisions, at a price regulated by the purveyor.
当国王的军队、他的家人或任何类型的官员经过该国任何地方时，自耕农有义务向他们提供马匹、马车和粮食，价格由供应商规定。
Great Britain is, I believe, the only monarchy in Europe where the oppression of purveyance has been entirely abolished.
我相信，英国是欧洲唯一一个完全废除了财政压迫的君主制国家。
It still subsists in France and Germany.
它在法国和德国仍然存在。
The public taxes, to which they were subject, were as irregular and oppressive as the services.
他们所缴纳的公共税与服务一样不规范且具有压迫性。
The ancient lords, though extremely unwilling to grant, themselves, any pecuniary aid to their sovereign, easily allowed him to tallage, as they called it, their tenants, and had not knowledge enough to foresee how much this must, in the end, affect their own revenue.
古代的领主们虽然极不愿意向他们的君主提供任何金钱援助，却轻易地允许他向他们的佃户索取他们所谓的佃户，并且没有足够的知识来预见这最终会对他们自己的收入产生多大的影响。
The taille, as it still subsists in France may serve as an example of those ancient tallages.
法国至今仍然存在的尾饰可以作为那些古代塔拉的一个例子。
It is a tax upon the supposed profits of the farmer, which they estimate by the stock that he has upon the farm.
这是对农民的假定利润征税，他们根据农民在农场的库存来估算利润。
It is his interest, therefore, to appear to have as little as possible, and consequently to employ as little as possible in its cultivation, and none in its improvement.
因此，他的兴趣是表现得尽可能少，从而在其耕种中尽可能少地使用，并且在其改进中不进行任何操作。
Should any stock happen to accumulate in the hands of a French farmer, the taille is almost equal to a prohibition of its ever being employed upon the land.
如果法国农民手中积累了任何库存，那么尾款几乎等于禁止其在土地上使用。
This tax, besides, is supposed to dishonour whoever is subject to it, and to degrade him below, not only the rank of a gentleman, but that of a burgher; and whoever rents the lands of another becomes subject to it.
此外，这种税收应该使任何纳税人蒙羞，不仅使他降格为绅士，而且使他降格为市民。凡租用他人土地的人，均须受其管辖。
No gentleman, nor even any burgher, who has stock, will submit to this degradation.
没有一个绅士，甚至任何一个有股票的市民，都不会屈服于这种屈辱。
This tax, therefore, not only hinders the stock which accumulates upon the land from being employed in its improvement, but drives away all other stock from it.
因此，这种税收不仅阻碍了土地上积累的存量用于土地改良，而且还赶走了土地上的所有其他存量。
The ancient tenths and fifteenths, so usual in England in former times, seem, so far as they affected the land, to have been taxes of the same nature with the taille.
古代的十分之一和十五十分之一，在英国以前很常见，就它们对土地的影响而言，似乎是与尾税性质相同的税收。
Under all these discouragements, little improvement could be expected from the occupiers of land.
在所有这些阻碍下，土地占有者几乎没有什么改善的希望。
That order of people, with all the liberty and security which law can give, must always improve under great disadvantage.
人民的秩序，虽然享有法律所赋予的一切自由和安全，但必须始终在极大的不利条件下得到改善。
The farmer, compared with the proprietor, is as a merchant who trades with burrowed money, compared with one who trades with his own.
与业主相比，农民就像一个用挖来的钱进行交易的商人与用自己的钱进行交易的商人。
The stock of both may improve; but that of the one, with only equal good conduct, must always improve more slowly than that of the other, on account of the large share of the profits which is consumed by the interest of the loan.
两者的库存可能会有所改善；但是，只要行为良好，一方的发展必然比另一方慢，因为很大一部分利润被贷款利息消耗了。
The lands cultivated by the farmer must, in the same manner, with only equal good conduct, be improved more slowly than those cultivated by the proprietor, on account of the large share of the produce which is consumed in the rent, and which, had the farmer been proprietor, he might have employed in the further improvement of the land.
同样，在同样良好的行为下，农民耕种的土地必须比地主耕种的土地改良得更慢，因为大部分产品都被地租消耗掉了，如果农民是地主的话，他本可以将其用于进一步改良土地。
The station of a farmer, besides, is, from the nature of things, inferior to that of a proprietor.
而且，从本质上来说，农民的地位是不如地主的。
Through the greater part of Europe, the yeomanry are regarded as an inferior rank of people, even to the better sort of tradesmen and mechanics, and in all parts of Europe to the great merchants and master manufacturers.
在欧洲大部分地区，自耕农被视为下等人，甚至在较高等的商人和机械师眼中，在欧洲各地，在大商人和大制造商眼中，自耕农也是如此。
It can seldom happen, therefore, that a man of any considerable stock should quit the superior, in order to place himself in an inferior station.
因此，一个有相当地位的人很少会为了将自己置于较低的地位而放弃较高的地位。
Even in the present state of Europe, therefore, little stock is likely to go from any other profession to the improvement of land in the way of farming.
因此，即使在欧洲目前的状况下，任何其他职业也不太可能通过农业方式来改良土地。
More does, perhaps, in Great Britain than in any other country, though even there the great stocks which are in some places employed in farming, have generally been acquired by fanning, the trade, perhaps, in which, of all others, stock is commonly acquired most slowly.
也许，在英国，比在任何其他国家都更是如此，尽管即使在英国，一些地方用于农业的大量牲畜通常也是通过扇动获得的，也许在所有其他贸易中，牲畜的获得通常是最缓慢的。
After small proprietors, however, rich and great farmers are in every country the principal improvers.
然而，除了小业主之外，富裕而伟大的农民是每个国家的主要改进者。
There are more such, perhaps, in England than in any other European monarchy.
在英国，这样的人也许比任何其他欧洲君主国都多。
In the republican governments of Holland, and of Berne in Switzerland, the farmers are said to be not inferior to those of England.
在荷兰和瑞士伯尔尼的共和政府中，据说农民并不比英国的农民差。
The ancient policy of Europe was, over and above all this, unfavourable to the improvement and cultivation of land, whether carried on by the proprietor or by the farmer; first, by the general prohibition of the exportation of corn, without a special licence, which seems to have been a very universal regulation; and, secondly, by the restraints which were laid upon the inland commerce, not only of corn, but of almost every other part of the produce of the farm, by the absurd laws against engrossers, regraters, and forestallers, and by the privileges of fairs and markets.
除此之外，欧洲古老的政策不利于土地的改良和耕种，无论是由业主还是农民进行。首先，在没有特殊许可证的情况下全面禁止玉米出口，这似乎是一项非常普遍的规定；其次，由于对内陆贸易的限制，不仅是谷物，而且还包括农场产品的几乎所有其他部分，针对贪婪者、掠夺者和抢占者的荒谬法律，以及集市和市场的特权。
It has already been observed in what manner the prohibition of the exportation of corn, together with some encouragement given to the importation of foreign corn, obstructed the cultivation of ancient Italy, naturally the most fertile country in Europe, and at that time the seat of the greatest empire in the world.
我们已经观察到，禁止玉米出口以及鼓励进口外国玉米以何种方式阻碍了古代意大利的种植，而意大利自然是欧洲最肥沃的国家，也是当时世界上最伟大帝国的所在地。
To what degree such restraints upon the inland commerce of this commodity, joined to the general prohibition of exportation, must have discouraged the cultivation of countries less fertile, and less favourably circumstanced, it is not, perhaps, very easy to imagine.
这种对这种商品的内陆贸易的限制，再加上普遍禁止出口，一定会在多大程度上阻碍了肥沃程度较低、环境较差的国家的种植，这也许不是很容易想象的。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF CITIES AND TOWNS, AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
罗马帝国灭亡后城镇的崛起和进步。
The inhabitants of cities and towns were, after the fall of the Roman empire, not more favoured than those of the country.
罗马帝国灭亡后，城镇居民并没有比乡村居民更受优待。
They consisted, indeed, of a very different order of people from the first inhabitants of the ancient republics of Greece and Italy.
事实上，他们是由与古代希腊和意大利共和国的第一批居民截然不同的人群组成的。
These last were composed chiefly of the proprietors of lands, among whom the public territory was originally divided, and who found it convenient to build their houses in the neighbourhood of one another, and to surround them with a wall, for the sake of common defence.
最后这些人主要由土地所有者组成，公共领土最初是在他们之间划分的，他们发现为了共同防御，可以方便地在彼此相邻的地方建造房屋，并用墙将其包围。
After the fall of the Roman empire, on the contrary, the proprietors of land seem generally to have lived in fortified castles on their own estates, and in the midst of their own tenants and dependants.
相反，在罗马帝国衰落之后，土地所有者似乎普遍居住在自己庄园内的坚固城堡中，周围还有自己的佃户和家属。
The towns were chiefly inhabited by tradesmen and mechanics, who seem, in those days, to have been of servile, or very nearly of servile condition.
这些城镇主要居住着商人和机械师，在当时，他们似乎处于奴役状态，或者几乎处于奴役状态。
The privileges which we find granted by ancient charters to the inhabitants of some of the principal towns in Europe, sufficiently show what they were before those grants.
我们发现古代宪章赋予欧洲一些主要城镇的居民特权，这充分表明了他们在获得这些特权之前的状况。
The people to whom it is granted as a privilege, that they might give away their own daughters in marriage without the consent of their lord, that upon their death their own children, and not their lord, should succeed to their goods, and that they might dispose of their own effects by will, must, before those grants, have been either altogether, or very nearly, in the same state of villanage with the occupiers of land in the country.
那些被授予特权的人民，可以在未经领主同意的情况下将自己的女儿嫁出去，在他们死后，他们自己的孩子，而不是他们的领主，继承他们的财产，并且他们可以通过意愿处置自己的财产，在这些授予之前，必须完全或几乎与该国土地的占有者处于相同的村庄状态。
They seem, indeed, to have been a very poor, mean set of people, who seemed to travel about with their goods from place to place, and from fair to fair, like the hawkers and pedlars of the present times.
事实上，他们似乎是一群非常贫穷、卑鄙的人，他们似乎带着货物从一个地方到另一个地方，从一个集市到另一个集市，就像当今时代的小贩和小贩一样。
In all the different countries of Europe then, in the same manner as in several of the Tartar governments of Asia at present, taxes used to be levied upon the persons and goods of travellers, when they passed through certain manors, when they went over certain bridges, when they carried about their goods from place to place in a fair, when they erected in it a booth or stall to sell them in.
当时，在欧洲所有不同的国家，就像现在亚洲的几个鞑靼政府一样，当旅行者经过某些庄园、经过某些桥梁、在集市上将货物从一个地方运到另一个地方时、或者在集市上搭建一个摊位或摊位出售货物时，都要对他们的人和货物征税。
These different taxes were known in England by the names of passage, pontage, lastage, and stallage.
这些不同的税种在英国被称为“passage”、“pontage”、“lastage”和“stalage”。
Sometimes the king, sometimes a great lord, who had, it seems, upon some occasions, authority to do this, would grant to particular traders, to such particularly as lived in their own demesnes, a general exemption from such taxes.
有时，国王，有时是一位伟大的领主，在某些情况下似乎有权这样做，会给予特定的商人，特别是居住在自己领地上的人普遍免除此类税收。
Such traders, though in other respects of servile, or very nearly of servile condition, were upon this account called free traders.
这些商人，尽管在其他方面处于奴役状态，或者非常接近奴役状态，但在这一点上被称为自由商人。
They, in return, usually paid to their protector a sort of annual poll-tax.
作为回报，他们通常向他们的保护者缴纳某种年度人头税。
In those days protection was seldom granted without a valuable consideration, and this tax might perhaps be considered as compensation for what their patrons might lose by their exemption from other taxes.
在那些日子里，如果没有有价值的考虑，很少会给予保护，这种税收也许可以被认为是对他们的赞助人因免除其他税收而可能遭受的损失的补偿。
At first, both those poll-taxes and those exemptions seem to have been altogether personal, and to have affected only particular individuals, during either their lives, or the pleasure of their protectors.
起初，这些人头税和豁免似乎完全是个人的，并且只影响特定的个人，无论是在他们的一生中，还是在他们的保护者的快乐中。
In the very imperfect accounts which have been published from Doomsday-book, of several of the towns of England, mention is frequently made, sometimes of the tax which particular burghers paid, each of them, either to the king, or to some other great lord, for this sort of protection, and sometimes of the general amount only of all those taxes.
在《世界末日》书中出版的关于英格兰几个城镇的非常不完善的记述中，经常提到，有时提到特定市民为这种保护而向国王或其他大领主缴纳的税款，有时只提到所有这些税款的总金额。
{see Brady’s Historical Treatise of Cities and Boroughs, p.
{参见布雷迪的《城市和行政区历史论文》，第 14 页。
3.
3.
etc.}
等等}
But how servile soever may have been originally the condition of the inhabitants of the towns, it appears evidently, that they arrived at liberty and independency much earlier than the occupiers of land in the country.
但是，无论城镇居民最初的处境多么奴役，很明显，他们比乡村土地的占有者更早地获得自由和独立。
That part of the king’s revenue which arose from such poll-taxes in any particular town, used commonly to be let in farm, during a term of years, for a rent certain, sometimes to the sheriff of the county, and sometimes to other persons.
国王收入中的那部分来自任何特定城镇的人头税，通常在几年内出租给农场，收取一定的租金，有时给县治安官，有时给其他人。
The burghers themselves frequently got credit enough to be admitted to farm the revenues of this sort which arose out of their own town, they becoming jointly and severally answerable for the whole rent.
市民们自己经常获得足够的信用，可以被允许耕种从他们自己的城镇中产生的此类收入，他们共同或分别对全部租金负责。
{See Madox, Firma Burgi, p.
{参见 Madox，Firma Burgi，第 14 页。
18; also History of the Exchequer, chap.
18；还有《财政史》，第一章。
10, sect.
10、节。
v, p.
v，p。
223, first edition.} To let a farm in this manner, was quite agreeable to the usual economy of, I believe, the sovereigns of all the different countries of Europe, who used frequently to let whole manors to all the tenants of those manors, they becoming jointly and severally answerable for the whole rent; but in return being allowed to collect it in their own way, and to pay it into the king’s exchequer by the hands of their own bailiff, and being thus altogether freed from the insolence of the king’s officers; a circumstance in those days regarded as of the greatest importance.
223，第一版。}我相信，欧洲所有不同国家的君主通常都同意以这种方式出租农场，他们经常将整个庄园出租给这些庄园的所有佃户，他们共同或分别承担全部租金；但作为回报，他们被允许以自己的方式收取，并由他们自己的执达员将其缴纳到国王的国库中，从而完全摆脱了国王官员的傲慢；这在当时被认为是最重要的情况。
At first, the farm of the town was probably let to the burghers, in the same manner as it had been to other farmers, for a term of years only.
起初，该镇的农场可能以与其他农民相同的方式出租给市民，但期限只有几年。
In process of time, however, it seems to have become the general practice to grant it to them in fee, that is for ever, reserving a rent certain, never afterwards to be augmented.
然而，随着时间的推移，以收费方式向他们提供租金似乎已成为普遍做法，即永远保留一定的租金，之后不再增加。
The payment having thus become perpetual, the exemptions, in return, for which it was made, naturally became perpetual too.
付款因此成为永久性的，作为回报，其所支付的豁免自然也成为永久性的。
Those exemptions, therefore, ceased to be personal, and could not afterwards be considered as belonging to individuals, as individuals, but as burghers of a particular burgh, which, upon this account, was called a free burgh, for the same reason that they had been called free burghers or free traders.
因此，这些豁免不再是个人的，并且后来不能被视为属于个人，作为个人，而是属于某个特定自治市的市民，因此，该自治市被称为自由自治市，其原因与他们被称为自由市民或自由贸易者的原因相同。
Along with this grant, the important privileges, above mentioned, that they might give away their own daughters in marriage, that their children should succeed to them, and that they might dispose of their own effects by will, were generally bestowed upon the burghers of the town to whom it was given.
除了这项赠款之外，上面提到的重要特权，即他们可以将自己的女儿嫁出去，他们的孩子可以继承他们，以及他们可以根据意愿处置自己的财产，这些特权通常都授予了接受这些特权的城镇的市民。
Whether such privileges had before been usually granted, along with the freedom of trade, to particular burghers, as individuals, I know not.
我不知道以前是否通常将这些特权与贸易自由一起授予特定的公民作为个人。
I reckon it not improbable that they were, though I cannot produce any direct evidence of it.
我认为这并非不可能，尽管我无法提供任何直接证据。
But however this may have been, the principal attributes of villanage and slavery being thus taken away from them, they now at least became really free, in our present sense of the word freedom.
但无论情况如何，村庄和奴隶制的主要属性被剥夺了，他们现在至少变得真正自由了，按照我们现在对自由一词的理解。
Nor was this all.
这还不是全部。
They were generally at the same time erected into a commonalty or corporation, with the privilege of having magistrates and a town-council of their own, of making bye-laws for their own government, of building walls for their own defence, and of reducing all their inhabitants under a sort of military discipline, by obliging them to watch and ward; that is, as anciently understood, to guard and defend those walls against all attacks and surprises, by night as well as by day.
他们通常同时被建立为一个平民或公司，享有拥有自己的地方法官和市议会的特权，为自己的政府制定附则，为自己的防御建造围墙，并通过强迫他们看守和看守来将所有居民置于某种军事纪律之下；也就是说，正如古代所理解的那样，无论白天还是黑夜，都要守卫和保卫这些城墙免受所有攻击和意外。
In England they were generally exempted from suit to the hundred and county courts: and all such pleas as should arise among them, the pleas of the crown excepted, were left to the decision of their own magistrates.
在英格兰，他们通常免于向百郡法院提起诉讼：除了王室的抗诉外，他们之间应提出的所有此类抗诉均由他们自己的地方法官决定。
In other countries, much greater and more extensive jurisdictions were frequently granted to them.
在其他国家，他们经常被授予更大、更广泛的管辖权。
{See Madox, Firma Burgi.
{参见马多克斯，菲尔马·布尔吉。
See also Pfeffel in the Remarkable events under Frederick II.
另请参阅腓特烈二世领导下的非凡事件中的普费菲尔。
and his Successors of the House of Suabia.}
和他的苏阿比亚家族的继承人。}
It might, probably, be necessary to grant to such towns as were admitted to farm their own revenues, some sort of compulsive jurisdiction to oblige their own citizens to make payment.
也许有必要向那些获准自行耕种收入的城镇授予某种强制管辖权，以迫使其公民付款。
In those disorderly times, it might have been extremely inconvenient to have left them to seek this sort of justice from any other tribunal.
在那个混乱的时代，让他们从任何其他法庭寻求这种正义可能是极其不方便的。
But it must seem extraordinary, that the sovereigns of all the different countries of Europe should have exchanged in this manner for a rent certain, never more to be augmented, that branch of their revenue, which was, perhaps, of all others, the most likely to be improved by the natural course of things, without either expense or attention of their own; and that they should, besides, have in this manner voluntarily erected a sort of independent republics in the heart of their own dominions.
但是，欧洲所有不同国家的主权者应该以这种方式交换一定的、永远不会增加的租金，这似乎是非同寻常的，他们的收入部门也许是所有其他收入部门中最有可能通过事物的自然进程而得到改善的，而不需要花费或关注；此外，他们应该以这种方式自愿在自己的领土中心建立一种独立的共和国。
In order to understand this, it must be remembered, that, in those days, the sovereign of perhaps no country in Europe was able to protect, through the whole extent of his dominions, the weaker part of his subjects from the oppression of the great lords.
为了理解这一点，必须记住，在那些日子里，欧洲也许没有一个国家的主权能够通过其整个领土范围来保护其臣民中的弱势部分免受大领主的压迫。
Those whom the law could not protect, and who were not strong enough to defend themselves, were obliged either to have recourse to the protection of some great lord, and in order to obtain it, to become either his slaves or vassals; or to enter into a league of mutual defence for the common protection of one another.
那些法律无法保护的人，以及那些没有强大到足以自卫的人，要么不得不求助于某个大领主的保护，为了获得这种保护，要么成为他的奴隶或附庸；要么要么成为他的奴隶，要么成为他的附庸。或者结成共同防御联盟以共同保护彼此。
The inhabitants of cities and burghs, considered as single individuals, had no power to defend themselves; but by entering into a league of mutual defence with their neighbours, they were capable of making no contemptible resistance.
城市和自治市的居民被视为单独的个体，没有权力保卫自己；但通过与邻国结成共同防御联盟，他们就没有能力进行任何卑鄙的抵抗。
The lords despised the burghers, whom they considered not only as a different order, but as a parcel of emancipated slaves, almost of a different species from themselves.
领主们鄙视市民，他们不仅认为市民是一个不同的阶级，而且认为他们是一群获得解放的奴隶，几乎与他们自己属于不同的物种。
The wealth of the burghers never failed to provoke their envy and indignation, and they plundered them upon every occasion without mercy or remorse.
市民的财富总是引起他们的嫉妒和愤慨，他们每次都毫无怜悯和悔恨地掠夺他们。
The burghers naturally hated and feared the lords.
市民自然又恨又怕领主。
The king hated and feared them too; but though, perhaps, he might despise, he had no reason either to hate or fear the burghers.
国王对他们又恨又怕。尽管他也许会鄙视市民，但他没有理由憎恨或害怕市民。
Mutual interest, therefore, disposed them to support the king, and the king to support them against the lords.
因此，出于共同利益，他们支持国王，国王也支持他们反对领主。
They were the enemies of his enemies, and it was his interest to render them as secure and independent of those enemies as he could.
他们是他敌人的敌人，他的利益是尽可能让他们安全并独立于那些敌人。
By granting them magistrates of their own, the privilege of making bye-laws for their own government, that of building walls for their own defence, and that of reducing all their inhabitants under a sort of military discipline, he gave them all the means of security and independency of the barons which it was in his power to bestow.
通过授予他们自己的地方法官、为自己的政府制定附则的特权、为自己的防御筑墙的特权以及将所有居民置于某种军事纪律之下的特权，他赋予了他们他有权授予的所有安全和独立的手段。
Without the establishment of some regular government of this kind, without some authority to compel their inhabitants to act according to some certain plan or system, no voluntary league of mutual defence could either have afforded them any permanent security, or have enabled them to give the king any considerable support.
如果没有建立这样的正规政府，没有某种权威来迫使其居民按照某种特定的计划或制度行事，任何自愿的共同防御联盟都无法为他们提供任何永久的安全，或者使他们能够给予国王任何相当大的支持。
By granting them the farm of their own town in fee, he took away from those whom he wished to have for his friends, and, if one may say so, for his allies, all ground of jealousy and suspicion, that he was ever afterwards to oppress them, either by raising the farm-rent of their town, or by granting it to some other farmer.
通过将自己城镇的农场免费授予他们，他从那些他希望为他的朋友和（如果可以这样说）为他的盟友的人中夺走了一切嫉妒和怀疑的理由，即他从此以后会通过提高他们城镇的农场租金或将其授予其他农民来压迫他们。
The princes who lived upon the worst terms with their barons, seem accordingly to have been the most liberal in grants of this kind to their burghs.
因此，那些与男爵关系最差的王子似乎在向他们的自治市提供此类赠款方面是最慷慨的。
King John of England, for example, appears to have been a most munificent benefactor to his towns.
例如，英国国王约翰似乎是他的城镇最慷慨的捐助者。
{See Madox.} Philip I.
{参见马多克斯。} 菲利普一世。
of France lost all authority over his barons.
法国国王失去了对其贵族的所有权威。
Towards the end of his reign, his son Lewis, known afterwards by the name of Lewis the Fat, consulted, according to Father Daniel, with the bishops of the royal demesnes, concerning the most proper means of restraining the violence of the great lords.
根据丹尼尔神父的说法，在他统治末期，他的儿子刘易斯（后来被称为“胖子刘易斯”）与皇家领地的主教们协商了限制大领主暴力的最适当方法。
Their advice consisted of two different proposals.
他们的建议包括两个不同的建议。
One was to erect a new order of jurisdiction, by establishing magistrates and a town-council in every considerable town of his demesnes.
其一是建立新的管辖秩序，在其领地的每个大城镇设立治安法官和城镇议会。
The other was to form a new militia, by making the inhabitants of those towns, under the command of their own magistrates, march out upon proper occasions to the assistance of the king.
另一种是组建一支新的民兵，让这些城镇的居民在自己的地方法官的指挥下，在适当的时候出征援助国王。
It is from this period, according to the French antiquarians, that we are to date the institution of the magistrates and councils of cities in France.
根据法国古文物学家的说法，正是从这个时期开始，法国的治安法官和城市议会的机构才得以确定。
It was during the unprosperous reigns of the princes of the house of Suabia, that the greater part of the free towns of Germany received the first grants of their privileges, and that the famous Hanseatic league first became formidable.
正是在苏阿比亚家族诸侯统治时期，德国的大部分自由城镇首次获得了特权，著名的汉萨同盟也首次变得强大起来。
{See Pfeffel.}
{参见普费菲尔。}
The militia of the cities seems, in those times, not to have been inferior to that of the country; and as they could be more readily assembled upon any sudden occasion, they frequently had the advantage in their disputes with the neighbouring lords.
在那个时代，城市的民兵似乎并不逊色于乡村的民兵。由于他们可以在任何突发情况下更容易地聚集起来，因此他们在与邻近领主的争端中常常占据优势。
In countries such as Italy or Switzerland, in which, on account either of their distance from the principal seat of government, of the natural strength of the country itself, or of some other reason, the sovereign came to lose the whole of his authority; the cities generally became independent republics, and conquered all the nobility in their neighbourhood; obliging them to pull down their castles in the country, and to live, like other peaceable inhabitants, in the city.
在意大利或瑞士等国家，由于距主要政府所在地的距离、国家本身的自然实力或其他原因，主权者逐渐丧失了全部权威；这些城市普遍成为独立的共和国，并征服了邻近地区的所有贵族。迫使他们拆除乡村的城堡，像其他和平居民一样住在城市里。
This is the short history of the republic of Berne, as well as of several other cities in Switzerland.
这是伯尔尼共和国以及瑞士其他几个城市的简短历史。
If you except Venice, for of that city the history is somewhat different, it is the history of all the considerable Italian republics, of which so great a number arose and perished between the end of the twelfth and the beginning of the sixteenth century.
如果你除了威尼斯，那座城市的历史有些不同，它是所有重要的意大利共和国的历史，其中许多共和国在十二世纪末和十六世纪初之间兴起和灭亡。
In countries such as France and England, where the authority of the sovereign, though frequently very low, never was destroyed altogether, the cities had no opportunity of becoming entirely independent.
在法国和英国等国家，君主的权威虽然常常很低，但从未被完全摧毁，城市没有机会完全独立。
They became, however, so considerable, that the sovereign could impose no tax upon them, besides the stated farm-rent of the town, without their own consent.
然而，它们变得如此庞大，以致于未经他们本人同意，除了规定的城镇农租外，君主不能向他们征收任何税款。
They were, therefore, called upon to send deputies to the general assembly of the states of the kingdom, where they might join with the clergy and the barons in granting, upon urgent occasions, some extraordinary aid to the king.
因此，他们被要求派遣代表参加王国各州的大会，在那里他们可以与神职人员和贵族一起在紧急情况下向国王提供一些特别的援助。
Being generally, too, more favourable to his power, their deputies seem sometimes to have been employed by him as a counterbalance in those assemblies to the authority of the great lords.
一般来说，他们的代表也更有利于他的权力，因此有时他似乎会雇用他们的代表在这些议会中制衡大领主的权威。
Hence the origin of the representation of burghs in the states-general of all great monarchies in Europe.
这就是欧洲所有伟大君主国的国家议会中的自治市代表的起源。
Order and good government, and along with them the liberty and security of individuals, were in this manner established in cities, at a time when the occupiers of land in the country, were exposed to every sort of violence.
秩序和良好的政府，以及随之而来的个人自由和安全，都是以这种方式在城市中建立起来的，而当时乡村土地的占有者却面临着各种暴力。
But men in this defenceless state naturally content themselves with their necessary subsistence; because, to acquire more, might only tempt the injustice of their oppressors.
但处于这种手无寸铁状态的人们自然会满足于他们必要的生存。因为，为了获得更多，可能只会引诱压迫者的不公正行为。
On the contrary, when they are secure of enjoying the fruits of their industry, they naturally exert it to better their condition, and to acquire not only the necessaries, but the conveniencies and elegancies of life.
相反，当他们有把握享受自己勤劳的成果时，他们自然会利用它来改善自己的状况，不仅获得必需品，而且获得生活的便利和优雅。
That industry, therefore, which aims at something more than necessary subsistence, was established in cities long before it was commonly practised by the occupiers of land in the country.
因此，这种工业的目的不仅仅是为了维持生计，早在乡村土地占有者普遍从事这种工业之前，它就已经在城市中建立起来了。
If, in the hands of a poor cultivator, oppressed with the servitude of villanage, some little stock should accumulate, he would naturally conceal it with great care from his master, to whom it would otherwise have belonged, and take the first opportunity of running away to a town.
如果在一个受乡村奴役压迫的穷耕者手里，积累了一点财产，他自然会小心翼翼地向他的主人隐瞒它，否则这些财产本来就属于他的主人，并抓住第一个机会逃到城里。
The law was at that time so indulgent to the inhabitants of towns, and so desirous of diminishing the authority of the lords over those of the country, that if he could conceal himself there from the pursuit of his lord for a year, he was free for ever.
当时的法律对城镇居民非常宽容，并且希望削弱领主对乡村的权威，如果他能在那里隐藏自己一年，躲避领主的追捕，他就永远自由了。
Whatever stock, therefore, accumulated in the hands of the industrious part of the inhabitants of the country, naturally took refuge in cities, as the only sanctuaries in which it could be secure to the person that acquired it.
因此，该国勤劳的居民手中积累的任何财富，自然都会避难到城市，因为城市是获得它的人唯一可以得到保护的避难所。
The inhabitants of a city, it is true, must always ultimately derive their subsistence, and the whole materials and means of their industry, from the country.
诚然，城市居民最终必须始终从乡村获得生计以及其工业的全部材料和手段。
But those of a city, situated near either the sea-coast or the banks of a navigable river, are not necessarily confined to derive them from the country in their neighbourhood.
但是，位于海岸或通航河岸附近的城市的那些，不一定局限于从其邻近国家获得。
They have a much wider range, and may draw them from the most remote corners of the world, either in exchange for the manufactured produce of their own industry, or by performing the office of carriers between distant countries, and exchanging the produce of one for that of another.
它们的范围更广，可以从世界最偏远的角落吸引它们，要么换取本国工业的制成品，要么通过在遥远的国家之间履行承运人的职责，将一个国家的产品交换另一个国家的产品。
A city might, in this manner, grow up to great wealth and splendour, while not only the country in its neighbourhood, but all those to which it traded, were in poverty and wretchedness.
一座城市可以通过这种方式成长为巨大的财富和辉煌，而不仅是其邻近的国家，而且是所有与其进行贸易的国家，都处于贫困和悲惨之中。
Each of those countries, perhaps, taken singly, could afford it but a small part, either of its subsistence or of its employment; but all of them taken together, could afford it both a great subsistence and a great employment.
也许，单独来看，这些国家中的每一个都只能负担一小部分，无论是其生存还是其就业；但所有这些加起来，足以让人们过上富裕的生活，也能获得良好的就业机会。
There were, however, within the narrow circle of the commerce of those times, some countries that were opulent and industrious.
然而，在当时狭小的商业圈子里，也有一些富裕而勤劳的国家。
Such was the Greek empire as long as it subsisted, and that of the Saracens during the reigns of the Abassides.
希腊帝国在其存在期间就是这样，在阿巴斯王朝统治时期的撒拉森人也是如此。
Such, too, was Egypt till it was conquered by the Turks, some part of the coast of Barbary, and all those provinces of Spain which were under the government of the Moors.
在被土耳其人征服之前，埃及、巴巴里海岸的部分地区以及摩尔人统治下的西班牙所有省份也是如此。
The cities of Italy seem to have been the first in Europe which were raised by commerce to any considerable degree of opulence.
意大利的城市似乎是欧洲第一个因商业而达到相当富裕程度的城市。
Italy lay in the centre of what was at that time the improved and civilized part of the world.
意大利位于当时世界上进步和文明地区的中心。
The crusades, too, though, by the great waste of stock and destruction of inhabitants which they occasioned, they must necessarily have retarded the progress of the greater part of Europe, were extremely favourable to that of some Italian cities.
然而，十字军东征也造成了巨大的物资浪费和居民的毁灭，必然阻碍了欧洲大部分地区的进步，但对一些意大利城市的进步却极为有利。
The great armies which marched from all parts to the conquest of the Holy Land, gave extraordinary encouragement to the shipping of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, sometimes in transporting them thither, and always in supplying them with provisions.
从各地赶来征服圣地的大军极大地促进了威尼斯、热那亚和比萨的航运，有时将它们运送到那里，但总是为它们提供补给。
They were the commissaries, if one may say so, of those armies; and the most destructive frenzy that ever befel the European nations, was a source of opulence to those republics.
如果可以这么说的话，他们是那些军队的委员。欧洲国家有史以来最具破坏性的狂热，是这些共和国富裕的源泉。
The inhabitants of trading cities, by importing the improved manufactures and expensive luxuries of richer countries, afforded some food to the vanity of the great proprietors, who eagerly purchased them with great quantities of the rude produce of their own lands.
贸易城市的居民通过从富裕国家进口改良的制成品和昂贵的奢侈品，为大地主的虚荣心提供了一些食物，大地主急切地用自己土地上的大量原始产品购买了这些食物。
The commerce of a great part of Europe in those times, accordingly, consisted chiefly in the exchange of their own rude, for the manufactured produce of more civilized nations.
因此，当时欧洲大部分地区的贸易主要是用自己的原材料交换更文明国家的制成品。
Thus the wool of England used to be exchanged for the wines of France, and the fine cloths of Flanders, in the same manner as the corn in Poland is at this day, exchanged for the wines and brandies of France, and for the silks and velvets of France and Italy.
因此，英国的羊毛过去可以用来交换法国的葡萄酒，而佛兰德斯的精美布料，就像今天波兰的谷物可以用来交换法国的葡萄酒和白兰地，以及法国和意大利的丝绸和天鹅绒一样。
A taste for the finer and more improved manufactures was, in this manner, introduced by foreign commerce into countries where no such works were carried on.
通过这种方式，对外贸易将对更精致和更改进的制造品的品味引入到没有进行此类工作的国家。
But when this taste became so general as to occasion a considerable demand, the merchants, in order to save the expense of carriage, naturally endeavoured to establish some manufactures of the same kind in their own country.
但当这种品味变得如此普遍，引起相当大的需求时，商人为了节省运输费用，自然会努力在自己的国家建立一些同类的制造商。
Hence the origin of the first manufactures for distant sale, that seem to have been established in the western provinces of Europe, after the fall of the Roman empire.
因此，第一批用于远程销售的制造品的起源似乎是在罗马帝国灭亡后在欧洲西部省份建立的。
No large country, it must be observed, ever did or could subsist without some sort of manufactures being carried on in it; and when it is said of any such country that it has no manufactures, it must always be understood of the finer and more improved, or of such as are fit for distant sale.
必须指出的是，没有一个大国曾经或能够在没有某种制造业的情况下生存。当谈到任何这样的国家时，它没有制造品，它必须始终被理解为更精细和更改进的产品，或者适合远距离销售的产品。
In every large country both the clothing and household furniture or the far greater part of the people, are the produce of their own industry.
在每个大国，无论是服装还是家用家具，或者大部分人民，都是本国工业的产品。
This is even more universally the case in those poor countries which are commonly said to have no manufactures, than in those rich ones that are said to abound in them.
这种情况在那些通常被认为没有制造业的贫穷国家比在那些据说拥有丰富制造业的富裕国家更为普遍。
In the latter you will generally find, both in the clothes and household furniture of the lowest rank of people, a much greater proportion of foreign productions than in the former.
在后者中，你通常会发现，无论是最底层人民的衣服还是家具，外国产品的比例都比前者高得多。
Those manufactures which are fit for distant sale, seem to have been introduced into different countries in two different ways.
那些适合远距离销售的制品，似乎是通过两种不同的方式引入到不同的国家的。
Sometimes they have been introduced in the manner above mentioned, by the violent operation, if one may say so, of the stocks of particular merchants and undertakers, who established them in imitation of some foreign manufactures of the same kind.
有时，它们是以上述方式引入的，如果可以这么说的话，是通过某些商人和承办商的库存的暴力操作而引入的，这些商人和承办商模仿某些外国同类制造商而建立了它们。
Such manufactures, therefore, are the offspring of foreign commerce; and such seem to have been the ancient manufactures of silks, velvets, and brocades, which flourished in Lucca during the thirteenth century.
因此，此类制造业是对外贸易的产物。这似乎就是古老的丝绸、天鹅绒和织锦制造业，在十三世纪在卢卡蓬勃发展。
They were banished from thence by the tyranny of one of Machiavel’s heroes, Castruccio Castracani.
他们被马基雅维利的英雄之一卡斯特鲁乔·卡斯特拉卡尼的暴政驱逐出那里。
In 1310, nine hundred families were driven out of Lucca, of whom thirty-one retired to Venice, and offered to introduce there the silk manufacture.
1310 年，九百个家庭被赶出卢卡，其中三十一个家庭退休到威尼斯，并提出将丝绸制造业引入那里。
{See Sandi Istoria civile de Vinezia, part 2 vol. i, page 247 and 256.} Their offer was accepted, many privileges were conferred upon them, and they began the manufacture with three hundred workmen.
{参见 Sandi Istoria Civile de Vinezia，第 2 部分，第 2 卷。 i，第 247 和 256 页。} 他们的提议被接受了，他们被授予了许多特权，他们开始与三百名工人一起制造。
Such, too, seem to have been the manufactures of fine cloths that anciently flourished in Flanders, and which were introduced into England in the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, and such are the present silk manufactures of Lyons and Spitalfields.
这似乎也是古代佛兰德斯盛行的精美布料制造厂的情况，并在伊丽莎白统治初期引入英国，而现在里昂和斯皮塔菲尔德的丝绸制造厂也是如此。
Manufactures introduced in this manner are generally employed upon foreign materials, being imitations of foreign manufactures.
以这种方式引进的产品通常采用外国材料，模仿外国产品。
When the Venetian manufacture was first established, the materials were all brought from Sicily and the Levant.
威尼斯制造厂刚成立时，材料全部来自西西里岛和黎凡特。
The more ancient manufacture of Lucca was likewise carried on with foreign materials.
卢卡的更古老的制造同样是用外国材料进行的。
The cultivation of mulberry trees, and the breeding of silk-worms, seem not to have been common in the northern parts of Italy before the sixteenth century.
十六世纪之前，桑树的种植和蚕的饲养在意大利北部地区似乎并不普遍。
Those arts were not introduced into France till the reign of Charles IX.
这些艺术直到查理九世统治时期才传入法国。
The manufactures of Flanders were carried on chiefly with Spanish and English wool.
佛兰德斯的制造业主要使用西班牙和英国的羊毛。
Spanish wool was the material, not of the first woollen manufacture of England, but of the first that was fit for distant sale.
西班牙羊毛不是英格兰第一家羊毛制造商的材料，而是第一家适合远距离销售的材料。
More than one half the materials of the Lyons manufacture is at this day foreign silk; when it was first established, the whole, or very nearly the whole, was so.
如今，里昂一半以上的制造材料是外国丝绸；当它刚建立时，整体或几乎整体都是如此。
No part of the materials of the Spitalfields manufacture is ever likely to be the produce of England.
斯皮塔佛德工厂制造的所有材料都不可能是英国产品。
The seat of such manufactures, as they are generally introduced by the scheme and project of a few individuals, is sometimes established in a maritime city, and sometimes in an inland town, according as their interest, judgment, or caprice, happen to determine.
这些制造商的所在地，通常是由少数人的计划和项目引入的，有时建立在沿海城市，有时建立在内陆城镇，这取决于他们的兴趣、判断或任性。
At other times, manufactures for distant sale grow up naturally, and as it were of their own accord, by the gradual refinement of those household and coarser manufactures which must at all times be carried on even in the poorest and rudest countries.
在其他时候，用于远距离销售的制造业自然而然地成长起来，可以说是通过那些家庭和粗制制造业的逐渐改进而自然地发展起来的，即使在最贫穷和最粗鲁的国家也必须始终进行这些制造业。
Such manufactures are generally employed upon the materials which the country produces, and they seem frequently to have been first refined and improved in such inland countries as were not, indeed, at a very great, but at a considerable distance from the sea-coast, and sometimes even from all water carriage.
此类制造品通常采用该国生产的材料，而且它们似乎常常首先在内陆国家进行精炼和改进，这些内陆国家实际上距离海岸并不远，但距离海岸相当远，有时甚至远离所有水运。
An inland country, naturally fertile and easily cultivated, produces a great surplus of provisions beyond what is necessary for maintaining the cultivators; and on account of the expense of land carriage, and inconveniency of river navigation, it may frequently be difficult to send this surplus abroad.
内陆国家自然肥沃，易于耕种，所生产的粮食远远超过维持耕种者的需要；由于陆路运输费用昂贵，河运不便，将这些盈余送往国外往往很困难。
Abundance, therefore, renders provisions cheap, and encourages a great number of workmen to settle in the neighbourhood, who find that their industry can there procure them more of the necessaries and conveniencies of life than in other places.
因此，丰富的物资使供给变得便宜，并鼓励大量工人在附近定居，他们发现他们的工业可以为他们提供比其他地方更多的生活必需品和便利设施。
They work up the materials of manufacture which the land produces, and exchange their finished work, or, what is the same thing, the price of it, for more materials and provisions.
他们加工土地生产的制造材料，并用他们完成的工作，或者说，它的价格，换取更多的材料和供给。
They give a new value to the surplus part of the rude produce, by saving the expense of carrying it to the water-side, or to some distant market; and they furnish the cultivators with something in exchange for it that is either useful or agreeable to them, upon easier terms than they could have obtained it before.
他们通过节省将粗产品运送到水边或某个遥远市场的费用，赋予粗产品的剩余部分新的价值；他们向耕种者提供一些对他们有用或满意的东西作为交换，条件比他们以前可以获得的更容易。
The cultivators get a better price for their surplus produce, and can purchase cheaper other conveniencies which they have occasion for.
耕种者可以以更好的价格出售他们的剩余产品，并且可以购买他们需要的更便宜的其他便利品。
They are thus both encouraged and enabled to increase this surplus produce by a further improvement and better cultivation of the land; and as the fertility of the land had given birth to the manufacture, so the progress of the manufacture re-acts upon the land, and increases still further its fertility.
因此，他们既受到鼓励，又能够通过进一步改良和更好地耕种土地来增加剩余产量；正如土地的肥力催生了制造业一样，制造业的进步也会反作用于土地，进一步提高土地的肥力。
The manufacturers first supply the neighbourhood, and afterwards, as their work improves and refines, more distant markets.
制造商首先向邻近地区供货，然后，随着他们的工作改进和完善，向更远的市场供货。
For though neither the rude produce, nor even the coarse manufacture, could, without the greatest difficulty, support the expense of a considerable land-carriage, the refined and improved manufacture easily may.
因为，尽管无论是原始产品，还是粗略的制造，都无法毫无困难地支撑大量陆路运输的费用，但精炼和改进的制造却很容易做到。
In a small bulk it frequently contains the price of a great quantity of rude produce.
小批量的产品往往包含大量原产品的价格。
A piece of fine cloth, for example which weighs only eighty pounds, contains in it the price, not only of eighty pounds weight of wool, but sometimes of several thousand weight of corn, the maintenance of the different working people, and of their immediate employers.
例如，一块仅重八十磅的细布，其价格不仅包括八十磅重的羊毛，有时还包括数千重玉米的价格，这是不同劳动人民及其直接雇主的维持费用。
The corn which could with difficulty have been carried abroad in its own shape, is in this manner virtually exported in that of the complete manufacture, and may easily be sent to the remotest corners of the world.
本来很难以原状运往国外的玉米，实际上是以完整的制造方式出口的，并且可以很容易地发送到世界最偏远的角落。
In this manner have grown up naturally, and, as it were, of their own accord, the manufactures of Leeds, Halifax, Sheffield, Birmingham, and Wolverhampton.
利兹、哈利法克斯、谢菲尔德、伯明翰和伍尔弗汉普顿的制造业就以这种方式自然地、可以说是自发地成长起来。
Such manufactures are the offspring of agriculture.
这些制造业是农业的产物。
In the modern history of Europe, their extension and improvement have generally been posterior to those which were the offspring of foreign commerce.
在欧洲近代史上，它们的扩展和完善一般都晚于对外贸易的产物。
England was noted for the manufacture of fine cloths made of Spanish wool, more than a century before any of those which now flourish in the places above mentioned were fit for foreign sale.
英国以生产由西班牙羊毛制成的精美布料而闻名，比现在在上述地方蓬勃发展的任何布料适合国外销售的时间早了一个多世纪。
The extension and improvement of these last could not take place but in consequence of the extension and improvement of agriculture, the last and greatest effect of foreign commerce, and of the manufactures immediately introduced by it, and which I shall now proceed to explain.
如果不是农业的扩展和改进，这些最后的扩展和改进就不可能发生，农业是对外贸易的最后也是最大的影响，以及由它立即引入的制造业，我现在将继续解释这一点。
CHAPTER IV.
第四章。
HOW THE COMMERCE OF TOWNS CONTRIBUTED TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE COUNTRY.
城镇商业如何为国家的进步做出贡献。
The increase and riches of commercial and manufacturing towns contributed to the improvement and cultivation of the countries to which they belonged, in three different ways.
商业和制造业城镇的增长和财富以三种不同的方式促进了它们所属国家的进步和发展。
First, by affording a great and ready market for the rude produce of the country, they gave encouragement to its cultivation and further improvement.
首先，他们为该国的原始产品提供了一个巨大且现成的市场，鼓励其种植和进一步改进。
This benefit was not even confined to the countries in which they were situated, but extended more or less to all those with which they had any dealings.
这种好处甚至不限于他们所在的国家，而是或多或少地扩展到所有与他们有交易的国家。
To all of them they afforded a market for some part either of their rude or manufactured produce, and, consequently, gave some encouragement to the industry and improvement of all.
对于他们所有人来说，他们为他们的原始产品或制成品的某些部分提供了市场，因此，对工业和所有人的进步给予了一些鼓励。
Their own country, however, on account of its neighbourhood, necessarily derived the greatest benefit from this market.
而他们自己的国家，由于毗邻，必然从这个市场中获得最大的利益。
Its rude produce being charged with less carriage, the traders could pay the growers a better price for it, and yet afford it as cheap to the consumers as that of more distant countries.
其粗加工产品的运输费用较少，贸易商可以向种植者支付更好的价格，但对消费者来说却可以像更遥远的国家一样便宜。
Secondly, the wealth acquired by the inhabitants of cities was frequently employed in purchasing such lands as were to be sold, of which a great part would frequently be uncultivated.
其次，城市居民获得的财富经常被用来购买待出售的土地，而其中很大一部分往往是未开垦的。
Merchants are commonly ambitious of becoming country gentlemen, and, when they do, they are generally the best of all improvers.
商人通常都雄心勃勃地想成为乡村绅士，而当他们这样做时，他们通常是所有改进者中最好的。
A merchant is accustomed to employ his money chiefly in profitable projects; whereas a mere country gentleman is accustomed to employ it chiefly in expense.
商人习惯于将钱主要用于有利可图的项目；而一个普通的乡村绅士则习惯于主要在开支上使用它。
The one often sees his money go from him, and return to him again with a profit; the other, when once he parts with it, very seldom expects to see any more of it.
人们经常看到他的钱从他身边消失，然后又带着利润又回到他身边。另一个人一旦与它分开，就很少希望再看到它。
Those different habits naturally affect their temper and disposition in every sort of business.
这些不同的习惯自然会影响他们在各行各业的脾气和性格。
The merchant is commonly a bold, a country gentleman a timid undertaker.
商人通常是一个大胆的人，而乡村绅士则是一个胆怯的殡葬承办人。
The one is not afraid to lay out at once a large capital upon the improvement of his land, when he has a probable prospect of raising the value of it in proportion to the expense; the other, if he has any capital, which is not always the case, seldom ventures to employ it in this manner.
当一个人有可能按比例提高土地的价值时，他并不害怕立即投入大量资金来改善他的土地。另一个人，即使有资本（情况并非总是如此），也很少冒险以这种方式使用它。
If he improves at all, it is commonly not with a capital, but with what he can save out or his annual revenue.
如果他有任何进步，通常不是靠资本，而是靠他可以节省的钱或他的年收入。
Whoever has had the fortune to live in a mercantile town, situated in an unimproved country, must have frequently observed how much more spirited the operations of merchants were in this way, than those of mere country gentlemen.
凡是有幸生活在一个位于未开发国家的商业城镇的人，一定经常观察到商人的这种经营方式比单纯的乡村绅士的经营方式要活跃得多。
The habits, besides, of order, economy, and attention, to which mercantile business naturally forms a merchant, render him much fitter to execute, with profit and success, any project of improvement.
此外，秩序、节约和注意力的习惯是商业活动自然形成的商人，使他更适合执行任何改进项目，并获得利润和成功。
Thirdly, and lastly, commerce and manufactures gradually introduced order and good government, and with them the liberty and security of individuals, among the inhabitants of the country, who had before lived almost in a continual state of war with their neighbours, and of servile dependency upon their superiors.
第三，也是最后一点，商业和制造业逐渐带来了秩序和良好的政府，并随之带来了该国居民的个人自由和安全，而这些居民以前几乎生活在与邻居持续不断的战争状态中，并对上级进行奴性依赖。
This, though it has been the least observed, is by far the most important of all their effects.
尽管这一点最少被观察到，但却是迄今为止所有影响中最重要的一个。
Mr Hume is the only writer who, so far as I know, has hitherto taken notice of it.
据我所知，休谟先生是迄今为止唯一注意到这一点的作家。
In a country which has neither foreign commerce nor any of the finer manufactures, a great proprietor, having nothing for which he can exchange the greater part of the produce of his lands which is over and above the maintenance of the cultivators, consumes the whole in rustic hospitality at home.
在一个既没有对外贸易，也没有任何高级制造业的国家，一个大地主，由于没有什么可以用来交换他土地上的大部分产品，而这些产品超出了耕种者的维持，因此在国内以乡村式的热情款待消费了全部产品。
If this surplus produce is sufficient to maintain a hundred or a thousand men, he can make use of it in no other way than by maintaining a hundred or a thousand men.
如果这剩余的产品足以维持一百或一千人，他就不能用它来维持一百或一千人。
He is at all times, therefore, surrounded with a multitude of retainers and dependants, who, having no equivalent to give in return for their maintenance, but being fed entirely by his bounty, must obey him, for the same reason that soldiers must obey the prince who pays them.
因此，他时时刻刻都被众多的家臣和眷属所包围，他们没有同等的回报来维持自己的生活，但完全靠他的赏金养活，因此必须服从他，就像士兵必须服从给他们饷给他们的王子一样。
Before the extension of commerce and manufactures in Europe, the hospitality of the rich and the great, from the sovereign down to the smallest baron, exceeded every thing which, in the present times, we can easily form a notion of Westminster-hall was the dining-room of William Rufus, and might frequently, perhaps, not be too large for his company.
在欧洲商业和制造业扩张之前，富人和伟人，从君主到最小的男爵，的热情好客超出了当今时代的一切，我们很容易形成威斯敏斯特大厅是威廉·鲁弗斯的餐厅的概念，而且对于他的陪伴来说，威斯敏斯特大厅通常可能不会太大。
It was reckoned a piece of magnificence in Thomas Becket, that he strewed the floor of his hall with clean hay or rushes in the season, in order that the knights and squires, who could not get seats, might not spoil their fine clothes when they sat down on the floor to eat their dinner.
托马斯·贝克特（Thomas Becket）在大厅的地板上撒满了干净的干草或灯心草，这被认为是托马斯·贝克特（Thomas Becket）的一项伟大成就，以便那些无法获得座位的骑士和侍从坐在地板上吃晚饭时不会弄脏他们的漂亮衣服。
The great Earl of Warwick is said to have entertained every day, at his different manors, 30,000 people; and though the number here may have been exaggerated, it must, however, have been very great to admit of such exaggeration.
据说伟大的沃里克伯爵每天在他不同的庄园招待三万人；虽然这里的数字可能被夸大了，但承认这种夸大一定是非常了不起的。
A hospitality nearly of the same kind was exercised not many years ago in many different parts of the Highlands of Scotland.
几年前，苏格兰高地的许多不同地区也受到了几乎同样的款待。
It seems to be common in all nations to whom commerce and manufactures are little known.
这似乎在所有对商业和制造业知之甚少的国家中都很常见。
I have seen, says Doctor Pocock, an Arabian chief dine in the streets of a town where he had come to sell his cattle, and invite all passengers, even common beggars, to sit down with him and partake of his banquet.
波科克医生说，我见过一位阿拉伯酋长在他来卖牛的一个小镇的街道上用餐，并邀请所有乘客，甚至是普通的乞丐，与他一起坐下来参加他的宴会。
The occupiers of land were in every respect as dependent upon the great proprietor as his retainers.
土地占有者在各方面都像大地主的家臣一样依赖大地主。
Even such of them as were not in a state of villanage, were tenants at will, who paid a rent in no respect equivalent to the subsistence which the land afforded them.
即使他们中不属于村庄的人，也是随意的佃户，他们支付的租金与土地提供给他们的生活完全不相等。
A crown, half a crown, a sheep, a lamb, was some years ago, in the Highlands of Scotland, a common rent for lands which maintained a family.
几年前，在苏格兰高地，一克朗、半克朗、一只羊、一只羔羊是维持一个家庭的土地的共同租金。
In some places it is so at this day; nor will money at present purchase a greater quantity of commodities there than in other places.
时至今日，有些地方仍是如此。目前，货币在那里购买的商品数量也不会比其他地方多。
In a country where the surplus produce of a large estate must be consumed upon the estate itself, it will frequently be more convenient for the proprietor, that part of it be consumed at a distance from his own house, provided they who consume it are as dependent upon him as either his retainers or his menial servants.
在一个大庄园的剩余产品必须用于庄园本身消费的国家里，对于所有者来说，将其一部分在远离自己房屋的地方消费往往会更方便，前提是消费这部分产品的人像他的家臣或仆人一样依赖他。
He is thereby saved from the embarrassment of either too large a company, or too large a family.
从而，他摆脱了公司太大或家庭太大的尴尬。
A tenant at will, who possesses land sufficient to maintain his family for little more than a quit-rent, is as dependent upon the proprietor as any servant or retainer whatever, and must obey him with as little reserve.
一个随意的佃户，如果拥有足以维持其家庭生活的土地，只需要缴纳地租，他就像任何仆人或家臣一样依赖于业主，并且必须毫无保留地服从他。
Such a proprietor, as he feeds his servants and retainers at his own house, so he feeds his tenants at their houses.
这样的主人，正如他在自己的家里供养仆人和家臣一样，他也在自己的家中供养佃户。
The subsistence of both is derived from his bounty, and its continuance depends upon his good pleasure.
两者的生存都源于他的恩赐，而其持续则取决于他的喜悦。
Upon the authority which the great proprietors necessarily had, in such a state of things, over their tenants and retainers, was founded the power of the ancient barons.
在这种情况下，大地主对他们的佃农和家臣所必然拥有的权威，就是古代贵族权力的基础。
They necessarily became the judges in peace, and the leaders in war, of all who dwelt upon their estates.
他们必然成为和平时期的法官，战争时期的领导者，以及所有居住在他们庄园里的人。
They could maintain order, and execute the law, within their respective demesnes, because each of them could there turn the whole force of all the inhabitants against the injustice of anyone.
他们可以在各自的领地内维持秩序并执行法律，因为他们每个人都可以调动所有居民的全部力量来反对任何人的不公正行为。
No other person had sufficient authority to do this.
没有其他人有足够的权力这样做。
The king, in particular, had not.
尤其是国王，没有。
In those ancient times, he was little more than the greatest proprietor in his dominions, to whom, for the sake of common defence against their common enemies, the other great proprietors paid certain respects.
在古代，他不过是他领地里最大的领主，为了共同防御共同的敌人，其他大领主都对他表示一定的敬意。
To have enforced payment of a small debt within the lands of a great proprietor, where all the inhabitants were armed, and accustomed to stand by one another, would have cost the king, had he attempted it by his own authority, almost the same effort as to extinguish a civil war.
在一个大地主的土地上强制偿还一笔小额债务，那里的所有居民都武装起来，并且习惯于彼此支持，如果国王试图凭借自己的权力来这样做，那么他所付出的代价几乎与平息一场内战相同。
He was, therefore, obliged to abandon the administration of justice, through the greater part of the country, to those who were capable of administering it; and, for the same reason, to leave the command of the country militia to those whom that militia would obey.
因此，他不得不将全国大部分地区的司法工作交给那些有能力执行的人。出于同样的原因，将国家民兵的指挥权交给那些民兵愿意服从的人。
It is a mistake to imagine that those territorial jurisdictions took their origin from the feudal law.
认为这些领土管辖权源自封建法律的想法是错误的。
Not only the highest jurisdictions, both civil and criminal, but the power of levying troops, of coining money, and even that of making bye-laws for the government of their own people, were all rights possessed allodially by the great proprietors of land, several centuries before even the name of the feudal law was known in Europe.
不仅民事和刑事的最高司法管辖权，而且征兵权、铸币权，甚至为自己人民的政府制定附则的权力，都是大土地所有者完全拥有的所有权利，而这比封建法律的名称在欧洲为人所知还要早几个世纪。
The authority and jurisdiction of the Saxon lords in England appear to have been as great before the Conquest as that of any of the Norman lords after it.
英格兰的撒克逊领主的权威和管辖权在征服之前似乎与征服之后的任何诺曼领主一样强大。
But the feudal law is not supposed to have become the common law of England till after the Conquest.
但直到征服之后，封建法才应该成为英格兰的普通法。
That the most extensive authority and jurisdictions were possessed by the great lords in France allodially, long before the feudal law was introduced into that country, is a matter of fact that admits of no doubt.
早在封建法引入法国之前，最广泛的权力和管辖权就完全由法国的大领主拥有，这是不容置疑的事实。
That authority, and those jurisdictions, all necessarily flowed from the state of property and manners just now described.
这种权力和那些管辖权，都必然源自刚才描述的财产状况和礼仪。
Without remounting to the remote antiquities of either the French or English monarchies, we may find, in much later times, many proofs that such effects must always flow from such causes.
无需重新回到法国或英国君主制的遥远古代，我们就可以在很久以后的时代找到许多证据，证明这种影响必定是由这种原因产生的。
It is not thirty years ago since Mr Cameron of Lochiel, a gentleman of Lochaber in Scotland, without any legal warrant whatever, not being what was then called a lord of regality, nor even a tenant in chief, but a vassal of the Duke of Argyll, and with out being so much as a justice of peace, used, notwithstanding, to exercise the highest criminal jurisdictions over his own people.
不到三十年前，苏格兰洛哈伯的一位绅士洛希尔的卡梅伦先生，在没有任何法律依据的情况下，不是当时所谓的王权领主，甚至也不是佃农，而是阿盖尔公爵的封臣，而且连治安法官都没有，却被用来对自己的人民行使最高的刑事管辖权。
He is said to have done so with great equity, though without any of the formalities of justice; and it is not improbable that the state of that part of the country at that time made it necessary for him to assume this authority, in order to maintain the public peace.
据说他这样做是非常公平的，尽管没有任何正义的手续。很可能，当时该地区的状况使他有必要承担这一权力，以维护公共和平。
That gentleman, whose rent never exceeded £500 a-year, carried, in 1745, 800 of his own people into the rebellion with him.
这位年租从未超过 500 英镑的绅士，在 1745 年带领 800 名同胞参加了叛乱。
The introduction of the feudal law, so far from extending, may be regarded as an attempt to moderate, the authority of the great allodial lords.
封建法律的引入，远非扩大范围，可以被视为试图缓和大君主的权威。
It established a regular subordination, accompanied with a long train of services and duties, from the king down to the smallest proprietor.
它建立了从国王到最小的所有者的定期隶属关系，并伴随着一长串的服务和职责。
During the minority of the proprietor, the rent, together with the management of his lands, fell into the hands of his immediate superior; and, consequently, those of all great proprietors into the hands of the king, who was charged with the maintenance and education of the pupil, and who, from his authority as guardian, was supposed to have a right of disposing of him in marriage, provided it was in a manner not unsuitable to his rank.
在地主还未成年的时候，地租和土地的管理权都落入了他的顶头上司的手中。因此，所有大业主的财产都交到了国王的手中，国王负责学生的赡养和教育，并且根据他作为监护人的权力，国王应该有权在婚姻中处置学生，只要这种方式不适合他的等级。
But though this institution necessarily tended to strengthen the authority of the king, and to weaken that of the great proprietors, it could not do either sufficiently for establishing order and good government among the inhabitants of the country; because it could not alter sufficiently that state of property and manners from which the disorders arose.
但是，尽管这一制度必然会加强国王的权威，削弱大业主的权威，但它却不足以在国家居民中建立秩序和良好的政府。因为它无法充分改变造成混乱的财产状况和风俗习惯。
The authority of government still continued to be, as before, too weak in the head, and too strong in the inferior members; and the excessive strength of the inferior members was the cause of the weakness of the head.
政府的权威仍然像以前一样，在头脑中太弱，而在下级成员中太强大。下肢力量过大，则导致头部无力。
After the institution of feudal subordination, the king was as incapable of restraining the violence of the great lords as before.
封建从属制度建立后，国王仍像以前一样无力制止大领主的暴力。
They still continued to make war according to their own discretion, almost continually upon one another, and very frequently upon the king; and the open country still continued to be a scene of violence, rapine, and disorder.
他们仍然继续根据自己的判断进行战争，几乎不断地相互攻击，而且经常攻击国王。旷野仍然充满暴力、掠夺和骚乱。
But what all the violence of the feudal institutions could never have effected, the silent and insensible operation of foreign commerce and manufactures gradually brought about.
但是，封建制度的暴力永远不可能产生什么效果，外国商业和制造业的悄无声息和麻木不仁的运作逐渐带来了影响。
These gradually furnished the great proprietors with something for which they could exchange the whole surplus produce of their lands, and which they could consume themselves, without sharing it either with tenants or retainers.
这些逐渐为大地主提供了一些东西，他们可以用这些东西交换他们土地上的全部剩余产品，并且他们可以自己消费这些东西，而无需与佃户或家臣分享。
All for ourselves, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind.
一切为了自己，不为他人，似乎在世界的每一个时代都是人类主人的卑鄙格言。
As soon, therefore, as they could find a method of consuming the whole value of their rents themselves, they had no disposition to share them with any other persons.
因此，一旦他们找到了一种方法来消耗自己的全部租金价值，他们就不愿意与任何其他人分享。
For a pair of diamond buckles, perhaps, or for something as frivolous and useless, they exchanged the maintenance, or, what is the same thing, the price of the maintenance of 1000 men for a year, and with it the whole weight and authority which it could give them.
或许，为了一对钻石扣，或者为了一些无聊无用的东西，他们交换了维持费，或者，同样的事情，1000个人一年的维持费，以及它可以赋予他们的全部重量和权威。
The buckles, however, were to be all their own, and no other human creature was to have any share of them; whereas, in the more ancient method of expense, they must have shared with at least 1000 people.
然而，这些带扣都是他们自己的，任何其他人类都不能分享它们。然而，按照更古老的支出方法，他们必须与至少 1000 人分享。
With the judges that were to determine the preference, this difference was perfectly decisive; and thus, for the gratification of the most childish, the meanest, and the most sordid of all vanities they gradually bartered their whole power and authority.
对于决定偏好的法官来说，这种差异是完全决定性的。因此，为了满足最幼稚、最卑鄙、最肮脏的虚荣心，他们逐渐放弃了自己的全部权力和权威。
In a country where there is no foreign commerce, nor any of the finer manufactures, a man of £10,000 a-year cannot well employ his revenue in any other way than in maintaining, perhaps, 1000 families, who are all of them necessarily at his command.
在一个没有对外贸易，也没有任何高级制造业的国家，一个年收入10,000英镑的人除了维持也许1000个家庭（所有这些家庭都必须听从他的指挥）之外，不能很好地将其收入用于任何其他用途。
In the present state of Europe, a man of £10,000 a-year can spend his whole revenue, and he generally does so, without directly maintaining twenty people, or being able to command more than ten footmen, not worth the commanding.
在欧洲目前的状况下，一个年薪一万英镑的人就可以花掉他的全部收入，而且他通常这样做，而不需要直接维持二十人，或者能够指挥十多个步兵，不值得指挥。
Indirectly, perhaps, he maintains as great, or even a greater number of people, than he could have done by the ancient method of expense.
或许，他间接地维持的人数比他用古老的开支方法所能维持的人数要多，甚至更多。
For though the quantity of precious productions for which he exchanges his whole revenue be very small, the number of workmen employed in collecting and preparing it must necessarily have been very great.
因为，尽管他用全部收入交换的珍贵产品数量很少，但收集和准备这些产品的工人数量却必然非常多。
Its great price generally arises from the wages of their labour, and the profits of all their immediate employers.
它的巨大价格通常来自于他们的劳动工资以及他们所有直接雇主的利润。
By paying that price, he indirectly pays all those wages and profits, and thus indirectly contributes to the maintenance of all the workmen and their employers.
通过支付这个价格，他间接支付了所有这些工资和利润，从而间接地为所有工人及其雇主的维持做出了贡献。
He generally contributes, however, but a very small proportion to that of each; to a very few, perhaps, not a tenth, to many not a hundredth, and to some not a thousandth, or even a ten thousandth part of their whole annual maintenance.
不过，他的贡献一般来说只占每个人贡献的很小一部分；极少数人，也许不到十分之一，很多人不到百分之一，有些人不到千分之一，甚至万分之一。
Though he contributes, therefore, to the maintenance of them all, they are all more or less independent of him, because generally they can all be maintained without him.
因此，尽管他为维持它们做出了贡献，但它们或多或少都独立于他，因为一般来说，没有他，它们都可以维持。
When the great proprietors of land spend their rents in maintaining their tenants and retainers, each of them maintains entirely all his own tenants and all his own retainers.
当大土地所有者用租金来维持他们的佃农和家臣时，他们每个人都完全维持着他自己的所有佃农和他自己的家臣。
But when they spend them in maintaining tradesmen and artificers, they may, all of them taken together, perhaps maintain as great, or, on account of the waste which attends rustic hospitality, a greater number of people than before.
但是，当他们把钱花在维持商人和技工身上时，他们所有的人加在一起，也许会维持同样多的人口，或者，由于乡村招待所带来的浪费，他们可能比以前维持更多的人口。
Each of them, however, taken singly, contributes often but a very small share to the maintenance of any individual of this greater number.
然而，单独来看，他们中的每一个对维持如此众多的个人的贡献往往只是很小的一部分。
Each tradesman or artificer derives his subsistence from the employment, not of one, but of a hundred or a thousand different customers.
每个商人或技工都通过雇用而不是一个人，而是一百或一千个不同的客户来维持生计。
Though in some measure obliged to them all, therefore, he is not absolutely dependent upon any one of them.
因此，尽管他在某种程度上对所有这些都负有义务，但他并不绝对依赖于其中任何一个。
The personal expense of the great proprietors having in this manner gradually increased, it was impossible that the number of their retainers should not as gradually diminish, till they were at last dismissed altogether.
大业主的个人开支就这样逐渐增加了，他们的家臣的数量也不可能不逐渐减少，直至最后全部被解雇。
The same cause gradually led them to dismiss the unnecessary part of their tenants.
同样的原因逐渐导致他们解雇了租客中不必要的部分。
Farms were enlarged, and the occupiers of land, notwithstanding the complaints of depopulation, reduced to the number necessary for cultivating it, according to the imperfect state of cultivation and improvement in those times.
尽管有人抱怨人口减少，但农场还是扩大了，土地占有者根据当时不完善的耕种和改良状况，将土地的数量减少到了耕种所需的数量。
By the removal of the unnecessary mouths, and by exacting from the farmer the full value of the farm, a greater surplus, or, what is the same thing, the price of a greater surplus, was obtained for the proprietor, which the merchants and manufacturers soon furnished him with a method of spending upon his own person, in the same manner as he had done the rest.
通过消除不必要的嘴巴，并通过向农民索取农场的全部价值，土地所有者获得了更大的剩余，或者说，更大的剩余的价格，商人和制造商很快就为他提供了一种自己消费的方法，就像他在其他方面所做的那样。
The cause continuing to operate, he was desirous to raise his rents above what his lands, in the actual state of their improvement, could afford.
为了继续开展事业，他希望将租金提高到他的土地在实际改善状况下可以承受的水平。
His tenants could agree to this upon one condition only, that they should be secured in their possession for such a term of years as might give them time to recover, with profit, whatever they should lay out in the further improvement of the land.
他的佃户只能在一个条件下同意这一点，即他们的占有期限应确保他们有足够的时间收回他们在进一步改善土地上应投入的一切，并从中获利。
The expensive vanity of the landlord made him willing to accept of this condition; and hence the origin of long leases.
房东昂贵的虚荣心使他愿意接受这个条件；这就是长租约的起源。
Even a tenant at will, who pays the full value of the land, is not altogether dependent upon the landlord.
即使是愿意支付土地全部价值的佃户，也并不完全依赖于地主。
The pecuniary advantages which they receive from one another are mutual and equal, and such a tenant will expose neither his life nor his fortune in the service of the proprietor.
他们从彼此那里获得的金钱利益是相互的、平等的，这样的佃户不会为了为业主服务而牺牲自己的生命和财产。
But if he has a lease for a long term of years he is altogether independent; and his landlord must not expect from him even the most trifling service, beyond what is either expressly stipulated in the lease, or imposed upon him by the common and known law of the country.
但如果他有长期租约，他就完全独立了；房东不得期望他提供哪怕是最微不足道的服务，超出租约中明确规定的或该国普通法和已知法律强加给他的服务。
The tenants having in this manner become independent, and the retainers being dismissed, the great proprietors were no longer capable of interrupting the regular execution of justice, or of disturbing the peace of the country.
这样，佃农就获得了独立，家臣也被解散了，大业主们就不再能够干扰司法的正常执行，或者扰乱国家的和平了。
Having sold their birth-right, not like Esau, for a mess of pottage in time of hunger and necessity, but, in the wantonness of plenty, for trinkets and baubles, fitter to be the playthings of children than the serious pursuits of men, they became as insignificant as any substantial burgher or tradesmen in a city.
他们不像以扫那样，在饥饿和有需要的时候为了一碗浓汤而出卖了自己与生俱来的权利，而是在肆意富裕的情况下，为了更适合作为孩子们的玩物而不是男人的严肃追求的小玩意和小玩意，他们变得像城市中任何重要的市民或商人一样微不足道。
A regular government was established in the country as well as in the city, nobody having sufficient power to disturb its operations in the one, any more than in the other.
乡村和城市都建立了正规政府，没有人有足够的权力扰乱其中一个政府的运作，就像在另一个城市一样。
It does not, perhaps, relate to the present subject, but I cannot help remarking it, that very old families, such as have possessed some considerable estate from father to son for many successive generations, are very rare in commercial countries.
也许这与当前的主题无关，但我忍不住要指出，非常古老的家庭，例如父子相传几代人都拥有相当大的财产的家庭，在商业国家中是非常罕见的。
In countries which have little commerce, on the contrary, such as Wales, or the Highlands of Scotland, they are very common.
相反，在商业很少的国家，例如威尔士或苏格兰高地，它们很常见。
The Arabian histories seem to be all full of genealogies; and there is a history written by a Tartar Khan, which has been translated into several European languages, and which contains scarce any thing else; a proof that ancient families are very common among those nations.
阿拉伯的历史似乎充满了家谱；还有一部由鞑靼可汗撰写的历史，已被翻译成多种欧洲语言，其中几乎不包含任何其他内容。这证明古代家庭在这些国家中非常普遍。
In countries where a rich man can spend his revenue in no other way than by maintaining as many people as it can maintain, he is apt to run out, and his benevolence, it seems, is seldom so violent as to attempt to maintain more than he can afford.
在一些国家，富人只能通过维持尽可能多的人口来花费他的收入，他很容易耗尽资金，而且他的仁慈似乎很少会如此暴力，以至于试图维持超出他负担能力的人。
But where he can spend the greatest revenue upon his own person, he frequently has no bounds to his expense, because he frequently has no bounds to his vanity, or to his affection for his own person.
但是，当他能够将最大的收入花在自己身上时，他往往会毫无节制地花钱，因为他常常会毫无节制地追求自己的虚荣心，或者对自己的感情毫无节制。
In commercial countries, therefore, riches, in spite of the most violent regulations of law to prevent their dissipation, very seldom remain long in the same family.
因此，在商业国家，尽管有最严厉的法律规定来防止财富流失，但财富很少能长期保留在同一个家庭中。
Among simple nations, on the contrary, they frequently do, without any regulations of law; for among nations of shepherds, such as the Tartars and Arabs, the consumable nature of their property necessarily renders all such regulations impossible.
相反，在简单的国家中，他们经常这样做，没有任何法律规定；因为在鞑靼人和阿拉伯人等牧羊民族中，他们财产的消耗性必然使所有这些规定变得不可能。
A revolution of the greatest importance to the public happiness, was in this manner brought about by two different orders of people, who had not the least intention to serve the public.
一场对公众幸福最重要的革命，就是由两个不同阶层的人以这种方式引发的，而他们却丝毫没有为公众服务的意图。
To gratify the most childish vanity was the sole motive of the great proprietors.
满足最幼稚的虚荣心是大业主的唯一动机。
The merchants and artificers, much less ridiculous, acted merely from a view to their own interest, and in pursuit of their own pedlar principle of turning a penny wherever a penny was to be got.
商人和技工更不可笑，他们的行为只是为了自己的利益，追求自己的小贩原则，一分钱一分货。
Neither of them had either knowledge or foresight of that great revolution which the folly of the one, and the industry of the other, was gradually bringing about.
他们两人都不了解，也没有预见到一场伟大的革命，这场革命是由于一方的愚蠢和另一方的勤奋而逐渐带来的。
It was thus, that, through the greater part of Europe, the commerce and manufactures of cities, instead of being the effect, have been the cause and occasion of the improvement and cultivation of the country.
因此，在欧洲大部分地区，城市的商业和制造业并不是国家进步和耕耘的结果，而是原因和契机。
This order, however, being contrary to the natural course of things, is necessarily both slow and uncertain.
然而，这种秩序与事物的自然进程相反，必然是缓慢且不确定的。
Compare the slow progress of those European countries of which the wealth depends very much upon their commerce and manufactures, with the rapid advances of our North American colonies, of which the wealth is founded altogether in agriculture.
将欧洲国家的缓慢进步与我们北美殖民地的快速进步进行比较，这些国家的财富很大程度上取决于其商业和制造业，而我们的北美殖民地的财富完全建立在农业之上。
Through the greater part of Europe, the number of inhabitants is not supposed to double in less than five hundred years.
在欧洲大部分地区，居民数量在不到五百年的时间内不会增加一倍。
In several of our North American colonies, it is found to double in twenty or five-and-twenty years.
在我们北美的几个殖民地，人们发现它在二十年或五年、二十年内翻了一番。
In Europe, the law of primogeniture, and perpetuities of different kinds, prevent the division of great estates, and thereby hinder the multiplication of small proprietors.
在欧洲，长子继承权法和各种永续权法阻止了大地产的分割，从而阻碍了小业主的繁衍。
A small proprietor, however, who knows every part of his little territory, views it with all the affection which property, especially small property, naturally inspires, and who upon that account takes pleasure, not only in cultivating, but in adorning it, is generally of all improvers the most industrious, the most intelligent, and the most successful.
然而，一个小业主，对他的小领地的每一部分都了如指掌，他对财产，尤其是小财产，自然而然地产生了全部的感情，并因此不仅在耕种，而且在装饰它时感到高兴，一般来说，他是所有改良者中最勤奋、最聪明和最成功的人。
The same regulations, besides, keep so much land out of the market, that there are always more capitals to buy than there is land to sell, so that what is sold always sells at a monopoly price.
此外，同样的规定将如此多的土地排除在市场之外，以至于购买的资本总是多于出售的土地，因此出售的东西总是以垄断价格出售。
The rent never pays the interest of the purchase-money, and is, besides, burdened with repairs and other occasional charges, to which the interest of money is not liable.
租金从来不支付购买货币的利息，此外，还要承担修理费用和其他偶尔的费用，而货币利息不承担这些费用。
To purchase land, is, everywhere in Europe, a most unprofitable employment of a small capital.
在欧洲各地，购买土地都是小资本最无利可图的工作。
For the sake of the superior security, indeed, a man of moderate circumstances, when he retires from business, will sometimes choose to lay out his little capital in land.
事实上，为了获得更高的安全性，一个经济条件中等的人，当他从商界退休时，有时会选择将他的一点资本投入土地。
A man of profession, too whose revenue is derived from another source often loves to secure his savings in the same way.
一个收入来自其他来源的职业人士也常常喜欢以同样的方式确保自己的储蓄。
But a young man, who, instead of applying to trade or to some profession, should employ a capital of two or three thousand pounds in the purchase and cultivation of a small piece of land, might indeed expect to live very happily and very independently, but must bid adieu for ever to all hope of either great fortune or great illustration, which, by a different employment of his stock, he might have had the same chance of acquiring with other people.
但是，一个年轻人，如果不申请从事贸易或某种职业，而应该使用两三千英镑的资本来购买和耕种一小块土地，他可能确实期望过上非常幸福和非常独立的生活，但他必须永远告别所有对巨额财富或伟大成就的希望，而通过他的股票的不同用途，他可能有与其他人相同的机会获得这些财富。
Such a person, too, though he cannot aspire at being a proprietor, will often disdain to be a farmer.
这样的人，虽然不能立志做业主，却往往不屑做农民。
The small quantity of land, therefore, which is brought to market, and the high price of what is brought thither, prevents a great number of capitals from being employed in its cultivation and improvement, which would otherwise have taken that direction.
因此，进入市场的土地数量较少，而进入市场的土地价格较高，这就阻碍了大量资本用于耕种和改良土地，否则这些土地本来会朝这个方向发展。
In North America, on the contrary, fifty or sixty pounds is often found a sufficient stock to begin a plantation with.
相反，在北美，五十或六十磅的库存通常足以开始种植园。
The purchase and improvement of uncultivated land is there the most profitable employment of the smallest as well as of the greatest capitals, and the most direct road to all the fortune and illustration which can be required in that country.
购买和改良未开垦的土地是最小资本和最大资本最有利可图的工作，也是获得该国所需的所有财富和成就的最直接途径。
Such land, indeed, is in North America to be had almost for nothing, or at a price much below the value of the natural produce; a thing impossible in Europe, or indeed in any country where all lands have long been private property.
事实上，在北美，这样的土地几乎是免费的，或者价格远低于自然产品的价值。这在欧洲是不可能的事情，事实上在任何所有土地长期以来都是私有财产的国家也是不可能的。
If landed estates, however, were divided equally among all the children, upon the death of any proprietor who left a numerous family, the estate would generally be sold.
然而，如果地产在所有孩子之间平均分配，那么在任何一个留下众多家庭的业主去世后，地产通常都会被出售。
So much land would come to market, that it could no longer sell at a monopoly price.
如此多的土地将进入市场，以至于不能再以垄断价格出售。
The free rent of the land would go no nearer to pay the interest of the purchase-money, and a small capital might be employed in purchasing land as profitable as in any other way.
土地的免费租金不足以支付购买资金的利息，并且可以使用少量资本来购买土地，这与其他任何方式一样有利可图。
England, on account of the natural fertility of the soil, of the great extent of the sea-coast in proportion to that of the whole country, and of the many navigable rivers which run through it, and afford the conveniency of water carriage to some of the most inland parts of it, is perhaps as well fitted by nature as any large country in Europe to be the seat of foreign commerce, of manufactures for distant sale, and of all the improvements which these can occasion.
英国由于土壤的自然肥力、海岸面积占全国的比例、以及许多可通航的河流流经英国，为英国最内陆的一些地区提供了便利的水运，也许与欧洲任何一个大国一样，自然而然地适合作为对外贸易、远距离销售的制造品以及由此带来的一切改进的所在地。
From the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, too, the English legislature has been peculiarly attentive to the interest of commerce and manufactures, and in reality there is no country in Europe, Holland itself not excepted, of which the law is, upon the whole, more favourable to this sort of industry.
同样，从伊丽莎白统治时期开始，英国立法机关就特别关注商业和制造业的利益，实际上，欧洲没有一个国家（荷兰本身也不例外）的法律总体上对此类工业更为有利。
Commerce and manufactures have accordingly been continually advancing during all this period.
因此，在此期间，商业和制造业不断发展。
The cultivation and improvement of the country has, no doubt, been gradually advancing too; but it seems to have followed slowly, and at a distance, the more rapid progress of commerce and manufactures.
国家的培育和进步，无疑也在逐步推进；但它似乎是在缓慢而遥远地跟随商业和制造业的更快进步。
The greater part of the country must probably have been cultivated before the reign of Elizabeth; and a very great part of it still remains uncultivated, and the cultivation of the far greater part much inferior to what it might be, The law of England, however, favours agriculture, not only indirectly, by the protection of commerce, but by several direct encouragements.
这个国家的大部分地区可能在伊丽莎白统治之前就已经被耕种了。然而，英国法律不仅间接地通过保护商业，而且还通过一些直接的鼓励措施来支持农业。
Except in times of scarcity, the exportation of corn is not only free, but encouraged by a bounty.
除稀缺时期外，玉米出口不仅是免费的，而且还受到赏金的鼓励。
In times of moderate plenty, the importation of foreign corn is loaded with duties that amount to a prohibition.
在适度丰裕的时期，进口外国玉米要缴纳相当于禁令的关税。
The importation of live cattle, except from Ireland, is prohibited at all times; and it is but of late that it was permitted from thence.
任何时候都禁止进口活牛（爱尔兰除外）；直到最近，它才被允许。
Those who cultivate the land, therefore, have a monopoly against their countrymen for the two greatest and most important articles of land produce, bread and butcher’s meat.
因此，那些耕种土地的人对他们的同胞垄断了两种最重要的土地产品：面包和肉。
These encouragements, although at bottom, perhaps, as I shall endeavour to show hereafter, altogether illusory, sufficiently demonstrate at least the good intention of the legislature to favour agriculture.
这些鼓励虽然从根本上说可能完全是虚幻的，正如我将在下文中努力表明的那样，但至少足以表明立法机关有利于农业的良好意愿。
But what is of much more importance than all of them, the yeomanry of England are rendered as secure, as independent, and as respectable, as law can make them.
但比所有这些都更重要的是，英格兰的自耕农得到了法律赋予他们的安全、独立和受人尊敬。
No country, therefore, which the right of primogeniture takes place, which pays tithes, and where perpetuities, though contrary to the spirit of the law, are admitted in some cases, can give more encouragement to agriculture than England.
因此，任何一个实行长子继承权、缴纳什一税、在某些情况下允许永久继承权（虽然与法律精神相悖，但在某些情况下）的国家，都比英国更能鼓励农业。
Such, however, notwithstanding, is the state of its cultivation.
然而，这就是它的栽培状况。
What would it have been, had the law given no direct encouragement to agriculture besides what arises indirectly from the progress of commerce, and had left the yeomanry in the same condition as in most other countries of Europe?
如果法律除了商业进步所带来的间接鼓励之外，没有对农业给予直接鼓励，并且让自耕农处于与大多数欧洲其他国家相同的状况，那么情况会怎样呢？
It is now more than two hundred years since the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, a period as long as the course of human prosperity usually endures.
自伊丽莎白统治开始以来，现在已经有两百多年了，这个时期通常是人类繁荣持续的时期。
France seems to have had a considerable share of foreign commerce, near a century before England was distinguished as a commercial country.
法国似乎在对外贸易中占有相当大的份额，比英国成为商业国家早近一个世纪。
The marine of France was considerable, according to the notions of the times, before the expedition of Charles VIII.
按照当时的观念，在查理八世远征之前，法国海军陆战队的数量是相当可观的。
to Naples.
到那不勒斯。
The cultivation and improvement of France, however, is, upon the whole, inferior to that of England.
但法国的培育和进步总体上不如英国。
The law of the country has never given the same direct encouragement to agriculture.
国家法律从来没有对农业给予过同样直接的鼓励。
The foreign commerce of Spain and Portugal to the other parts of Europe, though chiefly carried on in foreign ships, is very considerable.
西班牙和葡萄牙对欧洲其他地区的对外贸易虽然主要是通过外国船只进行的，但其规模却非常可观。
That to their colonies is carried on in their own, and is much greater, on account of the great riches and extent of those colonies.
对于他们的殖民地来说，这种情况在他们自己的殖民地中也得到了延续，而且由于这些殖民地的巨大财富和范围而变得更大。
But it has never introduced any considerable manufactures for distant sale into either of those countries, and the greater part of both still remains uncultivated.
但它从未将任何可观的制造品引入这两个国家进行远距离销售，而且这两个国家的大部分地区仍然处于未开发状态。
The foreign commerce of Portugal is of older standing than that of any great country in Europe, except Italy.
葡萄牙的对外贸易比除意大利以外的任何欧洲大国都历史悠久。
Italy is the only great country of Europe which seems to have been cultivated and improved in every part, by means of foreign commerce and manufactures for distant sale.
意大利是欧洲唯一一个似乎通过对外贸易和远程销售的制造品在各个方面都得到了耕耘和改进的伟大国家。
Before the invasion of Charles VIII., Italy, according to Guicciardini, was cultivated not less in the most mountainous and barren parts of the country, than in the plainest and most fertile.
根据圭恰尔迪尼的说法，在查理八世入侵之前，意大利在该国最山区和最贫瘠的地区的耕种并不比在最平原和最肥沃的地区少。
The advantageous situation of the country, and the great number of independent states which at that time subsisted in it, probably contributed not a little to this general cultivation.
该国优越的地理位置，以及当时存在的众多独立国家，可能对这种普遍培育作出了不小的贡献。
It is not impossible, too, notwithstanding this general expression of one of the most judicious and reserved of modern historians, that Italy was not at that time better cultivated than England is at present.
尽管最明智、最保守的现代历史学家之一如此笼统地表达了意大利当时的文明程度并不比现在的英国更好，这也并非不可能。
The capital, however, that is acquired to any country by commerce and manufactures, is always a very precarious and uncertain possession, till some part of it has been secured and realized in the cultivation and improvement of its lands.
然而，任何国家通过商业和制造业获得的资本始终是一种非常不稳定和不确定的财产，直到其中一部分在耕种和改良土地时得到保障和实现。
A merchant, it has been said very properly, is not necessarily the citizen of any particular country.
俗话说得好，商人不一定是任何特定国家的公民。
It is in a great measure indifferent to him from what place he carries on his trade; and a very trifling disgust will make him remove his capital, and, together with it, all the industry which it supports, from one country to another.
在很大程度上，他在什么地方从事他的生意并不重要。一种微不足道的厌恶就会使他将他的资本以及它所支持的所有工业从一个国家转移到另一个国家。
No part of it can be said to belong to any particular country, till it has been spread, as it were, over the face of that country, either in buildings, or in the lasting improvement of lands.
它的任何部分都不能说属于任何特定国家，除非它已经遍布该国家的整个面貌，无论是在建筑物中，还是在土地的持久改善中。
No vestige now remains of the great wealth said to have been possessed by the greater part of the Hanse Towns, except in the obscure histories of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
除了十三世纪和十四世纪的晦涩历史之外，据称汉萨城镇大部分地区所拥有的巨额财富现在已不复存在。
It is even uncertain where some of them were situated, or to what towns in Europe the Latin names given to some of them belong.
甚至不确定其中一些位于哪里，或者其中一些的拉丁名称属于欧洲的哪些城镇。
But though the misfortunes of Italy, in the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries, greatly diminished the commerce and manufactures of the cities of Lombardy and Tuscany, those countries still continue to be among the most populous and best cultivated in Europe.
尽管意大利在十五世纪末十六世纪初遭受的不幸极大地削弱了伦巴第和托斯卡纳城市的商业和制造业，但这些国家仍然是欧洲人口最多、耕种最好的国家之一。
The civil wars of Flanders, and the Spanish government which succeeded them, chased away the great commerce of Antwerp, Ghent, and Bruges.
佛兰德斯的内战以及继任的西班牙政府摧毁了安特卫普、根特和布鲁日的伟大商业。
But Flanders still continues to be one of the richest, best cultivated, and most populous provinces of Europe.
但法兰德斯仍然是欧洲最富有、耕种最好、人口最多的省份之一。
The ordinary revolutions of war and government easily dry up the sources of that wealth which arises from commerce only.
战争和政府的普通革命很容易使仅由商业产生的财富来源枯竭。
That which arises from the more solid improvements of agriculture is much more durable, and cannot be destroyed but by those more violent convulsions occasioned by the depredations of hostile and barbarous nations continued for a century or two together; such as those that happened for some time before and after the fall of the Roman empire in the western provinces of Europe.
农业的更坚实的改进所产生的东西更加持久，并且不能被敌对和野蛮国家的掠夺所引起的更猛烈的动乱所摧毁，这种动乱持续了一两个世纪。例如罗马帝国灭亡前后一段时间在欧洲西部省份所发生的事情。
BOOK IV.
第四册。
OF SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.
政治经济体系。
Political economy, considered as a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator, proposes two distinct objects; first, to provide a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people, or, more properly, to enable them to provide such a revenue or subsistence for themselves; and, secondly, to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue sufficient for the public services.
政治经济学被视为政治家或立法者科学的一个分支，提出了两个不同的目标：首先，为人民提供充足的收入或生计，或者更准确地说，使他们能够为自己提供这样的收入或生计；其次，为国家或联邦提供足够的公共服务收入。
It proposes to enrich both the people and the sovereign.
它提出让人民和主权都富裕。
The different progress of opulence in different ages and nations, has given occasion to two different systems of political economy, with regard to enriching the people.
不同时代、不同国家的富裕进程不同，在富民方面产生了两种不同的政治经济体系。
The one may be called the system of commerce, the other that of agriculture.
一个可以称为商业系统，另一个可以称为农业系统。
I shall endeavour to explain both as fully and distinctly as I can, and shall begin with the system of commerce.
我将尽力尽可能全面、清晰地解释，并将从商业体系开始。
It is the modern system, and is best understood in our own country and in our own times.
这是现代制度，在我们自己的国家和我们的时代最容易理解。
CHAPTER I.
第一章
OF THE PRINCIPLE OF THE COMMERCIAL OR MERCANTILE SYSTEM.
商业或商业体系的原则。
That wealth consists in money, or in gold and silver, is a popular notion which naturally arises from the double function of money, as the instrument of commerce, and as the measure of value.
财富由货币或金银构成，这是一个流行的观念，它自然地源于货币的双重功能，即作为商业工具和价值尺度。
In consequence of its being the instrument of commerce, when we have money we can more readily obtain whatever else we have occasion for, than by means of any other commodity.
由于它是商业工具，当我们拥有金钱时，我们可以比任何其他商品更容易地获得我们需要的任何其他东西。
The great affair, we always find, is to get money.
我们总是发现，最伟大的事情就是赚钱。
When that is obtained, there is no difficulty in making any subsequent purchase.
获得后，后续购买就没有困难了。
In consequence of its being the measure of value, we estimate that of all other commodities by the quantity of money which they will exchange for.
由于它是价值的衡量标准，我们通过所有其他商品将要交换的货币数量来估计它们的价值。
We say of a rich man, that he is worth a great deal, and of a poor man, that he is worth very little money.
我们说一个富人，他的身价很高，而一个穷人，他的身价却很低。
A frugal man, or a man eager to be rich, is said to love money; and a careless, a generous, or a profuse man, is said to be indifferent about it.
一个节俭的人，或者一个渴望致富的人，据说是爱钱的；据说，粗心的人、慷慨的人或奢侈的人对此漠不关心。
To grow rich is to get money; and wealth and money, in short, are, in common language, considered as in every respect synonymous.
致富就是要得到钱；简而言之，用共同语言来说，财富和金钱在各个方面都被视为同义词。
A rich country, in the same manner as a rich man, is supposed to be a country abounding in money; and to heap up gold and silver in any country is supposed to be the readiest way to enrich it.
一个富裕的国家，就像一个富有的人一样，应该是一个有钱的国家；在任何国家，积累金银都被认为是致富的最容易的方法。
For some time after the discovery of America, the first inquiry of the Spaniards, when they arrived upon any unknown coast, used to be, if there was any gold or silver to be found in the neighbourhood?
发现美洲后的一段时间里，当西班牙人到达任何未知的海岸时，他们的第一个询问过去常常是，附近是否发现了金银？
By the information which they received, they judged whether it was worth while to make a settlement there, or if the country was worth the conquering.
根据他们收到的信息，他们判断是否值得在那里定居，或者这个国家是否值得征服。
Plano Carpino, a monk sent ambassador from the king of France to one of the sons of the famous Gengis Khan, says, that the Tartars used frequently to ask him, if there was plenty of sheep and oxen in the kingdom of France?
普莱诺·卡尔皮诺（Plano Carpino）是法国国王派往著名成吉思汗儿子之一的僧侣，他说，鞑靼人经常问他，法兰西王国有很多羊和牛吗？
Their inquiry had the same object with that of the Spaniards.
他们的询问与西班牙人的询问目的相同。
They wanted to know if the country was rich enough to be worth the conquering.
他们想知道这个国家是否足够富裕，值得征服。
Among the Tartars, as among all other nations of shepherds, who are generally ignorant of the use of money, cattle are the instruments of commerce and the measures of value.
在鞑靼人中，就像在所有其他牧羊人民族中一样，他们普遍不了解货币的使用，牛是商业工具和价值尺度。
Wealth, therefore, according to them, consisted in cattle, as, according to the Spaniards, it consisted in gold and silver.
因此，在他们看来，财富在于牲畜，而对于西班牙人来说，财富在于金银。
Of the two, the Tartar notion, perhaps, was the nearest to the truth.
在这两者中，鞑靼人的观念也许是最接近事实的。
Mr Locke remarks a distinction between money and other moveable goods.
骆先生指出了货币和其他可移动物品之间的区别。
All other moveable goods, he says, are of so consumable a nature, that the wealth which consists in them cannot be much depended on; and a nation which abounds in them one year may, without any exportation, but merely by their own waste and extravagance, be in great want of them the next.
他说，所有其他可移动物品都具有消费品性质，因此不能过多依赖它们所包含的财富。一个国家在一年里拥有丰富的资源，但没有任何出口，而仅仅由于他们自己的浪费和浪费，下一年就可能会非常缺乏它们。
Money, on the contrary, is a steady friend, which, though it may travel about from hand to hand, yet if it can be kept from going out of the country, is not very liable to be wasted and consumed.
相反，金钱是一个稳定的朋友，尽管它可能会从一个人手中流向另一个人，但如果能够阻止它流出国土，那么它就不太容易被浪费和消耗。
Gold and silver, therefore, are, according to him, the must solid and substantial part of the moveable wealth of a nation; and to multiply those metals ought, he thinks, upon that account, to be the great object of its political economy.
因此，在他看来，黄金和白银是一个国家可动财富的坚实和实质性部分。因此，他认为，增加这些金属应该成为其政治经济学的伟大目标。
Others admit, that if a nation could be separated from all the world, it would be of no consequence how much or how little money circulated in it.
其他人则承认，如果一个国家可以与世界分离，那么该国流通的货币数量有多少就无关紧要了。
The consumable goods, which were circulated by means of this money, would only be exchanged for a greater or a smaller number of pieces; but the real wealth or poverty of the country, they allow, would depend altogether upon the abundance or scarcity of those consumable goods.
用这些货币流通的消费品，只能换取或多或少的件数；但他们承认，国家真正的富裕或贫穷完全取决于这些消费品的丰富或稀缺。
But it is otherwise, they think, with countries which have connections with foreign nations, and which are obliged to carry on foreign wars, and to maintain fleets and armies in distant countries.
但他们认为，对于那些与外国有联系、有义务进行对外战争、并在遥远的国家维持舰队和军队的国家来说，情况就不同了。
This, they say, cannot be done, but by sending abroad money to pay them with; and a nation cannot send much money abroad, unless it has a good deal at home.
他们说，除非通过向国外汇款来支付费用，否则无法做到这一点；一个国家除非在国内有大量资金，否则无法向国外发送大量资金。
Every such nation, therefore, must endeavour, in time of peace, to accumulate gold and silver, that when occasion requires, it may have wherewithal to carry on foreign wars.
因此，每一个这样的国家都必须在和平时期努力积累金银，以便在需要时有足够的资金进行对外战争。
In consequence of those popular notions, all the different nations of Europe have studied, though to little purpose, every possible means of accumulating gold and silver in their respective countries.
由于这些流行的观念，欧洲所有不同的国家都在各自的国家研究了各种可能的积累黄金和白银的方法，尽管目的不大。
Spain and Portugal, the proprietors of the principal mines which supply Europe with those metals, have either prohibited their exportation under the severest penalties, or subjected it to a considerable duty.
西班牙和葡萄牙是向欧洲供应这些金属的主要矿山的所有者，它们要么以最严厉的处罚禁止其出口，要么对其征收相当大的关税。
The like prohibition seems anciently to have made a part of the policy of most other European nations.
类似的禁令似乎自古以来就已成为大多数其他欧洲国家政策的一部分。
It is even to be found, where we should least of all expect to find it, in some old Scotch acts of Parliament, which forbid, under heavy penalties, the carrying gold or silver forth of the kingdom.
甚至在一些古老的苏格兰议会法案中，我们最不应该期望找到它，这些法案禁止携带金银出境，并受到严厉处罚。
The like policy anciently took place both in France and England.
法国和英国古代也采取过类似的政策。
When those countries became commercial, the merchants found this prohibition, upon many occasions, extremely inconvenient.
当这些国家商业化后，商人在很多情况下发现这一禁令极其不便。
They could frequently buy more advantageously with gold and silver, than with any other commodity, the foreign goods which they wanted, either to import into their own, or to carry to some other foreign country.
他们常常可以用金银比用任何其他商品更有利地购买他们想要的外国商品，要么进口到自己的国家，要么运往其他国家。
They remonstrated, therefore, against this prohibition as hurtful to trade.
因此，他们抗议这一禁令，认为它对贸易有害。
They represented, first, that the exportation of gold and silver, in order to purchase foreign goods, did not always diminish the quantity of those metals in the kingdom; that, on the contrary, it might frequently increase the quantity; because, if the consumption of foreign goods was not thereby increased in the country, those goods might be re-exported to foreign countries, and being there sold for a large profit, might bring back much more treasure than was originally sent out to purchase them.
首先，它们表明，为了购买外国商品而出口黄金和白银并不总是会减少王国中这些金属的数量；相反，它可能会经常增加数量；因为，如果该国对外国商品的消费不因此而增加，这些商品可能会再出口到外国，并在那里出售以获取大量利润，可能会带回比最初派出购买它们的更多的财富。
Mr Mun compares this operation of foreign trade to the seed-time and harvest of agriculture.
文先生将这种对外贸易运作比作农业的播种期和收获期。
“If we only behold,” says he, “the actions of the husbandman in the seed time, when he casteth away much good corn into the ground, we shall account him rather a madman than a husbandman.
他说：“如果我们只看到农夫在播种时的行为，当他把许多好的玉米扔到地里时，我们就会认为他是一个疯子，而不是一个农夫。
But when we consider his labours in the harvest, which is the end of his endeavours, we shall find the worth and plentiful increase of his actions.”
但当我们想到他在收割时的劳作，也就是他努力的终点时，我们就会发现他的行动的价值和丰硕的成果。”
They represented, secondly, that this prohibition could not hinder the exportation of gold and silver, which, on account of the smallness of their bulk in proportion to their value, could easily be smuggled abroad.
其次，他们表示，这一禁令不能阻碍金银的出口，因为它们的体积与其价值相比很小，很容易走私到国外。
That this exportation could only be prevented by a proper attention to what they called the balance of trade.
只有适当关注所谓的贸易平衡才能阻止这种出口。
That when the country exported to a greater value than it imported, a balance became due to it from foreign nations, which was necessarily paid to it in gold and silver, and thereby increased the quantity of those metals in the kingdom.
当一个国家的出口价值大于进口价值时，外国就应向其支付平衡，这些平衡必然以黄金和白银的形式支付给该国，从而增加了该国这些金属的数量。
But that when it imported to a greater value than it exported, a contrary balance became due to foreign nations, which was necessarily paid to them in the same manner, and thereby diminished that quantity: that in this case, to prohibit the exportation of those metals, could not prevent it, but only, by making it more dangerous, render it more expensive: that the exchange was thereby turned more against the country which owed the balance, than it otherwise might have been; the merchant who purchased a bill upon the foreign country being obliged to pay the banker who sold it, not only for the natural risk, trouble, and expense of sending the money thither, but for the extraordinary risk arising from the prohibition; but that the more the exchange was against any country, the more the balance of trade became necessarily against it; the money of that country becoming necessarily of so much less value, in comparison with that of the country to which the balance was due.
但是，当进口价值大于出口价值时，就会向外国支付相反的差额，而外国必须以同样的方式支付给他们，从而减少了数量：在这种情况下，禁止这些金属的出口并不能阻止这种情况，而只能使其变得更加危险，使其更加昂贵：因此，与其他情况相比，交换对欠差额的国家更加不利；在外国购买汇票的商人有义务向出售该汇票的银行家付款，不仅要支付将钱汇往那里的自然风险、麻烦和费用，还要支付因禁令而产生的异常风险；但是，交换对某个国家越不利，贸易平衡就越必然对其不利。与欠款所属国的货币相比，该国货币的价值必然要低得多。
That if the exchange between England and Holland, for example, was five per cent.
例如，如果英格兰和荷兰之间的汇率是百分之五。
against England, it would require 105 ounces of silver in England to purchase a bill for 100 ounces of silver in Holland: that 105 ounces of silver in England, therefore, would be worth only 100 ounces of silver in Holland, and would purchase only a proportionable quantity of Dutch goods; but that 100 ounces of silver in Holland, on the contrary, would be worth 105 ounces in England, and would purchase a proportionable quantity of English goods; that the English goods which were sold to Holland would be sold so much cheaper, and the Dutch goods which were sold to England so much dearer, by the difference of the exchange: that the one would draw so much less Dutch money to England, and the other so much more English money to Holland, as this difference amounted to: and that the balance of trade, therefore, would necessarily be so much more against England, and would require a greater balance of gold and silver to be exported to Holland.
相对于英格兰，英格兰需要 105 盎司白银才能在荷兰购买一张 100 盎司白银的钞票：因此，英格兰的 105 盎司白银在荷兰只值 100 盎司白银，并且只能购买相应数量的荷兰商品；但相反，荷兰的 100 盎司白银在英国价值 105 盎司，并且可以购买相应数量的英国商品；由于汇率的差异，卖给荷兰的英国商品会卖得更便宜，而卖给英国的荷兰商品会卖得更贵：按照这一差额，一个人向英国提取的荷兰货币会少得多，而另一个向荷兰提取的英国货币则要多得多：因此，贸易平衡必然会更加不利于英国，并且需要更多的金银平衡才能出口到荷兰。
Those arguments were partly solid and partly sophistical.
这些论点部分是扎实的，部分是深奥的。
They were solid, so far as they asserted that the exportation of gold and silver in trade might frequently be advantageous to the country.
他们是坚定的，因为他们断言贸易中的金银出口可能经常对国家有利。
They were solid, too, in asserting that no prohibition could prevent their exportation, when private people found any advantage in exporting them.
当私人发现出口它们有任何好处时，他们也坚定地声称任何禁令都不能阻止它们的出口。
But they were sophistical, in supposing, that either to preserve or to augment the quantity of those metals required more the attention of government, than to preserve or to augment the quantity of any other useful commodities, which the freedom of trade, without any such attention, never fails to supply in the proper quantity.
但他们很狡猾地认为，无论是保持还是增加这些金属的数量，都需要政府更多的关注，而不是保持或增加任何其他有用商品的数量，而贸易自由，在没有任何此类关注的情况下，永远不会无法提供适当的数量。
They were sophistical, too, perhaps, in asserting that the high price of exchange necessarily increased what they called the unfavourable balance of trade, or occasioned the exportation of a greater quantity of gold and silver.
他们也许也很狡猾，他们断言高交换价格必然会增加他们所谓的贸易逆差，或者导致更多黄金和白银的出口。
That high price, indeed, was extremely disadvantageous to the merchants who had any money to pay in foreign countries.
这样的高价，对于国外有钱的商人来说，确实是极其不利的。
They paid so much dearer for the bills which their bankers granted them upon those countries.
他们为银行家向这些国家发放的票据付出了高昂的代价。
But though the risk arising from the prohibition might occasion some extraordinary expense to the bankers, it would not necessarily carry any more money out of the country.
不过，尽管禁令带来的风险可能会给银行家带来一些额外的开支，但并不一定会带来更多的资金流出该国。
This expense would generally be all laid out in the country, in smuggling the money out of it, and could seldom occasion the exportation of a single sixpence beyond the precise sum drawn for.
这笔费用通常会全部花在国内，用于将钱偷运出境，并且很少会导致出口超出所提取的确切金额的六便士。
The high price of exchange, too, would naturally dispose the merchants to endeavour to make their exports nearly balance their imports, in order that they might have this high exchange to pay upon as small a sum as possible.
高交换价格自然也会促使商人努力使出口几乎平衡进口，以便他们可以用尽可能少的金额支付如此高的交换。
The high price of exchange, besides, must necessarily have operated as a tax, in raising the price of foreign goods, and thereby diminishing their consumption.
此外，高交换价格必然以税收的形式发挥作用，提高了外国商品的价格，从而减少了他们的消费。
It would tend, therefore, not to increase, but to diminish, what they called the unfavourable balance of trade, and consequently the exportation of gold and silver.
因此，这不会增加，而是会减少他们所谓的贸易逆差，从而减少黄金和白银的出口。
Such as they were, however, those arguments convinced the people to whom they were addressed.
然而，尽管如此，这些论点说服了他们所针对的人。
They were addressed by merchants to parliaments and to the councils of princes, to nobles, and to country gentlemen; by those who were supposed to understand trade, to those who were conscious to them selves that they knew nothing about the matter.
商人向议会、王子会议、贵族和乡村绅士发表这些讲话。那些本应了解贸易的人，以及那些自己意识到自己对此事一无所知的人。
That foreign trade enriched the country, experience demonstrated to the nobles and country gentlemen, as well as to the merchants; but how, or in what manner, none of them well knew.
对外贸易富国，经验展示给贵族、乡绅，也展示给商人；但他们都不知道如何或以什么方式。
The merchants knew perfectly in what manner it enriched themselves, it was their business to know it.
商人非常清楚它以何种方式使自己致富，了解这一点是他们的职责。
But to know in what manner it enriched the country, was no part of their business.
但了解它以何种方式使国家富裕，并不是他们的事。
The subject never came into their consideration, but when they had occasion to apply to their country for some change in the laws relating to foreign trade.
他们从来没有考虑过这个问题，而是当他们有机会向自己的国家申请修改与外贸有关的法律时。
It then became necessary to say something about the beneficial effects of foreign trade, and the manner in which those effects were obstructed by the laws as they then stood.
因此，有必要谈谈对外贸易的有利影响，以及当时的法律如何阻碍这些影响。
To the judges who were to decide the business, it appeared a most satisfactory account of the matter, when they were told that foreign trade brought money into the country, but that the laws in question hindered it from bringing so much as it otherwise would do.
对于负责审理此案的法官来说，当他们被告知对外贸易给该国带来了金钱，但所涉法律却阻碍了它带来如此多的资金时，这似乎是对此事最令人满意的解释。
Those arguments, therefore, produced the wished-for effect.
因此，这些论点产生了预期的效果。
The prohibition of exporting gold and silver was, in France and England, confined to the coin of those respective countries.
在法国和英国，禁止出口金银仅限于各自国家的硬币。
The exportation of foreign coin and of bullion was made free.
外国硬币和金条的出口是自由的。
In Holland, and in some other places, this liberty was extended even to the coin of the country.
在荷兰和其他一些地方，这种自由甚至延伸到了国家的硬币上。
The attention of government was turned away from guarding against the exportation of gold and silver, to watch over the balance of trade, as the only cause which could occasion any augmentation or diminution of those metals.
政府的注意力从防范黄金和白银的出口转向关注贸易平衡，因为这是可能导致这些金属增加或减少的唯一原因。
From one fruitless care, it was turned away to another care much more intricate, much more embarrassing, and just equally fruitless.
从一种毫无结果的关怀，转向另一种更复杂、更尴尬、同样毫无结果的关怀。
The title of Mun’s book, England’s Treasure in Foreign Trade, became a fundamental maxim in the political economy, not of England only, but of all other commercial countries.
蒙的书名《英国对外贸易的宝藏》成为政治经济学中的一条基本格言，不仅是英国，而且是所有其他商业国家的政治经济学的基本格言。
The inland or home trade, the most important of all, the trade in which an equal capital affords the greatest revenue, and creates the greatest employment to the people of the country, was considered as subsidiary only to foreign trade.
内陆贸易或国内贸易是最重要的贸易，在这种贸易中，平等的资本可以提供最大的收入，并为该国人民创造最大的就业机会，被认为是对外贸易的附属品。
It neither brought money into the country, it was said, nor carried any out of it.
据说，它既没有把钱带进这个国家，也没有把钱带出这个国家。
The country, therefore, could never become either richer or poorer by means of it, except so far as its prosperity or decay might indirectly influence the state of foreign trade.
因此，除非国家的繁荣或衰落间接影响对外贸易状况，否则国家永远不会因此而变得更富或更穷。
A country that has no mines of its own, must undoubtedly draw its gold and silver from foreign countries, in the same manner as one that has no vineyards of its own must draw its wines.
一个没有自己的矿山的国家，无疑必须从外国获取金银，就像一个没有自己的葡萄园的国家必须从外国获取葡萄酒一样。
It does not seem necessary, however, that the attention of government should be more turned towards the one than towards the other object.
然而，政府的注意力似乎没有必要更多地转向这一目标而不是另一目标。
A country that has wherewithal to buy wine, will always get the wine which it has occasion for; and a country that has wherewithal to buy gold and silver, will never be in want of those metals.
一个有能力购买葡萄酒的国家，总会得到它需要的葡萄酒；一个有资金购买黄金和白银的国家永远不会缺乏这些金属。
They are to be bought for a certain price, like all other commodities; and as they are the price of all other commodities, so all other commodities are the price of those metals.
与所有其他商品一样，它们必须以一定的价格购买；由于它们是所有其他商品的价格，因此所有其他商品都是这些金属的价格。
We trust, with perfect security, that the freedom of trade, without any attention of government, will always supply us with the wine which we have occasion for; and we may trust, with equal security, that it will always supply us with all the gold and silver which we can afford to purchase or to employ, either in circulating our commodities or in other uses.
我们相信，在完全安全的情况下，贸易自由，无需政府的任何关注，将始终为我们提供我们需要的葡萄酒；我们可以同样放心地相信，它将始终为我们提供我们有能力购买或使用的所有黄金和白银，无论是在我们的商品流通中还是在其他用途中。
The quantity of every commodity which human industry can either purchase or produce, naturally regulates itself in every country according to the effectual demand, or according to the demand of those who are willing to pay the whole rent, labour, and profits, which must be paid in order to prepare and bring it to market.
人类工业可以购买或生产的每种商品的数量，在每个国家都自然地根据有效需求，或者根据那些愿意支付全部租金、劳动力和利润的人的需求来调节，这些租金、劳动力和利润是为了准备商品并将其推向市场而必须支付的。
But no commodities regulate themselves more easily or more exactly, according to this effectual demand, than gold and silver; because, on account of the small bulk and great value of those metals, no commodities can be more easily transported from one place to another; from the places where they are cheap, to those where they are dear; from the places where they exceed, to those where they fall short of this effectual demand.
但是，没有哪种商品比黄金和白银更容易或更准确地根据这种有效需求进行自我调节。因为，由于这些金属体积小而价值高，没有什么商品比这更容易从一地运输到另一地了；从便宜的地方到昂贵的地方；从超出的地方到低于有效需求的地方。
If there were in England, for example, an effectual demand for an additional quantity of gold, a packet-boat could bring from Lisbon, or from wherever else it was to be had, fifty tons of gold, which could be coined into more than five millions of guineas.
例如，如果在英格兰存在对额外黄金数量的有效需求，一艘小船可以从里斯本或其他任何有黄金的地方运来五十吨黄金，这些黄金可以被铸造成超过五百万几尼。
But if there were an effectual demand for grain to the same value, to import it would require, at five guineas a-ton, a million of tons of shipping, or a thousand ships of a thousand tons each.
但如果对同等价值的粮食有有效需求，那么进口粮食就需要以每吨五基尼的价格，需要一百万吨的海运，或者一千艘每艘一千吨的船只。
The navy of England would not be sufficient.
英格兰海军是不够的。
When the quantity of gold and silver imported into any country exceeds the effectual demand, no vigilance of government can prevent their exportation.
当任何国家进口的金银数量超过有效需求时，政府的警惕性都无法阻止其出口。
All the sanguinary laws of Spain and Portugal are not able to keep their gold and silver at home.
西班牙和葡萄牙的所有血腥法律都无法将他们的金银留在国内。
The continual importations from Peru and Brazil exceed the effectual demand of those countries, and sink the price of those metals there below that in the neighbouring countries.
来自秘鲁和巴西的持续进口超过了这些国家的有效需求，并使这些金属的价格下降到低于邻国的价格。
If, on the contrary, in any particular country, their quantity fell short of the effectual demand, so as to raise their price above that of the neighbouring countries, the government would have no occasion to take any pains to import them.
相反，如果在某个国家，它们的数量低于有效需求，从而使它们的价格高于邻国，那么政府就没有理由费尽心思进口它们。
If it were even to take pains to prevent their importation, it would not be able to effectuate it.
即使它想尽办法阻止它们的进口，也无法实现这一目标。
Those metals, when the Spartans had got wherewithal to purchase them, broke through all the barriers which the laws of Lycurgus opposed to their entrance into Lacedaemon.
当斯巴达人有足够的资金购买这些金属时，这些金属就突破了莱库古斯法律禁止它们进入拉栖代梦的所有障碍。
All the sanguinary laws of the customs are not able to prevent the importation of the teas of the Dutch and Gottenburg East India companies; because somewhat cheaper than those of the British company.
海关的所有血腥法律都无法阻止荷兰和哥登堡东印度公司的茶叶进口；因为比英国公司的便宜一些。
A pound of tea, however, is about a hundred times the bulk of one of the highest prices, sixteen shillings, that is commonly paid for it in silver, and more than two thousand times the bulk of the same price in gold, and, consequently, just so many times more difficult to smuggle.
然而，一磅茶叶的价格大约是最高价格（十六先令）的一百倍，通常用白银支付，是同等价格黄金的两千多倍，因此，走私的难度要高出许多倍。
It is partly owing to the easy transportation of gold and silver, from the places where they abound to those where they are wanted, that the price of those metals does not fluctuate continually, like that of the greater part of other commodities, which are hindered by their bulk from shifting their situation, when the market happens to be either over or under-stocked with them.
部分原因在于金银从盛产地到需要地的运输十分便捷，因此这些金属的价格不会像大多数其他商品那样持续波动，当市场上的库存量恰好过多或不足时，这些商品会因体积庞大而无法改变其状况。
The price of those metals, indeed, is not altogether exempted from variation; but the changes to which it is liable are generally slow, gradual, and uniform.
事实上，这些金属的价格并不能完全避免变化。但它所带来的变化通常是缓慢的、渐进的和统一的。
In Europe, for example, it is supposed, without much foundation, perhaps, that during the course of the present and preceding century, they have been constantly, but gradually, sinking in their value, on account of the continual importations from the Spanish West Indies.
例如，在欧洲，有人认为，在本世纪和上个世纪的过程中，由于不断从西班牙西印度群岛进口，它们的价值不断但逐渐下降，这一假设也许没有太多依据。
But to make any sudden change in the price of gold and silver, so as to raise or lower at once, sensibly and remarkably, the money price of all other commodities, requires such a revolution in commerce as that occasioned by the discovery of America.
但是，要使黄金和白银的价格突然发生变化，从而明智而显着地立即提高或降低所有其他商品的货币价格，就需要一场像发现美洲所引发的商业革命。
If, not withstanding all this, gold and silver should at any time fall short in a country which has wherewithal to purchase them, there are more expedients for supplying their place, than that of almost any other commodity.
尽管如此，如果一个有足够资金购买黄金和白银的国家在任何时候都出现短缺，那么有比几乎任何其他商品更多的权宜之计来补充它们。
If the materials of manufacture are wanted, industry must stop.
如果需要制造材料，工业就必须停止。
If provisions are wanted, the people must starve.
如果需要粮食，人民就必须挨饿。
But if money is wanted, barter will supply its place, though with a good deal of inconveniency.
但如果需要金钱，易货贸易可以提供它的位置，尽管有很多不便。
Buying and selling upon credit, and the different dealers compensating their credits with one another, once a-month, or once a-year, will supply it with less inconveniency.
通过赊销进行买卖，不同的经销商每月一次或每年一次相互补偿信用，这样会减少很多不便。
A well-regulated paper-money will supply it not only without any inconveniency, but, in some cases, with some advantages.
管理良好的纸币不仅不会带来任何不便，而且在某些情况下还有一些好处。
Upon every account, therefore, the attention of government never was so unnecessarily employed, as when directed to watch over the preservation or increase of the quantity of money in any country.
因此，从各方面来看，政府的注意力从来没有像监督任何国家的货币数量的保存或增加那样不必要地投入。
No complaint, however, is more common than that of a scarcity of money.
然而，没有什么比缺钱更常见的抱怨了。
Money, like wine, must always be scarce with those who have neither wherewithal to buy it, nor credit to borrow it.
金钱就像酒一样，对于那些既没有资金购买又没有信用借钱的人来说总是稀缺的。
Those who have either, will seldom be in want either of the money, or of the wine which they have occasion for.
那些拥有其中任何一种的人，很少会需要他们需要的钱或酒。
This complaint, however, of the scarcity of money, is not always confined to improvident spendthrifts.
然而，这种对金钱稀缺的抱怨并不总是局限于缺乏远见的挥霍者。
It is sometimes general through a whole mercantile town and the country in its neighbourhood.
有时，它遍及整个商业城镇及其邻近的乡村。
Over-trading is the common cause of it.
过度交易是其常见原因。
Sober men, whose projects have been disproportioned to their capitals, are as likely to have neither wherewithal to buy money, nor credit to borrow it, as prodigals, whose expense has been disproportioned to their revenue.
清醒的人，他们的项目与他们的资本不成比例，很可能既没有必要的资金来买钱，也没有信用来借钱，就像浪子一样，他们的支出与他们的收入不成比例。
Before their projects can be brought to bear, their stock is gone, and their credit with it.
在他们的项目付诸实施之前，他们的库存和他们的信誉就消失了。
They run about everywhere to borrow money, and everybody tells them that they have none to lend.
他们到处去借钱，每个人都告诉他们没有钱可以贷。
Even such general complaints of the scarcity of money do not always prove that the usual number of gold and silver pieces are not circulating in the country, but that many people want those pieces who have nothing to give for them.
即使是这种对金钱稀缺的普遍抱怨，也并不总是证明通常数量的金银币在该国没有流通，而是许多人想要那些没有什么可以给他们的金币和银币。
When the profits of trade happen to be greater than ordinary over-trading becomes a general error, both among great and small dealers.
当交易利润碰巧大于普通交易时，过度交易就成为一种普遍错误，无论是大交易商还是小交易商。
They do not always send more money abroad than usual, but they buy upon credit, both at home and abroad, an unusual quantity of goods, which they send to some distant market, in hopes that the returns will come in before the demand for payment.
他们并不总是向国外寄出比平时更多的钱，但他们在国内外以赊销方式购买了异常数量的商品，然后将其发送到某个遥远的市场，希望在付款要求之前获得回报。
The demand comes before the returns, and they have nothing at hand with which they can either purchase money or give solid security for borrowing.
需求出现在回报之前，他们手头没有任何东西可以用来购买货币或为借贷提供可靠的担保。
It is not any scarcity of gold and silver, but the difficulty which such people find in borrowing, and which their creditor find in getting payment, that occasions the general complaint of the scarcity of money.
并不是金银匮乏，而是这些人借贷困难，债权人还款困难，才引发了人们对货币短缺的普遍抱怨。
It would be too ridiculous to go about seriously to prove, that wealth does not consist in money, or in gold and silver; but in what money purchases, and is valuable only for purchasing.
如果认真地证明财富并不在于金钱或金银，那就太荒谬了。但金钱能购买什么，并且只有购买时才有价值。
Money, no doubt, makes always a part of the national capital; but it has already been shown that it generally makes but a small part, and always the most unprofitable part of it.
毫无疑问，金钱永远是国家资本的一部分。但事实已经表明，它通常只赚一小部分，而且总是其中最无利可图的部分。
It is not because wealth consists more essentially in money than in goods, that the merchant finds it generally more easy to buy goods with money, than to buy money with goods; but because money is the known and established instrument of commerce, for which every thing is readily given in exchange, but which is not always with equal readiness to be got in exchange for every thing.
这并不是因为财富更本质上是货币而不是商品，所以商人发现用货币购买商品通常比用商品购买货币更容易；但因为货币是众所周知的、既定的商业工具，任何东西都可以轻易地用来交换，但并不总是同样愿意用它来交换任何东西。
The greater part of goods, besides, are more perishable than money, and he may frequently sustain a much greater loss by keeping them.
此外，大部分物品比金钱更容易腐烂，他可能经常因为保留它们而蒙受更大的损失。
When his goods are upon hand, too, he is more liable to such demands for money as he may not be able to answer, than when he has got their price in his coffers.
当他的货物也在手边时，与他的金库里有货物的价格相比，他更容易受到他可能无法满足的金钱要求。
Over and above all this, his profit arises more directly from selling than from buying; and he is, upon all these accounts, generally much more anxious to exchange his goods for money than his money for goods.
除此之外，他的利润更直接地来自于卖出而不是买入。考虑到所有这些原因，他通常更渴望用自己的物品换取金钱，而不是用金钱换取物品。
But though a particular merchant, with abundance of goods in his warehouse, may sometimes be ruined by not being able to sell them in time, a nation or country is not liable to the same accident, The whole capital of a merchant frequently consists in perishable goods destined for purchasing money.
但是，尽管某个商人的仓库里有大量的货物，有时可能会因为不能及时出售而破产，但一个民族或国家却不会遭受同样的事故。商人的全部资本常常是用来购买货币的易腐烂的货物。
But it is but a very small part of the annual produce of the land and labour of a country, which can ever be destined for purchasing gold and silver from their neighbours.
但它只占一个国家土地和劳动力年产出的很小一部分，而这些产出永远可以用来从邻国购买金银。
The far greater part is circulated and consumed among themselves; and even of the surplus which is sent abroad, the greater part is generally destined for the purchase of other foreign goods.
其中大部分在它们之间流通和消耗。即使在运往国外的盈余中，大部分通常也用于购买其他外国商品。
Though gold and silver, therefore, could not be had in exchange for the goods destined to purchase them, the nation would not be ruined.
因此，尽管不能用金银来交换用于购买它们的货物，但国家不会被毁灭。
It might, indeed, suffer some loss and inconveniency, and be forced upon some of those expedients which are necessary for supplying the place of money.
事实上，它可能会遭受一些损失和不便，并被迫采取一些替代货币所必需的权宜之计。
The annual produce of its land and labour, however, would be the same, or very nearly the same as usual; because the same, or very nearly the same consumable capital would be employed in maintaining it.
然而，其土地和劳动力的年产量将与平时相同或几乎相同；因为在维持它时将使用相同或几乎相同的消耗资本。
And though goods do not always draw money so readily as money draws goods, in the long-run they draw it more necessarily than even it draws them.
尽管商品并不总是像金钱吸引商品那样容易吸引金钱，但从长远来看，它们吸引金钱的必要性甚至比金钱吸引它们的可能性更大。
Goods can serve many other purposes besides purchasing money, but money can serve no other purpose besides purchasing goods.
除了购买货币之外，商品还可以有许多其他用途，但货币除了购买商品之外没有其他用途。
Money, therefore, necessarily runs after goods, but goods do not always or necessarily run after money.
因此，金钱必然追随商品，但商品并不总是或必然追随金钱。
The man who buys, does not always mean to sell again, but frequently to use or to consume; whereas he who sells always means to buy again.
购买的人并不总是意味着再次出售，而是经常为了使用或消费；而卖出的人总是意味着要再次购买。
The one may frequently have done the whole, but the other can never have done more than the one half of his business.
一个人可能经常完成全部工作，但另一个人永远不可能完成他一半的工作。
It is not for its own sake that men desire money, but for the sake of what they can purchase with it.
人们渴望金钱并不是为了金钱本身，而是为了能够用金钱购买什么东西。
Consumable commodities, it is said, are soon destroyed; whereas gold and silver are of a more durable nature, and were it not for this continual exportation, might be accumulated for ages together, to the incredible augmentation of the real wealth of the country.
据说，消费品很快就会被销毁；而黄金和白银则具有更持久的性质，如果没有这种持续的出口，它们可能会积累多年，从而使国家的实际财富难以置信地增加。
Nothing, therefore, it is pretended, can be more disadvantageous to any country, than the trade which consists in the exchange of such lasting for such perishable commodities.
因此，有人声称，对任何国家来说，没有什么比用这种持久的商品交换这种易腐烂的商品的贸易更不利的了。
We do not, however, reckon that trade disadvantageous, which consists in the exchange of the hardware of England for the wines of France, and yet hardware is a very durable commodity, and were it not for this continual exportation, might too be accumulated for ages together, to the incredible augmentation of the pots and pans of the country.
然而，我们并不认为这种贸易是不利的，即用英国的硬件来交换法国的葡萄酒，而硬件是一种非常耐用的商品，如果没有这种持续的出口，也可能会积累很多年，使该国的锅碗瓢盆难以置信地增加。
But it readily occurs, that the number of such utensils is in every country necessarily limited by the use which there is for them; that it would be absurd to have more pots and pans than were necessary for cooking the victuals usually consumed there; and that, if the quantity of victuals were to increase, the number of pots and pans would readily increase along with it; a part of the increased quantity of victuals being employed in purchasing them, or in maintaining an additional number of workmen whose business it was to make them.
但很容易出现这样的情况：每个国家的此类器具的数量必然受到其用途的限制。如果锅碗瓢盆多于烹饪通常在那里消费的食物所需的数量，那是荒谬的；如果食物的数量增加，锅碗瓢盆的数量也会随之增加。增加的食品数量的一部分被用来购买这些食品，或者用来维持更多的从事生产这些食品的工人。
It should as readily occur, that the quantity of gold and silver is, in every country, limited by the use which there is for those metals; that their use consists in circulating commodities, as coin, and in affording a species of household furniture, as plate; that the quantity of coin in every country is regulated by the value of the commodities which are to be circulated by it; increase that value, and immediately a part of it will be sent abroad to purchase, wherever it is to be had, the additional quantity of coin requisite for circulating them: that the quantity of plate is regulated by the number and wealth of those private families who choose to indulge themselves in that sort of magnificence; increase the number and wealth of such families, and a part of this increased wealth will most probably be employed in purchasing, wherever it is to be found, an additional quantity of plate; that to attempt to increase the wealth of any country, either by introducing or by detaining in it an unnecessary quantity of gold and silver, is as absurd as it would be to attempt to increase the good cheer of private families, by obliging them to keep an unnecessary number of kitchen utensils.
很容易发生的情况是，每个国家的金银数量都受到这些金属用途的限制。它们的用途包括流通商品（如硬币）和提供某种家用家具（如盘子）；每个国家的硬币数量是由该国流通的商品的价值决定的；增加该价值，并立即将其中的一部分送往国外，无论哪里有，都可以购买流通所需的额外数量的硬币：盘子的数量由那些选择沉迷于这种华丽的私人家庭的数量和财富来调节；增加这些家庭的数量和财富，而增加的财富的一部分很可能会用于购买额外数量的盘子，无论在哪里找到它；试图通过引入或保留不必要数量的金银来增加任何国家的财富，就像试图通过强迫私人家庭保留不必要数量的厨房用具来增加私人家庭的幸福感一样荒谬。
As the expense of purchasing those unnecessary utensils would diminish, instead of increasing, either the quantity or goodness of the family provisions; so the expense of purchasing an unnecessary quantity of gold and silver must, in every country, as necessarily diminish the wealth which feeds, clothes, and lodges, which maintains and employs the people.
由于购买这些不必要的用具的费用会减少而不是增加家庭用品的数量或质量；因此，在每个国家，购买不必要数量的金银的费用必然会减少用于维持和雇用人民的衣食住行的财富。
Gold and silver, whether in the shape of coin or of plate, are utensils, it must be remembered, as much as the furniture of the kitchen.
必须记住，金银，无论是钱币还是盘子，都是器皿，就像厨房的家具一样。
Increase the use of them, increase the consumable commodities which are to be circulated, managed, and prepared by means of them, and you will infallibly increase the quantity; but if you attempt by extraordinary means to increase the quantity, you will as infallibly diminish the use, and even the quantity too, which in those metals can never be greater than what the use requires.
增加它们的使用，增加用它们流通、管理和准备的消费品，必然会增加数量；但是，如果你试图通过非常手段增加数量，你将不可避免地减少使用量，甚至减少数量，而在这些金属中，数量永远不会大于使用所需的量。
Were they ever to be accumulated beyond this quantity, their transportation is so easy, and the loss which attends their lying idle and unemployed so great, that no law could prevent their being immediately sent out of the country.
如果他们的积累超过了这个数量，那么他们的运输就很容易了，而他们闲置和失业所带来的损失又是巨大的，以至于没有任何法律可以阻止他们立即被遣送出境。
It is not always necessary to accumulate gold and silver, in order to enable a country to carry on foreign wars, and to maintain fleets and armies in distant countries.
为了使一个国家能够进行对外战争，并在遥远的国家维持舰队和军队，并不总是需要积累金银。
Fleets and armies are maintained, not with gold and silver, but with consumable goods.
维持舰队和军队不是用金银，而是用消费品。
The nation which, from the annual produce of its domestic industry, from the annual revenue arising out of its lands, and labour, and consumable stock, has wherewithal to purchase those consumable goods in distant countries, can maintain foreign wars there.
一个国家，如果能够利用其国内工业的年产值，利用其土地、劳动力和消费品库存产生的年收入，在遥远的国家购买这些消费品，就可以在那里维持对外战争。
A nation may purchase the pay and provisions of an army in a distant country three different ways; by sending abroad either, first, some part of its accumulated gold and silver; or, secondly, some part of the annual produce of its manufactures; or, last of all, some part of its annual rude produce.
一个国家可以通过三种不同的方式购买远方军队的军饷和给养；首先，将其积累的部分黄金和白银送往国外；或者，其次，其制造品的年产品的一部分；或者，最后一点，是其每年的粗产物的一部分。
The gold and silver which can properly be considered as accumulated, or stored up in any country, may be distinguished into three parts; first, the circulating money; secondly, the plate of private families; and, last of all, the money which may have been collected by many years parsimony, and laid up in the treasury of the prince.
可以适当地认为在任何国家积累或储存的金银可以分为三部分：第一，流通货币；其次，私人家庭的板块；最后，是多年来节俭积攒的钱财，存入王子的金库。
It can seldom happen that much can be spared from the circulating money of the country; because in that there can seldom be much redundancy.
国家的流通货币很少能省下很多钱。因为这样就很少有太多冗余。
The value of goods annually bought and sold in any country requires a certain quantity of money to circulate and distribute them to their proper consumers, and can give employment to no more.
任何国家每年买卖的商品价值都需要一定数量的货币来流通和分配给适当的消费者，并且不能再提供就业机会。
The channel of circulation necessarily draws to itself a sum sufficient to fill it, and never admits any more.
流通渠道必然会吸引足够的资金来填补它，并且不再吸收更多的资金。
Something, however, is generally withdrawn from this channel in the case of foreign war.
然而，在对外战争的情况下，通常会从这个渠道撤回一些东西。
By the great number of people who are maintained abroad, fewer are maintained at home.
国外供养的人较多，国内供养的人则较少。
Fewer goods are circulated there, and less money becomes necessary to circulate them.
在那里流通的商品越来越少，流通它们所需的货币也越来越少。
An extraordinary quantity of paper money of some sort or other, too, such as exchequer notes, navy bills, and bank bills, in England, is generally issued upon such occasions, and, by supplying the place of circulating gold and silver, gives an opportunity of sending a greater quantity of it abroad.
英国通常也会在这种情况下发行大量的某种纸币，例如国库券、海军汇票和银行汇票，并且通过提供金银的流通场所，提供了将更多数量的纸币运往国外的机会。
All this, however, could afford but a poor resource for maintaining a foreign war, of great expense, and several years duration.
然而，所有这些都不足以维持一场耗资巨大、持续数年的对外战争。
The melting down of the plate of private families has, upon every occasion, been found a still more insignificant one.
在任何情况下，私人家庭的盘子的融化都被认为是更微不足道的。
The French, in the beginning of the last war, did not derive so much advantage from this expedient as to compensate the loss of the fashion.
法国人在上次战争开始时并没有从这种权宜之计中获得多少好处，以至于弥补了时尚的损失。
The accumulated treasures of the prince have in former times afforded a much greater and more lasting resource.
王子积累的财富在过去提供了更大、更持久的资源。
In the present times, if you except the king of Prussia, to accumulate treasure seems to be no part of the policy of European princes.
在当今时代，如果除了普鲁士国王之外，积累财富似乎不属于欧洲诸侯的政策。
The funds which maintained the foreign wars of the present century, the most expensive perhaps which history records, seem to have had little dependency upon the exportation either of the circulating money, or of the plate of private families, or of the treasure of the prince.
维持本世纪对外战争的资金（也许是历史记录中最昂贵的）似乎并不依赖于流通货币、私人家庭的盘子或王子的财宝的出口。
The last French war cost Great Britain upwards of £90,000,000, including not only the £75,000,000 of new debt that was contracted, but the additional 2s.
上一次法国战争使英国损失了超过 90,000,000 英镑，其中不仅包括签订的 75,000,000 英镑新债务，还包括额外的 2 英镑。
in the pound land-tax, and what was annually borrowed of the sinking fund.
英镑的土地税，以及每年从偿债基金中借入的金额。
More than two-thirds of this expense were laid out in distant countries; in Germany, Portugal, America, in the ports of the Mediterranean, in the East and West Indies.
其中三分之二以上的费用都花在了遥远的国家；德国、葡萄牙、美国、地中海港口、东印度群岛和西印度群岛。
The kings of England had no accumulated treasure.
英国国王没有积累任何财富。
We never heard of any extraordinary quantity of plate being melted down.
我们从未听说过有任何异常数量的钢板被熔化。
The circulating gold and silver of the country had not been supposed to exceed £18,000,000.
该国流通的金银本应不超过 18,000,000 英镑。
Since the late recoinage of the gold, however, it is believed to have been a good deal under-rated.
然而，自从黄金后期重新铸币以来，人们认为黄金的价值被严重低估了。
Let us suppose, therefore, according to the most exaggerated computation which I remember to have either seen or heard of, that, gold and silver together, it amounted to £30,000,000.
因此，让我们假设，根据我记得见过或听说过的最夸张的计算，黄金和白银加在一起，总计达 30,000,000 英镑。
Had the war been carried on by means of our money, the whole of it must, even according to this computation, have been sent out and returned again, at least twice in a period of between six and seven years.
如果战争是用我们的钱来进行的，那么即使按照这个计算，所有的钱也必须被发出和再次归还，在六到七年的时间里至少两次。
Should this be supposed, it would afford the most decisive argument, to demonstrate how unnecessary it is for government to watch over the preservation of money, since, upon this supposition, the whole money of the country must have gone from it, and returned to it again, two different times in so short a period, without any body’s knowing any thing of the matter.
如果是这样的话，那么它将提供最具决定性的论据，以证明政府监督货币的保存是多么没有必要，因为根据这种假设，国家的全部货币一定会在如此短的时间内两次不同地从货币中消失，然后又返回到货币中，而没有任何人知道任何事情。
The channel of circulation, however, never appeared more empty than usual during any part of this period.
然而，在这一时期的任何时期，流通渠道都从未出现过比平常更空旷的情况。
Few people wanted money who had wherewithal to pay for it.
很少有人想要钱并且有能力支付它。
The profits of foreign trade, indeed, were greater than usual during the whole war, but especially towards the end of it.
事实上，在整个战争期间，特别是在战争结束时，对外贸易的利润比平时要高。
This occasioned, what it always occasions, a general over-trading in all the ports of Great Britain; and this again occasioned the usual complaint of the scarcity of money, which always follows over-trading.
这引起了英国所有港口的普遍过度贸易，这是一贯的情况。这再次引发了人们对资金短缺的抱怨，而这种抱怨总是伴随着过度交易。
Many people wanted it, who had neither wherewithal to buy it, nor credit to borrow it; and because the debtors found it difficult to borrow, the creditors found it difficult to get payment.
许多人都想要它，但他们既没有资金购买，也没有信用借用；由于债务人难以借款，债权人也难以获得付款。
Gold and silver, however, were generally to be had for their value, by those who had that value to give for them.
然而，黄金和白银通常是根据其价值而获得的，由那些有这种价值的人给予。
The enormous expense of the late war, therefore, must have been chiefly defrayed, not by the exportation of gold and silver, but by that of British commodities of some kind or other.
因此，最近战争的巨大开支肯定不是通过金银的出口来支付的，而是通过英国某种商品的出口来支付的。
When the government, or those who acted under them, contracted with a merchant for a remittance to some foreign country, he would naturally endeavour to pay his foreign correspondent, upon whom he granted a bill, by sending abroad rather commodities than gold and silver.
当政府或在政府下行事的人与商人签订向某个外国汇款的合同时，他自然会尽力通过向国外发送商品而不是金银来支付他向其发出票据的外国通讯员。
If the commodities of Great Britain were not in demand in that country, he would endeavour to send them to some other country in which he could purchase a bill upon that country.
如果英国的商品在那个国家没有需求，他就会尽力将它们运往其他国家，在那里他可以购买该国的汇票。
The transportation of commodities, when properly suited to the market, is always attended with a considerable profit; whereas that of gold and silver is scarce ever attended with any.
商品运输如果适合市场，总是能带来可观的利润；而黄金和白银却很少出现。
When those metals are sent abroad in order to purchase foreign commodities, the merchant’s profit arises, not from the purchase, but from the sale of the returns.
当这些金属被运往国外以购买外国商品时，商人的利润不是来自购买，而是来自销售退货。
But when they are sent abroad merely to pay a debt, he gets no returns, and consequently no profit.
但当他们被送到国外只是为了偿还债务时，他得不到任何回报，因此也没有利润。
He naturally, therefore, exerts his invention to find out a way of paying his foreign debts, rather by the exportation of commodities, than by that of gold and silver.
因此，他很自然地运用他的发明来寻找一种偿还外债的方法，而不是通过出口商品，而不是通过出口金银。
The great quantity of British goods, exported during the course of the late war, without bringing back any returns, is accordingly remarked by the author of the Present State of the Nation.
《国家现状》的作者如此评论了在战争后期出口的大量英国商品却没有带来任何回报。
Besides the three sorts of gold and silver above mentioned, there is in all great commercial countries a good deal of bullion alternately imported and exported, for the purposes of foreign trade.
除上述三种金银外，各大商业国家还为了对外贸易而交替进口和出口大量的金条。
This bullion, as it circulates among different commercial countries, in the same manner as the national coin circulates in every country, may be considered as the money of the great mercantile republic.
这种金条在不同商业国家之间流通，就像国家硬币在每个国家流通一样，可以被视为伟大商业共和国的货币。
The national coin receives its movement and direction from the commodities circulated within the precincts of each particular country; the money in the mercantile republic, from those circulated between different countries.
国家硬币的运动和方向取决于每个特定国家境内流通的商品；商业共和国的货币，来自不同国家之间流通的货币。
Both are employed in facilitating exchanges, the one between different individuals of the same, the other between those of different nations.
两者都是为了促进交流，一个是同一个人之间的交流，另一个是不同国家之间的交流。
Part of this money of the great mercantile republic may have been, and probably was, employed in carrying on the late war.
这个伟大的商业共和国的这笔钱的一部分可能已经并且很可能被用于进行最近的战争。
In time of a general war, it is natural to suppose that a movement and direction should be impressed upon it, different from what it usually follows in profound peace, that it should circulate more about the seat of the war, and be more employed in purchasing there, and in the neighbouring countries, the pay and provisions of the different armies.
在全面战争时期，人们很自然地会认为，与在和平时期通常采取的行动和方向不同，应该对它施加一种运动和方向，即它应该更多地在战争所在地周围流通，并更多地用于在那里和邻国购买不同军队的军饷和给养。
But whatever part of this money of the mercantile republic Great Britain may have annually employed in this manner, it must have been annually purchased, either with British commodities, or with something else that had been purchased with them; which still brings us back to commodities, to the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, as the ultimate resources which enabled us to carry on the war.
但是，无论大不列颠商业共和国每年以这种方式使用的货币的一部分，它都必须每年用英国商品或用英国商品购买的其他东西来购买；这仍然让我们回到商品，回到国家的土地和劳动力的年产品，作为使我们能够进行战争的最终资源。
It is natural, indeed, to suppose, that so great an annual expense must have been defrayed from a great annual produce.
事实上，人们很自然地认为，每年如此巨大的开支一定是由大量的年产品支付的。
The expense of 1761, for example, amounted to more than £19,000,000.
例如，1761 年的费用就超过 19,000,000 英镑。
No accumulation could have supported so great an annual profusion.
任何积累都无法支撑每年如此丰富的资源。
There is no annual produce, even of gold and silver, which could have supported it.
没有年产量可以支撑它，甚至连黄金和白银也没有。
The whole gold and silver annually imported into both Spain and Portugal, according to the best accounts, does not commonly much exceed £6,000,000 sterling, which, in some years, would scarce have paid four months expense of the late war.
据最准确的统计，西班牙和葡萄牙每年进口的全部黄金和白银通常不会超过 6,000,000 英镑，在某些年份，这几乎不足以支付战争后期四个月的费用。
The commodities most proper for being transported to distant countries, in order to purchase there either the pay and provisions of an army, or some part of the money of the mercantile republic to be employed in purchasing them, seem to be the finer and more improved manufactures; such as contain a great value in a small bulk, and can therefore be exported to a great distance at little expense.
最适合运往遥远国家的商品似乎是更精细、更先进的制成品，以便在那里购买军队的军饷和给养，或者用于购买这些商品的商业共和国的部分货币。例如，体积小但价值大，因此可以以很少的费用出口到很远的地方。
A country whose industry produces a great annual surplus of such manufactures, which are usually exported to foreign countries, may carry on for many years a very expensive foreign war, without either exporting any considerable quantity of gold and silver, or even having any such quantity to export.
一个国家的工业每年生产大量剩余的此类制成品，而这些制成品通常出口到国外，则该国可能会持续多年进行非常昂贵的对外战争，而不会出口任何大量的金银，甚至没有任何此类数量可供出口。
A considerable part of the annual surplus of its manufactures must, indeed, in this case, be exported without bringing back any returns to the country, though it does to the merchant; the government purchasing of the merchant his bills upon foreign countries, in order to purchase there the pay and provisions of an army.
事实上，在这种情况下，其制成品的年盈余的很大一部分必须出口，而不会给国内带来任何回报，尽管它给商人带来了回报；政府向外国购买商人的票据，以便在那里购买军队的军饷和给养。
Some part of this surplus, however, may still continue to bring back a return.
然而，这种盈余的一部分可能仍会继续带来回报。
The manufacturers during; the war will have a double demand upon them, and be called upon first to work up goods to be sent abroad, for paying the bills drawn upon foreign countries for the pay and provisions of the army: and, secondly, to work up such as are necessary for purchasing the common returns that had usually been consumed in the country.
制造商期间；战争将对他们提出双重要求，首先要准备好运往国外的货物，以支付从外国收取的军队军饷和给养的账单；其次，要准备好购买通常在国内消费的共同回报所必需的物品。
In the midst of the most destructive foreign war, therefore, the greater part of manufactures may frequently flourish greatly; and, on the contrary, they may decline on the return of peace.
因此，在最具破坏性的对外战争中，大多数制造业往往会蓬勃发展。相反，当和平回归时，它们可能会衰落。
They may flourish amidst the ruin of their country, and begin to decay upon the return of its prosperity.
它们可能在国家的废墟中蓬勃发展，并在国家恢复繁荣时开始衰落。
The different state of many different branches of the British manufactures during the late war, and for some time after the peace, may serve as an illustration of what has been just now said.
英国制造业的许多不同部门在战争后期以及和平后一段时间内的不同状况，可以作为刚才所说内容的例证。
No foreign war, of great expense or duration, could conveniently be carried on by the exportation of the rude produce of the soil.
任何一场花费巨大或持续时间较长的对外战争，都不能通过出口该国的粗产品来方便地进行。
The expense of sending such a quantity of it into a foreign country as might purchase the pay and provisions of an army would be too great.
将如此数量的货物运往外国，足以购买一支军队的军饷和给养，费用太大了。
Few countries, too, produce much more rude produce than what is sufficient for the subsistence of their own inhabitants.
也很少有国家生产的原始产品远远超过其本国居民的生存所需。
To send abroad any great quantity of it, therefore, would be to send abroad a part of the necessary subsistence of the people.
因此，将其大量运往国外，就等于将人民必需的生活必需品的一部分运往国外。
It is otherwise with the exportation of manufactures.
制成品出口则不然。
The maintenance of the people employed in them is kept at home, and only the surplus part of their work is exported.
他们雇用的人员的生活费都留在国内，只有剩余的部分工作被出口。
Mr Hume frequently takes notice of the inability of the ancient kings of England to carry on, without interruption, any foreign war of long duration.
休谟先生经常注意到古代英格兰国王无法不间断地进行任何长期的对外战争。
The English in those days had nothing wherewithal to purchase the pay and provisions of their armies in foreign countries, but either the rude produce of the soil, of which no considerable part could be spared from the home consumption, or a few manufactures of the coarsest kind, of which, as well as of the rude produce, the transportation was too expensive.
当时的英国人没有任何资金来购买他们在外国的军队的军饷和给养，但要么是土地的粗产品，其中很大一部分不能从国内消费中幸免，要么是一些最粗糙的制成品，其中以及粗产品的运输都太昂贵。
This inability did not arise from the want of money, but of the finer and more improved manufactures.
这种无能并不是因为缺钱，而是因为需要更精细、更改进的制造。
Buying and selling was transacted by means of money in England then as well as now.
无论是在当时还是现在，英格兰的买卖都是通过货币进行的。
The quantity of circulating money must have borne the same proportion, to the number and value of purchases and sales usually transacted at that time, which it does to those transacted at present; or, rather, it must have borne a greater proportion, because there was then no paper, which now occupies a great part of the employment of gold and silver.
流通货币的数量与当时通常进行的购买和销售的数量和价值所占的比例必须与现在所进行的购买和销售的数量和价值的比例相同；或者更确切地说，它一定占有更大的比例，因为当时没有纸，而现在纸占据了金银使用的很大一部分。
Among nations to whom commerce and manufactures are little known, the sovereign, upon extraordinary occasions, can seldom draw any considerable aid from his subjects, for reasons which shall be explained hereafter.
在商业和制造业鲜为人知的国家中，君主在特殊情况下很少能从其臣民那里获得任何可观的援助，其原因将在下文中解释。
It is in such countries, therefore, that he generally endeavours to accumulate a treasure, as the only resource against such emergencies.
因此，他通常在这些国家努力积累财富，作为应对此类紧急情况的唯一资源。
Independent of this necessity, he is, in such a situation, naturally disposed to the parsimony requisite for accumulation.
Independent of this necessity, he is, in such a situation, naturally disposed to the parsimony requisite for accumulation.
In that simple state, the expense even of a sovereign is not directed by the vanity which delights in the gaudy finery of a court, but is employed in bounty to his tenants, and hospitality to his retainers.
在这种简单的状态下，即使是君主的开支也不是出于对宫廷华丽华丽的虚荣心的喜爱，而是用于对他的佃户的慷慨和对他的家臣的热情款待。
But bounty and hospitality very seldom lead to extravagance; though vanity almost always does.
But bounty and hospitality very seldom lead to extravagance;尽管虚荣心几乎总是如此。
Every Tartar chief, accordingly, has a treasure.
因此，每个鞑靼酋长都拥有一件宝藏。
The treasures of Mazepa, chief of the Cossacks in the Ukraine, the famous ally of Charles XII., are said to have been very great.
The treasures of Mazepa, chief of the Cossacks in the Ukraine, the famous ally of Charles XII., are said to have been very great.
The French kings of the Merovingian race had all treasures.
The French kings of the Merovingian race had all treasures.
When they divided their kingdom among their different children, they divided their treasures too.
When they divided their kingdom among their different children, they divided their treasures too.
The Saxon princes, and the first kings after the Conquest, seem likewise to have accumulated treasures.
The Saxon princes, and the first kings after the Conquest, seem likewise to have accumulated treasures.
The first exploit of every new reign was commonly to seize the treasure of the preceding king, as the most essential measure for securing the succession.
每一个新统治的第一个功绩通常是夺取前任国王的宝藏，作为确保继承的最重要措施。
The sovereigns of improved and commercial countries are not under the same necessity of accumulating treasures, because they can generally draw from their subjects extraordinary aids upon extraordinary occasions.
发达和商业国家的君主并不需要积累财富，因为他们通常可以在特殊情况下从其臣民那里获得特殊援助。
They are likewise less disposed to do so.
他们同样不太愿意这样做。
They naturally, perhaps necessarily, follow the mode of the times; and their expense comes to be regulated by the same extravagant vanity which directs that of all the other great proprietors in their dominions.
They naturally, perhaps necessarily, follow the mode of the times;他们的开支也受到同样奢侈的虚荣心的控制，这与他们领地内所有其他大业主的虚荣心是一样的。
The insignificant pageantry of their court becomes every day more brilliant; and the expense of it not only prevents accumulation, but frequently encroaches upon the funds destined for more necessary expenses.
他们宫廷中微不足道的盛况变得日益辉煌。 and the expense of it not only prevents accumulation, but frequently encroaches upon the funds destined for more necessary expenses.
What Dercyllidas said of the court of Persia, may be applied to that of several European princes, that he saw there much splendour, but little strength, and many servants, but few soldiers.
德西利达斯对波斯宫廷的评价也适用于几位欧洲王子，他看到那里富丽堂皇，但力量微弱，仆人众多，士兵却很少。
The importation of gold and silver is not the principal, much less the sole benefit, which a nation derives from its foreign trade.
The importation of gold and silver is not the principal, much less the sole benefit, which a nation derives from its foreign trade.
Between whatever places foreign trade is carried on, they all of them derive two distinct benefits from it.
Between whatever places foreign trade is carried on, they all of them derive two distinct benefits from it.
It carries out that surplus part of the produce of their land and labour for which there is no demand among them, and brings back in return for it something else for which there is a demand.
它带走了他们的土地和劳动力中没有需求的剩余产品，并带回了有需求的其他产品。
It gives a value to their superfluities, by exchanging them for something else, which may satisfy a part of their wants and increase their enjoyments.
它通过将多余的东西换成其他东西来赋予他们多余的价值，这可以满足他们的部分需求并增加他们的享受。
By means of it, the narrowness of the home market does not hinder the division of labour in any particular branch of art or manufacture from being carried to the highest perfection.
通过这种方式，国内市场的狭窄并不妨碍任何特定艺术或制造业部门的分工达到最高的完美程度。
By opening a more extensive market for whatever part of the produce of their labour may exceed the home consumption, it encourages them to improve its productive power, and to augment its annual produce to the utmost, and thereby to increase the real revenue and wealth of the society.
通过为他们的劳动产品中超出国内消费的部分开放更广阔的市场，鼓励他们提高生产力，最大限度地增加年生产量，从而增加社会的实际收入和财富。
These great and important services foreign trade is continually occupied in performing to all the different countries between which it is carried on.
这些伟大而重要的对外贸易服务不断地向其间进行的所有不同国家提供服务。
They all derive great benefit from it, though that in which the merchant resides generally derives the greatest, as he is generally more employed in supplying the wants, and carrying out the superfluities of his own, than of any other particular country.
他们都从中获得了巨大的利益，尽管商人居住的地方通常受益最大，因为与任何其他特定国家相比，商人通常更善于满足自己的需要，并实现自己的过剩。
To import the gold and silver which may be wanted into the countries which have no mines, is, no doubt a part of the business of foreign commerce.
将可能需要的金银进口到没有矿山的国家，无疑是对外贸易业务的一部分。
It is, however, a most insignificant part of it.
然而，它只是其中最微不足道的一部分。
A country which carried on foreign trade merely upon this account, could scarce have occasion to freight a ship in a century.
A country which carried on foreign trade merely upon this account, could scarce have occasion to freight a ship in a century.
It is not by the importation of gold and silver that the discovery of America has enriched Europe.
It is not by the importation of gold and silver that the discovery of America has enriched Europe.
By the abundance of the American mines, those metals have become cheaper.
By the abundance of the American mines, those metals have become cheaper.
A service of plate can now be purchased for about a third part of the corn, or a third part of the labour, which it would have cost in the fifteenth century.
现在可以用大约三分之一的玉米或三分之一的劳动力购买一份盘子，这在十五世纪是花费的。
With the same annual expense of labour and commodities, Europe can annually purchase about three times the quantity of plate which it could have purchased at that time.
在每年劳动力和商品支出相同的情况下，欧洲每年可以购买的板材数量约为当时的三倍。
But when a commodity comes to be sold for a third part of what bad been its usual price, not only those who purchased it before can purchase three times their former quantity, but it is brought down to the level of a much greater number of purchasers, perhaps to more than ten, perhaps to more than twenty times the former number.
但是，当一种商品的售价是其通常价格的三分之一时，不仅以前购买过该商品的人可以购买到原来数量的三倍，而且购买者数量也会减少到原来数量的多得多，也许是以前的十倍以上，也许是二十倍以上。
So that there may be in Europe at present, not only more than three times, but more than twenty or thirty times the quantity of plate which would have been in it, even in its present state of improvement, had the discovery of the American mines never been made.
因此，即使在目前的改进状态下，如果没有发现美洲矿藏的话，目前欧洲的钢板数量可能不仅是其三倍以上，而且是二十或三十倍以上。
So far Europe has, no doubt, gained a real conveniency, though surely a very trifling one.
So far Europe has, no doubt, gained a real conveniency, though surely a very trifling one.
The cheapness of gold and silver renders those metals rather less fit for the purposes of money than they were before.
The cheapness of gold and silver renders those metals rather less fit for the purposes of money than they were before.
In order to make the same purchases, we must load ourselves with a greater quantity of them, and carry about a shilling in our pocket, where a groat would have done before.
为了购买同样的东西，我们必须携带更多的东西，并且口袋里要装一先令，而以前是一格罗特。
It is difficult to say which is most trifling, this inconveniency, or the opposite conveniency.
很难说哪个是最微不足道的，是这种不便，还是相反的便利。
Neither the one nor the other could have made any very essential change in the state of Europe.
Neither the one nor the other could have made any very essential change in the state of Europe.
The discovery of America, however, certainly made a most essential one.
然而，美洲的发现无疑是最重要的。
By opening a new and inexhaustible market to all the commodities of Europe, it gave occasion to new divisions of labour and improvements of art, which in the narrow circle of the ancient commerce could never have taken place, for want of a market to take off the greater part of their produce.
通过向欧洲所有商品开放一个新的、取之不尽用之不竭的市场，它带来了新的劳动分工和艺术的进步，而这在古代商业的狭小圈子里是不可能发生的，因为缺乏市场来带走他们的大部分产品。
The productive powers of labour were improved, and its produce increased in all the different countries of Europe, and together with it the real revenue and wealth of the inhabitants.
欧洲各国的劳动生产力得到了提高，其产品也随之增加，居民的实际收入和财富也随之增加。
The commodities of Europe were almost all new to America, and many of those of America were new to Europe.
欧洲的商品对美国来说几乎都是新的，而美国的许多商品对欧洲来说也是新的。
A new set of exchanges, therefore, began to take place, which had never been thought of before, and which should naturally have proved as advantageous to the new, as it certainly did to the old continent.
因此，一系列新的交流开始发生，这是以前从未想到过的，而且自然会被证明对新大陆有利，就像它对旧大陆一样。
The savage injustice of the Europeans rendered an event, which ought to have been beneficial to all, ruinous and destructive to several of those unfortunate countries.
欧洲人的野蛮不公正行为使本应对所有人有利的事件对其中几个不幸的国家造成了毁灭性的破坏。
The discovery of a passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, which happened much about the same time, opened perhaps a still more extensive range to foreign commerce, than even that of America, notwithstanding the greater distance.
几乎在同一时间发现了经好望角通往东印度群岛的通道，尽管距离较远，但它为对外贸易开辟了更广泛的范围，甚至比美洲的贸易范围还要广。
There were but two nations in America, in any respect, superior to the savages, and these were destroyed almost as soon as discovered.
美洲只有两个民族在任何方面都比野蛮人优越，而它们几乎一被发现就被消灭了。
The rest were mere savages.
其余的人都只是野蛮人。
But the empires of China, Indostan, Japan, as well as several others in the East Indies, without having richer mines of gold or silver, were, in every other respect, much richer, better cultivated, and more advanced in all arts and manufactures, than either Mexico or Peru, even though we should credit, what plainly deserves no credit, the exaggerated accounts of the Spanish writers concerning the ancient state of those empires.
但是，中国、印度斯坦、日本以及东印度群岛的其他几个帝国，虽然没有更丰富的金银矿藏，但在其他各方面都比墨西哥或秘鲁更富有、耕种得更好，在所有艺术和制造业方面也更先进，尽管我们应该相信西班牙作家对这些帝国古代状态的夸大描述，而这显然不值得相信。
But rich and civilized nations can always exchange to a much greater value with one another, than with savages and barbarians.
但富裕和文明国家之间总是可以交换比野蛮人和野蛮人更大的价值。
Europe, however, has hitherto derived much less advantage from its commerce with the East Indies, than from that with America.
然而，迄今为止，欧洲从与东印度群岛的贸易中获得的优势远小于与美国的贸易。
The Portuguese monopolised the East India trade to themselves for about a century; and it was only indirectly, and through them, that the other nations of Europe could either send out or receive any goods from that country.
葡萄牙人垄断了东印度贸易约一个世纪。欧洲其他国家只能通过它们间接地从该国发出或接收任何货物。
When the Dutch, in the beginning of the last century, began to encroach upon them, they vested their whole East India commerce in an exclusive company.
当荷兰人在上世纪初开始蚕食他们时，他们将整个东印度商业权交给了一家独家公司。
The English, French, Swedes, and Danes, have all followed their example; so that no great nation of Europe has ever yet had the benefit of a free commerce to the East Indies.
英国人、法国人、瑞典人和丹麦人都效仿了他们的榜样。因此，迄今为止，欧洲任何一个大国都没有从与东印度群岛的自由贸易中受益。
No other reason need be assigned why it has never been so advantageous as the trade to America, which, between almost every nation of Europe and its own colonies, is free to all its subjects.
没有其他理由可以解释为什么它从来没有像对美洲的贸易那样有利，几乎所有欧洲国家及其殖民地之间的贸易对所有臣民都是自由的。
The exclusive privileges of those East India companies, their great riches, the great favour and protection which these have procured them from their respective governments, have excited much envy against them.
这些东印度公司的专有特权、巨额财富以及它们从各自政府那里获得的巨大恩惠和保护，引起了人们的嫉妒。
This envy has frequently represented their trade as altogether pernicious, on account of the great quantities of silver which it every year exports from the countries from which it is carried on.
这种嫉妒常常使他们的贸易完全有害，因为他们每年从其来源国出口大量白银。
The parties concerned have replied, that their trade by this continual exportation of silver, might indeed tend to impoverish Europe in general, but not the particular country from which it was carried on; because, by the exportation of a part of the returns to other European countries, it annually brought home a much greater quantity of that metal than it carried out.
有关各方回答说，他们通过这种持续出口白银的贸易确实可能使整个欧洲陷入贫困，但不会使进行贸易的特定国家陷入贫困；因为，通过将部分回报出口到其他欧洲国家，它每年带回的金属数量比其携带的数量要多得多。
Both the objection and the reply are founded in the popular notion which I have been just now examining.
反对意见和答复都是基于我刚才研究的流行观念。
It is therefore unnecessary to say any thing further about either.
因此，没有必要对其中任何一个进一步说任何话。
By the annual exportation of silver to the East Indies, plate is probably somewhat dearer in Europe than it otherwise might have been; and coined silver probably purchases a larger quantity both of labour and commodities.
由于每年向东印度群岛出口白银，欧洲的钢板价格可能比其他情况下要高一些。铸币可能购买更多的劳动力和商品。
The former of these two effects is a very small loss, the latter a very small advantage; both too insignificant to deserve any part of the public attention.
这两种效果前者是很小的损失，后者是很小的优势；两者都太微不足道，不值得公众关注。
The trade to the East Indies, by opening a market to the commodities of Europe, or, what comes nearly to the same thing, to the gold and silver which is purchased with those commodities, must necessarily tend to increase the annual production of European commodities, and consequently the real wealth and revenue of Europe.
与东印度群岛的贸易，通过打开欧洲商品的市场，或者几乎同样的事情，打开与这些商品一起购买的黄金和白银的市场，必然会增加欧洲商品的年产量，从而增加欧洲的实际财富和收入。
That it has hitherto increased them so little, is probably owing to the restraints which it everywhere labours under.
迄今为止，它只增加了如此之少，这可能是由于它在各地都受到限制。
I thought it necessary, though at the hazard of being tedious, to examine at full length this popular notion, that wealth consists in money or in gold and silver.
我认为有必要详细研究一下这个流行的观念，即财富是由金钱或金银构成的，尽管这样做可能会有些乏味。
Money, in common language, as I have already observed, frequently signifies wealth; and this ambiguity of expression has rendered this popular notion so familiar to us, that even they who are convinced of its absurdity, are very apt to forget their own principles, and, in the course of their reasonings, to take it for granted as a certain and undeniable truth.
正如我已经观察到的，金钱，在通用语言中常常意味着财富。这种含糊不清的表达方式使这一流行观念对我们来说如此熟悉，以至于即使是那些确信其荒谬的人，也很容易忘记自己的原则，并在推理过程中理所当然地认为这是一个确定的、不可否认的真理。
Some of the best English writers upon commerce set out with observing, that the wealth of a country consists, not in its gold and silver only, but in its lands, houses, and consumable goods of all different kinds.
一些最优秀的英国商业作家指出，一个国家的财富不仅在于其金银，还在于其土地、房屋和各种不同种类的消费品。
In the course of their reasonings, however, the lands, houses, and consumable goods, seem to slip out of their memory; and the strain of their argument frequently supposes that all wealth consists in gold and silver, and that to multiply those metals is the great object of national industry and commerce.
然而，在他们的推理过程中，土地、房屋和消费品似乎从他们的记忆中消失了；他们的论点经常假设所有财富都由黄金和白银组成，而增加这些金属是国家工商业的伟大目标。
The two principles being established, however, that wealth consisted in gold and silver, and that those metals could be brought into a country which had no mines, only by the balance of trade, or by exporting to a greater value than it imported; it necessarily became the great object of political economy to diminish as much as possible the importation of foreign goods for home consumption, and to increase as much as possible the exportation of the produce of domestic industry.
然而，所确立的两条原则是，财富由黄金和白银组成，这些金属只能通过贸易平衡或通过出口价值高于进口价值的方式进入没有矿山的国家；尽可能减少用于国内消费的外国商品的进口，并尽可能增加国内工业产品的出口，必然成为政治经济学的伟大目标。
Its two great engines for enriching the country, therefore, were restraints upon importation, and encouragement to exportation.
因此，限制进口和鼓励出口是其致富国家的两大引擎。
The restraints upon importation were of two kinds.
对进口的限制有两种。
First, restraints upon the importation of such foreign goods for home consumption as could be produced at home, from whatever country they were imported.
首先，限制进口可在国内生产的供国内消费的外国商品，无论它们是从哪个国家进口的。
Secondly, restraints upon the importation of goods of almost all kinds, from those particular countries with which the balance of trade was supposed to be disadvantageous.
其次，对来自那些被认为对其贸易平衡不利的特定国家的几乎所有种类的商品的进口进行限制。
Those different restraints consisted sometimes in high duties, and sometimes in absolute prohibitions.
这些不同的限制有时是高度的义务，有时是绝对的禁止。
Exportation was encouraged sometimes by drawbacks, sometimes by bounties, sometimes by advantageous treaties of commerce with foreign states, and sometimes by the establishment of colonies in distant countries.
有时是通过退税，有时是通过赏金，有时是通过与外国签订有利的商业条约，有时是通过在遥远国家建立殖民地来鼓励出口。
Drawbacks were given upon two different occasions.
缺点是在两个不同的场合给出的。
When the home manufactures were subject to any duty or excise, either the whole or a part of it was frequently drawn back upon their exportation; and when foreign goods liable to a duty were imported, in order to be exported again, either the whole or a part of this duty was sometimes given back upon such exportation.
当国内制造品征收任何关税或消费税时，出口时经常会全部或部分被退回；当进口应缴关税的外国货物以便再次出口时，有时会在出口时退还全部或部分关税。
Bounties were given for the encouragement, either of some beginning manufactures, or of such sorts of industry of other kinds as were supposed to deserve particular favour.
奖励金是为了鼓励一些新兴的制造商，或者是那些被认为值得特别优惠的其他类型的工业。
By advantageous treaties of commerce, particular privileges were procured in some foreign state for the goods and merchants of the country, beyond what were granted to those of other countries.
通过有利的商业条约，某些外国为该国的商品和商人获得了超出其他国家的特殊特权。
By the establishment of colonies in distant countries, not only particular privileges, but a monopoly was frequently procured for the goods and merchants of the country which established them.
通过在遥远的国家建立殖民地，不仅可以为建立殖民地的国家的货物和商人带来特殊的特权，而且常常可以获得垄断。
The two sorts of restraints upon importation above mentioned, together with these four encouragements to exportation, constitute the six principal means by which the commercial system proposes to increase the quantity of gold and silver in any country, by turning the balance of trade in its favour.
上述两种对进口的限制，与这四种对出口的鼓励，构成了商业体系通过扭转贸易平衡来增加任何国家的金银数量的六种主要手段。
I shall consider each of them in a particular chapter, and, without taking much farther notice of their supposed tendency to bring money into the country, I shall examine chiefly what are likely to be the effects of each of them upon the annual produce of its industry.
我将在一个特定的章节中考虑它们中的每一个，并且，在不进一步关注它们所谓的将资金带入该国的趋势的情况下，我将主要研究它们中的每一个可能对其工业年产量产生的影响。
According as they tend either to increase or diminish the value of this annual produce, they must evidently tend either to increase or diminish the real wealth and revenue of the country.
由于它们倾向于增加或减少年产品的价值，因此它们显然倾向于增加或减少国家的实际财富和收入。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF RESTRAINTS UPON IMPORTATION FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES OF SUCH GOODS AS CAN BE PRODUCED AT HOME.
对从外国进口可在国内生产的此类商品的限制。
By restraining, either by high duties, or by absolute prohibitions, the importation of such goods from foreign countries as can be produced at home, the monopoly of the home market is more or less secured to the domestic industry employed in producing them.
通过征收高关税或绝对禁止，限制从国外进口可在国内生产的此类商品，国内市场的垄断或多或少地得到了生产这些商品的国内工业的保障。
Thus the prohibition of importing either live cattle or salt provisions from foreign countries, secures to the graziers of Great Britain the monopoly of the home market for butcher’s meat.
因此，禁止从外国进口活牛或盐，确保了英国牧场主对国内屠宰肉类市场的垄断。
The high duties upon the importation of corn, which, in times of moderate plenty, amount to a prohibition, give a like advantage to the growers of that commodity.
对玉米进口征收高额关税，在丰收时期相当于禁止进口，这给该商品的种植者带来了同样的优势。
The prohibition of the importation of foreign woollen is equally favourable to the woollen manufacturers.
禁止进口外国羊毛对羊毛制造商同样有利。
The silk manufacture, though altogether employed upon foreign materials, has lately obtained the same advantage.
丝绸制造虽然完全采用外国材料，但最近也获得了同样的优势。
The linen manufacture has not yet obtained it, but is making great strides towards it.
亚麻制造尚未实现这一目标，但正在朝着这一目标迈出一大步。
Many other sorts of manufactures have, in the same manner obtained in Great Britain, either altogether, or very nearly, a monopoly against their countrymen.
许多其他类型的制造商以同样的方式在英国获得了对其同胞的完全或几乎垄断。
The variety of goods, of which the importation into Great Britain is prohibited, either absolutely, or under certain circumstances, greatly exceeds what can easily be suspected by those who are not well acquainted with the laws of the customs.
英国禁止进口的商品种类，无论是绝对禁止的，还是在某些情况下，都远远超出了那些不太熟悉海关法律的人所能轻易怀疑的范围。
That this monopoly of the home market frequently gives great encouragement to that particular species of industry which enjoys it, and frequently turns towards that employment a greater share of both the labour and stock of the society than would otherwise have gone to it, cannot be doubted.
毫无疑问，这种对国内市场的垄断常常极大地鼓励享有这种垄断的特定行业，并且常常将社会劳动力和存量的更大份额转向这种就业，这一点是不容置疑的。
But whether it tends either to increase the general industry of the society, or to give it the most advantageous direction, is not, perhaps, altogether so evident.
但它是否倾向于增加社会的总体工业，或者为其提供最有利的方向，也许并不是那么明显。
The general industry of the society can never exceed what the capital of the society can employ.
社会的总产业永远不能超过社会资本的使用能力。
As the number of workmen that can be kept in employment by any particular person must bear a certain proportion to his capital, so the number of those that can be continually employed by all the members of a great society must bear a certain proportion to the whole capital of the society, and never can exceed that proportion.
正如任何一个人能够继续就业的工人数量与他的资本必须有一定的比例一样，一个大社会的全体成员能够继续就业的工人数量与整个社会的资本也必须具有一定的比例，而且决不能超过这个比例。
No regulation of commerce can increase the quantity of industry in any society beyond what its capital can maintain.
任何商业监管都不可能使任何社会的工业数量增加到超出其资本所能维持的水平。
It can only divert a part of it into a direction into which it might not otherwise have gone; and it is by no means certain that this artificial direction is likely to be more advantageous to the society, than that into which it would have gone of its own accord.
它只能将其中的一部分转移到本来不会去的方向；而且，我们并不能肯定，这种人为的方向是否可能比它自行走向的方向对社会更有利。
Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command.
每个人都在不断努力，为自己所能掌握的资本寻找最有利的就业机会。
It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society, which he has in view.
这确实是他自己的利益，而不是他所考虑的社会的利益。
But the study of his own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society.
但是，对自己的优势的研究自然地，或者说必然地，使他选择对社会最有利的职业。
First, every individual endeavours to employ his capital as near home as he can, and consequently as much as he can in the support of domestic industry, provided always that he can thereby obtain the ordinary, or not a great deal less than the ordinary profits of stock.
首先，每个人都尽力在离家较近的地方使用自己的资本，从而尽可能地支持国内工业，只要他能够由此获得普通的或不比普通股票利润少得多的利润。
Thus, upon equal, or nearly equal profits, every wholesale merchant naturally prefers the home trade to the foreign trade of consumption, and the foreign trade of consumption to the carrying trade.
这样，在利润相等或接近相等的情况下，各批发商自然会选择国内贸易而不是消费外贸，消费外贸而不是转口贸易。
In the home trade, his capital is never so long out of his sight as it frequently is in the foreign trade of consumption.
在国内贸易中，他的资本从来没有像在消费的外贸中那样长期脱离他的视线。
He can know better the character and situation of the persons whom he trusts; and if he should happen to be deceived, he knows better the laws of the country from which he must seek redress.
他可以更好地了解他所信任的人的性格和处境；如果他碰巧被欺骗了，他更了解他必须寻求补救的国家的法律。
In the carrying trade, the capital of the merchant is, as it were, divided between two foreign countries, and no part of it is ever necessarily brought home, or placed under his own immediate view and command.
在转口贸易中，商人的资本可以说是在两个外国之间分配的，而其中的任何部分都不一定被带回家，或置于他自己的直接监督和指挥之下。
The capital which an Amsterdam merchant employs in carrying corn from Koningsberg to Lisbon, and fruit and wine from Lisbon to Koningsberg, must generally be the one half of it at Koningsberg, and the other half at Lisbon.
阿姆斯特丹商人从柯宁斯堡运玉米到里斯本，从里斯本运水果和酒到柯宁斯堡所用的首都，一般一半在柯宁斯堡，另一半在里斯本。
No part of it need ever come to Amsterdam.
它的任何部分都不需要来到阿姆斯特丹。
The natural residence of such a merchant should either be at Koningsberg or Lisbon; and it can only be some very particular circumstances which can make him prefer the residence of Amsterdam.
这样的商人的自然居住地应该是科宁斯堡或里斯本；只有在某些非常特殊的情况下，他才会更喜欢阿姆斯特丹的居住地。
The uneasiness, however, which he feels at being separated so far from his capital, generally determines him to bring part both of the Koningsberg goods which he destines for the market of Lisbon, and of the Lisbon goods which he destines for that of Koningsberg, to Amsterdam; and though this necessarily subjects him to a double charge of loading and unloading as well as to the payment of some duties and customs, yet, for the sake of having some part of his capital always under his own view and command, he willingly submits to this extraordinary charge; and it is in this manner that every country which has any considerable share of the carrying trade, becomes always the emporium, or general market, for the goods of all the different countries whose trade it carries on.
然而，由于与首都相隔太远，他感到不安，这通常决定他将一部分运往里斯本市场的柯宁斯堡货物和运往柯宁斯堡市场的里斯本货物的一部分带到阿姆斯特丹。尽管这必然使他承担装卸的双重费用，并支付一些关税和关税，但是，为了让他的一部分资本始终处于他自己的掌控和指挥之下，他愿意接受这项非凡的费用；正是通过这种方式，每一个在承运贸易中占有相当大份额的国家，总是成为其进行贸易的所有不同国家的货物的商场或一般市场。
The merchant, in order to save a second loading and unloading, endeavours always to sell in the home market, as much of the goods of all those different countries as he can; and thus, so far as he can, to convert his carrying trade into a foreign trade of consumption.
商人为了节省二次装卸的时间，总是尽力在本国市场上销售尽可能多的来自不同国家的货物；因此，只要他能做到，就将他的携带贸易转变为消费对外贸易。
A merchant, in the same manner, who is engaged in the foreign trade of consumption, when he collects goods for foreign markets, will always be glad, upon equal or nearly equal profits, to sell as great a part of them at home as he can.
同样，从事对外消费品贸易的商人，当他为国外市场收集货物时，他总是很高兴在同等或几乎同等的利润下，尽可能在国内出售其中的大部分。
He saves himself the risk and trouble of exportation, when, so far as he can, he thus converts his foreign trade of consumption into a home trade.
他尽可能地将对外消费贸易转变为国内贸易，从而避免了出口的风险和麻烦。
Home is in this manner the centre, if I may say so, round which the capitals of the inhabitants of every country are continually circulating, and towards which they are always tending, though, by particular causes, they may sometimes be driven off and repelled from it towards more distant employments.
就这样，如果我可以这么说的话，家就是中心，每个国家的居民的首都都围绕着它不断地流动，他们总是趋向于它，尽管有时由于特殊原因，他们可能被赶走并排斥在更遥远的地方。
But a capital employed in the home trade, it has already been shown, necessarily puts into motion a greater quantity of domestic industry, and gives revenue and employment to a greater number of the inhabitants of the country, than an equal capital employed in the foreign trade of consumption; and one employed in the foreign trade of consumption has the same advantage over an equal capital employed in the carrying trade.
但是，已经表明，与用于消费的对外贸易的同等资本相比，用于国内贸易的资本必然会带动更多的国内工业，并为该国更多的居民提供收入和就业。从事消费对外贸易的资本与从事转口贸易的同等资本相比具有同样的优势。
Upon equal, or only nearly equal profits, therefore, every individual naturally inclines to employ his capital in the manner in which it is likely to afford the greatest support to domestic industry, and to give revenue and employment to the greatest number of people of his own country.
因此，在利润相等或几乎相等的情况下，每个人自然倾向于以可能为国内工业提供最大支持、为本国最大多数人民提供收入和就业的方式使用其资本。
Secondly, every individual who employs his capital in the support of domestic industry, necessarily endeavours so to direct that industry, that its produce may be of the greatest possible value.
其次，每个使用其资本支持国内工业的个人都必然努力指导该工业，使其产品具有最大可能的价值。
The produce of industry is what it adds to the subject or materials upon which it is employed.
工业产品是指添加到其所使用的主题或材料中的东西。
In proportion as the value of this produce is great or small, so will likewise be the profits of the employer.
该产品的价值大小与雇主的利润成正比。
But it is only for the sake of profit that any man employs a capital in the support of industry; and he will always, therefore, endeavour to employ it in the support of that industry of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, or to exchange for the greatest quantity either of money or of other goods.
但任何人使用资本来支持工业只是为了利润。因此，他总是努力用它来支持其产品可能具有最大价值的工业，或者用来交换最大数量的货币或其他商品。
But the annual revenue of every society is always precisely equal to the exchangeable value of the whole annual produce of its industry, or rather is precisely the same thing with that exchangeable value.
但每个社会的年收入总是恰好等于其工业全部年产品的可交换价值，或者更确切地说，与可交换价值完全相同。
As every individual, therefore, endeavours as much as he can, both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce maybe of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can.
因此，每个人都尽其所能，既利用自己的资本支持国内工业，又引导该工业使其产品产生最大价值；每个人都必须尽其所能地努力为社会创造更多的年收入。
He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it.
事实上，他通常既不想促进公共利益，也不知道他在多大程度上促进了公共利益。
By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain; and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.
他宁愿选择国内工业的支持而不是外国工业的支持，只是为了自己的安全；通过以使其产品具有最大价值的方式指导该行业，他只想获得自己的利益。正如在许多其他情况下一样，他在这件事上受到一只看不见的手的引导，以实现他无意的目的。
Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it.
对于社会来说，不参与社会并不总是更糟糕的事情。
By pursuing his own interest, he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.
通过追求自己的利益，他常常比他真正想要促进社会利益时更有效地促进社会利益。
I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good.
我从来不知道那些为了公共利益而进行贸易的人做了多少善事。
It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it.
事实上，这种矫揉造作在商人中并不常见，而且不需要用太多的言语来劝阻他们。
What is the species of domestic industry which his capital can employ, and of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, every individual, it is evident, can in his local situation judge much better than any statesman or lawgiver can do for him.
他的资本可以使用哪种国内工业，其产品可能具有最大的价值，显然，每个人都可以根据自己当地的情况做出比任何政治家或立法者更好的判断。
The statesman, who should attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, would not only load himself with a most unnecessary attention, but assume an authority which could safely be trusted, not only to no single person, but to no council or senate whatever, and which would nowhere be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who had folly and presumption enough to fancy himself fit to exercise it.
政治家如果试图指导私人应该如何使用他们的资本，他不仅会给自己带来不必要的关注，而且会承担起一个可以安全信任的权威，不仅对任何个人，而且对任何议会或参议院都没有信任，而这种权威在一个愚蠢和自以为是、自以为适合行使权力的人手中最危险。
To give the monopoly of the home market to the produce of domestic industry, in any particular art or manufacture, is in some measure to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, and must in almost all cases be either a useless or a hurtful regulation.
在任何特定的艺术或制造业中，将国内市场的垄断权交给国内工业的产品，在某种程度上是在指导私人应该以何种方式使用其资本，并且在几乎所有情况下都必定是一种无用的或有害的规定。
If the produce of domestic can be brought there as cheap as that of foreign industry, the regulation is evidently useless.
如果国内产品可以像外国产品一样便宜地运到那里，那么该规定显然是没有用的。
If it cannot, it must generally be hurtful.
如果不能，那么它通常一定是有害的。
It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy.
这是每个谨慎的家庭主人的格言，永远不要尝试在家制作那些比购买成本更高的东西。
The tailor does not attempt to make his own shoes, but buys them of the shoemaker.
裁缝并不尝试自己制作鞋子，而是从鞋匠那里购买鞋子。
The shoemaker does not attempt to make his own clothes, but employs a tailor.
鞋匠并不尝试自己制作衣服，而是雇用裁缝。
The farmer attempts to make neither the one nor the other, but employs those different artificers.
农民既不想制造其中一种，也不想制造另一种，而是雇用了不同的工匠。
All of them find it for their interest to employ their whole industry in a way in which they have some advantage over their neighbours, and to purchase with a part of its produce, or, what is the same thing, with the price of a part of it, whatever else they have occasion for.
他们都发现，以一种比邻国有优势的方式利用他们的整个产业，并用其产品的一部分购买，或者，同样的事情，用其一部分的价格购买，无论他们有什么需要，都是符合自己利益的。
What is prudence in the conduct of every private family, can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom.
每个私人家庭的行为都是谨慎的，但对于一个伟大的王国来说，却很难说是愚蠢的。
If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of them with some part of the produce of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage.
如果外国能够向我们提供比我们自己制造的商品更便宜的商品，那么最好用我们自己工业的一部分产品购买它们，并以我们有一定优势的方式使用。
The general industry of the country being always in proportion to the capital which employs it, will not thereby be diminished, no more than that of the abovementioned artificers; but only left to find out the way in which it can be employed with the greatest advantage.
国家的总工业总是与使用它的资本成正比，因此不会减少，正如上述技工的减少一样。但只剩下找出如何使用它才能发挥最大优势。
It is certainly not employed to the greatest advantage, when it is thus directed towards an object which it can buy cheaper than it can make.
当它的目标是买得比自己制造的便宜时，它肯定不会发挥最大的优势。
The value of its annual produce is certainly more or less diminished, when it is thus turned away from producing commodities evidently of more value than the commodity which it is directed to produce.
当它不再生产明显比它所生产的商品价值更高的商品时，其年产品的价值肯定会或多或少地减少。
According to the supposition, that commodity could be purchased from foreign countries cheaper than it can be made at home; it could therefore have been purchased with a part only of the commodities, or, what is the same thing, with a part only of the price of the commodities, which the industry employed by an equal capital would have produced at home, had it been left to follow its natural course.
根据假设，从国外购买该商品比在国内生产更便宜；因此，它可以只用商品的一部分来购买，或者，同样的事情，只用商品价格的一部分来购买，这些商品是同等资本所使用的工业在国内生产的，如果让它遵循其自然过程的话。
The industry of the country, therefore, is thus turned away from a more to a less advantageous employment; and the exchangeable value of its annual produce, instead of being increased, according to the intention of the lawgiver, must necessarily be diminished by every such regulation.
因此，国家的工业从有利的就业转向不利的就业。而且，其年产品的交换价值非但不会按照立法者的意图而增加，反而必然会因每一项此类规定而减少。
By means of such regulations, indeed, a particular manufacture may sometimes be acquired sooner than it could have been otherwise, and after a certain time may be made at home as cheap, or cheaper, than in the foreign country.
事实上，通过这些规定，某种特定的制造品有时可能会比其他情况下更早地被收购，并且在一定时间后可以在国内以更便宜的价格或比在外国更便宜的价格制造。
But though the industry of the society may be thus carried with advantage into a particular channel sooner than it could have been otherwise, it will by no means follow that the sum-total, either of its industry, or of its revenue, can ever be augmented by any such regulation.
但是，尽管社会的产业可能会比其他方式更早地以有利的方式进入特定的渠道，但这绝不意味着社会的产业或其收入的总额可以通过任何此类管制而增加。
The industry of the society can augment only in proportion as its capital augments, and its capital can augment only in proportion to what can be gradually saved out of its revenue.
社会产业的增长只能与资本的增长成正比，资本的增长也只能与收入中逐渐储蓄的量成正比。
But the immediate effect of every such regulation is to diminish its revenue; and what diminishes its revenue is certainly not very likely to augment its capital faster than it would have augmented of its own accord, had both capital and industry been left to find out their natural employments.
但每一项此类监管的直接影响都是减少其收入；如果资本和工业都自行寻找其自然用途，那么减少其收入的因素肯定不会比其自行增加的速度更快地增加其资本。
Though, for want of such regulations, the society should never acquire the proposed manufacture, it would not upon that account necessarily be the poorer in anyone period of its duration.
虽然，由于缺乏这样的规定，社会永远不应该获得拟议的制造业，但它并不一定会因此而在其持续期间的任何时期都变得更加贫穷。
In every period of its duration its whole capital and industry might still have been employed, though upon different objects, in the manner that was most advantageous at the time.
在它存在的每个时期，它的全部资本和工业仍然可以以当时最有利的方式使用，尽管用于不同的目标。
In every period its revenue might have been the greatest which its capital could afford, and both capital and revenue might have been augmented with the greatest possible rapidity.
在每个时期，它的收入都可能是其资本所能承受的最大收入，而且资本和收入都可能以尽可能快的速度增加。
The natural advantages which one country has over another, in producing particular commodities, are sometimes so great, that it is acknowledged by all the world to be in vain to struggle with them.
一国在生产特定商品方面相对于另一国所具有的天然优势有时是如此之大，以至于全世界都承认与其进行斗争是徒劳的。
By means of glasses, hot-beds, and hot-walls, very good grapes can be raised in Scotland, and very good wine, too, can be made of them, at about thirty times the expense for which at least equally good can be brought from foreign countries.
通过玻璃杯、温床和热墙，苏格兰可以种植出非常好的葡萄，也可以用它们酿造出非常好的葡萄酒，其费用大约是从外国进口至少同样好的葡萄酒的三十倍。
Would it be a reasonable law to prohibit the importation of all foreign wines, merely to encourage the making of claret and Burgundy in Scotland?
禁止进口所有外国葡萄酒而仅仅为了鼓励在苏格兰酿造红葡萄酒和勃艮第葡萄酒，这是否是一项合理的法律？
But if there would be a manifest absurdity in turning towards any employment thirty times more of the capital and industry of the country than would be necessary to purchase from foreign countries an equal quantity of the commodities wanted, there must be an absurdity, though not altogether so glaring, yet exactly of the same kind, in turning towards any such employment a thirtieth, or even a three hundredth part more of either.
但是，如果用比从外国购买同等数量的所需商品所需的资本和工业多出三十倍的国内资本和工业来使用是明显荒谬的，那么，用其中任何一种的三十分之一，甚至三百分之一来进行任何此类使用，也一定是同样的荒谬，虽然不完全那么明显。
Whether the advantages which one country has over another be natural or acquired, is in this respect of no consequence.
一个国家相对于另一个国家的优势是自然的还是后天获得的，在这方面并不重要。
As long as the one country has those advantages, and the other wants them, it will always be more advantageous for the latter rather to buy of the former than to make.
只要一国拥有这些优势，而另一国也想要这些优势，那么购买前者总是比制造前者更有利。
It is an acquired advantage only, which one artificer has over his neighbour, who exercises another trade; and yet they both find it more advantageous to buy of one another, than to make what does not belong to their particular trades.
这只是一个后天获得的优势，是一位工匠相对于从事另一行业的邻居所拥有的。然而，他们都发现互相购买比制造不属于他们特定行业的东西更有利。
Merchants and manufacturers are the people who derive the greatest advantage from this monopoly of the home market.
商人和制造商是从国内市场的垄断中获得最大利益的人。
The prohibition of the importation of foreign cattle and of salt provisions, together with the high duties upon foreign corn, which in times of moderate plenty amount to a prohibition, are not near so advantageous to the graziers and farmers of Great Britain, as other regulations of the same kind are to its merchants and manufacturers.
禁止进口外国牛和盐供应，以及对外国玉米征收高额关税（在丰裕时期相当于禁止），对英国的牧场主和农民来说并不像其他同类法规对其商人和制造商那么有利。
Manufactures, those of the finer kind especially, are more easily transported from one country to another than corn or cattle.
制成品，尤其是较精细的制成品，比玉米或牛更容易从一个国家运输到另一个国家。
It is in the fetching and carrying manufactures, accordingly, that foreign trade is chiefly employed.
因此，对外贸易主要用于制造业的获取和运输。
In manufactures, a very small advantage will enable foreigners to undersell our own workmen, even in the home market.
在制造业中，哪怕是在国内市场，哪怕是很小的优势，外国人也能比我们自己的工人贱卖。
It will require a very great one to enable them to do so in the rude produce of the soil.
需要一个非常伟大的人才能使他们能够在土壤的原始产物中做到这一点。
If the free importation of foreign manufactures were permitted, several of the home manufactures would probably suffer, and some of them perhaps go to ruin altogether, and a considerable part of the stock and industry at present employed in them, would be forced to find out some other employment.
如果允许自由进口外国制成品，一些国内制成品可能会遭受损失，其中一些可能会完全破产，而目前在这些制成品中使用的相当一部分股票和工业将被迫寻找其他就业机会。
But the freest importation of the rude produce of the soil could have no such effect upon the agriculture of the country.
但即使是最自由地进口原产，也不可能对该国的农业产生这样的影响。
If the importation of foreign cattle, for example, were made ever so free, so few could be imported, that the grazing trade of Great Britain could be little affected by it.
例如，如果外国牛的进口变得如此自由，那么可以进口的牛就很少，那么英国的放牧贸易就不会受到太大影响。
Live cattle are, perhaps, the only commodity of which the transportation is more expensive by sea than by land.
活牛也许是唯一一种海上运输比陆路运输更昂贵的商品。
By land they carry themselves to market.
他们通过陆路将自己运送到市场。
By sea, not only the cattle, but their food and their water too, must be carried at no small expense and inconveniency.
通过海路运输，不仅是牲畜，还有它们的食物和水，都必须付出不小的费用和不便。
The short sea between Ireland and Great Britain, indeed, renders the importation of Irish cattle more easy.
事实上，爱尔兰和英国之间的近海使得爱尔兰牛的进口变得更加容易。
But though the free importation of them, which was lately permitted only for a limited time, were rendered perpetual, it could have no considerable effect upon the interest of the graziers of Great Britain.
但是，尽管最近只允许在有限时间内自由进口它们，但尽管它们被永久化，但这对英国牧场主的利益并没有产生太大影响。
Those parts of Great Britain which border upon the Irish sea are all grazing countries.
英国毗邻爱尔兰海的地区都是放牧国家。
Irish cattle could never be imported for their use, but must be drove through those very extensive countries, at no small expense and inconveniency, before they could arrive at their proper market.
爱尔兰牛永远无法进口供其使用，但必须经过这些非常广阔的国家，才能到达适当的市场，费用不菲且不便。
Fat cattle could not be drove so far.
肥牛不能赶这么远。
Lean cattle, therefore, could only be imported; and such importation could interfere not with the interest of the feeding or fattening countries, to which, by reducing the price of lean cattle it would rather be advantageous, but with that of the breeding countries only.
因此，瘦肉牛只能进口；这种进口不会影响饲养国或育肥国的利益，因为降低瘦牛的价格对它们来说是有利的，但这种进口只能影响饲养国的利益。
The small number of Irish cattle imported since their importation was permitted, together with the good price at which lean cattle still continue to sell, seem to demonstrate, that even the breeding countries of Great Britain are never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle.
自获准进口爱尔兰牛以来，进口的爱尔兰牛数量很少，加上瘦肉牛的销售价格仍然很高，似乎表明，即使是英国的饲养国也不太可能受到自由进口爱尔兰牛的太大影响。
The common people of Ireland, indeed, are said to have sometimes opposed with violence the exportation of their cattle.
事实上，据说爱尔兰的普通民众有时会以暴力方式反对出口他们的牛。
But if the exporters had found any great advantage in continuing the trade, they could easily, when the law was on their side, have conquered this mobbish opposition.
但是，如果出口商在继续贸易中发现了任何巨大的优势，那么当法律站在他们一边时，他们就可以轻松地克服这种暴民的反对。
Feeding and fattening countries, besides, must always be highly improved, whereas breeding countries are generally uncultivated.
此外，饲养和育肥国家必须始终得到高度改良，而繁殖国家通常未开垦。
The high price of lean cattle, by augmenting the value of uncultivated land, is like a bounty against improvement.
瘦肉牛的高价增加了未开垦土地的价值，就像对改良的奖励。
To any country which was highly improved throughout, it would be more advantageous to import its lean cattle than to breed them.
对于任何一个全面进步的国家来说，进口瘦肉牛比饲养瘦肉牛更有利。
The province of Holland, accordingly, is said to follow this maxim at present.
因此，据说荷兰省目前也遵循这一格言。
The mountains of Scotland, Wales, and Northumberland, indeed, are countries not capable of much improvement, and seem destined by nature to be the breeding countries of Great Britain.
事实上，苏格兰、威尔士和诺森伯兰的山区是没有多大改进能力的国家，似乎天生注定是英国的孕育国。
The freest importation of foreign cattle could have no other effect than to hinder those breeding countries from taking advantage of the increasing population and improvement of the rest of the kingdom, from raising their price to an exorbitant height, and from laying a real tax upon all the more improved and cultivated parts of the country.
最自由地进口外国牛只会阻碍那些饲养国家利用王国其他地区不断增长的人口和进步，将它们的价格提高到过高的水平，并阻止对国家所有更进步和耕种的地区征收实际税。
The freest importation of salt provisions, in the same manner, could have as little effect upon the interest of the graziers of Great Britain as that of live cattle.
同样，盐供应的最自由进口对英国牧场主的利益的影响与对活牛的影响一样小。
Salt provisions are not only a very bulky commodity, but when compared with fresh meat they are a commodity both of worse quality, and, as they cost more labour and expense, of higher price.
食盐不仅是一种体积庞大的商品，而且与鲜肉相比，其质量较差，而且由于需要更多的劳动力和费用，因此价格也更高。
They could never, therefore, come into competition with the fresh meat, though they might with the salt provisions of the country.
因此，它们永远无法与新鲜肉类竞争，尽管它们可能与该国的盐供应竞争。
They might be used for victualling ships for distant voyages, and such like uses, but could never make any considerable part of the food of the people.
它们可能被用于为远航的船只提供食物以及类似的用途，但永远不可能成为人们的食物的重要组成部分。
The small quantity of salt provisions imported from Ireland since their importation was rendered free, is an experimental proof that our graziers have nothing to apprehend from it.
自爱尔兰免费进口以来，从爱尔兰进口的少量盐供给是一个实验证明，表明我们的牧场主对此没有任何担忧。
It does not appear that the price of butcher’s meat has ever been sensibly affected by it.
屠宰肉的价格似乎并未受到明显影响。
Even the free importation of foreign corn could very little affect the interest of the farmers of Great Britain.
即使自由进口外国玉米也不会影响英国农民的利益。
Corn is a much more bulky commodity than butcher’s meat.
玉米是一种比屠宰肉大得多的商品。
A pound of wheat at a penny is as dear as a pound of butcher’s meat at fourpence.
一便士的一磅小麦与四便士的一磅肉一样昂贵。
The small quantity of foreign corn imported even in times of the greatest scarcity, may satisfy our farmers that they can have nothing to fear from the freest importation.
即使在最匮乏的时期，进口少量的外国玉米也可以让我们的农民感到放心，他们可以不用担心最自由的进口。
The average quantity imported, one year with another, amounts only, according to the very well informed author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade, to 23,728 quarters of all sorts of grain, and does not exceed the five hundredth and seventy-one part of the annual consumption.
根据《谷物贸易小册子》的消息灵通的作者的说法，一年又一年的平均进口量仅为各种谷物的 23,728 夸特，不超过年度消费量的五百七十一分之一。
But as the bounty upon corn occasions a greater exportation in years of plenty, so it must, of consequence, occasion a greater importation in years of scarcity, than in the actual state of tillage would otherwise take place.
但是，正如对谷物的丰饶会在丰年带来更大的出口一样，因此，它必然会在稀缺年份造成比实际耕作状态下更大的进口。
By means of it, the plenty of one year does not compensate the scarcity of another; and as the average quantity exported is necessarily augmented by it, so must likewise, in the actual state of tillage, the average quantity imported.
如此一来，一年的丰富并不能弥补另一年的匮乏；由于出口的平均数量必然会因此而增加，同样地，在实际耕作状态下，进口的平均数量也必然会增加。
If there were no bounty, as less corn would be exported, so it is probable that, one year with another, less would be imported than at present.
如果没有赏金，由于玉米出口量会减少，因此，一年又一年，进口量很可能会比现在少。
The corn-merchants, the fetchers and carriers of corn between Great Britain and foreign countries, would have much less employment, and might suffer considerably; but the country gentlemen and farmers could suffer very little.
玉米商人，即英国和外国之间的玉米采集者和运输者，就业机会将大大减少，并可能遭受相当大的损失；但乡绅和农民受的苦却很少。
It is in the corn-merchants, accordingly, rather than the country gentlemen and farmers, that I have observed the greatest anxiety for the renewal and continuation of the bounty.
因此，我观察到，对更新和延续赏金最焦虑的是玉米商人，而不是乡村绅士和农民。
Country gentlemen and farmers are, to their great honour, of all people, the least subject to the wretched spirit of monopoly.
乡绅和农民是所有人中最不受可悲的垄断精神影响的人，这是他们的荣幸。
The undertaker of a great manufactory is sometimes alarmed if another work of the same kind is established within twenty miles of him; the Dutch undertaker of the woollen manufacture at Abbeville, stipulated that no work of the same kind should be established within thirty leagues of that city.
如果一家大工厂的承办者在距他二十英里以内建立了另一家同类工厂，有时他会感到惊慌。阿布维尔羊毛制造的荷兰承办商规定，在该城市三十里格范围内不得建立同类工作。
Farmers and country gentlemen, on the contrary, are generally disposed rather to promote, than to obstruct, the cultivation and improvement of their neighbours farms and estates.
相反，农民和乡村绅士一般更愿意促进而不是阻碍邻居农场和庄园的耕种和改良。
They have no secrets, such as those of the greater part of manufacturers, but are generally rather fond of communicating to their neighbours, and of extending as far as possible any new practice which they may have found to be advantageous.
他们没有像大多数制造商那样的秘密，但通常更喜欢与邻居交流，并尽可能地推广他们可能发现有利的任何新做法。
“Pius quaestus”, says old Cato, “stabilissimusque, minimeque invidiosus; minimeque male cogitantes sunt, qui in eo studio occupati sunt.” Country gentlemen and farmers, dispersed in different parts of the country, cannot so easily combine as merchants and manufacturers, who being collected into towns, and accustomed to that exclusive corporation spirit which prevails in them, naturally endeavour to obtain, against all their countrymen, the same exclusive privilege which they generally possess against the inhabitants of their respective towns.
“Pius quaestus”，老卡托说，“stabilissimusque，minimeque invidiosus；minimequemale cogitantes sunt，qui in eo studio ocpati sunt。”分散在国家不同地区的乡村绅士和农民不可能像商人和制造商那样轻易地结合起来，他们聚集在城镇中，习惯了他们身上盛行的排他性的企业精神，自然会努力获得与他们的所有同胞一样的排他性特权，而他们通常拥有针对各自城镇的居民的排他性特权。
They accordingly seem to have been the original inventors of those restraints upon the importation of foreign goods, which secure to them the monopoly of the home market.
因此，他们似乎是限制外国商品进口的最初发明者，这些限制确保了他们对国内市场的垄断。
It was probably in imitation of them, and to put themselves upon a level with those who, they found, were disposed to oppress them, that the country gentlemen and farmers of Great Britain so far forgot the generosity which is natural to their station, as to demand the exclusive privilege of supplying their countrymen with corn and butcher’s meat.
英国的乡村绅士和农民可能是在效仿他们，并把自己与那些他们发现想要压迫他们的人放在同一水平上，以至于忘记了他们的地位所固有的慷慨，而要求向他们的同胞提供玉米和屠宰肉的专有特权。
They did not, perhaps, take time to consider how much less their interest could be affected by the freedom of trade, than that of the people whose example they followed.
他们或许没有花时间考虑，与他们效仿的人们相比，他们的利益受到贸易自由的影响要小得多。
To prohibit, by a perpetual law, the importation of foreign corn and cattle, is in reality to enact, that the population and industry of the country shall, at no time, exceed what the rude produce of its own soil can maintain.
通过永久性法律禁止进口外国玉米和牛，实际上是颁布该国的人口和工业在任何时候都不得超过其本国土地的原始产品所能维持的数量。
There seem, however, to be two cases, in which it will generally be advantageous to lay some burden upon foreign, for the encouragement of domestic industry.
然而，似乎有两种情况，在这两种情况下，对外国施加一些负担通常有利于鼓励国内工业。
The first is, when some particular sort of industry is necessary for the defence of the country.
第一种情况是，当某种特定类型的工业对于保卫国家来说是必要的。
The defence of Great Britain, for example, depends very much upon the number of its sailors and shipping.
例如，英国的防御很大程度上取决于其水手和船只的数量。
The act of navigation, therefore, very properly endeavours to give the sailors and shipping of Great Britain the monopoly of the trade of their own country, in some cases, by absolute prohibitions, and in others, by heavy burdens upon the shipping of foreign countries.
因此，航行行为非常恰当地努力使英国的水手和航运垄断其本国的贸易，在某些情况下，通过绝对禁止，在其他情况下，通过对外国航运的沉重负担。
The following are the principal dispositions of this act.
以下是该法案的主要处置。
First, All ships, of which the owners, masters, and three-fourths of the mariners, are not British subjects, are prohibited, upon pain of forfeiting ship and cargo, from trading to the British settlements and plantations, or from being employed in the coasting trade of Great Britain.
首先，禁止所有非英国臣民的船主、船长和四分之三的海员前往英国殖民地和种植园进行贸易，或从事英国沿海贸易，违者将没收船舶和货物。
Secondly, A great variety of the most bulky articles of importation can be brought into Great Britain only, either in such ships as are above described, or in ships of the country where those goods are produced, and of which the owners, masters, and three-fourths of the mariners, are of that particular country; and when imported even in ships of this latter kind, they are subject to double aliens duty.
其次，多种最笨重的进口物品只能通过上述船舶或在生产这些货物的国家的船舶上带入英国，并且其所有者、船长和四分之三的海员都来自该特定国家；即使是通过后一种船舶进口时，也需缴纳双重外国人税。
If imported in ships of any other country, the penalty is forfeiture of ship and goods.
如果通过任何其他国家的船舶进口，处罚是没收船舶和货物。
When this act was made, the Dutch were, what they still are, the great carriers of Europe; and by this regulation they were entirely excluded from being the carriers to Great Britain, or from importing to us the goods of any other European country.
当这一法案出台时，荷兰人（现在仍然如此）是欧洲的伟大载体。根据这项规定，他们完全被禁止成为英国的承运人，也被禁止向我们进口任何其他欧洲国家的货物。
Thirdly, A great variety of the most bulky articles of importation are prohibited from being imported, even in British ships, from any country but that in which they are produced, under pain of forfeiting ship and cargo.
第三，禁止从除生产国以外的任何国家进口多种最笨重的进口物品，即使是通过英国船只，否则船舶和货物将被没收。
This regulation, too, was probably intended against the Dutch.
这项规定也可能是针对荷兰人的。
Holland was then, as now, the great emporium for all European goods; and by this regulation, British ships were hindered from loading in Holland the goods of any other European country.
荷兰当时和现在一样，是所有欧洲商品的大商场。根据这项规定，英国船只不得在荷兰装载任何其他欧洲国家的货物。
Fourthly, Salt fish of all kinds, whale fins, whalebone, oil, and blubber, not caught by and cured on board British vessels, when imported into Great Britain, are subject to double aliens duty.
第四，所有种类的咸鱼、鲸翅、鲸骨、油和鲸脂，如果不是由英国船只捕获并在船上腌制的，在进口到英国时，须缴纳双重外国人税。
The Dutch, as they are still the principal, were then the only fishers in Europe that attempted to supply foreign nations with fish.
荷兰人仍然是主要的渔民，因此是当时欧洲唯一试图向外国供应鱼类的渔民。
By this regulation, a very heavy burden was laid upon their supplying Great Britain.
这一规定给他们的供应国英国带来了非常沉重的负担。
When the act of navigation was made, though England and Holland were not actually at war, the most violent animosity subsisted between the two nations.
当航行法案作出时，尽管英国和荷兰实际上并没有交战，但两国之间却存在着最激烈的敌意。
It had begun during the government of the long parliament, which first framed this act, and it broke out soon after in the Dutch wars, during that of the Protector and of Charles II.
它是在长期议会执政期间开始的，该议会首先制定了这一法案，并在荷兰战争中不久爆发，在保护者和查理二世的战争期间。
It is not impossible, therefore, that some of the regulations of this famous act may have proceeded from national animosity.
因此，这一著名法案的某些规定可能是出于民族仇恨，这并非不可能。
They are as wise, however, as if they had all been dictated by the most deliberate wisdom.
然而，它们却同样明智，就好像它们都是由最深思熟虑的智慧所决定的。
National animosity, at that particular time, aimed at the very same object which the most deliberate wisdom would have recommended, the diminution of the naval power of Holland, the only naval power which could endanger the security of England.
在那个特定的时期，民族仇恨的目的与最深思熟虑的智慧所建议的目标完全相同，即削弱荷兰的海军力量，而荷兰海军力量是唯一可能危及英国安全的海军力量。
The act of navigation is not favourable to foreign commerce, or to the growth of that opulence which can arise from it.
航行行为不利于对外贸易，也不利于由此产生的财富的增长。
The interest of a nation, in its commercial relations to foreign nations, is, like that of a merchant with regard to the different people with whom he deals, to buy as cheap, and to sell as dear as possible.
一个国家在与外国的商业关系中的利益，就像商人对待与他打交道的不同人的利益一样，尽可能便宜地买东西，尽可能高地卖东西。
But it will be most likely to buy cheap, when, by the most perfect freedom of trade, it encourages all nations to bring to it the goods which it has occasion to purchase; and, for the same reason, it will be most likely to sell dear, when its markets are thus filled with the greatest number of buyers.
但当它通过最完美的贸易自由鼓励所有国家向它提供它有机会购买的商品时，它最有可能以低价购买；出于同样的原因，当市场上充满了最多的买家时，它最有可能以高价出售。
The act of navigation, it is true, lays no burden upon foreign ships that come to export the produce of British industry.
确实，航行行为不会给前来出口英国工业产品的外国船只带来任何负担。
Even the ancient aliens duty, which used to be paid upon all goods, exported as well as imported, has, by several subsequent acts, been taken off from the greater part of the articles of exportation.
即使是古代的外国人税，过去对所有进出口货物都要缴纳，但通过随后的几项法案，大部分出口物品也被取消了。
But if foreigners, either by prohibitions or high duties, are hindered from coming to sell, they cannot always afford to come to buy; because, coming without a cargo, they must lose the freight from their own country to Great Britain.
但如果外国人因禁令或高关税而无法前来出售，他们就不一定有能力前来购买；因为，如果没有货物，他们就必须损失从自己国家到英国的运费。
By diminishing the number of sellers, therefore, we necessarily diminish that of buyers, and are thus likely not only to buy foreign goods dearer, but to sell our own cheaper, than if there was a more perfect freedom of trade.
因此，通过减少卖家的数量，我们必然会减少买家的数量，因此，与更完美的贸易自由相比，我们不仅可能以更高的价格购买外国商品，而且可能以更便宜的价格出售我们自己的商品。
As defence, however, is of much more importance than opulence, the act of navigation is, perhaps, the wisest of all the commercial regulations of England.
然而，由于防御比富裕更重要，因此航行行为也许是英格兰所有商业法规中最明智的。
The second case, in which it will generally be advantageous to lay some burden upon foreign for the encouragement of domestic industry, is when some tax is imposed at home upon the produce of the latter.
第二种情况是，在国内对国内工业的产品征收一定的税收，通常对外国施加一些负担以鼓励国内工业是有利的。
In this case, it seems reasonable that an equal tax should be imposed upon the like produce of the former.
在这种情况下，对前者的同类产品征收同等的税似乎是合理的。
This would not give the monopoly of the home market to domestic industry, nor turn towards a particular employment a greater share of the stock and labour of the country, than what would naturally go to it.
这不会赋予国内工业对国内市场的垄断，也不会将国家的存量和劳动力的更大份额转向特定的就业，而不是自然流向的就业。
It would only hinder any part of what would naturally go to it from being turned away by the tax into a less natural direction, and would leave the competition between foreign and domestic industry, after the tax, as nearly as possible upon the same footing as before it.
它只会阻碍自然流向它的任何部分，以免被税收转向不那么自然的方向，并使外国和国内产业之间的竞争在税收之后尽可能处于与税收之前相同的基础上。
In Great Britain, when any such tax is laid upon the produce of domestic industry, it is usual, at the same time, in order to stop the clamorous complaints of our merchants and manufacturers, that they will be undersold at home, to lay a much heavier duty upon the importation of all foreign goods of the same kind.
在英国，当对国内工业的产品征税时，通常会同时对所有外国同类商品的进口征收更重的关税，以阻止我们的商人和制造商大声抱怨它们在国内的销售不足。
This second limitation of the freedom of trade, according to some people, should, upon most occasions, be extended much farther than to the precise foreign commodities which could come into competition with those which had been taxed at home.
一些人认为，在大多数情况下，贸易自由的第二个限制应该比那些可能与国内征税的商品竞争的外国商品更广泛。
When the necessaries of life have been taxed in any country, it becomes proper, they pretend, to tax not only the like necessaries of life imported from other countries, but all sorts of foreign goods which can come into competition with any thing that is the produce of domestic industry.
他们声称，当任何国家对生活必需品征税时，不仅对从其他国家进口的同类生活必需品征税，而且对所有可能与国内工业产品竞争的外国商品征税都是适当的。
Subsistence, they say, becomes necessarily dearer in consequence of such taxes; and the price of labour must always rise with the price of the labourer’s subsistence.
他们说，由于此类税收，生活必需品必然变得更加昂贵。劳动力的价格必然随着劳动者的生存价格的上涨而上涨。
Every commodity, therefore, which is the produce of domestic industry, though not immediately taxed itself, becomes dearer in consequence of such taxes, because the labour which produces it becomes so.
因此，作为国内工业产品的每一种商品，虽然没有立即对其征税，但由于这种税收而变得更加昂贵，因为生产它的劳动变得如此。
Such taxes, therefore, are really equivalent, they say, to a tax upon every particular commodity produced at home.
因此，他们说，这种税收实际上相当于对国内生产的每种特定商品征税。
In order to put domestic upon the same footing with foreign industry, therefore, it becomes necessary, they think, to lay some duty upon every foreign commodity, equal to this enhancement of the price of the home commodities with which it can come into competition.
因此，他们认为，为了使国内工业与外国工业处于同等地位，有必要对每一种外国商品征收一定的关税，相当于提高本国商品的价格，使其能够与之竞争。
Whether taxes upon the necessaries of life, such as those in Great Britain upon soap, salt, leather, candles, etc. necessarily raise the price of labour, and consequently that of all other commodities, I shall consider hereafter, when I come to treat of taxes.
对生活必需品征税，例如英国对肥皂、盐、皮革、蜡烛等征税，是否必然会提高劳动力价格，从而提高所有其他商品的价格，我将在以后讨论税收时考虑。
Supposing, however, in the mean time, that they have this effect, and they have it undoubtedly, this general enhancement of the price of all commodities, in consequence of that labour, is a case which differs in the two following respects from that of a particular commodity, of which the price was enhanced by a particular tax immediately imposed upon it.
然而，假设它们同时具有这种效果，并且毫无疑问地具有这种效果，那么由于劳动而导致的所有商品价格的普遍提高，在以下两个方面就与某种特定商品的情况有所不同，后者的价格是通过立即征收的特定税收而提高的。
First, It might always be known with great exactness, how far the price of such a commodity could be enhanced by such a tax; but how far the general enhancement of the price of labour might affect that of every different commodity about which labour was employed, could never be known with any tolerable exactness.
首先，人们总是可以非常准确地知道这种商品的价格可以通过这种税收提高多少；但是，劳动力价格的普遍上涨可能会对使用劳动力的各种不同商品的价格产生多大影响，却永远无法准确地得知。
It would be impossible, therefore, to proportion, with any tolerable exactness, the tax of every foreign, to the enhancement of the price of every home commodity.
因此，不可能以任何可容忍的精确性，对每一种外国人征收的税收与每一种本国商品价格的上涨之间的比例。
Secondly, Taxes upon the necessaries of life have nearly the same effect upon the circumstances of the people as a poor soil and a bad climate.
其次，对生活必需品征税对人民处境的影响几乎与贫瘠的土壤和恶劣的气候一样。
Provisions are thereby rendered dearer, in the same manner as if it required extraordinary labour and expense to raise them.
因此，供给品变得更加昂贵，就像需要大量的劳动力和费用来筹集它们一样。
As, in the natural scarcity arising from soil and climate, it would be absurd to direct the people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals and industry, so is it likewise in the artificial scarcity arising from such taxes.
正如在土壤和气候引起的自然稀缺中，指导人民应该以何种方式利用其资本和工业是荒谬的一样，在此类税收引起的人为稀缺中也是如此。
To be left to accommodate, as well as they could, their industry to their situation, and to find out those employments in which, notwithstanding their unfavourable circumstances, they might have some advantage either in the home or in the foreign market, is what, in both cases, would evidently be most for their advantage.
让他们尽可能地让他们的行业适应他们的情况，并找出那些尽管环境不利但他们可能在国内或国外市场上有一些优势的就业机会，这在这两种情况下显然都是对他们最有利的。
To lay a new-tax upon them, because they are already overburdened with taxes, and because they already pay too dear for the necessaries of life, to make them likewise pay too dear for the greater part of other commodities, is certainly a most absurd way of making amends.
因为他们已经负担过重的税负，并且因为他们已经为生活必需品支付了过高的价格，所以对他们征收新税，让他们同样为大部分其他商品支付过高的价格，这无疑是一种最荒谬的弥补方式。
Such taxes, when they have grown up to a certain height, are a curse equal to the barrenness of the earth, and the inclemency of the heavens, and yet it is in the richest and most industrious countries that they have been most generally imposed.
这种税收，当它们增长到一定程度时，就是一种诅咒，相当于大地的贫瘠和天堂的恶劣，但它们却在最富有和最勤劳的国家被最普遍地征收。
No other countries could support so great a disorder.
没有其他国家能够支持如此严重的混乱。
As the strongest bodies only can live and enjoy health under an unwholesome regimen, so the nations only, that in every sort of industry have the greatest natural and acquired advantages, can subsist and prosper under such taxes.
正如最强壮的身体只有在不健康的养生方式下才能生活和享受健康一样，只有在各个行业中拥有最大的先天优势和后天优势的国家才能在这种税收下生存和繁荣。
Holland is the country in Europe in which they abound most, and which, from peculiar circumstances, continues to prosper, not by means of them, as has been most absurdly supposed, but in spite of them.
荷兰是欧洲最多的国家，而且由于特殊的环境，荷兰继续繁荣，不是像人们最荒谬的假设那样依靠它们，而是尽管有它们。
As there are two cases in which it will generally be advantageous to lay some burden upon foreign for the encouragement of domestic industry, so there are two others in which it may sometimes be a matter of deliberation, in the one, how far it is proper to continue the free importation of certain foreign goods; and, in the other, how far, or in what manner, it may be proper to restore that free importation, after it has been for some time interrupted.
由于在两种情况下，对外国施加一些负担通常有利于鼓励国内工业，因此在另外两种情况下，有时可能需要深思熟虑，第一种情况是，继续自由进口某些外国商品到什么程度是适当的；第二种情况是，在何种程度上继续自由进口某些外国商品是适当的；另一方面，在自由进口中断一段时间后，恢复自由进口到什么程度或以何种方式可能是适当的。
The case in which it may sometimes be a matter of deliberation how far it is proper to continue the free importation of certain foreign goods, is when some foreign nation restrains, by high duties or prohibitions, the importation of some of our manufactures into their country.
有时，当某些外国国家通过高关税或禁令限制我们的某些制成品进入其国家时，有时可能需要考虑继续自由进口某些外国商品到什么程度才合适。
Revenge, in this case, naturally dictates retaliation, and that we should impose the like duties and prohibitions upon the importation of some or all of their manufactures into ours.
在这种情况下，报复自然意味着报复，我们应该对他们的部分或全部制成品进口到我们的产品征收类似的关税和禁令。
Nations, accordingly, seldom fail to retaliate in this manner.
因此，各国很少会不以这种方式进行报复。
The French have been particularly forward to favour their own manufactures, by restraining the importation of such foreign goods as could come into competition with them.
法国人特别愿意通过限制可能与其竞争的外国商品的进口来支持自己的制造商。
In this consisted a great part of the policy of Mr Colbert, who, notwithstanding his great abilities, seems in this case to have been imposed upon by the sophistry of merchants and manufacturers, who are always demanding a monopoly against their countrymen.
这就是科尔伯特先生政策的很大一部分，尽管科尔伯特先生能力出众，但在这种情况下，他似乎是受到商人和制造商的诡辩的影响，他们总是要求对自己的同胞实行垄断。
It is at present the opinion of the most intelligent men in France, that his operations of this kind have not been beneficial to his country.
目前法国最聪明的人都认为，他的这种行动对他的国家没有好处。
That minister, by the tariff of 1667, imposed very high duties upon a great number of foreign manufactures.
这位部长根据 1667 年的关税，对大量外国制造品征收了非常高的关税。
Upon his refusing to moderate them in favour of the Dutch, they, in 1671, prohibited the importation of the wines, brandies, and manufactures of France.
由于他拒绝以有利于荷兰人的方式缓和这些政策，他们于 1671 年禁止进口法国的葡萄酒、白兰地和制成品。
The war of 1672 seems to have been in part occasioned by this commercial dispute.
1672 年的战争似乎部分是由这场商业纠纷引发的。
The peace of Nimeguen put an end to it in 1678, by moderating some of those duties in favour of the Dutch, who in consequence took off their prohibition.
1678 年尼梅根和约结束了这一制度，减轻了部分关税，让荷兰人受益，荷兰人因此取消了禁令。
It was about the same time that the French and English began mutually to oppress each other’s industry, by the like duties and prohibitions, of which the French, however, seem to have set the first example, The spirit of hostility which has subsisted between the two nations ever since, has hitherto hindered them from being moderated on either side.
大约在同一时间，法国人和英国人开始通过类似的关税和禁令互相压迫对方的工业，然而，法国人似乎是第一个榜样。从那时起，两国之间一直存在的敌对精神，迄今为止一直阻碍着双方的缓和。
In 1697, the English prohibited the importation of bone lace, the manufacture of Flanders.
1697年，英国禁止佛兰德斯制造的骨花边进口。
The government of that country, at that time under the dominion of Spain, prohibited, in return, the importation of English woollens.
当时在西班牙统治下的该国政府禁止进口英国羊毛织物。
In 1700, the prohibition of importing bone lace into England was taken off upon condition that the importation of English woollens into Flanders should be put on the same footing as before.
1700年，英国取消了对骨花边进口的禁令，条件是向佛兰德斯进口英国羊毛织物应与以前一样。
There may be good policy in retaliations of this kind, when there is a probability that they will procure the repeal of the high duties or prohibitions complained of.
当这种报复有可能促使废除所抱怨的高关税或禁令时，可能会有好的政策。
The recovery of a great foreign market will generally more than compensate the transitory inconveniency of paying dearer during a short time for some sorts of goods.
国外市场的复苏通常足以弥补某些商品在短时间内支付更高价格所带来的暂时不便。
To judge whether such retaliations are likely to produce such an effect, does not, perhaps, belong so much to the science of a legislator, whose deliberations ought to be governed by general principles, which are always the same, as to the skill of that insidious and crafty animal vulgarly called a statesman or politician, whose councils are directed by the momentary fluctuations of affairs.
判断这种报复是否可能产生这样的效果，也许不太属于立法者的科学，因为立法者的审议应该受到始终不变的一般原则的支配，而不太属于被俗称为政治家或政治家的阴险狡猾的动物的技巧，他们的议会受到事务的短暂波动的指导。
When there is no probability that any such repeal can be procured, it seems a bad method of compensating the injury done to certain classes of our people, to do another injury ourselves, not only to those classes, but to almost all the other classes of them.
当不可能实现任何此类废除时，这似乎是一种糟糕的方法来补偿对我们人民的某些阶级所造成的伤害，我们自己不仅对这些阶级而且对他们中的几乎所有其他阶级也造成了另一种伤害。
When our neighbours prohibit some manufacture of ours, we generally prohibit, not only the same, for that alone would seldom affect them considerably, but some other manufacture of theirs.
当我们的邻居禁止我们的某些制造时，我们通常不仅禁止同样的制造，因为仅此一点就很少会对他们产生重大影响，而且还禁止他们的其他制造。
This may, no doubt, give encouragement to some particular class of workmen among ourselves, and, by excluding some of their rivals, may enable them to raise their price in the home market.
毫无疑问，这可能会鼓励我们当中某些特定的工人阶级，并且通过排除他们的一些竞争对手，可能使他们能够提高在国内市场上的价格。
Those workmen however, who suffered by our neighbours prohibition, will not be benefited by ours.
然而，那些因邻国禁令而受苦的工人，却不会因我们的禁令而受益。
On the contrary, they, and almost all the other classes of our citizens, will thereby be obliged to pay dearer than before for certain goods.
相反，他们以及几乎所有其他阶层的公民将被迫为某些商品支付比以前更高的价格。
Every such law, therefore, imposes a real tax upon the whole country, not in favour of that particular class of workmen who were injured by our neighbours prohibitions, but of some other class.
因此，每一项这样的法律都对整个国家征收真正的税，不是有利于那些因我们邻居的禁令而受到伤害的特定工人阶级，而是有利于其他一些阶级。
The case in which it may sometimes be a matter of deliberation, how far, or in what manner, it is proper to restore the free importation of foreign goods, after it has been for some time interrupted, is when particular manufactures, by means of high duties or prohibitions upon all foreign goods which can come into competition with them, have been so far extended as to employ a great multitude of hands.
有时，在外国商品的自由进口中断一段时间后，恢复外国商品的自由进口在多大程度上或以何种方式是适当的，这可能是一个需要深思熟虑的问题，具体情况是，某些制造商通过征收高关税或禁止所有可能与其竞争的外国商品，从而扩大到雇用大量人员的情况。
Humanity may in this case require that the freedom of trade should be restored only by slow gradations, and with a good deal of reserve and circumspection.
在这种情况下，人类可能要求贸易自由只能通过缓慢的逐步恢复，并保持大量的保留和谨慎。
Were those high duties and prohibitions taken away all at once, cheaper foreign goods of the same kind might be poured so fast into the home market, as to deprive all at once many thousands of our people of their ordinary employment and means of subsistence.
如果立即取消这些高关税和禁令，同类更便宜的外国商品可能会如此迅速地涌入国内市场，从而立即剥夺我们成千上万人民的正常就业和生存手段。
The disorder which this would occasion might no doubt be very considerable.
毫无疑问，这将造成相当大的混乱。
It would in all probability, however, be much less than is commonly imagined, for the two following reasons.
然而，由于以下两个原因，它很可能比通常想象的要少得多。
First, All those manufactures of which any part is commonly exported to other European countries without a bounty, could be very little affected by the freest importation of foreign goods.
首先，所有那些通常在没有补贴的情况下将其任何部件出口到其他欧洲国家的制造商，受到最自由的外国商品进口的影响可能很小。
Such manufactures must be sold as cheap abroad as any other foreign goods of the same quality and kind, and consequently must be sold cheaper at home.
这些制成品必须以与同等质量和种类的任何其他外国商品一样便宜的价格在国外出售，因此在国内也必须以更便宜的价格出售。
They would still, therefore, keep possession of the home market; and though a capricious man of fashion might sometimes prefer foreign wares, merely because they were foreign, to cheaper and better goods of the same kind that were made at home, this folly could, from the nature of things, extend to so few, that it could make no sensible impression upon the general employment of the people.
因此，他们仍将保持对国内市场的控制。尽管反复无常的时尚人士有时可能会仅仅因为外国商品是外国商品，而不是国内生产的同类商品更便宜、更好，但从事物的本质来看，这种愚蠢行为可能会影响到少数人，以至于无法对人们的普遍就业产生任何明智的印象。
But a great part of all the different branches of our woollen manufacture, of our tanned leather, and of our hardware, are annually exported to other European countries without any bounty, and these are the manufactures which employ the greatest number of hands.
但是，我们的羊毛制造、鞣制皮革和五金制品的所有不同部门的很大一部分每年都无偿出口到其他欧洲国家，而这些制造商雇用了最多的工人。
The silk, perhaps, is the manufacture which would suffer the most by this freedom of trade, and after it the linen, though the latter much less than the former.
也许，丝绸是受到这种贸易自由影响最大的制造业，其次是亚麻布，尽管后者比前者要少得多。
Secondly, Though a great number of people should, by thus restoring the freedom of trade, be thrown all at once out of their ordinary employment and common method of subsistence, it would by no means follow that they would thereby be deprived either of employment or subsistence.
其次，虽然通过恢复贸易自由，许多人会立即失去正常的就业和普通的生存方式，但这绝不意味着他们会因此被剥夺就业或生存。
By the reduction of the army and navy at the end of the late war, more than 100,000 soldiers and seamen, a number equal to what is employed in the greatest manufactures, were all at once thrown out of their ordinary employment: but though they no doubt suffered some inconveniency, they were not thereby deprived of all employment and subsistence.
战争结束时，陆军和海军被裁减，超过十万名士兵和海员，相当于最大的制造业中雇用的人数，一下子失去了他们的正常工作：虽然他们无疑遭受了一些不便，但他们并没有因此被剥夺了所有的就业和生活。
The greater part of the seamen, it is probable, gradually betook themselves to the merchant service as they could find occasion, and in the mean time both they and the soldiers were absorbed in the great mass of the people, and employed in a great variety of occupations.
大部分海员很可能一有机会就逐渐从事商业服务，同时他们和士兵都融入了广大人民群众中，从事各种各样的职业。
Not only no great convulsion, but no sensible disorder, arose from so great a change in the situation of more than 100,000 men, all accustomed to the use of arms, and many of them to rapine and plunder.
十万多人习惯了使用武器，其中许多人习惯于掠夺和掠夺，他们的处境发生如此巨大的变化，不但没有引起剧烈的动乱，而且也没有引起明显的混乱。
The number of vagrants was scarce anywhere sensibly increased by it; even the wages of labour were not reduced by it in any occupation, so far as I have been able to learn, except in that of seamen in the merchant service.
在任何地方，流浪者的数量都很少因此明显增加。据我所知，除了商业服务中的海员之外，甚至任何职业的劳动工资也没有因此减少。
But if we compare together the habits of a soldier and of any sort of manufacturer, we shall find that those of the latter do not tend so much to disqualify him from being employed in a new trade, as those of the former from being employed in any.
但是，如果我们将士兵和任何类型的制造商的习惯放在一起比较，我们就会发现，后者的习惯不会像前者的习惯那样使他无法受雇于新行业，而会使他无法受雇于任何行业。
The manufacturer has always been accustomed to look for his subsistence from his labour only; the soldier to expect it from his pay.
制造商一向习惯于只靠自己的劳动来维持生计。士兵期望从他的工资中得到它。
Application and industry have been familiar to the one; idleness and dissipation to the other.
应用和行业已熟悉；对他人的懒惰和放荡。
But it is surely much easier to change the direction of industry from one sort of labour to another, than to turn idleness and dissipation to any.
但将工业方向从一种劳动转向另一种劳动肯定比将闲散和放荡转向任何劳动要容易得多。
To the greater part of manufactures, besides, it has already been observed, there are other collateral manufactures of so similar a nature, that a workman can easily transfer his industry from one of them to another.
此外，对于大多数制造业来说，我们已经观察到，还有其他性质相似的附属制造业，工人可以很容易地将他的产业从其中一个制造业转移到另一个制造业。
The greater part of such workmen, too, are occasionally employed in country labour.
大部分此类工人有时也从事乡村劳动。
The stock which employed them in a particular manufacture before, will still remain in the country, to employ an equal number of people in some other way.
以前在特定制造业中雇用他们的库存仍将留在该国，以其他方式雇用同等数量的人员。
The capital of the country remaining the same, the demand for labour will likewise be the same, or very nearly the same, though it may be exerted in different places, and for different occupations.
一个国家的资本保持不变，对劳动力的需求也将是相同的，或者非常接近相同，尽管它可能被运用在不同的地方，从事不同的职业。
Soldiers and seamen, indeed, when discharged from the king’s service, are at liberty to exercise any trade within any town or place of Great Britain or Ireland.
事实上，士兵和海员在脱离国王的职务后，可以自由地在大不列颠或爱尔兰的任何城镇或地方从事任何贸易。
Let the same natural liberty of exercising what species of industry they please, be restored to all his Majesty’s subjects, in the same manner as to soldiers and seamen; that is, break down the exclusive privileges of corporations, and repeal the statute of apprenticeship, both which are really encroachments upon natural Liberty, and add to those the repeal of the law of settlements, so that a poor workman, when thrown out of employment, either in one trade or in one place, may seek for it in another trade or in another place, without the fear either of a prosecution or of a removal; and neither the public nor the individuals will suffer much more from the occasional disbanding some particular classes of manufacturers, than from that of the soldiers.
让国王陛下的所有臣民都像士兵和海员一样，恢复他们从事自己喜欢从事的行业的自然自由；也就是说，打破公司的专有特权，废除学徒期法规，这两者实际上都是对自然自由的侵犯，此外还废除了定居法，以便贫穷工人在一个行业或一个地方失业时，可以在另一行业或另一个地方寻找工作，而不必担心受到起诉或被驱逐；偶尔解散某些特定类别的制造商所带来的损失，无论是公众还是个人，都不会比士兵遭受的损失更大。
Our manufacturers have no doubt great merit with their country, but they cannot have more than those who defend it with their blood, nor deserve to be treated with more delicacy.
毫无疑问，我们的制造商对他们的国家有巨大的贡献，但他们不能比那些用鲜血保卫国家的人更有价值，也不应该受到更多的待遇。
To expect, indeed, that the freedom of trade should ever be entirely restored in Great Britain, is as absurd as to expect that an Oceana or Utopia should ever be established in it.
事实上，期望英国能够完全恢复贸易自由，就像期望在英国建立一个大洋洲或乌托邦一样荒谬。
Not only the prejudices of the public, but, what is much more unconquerable, the private interests of many individuals, irresistibly oppose it.
不仅是公众的偏见，而且更不可克服的是许多个人的私人利益，都不可抗拒地反对它。
Were the officers of the army to oppose, with the same zeal and unanimity, any reduction in the number of forces, with which master manufacturers set themselves against every law that is likely to increase the number of their rivals in the home market; were the former to animate their soldiers, in the same manner as the latter inflame their workmen, to attack with violence and outrage the proposers of any such regulation; to attempt to reduce the army would be as dangerous as it has now become to attempt to diminish, in any respect, the monopoly which our manufacturers have obtained against us.
如果陆军军官们以同样的热情和一致反对任何减少军队数量的行为，而大制造商却以此反对每一项可能增加其国内市场竞争对手数量的法律？前者是否会激励他们的士兵，就像后者激怒他们的工人一样，以暴力攻击并激怒任何此类规定的提出者？试图减少军队与现在试图在任何方面削弱我们的制造商对我们的垄断一样危险。
This monopoly has so much increased the number of some particular tribes of them, that, like an overgrown standing army, they have become formidable to the government, and, upon many occasions, intimidate the legislature.
这种垄断大大增加了他们中某些特定部落的数量，以至于像一支过度扩张的常备军一样，他们对政府来说变得令人生畏，并且在许多情况下恐吓立法机关。
The member of parliament who supports every proposal for strengthening this monopoly, is sure to acquire not only the reputation of understanding trade, but great popularity and influence with an order of men whose numbers and wealth render them of great importance.
支持每一项加强这种垄断的提案的议员，肯定不仅会获得了解贸易的声誉，而且会受到一群人的欢迎和影响，他们的人数和财富使他们变得非常重要。
If he opposes them, on the contrary, and still more, if he has authority enough to be able to thwart them, neither the most acknowledged probity, nor the highest rank, nor the greatest public services, can protect him from the most infamous abuse and detraction, from personal insults, nor sometimes from real danger, arising from the insolent outrage of furious and disappointed monopolists.
相反，如果他反对他们，而且更重要的是，如果他有足够的权威能够阻止他们，那么无论是最公认的正直，还是最高级别，还是最伟大的公共服务，都不能保护他免受最臭名昭著的虐待和诽谤，免受个人侮辱，有时也不能保护他免受愤怒和失望的垄断者的无礼愤怒所产生的真正危险。
The undertaker of a great manufacture, who, by the home markets being suddenly laid open to the competition of foreigners, should be obliged to abandon his trade, would no doubt suffer very considerably.
由于国内市场突然开放给外国人竞争，一家大制造厂的经营者被迫放弃自己的行业，这无疑会遭受很大的损失。
That part of his capital which had usually been employed in purchasing materials, and in paying his workmen, might, without much difficulty, perhaps, find another employment; but that part of it which was fixed in workhouses, and in the instruments of trade, could scarce be disposed of without considerable loss.
通常用于购买材料和支付工人工资的那部分资本也许可以毫无困难地找到其他用途；但是，固定在济贫院和贸易工具中的那部分，几乎不可能在没有相当大的损失的情况下被处置。
The equitable regard, therefore, to his interest, requires that changes of this kind should never be introduced suddenly, but slowly, gradually, and after a very long warning.
因此，为了公平地考虑他的利益，这种改变永远不应该突然发生，而应该缓慢地、逐渐地、在经过很长一段时间的警告之后才发生。
The legislature, were it possible that its deliberations could be always directed, not by the clamorous importunity of partial interests, but by an extensive view of the general good, ought, upon this very account, perhaps, to be particularly careful, neither to establish any new monopolies of this kind, nor to extend further those which are already established.
如果立法机关的审议能够始终不受局部利益的强烈要求，而是以普遍利益的广泛观点为指导，那么立法机关也许应该特别小心，既不要建立任何新的此类垄断，也不要进一步扩大已经建立的垄断。
Every such regulation introduces some degree of real disorder into the constitution of the state, which it will be difficult afterwards to cure without occasioning another disorder.
每一项这样的规定都会给国家的宪法带来一定程度的真正的混乱，以后很难在不引起另一种混乱的情况下治愈这种混乱。
How far it may be proper to impose taxes upon the importation of foreign goods, in order not to prevent their importation, but to raise a revenue for government, I shall consider hereafter when I come to treat of taxes.
对外国货物的进口征税在多大程度上是适当的，以便不阻止其进口，而是为政府增加收入，我将在下文讨论税收时考虑。
Taxes imposed with a view to prevent, or even to diminish importation, are evidently as destructive of the revenue of the customs as of the freedom of trade.
旨在防止甚至减少进口而征收的税收显然对海关收入和贸易自由都具有破坏性。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
OF THE EXTRAORDINARY RESTRAINTS UPON THE IMPORTATION OF GOODS OF ALMOST ALL KINDS, FROM THOSE COUNTRIES WITH WHICH THE BALANCE IS SUPPOSED TO BE DISADVANTAGEOUS.
对来自那些平衡被认为不利的国家的几乎所有种类的商品进口实行非常规限制。
Part I—Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints, even upon the Principles of the Commercial System.
第一部分——论这些限制的不合理性，即使是基于商业制度的原则。
To lay extraordinary restraints upon the importation of goods of almost all kinds, from those particular countries with which the balance of trade is supposed to be disadvantageous, is the second expedient by which the commercial system proposes to increase the quantity of gold and silver.
对来自贸易差额被认为不利的特定国家的几乎所有种类的商品的进口施加特别限制，是商业制度提出的增加金银数量的第二个权宜之计。
Thus, in Great Britain, Silesia lawns may be imported for home consumption, upon paying certain duties; but French cambrics and lawns are prohibited to be imported, except into the port of London, there to be warehoused for exportation.
因此，在英国，西里西亚草坪可以在缴纳一定关税后进口供家庭消费；但法国的麻布和草坪禁止进口，除非进入伦敦港，在那里储存出口。
Higher duties are imposed upon the wines of France than upon those of Portugal, or indeed of any other country.
对法国葡萄酒征收的关税比对葡萄牙或任何其他国家的葡萄酒征收的关税更高。
By what is called the impost 1692, a duty of five and-twenty per cent.
根据所谓的 1692 年进口税，税率为百分之五又百分之二十。
of the rate or value, was laid upon all French goods; while the goods of other nations were, the greater part of them, subjected to much lighter duties, seldom exceeding five per cent.
税率或价值，适用于所有法国商品；而其他国家的大部分商品所缴纳的关税要轻得多，很少超过百分之五。
The wine, brandy, salt, and vinegar of France, were indeed excepted; these commodities being subjected to other heavy duties, either by other laws, or by particular clauses of the same law.
法国的葡萄酒、白兰地、盐和醋确实是例外；这些商品根据其他法律或同一法律的特定条款须缴纳其他重税。
In 1696, a second duty of twenty-five per cent.
1696 年，第二次征收百分之二十五的关税。
the first not having been thought a sufficient discouragement, was imposed upon all French goods, except brandy; together with a new duty of five-and-twenty pounds upon the ton of French wine, and another of fifteen pounds upon the ton of French vinegar.
第一个被认为没有足够的劝阻，对除白兰地之外的所有法国商品都强加了。此外，还对每吨法国葡萄酒征收五英镑和二十英镑的新税，对每吨法国醋征收十五英镑的新税。
French goods have never been omitted in any of those general subsidies or duties of five per cent.
法国商品从未被遗漏在任何一般补贴或百分之五的关税中。
which have been imposed upon all, or the greater part, of the goods enumerated in the book of rates.
对关税表中所列的全部或大部分商品征收的税款。
If we count the one-third and two-third subsidies as making a complete subsidy between them, there have been five of these general subsidies; so that, before the commencement of the present war, seventy-five per cent.
如果把三分之一和三分之二的补贴算作一个完整的补贴，一般补贴就有五个；因此，在当前战争开始之前，为百分之七十五。
may be considered as the lowest duty to which the greater part of the goods of the growth, produce, or manufacture of France, were liable.
可以被视为法国大部分生长、生产或制造的商品所应缴纳的最低关税。
But upon the greater part of goods, those duties are equivalent to a prohibition.
但对于大部分商品来说，这些关税相当于禁令。
The French, in their turn, have, I believe, treated our goods and manufactures just as hardly; though I am not so well acquainted with the particular hardships which they have imposed upon them.
我相信，法国人也同样严厉地对待我们的商品和制成品。尽管我不太了解他们给他们带来的特殊困难。
Those mutual restraints have put an end to almost all fair commerce between the two nations; and smugglers are now the principal importers, either of British goods into France, or of French goods into Great Britain.
这些相互限制已经结束了两国之间几乎所有的公平贸易。走私者现在是英国商品进入法国或法国商品进入英国的主要进口商。
The principles which I have been examining, in the foregoing chapter, took their origin from private interest and the spirit of monopoly; those which I am going te examine in this, from national prejudice and animosity.
我在前一章中所研究的原则源于私人利益和垄断精神。我将在本文中研究的那些，来自民族偏见和敌意。
They are, accordingly, as might well be expected, still more unreasonable.
因此，正如人们所预料的那样，它们更加不合理。
They are so, even upon the principles of the commercial system.
即使按照商业体系的原则，它们也是如此。
First, Though it were certain that in the case of a free trade between France and England, for example, the balance would be in favour of France, it would by no means follow that such a trade would be disadvantageous to England, or that the general balance of its whole trade would thereby be turned more against it.
首先，尽管可以肯定的是，例如，在法国和英国之间的自由贸易中，天平将有利于法国，但绝不意味着这种贸易将对英国不利，或者其整个贸易的总体平衡将因此变得更加不利。
If the wines of France are better and cheaper than those of Portugal, or its linens than those of Germany, it would be more advantageous for Great Britain to purchase both the wine and the foreign linen which it had occasion for of France, than of Portugal and Germany.
如果法国的葡萄酒比葡萄牙的葡萄酒更好、更便宜，或者法国的亚麻布比德国的亚麻布更好、更便宜，那么英国购买法国的葡萄酒和外国亚麻布就会比购买葡萄牙和德国更有利。
Though the value of the annual importations from France would thereby be greatly augmented, the value of the whole annual importations would be diminished, in proportion as the French goods of the same quality were cheaper than those of the other two countries.
尽管每年从法国的进口额将大大增加，但由于同等质量的法国商品比其他两国的商品便宜，每年的全部进口额将减少。
This would be the case, even upon the supposition that the whole French goods imported were to be consumed in Great Britain.
即使假设所有法国进口商品都将在英国消费，情况也会如此。
But, Secondly, A great part of them might be re-exported to other countries, where, being sold with profit, they might bring back a return, equal in value, perhaps, to the prime cost of the whole French goods imported.
但是，其次，它们中的很大一部分可能会再出口到其他国家，在那里，通过出售利润，它们可能会带来回报，其价值也许等于整个法国进口商品的主要成本。
What has frequently been said of the East India trade, might possibly be true of the French; that though the greater part of East India goods were bought with gold and silver, the re-exportation of a part of them to other countries brought back more gold and silver to that which carried on the trade, than the prime cost of the whole amounted to.
人们常说的东印度贸易也许也适用于法国人。尽管东印度的大部分商品是用黄金和白银购买的，但将其中一部分再出口到其他国家，为进行贸易的国家带回的黄金和白银数量超过了全部商品的原始成本。
One of the most important branches of the Dutch trade at present, consists in the carriage of French goods to other European countries.
目前荷兰贸易最重要的分支之一是将法国货物运输到其他欧洲国家。
Some part even of the French wine drank in Great Britain, is clandestinely imported from Holland and Zealand.
甚至在英国饮用的法国葡萄酒中，有一部分也是从荷兰和西兰秘密进口的。
If there was either a free trade between France and England, or if French goods could be imported upon paying only the same duties as those of other European nations, to be drawn back upon exportation, England might have some share of a trade which is found so advantageous to Holland.
如果法国和英国之间存在自由贸易，或者如果法国货物只需缴纳与其他欧洲国家相同的关税即可进口，并在出口时退回，那么英国可能会在一项对荷兰如此有利的贸易中占有一定份额。
Thirdly, and lastly, There is no certain criterion by which we can determine on which side what is called the balance between any two countries lies, or which of them exports to the greatest value.
第三，也是最后一点，我们没有任何确定的标准可以确定任何两个国家之间所谓的平衡在哪一边，或者哪一个国家的出口价值最大。
National prejudice and animosity, prompted always by the private interest of particular traders, are the principles which generally direct our judgment upon all questions concerning it.
总是由特定交易者的私人利益引发的民族偏见和敌意是通常指导我们对与之相关的所有问题进行判断的原则。
There are two criterions, however, which have frequently been appealed to upon such occasions, the custom-house books and the course of exchange.
然而，在这种情况下，有两个标准经常被诉诸：海关账簿和交换过程。
The custom-house books, I think, it is now generally acknowledged, are a very uncertain criterion, on account of the inaccuracy of the valuation at which the greater part of goods are rated in them.
我认为，现在人们普遍承认，海关账簿是一个非常不确定的标准，因为其中大部分货物的估价不准确。
The course of exchange is, perhaps, almost equally so.
交换过程也许几乎同样如此。
When the exchange between two places, such as London and Paris, is at par, it is said to be a sign that the debts due from London to Paris are compensated by those due from Paris to London.
当伦敦和巴黎等两地之间的汇率处于平价时，据说这表明伦敦欠巴黎的债务得到了巴黎欠伦敦的债务的补偿。
On the contrary, when a premium is paid at London for a bill upon Paris, it is said to be a sign that the debts due from London to Paris are not compensated by those due from Paris to London, but that a balance in money must be sent out from the latter place; for the risk, trouble, and expense, of exporting which, the premium is both demanded and given.
相反，当在伦敦为巴黎的汇票支付溢价时，据说这是一个迹象，表明从伦敦到巴黎的欠款并没有得到从巴黎到伦敦的欠款的补偿，而是表明余额必须从后者发出；对于出口的风险、麻烦和费用，溢价既是要求的，也是给予的。
But the ordinary state of debt and credit between those two cities must necessarily be regulated, it is said, by the ordinary course of their dealings with one another.
但据说，这两个城市之间的正常债务和信贷状况必然受到它们相互往来的正常过程的调节。
When neither of them imports from from other to a greater amount than it exports to that other, the debts and credits of each may compensate one another.
当双方从对方进口的数量都不大于向对方出口的数量时，双方的债务和信贷可能会相互补偿。
But when one of them imports from the other to a greater value than it exports to that other, the former necessarily becomes indebted to the latter in a greater sum than the latter becomes indebted to it: the debts and credits of each do not compensate one another, and money must be sent out from that place of which the debts overbalance the credits.
但是，当其中一国从另一国进口的价值大于向另一国出口的价值时，前者对后者的负债必然多于后者对自己的负债：每一方的债务和信贷不能相互补偿，货币必须从债务超过信贷的地方发出。
The ordinary course of exchange, therefore, being an indication of the ordinary state of debt and credit between two places, must likewise be an indication of the ordinary course of their exports and imports, as these necessarily regulate that state.
因此，正常交换过程表明了两地之间债务和信贷的正常状态，同样也必须表明其进出口的正常过程，因为它们必然调节该状态。
But though the ordinary course of exchange shall be allowed to be a sufficient indication of the ordinary state of debt and credit between any two places, it would not from thence follow, that the balance of trade was in favour of that place which had the ordinary state of debt and credit in its favour.
但是，尽管正常的交换过程可以充分表明任何两个地方之间的债务和信用的正常状态，但不能由此得出结论，贸易差额有利于债务和信用的正常状态有利于其的地方。
The ordinary state of debt and credit between any two places is not always entirely regulated by the ordinary course of their dealings with one another, but is often influenced by that of the dealings of either with many other places.
任何两个地方之间的债务和信贷的正常状态并不总是完全由它们彼此之间的正常往来过程所调节，而是常常受到其中任何一个地方与许多其他地方的往来过程的影响。
If it is usual, for example, for the merchants of England to pay for the goods which they buy of Hamburg, Dantzic, Riga, etc. by bills upon Holland, the ordinary state of debt and credit between England and Holland will not be regulated entirely by the ordinary course of the dealings of those two countries with one another, but will be influenced by that of the dealings in England with those other places.
例如，如果英国商人通常用荷兰汇票支付他们从汉堡、丹齐克、里加等地购买的货物，那么英格兰和荷兰之间的债务和信贷的正常状态就不会完全受这两个国家相互往来的正常交易过程的调节，而是会受到英国与其他地方交易的影响。
England may be obliged to send out every year money to Holland, though its annual exports to that country may exceed very much the annual value of its imports from thence, and though what is called the balance of trade may be very much in favour of England.
英国可能有义务每年向荷兰汇钱，尽管它对荷兰的年度出口可能远远超过其从荷兰进口的年值，尽管所谓的贸易平衡可能非常有利于英国。
In the way, besides, in which the par of exchange has hitherto been computed, the ordinary course of exchange can afford no sufficient indication that the ordinary state of debt and credit is in favour of that country which seems to have, or which is supposed to have, the ordinary course of exchange in its favour; or, in other words, the real exchange may be, and in fact often is, so very different from the computed one, that, from the course of the latter, no certain conclusion can, upon many occasions, be drawn concerning that of the former.
此外，迄今为止计算交换面值的方式，正常交换过程并不能充分表明债务和信贷的正常状态有利于那些似乎或理应具有对其有利的正常交换过程的国家。或者换句话说，真实的交换可能而且事实上常常与计算的交换非常不同，以至于在许多情况下，从后者的过程中无法得出关于前者的确定的结论。
When for a sum or money paid in England, containing, according to the standard of the English mint, a certain number of ounces of pure silver, you receive a bill for a sum of money to be paid in France, containing, according to the standard of the French mint, an equal number of ounces of pure silver, exchange is said to be at par between England and France.
当在英国支付的一笔钱，根据英国造币厂的标准，含有一定数量的盎司纯银，而您收到一张在法国支付的一笔钱，根据法国造币厂的标准，含有相同数量的盎司纯银，那么英格兰和法国之间的兑换就被称为平价。
When you pay more, you are supposed to give a premium, and exchange is said to be against England, and in favour of France.
当你支付更多费用时，你应该支付溢价，而交换据说对英国不利，对法国有利。
When you pay less, you are supposed to get a premium, and exchange is said to be against France, and in favour of England.
当你支付较少的费用时，你应该得到溢价，据说交换对法国不利，对英格兰有利。
But, first, We cannot always judge of the value of the current money of different countries by the standard of their respective mints.
但是，首先，我们不能总是以各国铸币厂的标准来判断各国现行货币的价值。
In some it is more, in others it is less worn, clipt, and otherwise degenerated from that standard.
在某些方面，它的磨损程度更高，而在另一些方面，它的磨损程度、剪裁程度和其他方面都低于该标准。
But the value of the current coin of every country, compared with that of any other country, is in proportion, not to the quantity of pure silver which it ought to contain, but to that which it actually does contain.
但是，与任何其他国家的货币相比，每个国家现行硬币的价值并不是与它应该含有的纯银数量成正比，而是与它实际含有的纯银数量成正比。
Before the reformation of the silver coin in King William’s time, exchange between England and Holland, computed in the usual manner, according to the standard of their respective mints, was five-and twenty per cent.
在威廉国王时代改革银币之前，英格兰和荷兰之间的兑换率，根据各自铸币厂的标准，以通常的方式计算，分别为百分之五和百分之二十。
against England.
对阵英格兰。
But the value of the current coin of England, as we learn from Mr Lowndes, was at that time rather more than five-and-twenty per cent.
但据我们从朗兹先生那里了解到，当时英国现行硬币的价值超过了百分之五又百分之二十。
below its standard value.
低于其标准值。
The real exchange, therefore, may even at that time have been in favour of England, notwithstanding the computed exchange was so much against it; a smaller number or ounces of pure silver, actually paid in England, may have purchased a bill for a greater number of ounces of pure silver to be paid in Holland, and the man who was supposed to give, may in reality have got the premium.
因此，即使当时的实际汇率可能对英国有利，尽管计算出的汇率却对英国不利。在英格兰实际支付的较少数量或盎司的纯银可能购买了一张在荷兰支付的较大数量的纯银的账单，而原本应该支付的人实际上可能已经得到了溢价。
The French coin was, before the late reformation of the English gold coin, much less wore than the English, and was perhaps two or three per cent.
在英国金币后期改革之前，法国硬币的磨损程度比英国金币要少得多，磨损程度可能只有百分之二到百分之三。
nearer its standard.
更接近其标准。
If the computed exchange with France, therefore, was not more than two or three per cent.
因此，如果计算出与法国的交换额不超过百分之二或百分之三。
against England, the real exchange might have been in its favour.
对阵英格兰，真正的交换可能对它有利。
Since the reformation of the gold coin, the exchange has been constantly in favour of England, and against France.
自金币改革以来，汇率一直对英国有利，对法国不利。
Secondly, In some countries the expense of coinage is defrayed by the government; in others, it is defrayed by the private people, who carry their bullion to the mint, and the government even derives some revenue from the coinage.
其次，在一些国家，铸币费用由政府承担；在另一些国家，则由私人支付，他们将金条带到造币厂，政府甚至从铸币中获得一些收入。
In England it is defrayed by the government; and if you carry a pound weight of standard silver to the mint, you get back sixty-two shillings, containing a pound weight of the like standard silver.
在英国，它是由政府支付的；如果你把一磅重的标准银带到造币厂，你会得到六十二先令，其中含有一磅重的标准银。
In France a duty of eight per cent.
在法国，关税为百分之八。
is deducted for the coinage, which not only defrays the expense of it, but affords a small revenue to the government.
扣除铸币费用，不仅可以支付铸币费用，还可以为政府提供少量收入。
In England, as the coinage costs nothing, the current coin can never be much more valuable than the quantity of bullion which it actually contains.
在英国，由于铸币成本为零，因此当前的硬币永远不会比其实际包含的金条数量更有价值。
In France, the workmanship, as you pay for it, adds to the value, in the same manner as to that of wrought plate.
在法国，当你付出代价时，工艺就会增加价值，就像锻造板材一样。
A sum of French money, therefore, containing an equal weight of pure silver, is more valuable than a sum of English money containing an equal weight of pure silver, and must require more bullion, or other commodities, to purchase it.
因此，含有等量纯银的法国货币比含有等量纯银的英国货币更有价值，并且必须需要更多的金条或其他商品来购买它。
Though the current coin of the two countries, therefore, were equally near the standards of their respective mints, a sum of English money could not well purchase a sum of French money containing an equal number of ounces of pure silver, nor, consequently, a bill upon France for such a sum.
因此，尽管两国现行的硬币同样接近各自铸币厂的标准，但一笔英国货币并不能很好地购买一笔含有同等数量盎司纯银的法国货币，因此也不能购买法国的一张如此金额的钞票。
If, for such a bill, no more additional money was paid than what was sufficient to compensate the expense of the French coinage, the real exchange might be at par between the two countries; their debts and credits might mutually compensate one another, while the computed exchange was considerably in favour of France.
如果对于这样的钞票支付的额外资金不超过足以补偿法国铸币费用的金额，那么两国之间的实际汇率可能是平价的；他们的债务和信贷可能会相互补偿，而计算出的交换结果对法国相当有利。
If less than this was paid, the real exchange might be in favour of England, while the computed was in favour of France.
如果支付的金额少于此金额，则实际汇率可能有利于英国，而计算出的汇率可能有利于法国。
Thirdly, and lastly, In some places, as at Amsterdam, Hamburg, Venice, etc. foreign bills of exchange are paid in what they call bank money; while in others, as at London, Lisbon, Antwerp, Leghorn, etc. they are paid in the common currency of the country.
第三，也是最后一点，在一些地方，如阿姆斯特丹、汉堡、威尼斯等地，外国汇票是用所谓的银行货币支付的。而在其他地方，如伦敦、里斯本、安特卫普、来航等，则以该国的通用货币支付。
What is called bank money, is always of more value than the same nominal sum of common currency.
所谓的银行货币，总是比相同名义金额的普通货币更有价值。
A thousand guilders in the bank of Amsterdam, for example, are of more value than a thousand guilders of Amsterdam currency.
例如，阿姆斯特丹银行的一千荷兰盾比阿姆斯特丹货币的一千荷兰盾更有价值。
The difference between them is called the agio of the bank, which at Amsterdam is generally about five per cent.
它们之间的差异被称为银行的贴水率，在阿姆斯特丹一般约为百分之五。
Supposing the current money of the two countries equally near to the standard of their respective mints, and that the one pays foreign bills in this common currency, while the other pays them in bank money, it is evident that the computed exchange may be in favour of that which pays in bank money, though the real exchange should be in favour of that which pays in current money; for the same reason that the computed exchange may be in favour of that which pays in better money, or in money nearer to its own standard, though the real exchange should be in favour of that which pays in worse.
假设两国的流通货币同样接近各自铸币厂的标准，一方用共同货币支付外国票据，另一方用银行货币支付，显然，计算的汇率可能有利于用银行货币支付，尽管实际汇率应该有利于用流通货币支付；出于同样的原因，计算出的交换可能有利于支付更好的货币或更接近其自身标准的货币，尽管实际交换应该有利于支付更差的货币。
The computed exchange, before the late reformation of the gold coin, was generally against London with Amsterdam, Hamburg, Venice, and, I believe, with all other places which pay in what is called bank money.
在金币的后期改革之前，计算交换通常是与伦敦、阿姆斯特丹、汉堡、威尼斯以及我相信所有其他以所谓银行货币支付的地方进行的。
It will by no means follow, however, that the real exchange was against it.
然而，这绝不意味着真正的交易是反对它的。
Since the reformation of the gold coin, it has been in favour of London, even with those places.
金币改革以来，一直有利于伦敦，即使是那些地方。
The computed exchange has generally been in favour of London with Lisbon, Antwerp, Leghorn, and, if you except France, I believe with most other parts of Europe that pay in common currency; and it is not improbable that the real exchange was so too.
计算得出的汇率总体上有利于伦敦与里斯本、安特卫普、来航，而且，如果你除了法国，我相信欧洲大多数其他地区都以通用货币支付；真实的交流也并非不可能。
Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that of Amsterdam.
题外话涉及存款银行，特别是阿姆斯特丹的存款银行。
The currency of a great state, such as France or England, generally consists almost entirely of its own coin.
法国或英国等大国的货币通常几乎完全由本国硬币组成。
Should this currency, therefore, be at any time worn, clipt, or otherwise degraded below its standard value, the state, by a reformation of its coin, can effectually re-establish its currency.
因此，如果这种货币在任何时候磨损、剪断或以其他方式贬值至低于其标准价值，国家可以通过对其硬币进行改革，有效地重新建立其货币。
But the currency of a small state, such as Genoa or Hamburg, can seldom consist altogether in its own coin, but must be made up, in a great measure, of the coins of all the neighbouring states with which its inhabitants have a continual intercourse.
但是像热那亚或汉堡这样的小国的货币很少能完全由本国的硬币组成，而必须在很大程度上由与其居民有持续往来的所有邻国的硬币组成。
Such a state, therefore, by reforming its coin, will not always be able to reform its currency.
因此，这样一个国家通过改革其货币，并不总是能够改革其货币。
If foreign bills of exchange are paid in this currency, the uncertain value of any sum, of what is in its own nature so uncertain, must render the exchange always very much against such a state, its currency being in all foreign states necessarily valued even below what it is worth.
如果外国汇票是用这种货币支付的，那么任何金额的不确定价值，其本身的性质就如此不确定，必然使交换总是非常不利于这样的国家，其货币在所有外国的价值必然低于其价值。
In order to remedy the inconvenience to which this disadvantageous exchange must have subjected their merchants, such small states, when they began to attend to the interest of trade, have frequently enacted that foreign bills of exchange of a certain value should be paid, not in common currency, but by an order upon, or by a transfer in the books of a certain bank, established upon the credit, and under the protection of the state, this bank being always obliged to pay, in good and true money, exactly according to the standard of the state.
为了弥补这种不利的兑换给它们的商人带来的不便，这些小国在开始关注贸易利益时，经常颁布规定，一定价值的外国汇票不应以普通货币支付，而应通过在某家建立在信用基础上并在国家保护下的银行的订单或帐簿上的转账来支付，该银行总是有义务以良好和真实的货币完全按照国家的标准支付。
The banks of Venice, Genoa, Amsterdam, Hamburg, and Nuremberg, seem to have been all originally established with this view, though some of them may have afterwards been made subservient to other purposes.
威尼斯、热那亚、阿姆斯特丹、汉堡和纽伦堡的银行最初似乎都是按照这种观点建立的，尽管其中一些银行后来可能屈服于其他目的。
The money of such banks, being better than the common currency of the country, necessarily bore an agio, which was greater or smaller, according as the currency was supposed to be more or less degraded below the standard of the state.
这些银行的货币比该国的通用货币更好，因此必然带有或多或少的贴水，因为该货币应该或多或少地贬值到国家标准以下。
The agio of the bank of Hamburg, for example, which is said to be commonly about fourteen per cent.
例如，汉堡银行的贴水率据说一般约为百分之十四。
is the supposed difference between the good standard money of the state, and the clipt, worn, and diminished currency, poured into it from all the neighbouring states.
是该州的良好标准货币与从所有邻国涌入该州的废旧货币和贬值货币之间的假定差异。
Before 1609, the great quantity of clipt and worn foreign coin which the extensive trade of Amsterdam brought from all parts of Europe, reduced the value of its currency about nine per cent.
1609年之前，阿姆斯特丹的广泛贸易从欧洲各地带来了大量破损和磨损的外国硬币，导致其货币贬值约百分之九。
below that of good money fresh from the mint.
低于刚从铸币厂出来的好钱。
Such money no sooner appeared, than it was melted down or carried away, as it always is in such circumstances.
这些钱一出现，就被熔化或带走，在这种情况下总是如此。
The merchants, with plenty of currency, could not always find a sufficient quantity of good money to pay their bills of exchange; and the value of those bills, in spite of several regulations which were made to prevent it, became in a great measure uncertain.
拥有大量货币的商人并不总是能找到足够数量的优质货币来支付汇票。尽管制定了几项法规来防止这些法案的价值，但这些法案的价值在很大程度上变得不确定。
In order to remedy these inconveniencies, a bank was established in 1609, under the guarantee of the city.
为了弥补这些不便，1609 年在城市的担保下成立了一家银行。
This bank received both foreign coin, and the light and worn coin of the country, at its real intrinsic value in the good standard money of the country, deducting only so much as was necessary for defraying the expense of coinage and the other necessary expense of management.
这家银行收到外国硬币和该国的轻质和磨损的硬币，按其在该国良好标准货币中的实际内在价值，仅扣除支付铸币费用和其他必要管理费用所需的金额。
For the value which remained after this small deduction was made, it gave a credit in its books.
对于扣除这一小额款项后剩余的价值，它在账簿上记入了贷方。
This credit was called bank money, which, as it represented money exactly according to the standard of the mint, was always of the same real value, and intrinsically worth more than current money.
这种信用被称为银行货币，因为它完全按照铸币厂的标准代表货币，因此始终具有相同的实际价值，并且本质上比流通货币更有价值。
It was at the same time enacted, that all bills drawn upon or negotiated at Amsterdam, of the value of 600 guilders and upwards, should be paid in bank money, which at once took away all uncertainty in the value of those bills.
同时还规定，所有在阿姆斯特丹提款或议付的、价值 600 荷兰盾及以上的汇票均应以银行货币支付，这立即消除了这些汇票价值的所有不确定性。
Every merchant, in consequence of this regulation, was obliged to keep an account with the bank, in order to pay his foreign bills of exchange, which necessarily occasioned a certain demand for bank money.
由于这项规定，每个商人都有义务在银行开设账户，以便支付外国汇票，这必然引起对银行货币的一定需求。
Bank money, over and above both its intrinsic superiority to currency, and the additional value which this demand necessarily gives it, has likewise some other advantages, It is secure from fire, robbery, and other accidents; the city of Amsterdam is bound for it; it can be paid away by a simple transfer, without the trouble of counting, or the risk of transporting it from one place to another.
银行货币除了其相对于货币的内在优越性以及这种需求必然赋予它的附加价值之外，还具有其他一些优势。阿姆斯特丹市正开往那里；它可以通过简单的转账来支付，无需计算麻烦，也无需承担将其从一个地方运送到另一个地方的风险。
In consequence of those different advantages, it seems from the beginning to have borne an agio; and it is generally believed that all the money originally deposited in the bank, was allowed to remain there, nobody caring to demand payment of a debt which he could sell for a premium in the market.
由于这些不同的优势，它似乎从一开始就带有一种贴水；人们普遍认为，最初存入银行的所有资金都被允许保留在那里，没有人愿意要求偿还债务，他可以在市场上以溢价出售这些债务。
By demanding payment of the bank, the owner of a bank credit would lose this premium.
通过要求银行付款，银行信贷的所有者将损失这笔溢价。
As a shilling fresh from the mint will buy no more goods in the market than one of our common worn shillings, so the good and true money which might be brought from the coffers of the bank into those of a private person, being mixed and confounded with the common currency of the country, would be of no more value than that currency, from which it could no longer be readily distinguished.
正如刚从造币厂出来的一先令在市场上购买的商品不会比我们常见的破旧先令多多少，同样，从银行金库进入私人金库的优质货币，与国家通用货币混合并混在一起，其价值不会比该货币更高，因为它不再能轻易与该货币区分开来。
While it remained in the coffers of the bank, its superiority was known and ascertained.
虽然它仍然留在银行的金库里，但它的优越性是众所周知和确定的。
When it had come into those of a private person, its superiority could not well be ascertained without more trouble than perhaps the difference was worth.
当它涉及到一个私人的东西时，就无法很好地确定它的优越性，而不需要比这种差异所值得的更多麻烦。
By being brought from the coffers of the bank, besides, it lost all the other advantages of bank money; its security, its easy and safe transferability, its use in paying foreign bills of exchange.
此外，由于是从银行金库取出的，它就失去了银行货币的所有其他优势。它的安全性，它的简单和安全的可转移性，它在支付外国汇票中的用途。
Over and above all this, it could not be brought from those coffers, as will appear by and by, without previously paying for the keeping.
除此之外，正如不久之后出现的那样，如果不事先支付保管费用，就无法从这些金库中取出它。
Those deposits of coin, or those deposits which the bank was bound to restore in coin, constituted the original capital of the bank, or the whole value of what was represented by what is called bank money.
这些硬币存款，或者银行必须以硬币形式恢复的那些存款，构成了银行的原始资本，或者是所谓银行货币所代表的全部价值。
At present they are supposed to constitute but a very small part of it.
目前，它们应该只构成其中很小的一部分。
In order to facilitate the trade in bullion, the bank has been for these many years in the practice of giving credit in its books, upon deposits of gold and silver bullion.
为了促进金条交易，多年来，该银行一直在账簿上对金银存款提供信贷。
This credit is generally about five per cent.
该抵免额一般约为百分之五。
below the mint price of such bullion.
低于此类金条的铸币价格。
The bank grants at the same time what is called a recipice or receipt, entitling the person who makes the deposit, or the bearer, to take out the bullion again at any time within six months, upon transferring to the bank a quantity of bank money equal to that for which credit had been given in its books when the deposit was made, and upon paying one-fourth per cent.
银行同时颁发所谓的收据或收据，使存款人或持票人有权在六个月内的任何时候再次取出金条，前提是向银行转入相当于存款时账簿上的信用金额的银行货币，并支付四分之一的费用。
for the keeping, if the deposit was in silver; and one-half per cent.
如果存款是白银，则用于保管；和百分之二分之一。
if it was in gold; but at the same time declaring, that in default of such payment, and upon the expiration of this term, the deposit should belong to the bank, at the price at which it had been received, or for which credit had been given in the transfer books.
如果是金的；但同时声明，如果不付款，且在该期限届满后，存款应按收到时的价格或转账簿中已记入的价格归银行所有。
What is thus paid for the keeping of the deposit may be considered as a sort of warehouse rent; and why this warehouse rent should be so much dearer for gold than for silver, several different reasons have been assigned.
为保管押金而支付的费用可以被视为一种仓库租金；为什么黄金的仓库租金比白银贵得多，有几个不同的原因。
The fineness of gold, it has been said, is more difficult to be ascertained than that of silver.
据说，黄金的成色比白银更难确定。
Frauds are more easily practised, and occasion a greater loss in the most precious metal.
欺诈行为更容易实施，并导致最贵金属的更大损失。
Silver, besides, being the standard metal, the state, it has been said, wishes to encourage more the making of deposits of silver than those of gold.
此外，白银作为标准金属，据说国家希望鼓励更多的白银存款而不是黄金存款。
Deposits of bullion are most commonly made when the price is somewhat lower than ordinary, and they are taken out again when it happens to rise.
金条存款最常在价格略低于平常价格时进行，而当价格碰巧上涨时，又将其取出。
In Holland the market price of bullion is generally above the mint price, for the same reason that it was so in England before the late reformation of the gold coin.
在荷兰，金条的市场价格通常高于铸币厂价格，这与金币后期改革之前的英国情况相同。
The difference is said to be commonly from about six to sixteen stivers upon the mark, or eight ounces of silver, of eleven parts of fine and one part alloy.
据说，标记上的差异通常约为六到十六锭，即八盎司银，十一份纯银和一份合金。
The bank price, or the credit which the bank gives for the deposits of such silver (when made in foreign coin, of which the fineness is well known and ascertained, such as Mexico dollars), is twenty-two guilders the mark: the mint price is about twenty-three guilders, and the market price is from twenty-three guilders six, to twenty-three guilders sixteen stivers, or from two to three per cent.
银行的价格，或者银行为存入此类白银而提供的信贷（当用外国硬币制造时，其成色是众所周知的并确定的，例如墨西哥元），每马克为二十二荷兰盾：铸币厂的价格约为二十三荷兰盾，市场价格从二十三荷兰盾六到二十三荷兰盾十六斯蒂弗，即百分之二到百分之三。
above the mint price.
高于铸币价格。
The following are the prices at which the bank of Amsterdam at present {September 1775} receives bullion and coin of different kinds:
以下是阿姆斯特丹银行目前 {1775 年 9 月}接收不同种类金条和硬币的价格：
SILVER Mexico dollars .................
墨西哥银币 .................
22 Guilders / mark French crowns ..................
22 荷兰盾 / 法国克朗.................
22 English silver coin.............
22 英国银币........................
22 Mexico dollars, new coin........
22 墨西哥元，新硬币......
21 10 Ducatoons.......................
21 10 文档................................
3 0 Rix-dollars.....................
3 0 Rix 美元........................
2 8
2 8
Bar silver, containing 11-12ths fine silver, 21 Guilders / mark, and in this proportion down to 1-4th fine, on which 5 guilders are given.
银条，含 11-12 纯银，每马克 21 荷兰盾，按此比例降至 1-4 纯银，每马克 5 荷兰盾。
Fine bars,.................
精品酒吧，......................
28 Guilders / mark.
28 荷兰盾/马克。
GOLD Portugal coin.................
葡萄牙金币......................
310 Guilders / mark Guineas.......................
310 荷兰盾 / 马克几尼.................................
310 Louis d’ors, new..............
310 路易·多尔，新............
310 Ditto old..............
第310章 同上老…………
300 New ducats....................
300 新金币........................
4 19 8 per ducat
4 19 8 每杜卡特
Bar or ingot gold is received in proportion to its fineness, compared with the above foreign gold coin.
与上述外国金币相比，金条或金锭按其成色比例收取。
Upon fine bars the bank gives 340 per mark.
对于罚款金条，银行每分 340 分。
In general, however, something more is given upon coin of a known fineness, than upon gold and silver bars, of which the fineness cannot be ascertained but by a process of melting and assaying.
然而，一般来说，已知成色的硬币比金条和银条具有更多的意义，金条和银条的成色只能通过熔化和化验过程来确定。
The proportions between the bank price, the mint price, and the market price of gold bullion, are nearly the same.
金条的银行价格、造币厂价格和市场价格之间的比例几乎相同。
A person can generally sell his receipt for the difference between the mint price of bullion and the market price.
一个人通常可以出售他的收据以获得金条铸币价格与市场价格之间的差价。
A receipt for bullion is almost always worth something, and it very seldom happens, therefore, that anybody suffers his receipts to expire, or allows his bullion to fall to the bank at the price at which it had been received, either by not taking it out before the end of the six months, or by neglecting to pay one fourth or one half per cent.
金条收据几乎总是有价值的，因此，很少有人会遭遇收据过期，或者让他的金条以收到时的价格落入银行的情况，要么是在六个月结束前没有取出来，要么是忘记支付四分之一或二分之一。
in order to obtain a new receipt for another six months.
以便获得另外六个月的新收据。
This, however, though it happens seldom, is said to happen sometimes, and more frequently with regard to gold than with regard to silver, on account of the higher warehouse rent which is paid for the keeping of the more precious metal.
然而，虽然这种情况很少发生，但据说有时会发生，而且对于黄金来说比对于白银更常见，因为保存更贵重的金属需要支付更高的仓库租金。
The person who, by making a deposit of bullion, obtains both a bank credit and a receipt, pays his bills of exchange as they become due, with his bank credit; and either sells or keeps his receipt, according as he judges that the price of bullion is likely to rise or to fall.
通过存入金条而获得银行信用证和收据的人，在汇票到期时用其银行信用证支付其汇票；根据他对金条价格可能上涨或下跌的判断，出售或保留他的收据。
The receipt and the bank credit seldom keep long together, and there is no occasion that they should.
收据和银行信用证很少会长期保存在一起，也没有必要将它们长期保存在一起。
The person who has a receipt, and who wants to take out bullion, finds always plenty of bank credits, or bank money, to buy at the ordinary price, and the person who has bank money, and wants to take out bullion, finds receipts always in equal abundance.
拥有收据并想要取出金条的人，总是会发现大量的银行信贷或银行货币可以以普通价格购买，而拥有银行货币并想要取出金条的人，总是会发现同样多的收据。
The owners of bank credits, and the holders of receipts, constitute two different sorts of creditors against the bank.
银行信贷的所有者和收据的持有者构成了针对银行的两种不同类型的债权人。
The holder of a receipt cannot draw out the bullion for which it is granted, without re-assigning to the bank a sum of bank money equal to the price at which the bullion had been received.
收据持有人不能提取所授予的金条，除非向银行重新分配一笔等于收到金条价格的银行货币。
If he has no bank money of his own, he must purchase it of those who have it.
如果他自己没有银行存款，他必须向有银行存款的人购买。
The owner of bank money cannot draw out bullion, without producing to the bank receipts for the quantity which he wants.
银行货币的所有者如果不向银行提供他想要的数量的收据，就无法提取金条。
If he has none of his own, he must buy them of those who have them.
如果他自己没有，他就必须从拥有的人那里购买。
The holder of a receipt, when he purchases bank money, purchases the power of taking out a quantity of bullion, of which the mint price is five per cent.
收据持有者在购买银行货币时，购买了取出一定数量金条的权力，其中铸币价格为百分之五。
above the bank price.
高于银行价格。
The agio of five per cent.
百分之五的贴水。
therefore, which he commonly pays for it, is paid, not for an imaginary, but for a real value.
因此，他通常为此付出的代价，不是为了想象的价值，而是为了真实的价值。
The owner of bank money, when he purchases a receipt, purchases the power of taking out a quantity of bullion, of which the market price is commonly from two to three per cent.
银行货币的所有者在购买收据时，购买了取出一定数量金条的权力，这些金条的市场价格通常为百分之二到百分之三。
above the mint price.
高于铸币价格。
The price which he pays for it, therefore, is paid likewise for a real value.
因此，他为之付出的代价同样是为真实价值而付出的。
The price of the receipt, and the price of the bank money, compound or make up between them the full value or price of the bullion.
收据的价格和银行货币的价格，将它们复合或构成金条的全部价值或价格。
Upon deposits of the coin current in the country, the bank grant receipts likewise, as well as bank credits; but those receipts are frequently of no value and will bring no price in the market.
存入该国流通的硬币后，银行同样会授予收据以及银行信贷；但这些收据往往没有任何价值，不会在市场上带来任何价格。
Upon ducatoons, for example, which in the currency pass for three guilders three stivers each, the bank gives a credit of three guilders only, or five per cent.
例如，在货币通行证中，每张货币为三荷兰盾三斯蒂弗，银行只给予三荷兰盾的信贷，即百分之五。
below their current value.
低于其当前值。
It grants a receipt likewise, entitling the bearer to take out the number of ducatoons deposited at any time within six months, upon paying one fourth per cent.
它同样授予收据，使持有人有权在六个月内随时取出存入的杜卡顿数量，只需支付四分之一。
for the keeping.
以便保管。
This receipt will frequently bring no price in the market.
这张收据通常不会在市场上定价。
Three guilders, bank money, generally sell in the market for three guilders three stivers, the full value of the ducatoons, if they were taken out of the bank; and before they can be taken out, one-fourth per cent.
三荷兰盾，银行货币，通常在市场上以三荷兰盾三斯塔夫的价格出售，如果从银行取出的话，这就是这些货币的全部价值；在它们被取出之前，还有四分之一。
must be paid for the keeping, which would be mere loss to the holder of the receipt.
必须支付保管费用，这对收据持有人来说仅仅是损失。
If the agio of the bank, however, should at any time fall to three per cent.
然而，如果银行的贴水率随时下降到百分之三的话。
such receipts might bring some price in the market, and might sell for one and three-fourths per cent.
此类收据可能会在市场上带来一定的价格，并可能以百分之一又四分之三的价格出售。
But the agio of the bank being now generally about five per cent.
但银行的贴水率现在普遍约为百分之五。
such receipts are frequently allowed to expire, or, as they express it, to fall to the bank.
此类收据经常被允许过期，或者如其所言，落入银行手中。
The receipts which are given for deposits of gold ducats fall to it yet more frequently, because a higher warehouse rent, or one half per cent.
由于仓库租金更高，即百分之二分之一，金币存款的收据更频繁地落入其中。
must be paid for the keeping of them, before they can be taken out again.
必须先支付保管费用，然后才能再次取出。
The five per cent.
那百分之五。
which the bank gains, when deposits either of coin or bullion are allowed to fall to it, maybe considered as the warehouse rent for the perpetual keeping of such deposits.
当硬币或金条存款被允许落入银行时，银行所获得的收益可以被视为永久保留此类存款的仓库租金。
The sum of bank money, for which the receipts are expired, must be very considerable.
收据过期的银行存款数额必定非常可观。
It must comprehend the whole original capital of the bank, which, it is generally supposed, has been allowed to remain there from the time it was first deposited, nobody caring either to renew his receipt, or to take out his deposit, as, for the reasons already assigned, neither the one nor the other could be done without loss.
它必须包括银行的全部原始资本，一般认为，从第一次存入银行之时起，就被允许保留在那里，没有人关心更新他的收据，或取出他的存款，因为，由于已经指定的原因，无论是其中一个还是另一个都不可能在没有损失的情况下完成。
But whatever may be the amount of this sum, the proportion which it bears to the whole mass of bank money is supposed to be very small.
但无论这笔金额是多少，它在银行货币总量中所占的比例应该是很小的。
The bank of Amsterdam has, for these many years past, been the great warehouse of Europe for bullion, for which the receipts are very seldom allowed to expire, or, as they express it, to fall to the bank.
多年来，阿姆斯特丹银行一直是欧洲金条的大仓库，其收据很少允许过期，或者，正如他们所说的那样，落入银行。
The far greater part of the bank money, or of the credits upon the books of the bank, is supposed to have been created, for these many years past, by such deposits, which the dealers in bullion are continually both making and withdrawing.
过去的许多年里，银行货币或银行账簿上的信贷的大部分应该是由金条交易商不断存入和提取的存款创造的。
No demand can be made upon the bank, but by means of a recipice or receipt.
不能向银行提出任何要求，只能通过收据或收据的方式提出。
The smaller mass of bank money, for which the receipts are expired, is mixed and confounded with the much greater mass for which they are still in force; so that, though there may be a considerable sum of bank money, for which there are no receipts, there is no specific sum or portion of it which may not at any time be demanded by one.
收据已过期的少量银行货币与仍然有效的大量银行货币混在一起。因此，尽管银行可能有一大笔钱没有收据，但没有任何具体金额或一部分是人们在任何时候都不能索要的。
The bank cannot be debtor to two persons for the same thing; and the owner of bank money who has no receipt, cannot demand payment of the bank till he buys one.
银行不能因为同一件事而成为两个人的债务人；没有收据的银行货币所有者在购买收据之前不能要求银行付款。
In ordinary and quiet times, he can find no difficulty in getting one to buy at the market price, which generally corresponds with the price at which he can sell the coin or bullion it entitles him to take out of the bank.
在平常和安静的时候，他可以毫不费力地以市场价格购买硬币或金条，这通常与他可以出售硬币或金条的价格相对应，这使他有权从银行取出硬币或金条。
It might be otherwise during a public calamity; an invasion, for example, such as that of the French in 1672.
在公共灾难期间，情况可能会有所不同；例如，1672 年法国人的入侵。
The owners of bank money being then all eager to draw it out of the bank, in order to have it in their own keeping, the demand for receipts might raise their price to an exorbitant height.
银行货币的所有者都急于将其从银行中提取出来，以便自己保管，对收据的需求可能会将其价格提高到过高的水平。
The holders of them might form extravagant expectations, and, instead of two or three per cent.
它们的持有者可能会形成过高的期望，而不是百分之二或百分之三。
demand half the bank money for which credit had been given upon the deposits that the receipts had respectively been granted for.
要求按已分别授予收据的存款提供信贷的银行资金的一半。
The enemy, informed of the constitution of the bank, might even buy them up, in order to prevent the carrying away of the treasure.
敌人得知银行的章程后，甚至可能会收买他们，以防止财宝被夺走。
In such emergencies, the bank, it is supposed, would break through its ordinary rule of making payment only to the holders of receipts.
在这种紧急情况下，银行应该会打破其只向收据持有人付款的一般规则。
The holders of receipts, who had no bank money, must have received within two or three per cent.
收据持有者没有银行存款，收到的金额肯定在百分之二到百分之三以内。
of the value of the deposit for which their respective receipts had been granted.
他们各自已获得收据的存款价值。
The bank, therefore, it is said, would in this case make no scruple of paying, either with money or bullion, the full value of what the owners of bank money, who could get no receipts, were credited for in its books; paying, at the same time, two or three per cent.
因此，据说，在这种情况下，银行将毫无顾忌地以金钱或金条支付银行资金所有者（无法获得收据）在其账簿中记入的全部价值。同时支付百分之二到百分之三的费用。
to such holders of receipts as had no bank money, that being the whole value which, in this state of things, could justly be supposed due to them.
对于那些没有银行存款的收据持有者来说，这就是在这种情况下可以合理地认为他们应得的全部价值。
Even in ordinary and quiet times, it is the interest of the holders of receipts to depress the agio, in order either to buy bank money (and consequently the bullion which their receipts would then enable them to take out of the bank ) so much cheaper, or to sell their receipts to those who have bank money, and who want to take out bullion, so much dearer; the price of a receipt being generally equal to the difference between the market price of bank money and that of the coin or bullion for which the receipt had been granted.
即使在平常和平静的时期，收据持有者的利益也是压低贴水，以便以更便宜的价格购买银行货币（以及因此他们的收据使他们能够从银行取出的金条），或者将他们的收据出售给那些拥有银行货币并且想要以更昂贵的价格取出金条的人；收据的价格通常等于银行货币的市场价格与已授予收据的硬币或金条的市场价格之间的差额。
It is the interest of the owners of bank money, on the contrary, to raise the agio, in order either to sell their bank money so much dearer, or to buy a receipt so much cheaper.
相反，提高贴水是银行货币所有者的利益，以便以更高的价格出售银行货币，或者以更便宜的价格购买收据。
To prevent the stock-jobbing tricks which those opposite interests might sometimes occasion, the bank has of late years come to the resolution, to sell at all times bank money for currency at five per cent.
为了防止那些对立的利益集团有时可能引发的股票炒作伎俩，银行近年来做出了决定，始终以百分之五的价格出售银行资金换取货币。
agio, and to buy it in again at four per cent.
agio，并以百分之四的价格再次买入。
agio.
贴水。
In consequence of this resolution, the agio can never either rise above five, or sink below four per cent.; and the proportion between the market price of bank and that of current money is kept at all times very near the proportion between their intrinsic values.
由于这一决议，贴水率永远不会上升到百分之五以上，也不会下降到百分之四以下。银行的市场价格与流通货币的市场价格之间的比例始终保持非常接近其内在价值之间的比例。
Before this resolution was taken, the market price of bank money used sometimes to rise so high as nine per cent.
在这项决议通过之前，银行货币的市场价格有时会上涨百分之九。
agio, and sometimes to sink so low as par, according as opposite interests happened to influence the market.
贴水，有时甚至会跌至标准水平，因为相反的利益恰好影响了市场。
The bank of Amsterdam professes to lend out no part of what is deposited with it, but for every guilder for which it gives credit in its books, to keep in its repositories the value of a guilder either in money or bullion.
阿姆斯特丹银行声称不会借出任何存入其银行的资金，但对于其账簿中记入信用的每一荷兰盾，都将其价值以货币或金条形式保存在其存储库中。
That it keeps in its repositories all the money or bullion for which there are receipts in force for which it is at all times liable to be called upon, and which in reality is continually going from it, and returning to it again, cannot well be doubted.
毫无疑问，它把所有有有效收据的货币或金条都存放在它的储存库中，而且它在任何时候都有可能被要求索取，而且实际上不断地从它那里取出并再次返回它。
But whether it does so likewise with regard to that part of its capital for which the receipts are long ago expired, for which, in ordinary and quiet times, it cannot be called upon, and which, in reality, is very likely to remain with it for ever, or as long as the states of the United Provinces subsist, may perhaps appear more uncertain.
但是，对于其收据早已过期的那部分资本，它是否也这样做，在平常和平静的时期，它不能被要求，而且实际上很可能永远保留在它那里，或者只要联合省的各州存在，也许看起来更不确定。
At Amsterdam, however, no point of faith is better established than that, for every guilder circulated as bank money, there is a correspondent guilder in gold or silver to be found in the treasures of the bank.
然而，在阿姆斯特丹，没有比这更能确立信仰的了，对于每一个作为银行货币流通的荷兰盾，在银行的宝藏中都可以找到相应的黄金或白银荷兰盾。
The city is guarantee that it should be so.
这座城市保证应该如此。
The bank is under the direction of the four reigning burgomasters who are changed every year.
该银行由每年更换的四位现任市长领导。
Each new set of burgomasters visits the treasure, compares it with the books, receives it upon oath, and delivers it over, with the same awful solemnity to the set which succeeds; and in that sober and religious country, oaths are not yet disregarded.
每一批新的市长都会参观宝藏，将其与书籍进行比较，宣誓接收，然后将其移交，与成功的那一批市长一样庄严。在那个清醒和虔诚的国家，誓言还没有被忽视。
A rotation of this kind seems alone a sufficient security against any practices which cannot be avowed.
这种轮换似乎足以防范任何不能公开的做法。
Amidst all the revolutions which faction has ever occasioned in the government of Amsterdam, the prevailing party has at no time accused their predecessors of infidelity in the administration of the bank.
在阿姆斯特丹政府中各派系所引发的所有革命中，执政党从未指责其前任对银行管理不忠。
No accusation could have affected more deeply the reputation and fortune of the disgraced party; and if such an accusation could have been supported, we may be assured that it would have been brought.
没有任何指控能够比这对蒙受耻辱的政党的声誉和财富产生更深远的影响。如果这样的指控能够得到支持，我们可以放心，它一定会被提出。
In 1672, when the French king was at Utrecht, the bank of Amsterdam paid so readily, as left no doubt of the fidelity with which it had observed its engagements.
1672 年，当法国国王在乌得勒支时，阿姆斯特丹银行如此慷慨地付款，毫无疑问它遵守其约定的忠诚度。
Some of the pieces which were then brought from its repositories, appeared to have been scorched with the fire which happened in the town-house soon after the bank was established.
随后从仓库中取出的一些物品似乎被银行成立后不久在联排别墅发生的火灾烧焦了。
Those pieces, therefore, must have lain there from that time.
因此，这些碎片一定是从那时起就放在那里的。
What may be the amount of the treasure in the bank, is a question which has long employed the speculations of the curious.
银行里的宝藏到底有多少，长期以来一直是好奇者们猜测的一个问题。
Nothing but conjecture can be offered concerning it.
对此我们只能做出推测。
It is generally reckoned, that there are about 2000 people who keep accounts with the bank; and allowing them to have, one with another, the value of £1500 sterling lying upon their respective accounts (a very large allowance), the whole quantity of bank money, and consequently of treasure in the bank, will amount to about £3,000,000 sterling, or, at eleven guilders the pound sterling, 33,000,000 of guilders; a great sum, and sufficient to carry on a very extensive circulation, but vastly below the extravagant ideas which some people have formed of this treasure.
据普遍估计，在银行开户的人数约为2000人；允许他们各自的账户上存入价值1500英镑（一笔非常大的津贴），全部银行货币以及因此银行中的财宝将达到约300万英镑，或者按11英镑计算，为3300万荷兰盾；这笔钱很大，足以进行广泛的流通，但远远低于一些人对这一宝藏的奢侈想法。
The city of Amsterdam derives a considerable revenue from the bank.
阿姆斯特丹市从该银行获得了可观的收入。
Besides what may be called the warehouse rent above mentioned, each person, upon first opening an account with the bank, pays a fee of ten guilders; and for every new account, three guilders three stivers; for every transfer, two stivers; and if the transfer is for less than 300 guilders, six stivers, in order to discourage the multiplicity of small transactions.
除了上述所谓的仓库租金外，每人在首次在银行开户时还需缴纳十荷兰盾的费用；每个新帐户，三荷兰盾三斯蒂弗；每次转移，两杆；如果转账金额低于 300 荷兰盾，则为 6 斯蒂弗，以阻止小额交易的发生。
The person who neglects to balance his account twice in the year, forfeits twenty-five guilders.
一年中两次未能平衡账户的人将被没收二十五荷兰盾。
The person who orders a transfer for more than is upon his account, is obliged to pay three per cent.
转账金额超过其账户金额的人有义务支付百分之三的费用。
for the sum overdrawn, and his order is set aside into the bargain.
对于透支的金额，他的订单被搁置到讨价还价中。
The bank is supposed, too, to make a considerable profit by the sale of the foreign coin or bullion which sometimes falls to it by the expiring of receipts, and which is always kept till it can be sold with advantage.
银行也应该通过出售外国硬币或金条来赚取可观的利润，这些硬币或金条有时会因收据到期而归银行所有，并且总是保留到可以有利地出售为止。
It makes a profit, likewise, by selling bank money at five per cent.
同样，它通过以百分之五的价格出售银行资金来获利。
agio, and buying it in at four.
agio，四点钟买的。
These different emoluments amount to a good deal more than what is necessary for paying the salaries of officers, and defraying the expense of management.
这些不同的薪酬远远超出了支付官员工资和支付管理费用所需的金额。
What is paid for the keeping of bullion upon receipts, is alone supposed to amount to a neat annual revenue of between 150,000 and 200,000 guilders.
仅凭收据保存金条所支付的费用就应该相当于每年 150,000 至 200,000 荷兰盾的净收入。
Public utility, however, and not revenue, was the original object of this institution.
然而，公共事业而非收入才是该机构的最初目标。
Its object was to relieve the merchants from the inconvenience of a disadvantageous exchange.
其目的是使商人免受不利交换带来的不便。
The revenue which has arisen from it was unforeseen, and may be considered as accidental.
由此产生的收入是不可预见的，可以被认为是偶然的。
But it is now time to return from this long digression, into which I have been insensibly led, in endeavouring to explain the reasons why the exchange between the countries which pay in what is called bank money, and those which pay in common currency, should generally appear to be in favour of the former, and against the latter.
但现在是时候回到这个漫长的题外话了，我不知不觉地陷入了这个话题，试图解释为什么以所谓银行货币支付的国家和以共同货币支付的国家之间的交换通常应该表现为有利于前者而不利于后者。
The former pay in a species of money, of which the intrinsic value is always the same, and exactly agreeable to the standard of their respective mints; the latter is a species of money, of which the intrinsic value is continually varying, and is almost always more or less below that standard.
前者以某种货币支付，其内在价值始终相同，并且完全符合各自铸币厂的标准；后者是一种货币，其内在价值不断变化，并且几乎总是或多或少低于该标准。
PART II.—Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints, upon other Principles.
第二部分——论那些基于其他原则的特殊限制的不合理性。
In the foregoing part of this chapter, I have endeavoured to show, even upon the principles of the commercial system, how unnecessary it is to lay extraordinary restraints upon the importation of goods from those countries with which the balance of trade is supposed to be disadvantageous.
在本章的前面部分，我已尽力表明，即使是根据商业制度的原则，也没有必要对来自那些贸易平衡被认为不利的国家的货物进口施加特别限制。
Nothing, however, can be more absurd than this whole doctrine of the balance of trade, upon which, not only these restraints, but almost all the other regulations of commerce, are founded.
然而，没有什么比整个贸易平衡学说更荒谬的了，不仅这些限制，而且几乎所有其他商业法规都建立在这一学说之上。
When two places trade with one another, this doctrine supposes that, if the balance be even, neither of them either loses or gains; but if it leans in any degree to one side, that one of them loses, and the other gains, in proportion to its declension from the exact equilibrium.
当两个地方相互进行贸易时，这一学说认为，如果平衡，则双方既不损失也不获利；但如果它以任何程度偏向一侧，则其中一方会遭受损失，而另一方则会获得收益，其比例与它相对于精确平衡的下降成比例。
Both suppositions are false.
这两种假设都是错误的。
A trade, which is forced by means of bounties and monopolies, may be, and commonly is, disadvantageous to the country in whose favour it is meant to be established, as I shall endeavour to show hereafter.
通过赏金和垄断手段强制进行的贸易，可能而且通常是不利于其所要建立的国家，这一点我将在下文中尽力说明。
But that trade which, without force or constraint, is naturally and regularly carried on between any two places, is always advantageous, though not always equally so, to both.
但是，在任何两个地方之间，在没有强制或约束的情况下自然而有规律地进行的贸易，对于双方来说总是有利的，尽管并不总是平等的。
By advantage or gain, I understand, not the increase of the quantity of gold and silver, but that of the exchangeable value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, or the increase of the annual revenue of its inhabitants.
我所理解的利益或收益，不是金银数量的增加，而是国家土地和劳动年产品的交换价值的增加，或者居民年收入的增加。
If the balance be even, and if the trade between the two places consist altogether in the exchange of their native commodities, they will, upon most occasions, not only both gain, but they will gain equally, or very nearly equally; each will, in this case, afford a market for a part of the surplus produce of the other; each will replace a capital which had been employed in raising and preparing for the market this part of the surplus produce of the other, and which had been distributed among, and given revenue and maintenance to, a certain number of its inhabitants.
如果平衡是平衡的，如果两地之间的贸易完全是交换本国商品，那么在大多数情况下，他们不仅都会获益，而且会平等地或几乎平等地获益。在这种情况下，双方将为对方的部分剩余产品提供市场；每一方都将取代用于筹集另一方剩余产品并将其投入市场的资本，这些资本已分配给一定数量的居民，并向其提供收入和维持生计。
Some part of the inhabitants of each, therefore, will directly derive their revenue and maintenance from the other.
因此，每个国家的一部分居民将直接从另一个国家获得收入和维持生活。
As the commodities exchanged, too, are supposed to be of equal value, so the two capitals employed in the trade will, upon most occasions, be equal, or very nearly equal; and both being employed in raising the native commodities of the two countries, the revenue and maintenance which their distribution will afford to the inhabitants of each will be equal, or very nearly equal.
由于交换的商品也应该具有同等价值，因此在大多数情况下，贸易中使用的两种资本将是相等的，或者非常接近相等；两者都被用来生产两国的本土商品，它们的分配将为两国居民提供的收入和维持生计将是相等的，或几乎相等。
This revenue and maintenance, thus mutually afforded, will be greater or smaller, in proportion to the extent of their dealings.
因此，双方共同承担的收入和维持费用将根据交易范围的大小而增加或减少。
If these should annually amount to £100,000, for example, or to £1,000,000, on each side, each of them will afford an annual revenue, in the one case, of £100,000, and, in the other, of £1,000,000, to the inhabitants of the other.
例如，如果双方每年的收入达到 100,000 英镑，或者达到 1,000,000 英镑，则每一方都将为对方的居民提供年收入，在一种情况下为 100,000 英镑，在另一种情况下为 1,000,000 英镑。
If their trade should be of such a nature, that one of them exported to the other nothing but native commodities, while the returns of that other consisted altogether in foreign goods; the balance, in this case, would still be supposed even, commodities being paid for with commodities.
如果他们的贸易具有这样一种性质，即其中一方只向另一方出口本国商品，而另一方的回报则全部是外国商品；在这种情况下，余额仍被认为是均匀的，商品是用商品支付的。
They would, in this case too, both gain, but they would not gain equally; and the inhabitants of the country which exported nothing but native commodities, would derive the greatest revenue from the trade.
在这种情况下，他们也会获益，但获益并不均等。而只出口本土商品的国家的居民将从贸易中获得最大的收入。
If England, for example, should import from France nothing but the native commodities of that country, and not having such commodities of its own as were in demand there, should annually repay them by sending thither a large quantity of foreign goods, tobacco, we shall suppose, and East India goods; this trade, though it would give some revenue to the inhabitants of both countries, would give more to those of France than to those of England.
例如，如果英国从法国只进口该国的本土商品，而自己却没有当地所需要的商品，那么英国就应该每年向法国运送大量外国商品、我们假设的烟草和东印度商品来偿还这些商品。这项贸易虽然会给两国居民带来一些收入，但给法国居民带来的收入要多于给英国居民的收入。
The whole French capital annually employed in it would annually be distributed among the people of France; but that part of the English capital only, which was employed in producing the English commodities with which those foreign goods were purchased, would be annually distributed among the people of England.
每年投入其中的全部法国资本将每年分配给法国人民；但是，只有用于生产用于购买外国商品的英国商品的那部分英国资本，才每年分配给英国人民。
The greater part of it would replace the capitals which had been employed in Virginia, Indostan, and China, and which had given revenue and maintenance to the inhabitants of those distant countries.
其中大部分将取代弗吉尼亚、印度斯坦和中国的首都，这些首都为这些遥远国家的居民提供了收入和维持。
If the capitals were equal, or nearly equal, therefore, this employment of the French capital would augment much more the revenue of the people of France, than that of the English capital would the revenue of the people of England.
因此，如果两国首都相等或接近相等，那么，法国首都的这种使用所增加的法国人民的收入将远远多于英国首都的使用所增加的英国人民的收入。
France would, in this case, carry on a direct foreign trade of consumption with England; whereas England would carry on a round-about trade of the same kind with France.
在这种情况下，法国将与英国进行直接的消费对外贸易；而英国则会与法国进行同样类型的迂回贸易。
The different effects of a capital employed in the direct, and of one employed in the round-about foreign trade of consumption, have already been fully explained.
直接使用的资本和消费的迂回对外贸易的资本所产生的不同效果已经得到了充分的解释。
There is not, probably, between any two countries, a trade which consists altogether in the exchange, either of native commodities on both sides, or of native commodities on one side, and of foreign goods on the other.
在任何两个国家之间，可能都不存在完全由交换双方本国商品，或一方本国商品而另一方交换外国商品组成的贸易。
Almost all countries exchange with one another, partly native and partly foreign goods.
几乎所有国家都相互交换，部分是本国商品，部分是外国商品。
That country, however, in whose cargoes there is the greatest proportion of native, and the least of foreign goods, will always be the principal gainer.
然而，那些货物中本土货物比例最大、外国货物比例最少的国家将永远是主要的受益者。
If it was not with tobacco and East India goods, but with gold and silver, that England paid for the commodities annually imported from France, the balance, in this case, would be supposed uneven, commodities not being paid for with commodities, but with gold and silver.
如果英国每年从法国进口的商品不是用烟草和东印度商品，而是用黄金和白银支付的，那么在这种情况下，平衡就会被认为是不平衡的，商品不是用商品支付的，而是用金银支付的。
The trade, however, would in this case, as in the foregoing, give some revenue to the inhabitants of both countries, but more to those of France than to those of England.
然而，在这种情况下，如前所述，贸易将为两国居民带来一些收入，但法国居民的收入多于英国居民的收入。
It would give some revenue to those of England.
这将为英格兰带来一些收入。
The capital which had been employed in producing the English goods that purchased this gold and silver, the capital which had been distributed among, and given revenue to, certain inhabitants of England, would thereby be replaced, and enabled to continue that employment.
用于生产购买黄金和白银的英国商品的资本，以及在英格兰某些居民之间分配并为其提供收入的资本，将因此被取代，并能够继续这种就业。
The whole capital of England would no more be diminished by this exportation of gold and silver, than by the exportation of an equal value of any other goods.
英格兰的全部资本不会因为出口金银而减少，就像出口同等价值的任何其他商品一样。
On the contrary, it would, in most cases, be augmented.
相反，在大多数情况下，它会被增强。
No goods are sent abroad but those for which the demand is supposed to be greater abroad than at home, and of which the returns, consequently, it is expected, will be of more value at home than the commodities exported.
除了那些被认为国外需求大于国内需求的商品外，不会将任何商品运往国外，因此预计这些商品在国内的回报将比出口商品更有价值。
If the tobacco which in England is worth only £100,000, when sent to France, will purchase wine which is in England worth £110,000, the exchange will augment the capital of England by £10,000.
如果在英国价值仅10万英镑的烟草运往法国时，将购买在英国价值11万英镑的葡萄酒，则交换将使英国资本增加1万英镑。
If £100,000 of English gold, in the same manner, purchase French wine, which in England is worth £110,000, this exchange will equally augment the capital of England by £10,000.
如果10万英镑的英国黄金以同样的方式购买在英国价值11万英镑的法国葡萄酒，那么这种交换将相当于使英国的首都增加1万英镑。
As a merchant, who has £110,000 worth of wine in his cellar, is a richer man than he who has only £100,000 worth of tobacco in his warehouse, so is he likewise a richer man than he who has only £100,000 worth of gold in his coffers.
作为一个商人，他的酒窖里有价值11万英镑的葡萄酒，他比他仓库里只有价值10万英镑的烟草的人更富有，同样，他也比他金库里只有价值10万英镑的黄金的人更富有。
He can put into motion a greater quantity of industry, and give revenue, maintenance, and employment, to a greater number of people, than either of the other two.
与其他两者相比，他可以启动更多的工业，为更多的人提供收入、维持和就业。
But the capital of the country is equal to the capital of all its different inhabitants; and the quantity of industry which can be annually maintained in it is equal to what all those different capitals can maintain.
但该国的首都等于该国所有不同居民的首都；每年可以维持的工业数量等于所有这些不同资本可以维持的工业数量。
Both the capital of the country, therefore, and the quantity of industry which can be annually maintained in it, must generally be augmented by this exchange.
因此，国家的资本和每年可维持的工业数量通常都必须通过这种交换而增加。
It would, indeed, be more advantageous for England that it could purchase the wines of France with its own hardware and broad cloth, than with either the tobacco of Virginia, or the gold and silver of Brazil and Peru.
事实上，对于英国来说，如果它能用自己的硬件和宽幅布料购买法国的葡萄酒，比用弗吉尼亚的烟草、巴西和秘鲁的金银购买更有利。
A direct foreign trade of consumption is always more advantageous than a round-about one.
直接的消费对外贸易总是比迂回的对外贸易更有优势。
But a round-about foreign trade of consumption, which is carried on with gold and silver, does not seem to be less advantageous than any other equally round-about one.
但是，以金银进行的迂回的消费对外贸易，似乎并不比任何其他同样迂回的贸易更有利。
Neither is a country which has no mines, more likely to be exhausted of gold and silver by this annual exportation of those metals, than one which does not grow tobacco by the like annual exportation of that plant.
一个没有矿山的国家，比一个不种植烟草的国家，更容易因每年出口这些金属而耗尽黄金和白银。
As a country which has wherewithal to buy tobacco will never be long in want of it, so neither will one be long in want of gold and silver which has wherewithal to purchase those metals.
正如一个有足够资金购买烟草的国家永远不会长期缺乏烟草一样，有足够资金购买这些金属的国家也不会长期缺乏黄金和白银。
It is a losing trade, it is said, which a workman carries on with the alehouse; and the trade which a manufacturing nation would naturally carry on with a wine country, may be considered as a trade of the same nature.
据说，工人在酒馆里从事的生意是亏损的。制造业国家自然与葡萄酒国家进行的贸易可以被视为同性质的贸易。
I answer, that the trade with the alehouse is not necessarily a losing trade.
我的回答是，与酒馆的交易不一定是亏损的交易。
In its own nature it is just as advantageous as any other, though, perhaps, somewhat more liable to be abused.
就其本身而言，它与其他任何方法一样有利，尽管也许更容易被滥用。
The employment of a brewer, and even that of a retailer of fermented liquors, are as necessary divisions of labour as any other.
酿酒师的就业，甚至发酵酒零售商的就业，与其他任何分工一样都是必要的。
It will generally be more advantageous for a workman to buy of the brewer the quantity he has occasion for, than to brew it himself; and if he is a poor workman, it will generally be more advantageous for him to buy it by little and little of the retailer, than a large quantity of the brewer.
对于工人来说，从酿酒师那里购买他需要的数量通常比自己酿造更有利；如果他是一个贫穷的工人，那么对他来说，从零售商那里少量购买通常比从啤酒厂大量购买更有利。
He may no doubt buy too much of either, as he may of any other dealers in his neighbourhood; of the butcher, if he is a glutton; or of the draper, if he affects to be a beau among his companions.
毫无疑问，他可能会购买过多的任何一种产品，就像他可能会购买附近的任何其他经销商一样。屠夫，如果他是个贪吃者；或者布商，如果他假装是他的同伴中的花花公子。
It is advantageous to the great body of workmen, notwithstanding, that all these trades should be free, though this freedom may be abused in all of them, and is more likely to be so, perhaps, in some than in others.
尽管如此，所有这些行业都应该自由，这对广大工人来说是有利的，尽管这种自由可能在所有行业中都被滥用，而且在某些行业中可能比其他行业更可能被滥用。
Though individuals, besides, may sometimes ruin their fortunes by an excessive consumption of fermented liquors, there seems to be no risk that a nation should do so.
此外，虽然个人有时可能会因过度消费发酵酒而毁掉自己的财富，但一个国家这样做似乎没有风险。
Though in every country there are many people who spend upon such liquors more than they can afford, there are always many more who spend less.
尽管在每个国家都有很多人在此类酒上的花费超出了他们的承受能力，但总是有更多的人花费较少。
It deserves to be remarked, too, that if we consult experience, the cheapness of wine seems to be a cause, not of drunkenness, but of sobriety.
还值得一提的是，如果我们参考经验，酒的廉价似乎不是醉酒的原因，而是清醒的原因。
The inhabitants of the wine countries are in general the soberest people of Europe; witness the Spaniards, the Italians, and the inhabitants of the southern provinces of France.
一般来说，葡萄酒产区的居民是欧洲最清醒的民族。西班牙人、意大利人和法国南部省份的居民就是见证。
People are seldom guilty of excess in what is their daily fare.
人们很少会因为日常饮食过量而感到内疚。
Nobody affects the character of liberality and good fellowship, by being profuse of a liquor which is as cheap as small beer.
没有人会因为大量饮酒而影响慷慨和良好友谊的性格，而这种酒就像小瓶啤酒一样便宜。
On the contrary, in the countries which, either from excessive heat or cold, produce no grapes, and where wine consequently is dear and a rarity, drunkenness is a common vice, as among the northern nations, and all those who live between the tropics, the negroes, for example on the coast of Guinea.
相反，在那些由于过热或过冷而无法生产葡萄的国家，因此葡萄酒价格昂贵且稀有，醉酒是一种常见的恶习，例如北方国家和所有生活在热带地区之间的黑人，例如几内亚海岸的黑人。
When a French regiment comes from some of the northern provinces of France, where wine is somewhat dear, to be quartered in the southern, where it is very cheap, the soldiers, I have frequently heard it observed, are at first debauched by the cheapness and novelty of good wine; but after a few months residence, the greater part of them become as sober as the rest of the inhabitants.
我经常听到有人说，当一支法国军团从葡萄酒价格昂贵的法国北部一些省份来到葡萄酒价格非常便宜的南部省份驻扎时，士兵们首先会被优质葡萄酒的廉价和新奇所迷惑；然后，他们会因为优质葡萄酒的廉价和新奇而感到放荡。但居住几个月后，他们中的大部分人变得和其他居民一样清醒。
Were the duties upon foreign wines, and the excises upon malt, beer, and ale, to be taken away all at once, it might, in the same manner, occasion in Great Britain a pretty general and temporary drunkenness among the middling and inferior ranks of people, which would probably be soon followed by a permanent and almost universal sobriety.
如果同时取消对外国葡萄酒的关税以及对麦芽、啤酒和麦芽酒的消费税，那么同样可能会在英国的中下层人民中引起相当普遍和暂时的酗酒，随后可能很快就会出现永久的、几乎普遍的清醒状态。
At present, drunkenness is by no means the vice of people of fashion, or of those who can easily afford the most expensive liquors.
目前，酗酒已不再是时尚人士或那些能轻松买得起最昂贵酒类的人的恶习。
A gentleman drunk with ale has scarce ever been seen among us.
我们当中很少见到喝醉酒的绅士。
The restraints upon the wine trade in Great Britain, besides, do not so much seem calculated to hinder the people from going, if I may say so, to the alehouse, as from going where they can buy the best and cheapest liquor.
此外，英国对葡萄酒贸易的限制与其说是有意阻止人们去啤酒馆（如果我可以这么说的话），不如说是为了阻止人们去可以买到最好、最便宜的酒的地方。
They favour the wine trade of Portugal, and discourage that of France.
他们支持葡萄牙的葡萄酒贸易，而不鼓励法国的葡萄酒贸易。
The Portuguese, it is said, indeed, are better customers for our manufactures than the French, and should therefore be encouraged in preference to them.
据说，与法国人相比，葡萄牙人确实是我们制造商更好的客户，因此应该优先于他们受到鼓励。
As they give us their custom, it is pretended we should give them ours.
当他们向我们提供他们的习惯时，我们就假装应该向他们提供我们的习惯。
The sneaking arts of underling tradesmen are thus erected into political maxims for the conduct of a great empire; for it is the most underling tradesmen only who make it a rule to employ chiefly their own customers.
因此，小商人的鬼鬼祟祟的艺术被树立为一个伟大帝国行为的政治格言。因为只有最底层的商人才会规定主要雇用自己的顾客。
A great trader purchases his goods always where they are cheapest and best, without regard to any little interest of this kind.
一个伟大的商人总是在最便宜和最好的地方购买他的货物，而不考虑任何这种小利益。
By such maxims as these, however, nations have been taught that their interest consisted in beggaring all their neighbours.
然而，通过这些格言，各国被教导说，他们的利益在于乞讨所有邻国。
Each nation has been made to look with an invidious eye upon the prosperity of all the nations with which it trades, and to consider their gain as its own loss.
每个国家都被迫以一种充满敌意的眼光看待与其进行贸易的所有国家的繁荣，并将他们的收益视为自己的损失。
Commerce, which ought naturally to be, among nations as among individuals, a bond of union and friendship, has become the most fertile source of discord and animosity.
商业本来应该是国家之间和个人之间团结和友谊的纽带，但它却成为不和和敌意最丰富的根源。
The capricious ambition of kings and ministers has not, during the present and the preceding century, been more fatal to the repose of Europe, than the impertinent jealousy of merchants and manufacturers.
在本世纪和上个世纪，国王和大臣反复无常的野心对欧洲安宁的危害并不比商人和制造商无礼的嫉妒心更大。
The violence and injustice of the rulers of mankind is an ancient evil, for which, I am afraid, the nature of human affairs can scarce admit of a remedy: but the mean rapacity, the monopolizing spirit, of merchants and manufacturers, who neither are, nor ought to be, the rulers of mankind, though it cannot, perhaps, be corrected, may very easily be prevented from disturbing the tranquillity of anybody but themselves.
人类统治者的暴力和不公正是一种古老的罪恶，恐怕人类事务的本质对此几乎没有补救办法：但是商人和制造商的卑鄙贪婪和垄断精神，他们既不是也不应该成为人类的统治者，尽管也许无法纠正，但可以很容易地阻止它们扰乱除了他们自己之外的任何人的安宁。
That it was the spirit of monopoly which originally both invented and propagated this doctrine, cannot be doubted and they who first taught it, were by no means such fools as they who believed it.
毫无疑问，最初发明和传播这一学说的是垄断精神，而最先传授这一学说的人决不像那些相信它的人那么愚蠢。
In every country it always is, and must be, the interest of the great body of the people, to buy whatever they want of those who sell it cheapest.
在每个国家，从卖得最便宜的人那里购买他们想要的任何东西，始终是而且必须是广大人民的利益。
The proposition is so very manifest, that it seems ridiculous to take any pains to prove it; nor could it ever have been called in question, had not the interested sophistry of merchants and manufacturers confounded the common sense of mankind.
这个命题是如此明显，以至于费尽心力去证明它似乎是荒谬的。如果不是商人和制造商感兴趣的诡辩混淆了人类的常识，它也永远不会受到质疑。
Their interest is, in this respect, directly opposite to that of the great body of the people.
在这方面，他们的利益与广大人民的利益是直接相反的。
As it is the interest of the freemen of a corporation to hinder the rest of the inhabitants from employing any workmen but themselves; so it is the interest of the merchants and manufacturers of every country to secure to themselves the monopoly of the home market.
因为公司自由民的利益是阻止其他居民雇用除他们自己以外的任何工人；因此，确保自己对国内市场的垄断符合各国商人和制造商的利益。
Hence, in Great Britain, and in most other European countries, the extraordinary duties upon almost all goods imported by alien merchants.
因此，在英国和大多数其他欧洲国家，几乎所有外国商人进口的商品都征收特别关税。
Hence the high duties and prohibitions upon all those foreign manufactures which can come into competition with our own.
因此，对所有可能与我们自己的产品竞争的外国制造商征收高额关税和禁令。
Hence, too, the extraordinary restraints upon the importation of almost all sorts of goods from those countries with which the balance of trade is supposed to be disadvantageous; that is, from those against whom national animosity happens ta be most violently inflamed.
因此，对来自那些被认为对其贸易平衡不利的国家的几乎所有种类的商品的进口也实行特别限制；也就是说，来自那些民族仇恨最强烈的人。
The wealth of neighbouring nations, however, though dangerous in war and politics, is certainly advantageous in trade.
然而，邻国的财富虽然在战争和政治方面是危险的，但在贸易方面无疑是有利的。
In a state of hostility, it may enable our enemies to maintain fleets and armies superior to our own; but in a state of peace and commerce it must likewise enable them to exchange with us to a greater value, and to afford a better market, either for the immediate produce of our own industry, or for whatever is purchased with that produce.
在敌对状态下，它可能使我们的敌人能够维持优于我们的舰队和军队；但在和平和商业的状态下，它同样必须使他们能够与我们进行更大的价值交换，并为我们自己工业的直接产品或用该产品购买的任何产品提供更好的市场。
As a rich man is likely to be a better customer to the industrious people in his neighbourhood, than a poor, so is likewise a rich nation.
正如富人比穷人更可能成为其邻里勤劳人民的更好顾客一样，富裕国家也是如此。
A rich man, indeed, who is himself a manufacturer, is a very dangerous neighbour to all those who deal in the same way.
事实上，一个本身就是制造商的富人对于所有以同样方式进行交易的人来说是一个非常危险的邻居。
All the rest of the neighbourhood, however, by far the greatest number, profit by the good market which his expense affords them.
然而，所有其他邻里的人，迄今为止数量最多的人，都从他的开支为他们提供的良好市场中获利。
They even profit by his underselling the poorer workmen who deal in the same way with him.
他们甚至通过他以低价出售那些以同样方式与他打交道的贫困工人而获利。
The manufacturers of a rich nation, in the same manner, may no doubt be very dangerous rivals to those of their neighbours.
同样，富裕国家的制造商无疑可能是其邻国制造商的非常危险的竞争对手。
This very competition, however, is advantageous to the great body of the people, who profit greatly, besides, by the good market which the great expense of such a nation affords them in every other way.
然而，正是这种竞争对广大人民有利，他们还通过这个国家的巨额开支在其他方面为他们提供的良好市场而获益匪浅。
Private people, who want to make a fortune, never think of retiring to the remote and poor provinces of the country, but resort either to the capital, or to some of the great commercial towns.
私人想要发财，绝不会想到退休去国家偏远贫困的省份，而是要么去首都，要么去一些大商业城镇。
They know, that where little wealth circulates, there is little to be got; but that where a great deal is in motion, some share of it may fall to them.
他们知道，财富流通少，获得的东西也少。但如果有很多事情正在发生，他们可能会承担其中的一部分。
The same maxim which would in this manner direct the common sense of one, or ten, or twenty individuals, should regulate the judgment of one, or ten, or twenty millions, and should make a whole nation regard the riches of its neighbours, as a probable cause and occasion for itself to acquire riches.
以这种方式指导一个人、十个或二十个人的常识的同一格言，应该规范一个、十个或两千万人的判断，并且应该使整个国家将其邻国的财富视为自己获得财富的可能原因和机会。
A nation that would enrich itself by foreign trade, is certainly most likely to do so, when its neighbours are all rich, industrious and commercial nations.
当一个国家的邻国都是富裕、勤劳和商业的国家时，一个通过对外贸易致富的国家当然最有可能这样做。
A great nation, surrounded on all sides by wandering savages and poor barbarians, might, no doubt, acquire riches by the cultivation of its own lands, and by its own interior commerce, but not by foreign trade.
一个伟大的国家，四面被流浪的野蛮人和贫穷的野蛮人包围，毫无疑问，可以通过耕种自己的土地和通过自己的内部贸易来获得财富，但不能通过对外贸易。
It seems to have been in this manner that the ancient Egyptians and the modern Chinese acquired their great wealth.
古埃及人和现代中国人似乎就是通过这种方式获得了巨大的财富。
The ancient Egyptians, it is said, neglected foreign commerce, and the modern Chinese, it is known, hold it in the utmost contempt, and scarce deign to afford it the decent protection of the laws.
据说，古埃及人忽视对外贸易，而众所周知，现代中国人对对外贸易极为蔑视，几乎不屑于为其提供适当的法律保护。
The modern maxims of foreign commerce, by aiming at the impoverishment of all our neighbours, so far as they are capable of producing their intended effect, tend to render that very commerce insignificant and contemptible.
现代对外贸易的格言旨在使我们所有邻国陷入贫困，只要它们能够产生预期效果，就会使这种贸易本身变得微不足道和可鄙。
It is in consequence of these maxims, that the commerce between France and England has, in both countries, been subjected to so many discouragements and restraints.
正是由于这些格言，法国和英国之间的贸易在两国都受到了如此多的阻碍和限制。
If those two countries, however, were to consider their real interest, without either mercantile jealousy or national animosity, the commerce of France might be more advantageous to Great Britain than that of any other country, and, for the same reason, that of Great Britain to France.
然而，如果这两个国家在没有商业嫉妒或民族仇恨的情况下考虑自己的真正利益，那么法国的商业对英国来说可能比任何其他国家都更有利，并且出于同样的原因，英国对法国的商业也更有利。
France is the nearest neighbour to Great Britain.
法国是英国最近的邻国。
In the trade between the southern coast of England and the northern and north-western coast of France, the returns might be expected, in the same manner as in the inland trade, four, five, or six times in the year.
在英格兰南部海岸与法国北部和西北海岸之间的贸易中，与内陆贸易一样，一年中可能会有四次、五次或六次回报。
The capital, therefore, employed in this trade could, in each of the two countries, keep in motion four, five, or six times the quantity of industry, and afford employment and subsistence to four, five, or six times the number of people, which all equal capital could do in the greater part of the other branches of foreign trade.
因此，在两国中，用于这一贸易的资本可以维持四、五或六倍的工业数量，并提供四、五或六倍的人口就业和生活，这是所有同等资本在大部分其他对外贸易部门中所能做到的。
Between the parts of France and Great Britain most remote from one another, the returns might be expected, at least, once in the year; and even this trade would so far be at least equally advantageous, as the greater part of the other branches of our foreign European trade.
在法国和英国相距最远的地区之间，预计至少每年一次；甚至这种贸易到目前为止也至少与我们欧洲对外贸易的大部分其他部门一样有利。
It would be, at least, three times more advantageous than the boasted trade with our North American colonies, in which the returns were seldom made in less than three years, frequently not in less than four or five years.
这至少比我们所吹嘘的与北美殖民地的贸易有利三倍，而北美殖民地很少能在三年内获得回报，通常不会少于四五年。
France, besides, is supposed to contain 24,000,000 of inhabitants.
此外，法国预计拥有 24,000,000 名居民。
Our North American colonies were never supposed to contain more than 3,000,000; and France is a much richer country than North America; though, on account of the more unequal distribution of riches, there is much more poverty and beggary in the one country than in the other.
我们的北美殖民地从来不应该容纳超过 3,000,000 人；法国是一个比北美富裕得多的国家；然而，由于财富分配更加不平等，一个国家的贫困和乞讨现象比另一个国家多得多。
France, therefore, could afford a market at least eight times more extensive, and, on account of the superior frequency of the returns, four-and-twenty times more advantageous than that which our North American colonies ever afforded.
因此，法国能够提供比我们北美殖民地所提供的市场至少八倍的市场，而且由于回报频率较高，其优势是四倍到二十倍。
The trade of Great Britain would be just as advantageous to France, and, in proportion to the wealth, population, and proximity of the respective countries, would have the same superiority over that which France carries on with her own colonies.
英国的贸易对法国同样有利，而且，按照各国的财富、人口和邻近程度，英国的贸易将比法国对其自己的殖民地进行的贸易具有同样的优势。
Such is the very great difference between that trade which the wisdom of both nations has thought proper to discourage, and that which it has favoured the most.
这就是两国智慧认为应该阻止的贸易与最受青睐的贸易之间的巨大差异。
But the very same circumstances which would have rendered an open and free commerce between the two countries so advantageous to both, have occasioned the principal obstructions to that commerce.
但是，正是在同样的情况下，两国之间的开放和自由贸易对双方都非常有利，却造成了这种贸易的主要障碍。
Being neighbours, they are necessarily enemies, and the wealth and power of each becomes, upon that account, more formidable to the other; and what would increase the advantage of national friendship, serves only to inflame the violence of national animosity.
作为邻居，他们必然是敌人，因此，每一方的财富和权力都变得更加强大。那些能够增强民族友谊的东西，只会助长民族仇恨的暴力。
They are both rich and industrious nations; and the merchants and manufacturers of each dread the competition of the skill and activity of those of the other.
他们都是富裕而勤劳的国家；双方的商人和制造商都害怕对方的技能和活动的竞争。
Mercantile jealousy is excited, and both inflames, and is itself inflamed, by the violence of national animosity, and the traders of both countries have announced, with all the passionate confidence of interested falsehood, the certain ruin of each, in consequence of that unfavourable balance of trade, which, they pretend, would be the infallible effect of an unrestrained commerce with the other.
民族仇恨的暴力激起了商业嫉妒，双方的嫉妒都被激怒了，两国的贸易商都怀着充满兴趣的谎言的热情自信，宣称，由于贸易的不利平衡，双方必然会遭受灭顶之灾，他们假装这是与对方进行不受限制的贸易所带来的必然结果。
There is no commercial country in Europe, of which the approaching ruin has not frequently been foretold by the pretended doctors of this system, from all unfavourably balance of trade.
在欧洲，没有一个商业国家不曾被这个体系的假医生频繁预言过，由于贸易平衡不利，其即将崩溃。
After all the anxiety, however, which they have excited about this, after all the vain attempts of almost all trading nations to turn that balance in their own favour, and against their neighbours, it does not appear that any one nation in Europe has been, in any respect, impoverished by this cause.
然而，在他们对此感到焦虑之后，在几乎所有贸易国家都徒劳地试图扭转这种平衡，使其有利于自己而不利于邻国时，欧洲似乎没有任何一个国家在任何方面都因这一原因而陷入贫困。
Every town and country, on the contrary, in proportion as they have opened their ports to all nations, instead of being ruined by this free trade, as the principles of the commercial system would lead us to expect, have been enriched by it.
相反，每一个城镇和国家，随着它们向所有国家开放港口，而不是像商业体系的原则所期望的那样被自由贸易所破坏，反而变得更加丰富。
Though there are in Europe indeed, a few towns which, in same respects, deserve the name of free ports, there is no country which does so.
尽管欧洲确实有一些城镇在同样的方面值得被称为自由港，但没有一个国家这样做。
Holland, perhaps, approaches the nearest to this character of any, though still very remote from it; and Holland, it is acknowledged, not only derives its whole wealth, but a great part of its necessary subsistence, from foreign trade.
霍兰德也许是最接近这个性格的人，尽管离它还很远。众所周知，荷兰不仅从对外贸易中获得全部财富，而且其必需的生活资料的很大一部分也来自对外贸易。
There is another balance, indeed, which has already been explained, very different from the balance of trade, and which, according as it happens to be either favourable or unfavourable, necessarily occasions the prosperity or decay of every nation.
事实上，还有另一种平衡，这已经被解释过，它与贸易平衡非常不同，并且根据它的有利或不利，必然导致每个国家的繁荣或衰落。
This is the balance of the annual produce and consumption.
这是年生产量和消费量的平衡。
If the exchangeable value of the annual produce, it has already been observed, exceeds that of the annual consumption, the capital of the society must annually increase in proportion to this excess.
我们已经观察到，如果年产品的交换价值超过了年消费的交换价值，那么社会资本每年就必须按照这一超额部分按比例增加。
The society in this case lives within its revenue; and what is annually saved out of its revenue, is naturally added to its capital, and employed so as to increase still further the annual produce.
在这种情况下，社会依靠其收入生活；每年从它的收入中节省下来的钱，自然会被添加到它的资本中，并被用来进一步增加年产量。
If the exchangeable value of the annual produce, on the contrary, fall short of the annual consumption, the capital of the society must annually decay in proportion to this deficiency.
相反，如果年产品的交换价值低于年消费量，那么社会资本每年就必须按照这种不足的比例衰减。
The expense of the society, in this case, exceeds its revenue, and necessarily encroaches upon its capital.
在这种情况下，社会的支出超过了其收入，必然会侵占其资本。
Its capital, therefore, must necessarily decay, and, together with it, the exchangeable value of the annual produce of its industry.
因此，它的资本必然会衰减，其工业年产品的交换价值也必然会衰减。
This balance of produce and consumption is entirely different from what is called the balance of trade.
这种生产和消费的平衡与所谓的贸易平衡完全不同。
It might take place in a nation which had no foreign trade, but which was entirely separated from all the world.
它可能发生在一个没有对外贸易、但与世界完全隔绝的国家。
It may take place in the whole globe of the earth, of which the wealth, population, and improvement, may be either gradually increasing or gradually decaying.
它可能发生在地球的整个地球上，地球上的财富、人口和进步要么逐渐增加，要么逐渐衰退。
The balance of produce and consumption may be constantly in favour of a nation, though what is called the balance of trade be generally against it.
生产和消费的平衡可能始终有利于一个国家，尽管所谓的贸易平衡通常不利于该国家。
A nation may import to a greater value than it exports for half a century, perhaps, together; the gold and silver which comes into it during all this time, may be all immediately sent out of it; its circulating coin may gradually decay, different sorts of paper money being substituted in its place, and even the debts, too, which it contracts in the principal nations with whom it deals, may be gradually increasing; and yet its real wealth, the exchangeable value of the annual produce of its lands and labour, may, during the same period, have been increasing in a much greater proportion.
一个国家的进口额可能在半个世纪内都大于其出口额，也许，加在一起；在此期间流入的金银，可以立即全部运出。它的流通硬币可能会逐渐腐烂，不同种类的纸币会被取代，甚至它在与其交易的主要国家所签订的债务也可能会逐渐增加；然而，在同一时期，其真正的财富，即其土地和劳动力的年产品的可交换价值，可能会以更大的比例增长。
The state of our North American colonies, and of the trade which they carried on with Great Britain, before the commencement of the present disturbances, {This paragraph was written in the year 1775.} may serve as a proof that this is by no means an impossible supposition.
在当前的骚乱开始之前，我们北美殖民地的状况以及他们与英国进行的贸易，{本段写于1775年。}可以证明这绝不是一个不可能的假设。
CHAPTER IV.
第四章。
OF DRAWBACKS.
缺点。
Merchants and manufacturers are not contented with the monopoly of the home market, but desire likewise the most extensive foreign sale for their goods.
商人和制造商并不满足于国内市场的垄断，同样希望他们的产品能够在国外进行最广泛的销售。
Their country has no jurisdiction in foreign nations, and therefore can seldom procure them any monopoly there.
他们的国家对外国没有管辖权，因此很少能让他们在那里获得垄断。
They are generally obliged, therefore, to content themselves with petitioning for certain encouragements to exportation.
因此，他们通常只能满足于请求某些鼓励出口的措施。
Of these encouragements, what are called drawbacks seem to be the most reasonable.
在这些鼓励中，所谓的缺点似乎是最合理的。
To allow the merchant to draw back upon exportation, either the whole, or a part of whatever excise or inland duty is imposed upon domestic industry, can never occasion the exportation of a greater quantity of goods than what would have been exported had no duty been imposed.
允许商人在出口时提取国内工业所征收的全部或部分消费税或内陆税，绝不会导致出口的货物数量多于不征收关税时的出口数量。
Such encouragements do not tend to turn towards any particular employment a greater share of the capital of the country, than what would go to that employment of its own accord, but only to hinder the duty from driving away any part of that share to other employments.
这种鼓励不会倾向于将国家资本更多的份额用于任何特定的就业，而不是自动用于该就业，而只是阻止义务将该份额的任何部分转移到其他就业。
They tend not to overturn that balance which naturally establishes itself among all the various employments of the society, but to hinder it from being overturned by the duty.
它们并不倾向于推翻社会各种职业之间自然建立的平衡，而是阻止这种平衡被义务所推翻。
They tend not to destroy, but to preserve, what it is in most cases advantageous to preserve, the natural division and distribution of labour in the society.
它们往往不会破坏，而是会保护社会中劳动的自然分工和分配，而在大多数情况下，保护这种做法是有利的。
The same thing may be said of the drawbacks upon the re-exportation of foreign goods imported, which, in Great Britain, generally amount to by much the largest part of the duty upon importation.
同样的情况也适用于进口外国货物再出口时的退税，在英国，退税通常占进口关税的最大部分。
By the second of the rules, annexed to the act of parliament, which imposed what is now called the old subsidy, every merchant, whether English or alien.
根据议会法案所附的第二条规则，该法案对每个商人，无论是英国人还是外国人，实行了现在所谓的旧补贴。
was allowed to draw back half that duty upon exportation; the English merchant, provided the exportation took place within twelve months; the alien, provided it took place within nine months.
出口时获准退还一半关税；英国商人，前提是出口在十二个月内进行；外星人，前提是它发生在九个月内。
Wines, currants, and wrought silks, were the only goods which did not fall within this rule, having other and more advantageous allowances.
葡萄酒、醋栗和锻制丝绸是唯一不属于这一规则的商品，但有其他更有利的津贴。
The duties imposed by this act of parliament were, at that time, the only duties upon the importation of foreign goods.
当时，议会的这项法案征收的关税是唯一对外国货物进口征收的关税。
The term within which this, and all other drawbacks could be claimed, was afterwards (by 7 Geo.
可以声称这一点以及所有其他缺点的术语是后来的（7 Geo.
I.
我。
chap.
第一章
21.
21.
sect.
教派。
10.) extended to three years.
10.) 延长至三年。
The duties which have been imposed since the old subsidy, are, the greater part of them, wholly drawn back upon exportation.
自旧补贴以来征收的关税，其中大部分在出口时完全收回。
This general rule, however, is liable to a great number of exceptions; and the doctrine of drawbacks has become a much less simple matter than it was at their first institution.
然而，这一一般规则可能存在大量例外情况。与最初建立时相比，缺陷学说已变得不再那么简单。
Upon the exportation of some foreign goods, of which it was expected that the importation would greatly exceed what was necessary for the home consumption, the whole duties are drawn back, without retaining even half the old subsidy.
当某些外国商品出口时，预计进口量将大大超过国内消费所需，则全部关税被取消，甚至不保留原来补贴的一半。
Before the revolt of our North American colonies, we had the monopoly of the tobacco of Maryland and Virginia.
在北美殖民地起义之前，我们垄断了马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的烟草。
We imported about ninety-six thousand hogsheads, and the home consumption was not supposed to exceed fourteen thousand.
我们进口了大约九万六千个生猪头，而国内消费预计不会超过一万四千个。
To facilitate the great exportation which was necessary, in order to rid us of the rest, the whole duties were drawn back, provided the exportation took place within three years.
为了促进必要的大量出口，为了摆脱其余的，全部关税被取消，前提是出口在三年内进行。
We still have, though not altogether, yet very nearly, the monopoly of the sugars of our West Indian islands.
我们仍然（虽然不是完全，但也几乎）垄断了西印度群岛的糖业。
If sugars are exported within a year, therefore, all the duties upon importation are drawn back; and if exported within three years, all the duties, except half the old subsidy, which still continues to be retained upon the exportation of the greater part of goods.
因此，如果糖在一年内出口，则所有进口关税都将被取消；如果在三年内出口，则除原补贴的一半外，所有关税在大部分货物出口时仍继续保留。
Though the importation of sugar exceeds a good deal what is necessary for the home consumption, the excess is inconsiderable, in comparison of what it used to be in tobacco.
尽管糖的进口量大大超过了国内消费的需要，但与过去烟草中的糖量相比，这一过剩量是微不足道的。
Some goods, the particular objects of the jealousy of our own manufacturers, are prohibited to be imported for home consumption.
有些商品，特别是我们自己的制造商嫉妒的对象，被禁止进口供国内消费。
They may, however, upon paying certain duties, be imported and warehoused for exportation.
然而，在缴纳一定关税后，它们可以进口并储存以供出口。
But upon such exportation no part of these duties is drawn back.
但在此类出口后，这些关税的任何一部分都不会被退回。
Our manufacturers are unwilling, it seems, that even this restricted importation should be encouraged, and are afraid lest some part of these goods should be stolen out of the warehouse, and thus come into competition with their own.
我们的制造商似乎不愿意鼓励这种限制进口，并且担心这些货物的某些部分会被从仓库中偷走，从而与自己的产品竞争。
It is under these regulations only that we can import wrought silks, French cambrics and lawns, calicoes, painted, printed, stained, or dyed, etc.
只有在这些规定下，我们才可以进口锻制丝绸、法国细麻布和草坪、印花布、彩绘、印花、染色或染色等。
We are unwilling even to be the carriers of French goods, and choose rather to forego a profit to ourselves than to suffer those whom we consider as our enemies to make any profit by our means.
我们甚至不愿意成为法国商品的承运人，宁愿选择放弃自己的利润，也不愿让那些我们视为敌人的人利用我们的手段获取任何利润。
Not only half the old subsidy, but the second twenty-five per cent.
不仅是原来补贴的一半，还有第二个百分之二十五。
is retained upon the exportation of all French goods.
所有法国商品出口时均保留。
By the fourth of the rules annexed to the old subsidy, the drawback allowed upon the exportation of all wines amounted to a great deal more than half the duties which were at that time paid upon their importation; and it seems at that time to have been the object of the legislature to give somewhat more than ordinary encouragement to the carrying trade in wine.
根据旧补贴所附规则的第四条，所有葡萄酒出口时允许的退税额远远超过当时进口时缴纳的关税的一半；当时立法机关的目标似乎是对葡萄酒运输贸易给予比平常更多的鼓励。
Several of the other duties, too which were imposed either at the same time or subsequent to the old subsidy, what is called the additional duty, the new subsidy, the one-third and two-thirds subsidies, the impost 1692, the tonnage on wine, were allowed to be wholly drawn back upon exportation.
与旧补贴同时或之后征收的其他几项关税，即所谓的附加税、新补贴、三分之一和三分之二补贴、1692年进口税、葡萄酒吨位，都被允许在出口时完全收回。
All those duties, however, except the additional duty and impost 1692, being paid down in ready money upon importation, the interest of so large a sum occasioned an expense, which made it unreasonable to expect any profitable carrying trade in this article.
然而，所有这些关税，除了额外关税和 1692 年进口税外，在进口时以现款支付，如此大笔的利息引起了费用，这使得期望本文中的任何有利可图的结转贸易是不合理的。
Only a part, therefore of the duty called the impost on wine, and no part of the twenty-five pounds the ton upon French wines, or of the duties imposed in 1745, in 1763, and in 1778, were allowed to be drawn back upon exportation.
因此，只有一部分被称为对葡萄酒征收的关税，以及对法国葡萄酒征收的每吨二十五英镑的关税，或1745年、1763年和1778年征收的关税，都不允许在出口时退还。
The two imposts of five per cent.
两次征收百分之五的关税。
imposed in 1779 and 1781, upon all the former duties of customs, being allowed to be wholly drawn back upon the exportation of all other goods, were likewise allowed to be drawn back upon that of wine.
1779年和1781年对所有以前的关税征收的关税，允许在所有其他货物的出口中完全扣除，同样也允许在葡萄酒的出口中扣除。
The last duty that has been particularly imposed upon wine, that of 1780, is allowed to be wholly drawn back; an indulgence which, when so many heavy duties are retained, most probably could never occasion the exportation of a single ton of wine.
最后一项特别针对葡萄酒征收的关税，即 1780 年的关税，现在可以完全取消；当保留如此多的繁重关税时，这种放纵很可能永远无法出口一吨葡萄酒。
These rules took place with regard to all places of lawful exportation, except the British colonies in America.
这些规则适用于除美洲的英国殖民地之外的所有合法出口地点。
The 15th Charles II, chap.
第十五任查理二世，第一章。
7, called an act for the encouragement of trade, had given Great Britain the monopoly of supplying the colonies with all the commodities of the growth or manufacture of Europe, and consequently with wines.
第 7 号法案被称为鼓励贸易法案，赋予英国垄断地位，可以向殖民地供应欧洲生产或制造的所有商品，进而供应葡萄酒。
In a country of so extensive a coast as our North American and West Indian colonies, where our authority was always so very slender, and where the inhabitants were allowed to carry out in their own ships their non-enumerated commodities, at first to all parts of Europe, and afterwards to all parts of Europe south of Cape Finisterre, it is not very probable that this monopoly could ever be much respected; and they probably at all times found means of bringing back some cargo from the countries to which they were allowed to carry out one.
在我们的北美和西印度殖民地这样一个海岸如此广阔的国家里，我们的权威总是那么微薄，居民被允许用自己的船只运送他们未列举的商品，首先是欧洲各地，后来是菲尼斯特雷角以南的欧洲所有地区，这种垄断不太可能受到尊重；他们可能总是想方设法从允许他们运载货物的国家带回一些货物。
They seem, however, to have found some difficulty in importing European wines from the places of their growth; and they could not well import them from Great Britain, where they were loaded with many heavy duties, of which a considerable part was not drawn back upon exportation.
然而，他们似乎发现从产地进口欧洲葡萄酒遇到了一些困难；他们也不能很好地从英国进口这些货物，因为英国的货物被征收了许多重税，其中很大一部分在出口时没有被退还。
Madeira wine, not being an European commodity, could be imported directly into America and the West Indies, countries which, in all their non-enumerated commodities, enjoyed a free trade to the island of Madeira.
马德拉葡萄酒不是欧洲商品，可以直接进口到美洲和西印度群岛，这些国家的所有非列举商品都享有与马德拉岛的自由贸易。
These circumstances had probably introduced that general taste for Madeira wine, which our officers found established in all our colonies at the commencement of the war which began in 1755, and which they brought back with them to the mother country, where that wine had not been much in fashion before.
这些情况可能导致了人们对马德拉酒的普遍喜爱，我们的军官发现，在 1755 年战争开始时，这种葡萄酒在我们所有的殖民地都已确立，他们将这种葡萄酒带回了祖国，而以前马德拉酒在那里并不流行。
Upon the conclusion of that war, in 1763 (by the 4th Geo.
1763 年，战争结束（第四届 Geo.
III, chap.
第三章。
15, sect.
15，节。
12), all the duties except £3, 10s.
12)，除 3 英镑、10 便士外的所有关税。
were allowed to be drawn back upon the exportation to the colonies of all wines, except French wines, to the commerce and consumption of which national prejudice would allow no sort of encouragement.
允许取消向殖民地出口除法国葡萄酒以外的所有葡萄酒，民族偏见不允许对这种贸易和消费进行任何形式的鼓励。
The period between the granting of this indulgence and the revolt of our North American colonies, was probably too short to admit of any considerable change in the customs of those countries.
从给予这种赦免到我们北美殖民地的叛乱之间的时间可能太短，无法让这些国家的习俗发生任何重大变化。
The same act which, in the drawbacks upon all wines, except French wines, thus favoured the colonies so much more than other countries, in those upon the greater part of other commodities, favoured them much less.
同样的法案，在对除法国葡萄酒之外的所有葡萄酒征收关税方面，对殖民地的优惠比对其他国家要大得多，但在对大部分其他商品征收关税时，对殖民地的优惠则要少得多。
Upon the exportation of the greater part of commodities to other countries, half the old subsidy was drawn back.
当大部分商品出口到其他国家时，原来的补贴就被收回了一半。
But this law enacted, that no part of that duty should be drawn back upon the exportation to the colonies of any commodities of the growth or manufacture either of Europe or the East Indies, except wines, white calicoes, and muslins.
但颁布的这项法律规定，向殖民地出口欧洲或东印度群岛生产或制造的任何商品时，除葡萄酒、白棉布和平纹细布外，不得取消该关税的任何部分。
Drawbacks were, perhaps, originally granted for the encouragement of the carrying trade, which, as the freight of the ship is frequently paid by foreigners in money, was supposed to be peculiarly fitted for bringing gold and silver into the country.
也许最初是为了鼓励运输贸易而设置的缺点，因为船舶的运费经常由外国人用货币支付，所以这种贸易被认为特别适合将黄金和白银带入该国。
But though the carrying trade certainly deserves no peculiar encouragement, though the motive of the institution was, perhaps, abundantly foolish, the institution itself seems reasonable enough.
但是，尽管套利贸易当然不值得特别鼓励，尽管该制度的动机也许非常愚蠢，但该制度本身似乎足够合理。
Such drawbacks cannot force into this trade a greater share of the capital of the country than what would have gone to it of its own accord, had there been no duties upon importation; they only prevent its being excluded altogether by those duties.
如果没有进口关税，这些退税不会迫使该国更多的资本进入该贸易；它们只是防止它被这些义务完全排除。
The carrying trade, though it deserves no preference, ought not to be precluded, but to be left free, like all other trades.
套利贸易虽然不值得享受优惠，但不应被排除在外，而应像所有其他贸易一样自由开展。
It is a necessary resource to those capitals which cannot find employment, either in the agriculture or in the manufactures of the country, either in its home trade, or in its foreign trade of consumption.
对于那些无法在该国的农业或制造业、国内贸易或消费的对外贸易中找到就业机会的资本来说，它是一种必要的资源。
The revenue of the customs, instead of suffering, profits from such drawbacks, by that part of the duty which is retained.
海关的收入不但没有遭受损失，反而通过保留的那部分关税从这些缺点中获利。
If the whole duties had been retained, the foreign goods upon which they are paid could seldom have been exported, nor consequently imported, for want of a market.
如果保留全部关税，那么由于缺乏市场，用来支付关税的外国货物就很少会出口，也不会因此进口。
The duties, therefore, of which a part is retained, would never have been paid.
因此，保留一部分的关税永远不会被支付。
These reasons seem sufficiently to justify drawbacks, and would justify them, though the whole duties, whether upon the produce of domestic industry or upon foreign goods, were always drawn back upon exportation.
这些理由似乎足以证明退税是合理的，而且也将证明它们是合理的，尽管全部关税，无论是针对国内工业产品还是针对外国商品，总是在出口时被退回。
The revenue of excise would, in this case indeed, suffer a little, and that of the customs a good deal more; but the natural balance of industry, the natural division and distribution of labour, which is always more or less disturbed by such duties, would be more nearly re-established by such a regulation.
在这种情况下，消费税收入确实会受到一些影响，而海关收入则受到更多影响。但是，产业的自然平衡、劳动的自然分工和分配总是或多或少地受到这些义务的干扰，而通过这样的规定，将更接近于重新建立。
These reasons, however, will justify drawbacks only upon exporting goods to those countries which are altogether foreign and independent, not to those in which our merchants and manufacturers enjoy a monopoly.
然而，这些理由只能证明在向完全外国和独立的国家出口货物时征收关税是合理的，而不是向我们的商人和制造商享有垄断的国家出口货物时征收关税。
A drawback, for example, upon the exportation of European goods to our American colonies, will not always occasion a greater exportation than what would have taken place without it.
例如，在向我们的美洲殖民地出口欧洲商品时存在的退税并不总是会导致比没有退税时更大的出口量。
By means of the monopoly which our merchants and manufacturers enjoy there, the same quantity might frequently, perhaps, be sent thither, though the whole duties were retained.
由于我们的商人和制造商在那里享有垄断地位，尽管保留了全部关税，但也许可以经常将相同数量的货物运往那里。
The drawback, therefore, may frequently be pure loss to the revenue of excise and customs, without altering the state of the trade, or rendering it in any respect more extensive.
因此，这种缺陷常常可能纯粹是消费税和关税收入的损失，而不会改变贸易状况，或使其在任何方面更加广泛。
How far such drawbacks can be justified as a proper encouragement to the industry of our colonies, or how far it is advantageous to the mother country that they should be exempted from taxes which are paid by all the rest of their fellow-subjects, will appear hereafter, when I come to treat of colonies.
这些缺点在多大程度上可以被证明是对我们殖民地工业的适当鼓励，或者在多大程度上免除它们对所有其他同胞所缴纳的税款对母国有利，将在我以后讨论殖民地时出现。
Drawbacks, however, it must always be understood, are useful only in those cases in which the goods, for the exportation of which they are given, are really exported to some foreign country, and not clandestinely re-imported into our own.
然而，必须始终理解，缺点仅在以下情况下有用：指定用于出口的货物实际上出口到某个外国国家，而不是秘密地重新进口到我们自己的国家。
That some drawbacks, particularly those upon tobacco, have frequently been abused in this manner, and have given occasion to many frauds, equally hurtful both to the revenue and to the fair trader, is well known.
众所周知，一些缺点，特别是烟草方面的缺点，经常以这种方式被滥用，并引发了许多欺诈行为，同样损害了收入和公平贸易商的利益。
CHAPTER V.
第五章
OF BOUNTIES.
赏金。
Bounties upon exportation are, in Great Britain, frequently petitioned for, and sometimes granted, to the produce of particular branches of domestic industry.
在英国，国内工业特定部门的产品经常被要求提供出口奖励，有时甚至被授予。
By means of them, our merchants and manufacturers, it is pretended, will be enabled to sell their goods as cheap or cheaper than their rivals in the foreign market.
据称，通过它们，我们的商人和制造商将能够以比国外市场竞争对手更便宜或更便宜的价格出售他们的商品。
A greater quantity, it is said, will thus be exported, and the balance of trade consequently turned more in favour of our own country.
据说，这样出口的数量就会更大，贸易平衡因此变得更加有利于我们自己的国家。
We cannot give our workmen a monopoly in the foreign, as we have done in the home market.
我们不能像在国内市场那样让我们的工人在国外享有垄断权。
We cannot force foreigners to buy their goods, as we have done our own countrymen.
我们不能像对待自己的同胞那样强迫外国人购买他们的商品。
The next best expedient, it has been thought, therefore, is to pay them for buying.
因此，人们认为，第二好的权宜之计就是付钱给他们购买。
It is in this manner that the mercantile system proposes to enrich the whole country, and to put money into all our pockets, by means of the balance of trade.
正是通过这种方式，重商制度旨在通过贸易平衡来使整个国家富裕起来，并把钱放进我们所有人的口袋里。
Bounties, it is allowed, ought to be given to those branches of trade only which cannot be carried on without them.
可以说，奖金应该只给予那些没有奖金就无法开展的贸易部门。
But every branch of trade in which the merchant can sell his goods for a price which replaces to him, with the ordinary profits of stock, the whole capital employed in preparing and sending them to market, can be carried on without a bounty.
但是，在每一个贸易部门中，商人可以以一定的价格出售其货物，而该价格可以用股票的普通利润代替他在准备货物并将其运送到市场上所使用的全部资本，因此可以在没有赏金的情况下进行。
Every such branch is evidently upon a level with all the other branches of trade which are carried on without bounties, and cannot, therefore, require one more than they.
显然，每一个这样的部门都与所有其他在没有赏金的情况下进行的贸易部门处于同一水平，因此不能比它们多需要一个。
Those trades only require bounties, in which the merchant is obliged to sell his goods for a price which does not replace to him his capital, together with the ordinary profit, or in which he is obliged to sell them for less than it really cost him to send them to market.
这些交易只需要赏金，其中商人有义务以不能取代他的资本和普通利润的价格出售他的货物，或者他有义务以低于他将它们发送到市场的实际成本的价格出售它们。
The bounty is given in order to make up this loss, and to encourage him to continue, or, perhaps, to begin a trade, of which the expense is supposed to be greater than the returns, of which every operation eats up a part of the capital employed in it, and which is of such a nature, that if all other trades resembled it, there would soon be no capital left in the country.
给予赏金是为了弥补这种损失，并鼓励他继续，或者也许开始一项贸易，这种贸易的费用应该大于回报，每项业务都会消耗其所使用的资本的一部分，而且这种贸易的性质是，如果所有其他贸易都与此类似，那么该国很快就会没有资本。
The trades, it is to be observed, which are carried on by means of bounties, are the only ones which can be carried on between two nations for any considerable time together, in such a manner as that one of them shall always and regularly lose, or sell its goods for less than it really cost to send them to market.
值得注意的是，通过赏金进行的贸易是两国之间唯一可以在相当长的时间内进行的贸易，其方式是其中一个国家将始终定期损失，或以低于将其发送到市场的实际成本的价格出售其货物。
But if the bounty did not repay to the merchant what he would otherwise lose upon the price of his goods, his own interest would soon oblige him to employ his stock in another way, or to find out a trade in which the price of the goods would replace to him, with the ordinary profit, the capital employed in sending them to market.
但是，如果赏金没有偿还给商人，否则他将因货物价格而损失，他自己的利益很快就会迫使他以另一种方式使用他的库存，或者找到一种贸易，在这种贸易中，货物的价格将用普通利润代替他将货物送往市场的资本。
The effect of bounties, like that of all the other expedients of the mercantile system, can only be to force the trade of a country into a channel much less advantageous than that in which it would naturally run of its own accord.
赏金的效果，就像重商体系的所有其他权宜之计一样，只能迫使一个国家的贸易进入比它自然自然运行的通道更不利的通道。
The ingenious and well-informed author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade has shown very clearly, that since the bounty upon the exportation of corn was first established, the price of the corn exported, valued moderately enough, has exceeded that of the corn imported, valued very high, by a much greater sum than the amount of the whole bounties which have been paid during that period.
《玉米贸易小册子》的聪明才智和消息灵通的作者非常清楚地表明，自从首次设立玉米出口奖励金以来，价值适中的出口玉米的价格已经超过了价值非常高的进口玉米的价格，其数额远远高于该时期支付的全部奖励金的金额。
This, he imagines, upon the true principles of the mercantile system, is a clear proof that this forced corn trade is beneficial to the nation, the value of the exportation exceeding that of the importation by a much greater sum than the whole extraordinary expense which the public has been at in order to get it exported.
他认为，根据重商体系的真正原则，这清楚地证明了这种强迫玉米贸易对国家有利，出口价值超过进口价值，其数额远远大于公众为出口谷物而付出的全部非凡费用。
He does not consider that this extraordinary expense, or the bounty, is the smallest part of the expense which the exportation of corn really costs the society.
他并不认为这笔额外的开支或奖金只是玉米出口给社会带来的实际开支中最小的一部分。
The capital which the farmer employed in raising it must likewise be taken into the account.
农民用于饲养农作物的资本也必须考虑在内。
Unless the price of the corn, when sold in the foreign markets, replaces not only the bounty, but this capital, together with the ordinary profits of stock, the society is a loser by the difference, or the national stock is so much diminished.
除非玉米在国外市场上出售时的价格不仅取代了赏金，而且还取代了这种资本以及股票的普通利润，否则社会就会因差价而成为输家，或者国家股票会大大减少。
But the very reason for which it has been thought necessary to grant a bounty, is the supposed insufficiency of the price to do this.
但人们认为有必要给予赏金的真正原因是，这样做的价格不足。
The average price of corn, it has been said, has fallen considerably since the establishment of the bounty.
据说，自奖励金设立以来，玉米的平均价格已大幅下降。
That the average price of corn began to fall somewhat towards the end of the last century, and has continued to do so during the course of the sixty-four first years of the present, I have already endeavoured to show.
我已经尽力表明，玉米的平均价格在上世纪末开始有所下降，并且在当前的六十四年中一直持续这种情况。
But this event, supposing it to be real, as I believe it to be, must have happened in spite of the bounty, and cannot possibly have happened in consequence of it.
但这个事件，假设它是真实的，正如我所相信的那样，尽管有赏金，但它一定会发生，而且不可能是它的结果。
It has happened in France, as well as in England, though in France there was not only no bounty, but, till 1764, the exportation of corn was subjected to a general prohibition.
这种情况在法国和英国都曾发生过，尽管在法国不仅没有任何赏金，而且直到1764年，玉米的出口都受到全面禁止。
This gradual fall in the average price of grain, it is probable, therefore, is ultimately owing neither to the one regulation nor to the other, but to that gradual and insensible rise in the real value of silver, which, in the first book of this discourse, I have endeavoured to show, has taken place in the general market of Europe during the course of the present century.
因此，谷物平均价格的逐渐下降很可能最终既不是由于一种管制，也不是由于另一种管制，而是由于白银实际价值的逐渐和不知不觉的上涨，在本书的第一本书中，我竭力表明，这种上涨在本世纪的过程中发生在欧洲的总体市场上。
It seems to be altogether impossible that the bounty could ever contribute to lower the price of grain.
这笔奖金似乎完全不可能有助于降低粮食价格。
In years of plenty, it has already been observed, the bounty, by occasioning an extraordinary exportation, necessarily keeps up the price of corn in the home market above what it would naturally fall to.
人们已经观察到，在丰收的年份，丰收会引发异常的出口，必然使国内市场的玉米价格保持在其自然下跌的水平之上。
To do so was the avowed purpose of the institution.
这样做是该机构公开的目的。
In years of scarcity, though the bounty is frequently suspended, yet the great exportation which it occasions in years of plenty, must frequently hinder, more or less, the plenty of one year from relieving the scarcity of another.
在匮乏的年份，虽然赏金经常被暂停，但在丰裕的年份所引起的大量出口，必然会或多或少地经常阻碍某一年的丰裕缓解另一年的匮乏。
Both in years of plenty and in years of scarcity, therefore, the bounty necessarily tends to raise the money price of corn somewhat higher than it otherwise would be in the home market.
因此，无论是在丰裕的年份还是在稀缺的年份，这种赏金必然会导致玉米的货币价格略高于国内市场的价格。
That in the actual state of tillage the bounty must necessarily have this tendency, will not, I apprehend, be disputed by any reasonable person.
在实际的耕作状态下，赏金必然具有这种趋势，我认为，任何有理智的人都不会对此提出异议。
But it has been thought by many people, that it tends to encourage tillage, and that in two different ways; first, by opening a more extensive foreign market to the corn of the farmer, it tends, they imagine, to increase the demand for, and consequently the production of, that commodity; and, secondly by securing to him a better price than he could otherwise expect in the actual state of tillage, it tends, they suppose, to encourage tillage.
但许多人认为，它倾向于鼓励耕作，而且有两种不同的方式：首先，他们认为，通过向农民的谷物开放更广泛的国外市场，往往会增加对该商品的需求，从而增加该商品的产量；其次，他们认为，通过向他保证比他在实际耕作状态下所能预期的更好的价格，这往往会鼓励耕作。
This double encouragement must they imagine, in a long period of years, occasion such an increase in the production of corn, as may lower its price in the home market, much more than the bounty can raise it in the actual state which tillage may, at the end of that period, happen to be in.
他们必须想象，这种双重鼓励，在很长一段时间内，会引起玉米产量的增加，这可能会降低其在国内市场的价格，远远超过奖金在该时期结束时耕作可能处于的实际状态下所能提高的价格。
I answer, that whatever extension of the foreign market can be occasioned by the bounty must, in every particular year, be altogether at the expense of the home market; as every bushel of corn, which is exported by means of the bounty, and which would not have been exported without the bounty, would have remained in the home market to increase the consumption, and to lower the price of that commodity.
我的回答是，无论赏金能够引起什么国外市场的扩展，在每一年，都必须完全以牺牲国内市场为代价；因为通过赏金出口的每蒲式耳玉米，以及没有赏金就不会出口的每一蒲式耳玉米都会留在国内市场，以增加消费并降低该商品的价格。
The corn bounty, it is to be observed, as well as every other bounty upon exportation, imposes two different taxes upon the people; first, the tax which they are obliged to contribute, in order to pay the bounty; and, secondly, the tax which arises from the advanced price of the commodity in the home market, and which, as the whole body of the people are purchasers of corn, must, in this particular commodity, be paid by the whole body of the people.
值得注意的是，玉米补贴和其他出口补贴一样，对人民征收两种不同的税。首先，他们为了支付赏金而必须缴纳的税款；其次，由于国内市场商品的预付价格而产生的税收，由于全体人民都是谷物的购买者，因此在这种特殊商品中，税收必须由全体人民缴纳。
In this particular commodity, therefore, this second tax is by much the heaviest of the two.
因此，对于这种特殊商品，第二种税收是两者中最重的。
Let us suppose that, taking one year with another, the bounty of 5s.
让我们假设，用一年的时间，再花一年的时间，赏金是 5 秒。
upon the exportation of the quarter of wheat raises the price of that commodity in the home market only 6d.
出口四分之一的小麦后，该商品在国内市场的价格仅上涨了 6 天。
the bushel, or 4s.
蒲式耳，或 4s。
the quarter higher than it otherwise would have been in the actual state of the crop.
高于作物实际状况的四分之一。
Even upon this very moderate supposition, the great body of the people, over and above contributing the tax which pays the bounty of 5s.
即使根据这个非常温和的假设，广大人民除了缴纳5先令的税收之外，还支付了5先令的赏金。
upon every quarter of wheat exported, must pay another of 4s.
每出口四分之一的小麦，必须再缴纳4先令。
upon every quarter which they themselves consume.
他们自己消费的每一季度。
But according to the very well informed author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade, the average proportion of the corn exported to that consumed at home, is not more than that of one to thirty-one.
但据《玉米贸易小册子》这位消息灵通的作者说，出口玉米与国内消费的平均比例不超过一比三十一。
For every 5s.
每5秒一次。
therefore, which they contribute to the payment of the first tax, they must contribute £6:4s.
因此，他们缴纳第一笔税款时必须缴纳 6:4 英镑。
to the payment of the second.
到第二次的付款。
So very heavy a tax upon the first necessary of life-must either reduce the subsistence of the labouring poor, or it must occasion some augmentation in their pecuniary wages, proportionable to that in the pecuniary price of their subsistence.
对最基本的生活必需品征收如此重的税，要么会减少劳动穷人的生活，要么会导致他们的工资有所增加，与他们的生活的金钱价格成比例。
So far as it operates in the one way, it must reduce the ability of the labouring poor to educate and bring up their children, and must, so far, tend to restrain the population of the country.
只要它以一种方式运作，它就必然会降低劳动穷人教育和养育子女的能力，而且到目前为止，它必定会抑制该国的人口。
So far as it operates in the other, it must reduce the ability of the employers of the poor, to employ so great a number as they otherwise might do, and must so far tend to restrain the industry of the country.
就其在另一方的运作而言，它必定会削弱穷人雇主的能力，减少他们原本可能会雇用的大量人员的能力，并且到目前为止必定倾向于限制国家的工业。
The extraordinary exportation of corn, therefore occasioned by the bounty, not only in every particular year diminishes the home, just as much as it extends the foreign market and consumption, but, by restraining the population and industry of the country, its final tendency is to stint and restrain the gradual extension of the home market; and thereby, in the long-run, rather to diminish than to augment the whole market and consumption of corn.
因此，由于慷慨的原因，玉米的大量出口不仅在每一年都削弱了国内市场，就像它扩大了国外市场和消费一样，而且通过限制国内的人口和工业，其最终趋势是限制和限制国内市场的逐渐扩张；因此，从长远来看，整个市场和玉米消费量的增加而不是减少。
This enhancement of the money price of corn, however, it has been thought, by rendering that commodity more profitable to the farmer, must necessarily encourage its production.
然而，人们认为，玉米货币价格的提高，使这种商品对农民来说更有利可图，必然会鼓励其生产。
I answer, that this might be the case, if the effect of the bounty was to raise the real price of corn, or to enable the farmer, with an equal quantity of it, to maintain a greater number of labourers in the same manner, whether liberal, moderate, or scanty, than other labourers are commonly maintained in his neighbourhood.
我的回答是，如果赏金的效果是提高玉米的实际价格，或者使农民能够以同等数量的玉米，以同样的方式（无论是自由的、温和的还是稀缺的）比他附近通常维持的其他劳动力维持更多的劳动力，情况可能就是这样。
But neither the bounty, it is evident, nor any other human institution, can have any such effect.
但显然，无论是赏金，还是任何其他人类制度，都无法产生这样的效果。
It is not the real, but the nominal price of corn, which can in any considerable degree be affected by the bounty.
这不是玉米的真实价格，而是名义价格，它在很大程度上会受到奖金的影响。
And though the tax, which that institution imposes upon the whole body of the people, may be very burdensome to those who pay it, it is of very little advantage to those who receive it.
尽管该机构向全体人民征收的税收可能对纳税人来说是非常沉重的负担，但对接受税收的人来说却没有什么好处。
The real effect of the bounty is not so much to raise the real value of corn, as to degrade the real value of silver; or to make an equal quantity of it exchange for a smaller quantity, not only of corn, but of all other home made commodities; for the money price of corn regulates that of all other home made commodities.
赏金的真正作用与其说是提高了玉米的实际价值，不如说是降低了白银的实际价值；或者用等量的它交换较少数量的，不仅是玉米，而且是所有其他国产商品；因为玉米的货币价格调节着所有其他国产商品的货币价格。
It regulates the money price of labour, which must always be such as to enable the labourer to purchase a quantity of corn sufficient to maintain him and his family, either in the liberal, moderate, or scanty manner, in which the advancing, stationary, or declining, circumstances of the society, oblige his employers to maintain him.
它规定了劳动的货币价格，它必须始终使劳动者能够购买足够数量的谷物来维持他和他的家人的生活，无论是自由的、温和的还是少量的方式，在这种情况下，社会的进步、静止或衰退，迫使他的雇主维持他的生活。
It regulates the money price of all the other parts of the rude produce of land, which, in every period of improvement, must bear a certain proportion to that of corn, though this proportion is different in different periods.
它规定了土地原始产品的所有其他部分的货币价格，在每一个改良时期，这些产品的货币价格都必须与谷物的价格保持一定的比例，尽管这个比例在不同的时期是不同的。
It regulates, for example, the money price of grass and hay, of butcher’s meat, of horses, and the maintenance of horses, of land carriage consequently, or of the greater part of the inland commerce of the country.
例如，它规定草和干草、屠宰肉类、马匹的货币价格，以及马匹的维护、陆路运输或该国大部分内陆商业的货币价格。
By regulating the money price of all the other parts of the rude produce of land, it regulates that of the materials of almost all manufactures; by regulating the money price of labour, it regulates that of manufacturing art and industry; and by regulating both, it regulates that of the complete manufacture.
通过调节土地粗产品所有其他部分的货币价格，它调节了几乎所有制造业的材料的货币价格。通过调节劳动力的货币价格，它调节了制造艺术和工业的货币价格；通过对两者的监管，它对整个制造业进行了监管。
The money price of labour, and of every thing that is the produce, either of land or labour, must necessarily either rise or fall in proportion to the money price of corn.
劳动力以及所有产品的货币价格，无论是土地还是劳动力，都必然与玉米的货币价格成比例地上升或下降。
Though in consequence of the bounty, therefore, the farmer should be enabled to sell his corn for 4s.
因此，尽管由于赏金的缘故，农民应该能够以 4 美分的价格出售他的玉米。
the bushel, instead of 3s:6d.
蒲式耳，而不是 3s:6d。
and to pay his landlord a money rent proportionable to this rise in the money price of his produce; yet if, in consequence of this rise in the price of corn, 4s.
并向地主支付与他的产品的货币价格上涨成比例的货币地租；然而，如果由于玉米价格上涨，4s。
will purchase no more home made goods of any other kind than 3s.
不会购买超过 3s 的任何其他种类的自制商品。
6d.
6d.
would have done before, neither the circumstances of the farmer, nor those of the landlord, will be much mended by this change.
以前都会这样做，但无论是农民还是地主的情况，都不会因这一变化而得到多大改善。
The farmer will not be able to cultivate much better; the landlord will not be able to live much better.
农民将无法更好地耕种；房东也不会过得更好。
In the purchase of foreign commodities, this enhancement in the price of corn may give them some little advantage.
在购买外国商品时，玉米价格的上涨可能会给他们带来一些小优势。
In that of home made commodities, it can give them none at all.
对于自制商品来说，它根本无法给他们带来任何好处。
And almost the whole expense of the farmer, and the far greater part even of that of the landlord, is in home made commodities.
农民的几乎全部开支，甚至地主的大部分开支，都花在了自制商品上。
That degradation in the value of silver, which is the effect of the fertility of the mines, and which operates equally, or very nearly equally, through the greater part of the commercial world, is a matter of very little consequence to any particular country.
白银价值的下降是矿山肥力的影响，并且在商业世界的大部分地区同样或几乎同样地发挥着作用，对任何特定国家来说都没有什么影响。
The consequent rise of all money prices, though it does not make those who receive them really richer, does not make them really poorer.
随之而来的所有货币价格的上涨，虽然不会让接受货币的人真正变得更富有，但也不会让他们真正变得更穷。
A service of plate becomes really cheaper, and every thing else remains precisely of the same real value as before.
盘子的服务变得非常便宜，而其他一切都保持与以前相同的实际价值。
But that degradation in the value of silver, which, being the effect either of the peculiar situation or of the political institutions of a particular country, takes place only in that country, is a matter of very great consequence, which, far from tending to make anybody really richer, tends to make every body really poorer.
但是，白银价值的贬值，由于特定国家的特殊情况或政治制度的影响，只发生在该国，这是一个后果非常严重的问题，它远不会让任何人真正变得更富有，反而会让每个人真正变得更穷。
The rise in the money price of all commodities, which is in this case peculiar to that country, tends to discourage more or less every sort of industry which is carried on within it, and to enable foreign nations, by furnishing almost all sorts of goods for a smaller quantity of silver than its own workmen can afford to do, to undersell them, not only in the foreign, but even in the home market.
所有商品的货币价格的上涨，在这种情况下是该国所特有的，往往会或多或少地抑制该国境内进行的各种工业，并且使外国能够通过以比其本国工人能承受的数量更少的白银提供几乎所有种类的商品，不仅在外国市场上，而且甚至在国内市场上都低价出售这些商品。
It is the peculiar situation of Spain and Portugal, as proprietors of the mines, to be the distributers of gold and silver to all the other countries of Europe.
西班牙和葡萄牙作为矿产所有者，向欧洲所有其他国家分销黄金和白银，这是西班牙和葡萄牙的特殊情况。
Those metals ought naturally, therefore, to be somewhat cheaper in Spain and Portugal than in any other part of Europe.
因此，西班牙和葡萄牙的这些金属自然应该比欧洲任何其他地区便宜一些。
The difference, however, should be no more than the amount of the freight and insurance; and, on account of the great value and small bulk of those metals, their freight is no great matter, and their insurance is the same as that of any other goods of equal value.
但差额不应超过运费和保险费的金额；而且，由于这些金属价值高、体积小，其运费并不重要，其保险与任何其他同等价值的货物相同。
Spain and Portugal, therefore, could suffer very little from their peculiar situation, if they did not aggravate its disadvantages by their political institutions.
因此，如果西班牙和葡萄牙的政治制度不加剧其不利条件，那么它们的特殊处境就不会受到什么影响。
Spain by taxing, and Portugal by prohibiting, the exportation of gold and silver, load that exportation with the expense of smuggling, and raise the value of those metals in other countries so much more above what it is in their own, by the whole amount of this expense.
西班牙通过对黄金和白银的出口征税，而葡萄牙则通过禁止黄金和白银的出口，使出口承担走私费用，并使这些金属在其他国家的价值大大高于其本国的价值，而这些费用的全部金额。
When you dam up a stream of water, as soon as the dam is full, as much water must run over the dam-head as if there was no dam at all.
当你筑坝拦住一条水流时，一旦大坝满了，一定有那么多的水流过坝头，就好像根本没有大坝一样。
The prohibition of exportation cannot detain a greater quantity of gold and silver in Spain and Portugal, than what they can afford to employ, than what the annual produce of their land and labour will allow them to employ, in coin, plate, gilding, and other ornaments of gold and silver.
禁止出口在西班牙和葡萄牙扣留的金银数量不能超过他们能够使用的数量，也不能超过他们的土地和劳动力的年产量允许他们在硬币、盘子、镀金和其他金银装饰品中使用的数量。
When they have got this quantity, the dam is full, and the whole stream which flows in afterwards must run over.
当他们达到这个数量时，大坝就满了，随后流入的整条溪流都必须淹没。
The annual exportation of gold and silver from Spain and Portugal, accordingly, is, by all accounts, notwithstanding these restraints, very near equal to the whole annual importation.
因此，尽管有这些限制，但从各方面来看，西班牙和葡萄牙的黄金和白银的年度出口量仍非常接近年度进口总量。
As the water, however, must always be deeper behind the dam-head than before it, so the quantity of gold and silver which these restraints detain in Spain and Portugal, must, in proportion to the annual produce of their land and labour, be greater than what is to be found in other countries.
然而，由于坝头后面的水位一定比坝头前面更深，因此这些限制措施在西班牙和葡萄牙扣留的金银数量，按其土地和劳动的年产值的比例，必定比其他国家的金银数量要多。
The higher and stronger the dam-head, the greater must be the difference in the depth of water behind and before it.
坝头越高、越坚固，其前后的水深差异就越大。
The higher the tax, the higher the penalties with which the prohibition is guarded, the more vigilant and severe the police which looks after the execution of the law, the greater must be the difference in the proportion of gold and silver to the annual produce of the land and labour of Spain and Portugal, and to that of other countries.
税收越高，遵守禁令的处罚就越高，负责执行法律的警察就越警惕和严厉，黄金和白银在西班牙和葡萄牙以及其他国家的土地和劳动力年生产中的比例差异就越大。
It is said, accordingly, to be very considerable, and that you frequently find there a profusion of plate in houses, where there is nothing else which would in other countries be thought suitable or correspondent to this sort of magnificence.
因此，据说这是非常可观的，你经常会发现房子里有大量的盘子，而在其他国家，没有任何其他东西被认为适合或对应于这种华丽。
The cheapness of gold and silver, or, what is the same thing, the dearness of all commodities, which is the necessary effect of this redundancy of the precious metals, discourages both the agriculture and manufactures of Spain and Portugal, and enables foreign nations to supply them with many sorts of rude, and with almost all sorts of manufactured produce, for a smaller quantity of gold and silver than what they themselves can either raise or make them for at home.
黄金和白银的廉价，或者说所有商品的昂贵，这是贵金属过剩的必然结果，阻碍了西班牙和葡萄牙的农业和制造业，并使外国能够向它们提供多种粗品和几乎所有种类的制成品，而金银的数量比它们自己在国内生产或制造的金银数量要少。
The tax and prohibition operate in two different ways.
税收和禁令以两种不同的方式运作。
They not only lower very much the value of the precious metals in Spain and Portugal, but by detaining there a certain quantity of those metals which would otherwise flow over other countries, they keep up their value in those other countries somewhat above what it otherwise would be, and thereby give those countries a double advantage in their commerce with Spain and Portugal.
它们不仅大大降低了西班牙和葡萄牙贵金属的价值，而且通过在当地扣留一定数量的贵金属（否则这些金属将流向其他国家），它们使贵金属在其他国家的价值略高于其原本的价值，从而使这些国家在与西班牙和葡萄牙的贸易中获得双重优势。
Open the flood-gates, and there will presently be less water above, and more below the dam-head, and it will soon come to a level in both places.
打开闸门，很快坝头上面的水就少了，坝头以下的水就多了，很快两地就会齐平了。
Remove the tax and the prohibition, and as the quantity of gold and silver will diminish considerably in Spain and Portugal, so it will increase somewhat in other countries; and the value of those metals, their proportion to the annual produce of land and labour, will soon come to a level, or very near to a level, in all.
取消税收和禁令，由于西班牙和葡萄牙的金银数量将大幅减少，因此其他国家的黄金和白银数量将有所增加；这些金属的价值，以及它们与土地和劳动力年产出的比例，很快就会达到一个水平，或者非常接近一个水平。
The loss which Spain and Portugal could sustain by this exportation of their gold and silver, would be altogether nominal and imaginary.
西班牙和葡萄牙因出口黄金和白银而承受的损失完全是名义上的和想象的。
The nominal value of their goods, and of the annual produce of their land and labour, would fall, and would be expressed or represented by a smaller quantity of silver than before; but their real value would be the same as before, and would be sufficient to maintain, command, and employ the same quantity of labour.
他们的商品以及他们的土地和劳动力的年产品的名义价值将会下降，并且用比以前更少的白银来表示或代表；但它们的实际价值将与以前相同，并且足以维持、指挥和使用相同数量的劳动力。
As the nominal value of their goods would fall, the real value of what remained of their gold and silver would rise, and a smaller quantity of those metals would answer all the same purposes of commerce and circulation which had employed a greater quantity before.
随着他们商品的名义价值下降，他们剩余的金银的实际价值将会上升，而更少数量的这些金属将满足以前使用更多数量的商业和流通的所有相同目的。
The gold and silver which would go abroad would not go abroad for nothing, but would bring back an equal value of goods of some kind or other.
流向国外的黄金和白银不会无缘无故地流向国外，而是会带回同等价值的某种商品。
Those goods, too, would not be all matters of mere luxury and expense, to be consumed by idle people, who produce nothing in return for their consumption.
这些商品也不会仅仅是奢侈品和费用，供游手好闲的人消费，他们的消费不产生任何回报。
As the real wealth and revenue of idle people would not be augmented by this extraordinary exportation of gold and silver, so neither would their consumption be much augmented by it.
由于黄金和白银的大量出口不会增加游手好闲者的实际财富和收入，因此他们的消费也不会因此而增加太多。
Those goods would probably, the greater part of them, and certainly some part of them, consist in materials, tools, and provisions, for the employment and maintenance of industrious people, who would reproduce, with a profit, the full value of their consumption.
这些商品很可能，其中大部分，当然还有一部分，是材料、工具和供给品，用于就业和维持勤劳的人们，他们将再生产其消费的全部价值并从中获利。
A part of the dead stock of the society would thus be turned into active stock, and would put into motion a greater quantity of industry than had been employed before.
社会的一部分滞留库存将因此转变为活跃库存，并且将启动比以前更多的工业量。
The annual produce of their land and labour would immediately be augmented a little, and in a few years would probably be augmented a great deal; their industry being thus relieved from one of the most oppressive burdens which it at present labours under.
他们的土地和劳动力的年生产立即会增加一点，几年后可能会增加很多；他们的工业由此摆脱了目前所承受的最沉重的负担之一。
The bounty upon the exportation of corn necessarily operates exactly in the same way as this absurd policy of Spain and Portugal.
玉米出口奖励必然与西班牙和葡萄牙的荒谬政策完全相同。
Whatever be the actual state of tillage, it renders our corn somewhat dearer in the home market than it otherwise would be in that state, and somewhat cheaper in the foreign; and as the average money price of corn regulates, more or less, that of all other commodities, it lowers the value of silver considerably in the one, and tends to raise it a little in the other.
无论耕作的实际情况如何，它都会使我们的玉米在国内市场上比在该州的情况下要贵一些，而在国外市场上则要便宜一些。由于玉米的平均货币价格或多或少地调节着所有其他商品的平均货币价格，因此它大大降低了其中一种商品的白银价值，而倾向于略微提高另一种商品的白银价值。
It enables foreigners, the Dutch in particular, not only to eat our corn cheaper than they otherwise could do, but sometimes to eat it cheaper than even our own people can do upon the same occasions; as we are assured by an excellent authority, that of Sir Matthew Decker.
它使外国人，特别是荷兰人，不仅能够比他们在其他情况下更便宜地吃到我们的玉米，而且有时甚至比我们自己的人民在同样的情况下能更便宜地吃到它；正如马修·德克尔爵士这一杰出权威人士向我们保证的那样。
It hinders our own workmen from furnishing their goods for so small a quantity of silver as they otherwise might do, and enables the Dutch to furnish theirs for a smaller.
它阻碍了我们自己的工人以如此少量的白银供应他们的货物，而他们本来可以这样做，并且使荷兰人能够以更少量的白银供应他们的货物。
It tends to render our manufactures somewhat dearer in every market, and theirs somewhat cheaper, than they otherwise would be, and consequently to give their industry a double advantage over our own.
它往往会使我们的制造品在每个市场上变得更贵，而他们的制造品则更便宜，从而使他们的工业比我们的工业具有双重优势。
The bounty, as it raises in the home market, not so much the real, as the nominal price of our corn; as it augments, not the quantity of labour which a certain quantity of corn can maintain and employ, but only the quantity of silver which it will exchange for; it discourages our manufactures, without rendering any considerable service, either to our farmers or country gentlemen.
国内市场上的赏金与其说是实际价格，不如说是我们玉米的名义价格；因为它增加的不是一定数量的谷物可以维持和使用的劳动量，而是它可以交换的白银数量；它阻碍了我们的制造业，无法为我们的农民或乡村绅士提供任何可观的服务。
It puts, indeed, a little more money into the pockets of both, and it will perhaps be somewhat difficult to persuade the greater part of them that this is not rendering them a very considerable service.
事实上，这给双方的口袋里多了一点钱，但要说服他们中的大多数人相信这并没有给他们带来非常可观的服务，这可能会有些困难。
But if this money sinks in its value, in the quantity of labour, provisions, and home-made commodities of all different kinds which it is capable of purchasing, as much as it rises in its quantity, the service will be little more than nominal and imaginary.
但是，如果这些货币的价值、劳动力、粮食以及它能够购买的各种不同种类的自制商品的数量下降，那么无论其数量增加多少，这种服务都只不过是名义上的和想象的。
There is, perhaps, but one set of men in the whole commonwealth to whom the bounty either was or could be essentially serviceable.
也许，在整个联邦中，只有一组人的赏金要么曾经或可能基本上对他们有用。
These were the corn merchants, the exporters and importers of corn.
这些人是玉米商人、玉米出口商和进口商。
In years of plenty, the bounty necessarily occasioned a greater exportation than would otherwise have taken place; and by hindering the plenty of the one year from relieving the scarcity of another, it occasioned in years of scarcity a greater importation than would otherwise have been necessary.
在丰收的年份，这种赏金必然会带来比其他情况下更大的出口量。通过阻止某一年的丰裕来缓解另一年的匮乏，它在匮乏的年份造成了比原本必要的更大的进口。
It increased the business of the corn merchant in both; and in the years of scarcity, it not only enabled him to import a greater quantity, but to sell it for a better price, and consequently with a greater profit, than he could otherwise have made, if the plenty of one year had not been more or less hindered from relieving the scarcity of another.
它增加了两国玉米商人的生意；在物质匮乏的年代，它不仅使他能够进口更多的数量，而且能够以更好的价格出售，从而获得比他本来可以赚到的更多的利润，如果一年的丰裕没有或多或少地阻碍了缓解另一年的匮乏的话。
It is in this set of men, accordingly, that I have observed the greatest zeal for the continuance or renewal of the bounty.
因此，我在这群人中观察到了对延续或更新恩赐的最大热情。
Our country gentlemen, when they imposed the high duties upon the exportation of foreign corn, which in times of moderate plenty amount to a prohibition, and when they established the bounty, seem to have imitated the conduct of our manufacturers.
我国的先生们，当他们对外国玉米的出口征收高额关税时（这在丰收时期相当于禁止），以及当他们设立赏金时，他们似乎模仿了我们制造商的行为。
By the one institution, they secured to themselves the monopoly of the home market, and by the other they endeavoured to prevent that market from ever being overstocked with their commodity.
通过一个机构，他们确保了自己对国内市场的垄断，而通过另一个机构，他们努力防止该市场上的商品库存过多。
By both they endeavoured to raise its real value, in the same manner as our manufacturers had, by the like institutions, raised the real value of many different sorts of manufactured goods.
他们都努力提高其实际价值，就像我们的制造商通过类似机构提高许多不同种类制成品的实际价值一样。
They did not, perhaps, attend to the great and essential difference which nature has established between corn and almost every other sort of goods.
也许他们没有注意到大自然在谷物和几乎所有其他种类的商品之间建立的巨大而本质的区别。
When, either by the monopoly of the home market, or by a bounty upon exportation, you enable our woollen or linen manufacturers to sell their goods for somewhat a better price than they otherwise could get for them, you raise, not only the nominal, but the real price of those goods; you render them equivalent to a greater quantity of labour and subsistence; you increase not only the nominal, but the real profit, the real wealth and revenue of those manufacturers; and you enable them, either to live better themselves, or to employ a greater quantity of labour in those particular manufactures.
当你通过国内市场的垄断，或者通过出口奖励，使我们的羊毛或亚麻制造商能够以比他们本来可以获得的价格更好的价格出售他们的产品时，你不仅提高了这些产品的名义价格，而且提高了这些产品的实际价格；你使它们相当于更多的劳动和生活资料；您不仅增加了名义利润，还增加了这些制造商的实际利润、实际财富和收入；你使他们能够生活得更好，或者在那些特定的制造业中雇用更多的劳动力。
You really encourage those manufactures, and direct towards them a greater quantity of the industry of the country than what would properly go to them of its own accord.
你们确实鼓励这些制造商，并将更多的国家工业投入到他们手中，而不是直接分配给他们。
But when, by the like institutions, you raise the nominal or money price of corn, you do not raise its real value; you do not increase the real wealth, the real revenue, either of our farmers or country gentlemen; you do not encourage the growth of corn, because you do not enable them to maintain and employ more labourers in raising it.
但是，当你通过类似的机构提高玉米的名义价格或货币价格时，你并没有提高其实际价值；相反，你并没有提高玉米的实际价值。无论是我们的农民还是乡绅，你们都没有增加真正的财富、真正的收入；你不鼓励玉米的生长，因为你不让他们维持和雇用更多的劳动力来种植玉米。
The nature of things has stamped upon corn a real value, which cannot be altered by merely altering its money price.
事物的本质给玉米打上了真实的价值烙印，这种价值不能仅仅通过改变其货币价格来改变。
No bounty upon exportation, no monopoly of the home market, can raise that value.
出口奖励和国内市场垄断都无法提高这一价值。
The freest competition cannot lower it, Through the world in general, that value is equal to the quantity of labour which it can maintain, and in every particular place it is equal to the quantity of labour which it can maintain in the way, whether liberal, moderate, or scanty, in which labour is commonly maintained in that place.
最自由的竞争不能降低它，在整个世界上，价值等于它能够维持的劳动量，并且在每个特定的地方，它等于它能够以该地方普遍维持的劳动方式（无论是自由的、温和的还是稀少的）方式维持的劳动量。
Woollen or linen cloth are not the regulating commodities by which the real value of all other commodities must be finally measured and determined; corn is.
毛布或麻布不是最终衡量和确定所有其他商品的实际价值的调节商品；科恩群岛
The real value of every other commodity is finally measured and determined by the proportion which its average money price bears to the average money price of corn.
其他每种商品的实际价值最终是由其平均货币价格与玉米平均货币价格的比例来衡量和确定的。
The real value of corn does not vary with those variations in its average money price, which sometimes occur from one century to another; it is the real value of silver which varies with them.
玉米的实际价值并不随着其平均货币价格的变化而变化，这种变化有时会在一个世纪到另一个世纪之间发生；银的实际价值随它们而变化。
Bounties upon the exportation of any homemade commodity are liable, first, to that general objection which may be made to all the different expedients of the mercantile system; the objection of forcing some part of the industry of the country into a channel less advantageous than that in which it would run of its own accord; and, secondly, to the particular objection of forcing it not only into a channel that is less advantageous, but into one that is actually disadvantageous; the trade which cannot be carried on but by means of a bounty being necessarily a losing trade.
对任何自制商品的出口的奖励首先会受到对重商制度所有不同权宜之计可能提出的普遍反对意见；反对强迫国家工业的某些部分进入比其自行经营更不利的渠道；其次，反对不仅迫使其进入不太有利的渠道，而且迫使其进入实际上不利的渠道的特殊反对意见；除非通过赏金才能进行的交易必然是亏损的交易。
The bounty upon the exportation of corn is liable to this further objection, that it can in no respect promote the raising of that particular commodity of which it was meant to encourage the production.
对玉米出口的奖励容易受到进一步的反对，即它根本不能促进其旨在鼓励生产的特定商品的生产。
When our country gentlemen, therefore, demanded the establishment of the bounty, though they acted in imitation of our merchants and manufacturers, they did not act with that complete comprehension of their own interest, which commonly directs the conduct of those two other orders of people.
因此，当我们的乡绅们要求设立赏金时，尽管他们的行为是模仿我们的商人和制造商，但他们并没有完全理解自己的利益，而这通常指导着另外两个阶层人民的行为。
They loaded the public revenue with a very considerable expense: they imposed a very heavy tax upon the whole body of the people; but they did not, in any sensible degree, increase the real value of their own commodity; and by lowering somewhat the real value of silver, they discouraged, in some degree, the general industry of the country, and, instead of advancing, retarded more or less the improvement of their own lands, which necessarily depend upon the general industry of the country.
他们给公共收入带来了非常可观的开支：他们向全体人民征收了非常重的税；他们向全体人民征收了非常重的税。但他们并没有在任何合理的程度上增加自己商品的实际价值；通过降低白银的实际价值，他们在某种程度上阻碍了国家的一般工业，并且非但没有进步，反而或多或少地阻碍了他们自己土地的改善，而土地的改善必然依赖于国家的一般工业。
To encourage the production of any commodity, a bounty upon production, one should imagine, would have a more direct operation than one upon exportation.
人们可以想象，为了鼓励任何商品的生产，对生产的奖励将比对出口的奖励更直接。
It would, besides, impose only one tax upon the people, that which they must contribute in order to pay the bounty.
此外，它只会向人民征收一项税，即他们必须缴纳的税才能支付赏金。
Instead of raising, it would tend to lower the price of the commodity in the home market; and thereby, instead of imposing a second tax upon the people, it might, at least in part, repay them for what they had contributed to the first.
它不会提高国内市场的商品价格，而是会降低；因此，它不必向人民征收第二笔税，而是可以至少部分地偿还他们对第一笔税的贡献。
Bounties upon production, however, have been very rarely granted.
然而，很少给予生产奖励。
The prejudices established by the commercial system have taught us to believe, that national wealth arises more immediately from exportation than from production.
商业制度所建立的偏见教会我们相信，国家财富更直接地来自出口而不是生产。
It has been more favoured, accordingly, as the more immediate means of bringing money into the country.
因此，它作为将资金带入该国的更直接的手段而受到更青睐。
Bounties upon production, it has been said too, have been found by experience more liable to frauds than those upon exportation.
据说，根据经验，生产时的赏金比出口时的赏金更容易受到欺诈。
How far this is true, I know not.
这在多大程度上是正确的，我不知道。
That bounties upon exportation have been abused, to many fraudulent purposes, is very well known.
众所周知，出口奖金被滥用于许多欺诈目的。
But it is not the interest of merchants and manufacturers, the great inventors of all these expedients, that the home market should be overstocked with their goods; an event which a bounty upon production might sometimes occasion.
但是，国内市场的商品库存过多，并不是商人和制造商以及所有这些权宜之计的伟大发明者的利益所在。生产时的赏金有时可能会引发的事件。
A bounty upon exportation, by enabling them to send abroad their surplus part, and to keep up the price of what remains in the home market, effectually prevents this.
出口奖励，使他们能够将剩余部分运往国外，并维持国内市场剩余部分的价格，有效地防止了这种情况的发生。
Of all the expedients of the mercantile system, accordingly, it is the one of which they are the fondest.
因此，在重商制度的所有权宜之计中，这是他们最喜欢的一种。
I have known the different undertakers of some particular works agree privately among themselves to give a bounty out of their own pockets upon the exportation of a certain proportion of the goods which they dealt in.
我知道某些特定工程的不同承办商私下同意，在出口他们所经营的一定比例的货物时，自掏腰包给予奖励。
This expedient succeeded so well, that it more than doubled the price of their goods in the home market, notwithstanding a very considerable increase in the produce.
这一权宜之计非常成功，尽管产量大幅增加，但他们的商品在国内市场的价格却上涨了一倍多。
The operation of the bounty upon corn must have been wonderfully different, if it has lowered the money price of that commodity.
如果玉米的赏金降低了该商品的货币价格，那么它的运作一定会大不相同。
Something like a bounty upon production, however, has been granted upon some particular occasions.
然而，在某些特定情况下会给予生产奖励之类的东西。
The tonnage bounties given to the white herring and whale fisheries may, perhaps, be considered as somewhat of this nature.
对白鲱鱼和鲸鱼渔业的吨位奖励也许可以被视为具有这种性质。
They tend directly, it may be supposed, to render the goods cheaper in the home market than they otherwise would be.
人们可能会认为，他们倾向于直接使国内市场上的商品比其他情况下更便宜。
In other respects, their effects, it must be acknowledged, are the same as those of bounties upon exportation.
必须承认，在其他方面，它们的效果与出口赏金的效果相同。
By means of them, a part of the capital of the country is employed in bringing goods to market, of which the price does not repay the cost, together with the ordinary profits of stock.
通过它们，国家资本的一部分被用来将商品推向市场，而这些商品的价格并不能偿还成本，以及普通的股票利润。
But though the tonnage bounties to those fisheries do not contribute to the opulence of the nation, it may, perhaps, be thought that they contribute to its defence, by augmenting the number of its sailors and shipping.
但是，尽管这些渔业的吨位奖励并没有促进国家的富裕，但也许可以认为它们通过增加水手和船运的数量而有助于国防。
This, it may be alleged, may sometimes be done by means of such bounties, at a much smaller expense than by keeping up a great standing navy, if I may use such an expression, in the same way as a standing army.
也许有人会说，有时可以通过这种赏金的方式来实现这一点，其花费比维持一支强大的常备海军要少得多，如果我可以用这样的表达方式的话，就像建立一支常备军一样。
Notwithstanding these favourable allegations, however, the following considerations dispose me to believe, that in granting at least one of these bounties, the legislature has been very grossly imposed upon:
然而，尽管有这些有利的指控，但以下考虑因素使我相信，在授予至少其中一项赏金时，立法机关受到了非常粗暴的强加：
First, The herring-buss bounty seems too large.
首先，鲱鱼巴士的赏金似乎太大了。
From the commencement of the winter fishing 1771, to the end of the winter fishing 1781, the tonnage bounty upon the herring-buss fishery has been at thirty shillings the ton.
从1771年冬季捕捞开始到1781年冬季捕捞结束，鲱鱼巴斯渔业的吨位奖励一直是每吨三十先令。
During these eleven years, the whole number of barrels caught by the herring-buss fishery of Scotland amounted to 378,347.
在这十一年里，苏格兰鲱鱼捕捞业总共捕获了 378,347 桶。
The herrings caught and cured at sea are called sea-sticks.
在海上捕获并腌制的鲱鱼被称为“海棒”。
In order to render them what are called merchantable herrings, it is necessary to repack them with an additional quantity of salt; and in this case, it is reckoned, that three barrels of sea-sticks are usually repacked into two barrels of merchantable herrings.
为了使它们成为所谓的商品鲱鱼，有必要用额外的盐重新包装它们。据估计，在这种情况下，三桶海棒通常会被重新包装成两桶适销的鲱鱼。
The number of barrels of merchantable herrings, therefore, caught during these eleven years, will amount only, according to this account, to 252,231¼.
因此，根据这份报告，这十一年中捕捞的适销鲱鱼桶数量仅为 252,231 桶。
During these eleven years, the tonnage bounties paid amounted to £155,463:11s.
在这十一年里，支付的吨位奖金达到了 155,463:11 英镑。
or 8s:2¼d.
或 8s:2¼d。
upon every barrel of sea-sticks, and to 12s:3¾d.
每桶海棒，并持续到 12 秒：3 小时。
upon every barrel of merchantable herrings.
每桶可销售的鲱鱼。
The salt with which these herrings are cured is sometimes Scotch, and sometimes foreign salt; both which are delivered, free of all excise duty, to the fish-curers.
腌制鲱鱼所用的盐有时是苏格兰盐，有时是外国盐； both which are delivered, free of all excise duty, to the fish-curers.
The excise duty upon Scotch salt is at present 1s:6d., that upon foreign salt 10s.
目前，苏格兰盐的消费税为 1 先令：6 先令，而外国盐的消费税为 10 先令。
the bushel.
蒲式耳。
A barrel of herrings is supposed to require about one bushel and one-fourth of a bushel foreign salt.
一桶鲱鱼大约需要一蒲式耳和四分之一蒲式耳的外国盐。
Two bushels are the supposed average of Scotch salt.
两蒲式耳是苏格兰盐的平均用量。
If the herrings are entered for exportation, no part of this duty is paid up; if entered for home consumption, whether the herrings were cured with foreign or with Scotch salt, only one shilling the barrel is paid up.
如果鲱鱼进入出口，则无需缴纳部分关税；如果进入国内消费，无论鲱鱼是用外国盐还是苏格兰盐腌制的，每桶只需支付一先令。
It was the old Scotch duty upon a bushel of salt, the quantity which, at a low estimation, had been supposed necessary for curing a barrel of herrings.
这是古老的苏格兰人对一蒲式耳盐的义务，按照较低的估计，盐的数量被认为是腌制一桶鲱鱼所必需的。
In Scotland, foreign salt is very little used for any other purpose but the curing of fish.
在苏格兰，除了腌鱼之外，外国盐很少用于任何其他目的。
But from the 5th April 1771 to the 5th April 1782, the quantity of foreign salt imported amounted to 936,974 bushels, at eighty-four pounds the bushel; the quantity of Scotch salt delivered from the works to the fish-curers, to no more than 168,226, at fifty-six pounds the bushel only.
但从1771年4月5日到1782年4月5日，进口的外国盐数量达到936,974蒲式耳，即每蒲式耳84磅；从工厂交付给腌鱼者的苏格兰盐数量不超过 168,226，每蒲式耳仅 56 磅。
It would appear, therefore, that it is principally foreign salt that is used in the fisheries.
It would appear, therefore, that it is principally foreign salt that is used in the fisheries.
Upon every barrel of herrings exported, there is, besides, a bounty of 2s:8d.
此外，每出口一桶鲱鱼，还有2先令8先令的赏金。
and more than two-thirds of the buss-caught herrings are exported.
and more than two-thirds of the buss-caught herrings are exported.
Put all these things together, and you will find that, during these eleven years, every barrel of buss-caught herrings, cured with Scotch salt, when exported, has cost government 17s:11¾d.; and, when entered for home consumption, 14s:3¾d.; and that every barrel cured with foreign salt, when exported, has cost government £1:7:5¾d.; and, when entered for home consumption, £1:3:9¾d.
把所有这些放在一起，你会发现，在这十一年里，每桶用苏格兰盐腌制的公共汽车捕获的鲱鱼在出口时，政府花费了17先令：11/3天。当进入家庭消费时，为 14 秒：3 小时； and that every barrel cured with foreign salt, when exported, has cost government £1:7:5¾d.; and, when entered for home consumption, £1:3:9¾d.
The price of a barrel of good merchantable herrings runs from seventeen and eighteen to four and five-and-twenty shillings; about a guinea at an average.
The price of a barrel of good merchantable herrings runs from seventeen and eighteen to four and five-and-twenty shillings;平均约为几尼。
{See the accounts at the end of this Book.}
{参见本书末尾的记述。}
Secondly, The bounty to the white-herring fishery is a tonnage bounty, and is proportioned to the burden of the ship, not to her diligence or success in the fishery; and it has, I am afraid, been too common for the vessels to fit out for the sole purpose of catching, not the fish but the bounty.
其次，对白鲱鱼渔业的赏金是吨位赏金，与船舶的负载成比例，而不是与她的勤奋或渔业的成功成比例；恐怕，这种情况太常见了，船只的唯一目的不是为了捕获鱼，而是为了捕获赏金。
In the year 1759, when the bounty was at fifty shillings the ton, the whole buss fishery of Scotland brought in only four barrels of sea-sticks.
In the year 1759, when the bounty was at fifty shillings the ton, the whole buss fishery of Scotland brought in only four barrels of sea-sticks.
In that year, each barrel of sea-sticks cost government, in bounties alone, £113:15s.; each barrel of merchantable herrings £159:7:6.
那一年，每桶海棒的政府成本（仅赏金一项）为 113:15 英镑。每桶适销鲱鱼 159:7:6 英镑。
Thirdly, The mode of fishing, for which this tonnage bounty in the white herring fishery has been given (by busses or decked vessels from twenty to eighty tons burden ), seems not so well adapted to the situation of Scotland, as to that of Holland, from the practice of which country it appears to have been borrowed.
第三，白鲱鱼捕捞的吨位奖励（通过载重二十至八十吨的公共汽车或甲板船）的捕捞方式似乎不太适合苏格兰的情况，而荷兰的情况则似乎是从哪个国家借来的做法。
Holland lies at a great distance from the seas to which herrings are known principally to resort, and can, therefore, carry on that fishery only in decked vessels, which can carry water and provisions sufficient for a voyage to a distant sea; but the Hebrides, or Western Islands, the islands of Shetland, and the northern and north-western coasts of Scotland, the countries in whose neighbourhood the herring fishery is principally carried on, are everywhere intersected by arms of the sea, which run up a considerable way into the land, and which, in the language of the country, are called sea-lochs.
荷兰距离鲱鱼主要栖息地的海域很远，因此只能使用有甲板的船只进行捕捞，这些船只可以运载足够远航所需的水和食物；但是，赫布里底群岛（或称西部群岛）、设得兰群岛以及苏格兰的北部和西北海岸（这些国家的邻国主要从事鲱鱼捕捞业）到处都被海洋的支脉所交叉，这些支脉深入陆地，用该国的语言称为“海湖”。
It is to these sea-lochs that the herrings principally resort during the seasons in which they visit these seas; for the visits of this, and, I am assured, of many other sorts of fish, are not quite regular and constant.
鲱鱼在访问这些海域的季节主要聚集在这些海湾。因为这种鱼以及我确信的许多其他种类的鱼的来访并不是很规律和持续。
A boat-fishery, therefore, seems to be the mode of fishing best adapted to the peculiar situation of Scotland, the fishers carrying the herrings on shore as fast as they are taken, to be either cured or consumed fresh.
因此，船捕捞似乎是最适合苏格兰特殊情况的捕捞方式，渔民们将鲱鱼捕获后尽快运上岸，以便腌制或新鲜食用。
But the great encouragement which a bounty of 30s.
But the great encouragement which a bounty of 30s.
the ton gives to the buss-fishery, is necessarily a discouragement to the boat-fishery, which, having no such bounty, cannot bring its cured fish to market upon the same terms as the buss-fishery.
给巴士渔业带来的吨数必然会阻碍船式渔业，因为船式渔业没有这样的慷慨，无法以与巴士渔业相同的条件将其腌鱼推向市场。
The boat-fishery; accordingly, which, before the establishment of the buss-bounty, was very considerable, and is said to have employed a number of seamen, not inferior to what the buss-fishery employs at present, is now gone almost entirely to decay.
船渔业；因此，在设立巴斯赏金之前，该渔业是非常可观的，据说雇用了许多海员，并不比目前巴斯渔业雇用的海员少，但现在几乎完全消失了。
Of the former extent, however, of this now ruined and abandoned fishery, I must acknowledge that I cannot pretend to speak with much precision.
然而，对于现在已被毁坏和废弃的渔业的前一个范围，我必须承认我无法假装说得非常精确。
As no bounty was-paid upon the outfit of the boat-fishery, no account was taken of it by the officers of the customs or salt duties.
由于渔船的装备没有得到任何赏金，海关或盐税官员没有考虑到这一点。
Fourthly, In many parts of Scotland, during certain seasons of the year, herrings make no inconsiderable part of the food of the common people.
Fourthly, In many parts of Scotland, during certain seasons of the year, herrings make no inconsiderable part of the food of the common people.
A bounty which tended to lower their price in the home market, might contribute a good deal to the relief of a great number of our fellow-subjects, whose circumstances are by no means affluent.
一笔赏金往往会降低它们在国内市场的价格，可能会大大缓解我们许多境况并不富裕的同胞的生活。
But the herring-bus bounty contributes to no such good purpose.
但鲱鱼巴士的赏金并没有达到这样的良好目的。
It has ruined the boat fishery, which is by far the best adapted for the supply of the home market; and the additional bounty of 2s:8d.
它毁掉了迄今为止最适合国内市场供应的船渔业；以及2s:8d的额外赏金。
the barrel upon exportation, carries the greater part, more than two-thirds, of the produce of the buss-fishery abroad.
出口时的木桶携带着国外巴斯渔业产品的大部分（三分之二以上）。
Between thirty and forty years ago, before the establishment of the buss-bounty, 16s.
三十到四十年前，在巴士赏金成立之前，16 秒。
the barrel, I have been assured, was the common price of white herrings.
我确信，这桶桶是白鲱鱼的普通价格。
Between ten and fifteen years ago, before the boat-fishery was entirely ruined, the price was said to have run from seventeen to twenty shillings the barrel.
十到十五年前，在船捕鱼完全被毁掉之前，据说价格从每桶十七先令到二十先令。
For these last five years, it has, at an average, been at twenty-five shillings the barrel.
过去五年来，平均价格为每桶二十五先令。
This high price, however, may have been owing to the real scarcity of the herrings upon the coast of Scotland.
This high price, however, may have been owing to the real scarcity of the herrings upon the coast of Scotland.
I must observe, too, that the cask or barrel, which is usually sold with the herrings, and of which the price is included in all the foregoing prices, has, since the commencement of the American war, risen to about double its former price, or from about 3s.
我还必须指出，自美国战争爆发以来，通常与鲱鱼一起出售的木桶或木桶的价格已包含在上述所有价格中，已上涨至之前价格的约两倍，即从大约 3 便士。
to about 6s.
到大约6秒。
I must likewise observe, that the accounts I have received of the prices of former times, have been by no means quite uniform and consistent, and an old man of great accuracy and experience has assured me, that, more than fifty years ago, a guinea was the usual price of a barrel of good merchantable herrings; and this, I imagine, may still be looked upon as the average price.
我同样必须指出，我收到的关于以前价格的账目绝不是相当统一和一致的，一位非常准确和经验丰富的老人向我保证，五十多年前，一畿尼是一桶优质适销鲱鱼的通常价格；现在，一个几内亚是一桶优质鲱鱼的通常价格。 and this, I imagine, may still be looked upon as the average price.
All accounts, however, I think, agree that the price has not been lowered in the home market in consequence of the buss-bounty.
All accounts, however, I think, agree that the price has not been lowered in the home market in consequence of the buss-bounty.
When the undertakers of fisheries, after such liberal bounties have been bestowed upon them, continue to sell their commodity at the same, or even at a higher price than they were accustomed to do before, it might be expected that their profits should be very great; and it is not improbable that those of some individuals may have been so.
当渔业经营者在获得如此慷慨的赏金后，继续以与以前相同的价格甚至更高的价格出售他们的商品时，可以预期他们的利润会非常大； and it is not improbable that those of some individuals may have been so.
In general, however, I have every reason to believe they have been quite otherwise.
In general, however, I have every reason to believe they have been quite otherwise.
The usual effect of such bounties is, to encourage rash undertakers to adventure in a business which they do not understand; and what they lose by their own negligence and ignorance, more than compensates all that they can gain by the utmost liberality of government.
The usual effect of such bounties is, to encourage rash undertakers to adventure in a business which they do not understand;他们因自己的疏忽和无知而失去的东西，远远超过了他们通过政府的最大慷慨所能获得的一切。
In 1750, by the same act which first gave the bounty of 30s.
1750年，根据同一法案，首次发放了30先令的赏金。
the ton for the encouragement of the white herring fishery (the 23d Geo.
the ton for the encouragement of the white herring fishery (the 23d Geo.
II.
二.
chap.
第一章
24), a joint stock company was erected, with a capital of £500,000, to which the subscribers (over and above all other encouragements, the tonnage bounty just now mentioned, the exportation bounty of 2s:8d.
24），成立了一家股份公司，资本为 500,000 英镑，认购者（除了所有其他鼓励措施之外，刚才提到的吨位奖励，2s:8d 的出口奖励。
the barrel, the delivery of both British and foreign salt duty free) were, during the space of fourteen years, for every hundred pounds which they subscribed and paid into the stock of the society, entitled to three pounds a-year, to be paid by the receiver-general of the customs in equal half-yearly payments.
在十四年的时间里，他们每向协会存入一百英镑，每年有权获得三英镑，由海关总署每半年支付一次。
Besides this great company, the residence of whose governor and directors was to be in London, it was declared lawful to erect different fishing chambers in all the different out-ports of the kingdom, provided a sum not less than £10,000 was subscribed into the capital of each, to be managed at its own risk, and for its own profit and loss.
除了这家大公司（其总督和董事的住所都在伦敦）外，还宣布在王国所有不同的外港建立不同的捕鱼室是合法的，前提是每个捕鱼室的资本认缴不少于10,000英镑，并自担风险和自负盈亏进行管理。
The same annuity, and the same encouragements of all kinds, were given to the trade of those inferior chambers as to that of the great company.
这些低级商会的贸易与大公司的贸易得到了同样的年金和同样的各种鼓励。
The subscription of the great company was soon filled up, and several different fishing chambers were erected in the different out-ports of the kingdom.
这家大公司的认购很快就满了，在王国的不同港口建立了几个不同的捕鱼室。
In spite of all these encouragements, almost all those different companies, both great and small, lost either the whole or the greater part of their capitals; scarce a vestige now remains of any of them, and the white-herring fishery is now entirely, or almost entirely, carried on by private adventurers.
尽管有所有这些鼓励，几乎所有这些不同的公司，无论大小，都损失了全部或大部分资本；如今，它们已几乎荡然无存，白鲱鱼的渔业现在完全或几乎完全由私人冒险家进行。
If any particular manufacture was necessary, indeed, for the defence of the society, it might not always be prudent to depend upon our neighbours for the supply; and if such manufacture could not otherwise be supported at home, it might not be unreasonable that all the other branches of industry should be taxed in order to support it.
如果确实需要某种特定的制造业来保卫社会，那么依靠我们的邻居来供应可能并不总是明智的；如果这种制造在国内无法得到支持，那么对所有其他工业部门征税以支持这种制造可能并不是没有道理的。
The bounties upon the exportation of British made sail-cloth, and British made gunpowder, may, perhaps, both be vindicated upon this principle.
英国制造的帆布和英国制造的火药的出口奖励也许都可以根据这一原则得到证实。
But though it can very seldom be reasonable to tax the industry of the great body of the people, in order to support that of some particular class of manufacturers; yet, in the wantonness of great prosperity, when the public enjoys a greater revenue than it knows well what to do with, to give such bounties to favourite manufactures, may, perhaps, be as natural as to incur any other idle expense.
但是，尽管为了支持某些特定类别的制造商的工业而对广大人民的工业征税很少是合理的；然而，在大繁荣的肆意妄为中，当公众享有的收入多得超出了他们知道如何使用的程度时，向最喜爱的制造商提供这样的赏金，也许就像招致任何其他闲置开支一样自然。
In public, as well as in private expenses, great wealth, may, perhaps, frequently be admitted as an apology for great folly.
在公共场合和私人开支中，巨额财富也许经常被认为是对巨大愚蠢行为的道歉。
But there must surely be something more than ordinary absurdity in continuing such profusion in times of general difficulty and distress.
但在普遍困难和痛苦的时期继续如此丰富的活动肯定比普通的荒谬更有意义。
What is called a bounty, is sometimes no more than a drawback, and, consequently, is not liable to the same objections as what is properly a bounty.
所谓的赏金有时只不过是一种缺点，因此不会像真正的赏金那样受到同样的反对。
The bounty, for example, upon refined sugar exported, may be considered as a drawback of the duties upon the brown and Muscovado sugars, from which it is made; the bounty upon wrought silk exported, a drawback of the duties upon raw and thrown silk imported; the bounty upon gunpowder exported, a drawback of the duties upon brimstone and saltpetre imported.
例如，对出口精制糖的奖励可能被视为对制成糖的红糖和黑糖征收关税的缺点；对出口的熟丝给予奖励，对进口的生丝和抛丝征收关税的减免；对出口火药的奖励，对进口硫磺和硝石的关税的减免。
In the language of the customs, those allowances only are called drawbacks which are given upon goods exported in the same form in which they are imported.
在海关的语言中，这些津贴仅被称为退税，是针对以与进口相同的形式出口的货物而给予的。
When that form has been so altered by manufacture of any kind as to come under a new denomination, they are called bounties.
当这种形式因任何类型的制造而改变而成为新的名称时，它们就被称为赏金。
Premiums given by the public to artists and manufacturers, who excel in their particular occupations, are not liable to the same objections as bounties.
公众向在其特定职业中表现出色的艺术家和制造商提供的奖金不会像赏金那样受到同样的反对。
By encouraging extraordinary dexterity and ingenuity, they serve to keep up the emulation of the workmen actually employed in those respective occupations, and are not considerable enough to turn towards any one of them a greater share of the capital of the country than what would go to it of its own accord.
通过鼓励非凡的灵巧和聪明才智，它们有助于保持对实际雇用于这些各自职业的工人的模仿，但它们的数量不足以让他们中的任何一个人获得比本国资本更多的份额。
Their tendency is not to overturn the natural balance of employments, but to render the work which is done in each as perfect and complete as possible.
他们的倾向不是推翻工作的自然平衡，而是使每项工作都尽可能完美和完整。
The expense of premiums, besides, is very trifling, that of bounties very great.
此外，保险费的支出非常小，而赏金的支出则非常大。
The bounty upon corn alone has sometimes cost the public, in one year, more than £300,000.
仅对玉米的赏金有时就使公众在一年内损失了超过 30 万英镑。
Bounties are sometimes called premiums, as drawbacks are sometimes called bounties.
赏金有时称为溢价，因为缺点有时称为赏金。
But we must, in all cases, attend to the nature of the thing, without paying any regard to the word.
但在任何情况下，我们都必须关注事物的本质，而不是只顾字面意思。
Digression concerning the Corn Trade and Corn Laws.
关于玉米贸易和玉米法的题外话。
I cannot conclude this chapter concerning bounties, without observing, that the praises which have been bestowed upon the law which establishes the bounty upon the exportation of corn, and upon that system of regulations which is connected with it, are altogether unmerited.
在结束关于赏金的这一章时，我不能不指出，对制定谷物出口赏金的法律以及与之相关的法规体系所给予的赞扬是完全不值得的。
A particular examination of the nature of the corn trade, and of the principal British laws which relate to it, will sufficiently demonstrate the truth of this assertion.
对谷物贸易的性质以及与之相关的英国主要法律的特殊审查将充分证明这一主张的真实性。
The great importance of this subject must justify the length of the digression.
这个主题非常重要，必须证明题外话的长度是合理的。
The trade of the corn merchant is composed of four different branches, which, though they may sometimes be all carried on by the same person, are, in their own nature, four separate and distinct trades.
谷物商人的贸易由四个不同的部门组成，尽管有时它们可能全部由同一个人进行，但就其本质而言，它们是四个独立且不同的行业。
These are, first, the trade of the inland dealer; secondly, that of the merchant-importer for home consumption; thirdly, that of the merchant-exporter of home produce for foreign consumption; and, fourthly, that of the merchant-carrier, or of the importer of corn, in order to export it again.
首先是内陆经销商的贸易；其次，用于国内消费的商业进口商；第三，本国产品供国外消费的商业出口商；第四，商船承运人或玉米进口商的利益，以便再次出口。
I.
我。
The interest of the inland dealer, and that of the great body of the people, how opposite soever they may at first appear, are, even in years of the greatest scarcity, exactly the same.
内陆商人的利益和广大人民的利益，无论乍看起来多么相反，即使在最匮乏的年代，也是完全相同的。
It is his interest to raise the price of his corn as high as the real scarcity of the season requires, and it can never be his interest to raise it higher.
他有兴趣将玉米价格提高到该季节真正稀缺所需的水平，但他永远不会有兴趣将其提高到更高的水平。
By raising the price, he discourages the consumption, and puts every body more or less, but particularly the inferior ranks of people, upon thrift and good management.
通过提高价格，他抑制了消费，并或多或少地让每个人，特别是下层人民，都养成节俭和良好管理的习惯。
If, by raising it too high, he discourages the consumption so much that the supply of the season is likely to go beyond the consumption of the season, and to last for some time after the next crop begins to come in, he runs the hazard, not only of losing a considerable part of his corn by natural causes, but of being obliged to sell what remains of it for much less than what he might have had for it several months before.
如果他把玉米提高得太高，从而大大抑制了消费，以致当季的供应量很可能超过当季的消费量，并在下一季作物开始收获后持续一段时间，那么他不仅会因自然原因损失掉相当大一部分玉米，而且还被迫以远低于几个月前的价格出售剩余的玉米。
If, by not raising the price high enough, he discourages the consumption so little, that the supply of the season is likely to fall short of the consumption of the season, he not only loses a part of the profit which he might otherwise have made, but he exposes the people to suffer before the end of the season, instead of the hardships of a dearth, the dreadful horrors of a famine.
如果他没有将价格提高到足够高的水平，那么他对消费的抑制作用就很小，以至于当季的供应可能低于当季的消费时，他不仅会损失本来可以赚取的一部分利润，而且会让人民在季节结束之前遭受苦难，而不是遭受饥荒的苦难和可怕的饥荒。
It is the interest of the people that their daily, weekly, and monthly consumption should be proportioned as exactly as possible to the supply of the season.
人们的利益是，他们每天、每周和每月的消费应尽可能与季节的供应成比例。
The interest of the inland corn dealer is the same.
内陆玉米经销商的利益也是一样的。
By supplying them, as nearly as he can judge, in this proportion, he is likely to sell all his corn for the highest price, and with the greatest profit; and his knowledge of the state of the crop, and of his daily, weekly, and monthly sales, enables him to judge, with more or less accuracy, how far they really are supplied in this manner.
通过按照他所能判断的比例提供这些玉米，他很可能以最高的价格出售所有的玉米，并获得最大的利润；他对作物状况以及每天、每周和每月销售的了解使他能够或多或少准确地判断以这种方式供应的实际情况。
Without intending the interest of the people, he is necessarily led, by a regard to his own interest, to treat them, even in years of scarcity, pretty much in the same manner as the prudent master of a vessel is sometimes obliged to treat his crew.
在不考虑人民利益的情况下，他必然会出于对自己利益的考虑而对待他们，即使是在物资匮乏的年代，也几乎就像谨慎的船长有时不得不对待他的船员一样。
When he foresees that provisions are likely to run short, he puts them upon short allowance.
当他预见到供给品可能会短缺时，他就会将其列入短缺津贴。
Though from excess of caution he should sometimes do this without any real necessity, yet all the inconveniencies which his crew can thereby suffer are inconsiderable, in comparison of the danger, misery, and ruin, to which they might sometimes be exposed by a less provident conduct.
尽管出于过度谨慎的考虑，他有时应该在没有真正必要的情况下这样做，但与他们有时可能因不那么深思熟虑的行为而面临的危险、痛苦和毁灭相比，他的船员可能因此遭受的所有不便都是微不足道的。
Though, from excess of avarice, in the same manner, the inland corn merchant should sometimes raise the price of his corn somewhat higher than the scarcity of the season requires, yet all the inconveniencies which the people can suffer from this conduct, which effectually secures them from a famine in the end of the season, are inconsiderable, in comparison of what they might have been exposed to by a more liberal way of dealing in the beginning of it the corn merchant himself is likely to suffer the most by this excess of avarice; not only from the indignation which it generally excites against him, but, though he should escape the effects of this indignation, from the quantity of corn which it necessarily leaves upon his hands in the end of the season, and which, if the next season happens to prove favourable, he must always sell for a much lower price than he might otherwise have had.
同样，由于过度的贪婪，内陆谷物商人有时会提高谷物的价格，使其略高于季节的稀缺所需，但是，与在季节开始时采取更自由的交易方式相比，人们可能因这种行为而遭受的所有不便微不足道，因为这种行为实际上使他们在季节结束时免于饥荒，而谷物商人本人可能会因这种过度的谷物而遭受最大的损失。贪婪；不仅因为这通常会激起对他的愤怒，而且，尽管他应该避免这种愤怒的影响，但在季节结束时，它必然会留在他手上的谷物数量，如果下一个季节恰好证明是有利的，他必须总是以比他本来可以得到的低得多的价格出售这些谷物。
Were it possible, indeed, for one great company of merchants to possess themselves of the whole crop of an extensive country, it might perhaps be their interest to deal with it, as the Dutch are said to do with the spiceries of the Moluccas, to destroy or throw away a considerable part of it, in order to keep up the price of the rest.
事实上，如果一大群商人有可能拥有一个幅员辽阔的国家的全部农作物，他们可能会像据说荷兰人对待摩鹿加群岛香料那样，销毁或扔掉其中相当大的一部分，以维持其余部分的价格，这可能符合他们的利益。
But it is scarce possible, even by the violence of law, to establish such an extensive monopoly with regard to corn; and wherever the law leaves the trade free, it is of all commodities the least liable to be engrossed or monopolised by the force a few large capitals, which buy up the greater part of it.
但是，即使通过法律的暴力，也几乎不可能对谷物建立如此广泛的垄断。在法律允许贸易自由的地方，它是所有商品中最不容易被少数大资本占据或垄断的商品，这些资本买下了大部分商品。
Not only its value far exceeds what the capitals of a few private men are capable of purchasing; but, supposing they were capable of purchasing it, the manner in which it is produced renders this purchase altogether impracticable.
它的价值不仅远远超过了少数私人资本的购买能力，而且还远远超过了它的价值。但是，假设他们有能力购买它，那么它的生产方式却使这种购买完全不切实际。
As, in every civilized country, it is the commodity of which the annual consumption is the greatest; so a greater quantity of industry is annually employed in producing corn than in producing any other commodity.
因为，在每个文明国家，它都是年消耗量最大的商品；因此，每年用于生产玉米的工业量比用于生产任何其他商品的工业量要多。
When it first comes from the ground, too, it is necessarily divided among a greater number of owners than any other commodity; and these owners can never be collected into one place, like a number of independent manufacturers, but are necessarily scattered through all the different corners of the country.
当它最初从地下开采出来时，它也必然比任何其他商品都分配给更多的所有者。而这些业主永远不可能像众多独立制造商那样集中到一处，而必然分散在全国各个角落。
These first owners either immediately supply the consumers in their own neighbourhood, or they supply other inland dealers, who supply those consumers.
这些第一批所有者要么立即向自己附近的消费者供货，要么向其他内陆经销商供货，后者再向这些消费者供货。
The inland dealers in corn, therefore, including both the farmer and the baker, are necessarily more numerous than the dealers in any other commodity; and their dispersed situation renders it altogether impossible for them to enter into any general combination.
因此，内陆玉米经销商（包括农民和面包师）的数量必然比任何其他商品的经销商都要多。而他们分散的处境使得他们完全不可能进入任何一般的组合。
If, in a year of scarcity, therefore, any of them should find that he had a good deal more corn upon hand than, at the current price, he could hope to dispose of before the end of the season, he would never think of keeping up this price to his own loss, and to the sole benefit of his rivals and competitors, but would immediately lower it, in order to get rid of his corn before the new crop began to come in.
因此，如果在短缺的一年里，他们中的任何一个人发现他手头的玉米比当前价格多得多，他希望在季节结束前处理掉，他绝不会考虑维持这个价格，从而导致自己的损失，而只为了他的对手和竞争者的利益，而是立即降低价格，以便在新作物开始进入之前卖掉他的玉米。
The same motives, the same interests, which would thus regulate the conduct of any one dealer, would regulate that of every other, and oblige them all in general to sell their corn at the price which, according to the best of their judgment, was most suitable to the scarcity or plenty of the season.
同样的动机、同样的利益，因而规范任何一个经销商的行为，也会规范其他所有人的行为，并迫使他们普遍以最适合他们的判断的、最适合季节稀缺或充足的价格出售谷物。
Whoever examines, with attention, the history of the dearths and famines which have afflicted any part of Europe during either the course of the present or that of the two preceding centuries, of several of which we have pretty exact accounts, will find, I believe, that a dearth never has arisen from any combination among the inland dealers in corn, nor from any other cause but a real scarcity, occasioned sometimes, perhaps, and in some particular places, by the waste of war, but in by far the greatest number of cases by the fault of the seasons; and that a famine has never arisen from any other cause but the violence of government attempting, by improper means, to remedy the inconveniencies of a dearth.
我相信，无论是谁，仔细研究一下当前或过去两个世纪期间困扰欧洲任何地区的饥荒和饥荒的历史，我们对其中几个世纪都有相当准确的记录，就会发现，饥荒从来不是由内陆谷物商人之间的任何联合引起的，也不是由任何其他原因引起的，而是真正的匮乏，有时也许是在某些特定的地方，由于战争的浪费而引起的，但到目前为止，这种匮乏是由于战争的浪费而造成的。因季节原因造成的情况；饥荒从来不是由任何其他原因引起的，而是政府试图通过不适当的手段来解决饥荒带来的不便而采取的暴力行为。
In an extensive corn country, between all the different parts of which there is a free commerce and communication, the scarcity occasioned by the most unfavourable seasons can never be so great as to produce a famine; and the scantiest crop, if managed with frugality and economy, will maintain, through the year, the same number of people that are commonly fed in a more affluent manner by one of moderate plenty.
在一个广阔的玉米种植区，各个地区之间都有自由的商业和通讯，即使是最不利的季节所造成的粮食匮乏也决不会严重到导致饥荒的程度。即使是最贫乏的作物，如果采取节俭和节约的方式进行管理，全年的人口数量也将维持在通常由适度富裕的人以更富裕的方式养活的人口数量上。
The seasons most unfavourable to the crop are those of excessive drought or excessive rain.
对农作物最不利的季节是过度干旱或过度降雨的季节。
But as corn grows equally upon high and low lands, upon grounds that are disposed to be too wet, and upon those that are disposed to be too dry, either the drought or the rain, which is hurtful to one part of the country, is favourable to another; and though, both in the wet and in the dry season, the crop is a good deal less than in one more properly tempered; yet, in both, what is lost in one part of the country is in some measure compensated by what is gained in the other.
但是，由于玉米在高地和低地、太湿的土地和太干燥的土地上生长得一样，干旱或降雨对国家的某一地区有害，却对另一地区有利。尽管在雨季和旱季，收成都比在适当调和的季节要少得多。然而，在这两个国家中，该国某一地区的损失在某种程度上可以通过另一地区的所得来补偿。
In rice countries, where the crop not only requires a very moist soil, but where, in a certain period of its growing, it must be laid under water, the effects of a drought are much more dismal.
在稻米国家，农作物不仅需要非常潮湿的土壤，而且在其生长的特定时期还必须置于水下，干旱的影响要严重得多。
Even in such countries, however, the drought is, perhaps, scarce ever so universal as necessarily to occasion a famine, if the government would allow a free trade.
然而，即使在这些国家，如果政府允许自由贸易，干旱也许也不会如此普遍，以至于必然引发饥荒。
The drought in Bengal, a few years ago, might probably have occasioned a very great dearth.
几年前孟加拉的干旱可能造成了严重的饥荒。
Some improper regulations, some injudicious restraints, imposed by the servants of the East India Company upon the rice trade, contributed, perhaps, to turn that dearth into a famine.
东印度公司的仆人对大米贸易施加的一些不当规定和一些不明智的限制，也许导致了饥荒变成了饥荒。
When the government, in order to remedy the inconveniencies of a dearth, orders all the dealers to sell their corn at what it supposes a reasonable price, it either hinders them from bringing it to market, which may sometimes produce a famine even in the beginning of the season; or, if they bring it thither, it enables the people, and thereby encourages them to consume it so fast as must necessarily produce a famine before the end of the season.
当政府为了弥补粮食短缺带来的不便，命令所有经销商以它认为合理的价格出售玉米时，这要么会阻碍他们将玉米推向市场，这有时甚至在季节开始时也会造成饥荒；或者，如果他们把它带到那里，它就会使人们受益，从而鼓励他们如此迅速地消费它，以至于在季节结束之前必然会产生饥荒。
The unlimited, unrestrained freedom of the corn trade, as it is the only effectual preventive of the miseries of a famine, so it is the best palliative of the inconveniencies of a dearth; for the inconveniencies of a real scarcity cannot be remedied; they can only be palliated.
不受限制、不受限制的谷物贸易自由，因为它是防止饥荒苦难的唯一有效方法，所以它也是缓解饥荒带来的不便的最好办法；因为真正的稀缺造成的不便是无法补救的；它们只能得到缓解。
No trade deserves more the full protection of the law, and no trade requires it so much; because no trade is so much exposed to popular odium.
没有哪个行业比这更值得法律的全面保护，也没有哪个行业如此需要法律的保护；因为没有哪个行业如此容易受到大众的厌恶。
In years of scarcity, the inferior ranks of people impute their distress to the avarice of the corn merchant, who becomes the object of their hatred and indignation.
在物质匮乏的年代，下层人民将自己的不幸归咎于粮商的贪婪，而粮商则成为他们仇恨和愤慨的对象。
Instead of making profit upon such occasions, therefore, he is often in danger of being utterly ruined, and of having his magazines plundered and destroyed by their violence.
因此，他在这种情况下不但不能获利，反而常常面临着彻底破产的危险，他的杂志也被暴力掠夺和毁坏。
It is in years of scarcity, however, when prices are high, that the corn merchant expects to make his principal profit.
然而，正是在粮食匮乏的年份，当价格高涨时，玉米商人才期望获得主要利润。
He is generally in contract with some farmers to furnish him, for a certain number of years, with a certain quantity of corn, at a certain price.
他通常与一些农民签订合同，在一定期限内以一定价格向他提供一定数量的玉米。
This contract price is settled according to what is supposed to be the moderate and reasonable, that is, the ordinary or average price, which, before the late years of scarcity, was commonly about 28s.
这个合同价是按照所谓的适度合理的，即普通价或平均价来结算的，在近年稀缺之前，一般在28先令左右。
for the quarter of wheat, and for that of other grain in proportion.
小麦的四分之一，以及其他谷物的比例。
In years of scarcity, therefore, the corn merchant buys a great part of his corn for the ordinary price, and sells it for a much higher.
因此，在粮食短缺的年份，玉米商人以普通价格购买大部分玉米，然后以更高的价格出售。
That this extraordinary profit, however, is no more than sufficient to put his trade upon a fair level with other trades, and to compensate the many losses which he sustains upon other occasions, both from the perishable nature of the commodity itself, and from the frequent and unforeseen fluctuations of its price, seems evident enough, from this single circumstance, that great fortunes are as seldom made in this as in any other trade.
然而，这种非凡的利润仅仅足以使他的贸易与其他贸易处于公平的水平，并足以补偿他在其他情况下遭受的许多损失，这些损失既来自于商品本身的易腐烂性，也来自于其价格的频繁和不可预见的波动，从这一单一情况来看，似乎很明显，在这种贸易中像在任何其他贸易中一样很少能发大财。
The popular odium, however, which attends it in years of scarcity, the only years in which it can be very profitable, renders people of character and fortune averse to enter into it.
然而，在资源匮乏的年份（这是唯一可以非常有利可图的年份），人们对它表示厌恶，使得有品格和财富的人不愿进入它。
It is abandoned to an inferior set of dealers; and millers, bakers, meal-men, and meal-factors, together with a number of wretched hucksters, are almost the only middle people that, in the home market, come between the grower and the consumer.
它被遗弃给了一群劣等的经销商；磨坊主、面包师、膳食工人和膳食供应商，以及一些可怜的小贩，几乎是国内市场上介于种植者和消费者之间的唯一中间人。
The ancient policy of Europe, instead of discountenancing this popular odium against a trade so beneficial to the public, seems, on the contrary, to have authorised and encouraged it.
欧洲古老的政策不但没有消除这种对公众如此有利的贸易的普遍厌恶，反而似乎授权和鼓励了这种贸易。
By the 5th and 6th of Edward VI cap.
到了爱德华六世五世和六世的时候。
14, it was enacted, that whoever should buy any corn or grain, with intent to sell it again, should be reputed an unlawful engrosser, and should, for the first fault, suffer two months imprisonment, and forfeit the value of the corn; for the second, suffer six months imprisonment, and forfeit double the value; and, for the third, be set in the pillory, suffer imprisonment during the king’s pleasure, and forfeit all his goods and chattels.
第 14 条规定，任何人购买任何谷物或谷物，并意图再次出售，均应被视为非法掠夺者，并应因第一次过失而受到两个月监禁，并没收谷物的价值；第二者，受六个月监禁，并没收双倍价金；第三种情况是，被戴上颈手枷，在国王乐意的情况下被监禁，并没收他的所有财产和动产。
The ancient policy of most other parts of Europe was no better than that of England.
欧洲大多数其他地区的古代政策并不比英国好。
Our ancestors seem to have imagined, that the people would buy their corn cheaper of the farmer than of the corn merchant, who, they were afraid, would require, over and above the price which he paid to the farmer, an exorbitant profit to himself.
我们的祖先似乎想象过，人们从农民那里购买玉米的价格会比从玉米商人那里购买的玉米便宜，他们担心，除了向农民支付的价格之外，玉米商人还会要求自己获得过高的利润。
They endeavoured, therefore, to annihilate his trade altogether.
因此，他们竭力彻底消灭他的生意。
They even endeavoured to hinder, as much as possible, any middle man of any kind from coming in between the grower and the consumer; and this was the meaning of the many restraints which they imposed upon the trade of those whom they called kidders, or carriers of corn; a trade which nobody was allowed to exercise without a licence, ascertaining his qualifications as a man of probity and fair dealing.
他们甚至尽力阻止任何类型的中间人介入种植者和消费者之间；这就是他们对那些被他们称为“小孩子”或“谷物运输商”的人的贸易施加的许多限制的含义。未经许可，任何人都不得从事这一行业，以确定其作为诚实和公平交易者的资格。
The authority of three justices of the peace was, by the statute of Edward VI.
根据爱德华六世的法令，三名太平绅士的权力。
necessary in order to grant this licence.
为授予此许可证所必需的。
But even this restraint was afterwards thought insufficient, and, by a statute of Elizabeth, the privilege of granting it was confined to the quarter-sessions.
但即使是这种限制后来也被认为是不够的，而且根据伊丽莎白的一项法令，授予这种限制的特权仅限于季度会议。
The ancient policy of Europe endeavoured, in this manner, to regulate agriculture, the great trade of the country, by maxims quite different from those which it established with regard to manufactures, the great trade of the towns.
欧洲的古代政策试图通过这种方式来规范农业，即国家的大贸易，所采用的准则与它在制造业（即城镇的大贸易）方面制定的准则完全不同。
By leaving a farmer no other customers but either the consumers or their immediate factors, the kidders and carriers of corn, it endeavoured to force him to exercise the trade, not only of a farmer, but of a corn merchant, or corn retailer.
通过不给农民留下任何其他顾客，除了消费者或他们的直接因素，即玉米的运送者和运输者，它试图迫使他不仅从事农民的贸易，而且从事玉米商人或玉米零售商的贸易。
On the contrary, it, in many cases, prohibited the manufacturer from exercising the trade of a shopkeeper, or from selling his own goods by retail.
相反，在许多情况下，它禁止制造商从事店主的贸易，或通过零售方式销售自己的商品。
It meant, by the one law, to promote the general interest of the country, or to render corn cheap, without, perhaps, its being well understood how this was to be done.
根据一项法律，它意味着促进国家的整体利益，或者使玉米变得廉价，但也许人们并不清楚如何做到这一点。
By the other, it meant to promote that of a particular order of men, the shopkeepers, who would be so much undersold by the manufacturer, it was supposed, that their trade would be ruined, if he was allowed to retail at all.
另一方面，它意味着促进特定人群（即店主）的发展，人们认为，如果制造商允许零售，他们的贸易就会被制造商严重压价。
The manufacturer, however, though he had been allowed to keep a shop, and to sell his own goods by retail, could not have undersold the common shopkeeper.
然而，尽管制造商被允许开店并以零售方式销售自己的商品，但他不能低于普通店主的价格。
Whatever part of his capital he might have placed in his shop, he must have withdrawn it from his manufacture.
无论他将资本的哪一部分放入他的商店，他都必须将其从他的制造中撤出。
In order to carry on his business on a level with that of other people, as he must have had the profit of a manufacturer on the one part, so he must have had that of a shopkeeper upon the other.
为了以与其他人相同的水平开展自己的生意，一方面他必须拥有制造商的利润，另一方面他也必须拥有店主的利润。
Let us suppose, for example, that in the particular town where he lived, ten per cent.
例如，让我们假设在他居住的特定城镇中，百分之十。
was the ordinary profit both of manufacturing and shopkeeping stock; he must in this case have charged upon every piece of his own goods, which he sold in his shop, a profit of twenty per cent.
是制造和商店库存的普通利润；在这种情况下，他必须对他在店里出售的每件商品收取百分之二十的利润。
When he carried them from his workhouse to his shop, he must have valued them at the price for which he could have sold them to a dealer or shopkeeper, who would have bought them by wholesale.
当他把它们从济贫院运到商店时，他一定是按照他可以将它们卖给经销商或店主的价格来估价的，而经销商或店主会批发购买它们。
If he valued them lower, he lost a part of the profit of his manufacturing capital.
如果他对它们的估价较低，他就会损失部分制造资本的利润。
When, again, he sold them from his shop, unless he got the same price at which a shopkeeper would have sold them, he lost a part of the profit of his shop-keeping capital.
当他再次从店里出售它们时，除非他得到与店主出售它们相同的价格，否则他会损失一部分开店资本的利润。
Though he might appear, therefore, to make a double profit upon the same piece of goods, yet, as these goods made successively a part of two distinct capitals, he made but a single profit upon the whole capital employed about them; and if he made less than his profit, he was a loser, and did not employ his whole capital with the same advantage as the greater part of his neighbours.
因此，虽然他可能在同一件商品上获得双倍利润，但是，由于这些商品相继成为两种不同资本的一部分，因此他在用于它们的全部资本上只获得了单一利润；如果他的利润低于他的利润，他就是一个失败者，并且没有像他的大多数邻居那样以同样的优势使用他的全部资本。
What the manufacturer was prohibited to do, the farmer was in some measure enjoined to do; to divide his capital between two different employments; to keep one part of it in his granaries and stack-yard, for supplying the occasional demands of the market, and to employ the other in the cultivation of his land.
制造商被禁止做的事情，农民在某种程度上被要求做；将其资本分配给两个不同的职业；将其中的一部分保留在他的粮仓和堆场中，以满足市场偶尔的需求，并将另一部分用于耕种他的土地。
But as he could not afford to employ the latter for less than the ordinary profits of farming stock, so he could as little afford to employ the former for less than the ordinary profits of mercantile stock.
但是，由于他无法以低于农业股票的普通利润的方式雇用后者，因此他也无法以低于商业股票的普通利润的方式雇用前者。
Whether the stock which really carried on the business of a corn merchant belonged to the person who was called a farmer, or to the person who was called a corn merchant, an equal profit was in both cases requisite, in order to indemnify its owner for employing it in this manner, in order to put his business on a level with other trades, and in order to hinder him from having an interest to change it as soon as possible for some other.
无论真正从事谷物商人生意的股票属于被称为农民的人，还是属于被称为谷物商人的人，在这两种情况下都需要同等的利润，以便补偿其所有者以这种方式使用它，以便使他的生意与其他行业处于同一水平，并阻止他有兴趣尽快将其改变为其他行业。
The farmer, therefore, who was thus forced to exercise the trade of a corn merchant, could not afford to sell his corn cheaper than any other corn merchant would have been obliged to do in the case of a free competition.
因此，被迫从事玉米商人贸易的农民无法以比任何其他玉米商人在自由竞争情况下被迫做的价格更便宜的价格出售自己的玉米。
The dealer who can employ his whole stock in one single branch of business, has an advantage of the same kind with the workman who can employ his whole labour in one single operation.
能够在单一业务部门中使用其全部库存的经销商与能够在一项业务中使用其全部劳动力的工人具有相同的优势。
As the latter acquires a dexterity which enables him, with the same two hands, to perform a much greater quantity of work, so the former acquires so easy and ready a method of transacting his business, of buying and disposing of his goods, that with the same capital he can transact a much greater quantity of business.
由于后者获得了一种灵巧性，使他能够用同样的两只手完成更多的工作，因此前者获得了一种如此简单和现成的方法来处理他的业务，购买和处置他的货物，以至于用相同的资本他可以处理更多的业务。
As the one can commonly afford his work a good deal cheaper, so the other can commonly afford his goods somewhat cheaper, than if his stock and attention were both employed about a greater variety of objects.
由于一个人通常能够以便宜得多的价格购买他的作品，因此，与他的库存和注意力都集中在更多种类的物品上相比，另一个人通常也可以更便宜地购买他的商品。
The greater part of manufacturers could not afford to retail their own goods so cheap as a vigilant and active shopkeeper, whose sole business it was to buy them by wholesale and to retail them again.
大多数制造商无法像警惕而积极的店主那样以如此低廉的价格零售自己的商品，而店主的唯一业务就是批发购买商品并再次零售。
The greater part of farmers could still less afford to retail their own corn, to supply the inhabitants of a town, at perhaps four or five miles distance from the greater part of them, so cheap as a vigilant and active corn merchant, whose sole business it was to purchase corn by wholesale, to collect it into a great magazine, and to retail it again.
大多数农民仍然无力零售自己的玉米，为距离他们大部分人大约四五英里的城镇居民供应玉米，其价格与警惕而活跃的玉米商人一样便宜，他们唯一的业务就是批发购买玉米，将其收集到一本大杂志中，然后再次零售。
The law which prohibited the manufacturer from exercising the trade of a shopkeeper, endeavoured to force this division in the employment of stock to go on faster than it might otherwise have done.
禁止制造商从事店主贸易的法律，试图迫使这种库存利用的分工比其他情况下更快地进行。
The law which obliged the farmer to exercise the trade of a corn merchant, endeavoured to hinder it from going on so fast.
法律规定农民必须从事谷物商人的贸易，但它却极力阻止这种贸易如此迅速地进行。
Both laws were evident violations of natural liberty, and therefore unjust; and they were both, too, as impolitic as they were unjust.
这两项法律都明显侵犯了自然自由，因此是不公正的。他们俩也都既不政治又不公正。
It is the interest of every society, that things of this kind should never either he forced or obstructed.
这是每个社会的利益，决不能强迫或阻止此类事情。
The man who employs either his labour or his stock in a greater variety of ways than his situation renders necessary, can never hurt his neighbour by underselling him.
如果一个人以超出其实际情况所需的多种方式使用他的劳动力或他的股票，他就永远不会因为低价出售而伤害他的邻居。
He may hurt himself, and he generally does so.
他可能会伤害自己，而且他通常都会这样做。
Jack-of-all-trades will never be rich, says the proverb.
俗话说，万事通永远不会富有。
But the law ought always to trust people with the care of their own interest, as in their local situations they must generally be able to judge better of it than the legislature can do.
但法律应该始终信任人们关心自己的利益，因为在当地情况下，他们通常必须能够比立法机关更好地做出判断。
The law, however, which obliged the farmer to exercise the trade of a corn merchant was by far the most pernicious of the two.
然而，强制农民从事玉米商人贸易的法律是这两者中最有害的。
It obstructed not only that division in the employment of stock which is so advantageous to every society, but it obstructed likewise the improvement and cultivation of the land.
它不仅阻碍了对每个社会都有利的畜牧业分工，而且同样阻碍了土地的改良和耕种。
By obliging the farmer to carry on two trades instead of one, it forced him to divide his capital into two parts, of which one only could be employed in cultivation.
通过迫使农民从事两项而不是一项行业，它迫使他将其资本分成两部分，其中一部分只能用于耕种。
But if he had been at liberty to sell his whole crop to a corn merchant as fast as he could thresh it out, his whole capital might have returned immediately to the land, and have been employed in buying more cattle, and hiring more servants, in order to improve and cultivate it better.
但如果他能够自由地以最快的速度把所有的庄稼卖给一个谷物商人，他的全部资本可能会立即回到土地上，并被用来购买更多的牛，雇用更多的仆人，以便更好地改良和耕种它。
But by being obliged to sell his corn by retail, he was obliged to keep a great part of his capital in his granaries and stack-yard through the year, and could not therefore cultivate so well as with the same capital he might otherwise have done.
但是，由于被迫零售出售玉米，他不得不将大部分资本全年存放在粮仓和堆场中，因此无法用同样的资本来耕种得那么好。
This law, therefore, necessarily obstructed the improvement of the land, and, instead of tending to render corn cheaper, must have tended to render it scarcer, and therefore dearer, than it would otherwise have been.
因此，这项法律必然会阻碍土地的改良，而且，它非但不会使谷物变得更便宜，反而会使其变得更加稀缺，从而比其他情况下更加昂贵。
After the business of the farmer, that of the corn merchant is in reality the trade which, if properly protected and encouraged, would contribute the most to the raising of corn.
继农民的生意之后，玉米商人的生意实际上是一种贸易，如果得到适当的保护和鼓励，将对玉米种植做出最大的贡献。
It would support the trade of the farmer, in the same manner as the trade of the wholesale dealer supports that of the manufacturer.
它将支持农民的贸易，就像批发商的贸易支持制造商的贸易一样。
The wholesale dealer, by affording a ready market to the manufacturer, by taking his goods off his hand as fast as he can make them, and by sometimes even advancing their price to him before he has made them, enables him to keep his whole capital, and sometimes even more than his whole capital, constantly employed in manufacturing, and consequently to manufacture a much greater quantity of goods than if he was obliged to dispose of them himself to the immediate consumers, or even to the retailers.
批发商通过向制造商提供现成的市场，以最快的速度从他的手中拿走货物，有时甚至在制造之前将其价格提前给他，使他能够将其全部资本，有时甚至超过其全部资本，持续用于制造，从而制造出比他自己将货物出售给直接消费者甚至零售商的货物数量多得多的货物。
As the capital of the wholesale merchant, too, is generally sufficient to replace that of many manufacturers, this intercourse between him and them interests the owner of a large capital to support the owners of a great number of small ones, and to assist them in those losses and misfortunes which might otherwise prove ruinous to them.
由于批发商的资本通常也足以取代许多制造商的资本，他与制造商之间的这种交往使大资本的所有者感兴趣，以支持大量小资本的所有者，并帮助他们应对那些可能对他们造成毁灭性的损失和不幸。
An intercourse of the same kind universally established between the farmers and the corn merchants, would be attended with effects equally beneficial to the farmers.
农民和玉米商人之间普遍建立的同类交往，将会给农民带来同样有利的效果。
They would be enabled to keep their whole capitals, and even more than their whole capitals constantly employed in cultivation.
他们将能够保留全部资本，甚至超过其全部资本不断用于耕种。
In case of any of those accidents to which no trade is more liable than theirs, they would find in their ordinary customer, the wealthy corn merchant, a person who had both an interest to support them, and the ability to do it; and they would not, as at present, be entirely dependent upon the forbearance of their landlord, or the mercy of his steward.
万一发生任何行业比他们更容易发生的事故，他们会发现他们的普通客户，富有的玉米商人，一个既有兴趣支持他们，又有能力支持他们的人；他们不会像现在一样完全依赖地主的克制或管家的仁慈。
Were it possible, as perhaps it is not, to establish this intercourse universally, and all at once; were it possible to turn all at once the whole farming stock of the kingdom to its proper business, the cultivation of land, withdrawing it from every other employment into which any part of it may be at present diverted; and were it possible, in order to support and assist, upon occasion, the operations of this great stock, to provide all at once another stock almost equally great; it is not, perhaps, very easy to imagine how great, how extensive, and how sudden, would be the improvement which this change of circumstances would alone produce upon the whole face of the country.
是否有可能（也许不可能）立即普遍地建立这种交流？是否有可能立即将王国的全部农业畜牧业转入其适当的业务，即耕种土地，将其从目前可能被转移的任何其他用途中撤出？是否有可能，为了支持和协助，有时，这个巨大的股票的运作，同时提供几乎同样大的另一个股票？也许很难想象仅靠这种情况的变化就会给整个国家带来多么巨大、多么广泛和多么突然的改善。
The statute of Edward VI.
爱德华六世的法令。
therefore, by prohibiting as much as possible any middle man from coming in between the grower and the consumer, endeavoured to annihilate a trade, of which the free exercise is not only the best palliative of the inconveniencies of a dearth, but the best preventive of that calamity; after the trade of the farmer, no trade contributing so much to the growing of corn as that of the corn merchant.
因此，通过尽可能禁止任何中间人介入种植者和消费者之间，试图消灭一种贸易，这种贸易的自由运作不仅是缓解短缺带来的不便的最佳方法，而且是预防这种灾难的最佳方法；继农民贸易之后，没有哪一种贸易比玉米商人对玉米种植的贡献更大。
The rigour of this law was afterwards softened by several subsequent statutes, which successively permitted the engrossing of corn when the price of wheat should not exceed 20s.
这项法律的严格性后来被随后的几部法规所软化，这些法规相继允许在小麦价格不得超过 20 秒的情况下征收玉米。
and 24s.
和24秒。
32s.
32秒。
and 40s.
和 40 多岁。
the quarter.
该季度。
At last, by the 15th of Charles II.
最后，到了查理二世15日。
c.7, the engrossing or buying of corn, in order to sell it again, as long as the price of wheat did not exceed 48s.
c.7、买入或买入玉米，以便再次卖出，只要小麦价格不超过48s。
the quarter, and that of other grain in proportion, was declared lawful to all persons not being forestallers, that is, not selling again in the same market within three months.
该季度以及其他谷物的比例被宣布为所有非抢占者（即三个月内不得在同一市场再次销售）的人合法。
All the freedom which the trade of the inland corn dealer has ever yet enjoyed was bestowed upon it by this statute.
内陆玉米经销商的贸易所享有的一切自由都是由该法规赋予的。
The statute of the twelfth of the present king, which repeals almost all the other ancient laws against engrossers and forestallers, does not repeal the restrictions of this particular statute, which therefore still continue in force.
现任国王第十二世的法令废除了几乎所有其他针对贪婪者和抢占者的古代法律，但并没有废除这一特定法令的限制，因此仍然有效。
This statute, however, authorises in some measure two very absurd popular prejudices.
然而，该法规在某种程度上认可了两种非常荒谬的流行偏见。
First, It supposes, that when the price of wheat has risen so high as 48s.
首先，假设小麦价格上涨至48先令。
the quarter, and that of other grain in proportion, corn is likely to be so engrossed as to hurt the people.
与其他粮食的比例相比，玉米很可能被过度占用而伤害人民。
But, from what has been already said, it seems evident enough, that corn can at no price be so engrossed by the inland dealers as to hurt the people; and 48s.
但是，从前面已经说过的内容来看，很明显，玉米的价格无论如何也不会被内陆商人所占据，以致伤害人民；和 48 年代。
the quarter, besides, though it may be considered as a very high price, yet, in years of scarcity, it is a price which frequently takes place immediately after harvest, when scarce any part of the new crop can be sold off, and when it is impossible even for ignorance to suppose that any part of it can be so engrossed as to hurt the people.
此外，虽然它可能被认为是一个非常高的价格，但是，在物资匮乏的年份，这个价格通常是在收获后立即发生的，当时几乎没有新作物的任何部分可以出售，而且即使是无知的人也不可能认为它的任何部分会被如此全神贯注以至于伤害人民。
Secondly, It supposes that there is a certain price at which corn is likely to be forestalled, that is, bought up in order to be sold again soon after in the same market, so as to hurt the people.
其次，假定有一定的价格，玉米很可能会被抢购，即被抢购一空，然后在同一市场上再次出售，从而伤害人民。
But if a merchant ever buys up corn, either going to a particular market, or in a particular market, in order to sell it again soon after in the same market, it must be because he judges that the market cannot be so liberally supplied through the whole season as upon that particular occasion, and that the price, therefore, must soon rise.
但是，如果商人购买玉米，要么去某个特定的市场，要么在某个特定的市场，以便很快在同一个市场上再次出售，那一定是因为他判断市场不可能像那个特定场合那样在整个季节都供应充足，因此价格必须很快上涨。
If he judges wrong in this, and if the price does not rise, he not only loses the whole profit of the stock which he employs in this manner, but a part of the stock itself, by the expense and loss which necessarily attend the storing and keeping of corn.
如果他判断错误，如果价格不上涨，那么他不仅会损失他以这种方式使用的库存的全部利润，而且还会损失库存本身的一部分，因为储存和保管谷物所必然产生的费用和损失。
He hurts himself, therefore, much more essentially than he can hurt even the particular people whom he may hinder from supplying themselves upon that particular market day, because they may afterwards supply themselves just as cheap upon any other market day.
因此，他对自己的伤害比他对特定人群的伤害要严重得多，他可能会阻止这些人在那个特定的市场日为自己供货，因为他们随后可能会在任何其他市场日以同样便宜的价格为自己供货。
If he judges right, instead of hurting the great body of the people, he renders them a most important service.
如果他的判断正确，他就不会伤害广大人民，而是为他们提供了最重要的服务。
By making them feel the inconveniencies of a dearth somewhat earlier than they otherwise might do, he prevents their feeling them afterwards so severely as they certainly would do, if the cheapness of price encouraged them to consume faster than suited the real scarcity of the season.
通过让他们比原本可能做的更早感受到匮乏的不便，他可以防止他们事后严重感受到这些不便，如果廉价的价格鼓励他们消费得比季节的真正匮乏更快的话，他们肯定会这样做。
When the scarcity is real, the best thing that can be done for the people is, to divide the inconvenience of it as equally as possible, through all the different months and weeks and days of the year.
当短缺确实存在时，能为人们做的最好的事情就是在一年中的不同月份、周和日子中尽可能平均地分配其带来的不便。
The interest of the corn merchant makes him study to do this as exactly as he can; and as no other person can have either the same interest, or the same knowledge, or the same abilities, to do it so exactly as he, this most important operation of commerce ought to be trusted entirely to him; or, in other words, the corn trade, so far at least as concerns the supply of the home market, ought to be left perfectly free.
玉米商人的兴趣使他学习尽可能准确地做到这一点；由于没有其他人能够拥有与他相同的兴趣、相同的知识或相同的能力，能够像他一样做到这一点，因此这项最重要的商业运作应该完全委托给他；或者，换句话说，玉米贸易，至少就国内市场的供应而言，应该完全自由。
The popular fear of engrossing and forestalling may be compared to the popular terrors and suspicions of witchcraft.
人们对引人入胜和抢占的恐惧可以与人们对巫术的恐惧和怀疑相提并论。
The unfortunate wretches accused of this latter crime were not more innocent of the misfortunes imputed to them, than those who have been accused of the former.
被指控犯有后一种罪行的不幸者并不比那些被指控犯有前一种罪行的人更无辜地遭受了归咎于他们的不幸。
The law which put an end to all prosecutions against witchcraft, which put it out of any man’s power to gratify his own malice by accusing his neighbour of that imaginary crime, seems effectually to have put an end to those fears and suspicions, by taking away the great cause which encouraged and supported them.
这项法律终止了所有针对巫术的起诉，禁止任何人通过指控邻居的想象中的罪行来满足自己的恶意，似乎通过消除鼓励和支持这些恐惧和怀疑的伟大事业，有效地结束了这些恐惧和怀疑。
The law which would restore entire freedom to the inland trade of corn, would probably prove as effectual to put an end to the popular fears of engrossing and forestalling.
这项将恢复内陆玉米贸易完全自由的法律可能会有效地消除公众对侵吞和抢占的恐惧。
The 15th of Charles II.
查理二世十五世。
c.
c.
7, however, with all its imperfections, has, perhaps, contributed more, both to the plentiful supply of the home market, and to the increase of tillage, than any other law in the statute book.
然而，尽管存在诸多缺陷，第 7 号法律在国内市场的充足供应和耕作的增加方面的贡献可能比成文法中的任何其他法律都多。
It is from this law that the inland corn trade has derived all the liberty and protection which it has ever yet enjoyed; and both the supply of the home market and the interest of tillage are much more effectually promoted by the inland, than either by the importation or exportation trade.
正是根据这项法律，内陆谷物贸易才获得了迄今为止所享有的所有自由和保护。内陆地区比进口或出口贸易更能有效地促进国内市场的供应和耕作的兴趣。
The proportion of the average quantity of all sorts of grain imported into Great Britain to that of all sorts of grain consumed, it has been computed by the author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade, does not exceed that of one to five hundred and seventy.
据《谷物贸易小册子》的作者计算，英国进口的各种谷物的平均数量与消耗的各种谷物的平均数量的比例不超过一比五百七十。
For supplying the home market, therefore, the importance of the inland trade must be to that of the importation trade as five hundred and seventy to one.
因此，为了供应国内市场，内陆贸易与进口贸易的重要性必须是五百七十比一。
The average quantity of all sorts of grain exported from Great Britain does not, according to the same author, exceed the one-and-thirtieth part of the annual produce.
根据同一作者的说法，从英国出口的各种谷物的平均数量不超过年产量的三十分之一。
For the encouragement of tillage, therefore, by providing a market for the home produce, the importance of the inland trade must be to that of the exportation trade as thirty to one.
因此，为了鼓励耕作，为本国产品提供市场，内陆贸易与出口贸易的重要性必须是三十比一。
I have no great faith in political arithmetic, and I mean not to warrant the exactness of either of these computations.
我对政治算术没有太大信心，我的意思是不保证这些计算的准确性。
I mention them only in order to show of how much less consequence, in the opinion of the most judicious and experienced persons, the foreign trade of corn is than the home trade.
我提到它们只是为了表明，在最明智和最有经验的人看来，玉米的对外贸易比国内贸易的影响要小得多。
The great cheapness of corn in the years immediately preceding the establishment of the bounty may, perhaps with reason, he ascribed in some measure to the operation of this statute of Charles II.
在设立赏金之前的几年里，玉米的大幅便宜可能在某种程度上归因于查理二世这一法令的实施，这或许是有道理的。
which had been enacted about five-and-twenty years before, and which had, therefore, full time to produce its effect.
该法案是在大约五、二十年前颁布的，因此有充足的时间来发挥其作用。
A very few words will sufficiently explain all that I have to say concerning the other three branches of the corn trade.
关于玉米贸易的其他三个部门，只需几句话就足以解释我要说的一切。
II.
二.
The trade of the merchant-importer of foreign corn for home consumption, evidently contributes to the immediate supply of the home market, and must so far be immediately beneficial to the great body of the people.
进口商进口外国玉米供国内消费的贸易显然有助于国内市场的直接供应，并且迄今为止必定立即造福于广大人民。
It tends, indeed, to lower somewhat the average money price of corn, but not to diminish its real value, or the quantity of labour which it is capable of maintaining.
事实上，它往往会在一定程度上降低玉米的平均货币价格，但不会减少其实际价值或它能够维持的劳动力数量。
If importation was at all times free, our farmers and country gentlemen would probably, one year with another, get less money for their corn than they do at present, when importation is at most times in effect prohibited; but the money which they got would be of more value, would buy more goods of all other kinds, and would employ more labour.
如果进口始终是免费的，那么我们的农民和乡村绅士可能一年比一年赚到的玉米钱会比现在少，因为进口实际上是被禁止的。但他们得到的钱会更有价值，可以购买更多其他种类的商品，并雇用更多的劳动力。
Their real wealth, their real revenue, therefore, would be the same as at present, though it might be expressed by a smaller quantity of silver, and they would neither be disabled nor discouraged from cultivating corn as much as they do at present.
因此，他们的实际财富、实际收入将与现在相同，尽管可能用较少数量的白银来表示，而且他们既不会像现在那样被禁止或阻止种植谷物。
On the contrary, as the rise in the real value of silver, in consequence of lowering the money price of corn, lowers somewhat the money price of all other commodities, it gives the industry of the country where it takes place some advantage in all foreign markets and thereby tends to encourage and increase that industry.
相反，由于玉米货币价格的降低，白银的实际价值上升，从而在一定程度上降低了所有其他商品的货币价格，它使所在国的工业在所有外国市场上具有一定的优势，从而往往会鼓励和发展该工业。
But the extent of the home market for corn must be in proportion to the general industry of the country where it grows, or to the number of those who produce something else, and therefore, have something else, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of something else, to give in exchange for corn.
但玉米国内市场的规模必须与玉米种植国的总体工业规模成正比，或者与生产其他东西并因此拥有其他东西的人的数量成比例，或者，同样的东西，与其他东西的价格成比例，以换取玉米。
But in every country, the home market, as it is the nearest and most convenient, so is it likewise the greatest and most important market for corn.
但在每个国家，国内市场都是最近、最方便的，因此它也是玉米最大、最重要的市场。
That rise in the real value of silver, therefore, which is the effect of lowering the average money price of corn, tends to enlarge the greatest and most important market for corn, and thereby to encourage, instead of discouraging its growth.
因此，白银实际价值的上升，即玉米平均货币价格下降的结果，往往会扩大玉米最大和最重要的市场，从而鼓励而不是阻碍其增长。
By the 22d of Charles II.
查理二世22日。
c.
c.
13, the importation of wheat, whenever the price in the home market did not exceed 53s:4d.
13日，进口小麦，只要国内市场价格不超过53s：4d。
the quarter, was subjected to a duty of 16s.
该季度，被征收 16 秒的关税。
the quarter; and to a duty of 8s.
该季度；并执行 8 秒的任务。
whenever the price did not exceed £4.
只要价格不超过 4 英镑。
The former of these two prices has, for more than a century past, taken place only in times of very great scarcity; and the latter has, so far as I know, not taken place at all.
一个多世纪以来，这两种价格中的前者只发生在非常稀缺的时期；后者只发生在非常稀缺的时期。而据我所知，后者根本没有发生过。
Yet, till wheat has risen above this latter price, it was, by this statute, subjected to a very high duty; and, till it had risen above the former, to a duty which amounted to a prohibition.
然而，根据该法规，在小麦价格上涨到高于后一个价格之前，必须缴纳非常高的关税；并且，在它超越前者之前，承担相当于禁令的义务。
The importation of other sorts of grain was restrained at rates and by duties, in proportion to the value of the grain, almost equally high.
其他种类谷物的进口受到税率和关税的限制，与谷物价值的比例几乎同样高。
Before the 13th of the present king, the following were the duties payable upon the importation of the different sorts of grain:
在现任国王十三世之前，进口不同种类谷物应缴纳的关税如下：
Grain.
谷物。
Duties.
职责。
Duties Duties.
职责职责。
Beans to 28s.
豆子到28秒。
per qr.
每qr。
19s:10d.
19秒：10天。
after till 40s.
直到40多岁之后。
16s:8d.
16秒：8天。
then 12d.
然后12天。
Barley to 28s.
大麦到28岁。
- 19s:10d.
- 19 秒：10 天。
- 32s.
- 32秒。
16s.
16秒。
- 12d.
- 12天。
Malt is prohibited by the annual malt-tax bill.
年度麦芽税法案禁止使用麦芽。
Oats to 16s.
燕麦到16秒。
- 5s:10d.
- 5秒：10天。
after - 9½d.
之后 - 9½d。
Pease to 40s.
皮斯到40岁。
- 16s: 0d.
- 16 秒：0 天。
after - 9¾d.
之后 - 9 小时后。
Rye to 36s.
黑麦至 36 秒。
- 19s:10d.
- 19 秒：10 天。
till 40s.
直到40多岁。
16s:8d - 12d.
16秒：8天-12天。
Wheat to 44s.
小麦到44秒。
- 21s: 9d.
- 21 秒：9 天。
till 53s:4d.
直到 53 秒：4 天。
17s.
17秒。
- 8s.
- 8秒。
till £4, and after that about 1s:4d.
直到 4 英镑，之后大约 1 秒：4 天。
Buck-wheat to 32s.
荞麦32秒。
per qr.
每qr。
to pay 16s.
支付16秒。
These different duties were imposed, partly by the 22d of Charles II.
这些不同的职责部分是由查理二世 22 日强制实施的。
in place of the old subsidy, partly by the new subsidy, by the one-third and two-thirds subsidy, and by the subsidy 1747.
取代旧补贴的部分是新补贴，三分之一和三分之二补贴，以及1747年补贴。
Subsequent laws still further increased those duties.
随后的法律进一步增加了这些义务。
The distress which, in years of scarcity, the strict execution of those laws might have brought upon the people, would probably have been very great; but, upon such occasions, its execution was generally suspended by temporary statutes, which permitted, for a limited time, the importation of foreign corn.
在物质匮乏的年代，严格执行这些法律可能给人民带来极大的痛苦；但在这种情况下，临时法规通常会暂停执行，临时法规允许在有限的时间内进口外国玉米。
The necessity of these temporary statutes sufficiently demonstrates the impropriety of this general one.
这些临时法规的必要性足以证明这一一般性法规的不当性。
These restraints upon importation, though prior to the establishment of the bounty, were dictated by the same spirit, by the same principles, which afterwards enacted that regulation.
这些进口限制虽然早于设立赏金计划，但也是出于同样的精神、同样的原则，后来颁布了该规定。
How hurtful soever in themselves, these, or some other restraints upon importation, became necessary in consequence of that regulation.
无论这些限制或其他一些进口限制本身有多么有害，由于该规定而变得必要。
If, when wheat was either below 48s.
如果，当小麦低于 48 秒时。
the quarter, or not much above it, foreign corn could have been imported, either duty free, or upon paying only a small duty, it might have been exported again, with the benefit of the bounty, to the great loss of the public revenue, and to the entire perversion of the institution, of which the object was to extend the market for the home growth, not that for the growth of foreign countries.
四分之一或稍高一点的外国玉米本可以进口，要么免税，要么只需缴纳少量关税，就可以利用赏金再次出口，从而造成公共收入的巨大损失，并导致整个制度的扭曲，其目的是扩大国内增长的市场，而不是外国增长的市场。
III.
三．
The trade of the merchant-exporter of corn for foreign consumption, certainly does not contribute directly to the plentiful supply of the home market.
商业出口商为外国消费而进行的玉米贸易，当然不会直接促进国内市场的充足供应。
It does so, however, indirectly.
然而，它是间接地这样做的。
From whatever source this supply maybe usually drawn, whether from home growth, or from foreign importation, unless more corn is either usually grown, or usually imported into the country, than what is usually consumed in it, the supply of the home market can never be very plentiful.
无论这种供应通常来自何处，无论是来自国内种植还是来自外国进口，除非该国通常种植的玉米或通常进口到该国的玉米多于该国通常消费的玉米，否则国内市场的供应永远不会非常充足。
But unless the surplus can, in all ordinary cases, be exported, the growers will be careful never to grow more, and the importers never to import more, than what the bare consumption of the home market requires.
但是，除非在所有普通情况下，剩余产品都可以出口，否则种植者将小心谨慎，绝不种植超出国内市场赤裸消费需求的产品，进口商也绝不会进口超出国内市场所需的产品。
That market will very seldom be overstocked; but it will generally be understocked; the people, whose business it is to supply it, being generally afraid lest their goods should be left upon their hands.
那个市场很少会出现库存过剩的情况。但一般会出现库存不足的情况；人民，他们的职责是提供这些物资，普遍担心他们的货物会留在他们手中。
The prohibition of exportation limits the improvement and cultivation of the country to what the supply of its own inhabitants require.
禁止出口限制了该国的改良和耕种，以满足其本国居民的供应需求。
The freedom of exportation enables it to extend cultivation for the supply of foreign nations.
出口自由使其能够扩大种植以供应外国。
By the 12th of Charles II.
到了查理二世12日。
c.4, the exportation of corn was permitted whenever the price of wheat did not exceed 40s.
c.4、只要小麦价格不超过40s，就允许出口玉米。
the quarter, and that of other grain in proportion.
四分之一，以及其他谷物的比例。
By the 15th of the same prince, this liberty was extended till the price of wheat exceeded 48s.
到同一位王子的 15 日，这种自由被延长到小麦价格超过 48 先令。
the quarter; and by the 22d, to all higher prices.
该季度；到 22 天，所有价格都会上涨。
A poundage, indeed, was to be paid to the king upon such exportation; but all grain was rated so low in the book of rates, that this poundage amounted only, upon wheat to 1s., upon oats to 4d., and upon all other grain to 6d.
事实上，出口货物时要向国王缴纳英镑。但是，所有谷物在费率表中的评级都很低，以至于这一磅数仅相当于小麦 1 便士，燕麦 4 便士，所有其他谷物 6 便士。
the quarter.
该季度。
By the 1st of William and Mary, the act which established this bounty, this small duty was virtually taken off whenever the price of wheat did not exceed 48s.
到了威廉和玛丽一号法案，规定了这项赏金，只要小麦价格不超过 48 先令，这项小额关税实际上就被取消了。
the quarter; and by the 11th and 12th of William III.
该季度；到威廉三世十一日和十二日。
c.
c.
20, it was expressly taken off at all higher prices.
20日，它被明确地以更高的价格取消。
The trade of the merchant-exporter was, in this manner, not only encouraged by a bounty, but rendered much more free than that of the inland dealer.
通过这种方式，商人出口商的贸易不仅受到赏金的鼓励，而且比内陆商人的贸易更加自由。
By the last of these statutes, corn could be engrossed at any price for exportation; but it could not be engrossed for inland sale, except when the price did not exceed 48s.
根据这些法规的最后一项，玉米可以以任何价格用于出口；但不能用于内陆销售，除非价格不超过48秒。
the quarter.
该季度。
The interest of the inland dealer, however, it has already been shown, can never be opposite to that of the great body of the people.
然而，事实已经表明，内陆商人的利益永远不能与广大人民的利益对立。
That of the merchant-exporter may, and in fact sometimes is.
商人出口商可能会这样做，事实上有时确实如此。
If, while his own country labours under a dearth, a neighbouring country should be afflicted with a famine, it might be his interest to carry corn to the latter country, in such quantities as might very much aggravate the calamities of the dearth.
如果，当他自己的国家陷入饥荒时，邻国却遭遇饥荒，他可能有兴趣向后者运送谷物，其数量可能会大大加剧饥荒的灾难。
The plentiful supply of the home market was not the direct object of those statutes; but, under the pretence of encouraging agriculture, to raise the money price of corn as high as possible, and thereby to occasion, as much as possible, a constant dearth in the home market.
国内市场的充足供应并不是这些法规的直接目标；但是，在鼓励农业的幌子下，尽可能提高玉米的货币价格，从而尽可能地造成国内市场的持续短缺。
By the discouragement of importation, the supply of that market; even in times of great scarcity, was confined to the home growth; and by the encouragement of exportation, when the price was so high as 48s.
通过抑制进口，减少该市场的供应；即使在极度匮乏的时期，也仅限于家庭生长；并受到出口鼓励，当时价格高达48先令。
the quarter, that market was not, even in times of considerable scarcity, allowed to enjoy the whole of that growth.
本季度，即使在相当稀缺的时期，该市场也无法享受到全部增长。
The temporary laws, prohibiting, for a limited time, the exportation of corn, and taking off, for a limited time, the duties upon its importation, expedients to which Great Britain has been obliged so frequently to have recourse, sufficiently demonstrate the impropriety of her general system.
临时法律在有限的时间内禁止谷物出口，并在有限的时间内免除进口关税，这些都是英国不得不经常采取的权宜之计，这充分表明了其总体制度的不当之处。
Had that system been good, she would not so frequently have been reduced to the necessity of departing from it.
如果这个制度是好的，她就不会经常被迫背离它。
Were all nations to follow the liberal system of free exportation and free importation, the different states into which a great continent was divided, would so far resemble the different provinces of a great empire.
如果所有国家都遵循自由出口和自由进口的自由制度，那么一个伟大的大陆所划分的不同国家就类似于一个伟大帝国的不同省份。
As among the different provinces of a great empire, the freedom of the inland trade appears, both from reason and experience, not only the best palliative of a dearth, but the most effectual preventive of a famine; so would the freedom of the exportation and importation trade be among the different states into which a great continent was divided.
正如一个大帝国的不同省份之间一样，从理性和经验来看，内陆贸易的自由不仅是缓解饥荒的最佳方法，而且是预防饥荒的最有效方法。一个伟大的大陆被划分为不同的国家之间，进出口贸易的自由也是如此。
The larger the continent, the easier the communication through all the different parts of it, both by land and by water, the less would any one particular part of it ever be exposed to either of these calamities, the scarcity of any one country being more likely to be relieved by the plenty of some other.
大陆越大，通过陆地和水路通过其所有不同部分的交通就越容易，它的任何一个特定部分遭受这些灾难的可能性就越小，任何一个国家的匮乏更有可能通过其他国家的丰富而得到缓解。
But very few countries have entirely adopted this liberal system.
但很少有国家完全采用这种自由主义制度。
The freedom of the corn trade is almost everywhere more or less restrained, and in many countries is confined by such absurd regulations, as frequently aggravate the unavoidable misfortune of a dearth into the dreadful calamity of a famine.
谷物贸易的自由几乎到处都或多或少地受到限制，在许多国家还受到这种荒谬的规定的限制，常常将不可避免的匮乏不幸加剧为可怕的饥荒灾难。
The demand of such countries for corn may frequently become so great and so urgent, that a small state in their neighbourhood, which happened at the same time to be labouring under some degree of dearth, could not venture to supply them without exposing itself to the like dreadful calamity.
这些国家对谷物的需求可能经常变得如此巨大和紧迫，以至于它们邻国的一个小国，同时碰巧在某种程度的粮食短缺下苦苦挣扎，无法冒险供应它们，否则就会遭受同样可怕的灾难。
The very bad policy of one country may thus render it, in some measure, dangerous and imprudent to establish what would otherwise be the best policy in another.
因此，一国的非常糟糕的政策可能会在某种程度上导致在另一国制定本应是最佳政策的做法变得危险和轻率。
The unlimited freedom of exportation, however, would be much less dangerous in great states, in which the growth being much greater, the supply could seldom be much affected by any quantity or corn that was likely to be exported.
然而，在大国中，无限的出口自由的危险性要小得多，因为在这些国家中，经济增长要大得多，供应很少会受到可能出口的任何数量或玉米的太大影响。
In a Swiss canton, or in some of the little states in Italy, it may, perhaps, sometimes be necessary to restrain the exportation of corn.
在瑞士的一个州，或者在意大利的一些小州，有时也许有必要限制玉米的出口。
In such great countries as France or England, it scarce ever can.
在法国或英国这样的伟大国家，却很少能做到这一点。
To hinder, besides, the farmer from sending his goods at all times to the best market, is evidently to sacrifice the ordinary laws of justice to an idea of public utility, to a sort of reasons of state; an act or legislative authority which ought to be exercised only, which can be pardoned only, in cases of the most urgent necessity.
此外，阻止农民在任何时候将他的货物运往最好的市场，显然都是为了公共利益的观念、为了某种国家的理由而牺牲普通的正义法。仅在最紧急的情况下才应行使的法案或立法权，只有在最紧急的情况下才可以赦免。
The price at which exportation of corn is prohibited, if it is ever to be prohibited, ought always to be a very high price.
禁止玉米出口的价格，如果真的要禁止的话，应该总是一个非常高的价格。
The laws concerning corn may everywhere be compared to the laws concerning religion.
关于谷物的法律在任何地方都可以与关于宗教的法律相比较。
The people feel themselves so much interested in what relates either to their subsistence in this life, or to their happiness in a life to come, that government must yield to their prejudices, and, in order to preserve the public tranquillity, establish that system which they approve of.
人民感到自己对关系到他们今生的生存或他们来生的幸福的事情如此感兴趣，以至于政府必须屈服于他们的偏见，并且为了维护公众的安宁，建立他们所认可的制度。
It is upon this account, perhaps, that we so seldom find a reasonable system established with regard to either of those two capital objects.
也许正是由于这个原因，我们很少发现针对这两个资本对象中的任何一个建立了合理的制度。
IV.
四．
The trade of the merchant-carrier, or of the importer of foreign corn, in order to export it again, contributes to the plentiful supply of the home market.
商船运输商或外国玉米进口商为了再次出口而进行的贸易有助于国内市场的充足供应。
It is not, indeed, the direct purpose of his trade to sell his corn there; but he will generally be willing to do so, and even for a good deal less money than he might expect in a foreign market; because he saves in this manner the expense of loading and unloading, of freight and insurance.
事实上，他做生意的直接目的并不是在那里出售玉米；他的目的是为了让自己的生意更加顺利。但他通常愿意这样做，甚至愿意花比他在国外市场上预期少得多的钱；因为这样他就节省了装卸费用、运费和保险费用。
The inhabitants of the country which, by means of the carrying trade, becomes the magazine and storehouse for the supply of other countries, can very seldom be in want themselves.
该国的居民通过运输贸易成为其他国家供应的仓库和仓库，他们自己很少会遇到匮乏。
Though the carrying trade must thus contribute to reduce the average money price of corn in the home market, it would not thereby lower its real value; it would only raise somewhat the real value of silver.
尽管套利交易必然有助于降低国内市场玉米的平均货币价格，但它不会因此降低其实际价值；它只会稍微提高白银的实际价值。
The carrying trade was in effect prohibited in Great Britain, upon all ordinary occasions, by the high duties upon the importation of foreign corn, of the greater part of which there was no drawback; and upon extraordinary occasions, when a scarcity made it necessary to suspend those duties by temporary statutes, exportation was always prohibited.
在英国，在一般情况下，由于对进口外国谷物征收高额关税，而且其中大部分没有退税，因此实际上禁止了转口贸易。在特殊情况下，当由于短缺而必须通过临时法规暂停这些关税时，出口总是被禁止的。
By this system of laws, therefore, the carrying trade was in effect prohibited.
因此，根据这一法律体系，转口贸易实际上是被禁止的。
That system of laws, therefore, which is connected with the establishment of the bounty, seems to deserve no part of the praise which has been bestowed upon it.
因此，与建立赏金有关的法律体系似乎不值得给予它任何赞扬。
The improvement and prosperity of Great Britain, which has been so often ascribed to those laws, may very easily be accounted for by other causes.
英国的进步和繁荣常常被归因于这些法律，但很容易用其他原因来解释。
That security which the laws in Great Britain give to every man, that he shall enjoy the fruits of his own labour, is alone sufficient to make any country flourish, notwithstanding these and twenty other absurd regulations of commerce; and this security was perfected by the Revolution, much about the same time that the bounty was established.
尽管有这些以及其他二十个荒谬的商业法规，但英国的法律给予每个人的保障，即他将享受自己的劳动成果，仅此一项就足以使任何国家繁荣昌盛。这种安全性在大革命中得到了完善，几乎与赏金制度的制定几乎同时发生。
The natural effort of every individual to better his own condition, when suffered to exert itself with freedom and security, is so powerful a principle, that it is alone, and without any assistance, not only capable of carrying on the society to wealth and prosperity, but of surmounting a hundred impertinent obstructions, with which the folly of human laws too often encumbers its operations: though the effect of those obstructions is always, more or less, either to encroach upon its freedom, or to diminish its security.
每个人在自由和安全的情况下，为了改善自己的状况而自然地努力，是一个如此强大的原则，以至于它独自在没有任何帮助的情况下，不仅能够使社会走向财富和繁荣，而且能够克服一百个不恰当的障碍，人类法律的愚蠢常常阻碍其运作：尽管这些障碍的效果总是或多或少地侵犯其自由，或削弱其安全。
In Great Britain industry is perfectly secure; and though it is far from being perfectly free, it is as free or freer than in any other part of Europe.
在英国，工业是绝对安全的。尽管它远非完全自由，但它与欧洲任何其他地区一样自由，甚至更自由。
Though the period of the greatest prosperity and improvement of Great Britain has been posterior to that system of laws which is connected with the bounty, we must not upon that account, impute it to those laws.
尽管英国最繁荣和进步的时期是在与赏金相关的法律体系之后的，但我们绝不能因此而将其归咎于那些法律。
It has been posterior likewise to the national debt; but the national debt has most assuredly not been the cause of it.
它同样排在国债之后；但国债肯定不是造成这种情况的原因。
Though the system of laws which is connected with the bounty, has exactly the same tendency with the practice of Spain and Portugal, to lower somewhat the value of the precious metals in the country where it takes place; yet Great Britain is certainly one of the richest countries in Europe, while Spain and Portugal are perhaps amongst the most beggarly.
尽管与赏金相关的法律体系与西班牙和葡萄牙的做法具有完全相同的趋势，但会在一定程度上降低其所在国贵金属的价值；然而，英国无疑是欧洲最富有的国家之一，而西班牙和葡萄牙可能是最贫穷的国家之一。
This difference of situation, however, may easily be accounted for from two different causes.
然而，这种情况的差异很容易由两个不同的原因来解释。
First, the tax in Spain, the prohibition in Portugal of exporting gold and silver, and the vigilant police which watches over the execution of those laws, must, in two very poor countries, which between them import annually upwards of six millions sterling, operate not only more directly, but much more forcibly, in reducing the value of those metals there, than the corn laws can do in Great Britain.
首先，西班牙的税收、葡萄牙禁止出口黄金和白银，以及监督这些法律执行的警惕警察，必须在这两个非常贫穷的国家（这两个国家每年进口额超过六百万英镑），不仅比英国的谷物法更直接、而且更有力地降低这些金属的价值。
And, secondly, this bad policy is not in those countries counterbalanced by the general liberty and security of the people.
其次，在这些国家，这种糟糕的政策并没有被人民的普遍自由和安全所抵消。
Industry is there neither free nor secure; and the civil and ecclesiastical governments of both Spain and Portugal are such as would alone be sufficient to perpetuate their present state of poverty, even though their regulations of commerce were as wise as the greatest part of them are absurd and foolish.
工业既不自由也不安全；西班牙和葡萄牙的民事和教会政府足以使他们目前的贫困状态永久化，尽管他们的商业法规是明智的，但其中大部分是荒谬和愚蠢的。
The 13th of the present king, c.
现任国王第 13 世，c.
43, seems to have established a new system with regard to the corn laws, in many respects better than the ancient one, but in one or two respects perhaps not quite so good.
43、关于谷物法，似乎建立了一种新的制度，在许多方面比古代的制度要好，但在一两个方面也许不太好。
By this statute, the high duties upon importation for home consumption are taken off, so soon as the price of middling wheat rises to 48s.
根据该法规，一旦中质小麦价格上涨至48先令，国内消费进口的高额关税就会被取消。
the quarter; that of middling rye, pease, or beans, to 32s.; that of barley to 24s.; and that of oats to 16s.; and instead of them, a small duty is imposed of only 6d upon the quarter of wheat, and upon that or other grain in proportion.
该季度；中等黑麦、豌豆或豆类，至 32 秒。大麦至 24 秒。和燕麦到 16 秒。取而代之的是，对四分之一的小麦以及该小麦或其他谷物按比例征收仅 6d 的小额关税。
With regard to all those different sorts of grain, but particularly with regard to wheat, the home market is thus opened to foreign supplies, at prices considerably lower than before.
对于所有这些不同种类的谷物，特别是小麦，国内市场因此向外国供应开放，价格比以前低得多。
By the same statute, the old bounty of 5s.
根据同样的法规，旧的赏金为 5 秒。
upon the exportation of wheat, ceases so soon as the price rises to 44s.
小麦出口一旦价格升至 44 便停止。
the quarter, instead of 48s.
季度，而不是 48 秒。
the price at which it ceased before; that of 2s:6d.
之前停止的价格； 2s：6d。
upon the exportation of barley, ceases so soon as the price rises to 22s.
大麦出口一旦价格升至22先令就停止。
instead of 24s.
而不是 24 秒。
the price at which it ceased before; that of 2s:6d.
之前停止的价格； 2s：6d。
upon the exportation of oatmeal, ceases so soon as the price rises to 14s.
燕麦片出口一旦价格上涨至 14 便士就停止。
instead of 15s.
而不是 15 秒。
the price at which it ceased before.
之前停止的价格。
The bounty upon rye is reduced from 3s:6d.
黑麦的赏金从 3s:6d 减少。
to 3s.
至 3 秒。
and it ceases so soon as the price rises to 28s.
一旦价格上涨到 28 秒，它就会停止。
instead of 32s.
而不是 32 秒。
the price at which it ceased before.
之前停止的价格。
If bounties are as improper as I have endeavoured to prove them to be, the sooner they cease, and the lower they are, so much the better.
如果赏金像我努力证明的那样不适当，那么越早停止、越低越好。
The same statute permits, at the lowest prices, the importation of corn in order to be exported again, duty free, provided it is in the mean time lodged in a warehouse under the joint locks of the king and the importer.
该法规允许以最低价格进口玉米，以便再次免税出口，前提是玉米同时存放在国王和进口商联合锁下的仓库中。
This liberty, indeed, extends to no more than twenty-five of the different ports of Great Britain.
事实上，这种自由只延伸到英国不超过二十五个不同的港口。
They are, however, the principal ones; and there may not, perhaps, be warehouses proper for this purpose in the greater part of the others.
然而，它们是主要的。在其他大部分地区，也许没有适合此目的的仓库。
So far this law seems evidently an improvement upon the ancient system.
到目前为止，这项法律显然是对古代制度的改进。
But by the same law, a bounty of 2s.
但根据同样的法律，赏金为 2 秒。
the quarter is given for the exportation of oats, whenever the price does not exceed fourteen shillings.
当价格不超过十四先令时，该季度用于燕麦出口。
No bounty had ever been given before for the exportation of this grain, no more than for that of pease or beans.
以前从未对这种谷物的出口给予任何奖励，只不过是豌豆或豆类的出口。
By the same law, too, the exportation of wheat is prohibited so soon as the price rises to forty-four shillings the quarter; that of rye so soon as it rises to twenty-eight shillings; that of barley so soon as it rises to twenty-two shillings; and that of oats so soon as they rise to fourteen shillings.
根据同一法律，一旦小麦价格上涨至每季度四十四先令，小麦出口就被禁止；黑麦的价格一旦涨到二十八先令；大麦的价格一旦涨到二十二先令就可以了；燕麦的价格一旦涨到十四先令。
Those several prices seem all of them a good deal too low; and there seems to be an impropriety, besides, in prohibiting exportation altogether at those precise prices at which that bounty, which was given in order to force it, is withdrawn.
这几个价格似乎都太低了；此外，完全禁止以特定价格进行出口似乎是不恰当的，而在该价格下，为了强制出口而给予的赏金被撤回。
The bounty ought certainly either to have been withdrawn at a much lower price, or exportation ought to have been allowed at a much higher.
当然，要么应该以低得多的价格撤回赏金，要么应该允许以高得多的价格出口。
So far, therefore, this law seems to be inferior to the ancient system.
因此，到目前为止，这项法律似乎不如古代制度。
With all its imperfections, however, we may perhaps say of it what was said of the laws of Solon, that though not the best in itself, it is the best which the interest, prejudices, and temper of the times, would admit of.
然而，尽管它有种种缺陷，我们也许可以用梭伦定律的说法来形容它，即虽然它本身不是最好的，但它是时代的利益、偏见和脾气所承认的最好的。
It may perhaps in due time prepare the way for a better.
也许在适当的时候，它可能会为更好的事情铺平道路。
CHAPTER VI.
第六章。
OF TREATIES OF COMMERCE.
商业条约。
When a nation binds itself by treaty, either to permit the entry of certain goods from one foreign country which it prohibits from all others, or to exempt the goods of one country from duties to which it subjects those of all others, the country, or at least the merchants and manufacturers of the country, whose commerce is so favoured, must necessarily derive great advantage from the treaty.
当一个国家通过条约约束自己时，要么允许它禁止其他国家的某些货物进入，要么免除一国的货物对所有其他国家的货物征收的关税，该国，或者至少是该国的商人和制造商，其商业如此受到青睐，必然会从该条约中获得巨大的利益。
Those merchants and manufacturers enjoy a sort of monopoly in the country which is so indulgent to them.
这些商人和制造商在这个国家享有某种垄断地位，这对他们来说是非常纵容的。
That country becomes a market, both more extensive and more advantageous for their goods: more extensive, because the goods of other nations being either excluded or subjected to heavier duties, it takes off a greater quantity of theirs; more advantageous, because the merchants of the favoured country, enjoying a sort of monopoly there, will often sell their goods for a better price than if exposed to the free competition of all other nations.
该国成为一个市场，其范围更广，对其商品也更有利：更广泛，因为其他国家的商品要么被排除在外，要么被征收更重的关税，所以它会从其他国家进口更多的商品；更广泛，因为其他国家的商品要么被排除在外，要么被征收更重的关税，所以它会从其他国家进口更多的商品；更广泛，因为其他国家的商品要么被排除在外，要么被征收更重的关税，所以它会从其他国家进口更多的商品。更有利的是，因为受惠国的商人享有某种垄断地位，通常会以比接受所有其他国家的自由竞争更好的价格出售其商品。
Such treaties, however, though they may be advantageous to the merchants and manufacturers of the favoured, are necessarily disadvantageous to those of the favouring country.
然而，此类条约虽然可能对受惠国的商人和制造商有利，但必然对受惠国的商人和制造商不利。
A monopoly is thus granted against them to a foreign nation; and they must frequently buy the foreign goods they have occasion for, dearer than if the free competition of other nations was admitted.
因此，针对他们的垄断权就授予了外国；他们必须经常购买他们需要的外国商品，价格比允许其他国家自由竞争时要高。
That part of its own produce with which such a nation purchases foreign goods, must consequently be sold cheaper; because, when two things are exchanged for one another, the cheapness of the one is a necessary consequence, or rather is the same thing, with the dearness of the other.
因此，一个国家用来购买外国商品的那部分本国产品必须以更便宜的价格出售。因为，当两种东西互相交换时，一种的廉价是必然的结果，或者更确切地说，与另一种的昂贵是同一件事。
The exchangeable value of its annual produce, therefore, is likely to be diminished by every such treaty.
因此，每一项此类条约都可能降低其年产品的交换价值。
This diminution, however, can scarce amount to any positive loss, but only to a lessening of the gain which it might otherwise make.
然而，这种减少几乎不会造成任何积极的损失，而只会减少原本可能获得的收益。
Though it sells its goods cheaper than it otherwise might do, it will not probably sell them for less than they cost; nor, as in the case of bounties, for a price which will not replace the capital employed in bringing them to market, together with the ordinary profits of stock.
尽管它以比其他情况下更便宜的价格出售商品，但它可能不会以低于成本的价格出售它们；也不像赏金那样，其价格不能取代将其推向市场所用的资本以及股票的普通利润。
The trade could not go on long if it did.
如果这样的话，贸易也不会持续太久。
Even the favouring country, therefore, may still gain by the trade, though less than if there was a free competition.
因此，即使是优惠国仍可能从贸易中获益，尽管比自由竞争的情况要少。
Some treaties of commerce, however, have been supposed advantageous, upon principles very different from these; and a commercial country has sometimes granted a monopoly of this kind, against itself, to certain goods of a foreign nation, because it expected, that in the whole commerce between them, it would annually sell more than it would buy, and that a balance in gold and silver would be annually returned to it.
然而，一些商业条约被认为是有利的，其原则与这些条约截然不同。商业国家有时会针对自己对外国的某些商品实行这种垄断，因为它预计，在它们之间的整个贸易中，它每年的销售量将超过其购买量，并且每年都会将黄金和白银的余额返还给它。
It is upon this principle that the treaty of commerce between England and Portugal, concluded in 1703 by Mr Methuen, has been so much commended.
正是基于这一原则，梅休恩先生于 1703 年缔结的英格兰和葡萄牙之间的商业条约受到了高度赞扬。
The following is a literal translation of that treaty, which consists of three articles only.
以下是该条约的直译，仅由三条组成。
ART.
艺术。
I.
我。
His sacred royal majesty of Portugal promises, both in his own name and that of his successors, to admit for ever hereafter, into Portugal, the woollen cloths, and the rest of the woollen manufactures of the British, as was accustomed, till they were prohibited by the law; nevertheless upon this condition:
葡萄牙神圣的王室陛下承诺，以他自己和他的继承者的名义，今后将按照惯例永远允许英国的毛织品和其他毛织品进入葡萄牙，直到法律禁止为止；尽管如此，在这个条件下：
ART.
艺术。
II.
二.
That is to say, that her sacred royal majesty of Great Britain shall, in her own name, and that of her successors, be obliged, for ever hereafter, to admit the wines of the growth of Portugal into Britain; so that at no time, whether there shall be peace or war between the kingdoms of Britain and France, any thing more shall be demanded for these wines by the name of custom or duty, or by whatsoever other title, directly or indirectly, whether they shall be imported into Great Britain in pipes or hogsheads, or other casks, than what shall be demanded for the like quantity or measure of French wine, deducting or abating a third part of the custom or duty.
这就是说，大不列颠神圣的王室陛下，以她自己和她的继承者的名义，有义务从今以后永远接纳葡萄牙生长的葡萄酒进入英国；因此，无论英法两国之间是否和平或战争，无论以烟斗、大桶或其他木桶进口到英国，对这些葡萄酒的要求均不得以海关或关税的名义，或以任何其他所有权直接或间接的方式提出，超过对相同数量或量度的法国葡萄酒的要求，扣除或减少三分之一的海关或关税。
But if, at any time, this deduction or abatement of customs, which is to be made as aforesaid, shall in any manner be attempted and prejudiced, it shall be just and lawful for his sacred royal majesty of Portugal, again to prohibit the woollen cloths, and the rest of the British woollen manufactures.
但是，如果在任何时候，上述的关税减免或减免以任何方式受到企图和损害，葡萄牙神圣国王陛下再次禁止羊毛布料和其他英国羊毛制品，将是公正和合法的。
ART.
艺术。
III.
三．
The most excellent lords the plenipotentiaries promise and take upon themselves, that their above named masters shall ratify this treaty; and within the space of two months the ratification shall be exchanged.
最优秀的领主全权代表承诺并承担起责任，他们的上述主人将批准本条约；并应在两个月内交换批准书。
By this treaty, the crown of Portugal becomes bound to admit the English woollens upon the same footing as before the prohibition; that is, not to raise the duties which had been paid before that time.
根据这项条约，葡萄牙国王有义务以与禁令之前相同的地位接纳英国羊毛制品。也就是说，不提高在此之前已支付的关税。
But it does not become bound to admit them upon any better terms than those of any other nation, of France or Holland, for example.
但它没有义务以比任何其他国家（例如法国或荷兰）更好的条件接纳他们。
The crown of Great Britain, on the contrary, becomes bound to admit the wines of Portugal, upon paying only two-thirds of the duty which is paid for those of France, the wines most likely to come into competition with them.
相反，英国王室必须承认葡萄牙葡萄酒，只需缴纳法国葡萄酒三分之二的关税，而法国葡萄酒最有可能与葡萄牙葡萄酒竞争。
So far this treaty, therefore, is evidently advantageous to Portugal, and disadvantageous to Great Britain.
因此，到目前为止，该条约显然对葡萄牙有利，对英国不利。
It has been celebrated, however, as a masterpiece of the commercial policy of England.
然而，它被誉为英国商业政策的杰作。
Portugal receives annually from the Brazils a greater quantity of gold than can be employed in its domestic commerce, whether in the shape of coin or of plate.
葡萄牙每年从巴西获得的黄金数量超过了其国内贸易所能使用的数量，无论是硬币还是板材。
The surplus is too valuable to be allowed to lie idle and locked up in coffers; and as it can find no advantageous market at home, it must, notwithstanding; any prohibition, be sent abroad, and exchanged for something for which there is a more advantageous market at home.
盈余价值太高，不能闲置或锁在金库里；尽管它在国内找不到有利的市场，但它必须这么做；任何禁令，都被送到国外，换取国内有更有利市场的东西。
A large share of it comes annually to England, in return either for English goods, or for those of other European nations that receive their returns through England.
其中很大一部分每年都会运往英国，作为英国商品的回报，或者是通过英国接收其他欧洲国家的商品的回报。
Mr Barretti was informed, that the weekly packet-boat from Lisbon brings, one week with another, more than £50,000 in gold to England.
巴雷蒂先生获悉，从里斯本出发的每周一班小船每周都会为英格兰带来超过 50,000 英镑的黄金。
The sum had probably been exaggerated.
这个数额可能被夸大了。
It would amount to more than £2,600,000 a year, which is more than the Brazils are supposed to afford.
每年的费用将超过 260 万英镑，这超出了巴西人的承受能力。
Our merchants were, some years ago, out of humour with the crown of Portugal.
几年前，我们的商人对葡萄牙的王冠不感兴趣。
Some privileges which had been granted them, not by treaty, but by the free grace of that crown, at the solicitation, indeed, it is probable, and in return for much greater favours, defence and protection from the crown of Great Britain, had been either infringed or revoked.
一些特权不是通过条约，而是由英国国王白白授予的，事实上，很可能是这样，为了换取大不列颠国王更大的恩惠、防御和保护，这些特权要么被侵犯，要么被撤销。
The people, therefore, usually most interested in celebrating the Portugal trade, were then rather disposed to represent it as less advantageous than it had commonly been imagined.
因此，人们通常对庆祝葡萄牙贸易最感兴趣，但他们却倾向于认为葡萄牙贸易不如人们普遍想象的那么有利。
The far greater part, almost the whole, they pretended, of this annual importation of gold, was not on account of Great Britain, but of other European nations; the fruits and wines of Portugal annually imported into Great Britain nearly compensating the value of the British goods sent thither.
他们假装每年进口的黄金中的大部分、几乎全部不是出于英国，而是出于其他欧洲国家。葡萄牙每年进口到英国的水果和葡萄酒几乎补偿了运往英国的英国商品的价值。
Let us suppose, however, that the whole was on account of Great Britain, and that it amounted to a still greater sum than Mr Barretti seems to imagine; this trade would not, upon that account, be more advantageous than any other, in which, for the same value sent out, we received an equal value of consumable goods in return.
然而，让我们假设这一切都是由英国承担的，而且这个数额比巴雷蒂先生想象的还要大。因此，这种贸易不会比任何其他贸易更有利，在任何其他贸易中，对于发出的相同价值，我们都会收到同等价值的消费品作为回报。
It is but a very small part of this importation which, it can be supposed, is employed as an annual addition, either to the plate or to the coin of the kingdom.
这只是进口的一小部分，可以认为，它被用作每年的补充，要么添加到王国的盘子里，要么添加到王国的硬币中。
The rest must all be sent abroad, and exchanged for consumable goods of some kind or other.
其余的必须全部送到国外，换取某种消费品。
But if those consumable goods were purchased directly with the produce of English industry, it would be more for the advantage of England, than first to purchase with that produce the gold of Portugal, and afterwards to purchase with that gold those consumable goods.
但是，如果直接用英国工业产品购买这些消费品，那么比先用英国工业产品购买葡萄牙的黄金，然后再用这些黄金购买那些消费品，对英国更有好处。
A direct foreign trade of consumption is always more advantageous than a round-about one; and to bring the same value of foreign goods to the home market requires a much smaller capital in the one way than in the ether.
消费的直接对外贸易总是比迂回的对外贸易更有优势；将相同价值的外国商品带入国内市场所需的资本比以太要少得多。
If a smaller share of its industry, therefore, had been employed in producing goods fit for the Portugal market, and a greater in producing those lit for the other markets, where those consumable goods for which there is a demand in Great Britain are to be had, it would have been more for the advantage of England.
因此，如果其工业的较小份额用于生产适合葡萄牙市场的商品，而较大份额用于生产为其他市场（英国需要的消费品）生产的商品，那么对英国来说会更有利。
To procure both the gold which it wants for its own use, and the consumable goods, would, in this way, employ a much smaller capital than at present.
通过这种方式，为了购买自用的黄金和消费品，将使用比现在少得多的资本。
There would be a spare capital, therefore, to be employed for other purposes, in exciting an additional quantity of industry, and in raising a greater annual produce.
因此，就会有闲置资本用于其他目的，刺激更多的工业，提高年产量。
Though Britain were entirely excluded from the Portugal trade, it could find very little difficulty in procuring all the annual supplies of gold which it wants, either for the purposes of plate, or of coin, or of foreign trade.
尽管英国完全被排除在与葡萄牙的贸易之外，但它在获得它想要的所有年度黄金供应方面没有什么困难，无论是用于板材、硬币还是对外贸易。
Gold, like every other commodity, is always somewhere or another to be got for its value by those who have that value to give for it.
黄金，像所有其他商品一样，总是可以在某个地方被那些有能力为其提供价值的人获得。
The annual surplus of gold in Portugal, besides, would still be sent abroad, and though not carried away by Great Britain, would be carried away by some other nation, which would be glad to sell it again for its price, in the same manner as Great Britain does at present.
此外，葡萄牙每年剩余的黄金仍然会被送往国外，虽然不会被英国带走，但会被其他国家带走，这些国家很乐意以同样的价格再次出售黄金，就像英国现在所做的那样。
In buying gold of Portugal, indeed, we buy it at the first hand; whereas, in buying it of any other nation, except Spain, we should buy it at the second, and might pay somewhat dearer.
事实上，在购买葡萄牙黄金时，我们是直接购买的；然而，在购买除西班牙以外的任何其他国家的产品时，我们应该先购买它，并且可能会付出更高的价格。
This difference, however, would surely be too insignificant to deserve the public attention.
然而，这种差异肯定太微不足道，不值得公众关注。
Almost all our gold, it is said, comes from Portugal.
据说，我们几乎所有的黄金都来自葡萄牙。
With other nations, the balance of trade is either against as, or not much in our favour.
与其他国家相比，贸易平衡要么不利于我们，要么不太有利于我们。
But we should remember, that the more gold we import from one country, the less we must necessarily import from all others.
但我们应该记住，我们从一个国家进口的黄金越多，我们从所有其他国家进口的黄金就越少。
The effectual demand for gold, like that for every other commodity, is in every country limited to a certain quantity.
与其他商品一样，每个国家对黄金的有效需求都受到一定数量的限制。
If nine-tenths of this quantity are imported from one country, there remains a tenth only to be imported from all others.
如果这一数量的十分之九是从一个国家进口的，那么剩下的十分之一只能从所有其他国家进口。
The more gold, besides, that is annually imported from some particular countries, over and above what is requisite for plate and for coin, the more must necessarily be exported to some others: and the more that most insignificant object of modern policy, the balance of trade, appears to be in our favour with some particular countries, the more it must necessarily appear to be against us with many others.
此外，每年从某些特定国家进口的黄金越多，超出了制造金属板和硬币所需的黄金量，就越必然向其他一些国家出口更多的黄金：而现代政策中最微不足道的目标，即贸易平衡，越是对我们某些特定国家有利，就越必然对许多其他国家不利。
It was upon this silly notion, however, that England could not subsist without the Portugal trade, that, towards the end of the late war, France and Spain, without pretending either offence or provocation, required the king of Portugal to exclude all British ships from his ports, and, for the security of this exclusion, to receive into them French or Spanish garrisons.
然而，正是基于这种愚蠢的观念，英国在没有葡萄牙贸易的情况下就无法生存，因此，在最近的战争即将结束时，法国和西班牙在没有假装进攻或挑衅的情况下，要求葡萄牙国王将所有英国船只排除在其港口之外，并且为了确保这种排除的安全，将法国或西班牙的驻军接纳到其中。
Had the king of Portugal submitted to those ignominious terms which his brother-in-law the king of Spain proposed to him, Britain would have been freed from a much greater inconveniency than the loss of the Portugal trade, the burden of supporting a very weak ally, so unprovided of every thing for his own defence, that the whole power of England, had it been directed to that single purpose, could scarce, perhaps, have defended him for another campaign.
如果葡萄牙国王屈服于他的妹夫西班牙国王向他提出的那些可耻的条件，那么英国就会摆脱比失去葡萄牙贸易更大的不便，并承担支持一个非常弱的盟友的负担，而这个盟友却没有为自己的防御提供一切，以至于英格兰的全部力量，如果它是为了这个单一目的，也许很难在另一场战役中为他辩护。
The loss of the Portugal trade would, no doubt, have occasioned a considerable embarrassment to the merchants at that time engaged in it, who might not, perhaps, have found out, for a year or two, any other equally advantageous method of employing their capitals; and in this would probably have consisted all the inconveniency which England could have suffered from this notable piece of commercial policy.
毫无疑问，葡萄牙贸易的损失会给当时从事该贸易的商人带来相当大的尴尬，他们可能一两年内都找不到任何其他同样有利的利用资本的方法；这可能就是英格兰因这项著名的商业政策而遭受的所有不便。
The great annual importation of gold and silver is neither for the purpose of plate nor of coin, but of foreign trade.
每年大量输入金银，既不是为了金银，也不是为了金银，而是为了对外贸易。
A round-about foreign trade of consumption can be carried on more advantageously by means of these metals than of almost any other goods.
与几乎任何其他商品相比，这些金属可以更有利地进行消费的迂回对外贸易。
As they are the universal instruments of commerce, they are more readily received in return for all commodities than any other goods; and, on account of their small bulk and great value, it costs less to transport them backward and forward from one place to another than almost any other sort of merchandize, and they lose less of their value by being so transported.
由于它们是通用的商业工具，因此所有商品比任何其他商品更容易获得它们；而且，由于它们体积小、价值高，将它们从一个地方来回运输到另一个地方的成本比几乎任何其他种类的商品都要低，而且它们因运输而损失的价值也更少。
Of all the commodities, therefore, which are bought in one foreign country, for no other purpose but to be sold or exchanged again for some other goods in another, there are none so convenient as gold and silver.
因此，在一个国家购买的所有商品中，没有其他目的，只是为了在另一个国家出售或交换其他商品，没有什么比黄金和白银更方便的了。
In facilitating all the different round-about foreign trades of consumption which are carried on in Great Britain, consists the principal advantage of the Portugal trade; and though it is not a capital advantage, it is, no doubt, a considerable one.
葡萄牙贸易的主要优势在于促进在英国进行的所有不同的迂回对外消费贸易；虽然这不是一种资本优势，但毫无疑问，这是一个相当大的优势。
That any annual addition which, it can reasonably be supposed, is made either to the plate or to the coin of the kingdom, could require but a very small annual importation of gold and silver, seems evident enough; and though we had no direct trade with Portugal, this small quantity could always, somewhere or another, be very easily got.
可以合理地假设，每年在王国的盘子或硬币上添加的任何东西，只需要每年进口很少量的金银，这似乎是足够明显的；尽管我们与葡萄牙没有直接贸易，但这一少量的数量总是可以在某个地方很容易获得。
Though the goldsmiths trade be very considerable in Great Britain, the far greater part of the new plate which they annually sell, is made from other old plate melted down; so that the addition annually made to the whole plate of the kingdom cannot be very great, and could require but a very small annual importation.
尽管英国的金匠贸易非常可观，但他们每年出售的新金银板的大部分是由熔化的其他旧金银板制成的；因此，每年对王国整个板块的补充不可能很大，每年只需要很少的进口。
It is the same case with the coin.
硬币的情况也是如此。
Nobody imagines, I believe, that even the greater part of the annual coinage, amounting, for ten years together, before the late reformation of the gold coin, to upwards of £800,000 a-year in gold, was an annual addition to the money before current in the kingdom.
我相信，没有人想象到，即使是每年铸币的大部分，在金币的后期改革之前的十年里，每年总计超过 80 万英镑的黄金，也是在王国流通之前每年增加的货币。
In a country where the expense of the coinage is defrayed by the government, the value of the coin, even when it contains its full standard weight of gold and silver, can never be much greater than that of an equal quantity of those metals uncoined, because it requires only the trouble of going to the mint, and the delay, perhaps, of a few weeks, to procure for any quantity of uncoined gold and silver an equal quantity of those metals in coin; but in every country the greater part of the current coin is almost always more or less worn, or otherwise degenerated from its standard.
在一个由政府支付铸币费用的国家，即使它含有全部标准重量的金和银，硬币的价值也永远不会比等量的未铸币的金属的价值高得多，因为它只需要麻烦地去铸币厂，并且可能需要延迟几周的时间，才能为任何数量的未铸币的金和银采购等量的这些金属的铸币；但在每个国家，现行硬币的大部分几乎总是或多或少地磨损，或者以其他方式偏离其标准。
In Great Britain it was, before the late reformation, a good deal so, the gold being more than two per cent., and the silver more than eight per cent.
在英国，在后期宗教改革之前，这一比例相当高，黄金超过百分之二，白银超过百分之八。
below its standard weight.
低于其标准重量。
But if forty-four guineas and a-half, containing their full standard weight, a pound weight of gold, could purchase very little more than a pound weight of uncoined gold; forty-four guineas and a-half, wanting a part of their weight, could not purchase a pound weight, and something was to be added, in order to make up the deficiency.
但是，如果四十四畿尼半，包含其全部标准重量，即一磅重量的黄金，只能购买比一磅重量的未铸币黄金多一点点的东西；四十四畿尼半，想要一部分重量，却买不到一磅的重量，所以必须添加一些东西，以弥补不足。
The current price of gold bullion at market, therefore, instead of being the same with the mint price, or £46:14:6, was then about £47:14s., and sometimes about £48.
因此，目前市场上金条的价格不是与铸币厂价格相同，即 46:14:6，而是当时的 47:14 英镑左右，有时约为 48 英镑。
When the greater part of the coin, however, was in this degenerate condition, forty four guineas and a-half, fresh from the mint, would purchase no more goods in the market than any other ordinary guineas; because, when they came into the coffers of the merchant, being confounded with other money, they could not afterwards be distinguished without more trouble than the difference was worth.
然而，当硬币的大部分都处于这种退化状态时，刚从铸币厂出来的四十四个几尼半，在市场上购买的商品并不比任何其他普通几尼多。因为，当它们进入商人的金库时，与其他货币混淆了，之后就无法将它们区分开来，而不需要比差价更大的麻烦。
Like other guineas, they were worth no more than £46:14:6.
和其他几尼一样，它们的价值不超过 46:14:6 英镑。
If thrown into the melting pot, however, they produced, without any sensible loss, a pound weight of standard gold, which could be sold at any time for between £47:14s.
然而，如果将它们扔进熔炉，它们就会生产出一磅重的标准黄金，而不会造成任何明显的损失，这些黄金可以随时以 47:14 英镑的价格出售。
and £48, either in gold or silver, as fit for all the purposes of coin as that which had been melted down.
48英镑，金币或银币，与熔化的硬币一样适合硬币的所有用途。
There was an evident profit, therefore, in melting down new-coined money; and it was done so instantaneously, that no precaution of government could prevent it.
因此，熔化新货币是有明显利润的。而且它是在瞬间完成的，政府的任何预防措施都无法阻止它。
The operations of the mint were, upon this account, somewhat like the web of Penelope; the work that was done in the day was undone in the night.
因此，造币厂的运作有点像佩内洛普的网络。白天所做的工作到了晚上就被毁掉了。
The mint was employed, not so much in making daily additions to the coin, as in replacing the very best part of it, which was daily melted down.
造币厂的作用与其说是每天添加硬币，不如说是替换每天熔化的最好的部分。
Were the private people who carry their gold and silver to the mint to pay themselves for the coinage, it would add to the value of those metals, in the same manner as the fashion does to that of plate.
如果私人将金银带到造币厂支付自己的铸币费用，这些金属的价值就会增加，就像时尚对盘子的价值一样。
Coined gold and silver would be more valuable than uncoined.
铸造的金银比未铸造的更有价值。
The seignorage, if it was not exorbitant, would add to the bullion the whole value of the duty; because, the government having everywhere the exclusive privilege of coining, no coin can come to market cheaper than they think proper to afford it.
铸币税如果不是过高的话，就会增加金条的全部关税价值；因为，政府在各地都拥有铸币的专有特权，任何硬币进入市场的价格都不会低于他们认为合适的价格。
If the duty was exorbitant, indeed, that is, if it was very much above the real value of the labour and expense requisite for coinage, false coiners, both at home and abroad, might be encouraged, by the great difference between the value of bullion and that of coin, to pour in so great a quantity of counterfeit money as might reduce the value of the government money.
事实上，如果关税过高，也就是说，如果它远高于铸币所需的劳动力和费用的实际价值，那么国内外的假币制造者可能会因为金条和硬币的价值之间的巨大差异而受到鼓励，投入大量假币，从而可能降低政府货币的价值。
In France, however, though the seignorage is eight per cent., no sensible inconveniency of this kind is found to arise from it.
然而，在法国，尽管铸币税为百分之八，但并未发现由此造成的任何明显的不便。
The dangers to which a false coiner is everywhere exposed, if he lives in the country of which he counterfeits the coin, and to which his agents or correspondents are exposed, if he lives in a foreign country, are by far too great to be incurred for the sake of a profit of six or seven per cent.
如果一个假币制造者生活在他伪造硬币的国家，那么他所面临的危险无处不在；如果他生活在外国，他的代理人或通讯员也面临着危险，这些危险对于仅仅为了百分之六或七的利润来说实在太大了。
The seignorage in France raises the value of the coin higher than in proportion to the quantity of pure gold which it contains.
法国的铸币税使硬币的价值高于其所含纯金数量的比例。
Thus, by the edict of January 1726, the mint price of fine gold of twenty-four carats was fixed at seven hundred and forty livres nine sous and one denier one-eleventh the mark of eight Paris ounces.
因此，根据 1726 年 1 月的法令，24 克拉精金的铸币价格固定为 740 里弗 9 苏 1 旦尼尔，是 8 巴黎盎司马克的十一分之一。
{See Dictionnaire des Monnoies, tom.
{参见《货币词典》，汤姆。
ii.
二.
article Seigneurage, p.
文章铸币税，p。
439, par 81.
439杆，81杆。
Abbot de Bazinghen, Conseiller-Commissaire en la Cour des Monnoies à Paris.} The gold coin of France, making an allowance for the remedy of the mint, contains twenty-one carats and three-fourths of fine gold, and two carats one-fourth of alloy.
Abbot de Bazinghen，巴黎货币法院顾问委员。} 法国金币，考虑到造币厂的补救措施，含有二十一克拉和四分之三的纯金，以及两克拉四分之一的合金。
The mark of standard gold, therefore, is worth no more than about six hundred and seventy-one livres ten deniers.
因此，标准金币的价值不超过六百七十一里弗十旦尼尔。
But in France this mark of standard gold is coined into thirty louis d’ors of twenty-four livres each, or into seven hundred and twenty livres.
但在法国，这一标准金币被铸造成三十个二十四里弗的路易，或七百二十里弗。
The coinage, therefore, increases the value of a mark of standard gold bullion, by the difference between six hundred and seventy-one livres ten deniers and seven hundred and twenty livres, or by forty-eight livres nineteen sous and two deniers.
因此，铸币增加了标准金条的价值，增加了六百七十一里弗十旦尼尔和七百二十里弗之间的差异，或者四十八里弗十九苏和二旦尼尔之间的差异。
A seignorage will, in many cases, take away altogether, and will in all cases diminish, the profit of melting down the new coin.
在许多情况下，铸币税将完全夺走并在所有情况下减少熔化新硬币的利润。
This profit always arises from the difference between the quantity of bullion which the common currency ought to contain and that which it actually does contain.
这种利润总是来自于共同货币应含有的金条数量与实际含有的金条数量之间的差异。
If this difference is less than the seignorage, there will be loss instead of profit.
如果这个差额小于铸币税，就会出现损失而不是利润。
If it is equal to the seignorage, there will be neither profit nor loss.
如果等于铸币税，则既不盈利也不亏损。
If it is greater than the seignorage, there will, indeed, be some profit, but less than if there was no seignorage.
如果它大于铸币税，确实会有一些利润，但比没有铸币税的情况要少。
If, before the late reformation of the gold coin, for example, there had been a seignorage of five per cent.
例如，在金币的后期改革之前，有百分之五的铸币税。
upon the coinage, there would have been a loss of three per cent.
如果铸币的话，将会损失百分之三。
upon the melting down of the gold coin.
当金币熔化时。
If the seignorage had been two per cent., there would have been neither profit nor loss.
如果铸币税是百分之二，那么既没有利润也没有损失。
If the seignorage had been one per cent., there would have been a profit but of one per cent.
如果铸币税是百分之一，那么利润也不过百分之一。
only, instead of two per cent.
只是，而不是百分之二。
Wherever money is received by tale, therefore, and not by weight, a seignorage is the most effectual preventive of the melting down of the coin, and, for the same reason, of its exportation.
因此，只要货币是按重量而不是按重量收取的，铸币税就是防止硬币熔化的最有效方法，出于同样的原因，也是防止硬币出口的最有效方法。
It is the best and heaviest pieces that are commonly either melted down or exported, because it is upon such that the largest profits are made.
通常，最好、最重的部件要么被熔化，要么被出口，因为只有这样才能获得最大的利润。
The law for the encouragement of the coinage, by rendering it duty-free, was first enacted during the reign of Charles II.
查理二世统治时期首次颁布了鼓励造币并免税的法律。
for a limited time, and afterwards continued, by different prolongations, till 1769, when it was rendered perpetual.
只持续了一段有限的时间，之后又以不同的方式延长，直到 1769 年才成为永久性的。
The bank of England, in order to replenish their coffers with money, are frequently obliged to carry bullion to the mint; and it was more for their interest, they probably imagined, that the coinage should be at the expense of the government than at their own.
英格兰银行为了补充金库的资金，经常不得不将金条运往铸币厂。他们可能认为，铸币的费用应该由政府承担，而不是由他们自己承担，这更符合他们的利益。
It was probably out of complaisance to this great company, that the government agreed to render this law perpetual.
政府可能是出于对这家伟大公司的顺从，才同意使这项法律永久有效。
Should the custom of weighing gold, however, come to be disused, as it is very likely to be on account of its inconveniency; should the gold coin of England come to be received by tale, as it was before the late recoinage this great company may, perhaps, find that they have, upon this, as upon some other occasions, mistaken their own interest not a little.
然而，如果称量黄金的习惯被废弃的话，很可能是因为它不方便；如果英国的金币像后来的重新铸币之前那样被传说所接受，那么这个大公司也许会发现，他们在这件事上，就像在其他一些情况下一样，对自己的利益有不少误解。
Before the late recoinage, when the gold currency of England was two per cent.
在后期重新铸币之前，当时英格兰的金币是百分之二。
below its standard weight, as there was no seignorage, it was two per cent.
由于没有铸币税，低于其标准重量百分之二。
below the value of that quantity of standard gold bullion which it ought to have contained.
低于其应含有的标准金条数量的价值。
When this great company, therefore, bought gold bullion in order to have it coined, they were obliged to pay for it two per cent.
因此，当这家大公司购买金条以铸造金条时，他们必须支付百分之二的费用。
more than it was worth after the coinage.
超过铸币后的价值。
But if there had been a seignorage of two per cent.
但如果有百分之二的铸币税的话。
upon the coinage, the common gold currency, though two per cent.
在铸币上，普通金币的税率为百分之二。
below its standard weight, would, notwithstanding, have been equal in value to the quantity of standard gold which it ought to have contained; the value of the fashion compensating in this case the diminution of the weight.
尽管低于其标准重量，但其价值仍等于其应含的标准黄金数量；在这种情况下，时尚的价值补偿了重量的减少。
They would, indeed, have had the seignorage to pay, which being two per cent., their loss upon the whole transaction would have been two per cent., exactly the same, but no greater than it actually was.
事实上，他们将支付百分之二的铸币税，他们在整个交易中的损失将是百分之二，完全相同，但不会比实际损失更大。
If the seignorage had been five per cent.
如果铸币税是百分之五的话。
and the gold currency only two per cent.
而黄金货币只有百分之二。
below its standard weight, the bank would, in this case, have gained three per cent.
如果低于其标准权重，在这种情况下，该银行将上涨百分之三。
upon the price of the bullion; but as they would have had a seignorage of five per cent.
根据金条的价格；但因为他们本来就有百分之五的铸币税。
to pay upon the coinage, their loss upon the whole transaction would, in the same manner, have been exactly two per cent.
以同样的方式，他们在整个交易中的损失将恰好是百分之二。
If the seignorage had been only one per cent., and the gold currency two per cent.
如果铸币税只有百分之一，而金币则只有百分之二。
below its standard weight, the bank would, in this case, have lost only one per cent.
如果低于其标准权重，在这种情况下，银行只会损失百分之一。
upon the price of the bullion; but as they would likewise have had a seignorage of one per cent.
根据金条的价格；但他们同样也有百分之一的铸币税。
to pay, their loss upon the whole transaction would have been exactly two per cent., in the same manner as in all other cases.
如果支付的话，他们在整个交易中的损失将恰好是百分之二，与所有其他情况相同。
If there was a reasonable seignorage, while at the same time the coin contained its full standard weight, as it has done very nearly since the late recoinage, whatever the bank might lose by the seignorage, they would gain upon the price of the bullion; and whatever they might gain upon the price of the bullion, they would lose by the seignorage.
如果存在合理的铸币税，同时硬币包含其全部标准重量，就像自后期重新铸币以来几乎所做的那样，那么无论银行可能因铸币税而损失多少，他们都会从金条的价格中获利；无论他们能从金条的价格中获得什么，他们都会因铸币税而损失。
They would neither lose nor gain, therefore, upon the whole transaction, and they would in this, as in all the foregoing cases, be exactly in the same situation as if there was no seignorage.
因此，在整个交易中，他们既不会损失也不会获利，并且在这种情况下，就像在所有前述情况下一样，他们将处于与没有铸币税完全相同的情况。
When the tax upon a commodity is so moderate as not to encourage smuggling, the merchant who deals in it, though he advances, does not properly pay the tax, as he gets it back in the price of the commodity.
当某种商品的税收过低，不至于鼓励走私时，从事该商品交易的商人尽管预付了税款，但并没有适当缴纳税款，因为他以商品价格的形式将税款返还。
The tax is finally paid by the last purchaser or consumer.
税款最终由最后的购买者或消费者缴纳。
But money is a commodity, with regard to which every man is a merchant.
但金钱是一种商品，每个人都是商品的商人。
Nobody buys it but in order to sell it again; and with regard to it there is, in ordinary cases, no last purchaser or consumer.
没有人购买它，只是为了再次出售；在一般情况下，它不存在最后的购买者或消费者。
When the tax upon coinage, therefore, is so moderate as not to encourage false coining, though every body advances the tax, nobody finally pays it; because every body gets it back in the advanced value of the coin.
因此，当铸币税非常温和，不鼓励造假币时，尽管每个人都预缴税款，但最终没有人缴纳；因为每个人都会以硬币的预付价值来收回它。
A moderate seignorage, therefore, would not, in any case, augment the expense of the bank, or of any other private persons who carry their bullion to the mint in order to be coined; and the want of a moderate seignorage does not in any case diminish it.
因此，在任何情况下，适度的铸币税都不会增加银行或任何其他将金条运往造币厂铸造的私人的开支；无论如何，适度铸币税的缺乏并不会削弱它。
Whether there is or is not a seignorage, if the currency contains its full standard weight, the coinage costs nothing to anybody; and if it is short of that weight, the coinage must always cost the difference between the quantity of bullion which ought to be contained in it, and that which actually is contained in it.
无论是否有铸币税，如果货币包含其全部标准重量，则任何人都不需要花费任何钱；如果重量不足，铸币成本就必须是其应含金块数量与实际含金块数量之间的差额。
The government, therefore, when it defrays the expense of coinage, not only incurs some small expense, but loses some small revenue which it might get by a proper duty; and neither the bank, nor any other private persons, are in the smallest degree benefited by this useless piece of public generosity.
因此，当政府支付铸币费用时，不仅会产生一些小额支出，而且会损失一些本来可以通过适当的税收获得的小额收入；无论是银行还是任何其他私人，都没有从这种无用的公共慷慨中获得丝毫的好处。
The directors of the bank, however, would probably be unwilling to agree to the imposition of a seignorage upon the authority of a speculation which promises them no gain, but only pretends to insure them from any loss.
然而，银行董事可能不愿意同意对投机行为征收铸币税，因为这种投机行为不会给他们带来任何收益，而只是假装保证他们免受任何损失。
In the present state of the gold coin, and as long as it continues to be received by weight, they certainly would gain nothing by such a change.
以目前金币的状况，只要继续按重量收受，他们肯定不会因为这样的变化而得到任何好处。
But if the custom of weighing the gold coin should ever go into disuse, as it is very likely to do, and if the gold coin should ever fall into the same state of degradation in which it was before the late recoinage, the gain, or more properly the savings, of the bank, in consequence of the imposition of a seignorage, would probably be very considerable.
但是，如果称量金币的习惯被废弃（很可能会发生这种情况），如果金币陷入与后期重新铸币之前相同的退化状态，那么银行因征收铸币税而获得的收益，或者更准确地说是储蓄，可能会非常可观。
The bank of England is the only company which sends any considerable quantity of bullion to the mint, and the burden of the annual coinage falls entirely, or almost entirely, upon it.
英格兰银行是唯一一家向造币厂输送大量金条的公司，每年铸币的负担全部或几乎全部由它承担。
If this annual coinage had nothing to do but to repair the unavoidable losses and necessary wear and tear of the coin, it could seldom exceed fifty thousand, or at most a hundred thousand pounds.
如果每年铸币只是为了弥补铸币不可避免的损失和必要的磨损，那么很少会超过五万英镑，最多十万英镑。
But when the coin is degraded below its standard weight, the annual coinage must, besides this, fill up the large vacuities which exportation and the melting pot are continually making in the current coin.
但是，当硬币的质量低于其标准重量时，除此之外，每年的铸币还必须填补出口和熔炉在当前硬币中不断造成的巨大空缺。
It was upon this account, that during the ten or twelve years immediately preceding the late reformation of the gold coin, the annual coinage amounted, at an average, to more than £850,000.
正是由于这个原因，在金币后期改革之前的十年或十二年里，每年的铸币额平均超过 85 万英镑。
But if there had been a seignorage of four or five per cent.
但如果有百分之四或百分之五的铸币税的话。
upon the gold coin, it would probably, even in the state in which things then were, have put an effectual stop to the business both of exportation and of the melting pot.
在金币上，即使在当时的情况下，它也可能会有效地停止出口和熔炉业务。
The bank, instead of losing every year about two and a half per cent.
该银行并没有每年损失约百分之二半。
upon the bullion which was to be coined into more than eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds, or incurring an annual loss of more than £21,250 pounds, would not probably have incurred the tenth part of that loss.
如果金条要被铸造成超过八十五万英镑，或者每年损失超过二十万一千二百五十英镑，那么可能还不到损失的十分之一。
The revenue allotted by parliament for defraying the expense of the coinage is but fourteen thousand pounds a-year; and the real expense which it costs the government, or the fees of the officers of the mint, do not, upon ordinary occasions, I am assured, exceed the half of that sum.
议会每年拨出的用于支付铸币费用的收入只有一万四千英镑；我确信，在一般情况下，政府为此花费的实际费用，或者造币厂官员的费用，不会超过这一数额的一半。
The saving of so very small a sum, or even the gaining of another, which could not well be much larger, are objects too inconsiderable, it may be thought, to deserve the serious attention of government.
人们可能会认为，节省如此之少的一笔钱，甚至获得另一笔数额不可能更大的钱，这些都是微不足道的目标，不值得政府认真关注。
But the saving of eighteen or twenty thousand pounds a-year, in case of an event which is not improbable, which has frequently happened before, and which is very likely to happen again, is surely an object which well deserves the serious attention, even of so great a company as the bank of England.
但是，如果发生并非不可能发生的事件，这种事件以前经常发生，并且很可能再次发生，那么每年节省十八或两万英镑无疑是一个值得认真关注的目标，即使对于像英格兰银行这样大的公司来说也是如此。
Some of the foregoing reasonings and observations might, perhaps, have been more properly placed in those chapters of the first book which treat of the origin and use of money, and of the difference between the real and the nominal price of commodities.
前面的一些推理和观察也许更适合放在第一本书中讨论货币的起源和使用以及商品的实际价格和名义价格之间的差异的章节中。
But as the law for the encouragement of coinage derives its origin from those vulgar prejudices which have been introduced by the mercantile system, I judged it more proper to reserve them for this chapter.
但由于鼓励铸币的法律源于重商制度所引入的那些庸俗偏见，我认为将它们保留在本章中更为合适。
Nothing could be more agreeable to the spirit of that system than a sort of bounty upon the production of money, the very thing which, it supposes, constitutes the wealth of every nation.
没有什么比对货币生产给予某种奖励更符合该制度的精神了，它认为货币构成了每个国家的财富。
It is one of its many admirable expedients for enriching the country.
这是其众多令人钦佩的富国权宜之计之一。
CHAPTER VII.
第七章。
OF COLONIES.
殖民地。
PART I.
第一部分。
Of the Motives for Establishing New Colonies.
建立新殖民地的动机。
The interest which occasioned the first settlement of the different European colonies in America and the West Indies, was not altogether so plain and distinct as that which directed the establishment of those of ancient Greece and Rome.
引起欧洲不同殖民地在美洲和西印度群岛首次定居的利益并不完全像古希腊和罗马殖民地的建立那样明显和明确。
All the different states of ancient Greece possessed, each of them, but a very small territory; and when the people in anyone of them multiplied beyond what that territory could easily maintain, a part of them were sent in quest of a new habitation, in some remote and distant part of the world; the warlike neighbours who surrounded them on all sides, rendering it difficult for any of them to enlarge very much its territory at home.
古希腊的所有不同国家都拥有很小的领土。当其中任何一个国家的人口繁衍超出其领土所能轻易维持的范围时，他们中的一部分就会被派往世界上某个偏远地区寻找新的居住地。好战的邻国将他们四面包围，使得他们中的任何一个都难以大幅扩大其国内领土。
The colonies of the Dorians resorted chiefly to Italy and Sicily, which, in the times preceding the foundation of Rome, were inhabited by barbarous and uncivilized nations; those of the Ionians and Aeolians, the two other great tribes of the Greeks, to Asia Minor and the islands of the Aegean sea, of which the inhabitants sewn at that time to have been pretty much in the same state as those of Sicily and Italy.
多里安人的殖民地主要诉诸于意大利和西西里岛，在罗马建立之前的时代，那里居住着野蛮和不文明的民族。希腊人的另外两个大部落爱奥尼亚人和伊奥利亚人的部落，一直延伸到小亚细亚和爱琴海诸岛，那里的居民当时的处境与西西里岛和意大利的居民差不多。
The mother city, though she considered the colony as a child, at all times entitled to great favour and assistance, and owing in return much gratitude and respect, yet considered it as an emancipated child, over whom she pretended to claim no direct authority or jurisdiction.
母城虽然将殖民地视为一个孩子，在任何时候都有权获得巨大的恩惠和援助，并回报以极大的感激和尊重，但她却将其视为一个获得解放的孩子，她假装对它没有直接的权威或管辖权。
The colony settled its own form of government, enacted its own laws, elected its own magistrates, and made peace or war with its neighbours, as an independent state, which had no occasion to wait for the approbation or consent of the mother city.
殖民地作为一个独立国家，建立了自己的政府形式，颁布了自己的法律，选举了自己的地方法官，并与邻国和平或战争，无需等待母城的批准或同意。
Nothing can be more plain and distinct than the interest which directed every such establishment.
没有什么比引导每一个这样的机构的利益更加明显和明确的了。
Rome, like most of the other ancient republics, was originally founded upon an agrarian law, which divided the public territory, in a certain proportion, among the different citizens who composed the state.
与大多数其他古代共和国一样，罗马最初是建立在土地法的基础上的，该法将公共领土按一定比例划分给组成国家的不同公民。
The course of human affairs, by marriage, by succession, and by alienation, necessarily deranged this original division, and frequently threw the lands which had been allotted for the maintenance of many different families, into the possession of a single person.
人类事务的进程，通过婚姻、继承和异化，必然会扰乱这种原始的划分，并经常把分配给许多不同家庭的土地变成一个人的占有。
To remedy this disorder, for such it was supposed to be, a law was made, restricting the quantity of land which any citizen could possess to five hundred jugera; about 350 English acres.
为了纠正这种混乱（理应如此），制定了一项法律，将任何公民可以拥有的土地数量限制为五百朱格拉；约350英英亩。
This law, however, though we read of its having been executed upon one or two occasions, was either neglected or evaded, and the inequality of fortunes went on continually increasing.
然而，尽管我们读到这条法律曾被执行过一两次，但它要么被忽视，要么被回避，财富的不平等不断加剧。
The greater part of the citizens had no land; and without it the manners and customs of those times rendered it difficult for a freeman to maintain his independency.
大部分公民没有土地；如果没有它，那个时代的风俗习惯就会使自由民难以维持其独立性。
In the present times, though a poor man has no land of his own, if he has a little stock, he may either farm the lands of another, or he may carry on some little retail trade; and if he has no stock, he may find employment either as a country labourer, or as an artificer.
现在的穷人虽然没有自己的土地，但如果他有一点牲口，他可以耕种别人的土地，也可以做一些小零售生意；如果他没有股票，他可以找到一份工作，要么当乡村工人，要么当技工。
But among the ancient Romans, the lands of the rich were all cultivated by slaves, who wrought under an overseer, who was likewise a slave; so that a poor freeman had little chance of being employed either as a farmer or as a labourer.
但在古罗马人中，富人的土地都是由奴隶耕种的，他们在监工的领导下工作，而监工同样也是奴隶。因此，一个贫穷的自由民几乎没有机会被雇用为农民或劳工。
All trades and manufactures, too, even the retail trade, were carried on by the slaves of the rich for the benefit of their masters, whose wealth, authority, and protection, made it difficult for a poor freeman to maintain the competition against them.
所有贸易和制造业，甚至零售业，都是由富人的奴隶为了主人的利益而进行的，而主人的财富、权威和保护，使贫穷的自由民很难与他们保持竞争。
The citizens, therefore, who had no land, had scarce any other means of subsistence but the bounties of the candidates at the annual elections.
因此，没有土地的公民除了每年选举中候选人的奖金之外几乎没有任何其他生存手段。
The tribunes, when they had a mind to animate the people against the rich and the great, put them in mind of the ancient divisions of lands, and represented that law which restricted this sort of private property as the fundamental law of the republic.
当保民官想要鼓动人民反对富人和权贵时，他们就会想起古代的土地划分，并将限制这种私有财产的法律代表为共和国的基本法。
The people became clamorous to get land, and the rich and the great, we may believe, were perfectly determined not to give them any part of theirs.
人们吵嚷着要获得土地，而富人和权贵，我们可以相信，坚决不给他们任何土地。
To satisfy them in some measure, therefore, they frequently proposed to send out a new colony.
因此，为了在某种程度上满足他们的要求，他们经常提议派遣一个新的殖民地。
But conquering Rome was, even upon such occasions, under no necessity of turning out her citizens to seek their fortune, if one may so, through the wide world, without knowing where they were to settle.
但是，即使在这种情况下，征服罗马也没有必要赶走她的公民去寻找他们的财富，如果可以的话，在广阔的世界中寻找他们的财富，而不知道他们将在哪里定居。
She assigned them lands generally in the conquered provinces of Italy, where, being within the dominions of the republic, they could never form any independent state, but were at best but a sort of corporation, which, though it had the power of enacting bye-laws for its own government, was at all times subject to the correction, jurisdiction, and legislative authority of the mother city.
她分配给他们的土地一般都在意大利被征服的省份，在那里，在共和国的管辖范围内，他们永远不能形成任何独立的国家，最多只能是一种公司，虽然它有权为自己的政府制定附则，但始终受到母城的纠正、管辖和立法权。
The sending out a colony of this kind not only gave some satisfaction to the people, but often established a sort of garrison, too, in a newly conquered province, of which the obedience might otherwise have been doubtful.
派出这样的殖民地不仅让人民感到满意，而且常常在新征服的省份建立某种驻军，否则人们可能会怀疑他们的服从程度。
A Roman colony, therefore, whether we consider the nature of the establishment itself, or the motives for making it, was altogether different from a Greek one.
因此，无论我们考虑其建立本身的性质，还是建立它的动机，罗马殖民地都与希腊殖民地完全不同。
The words, accordingly, which in the original languages denote those different establishments, have very different meanings.
因此，在原始语言中表示这些不同机构的词语具有非常不同的含义。
The Latin word (colonia) signifies simply a plantation.
拉丁语（colonia）一词简单地表示种植园。
The Greek word (apoixia), on the contrary, signifies a separation of dwelling, a departure from home, a going out of the house.
相反，希腊词（apoixia）表示居住的分离、离开家、走出家门。
But though the Roman colonies were, in many respects, different from the Greek ones, the interest which prompted to establish them was equally plain and distinct.
尽管罗马殖民地在许多方面与希腊殖民地不同，但促使建立这些殖民地的利益同样明显而独特。
Both institutions derived their origin, either from irresistible necessity, or from clear and evident utility.
这两种制度的起源要么是出于不可抗拒的必要性，要么是出于明确而明显的效用。
The establishment of the European colonies in America and the West Indies arose from no necessity; and though the utility which has resulted from them has been very great, it is not altogether so clear and evident.
欧洲在美洲和西印度群岛建立殖民地并非出于必然。尽管它们所产生的效用非常大，但并不完全那么清楚和明显。
It was not understood at their first establishment, and was not the motive, either of that establishment, or of the discoveries which gave occasion to it; and the nature, extent, and limits of that utility, are not, perhaps, well understood at this day.
在他们第一次建立时，它并没有被理解，也不是该建立的动机，也不是促成它的发现的动机。而这种效用的性质、范围和限制，也许在今天还没有被很好地理解。
The Venetians, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, carried on a very advantageous commerce in spiceries and other East India goods, which they distributed among the other nations of Europe.
十四世纪和十五世纪期间，威尼斯人在香料和其他东印度商品方面进行了非常有利的贸易，并将这些商品分销到欧洲其他国家。
They purchased them chiefly in Egypt, at that time under the dominion of the Mamelukes, the enemies of the Turks, of whom the Venetians were the enemies; and this union of interest, assisted by the money of Venice, formed such a connexion as gave the Venetians almost a monopoly of the trade.
他们主要是在埃及购买的，当时埃及是土耳其人的敌人马穆鲁克人的统治下，而威尼斯人也是土耳其人的敌人。这种利益联盟，在威尼斯金钱的帮助下，形成了这样一种联系，使威尼斯人几乎垄断了这一贸易。
The great profits of the Venetians tempted the avidity of the Portuguese.
威尼斯人的巨额利润诱惑了葡萄牙人的贪婪。
They had been endeavouring, during the course of the fifteenth century, to find out by sea a way to the countries from which the Moors brought them ivory and gold dust across the desert.
在十五世纪期间，他们一直在努力寻找一条通过海路前往摩尔人穿越沙漠为他们带来象牙和金粉的国家的道路。
They discovered the Madeiras, the Canaries, the Azores, the Cape de Verd islands, the coast of Guinea, that of Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela, and, finally, the Cape of Good Hope.
他们发现了马德拉群岛、加那利群岛、亚速尔群岛、佛得角群岛、几内亚海岸、卢安戈海岸、刚果海岸、安哥拉海岸和本格拉海岸，最后还发现了好望角。
They had long wished to share in the profitable traffic of the Venetians, and this last discovery opened to them a probable prospect of doing so.
他们长期以来一直希望分享威尼斯人的利润丰厚的交通，而最后的发现为他们提供了这样做的可能前景。
In 1497, Vasco de Gamo sailed from the port of Lisbon with a fleet of four ships, and, after a navigation of eleven months, arrived upon the coast of Indostan; and thus completed a course of discoveries which had been pursued with great steadiness, and with very little interruption, for near a century together.
1497年，瓦斯科·德·加莫率领四艘船从里斯本港起航，经过十一个月的航行，抵达印度斯坦海岸。从而完成了近一个世纪以来一直坚定不移、几乎没有中断地进行的发现过程。
Some years before this, while the expectations of Europe were in suspense about the projects of the Portuguese, of which the success appeared yet to be doubtful, a Genoese pilot formed the yet more daring project of sailing to the East Indies by the west.
在此之前的几年，当欧洲对葡萄牙人的计划抱有悬念时，其成功似乎尚无疑问，一位热那亚领航员提出了更大胆的计划，即从西边航行到东印度群岛。
The situation of those countries was at that time very imperfectly known in Europe.
当时欧洲对这些国家的情况知之甚少。
The few European travellers who had been there, had magnified the distance, perhaps through simplicity and ignorance; what was really very great, appearing almost infinite to those who could not measure it; or, perhaps, in order to increase somewhat more the marvellous of their own adventures in visiting regions so immensely remote from Europe.
少数曾到过那里的欧洲旅行者，也许是因为单纯和无知，拉大了距离；真正伟大的是，对于那些无法衡量它的人来说，它几乎是无限的；或者，也许是为了增加他们自己在访问远离欧洲的地区的冒险经历的奇妙程度。
The longer the way was by the east, Columbus very justly concluded, the shorter it would be by the west.
哥伦布非常公正地得出结论，向东的路越长，向西的路就越短。
He proposed, therefore, to take that way, as both the shortest and the surest, and he had the good fortune to convince Isabella of Castile of the probability of his project.
因此，他提议走这条路，因为它既是最短也是最可靠的，而且他很幸运地使卡斯蒂利亚的伊莎贝拉相信他的计划的可能性。
He sailed from the port of Palos in August 1492, near five years before the expedition of Vasco de Gamo set out from Portugal; and, after a voyage of between two and three months, discovered first some of the small Bahama or Lucyan islands, and afterwards the great island of St. Domingo.
1492 年 8 月，他从帕洛斯港起航，距离瓦斯科·德·加莫 (Vasco de Gamo) 探险队从葡萄牙出发近五年。经过两到三个月的航行，首先发现了一些巴哈马岛或卢西安岛，后来又发现了圣多明各大岛。
But the countries which Columbus discovered, either in this or in any of his subsequent voyages, had no resemblance to those which he had gone in quest of.
但哥伦布发现的国家，无论是在这次航行中还是在他随后的任何一次航行中，都与他所寻求的国家没有任何相似之处。
Instead of the wealth, cultivation, and populousness of China and Indostan, he found, in St. Domingo, and in all the other parts of the new world which he ever visited, nothing but a country quite covered with wood, uncultivated, and inhabited only by some tribes of naked and miserable savages.
他在圣多明各以及他所到过的新世界的所有其他地方都没有发现中国和印度斯坦的财富、耕种和人口稠密，而只是一个完全被树木覆盖、未开垦的国家，居住着一些赤身露体、悲惨的野蛮人部落。
He was not very willing, however, to believe that they were not the same with some of the countries described by Marco Polo, the first European who had visited, or at least had left behind him any description of China or the East Indies; and a very slight resemblance, such as that which he found between the name of Cibao, a mountain in St. Domingo, and that of Cipange, mentioned by Marco Polo, was frequently sufficient to make him return to this favourite prepossession, though contrary to the clearest evidence.
然而，他不太愿意相信这些国家与第一个到访过中国或东印度群岛的欧洲人马可·波罗所描述的一些国家不一样；或者至少在他身后留下了对中国或东印度群岛的任何描述。他发现圣多明各的一座山 Cibao 的名字与马可·波罗提到的 Cipange 的名字之间有一点点相似之处，这常常足以让他回到这个最喜欢的偏见，尽管与最明显的证据相反。
In his letters to Ferdinand and Isabella, he called the countries which he had discovered the Indies.
在给费迪南德和伊莎贝拉的信中，他将他发现的国家称为印度群岛。
He entertained no doubt but that they were the extremity of those which had been described by Marco Polo, and that they were not very distant from the Ganges, or from the countries which had been conquered by Alexander.
他毫不怀疑，他们是马可·波罗所描述的那些国家的极端，而且他们距离恒河或被亚历山大征服的国家并不遥远。
Even when at last convinced that they were different, he still flattered himself that those rich countries were at no great distance; and in a subsequent voyage, accordingly, went in quest of them along the coast of Terra Firma, and towards the Isthmus of Darien.
即使最后确信它们是不同的，他仍然沾沾自喜地说，那些富裕的国家距离我们并不远；而且，这些国家距离我们并不远。因此，在随后的航行中，他们沿着泰拉菲尔玛海岸前往达里安地峡寻找他们。
In consequence of this mistake of Columbus, the name of the Indies has stuck to those unfortunate countries ever since; and when it was at last clearly discovered that the new were altogether different from the old Indies, the former were called the West, in contradistinction to the latter, which were called the East Indies.
由于哥伦布的这个错误，印度群岛的名字从此就一直贴在那些不幸的国家身上。当人们最终清楚地发现新印度与旧印度完全不同时，前者被称为西方，而后者被称为东印度。
It was of importance to Columbus, however, that the countries which he had discovered, whatever they were, should be represented to the court of Spain as of very great consequence; and, in what constitutes the real riches of every country, the animal and vegetable productions of the soil, there was at that time nothing which could well justify such a representation of them.
然而，对于哥伦布来说，重要的是，他所发现的国家，无论它们是什么，都应该代表西班牙宫廷，因为这具有非常重大的意义。而且，在构成每个国家真正财富的方面，即土壤中的动物和蔬菜生产中，当时没有任何东西可以充分证明这样的表述是合理的。
The cori, something between a rat and a rabbit, and supposed by Mr Buffon to be the same with the aperea of Brazil, was the largest viviparous quadruped in St. Domingo.
科里是一种介于老鼠和兔子之间的动物，布冯先生认为它与巴西的 aperea 相同，是圣多明各最大的胎生四足动物。
This species seems never to have been very numerous; and the dogs and cats of the Spaniards are said to have long ago almost entirely extirpated it, as well as some other tribes of a still smaller size.
这个物种的数量似乎从来都不是很多。据说西班牙人的狗和猫很久以前就几乎完全消灭了它，还有其他一些规模更小的部落。
These, however, together with a pretty large lizard, called the ivana or iguana, constituted the principal part of the animal food which the land afforded.
然而，它们与一种相当大的蜥蜴（称为伊瓦纳或鬣蜥）一起构成了土地提供的动物食物的主要部分。
The vegetable food of the inhabitants, though, from their want of industry, not very abundant, was not altogether so scanty.
不过，由于缺乏工业，居民的蔬菜食品不是很丰富，但也不至于那么匮乏。
It consisted in Indian corn, yams, potatoes, bananas, etc., plants which were then altogether unknown in Europe, and which have never since been very much esteemed in it, or supposed to yield a sustenance equal to what is drawn from the common sorts of grain and pulse, which have been cultivated in this part of the world time out of mind.
它由印度玉米、山药、土豆、香蕉等组成，这些植物当时在欧洲完全不为人所知，而且从那时起，这些植物就不再受到欧洲人的高度重视，或者被认为能提供与普通谷物和豆类相同的食物，而这些谷物和豆类在世界的这一地区已经被无意识地种植了。
The cotton plant, indeed, afforded the material of a very important manufacture, and was at that time, to Europeans, undoubtedly the most valuable of all the vegetable productions of those islands.
事实上，棉花植物提供了一种非常重要的制造原料，对于当时的欧洲人来说，毫无疑问是这些岛屿上所有蔬菜产品中最有价值的。
But though, in the end of the fifteenth century, the muslins and other cotton goods of the East Indies were much esteemed in every part of Europe, the cotton manufacture itself was not cultivated in any part of it.
但是，尽管在十五世纪末，东印度群岛的平纹细布和其他棉制品在欧洲各地都受到高度重视，但棉花制造业本身在欧洲任何地方都没有种植。
Even this production, therefore, could not at that time appear in the eyes of Europeans to be of very great consequence.
因此，即使是这部作品，在当时的欧洲人看来也没有产生很大的影响。
Finding nothing, either in the animals or vegetables of the newly discovered countries which could justify a very advantageous representation of them, Columbus turned his view towards their minerals; and in the richness of their productions of this third kingdom, he flattered himself he had found a full compensation for the insignificancy of those of the other two.
哥伦布在新发现的国家的动物或蔬菜中没有发现任何可以证明它们具有非常有利的代表性的证据，于是他将目光转向了它们的矿物。他自以为这第三个王国的丰富产物足以弥补其他两个王国的微不足道。
The little bits of gold with which the inhabitants ornamented their dress, and which, he was informed, they frequently found in the rivulets and torrents which fell from the mountains, were sufficient to satisfy him that those mountains abounded with the richest gold mines.
居民们用来装饰衣服的小金子，据他所知，他们经常在从山上流下的小溪和急流中发现这些金子，这足以让他确信那些山上蕴藏着最丰富的金矿。
St. Domingo, therefore, was represented as a country abounding with gold, and upon that account (according to the prejudices not only of the present times, but of those times), an inexhaustible source of real wealth to the crown and kingdom of Spain.
因此，圣多明各被描述为一个盛产黄金的国家，因此（不仅根据现在的偏见，而且根据当时的偏见），圣多明戈是西班牙王室和王国的真正财富的取之不尽的源泉。
When Columbus, upon his return from his first voyage, was introduced with a sort of triumphal honours to the sovereigns of Castile and Arragon, the principal productions of the countries which he had discovered were carried in solemn procession before him.
当哥伦布第一次航行归来时，他带着凯旋式的荣誉被介绍给卡斯蒂利亚和阿拉贡的君主，他所发现的国家的主要产品在他面前庄严地游行着。
The only valuable part of them consisted in some little fillets, bracelets, and other ornaments of gold, and in some bales of cotton.
其中唯一有价值的部分是一些小鱼片、手镯和其他金饰，以及一些棉包。
The rest were mere objects of vulgar wonder and curiosity; some reeds of an extraordinary size, some birds of a very beautiful plumage, and some stuffed skins of the huge alligator and manati; all of which were preceded by six or seven of the wretched natives, whose singular colour and appearance added greatly to the novelty of the show.
其余的只是粗俗的惊奇和好奇的对象。一些巨大的芦苇，一些羽毛非常美丽的鸟，还有一些巨大的鳄鱼和马纳蒂的毛绒玩具；在所有这一切之前都有六七个可怜的当地人，他们独特的肤色和外表极大地增加了演出的新颖性。
In consequence of the representations of Columbus, the council of Castile determined to take possession of the countries of which the inhabitants were plainly incapable of defending themselves.
由于哥伦布的交涉，卡斯蒂利亚议会决定占领那些居民明显无力自卫的国家。
The pious purpose of converting them to Christianity sanctified the injustice of the project.
让他们皈依基督教的虔诚目的使这个项目的不公正神圣化。
But the hope of finding treasures of gold there was the sole motive which prompted to undertake it; and to give this motive the greater weight, it was proposed by Columbus, that the half of all the gold and silver that should be found there, should belong to the crown.
但促使他这样做的唯一动机就是希望在那里找到黄金宝藏。为了使这一动机更加重要，哥伦布提议，那里发现的所有金银的一半应该属于王室。
This proposal was approved of by the council.
这个提议得到了理事会的批准。
As long as the whole, or the greater part of the gold which the first adventurers imported into Europe was got by so very easy a method as the plundering of the defenceless natives, it was not perhaps very difficult to pay even this heavy tax; but when the natives were once fairly stript of all that they had, which, in St. Domingo, and in all the other countries discovered by Columbus, was done completely in six or eight years, and when, in order to find more, it had become necessary to dig for it in the mines, there was no longer any possibility of paying this tax.
只要第一批冒险家输入欧洲的全部或大部分黄金都是通过掠夺手无寸铁的当地人这样简单的方法获得的，那么缴纳如此重的税也许并不困难；但是，当当地人一度被剥夺了他们所拥有的一切时（在圣多明各和哥伦布发现的所有其他国家，这种情况在六到八年内就被完全剥夺了，而且为了找到更多，必须在矿井中挖掘），就不再有可能缴纳这笔税了。
The rigorous exaction of it, accordingly, first occasioned, it is said, the total abandoning of the mines of St. Domingo, which have never been wrought since.
因此，据说，严格的要求首先导致了圣多明戈矿山的完全废弃，此后这些矿山就再也没有开采过。
It was soon reduced, therefore, to a third; then to a fifth; afterwards to a tenth; and at last to a twentieth part of the gross produce of the gold mines.
因此，它很快就减少到了三分之一。然后到第五个；之后到十分之一；最后达到金矿总产的二十分之一。
The tax upon silver continued for a long time to be a fifth of the gross produce.
白银税在很长一段时间内一直占总产的五分之一。
It was reduced to a tenth only in the course of the present century.
仅在本世纪，这一数字就减少到十分之一。
But the first adventurers do not appear to have been much interested about silver.
但第一批冒险家似乎对白银并没有多大兴趣。
Nothing less precious than gold seemed worthy of their attention.
似乎没有什么比黄金更值得他们关注的了。
All the other enterprizes of the Spaniards in the New World, subsequent to those of Columbus, seem to have been prompted by the same motive.
继哥伦布之后，西班牙人在新大陆的所有其他事业似乎都是出于同样的动机。
It was the sacred thirst of gold that carried Ovieda, Nicuessa, and Vasco Nugnes de Balboa, to the Isthmus of Darien; that carried Cortes to Mexico, Almagro and Pizarro to Chili and Peru.
正是对黄金的神圣渴求将奥维达、尼奎萨和瓦斯科·努涅斯·德·巴尔博亚带到了达里安地峡。科尔特斯（Cortes）前往墨西哥，阿尔马格罗（Almagro）和皮萨罗（Pizarro）前往智利和秘鲁。
When those adventurers arrived upon any unknown coast, their first inquiry was always if there was any gold to be found there; and according to the information which they received concerning this particular, they determined either to quit the country or to settle in it.
当那些冒险家到达任何未知的海岸时，他们首先询问的总是那里是否有黄金；根据他们收到的有关此事的信息，他们决定要么离开该国，要么定居在该国。
Of all those expensive and uncertain projects, however, which bring bankruptcy upon the greater part of the people who engage in them, there is none, perhaps, more perfectly ruinous than the search after new silver and gold mines.
然而，在所有这些昂贵且不确定的项目中，没有什么比寻找新的银矿和金矿更具有毁灭性的了，这些项目给大多数从事这些项目的人带来了破产。
It is, perhaps, the most disadvantageous lottery in the world, or the one in which the gain of those who draw the prizes bears the least proportion to the loss of those who draw the blanks; for though the prizes are few, and the blanks many, the common price of a ticket is the whole fortune of a very rich man.
这也许是世界上最不利的彩票，或者说，中奖者的收益与抽空者的损失所成比例最小的一种彩票。因为虽然奖品很少，空白的东西很多，但一张彩票的共同价格却是一个非常富有的人的全部财产。
Projects of mining, instead of replacing the capital employed in them, together with the ordinary profits of stock, commonly absorb both capital and profit.
采矿项目通常会同时吸收资本和利润，而不是取代其中所使用的资本以及普通股票利润。
They are the projects, therefore, to which, of all others, a prudent lawgiver, who desired to increase the capital of his nation, would least choose to give any extraordinary encouragement, or to turn towards them a greater share of that capital than what would go to them of its own accord.
因此，对于这些项目，在所有其他项目中，一个希望增加国家资本的谨慎的立法者最不会选择给予任何特别的鼓励，或者向他们提供比其本身所获得的更大份额的资本。
Such, in reality, is the absurd confidence which almost all men have in their own good fortune, that wherever there is the least probability of success, too great a share of it is apt to go to them of its own accord.
事实上，几乎所有的人都对自己的好运抱有一种荒谬的信心，即只要成功的可能性最小，就有很大一部分成功的机会会自然而然地流向他们。
But though the judgment of sober reason and experience concerning such projects has always been extremely unfavourable, that of human avidity has commonly been quite otherwise.
尽管清醒的理性和经验对此类项目的判断总是极为不利，但人类的热情却通常截然不同。
The same passion which has suggested to so many people the absurd idea of the philosopher’s stone, has suggested to others the equally absurd one of immense rich mines of gold and silver.
同样的热情向许多人提出了点金石的荒谬想法，也向其他人提出了同样荒谬的巨大丰富的金银矿的想法。
They did not consider that the value of those metals has, in all ages and nations, arisen chiefly from their scarcity, and that their scarcity has arisen from the very small quantities of them which nature has anywhere deposited in one place, from the hard and intractable substances with which she has almost everywhere surrounded those small quantities, and consequently from the labour and expense which are everywhere necessary in order to penetrate, and get at them.
他们没有考虑到，在所有时代和国家中，这些金属的价值主要源于它们的稀缺性，而它们的稀缺性源于大自然在任何地方沉积的极少量金属，源于她几乎到处都围绕着这些少量金属的坚硬而难以处理的物质，因此源于为了渗透和获取它们而到处都需要的劳动和费用。
They flattered themselves that veins of those metals might in many places be found, as large and as abundant as those which are commonly found of lead, or copper, or tin, or iron.
他们沾沾自喜地认为，在许多地方都可能发现这些金属的矿脉，与常见的铅、铜、锡或铁的矿脉一样大、一样丰富。
The dream of Sir Waiter Raleigh, concerning the golden city and country of El Dorado, may satisfy us, that even wise men are not always exempt from such strange delusions.
维特·罗利爵士关于黄金城和黄金国的梦想可能会让我们感到满意，即使是智者也不能总是免于这种奇怪的妄想。
More than a hundred years after the death of that great man, the Jesuit Gumila was still convinced of the reality of that wonderful country, and expressed, with great warmth, and, I dare say, with great sincerity, how happy he should be to carry the light of the gospel to a people who could so well reward the pious labours of their missionary.
这位伟人去世一百多年后，耶稣会士古米拉仍然对这个美好国家的现实深信不疑，并以极大的热情，而且我敢说，以极大的真诚表示，他应该多么高兴将福音之光传递给一个能够如此充分地回报传教士虔诚劳动的人民。
In the countries first discovered by the Spaniards, no gold and silver mines are at present known which are supposed to be worth the working.
在西班牙人首先发现的国家中，目前尚无已知值得开采的金矿和银矿。
The quantities of those metals which the first adventurers are said to have found there, had probably been very much magnified, as well as the fertility of the mines which were wrought immediately after the first discovery.
据说第一批冒险家在那里发现的这些金属的数量可能被大大放大了，而且在第一次发现之后立即开采的矿山的生产力也被放大了很多。
What those adventurers were reported to have found, however, was sufficient to inflame the avidity of all their countrymen.
然而，据报道，这些冒险家的发现足以激发他们所有同胞的热情。
Every Spaniard who sailed to America expected to find an El Dorado.
每个航行到美洲的西班牙人都希望找到黄金国。
Fortune, too, did upon this what she has done upon very few other occasions.
命运在这件事上也做了她在其他场合很少做的事情。
She realized in some measure the extravagant hopes of her votaries; and in the discovery and conquest of Mexico and Peru (of which the one happened about thirty, and the other about forty, years after the first expedition of Columbus), she presented them with something not very unlike that profusion of the precious metals which they sought for.
她在某种程度上实现了她的追随者的奢望。在发现和征服墨西哥和秘鲁的过程中（其中一次发生在哥伦布第一次远征之后大约三十年，另一次大约发生在四十年之后），她向他们展示了一些与他们所寻求的丰富的贵金属没什么不同的东西。
A project of commerce to the East Indies, therefore, gave occasion to the first discovery of the West.
因此，对东印度群岛的商业计划促成了西方的首次发现。
A project of conquest gave occasion to all the establishments of the Spaniards in those newly discovered countries.
征服计划为西班牙人在这些新发现的国家建立了所有的机构。
The motive which excited them to this conquest was a project of gold and silver mines; and a course of accidents which no human wisdom could foresee, rendered this project much more successful than the undertakers had any reasonable grounds for expecting.
促使他们进行这次征服的动机是金银矿项目。一系列人类智慧无法预见的意外事件使得这个项目比承办者合理预期的要成功得多。
The first adventurers of all the other nations of Europe who attempted to make settlements in America, were animated by the like chimerical views; but they were not equally successful.
欧洲所有其他国家的第一批试图在美洲定居的冒险家都被类似的空想观点所激励。但他们并没有同样成功。
It was more than a hundred years after the first settlement of the Brazils, before any silver, gold, or diamond mines, were discovered there.
巴西人首次定居一百多年后，才在那里发现任何银矿、金矿或钻石矿。
In the English, French, Dutch, and Danish colonies, none have ever yet been discovered, at least none that are at present supposed to be worth the working.
在英国、法国、荷兰和丹麦的殖民地，还没有发现任何东西，至少目前认为没有一个值得开采。
The first English settlers in North America, however, offered a fifth of all the gold and silver which should be found there to the king, as a motive for granting them their patents.
然而，北美的第一批英国定居者将那里发现的所有金银的五分之一献给了国王，作为授予他们专利的动机。
In the patents of Sir Waiter Raleigh, to the London and Plymouth companies, to the council of Plymouth, etc. this fifth was accordingly reserved to the crown.
在维特·罗利爵士、伦敦和普利茅斯公司、普利茅斯议会等的专利中，这第五部分相应地保留给王室。
To the expectation of finding gold and silver mines, those first settlers, too, joined that of discovering a north-west passage to the East Indies.
为了寻找金银矿，这些第一批定居者也加入了发现通往东印度群岛的西北通道的行列。
They have hitherto been disappointed in both.
迄今为止，他们对这两件事都感到失望。
PART II.
第二部分。
Causes of the Prosperity of New Colonies.
新殖民地繁荣的原因。
The colony of a civilized nation which takes possession either of a waste country, or of one so thinly inhabited that the natives easily give place to the new settlers, advances more rapidly to wealth and greatness than any other human society.
一个文明国家的殖民地，如果占领了一个荒芜的国家，或者占领了一个人烟稀少、当地人很容易让位给新定居者的国家，那么，它就会比任何其他人类社会更快地走向财富和伟大。
The colonies carry out with them a knowledge of agriculture and of other useful arts, superior to what can grow up of its own accord, in the course of many centuries, among savage and barbarous nations.
殖民地所掌握的农业知识和其他有用的艺术知识，比野蛮民族在许多世纪的过程中自行成长起来的知识要优越。
They carry out with them, too, the habit of subordination, some notion of the regular government which takes place in their own country, of the system of laws which support it, and of a regular administration of justice; and they naturally establish something of the same kind in the new settlement.
他们也养成了从属的习惯，对自己国家的正规政府、支持政府的法律体系以及正规司法的一些观念；他们自然会在新定居点建立类似的东西。
But among savage and barbarous nations, the natural progress of law and government is still slower than the natural progress of arts, after law and government have been so far established as is necessary for their protection.
但在未开化和野蛮的国家中，法律和政府的自然进步仍然慢于艺术的自然进步，尽管法律和政府已经建立起来以保护它们。
Every colonist gets more land than he can possibly cultivate.
每个殖民者获得的土地都多于他所能耕种的土地。
He has no rent, and scarce any taxes, to pay.
他无需缴纳房租，也无需缴纳任何税款。
No landlord shares with him in its produce, and, the share of the sovereign is commonly but a trifle.
没有地主与他分享其产品，而君主的份额通常也微不足道。
He has every motive to render as great as possible a produce which is thus to be almost entirely his own.
他完全有动机提供尽可能多的产品，因此几乎完全是他自己的。
But his land is commonly so extensive, that, with all his own industry, and with all the industry of other people whom he can get to employ, he can seldom make it produce the tenth part of what it is capable of producing.
但他的土地通常如此广阔，以至他自己的全部勤劳，以及他可以雇用的其他人的全部勤劳，他很少能使其生产出其能力的十分之一。
He is eager, therefore, to collect labourers from all quarters, and to reward them with the most liberal wages.
因此，他急于从四面八方招募劳动力，并以最丰厚的工资奖励他们。
But those liberal wages, joined to the plenty and cheapness of land, soon make those labourers leave him, in order to become landlords themselves, and to reward with equal liberality other labourers, who soon leave them for the same reason that they left their first master.
但是，这些自由的工资，加上充足而廉价的土地，很快就使这些劳动者离开了他，以便自己成为地主，并以同样的慷慨奖励其他劳动者，这些劳动者很快就因为离开他们的第一个主人的原因而离开了他们。
The liberal reward of labour encourages marriage.
慷慨的劳动报酬鼓励婚姻。
The children, during the tender years of infancy, are well fed and properly taken care of; and when they are grown up, the value of their labour greatly overpays their maintenance.
孩子们在婴儿期，得到了良好的喂养和适当的照顾；当他们长大后，他们的劳动价值大大超过了他们的赡养费。
When arrived at maturity, the high price of labour, and the low price of land, enable them to establish themselves in the same manner as their fathers did before them.
当他们成熟时，高劳动力价格和低土地价格使他们能够像他们的父辈那样建立自己的地位。
In other countries, rent and profit eat up wages, and the two superior orders of people oppress the inferior one; but in new colonies, the interest of the two superior orders obliges them to treat the inferior one with more generosity and humanity, at least where that inferior one is not in a state of slavery.
在其他国家，地租和利润吞噬了工资，两种上等人压迫下等人；但在新的殖民地，两个上级秩序的利益迫使他们以更加慷慨和人道的态度对待下级秩序，至少在下级秩序没有处于奴役状态的情况下是这样。
Waste lands, of the greatest natural fertility, are to be had for a trifle.
拥有最大自然肥力的荒地，却是值得拥有的。
The increase of revenue which the proprietor, who is always the undertaker, expects from their improvement, constitutes his profit, which, in these circumstances, is commonly very great; but this great profit cannot be made, without employing the labour of other people in clearing and cultivating the land; and the disproportion between the great extent of the land and the small number of the people, which commonly takes place in new colonies, makes it difficult for him to get this labour.
所有者（始终是承办者）期望从改进中获得收入的增加，这构成了他的利润，在这种情况下，利润通常非常大。但是，如果不雇用其他人的劳动来开垦和耕种土地，就不可能获得如此巨大的利润。在新的殖民地中，土地广阔而人口稀少，这种情况很常见，这使得他很难获得这种劳动力。
He does not, therefore, dispute about wages, but is willing to employ labour at any price.
因此，他对工资没有争议，但愿意不惜一切代价雇用劳动力。
The high wages of labour encourage population.
劳动力的高工资鼓励了人口。
The cheapness and plenty of good land encourage improvement, and enable the proprietor to pay those high wages.
廉价和充足的优质土地鼓励改善，并使业主能够支付高工资。
In those wages consists almost the whole price of the land; and though they are high, considered as the wages of labour, they are low, considered as the price of what is so very valuable.
这些工资几乎构成了土地的全部价格；虽然从劳动工资来看它们很高，但从非常有价值的东西的价格来看它们却很低。
What encourages the progress of population and improvement, encourages that of real wealth and greatness.
鼓励人口进步和进步的东西，鼓励真正的财富和伟大。
The progress of many of the ancient Greek colonies towards wealth and greatness seems accordingly to have been very rapid.
因此，许多古希腊殖民地走向财富和伟大的进程似乎非常迅速。
In the course of a century or two, several of them appear to have rivalled, and even to have surpassed, their mother cities.
在一两个世纪的时间里，其中一些城市似乎已经可以与它们的母城相媲美，甚至超越它们。
Syracuse and Agrigentum in Sicily, Tarentum and Locri in Italy, Ephesus and Miletus in Lesser Asia, appear, by all accounts, to have been at least equal to any of the cities of ancient Greece.
西西里岛的锡拉丘兹和阿格里真图姆、意大利的塔伦图姆和洛克里、小亚洲的以弗所和米利都，从各方面来看，似乎至少与古希腊的任何城市相当。
Though posterior in their establishment, yet all the arts of refinement, philosophy, poetry, and eloquence, seem to have been cultivated as early, and to have been improved as highly in them as in any part of the mother country.
尽管他们的建立较晚，但所有的文雅艺术、哲学、诗歌和口才，似乎在他们中都得到了很早的培养，并且与祖国的任何地方一样得到了高度的提高。
The schools of the two oldest Greek philosophers, those of Thales and Pythagoras, were established, it is remarkable, not in ancient Greece, but the one in an Asiatic, the other in an Italian colony.
值得注意的是，希腊最古老的两位哲学家泰勒斯和毕达哥拉斯的学派并不是在古希腊建立的，而是一个在亚洲，另一个在意大利殖民地。
All those colonies had established themselves in countries inhabited by savage and barbarous nations, who easily gave place to the new settlers.
所有这些殖民地都建立在野蛮民族居住的国家，这些民族很容易让位给新的定居者。
They had plenty of good land; and as they were altogether independent of the mother city, they were at liberty to manage their own affairs in the way that they judged was most suitable to their own interest.
他们有很多良田；由于他们完全独立于母城，他们可以自由地以他们认为最适合自己利益的方式管理自己的事务。
The history of the Roman colonies is by no means so brilliant.
罗马殖民地的历史绝非如此辉煌。
Some of them, indeed, such as Florence, have, in the course of many ages, and after the fall of the mother city, grown up to be considerable states.
事实上，其中一些国家，例如佛罗伦萨，经过许多世纪的历程，在母城沦陷后，已经发展成为相当大的国家。
But the progress of no one of them seems ever to have been very rapid.
但他们中的任何一个人的进步似乎都不是很快的。
They were all established in conquered provinces, which in most cases had been fully inhabited before.
它们都建立在被征服的省份，而这些省份在大多数情况下以前就已经有人居住了。
The quantity of land assigned to each colonist was seldom very considerable, and, as the colony was not independent, they were not always at liberty to manage their own affairs in the way that they judged was most suitable to their own interest.
分配给每个殖民者的土地数量很少很大，而且由于殖民地并不独立，他们并不总是可以自由地以他们认为最适合自己利益的方式管理自己的事务。
In the plenty of good land, the European colonies established in America and the West Indies resemble, and even greatly surpass, those of ancient Greece.
在这片肥沃的土地上，欧洲人在美洲和西印度群岛建立的殖民地与古希腊的殖民地相似，甚至大大超过。
In their dependency upon the mother state, they resemble those of ancient Rome; but their great distance from Europe has in all of them alleviated more or less the effects of this dependency.
他们对母国的依赖类似于古罗马。但它们与欧洲的遥远距离或多或少减轻了这种依赖性的影响。
Their situation has placed them less in the view, and less in the power of their mother country.
他们的处境使他们在祖国的视野中受到更少的关注，也更少受到祖国的影响。
In pursuing their interest their own way, their conduct has upon many occasions been overlooked, either because not known or not understood in Europe; and upon some occasions it has been fairly suffered and submitted to, because their distance rendered it difficult to restrain it.
在以自己的方式追求自己的利益时，他们的行为在很多情况下都被忽视，要么是因为在欧洲不为人所知或不被理解；在某些情况下，它会受到相当大的忍受和屈服，因为他们的距离使其难以抑制。
Even the violent and arbitrary government of Spain has, upon many occasions, been obliged to recall or soften the orders which had been given for the government of her colonies, for fear of a general insurrection.
即使是暴力和专制的西班牙政府，也多次因为担心发生普遍叛乱而不得不撤销或软化为其殖民地政府下达的命令。
The progress of all the European colonies in wealth, population, and improvement, has accordingly been very great.
因此，所有欧洲殖民地在财富、人口和进步方面的进步都是非常巨大的。
The crown of Spain, by its share of the gold and silver, derived some revenue from its colonies from the moment of their first establishment.
西班牙王室从其殖民地刚建立之时起，就通过其所占的金银份额从其殖民地中获得了一些收入。
It was a revenue, too, of a nature to excite in human avidity the most extravagant expectation of still greater riches.
这也是一种收入，其本质是激发人类对更多财富的最奢侈的期望。
The Spanish colonies, therefore, from the moment of their first establishment, attracted very much the attention of their mother country; while those of the other European nations were for a long time in a great measure neglected.
因此，西班牙殖民地从建立的那一刻起，就引起了其祖国的极大关注。而其他欧洲国家的利益则在很长一段时间内在很大程度上被忽视了。
The former did not, perhaps, thrive the better in consequence of this attention, nor the latter the worse in consequence of this neglect.
也许前者并没有因为这种关注而变得更好，而后者也没有因为这种忽视而变得更糟。
In proportion to the extent of the country which they in some measure possess, the Spanish colonies are considered as less populous and thriving than those of almost any other European nation.
就其在某种程度上所拥有的领土面积而言，西班牙殖民地被认为比几乎所有其他欧洲国家的人口较少且繁荣。
The progress even of the Spanish colonies, however, in population and improvement, has certainly been very rapid and very great.
然而，即使是西班牙殖民地，在人口和进步方面的进步也肯定是非常迅速和巨大的。
The city of Lima, founded since the conquest, is represented by Ulloa as containing fifty thousand inhabitants near thirty years ago.
利马市是自征服以来建立的，乌略亚表示，大约三十年前有五万居民。
Quito, which had been but a miserable hamlet of Indians, is represented by the same author as in his time equally populous.
基多曾经只是一个悲惨的印第安人小村庄，却由同一位作家描绘，当时的人口同样人口众多。
Gemel i Carreri, a pretended traveller, it is said, indeed, but who seems everywhere to have written upon extreme good information, represents the city of Mexico as containing a hundred thousand inhabitants; a number which, in spite of all the exaggerations of the Spanish writers, is probably more than five times greater than what it contained in the time of Montezuma.
据说，格梅尔·卡雷里（Gemel i Carreri）确实是一位假装的旅行者，但他似乎到处都写下了极其可靠的信息，将墨西哥城描述为拥有十万居民；尽管西班牙作家有各种夸张的说法，这个数字可能比蒙特祖玛时代的数字还要多五倍多。
These numbers exceed greatly those of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, the three greatest cities of the English colonies.
这个数字大大超过了英国殖民地三大城市波士顿、纽约和费城。
Before the conquest of the Spaniards, there were no cattle fit for draught, either in Mexico or Peru.
在西班牙人征服之前，墨西哥和秘鲁都没有适合吃草的牛。
The lama was their only beast of burden, and its strength seems to have been a good deal inferior to that of a common ass.
喇嘛是他们唯一的驮兽，力气似乎比一头普通驴逊色不少。
The plough was unknown among them.
他们对犁一无所知。
They were ignorant of the use of iron.
他们对铁的使用一无所知。
They had no coined money, nor any established instrument of commerce of any kind.
他们没有铸币，也没有任何既定的商业工具。
Their commerce was carried on by barter.
他们的贸易是通过易货贸易进行的。
A sort of wooden spade was their principal instrument of agriculture.
一种木铲是他们的主要农业工具。
Sharp stones served them for knives and hatchets to cut with; fish bones, and the hard sinews of certain animals, served them with needles to sew with; and these seem to have been their principal instruments of trade.
锋利的石头为他们提供了切割用的小刀和斧头。鱼骨和某些动物的坚硬肌腱可以用来制作针线。这些似乎是他们的主要贸易工具。
In this state of things, it seems impossible that either of those empires could have been so much improved or so well cultivated as at present, when they are plentifully furnished with all sorts of European cattle, and when the use of iron, of the plough, and of many of the arts of Europe, have been introduced among them.
在这种情况下，当这些帝国拥有充足的各种欧洲牲畜，当铁的使用、犁和欧洲的许多艺术被引入其中时，它们似乎不可能像现在这样得到如此大的改善或如此良好的耕种。
But the populousness of every country must be in proportion to the degree of its improvement and cultivation.
但每个国家的人口数量一定与其改良和培育的程度成正比。
In spite of the cruel destruction of the natives which followed the conquest, these two great empires are probably more populous now than they ever were before; and the people are surely very different; for we must acknowledge, I apprehend, that the Spanish creoles are in many respects superior to the ancient Indians.
尽管征服之后土著遭到了残酷的破坏，但这两个伟大帝国现在的人口数量可能比以往任何时候都多。人们肯定是非常不同的；因为我认为我们必须承认西班牙克里奥尔人在许多方面优于古代印第安人。
After the settlements of the Spaniards, that of the Portuguese in Brazil is the oldest of any European nation in America.
继西班牙人在巴西定居之后，葡萄牙人在美洲的定居点是欧洲国家中最古老的。
But as for a long time after the first discovery neither gold nor silver mines were found in it, and as it afforded upon that account little or no revenue to the crown, it was for a long time in a great measure neglected; and during this state of neglect, it grew up to be a great and powerful colony.
但是，在第一次发现之后的很长一段时间里，那里都没有发现金矿和银矿，而且由于这个原因，它给国王带来的收入很少或根本没有，所以很长一段时间以来，它在很大程度上被忽视了。在这种被忽视的状态下，它成长为一个伟大而强大的殖民地。
While Portugal was under the dominion of Spain, Brazil was attacked by the Dutch, who got possession of seven of the fourteen provinces into which it is divided.
当葡萄牙处于西班牙统治之下时，巴西遭到荷兰人的攻击，荷兰人占领了巴西所划分的十四个省中的七个。
They expected soon to conquer the other seven, when Portugal recovered its independency by the elevation of the family of Braganza to the throne.
当葡萄牙通过布拉干萨家族登上王位而恢复独立时，他们期望很快就能征服其他七个国家。
The Dutch, then, as enemies to the Spaniards, became friends to the Portuguese, who were likewise the enemies of the Spaniards.
于是，荷兰人作为西班牙人的敌人，成为了葡萄牙人的朋友，而葡萄牙人同样也是西班牙人的敌人。
They agreed, therefore, to leave that part of Brazil which they had not conquered to the king of Portugal, who agreed to leave that part which they had conquered to them, as a matter not worth disputing about, with such good allies.
因此，他们同意将他们尚未征服的巴西部分留给葡萄牙国王，而葡萄牙国王也同意将他们所征服的部分留给他们，因为这是一个不值得争论的问题，因为他们有如此好的盟友。
But the Dutch government soon began to oppress the Portuguese colonists, who, instead of amusing themselves with complaints, took arms against their new masters, and by their own valour and resolution, with the connivance, indeed, but without any avowed assistance from the mother country, drove them out of Brazil.
但荷兰政府很快就开始镇压葡萄牙殖民者，葡萄牙殖民者并没有以抱怨为乐，而是拿起武器反对他们的新主人，并凭借自己的勇气和决心，在母国的默许下，但没有得到母国任何公开的援助，将他们赶出了巴西。
The Dutch, therefore, finding it impossible to keep any part of the country to themselves, were contented that it should be entirely restored to the crown of Portugal.
因此，荷兰人发现不可能独占该国的任何部分，因此满足于将其完全归还给葡萄牙王室。
In this colony there are said to be more than six hundred thousand people, either Portuguese or descended from Portuguese, creoles, mulattoes, and a mixed race between Portuguese and Brazilians.
据说这个殖民地有超过六十万人，要么是葡萄牙人，要么是葡萄牙人、克里奥尔人、黑白混血儿以及葡萄牙人和巴西人的混血儿后裔。
No one colony in America is supposed to contain so great a number of people of European extraction.
美洲的任何一个殖民地都不应该拥有如此多的欧洲血统的人。
Towards the end of the fifteenth, and during the greater part of the sixteenth century, Spain and Portugal were the two great naval powers upon the ocean; for though the commerce of Venice extended to every part of Europe, its fleet had scarce ever sailed beyond the Mediterranean.
15 世纪末和 16 世纪的大部分时间里，西班牙和葡萄牙是海上两大海军强国。因为尽管威尼斯的商业遍及欧洲各地，但它的船队却很少驶出地中海。
The Spaniards, in virtue of the first discovery, claimed all America as their own; and though they could not hinder so great a naval power as that of Portugal from settling in Brazil, such was at that time the terror of their name, that the greater part of the other nations of Europe were afraid to establish themselves in any other part of that great continent.
西班牙人凭借第一个发现，宣称整个美洲都是他们自己的。尽管他们无法阻止像葡萄牙这样强大的海军强国在巴西定居，但当时他们的名字令人恐惧，以至于大多数欧洲其他国家都不敢在这片伟大大陆的任何其他地方建立自己的国家。
The French, who attempted to settle in Florida, were all murdered by the Spaniards.
试图在佛罗里达定居的法国人全部被西班牙人杀害。
But the declension of the naval power of this latter nation, in consequence of the defeat or miscarriage of what they called their invincible armada, which happened towards the end of the sixteenth century, put it out of their power to obstruct any longer the settlements of the other European nations.
但是，由于16世纪末发生的他们所谓的无敌舰队的失败或流产，后一个国家海军力量的衰落，使得他们不再有能力阻碍其他欧洲国家的定居点。
In the course of the seventeenth century, therefore, the English, French, Dutch, Danes, and Swedes, all the great nations who had any ports upon the ocean, attempted to make some settlements in the new world.
因此，在十七世纪期间，英国人、法国人、荷兰人、丹麦人和瑞典人，所有在海上拥有港口的伟大民族，都试图在新世界建立一些定居点。
The Swedes established themselves in New Jersey; and the number of Swedish families still to be found there sufficiently demonstrates, that this colony was very likely to prosper, had it been protected by the mother country.
瑞典人在新泽西定居；那里仍然存在的瑞典家庭的数量充分表明，如果受到母国的保护，这个殖民地很可能繁荣昌盛。
But being neglected by Sweden, it was soon swallowed up by the Dutch colony of New York, which again, in 1674, fell under the dominion of the English.
但由于受到瑞典的忽视，它很快就被荷兰殖民地纽约吞并，并于 1674 年再次落入英国人的统治之下。
The small islands of St. Thomas and Santa Cruz, are the only countries in the new world that have ever been possessed by the Danes.
圣托马斯岛和圣克鲁斯岛是新世界中唯一曾经被丹麦人占领的国家。
These little settlements, too, were under the government of an exclusive company, which had the sole right, both of purchasing the surplus produce of the colonies, and of supplying them with such goods of other countries as they wanted, and which, therefore, both in its purchases and sales, had not only the power of oppressing them, but the greatest temptation to do so.
这些小定居点也处于一家排他性公司的统治之下，该公司拥有购买殖民地剩余产品和向他们提供他们想要的其他国家的商品的唯一权利，因此，在购买和销售方面，该公司不仅具有压迫殖民地的力量，而且具有最大的压迫殖民地的诱惑。
The government of an exclusive company of merchants is, perhaps, the worst of all governments for any country whatever.
对于任何国家来说，一个由商人组成的专有公司的政府也许是所有政府中最糟糕的。
It was not, however, able to stop altogether the progress of these colonies, though it rendered it more slow and languid.
然而，它并不能完全阻止这些殖民地的前进，尽管它使它变得更加缓慢和无力。
The late king of Denmark dissolved this company, and since that time the prosperity of these colonies has been very great.
已故的丹麦国王解散了这家公司，从那时起这些殖民地就变得非常繁荣。
The Dutch settlements in the West, as well as those in the East Indies, were originally put under the government of an exclusive company.
荷兰在西部的定居点以及东印度群岛的定居点最初都受一家排他性公司的政府管辖。
The progress of some of them, therefore, though it has been considerable in comparison with that of almost any country that has been long peopled and established, has been languid and slow in comparison with that of the greater part of new colonies.
因此，其中一些国家的进步虽然与几乎所有长期居住和建立的国家相比取得了相当大的进步，但与大多数新殖民地相比却显得迟缓而缓慢。
The colony of Surinam, though very considerable, is still inferior to the greater part of the sugar colonies of the other European nations.
苏里南的殖民地虽然规模很大，但仍不如其他欧洲国家的大部分蔗糖殖民地。
The colony of Nova Belgia, now divided into the two provinces of New York and New Jersey, would probably have soon become considerable too, even though it had remained under the government of the Dutch.
新比利时殖民地现在分为纽约和新泽西两个省，可能很快也会变得相当大，尽管它仍然处于荷兰政府的管辖之下。
The plenty and cheapness of good land are such powerful causes of prosperity, that the very worst government is scarce capable of checking altogether the efficacy of their operation.
优质土地的充足和廉价是繁荣的强大原因，以至于最糟糕的政府也几乎没有能力完全检查其运作的有效性。
The great distance, too, from the mother country, would enable the colonists to evade more or less, by smuggling, the monopoly which the company enjoyed against them.
距祖国的遥远距离也使殖民者能够通过走私或多或少地逃避公司对他们享有的垄断。
At present, the company allows all Dutch ships to trade to Surinam, upon paying two and a-half per cent.
目前，该公司允许所有荷兰船只前往苏里南进行贸易，但需支付百分之二半的费用。
upon the value of their cargo for a license; and only reserves to itself exclusively, the direct trade from Africa to America, which consists almost entirely in the slave trade.
根据其货物的价值来获取许可证；并且只保留了从非洲到美洲的直接贸易，其中几乎全部是奴隶贸易。
This relaxation in the exclusive privileges of the company, is probably the principal cause of that degree of prosperity which that colony at present enjoys.
公司专有特权的放松可能是该殖民地目前享有的繁荣程度的主要原因。
Curacoa and Eustatia, the two principal islands belonging to the Dutch, are free ports, open to the ships of all nations; and this freedom, in the midst of better colonies, whose ports are open to those of one nation only, has been the great cause of the prosperity of those two barren islands.
库拉索岛和尤斯塔西亚岛是荷兰人的两个主要岛屿，是自由港，对所有国家的船只开放；这种在更好的殖民地中的自由，其港口只对一个国家开放，是这两个贫瘠岛屿繁荣的伟大事业。
The French colony of Canada was, during the greater part of the last century, and some part of the present, under the government of an exclusive company.
加拿大的法属殖民地在上个世纪的大部分时间里以及现在的某些时期都处于一家排他性公司的政府之下。
Under so unfavourable an administration, its progress was necessarily very slow, in comparison with that of other new colonies; but it became much more rapid when this company was dissolved, after the fall of what is called the Mississippi scheme.
在如此不利的政府统治下，与其他新殖民地相比，它的进展必然非常缓慢。但当这家公司解散、所谓的密西西比计划失败后，它变得更加迅速。
When the English got possession of this country, they found in it near double the number of inhabitants which father Charlevoix had assigned to it between twenty and thirty years before.
当英国人占领这个国家时，他们发现这里的居民数量几乎是查勒瓦父亲二十到三十年前分配给它的居民数量的两倍。
That jesuit had travelled over the whole country, and had no inclination to represent it as less inconsiderable than it really was.
这位耶稣会士走遍了整个国家，并不想把它说得比实际情况更微不足道。
The French colony of St. Domingo was established by pirates and freebooters, who, for a long time, neither required the protection, nor acknowledged the authority of France; and when that race of banditti became so far citizens as to acknowledge this authority, it was for a long time necessary to exercise it with very great gentleness.
法国殖民地圣多明各是由海盗和强盗建立的，他们长期以来既不需要法国的保护，也不承认法国的权威；当强盗种族成为公民并承认这种权威时，在很长一段时间内就必须以非常温和的方式行使它。
During this period, the population and improvement of this colony increased very fast.
在此期间，这个殖民地的人口和进步都增长得非常快。
Even the oppression of the exclusive company, to which it was for some time subjected with all the other colonies of France, though it no doubt retarded, had not been able to stop its progress altogether.
即使是排他性公司的压迫，它与法国所有其他殖民地一样，在一段时间内也受到了压迫，尽管这无疑会阻碍它的发展，但也无法完全阻止它的进步。
The course of its prosperity returned as soon as it was relieved from that oppression.
一旦摆脱了压迫，它就恢复了繁荣的进程。
It is now the most important of the sugar colonies of the West Indies, and its produce is said to be greater than that of all the English sugar colonies put together.
它现在是西印度群岛最重要的糖业殖民地，据说其产量比所有英国糖业殖民地的总和还多。
The other sugar colonies of France are in general all very thriving.
法国的其他糖业殖民地总体上都非常繁荣。
But there are no colonies of which the progress has been more rapid than that of the English in North America.
但没有哪个殖民地的进步比北美的英国人进步得更快。
Plenty of good land, and liberty to manage their own affairs their own way, seem to be the two great causes of the prosperity of all new colonies.
充足的好土地和以自己的方式管理自己事务的自由似乎是所有新殖民地繁荣的两大原因。
In the plenty of good land, the English colonies of North America, though no doubt very abundantly provided, are, however, inferior to those of the Spaniards and Portuguese, and not superior to some of those possessed by the French before the late war.
北美的英国殖民地虽然土地资源丰富，但在土地充足方面，仍逊色于西班牙人和葡萄牙人，也不优于法国人在战前所拥有的一些殖民地。
But the political institutions of the English colonies have been more favourable to the improvement and cultivation of this land, than those of the other three nations.
但英国殖民地的政治制度比其他三个国家的政治制度更有利于这片土地的改良和耕种。
First, The engrossing of uncultivated land, though it has by no means been prevented altogether, has been more restrained in the English colonies than in any other.
首先，对未开垦土地的侵占虽然从未完全被阻止，但在英国殖民地比在其他任何殖民地都受到更多的限制。
The colony law, which imposes upon every proprietor the obligation of improving and cultivating, within a limited time, a certain proportion of his lands, and which, in case of failure, declares those neglected lands grantable to any other person; though it has not perhaps been very strictly executed, has, however, had some effect.
殖民地法规定每个所有者都有义务在有限的时间内改善和耕种其一定比例的土地，如果失败，则宣布这些被忽视的土地可授予任何其他人；虽然可能执行得不是很严格，但是已经产生了一些效果。
Secondly, In Pennsylvania there is no right of primogeniture, and lands, like moveables, are divided equally among all the children of the family.
其次，在宾夕法尼亚州，没有长子继承权，土地和动产一样，由家庭的所有子女平均分配。
In three of the provinces of New England, the oldest has only a double share, as in the Mosaical law.
在新英格兰的三个省份中，最古老的省份只有双份份额，如摩西法中所规定的那样。
Though in those provinces, therefore, too great a quantity of land should sometimes be engrossed by a particular individual, it is likely, in the course of a generation or two, to be sufficiently divided again.
因此，尽管在这些省份，有时过多的土地会被某个人侵占，但在一两代人的时间里，很可能会再次被充分分割。
In the other English colonies, indeed, the right of primogeniture takes place, as in the law of England: But in all the English colonies, the tenure of the lands, which are all held by free soccage, facilitates alienation; and the grantee of an extensive tract of land generally finds it for his interest to alienate, as fast as he can, the greater part of it, reserving only a small quit-rent.
事实上，在其他英国殖民地，也存在长子继承权，正如英国法律所规定的那样：但在所有英国殖民地，土地保有权全部由自由继承而持有，这有利于转让；大片土地的受让人通常会为了自己的利益而尽快让渡大部分土地，只保留一小部分地租。
In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, what is called the right of majorazzo takes place in the succession of all those great estates to which any title of honour is annexed.
在西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地，所谓的大庄园权是指所有附有荣誉称号的大庄园的继承权。
Such estates go all to one person, and are in effect entailed and unalienable.
这些财产全部归一个人所有，实际上是继承且不可转让的。
The French colonies, indeed, are subject to the custom of Paris, which, in the inheritance of land, is much more favourable to the younger children than the law of England.
事实上，法国殖民地受巴黎习俗的约束，在土地继承方面，巴黎的习俗比英国的法律对年幼的孩子更有利。
But, in the French colonies, if any part of an estate, held by the noble tenure of chivalry and homage, is alienated, it is, for a limited time, subject to the right of redemption, either by the heir of the superior, or by the heir of the family; and all the largest estates of the country are held by such noble tenures, which necessarily embarrass alienation.
但是，在法国殖民地，如果由骑士和效忠的贵族保有权所持有的任何一部分财产被转让，则在有限的时间内，有权由上级继承人或家庭继承人赎回；国家所有最大的庄园都由如此高贵的职位持有，这必然会导致疏远。
But, in a new colony, a great uncultivated estate is likely to be much more speedily divided by alienation than by succession.
但是，在一个新的殖民地，一大块未开垦的土地可能会因异化而比因继承而更快地被分割。
The plenty and cheapness of good land, it has already been observed, are the principal causes of the rapid prosperity of new colonies.
人们已经注意到，优质土地的充足和廉价是新殖民地迅速繁荣的主要原因。
The engrossing of land, in effect, destroys this plenty and cheapness.
事实上，土地的侵占破坏了这种丰富性和廉价性。
The engrossing of uncultivated land, besides, is the greatest obstruction to its improvement; but the labour that is employed in the improvement and cultivation of land affords the greatest and most valuable produce to the society.
此外，荒地的侵占也是其改善的最大障碍。但是，用于改良和耕种土地的劳动为社会提供了最丰富、最有价值的产品。
The produce of labour, in this case, pays not only its own wages and the profit of the stock which employs it, but the rent of the land too upon which it is employed.
在这种情况下，劳动产品不仅支付它自己的工资和使用它的资本的利润，而且还支付使用它的土地的地租。
The labour of the English colonies, therefore, being more employed in the improvement and cultivation of land, is likely to afford a greater and more valuable produce than that of any of the other three nations, which, by the engrossing of land, is more or less diverted towards other employments.
因此，英国殖民地的劳动力更多地用于土地的改良和耕种，因此可能比其他三个国家的劳动力提供更多、更有价值的产品，而其他三个国家由于土地的侵占，或多或少地被转移到其他就业领域。
Thirdly, The labour of the English colonists is not only likely to afford a greater and more valuable produce, but, in consequence of the moderation of their taxes, a greater proportion of this produce belongs to themselves, which they may store up and employ in putting into motion a still greater quantity of labour.
第三，英国殖民者的劳动不仅可能提供更多、更有价值的产品，而且由于他们的税收适度，这些产品的更大比例属于他们自己，他们可以储存这些产品并用来推动更多的劳动。
The English colonists have never yet contributed any thing towards the defence of the mother country, or towards the support of its civil government.
英国殖民者尚未为保卫祖国或支持其文官政府做出任何贡献。
They themselves, on the contrary, have hitherto been defended almost entirely at the expense of the mother country; but the expense of fleets and armies is out of all proportion greater than the necessary expense of civil government.
相反，迄今为止，他们自己的保卫几乎完全是以牺牲祖国为代价的。但舰队和陆军的开支远远大于文官政府的必要开支。
The expense of their own civil government has always been very moderate.
他们自己的文官政府的开支一直非常适度。
It has generally been confined to what was necessary for paying competent salaries to the governor, to the judges, and to some other officers of police, and for maintaining a few of the most useful public works.
它通常仅限于向州长、法官和其他一些警察支付适当的工资，以及维持一些最有用的公共工程所必需的费用。
The expense of the civil establishment of Massachusetts Bay, before the commencement of the present disturbances, used to be but about £18;000 a-year; that of New Hampshire and Rhode Island, £3500 each; that of Connecticut, £4000; that of New York and Pennsylvania, £4500 each; that of New Jersey, £1200; that of Virginia and South Carolina, £8000 each.
在当前的骚乱开始之前，马萨诸塞湾的民事设施的费用每年大约只有 18,000 英镑；新罕布什尔州和罗德岛州，各 3500 英镑；康涅狄格州，4000英镑；纽约和宾夕法尼亚州，每人 4500 英镑；新泽西州，1200英镑；弗吉尼亚州和南卡罗来纳州各8000英镑。
The civil establishments of Nova Scotia and Georgia are partly supported by an annual grant of parliament; but Nova Scotia pays, besides, about £7000 a-year towards the public expenses of the colony, and Georgia about £2500 a-year.
新斯科舍省和佐治亚州的民事机构部分由议会每年拨款支持；但新斯科舍省每年为殖民地的公共开支支付约 7000 英镑，乔治亚州每年约 2500 英镑。
All the different civil establishments in North America, in short, exclusive of those of Maryland and North Carolina, of which no exact account has been got, did not, before the commencement of the present disturbances, cost the inhabitants above £64,700 a-year; an ever memorable example, at how small an expense three millions of people may not only be governed but well governed.
简而言之，北美所有不同的民事机构，除了马里兰州和北卡罗来纳州（没有得到确切的统计）之外，在目前的骚乱开始之前，每年给居民造成的损失不超过 64,700 英镑；这是一个永远令人难忘的例子，用多么小的开支不仅可以治理三百万人，而且可以治理得很好。
The most important part of the expense of government, indeed, that of defence and protection, has constantly fallen upon the mother country.
政府开支中最重要的部分，实际上是国防和保护开支，始终落在祖国的身上。
The ceremonial, too, of the civil government in the colonies, upon the reception of a new governor, upon the opening of a new assembly, etc. though sufficiently decent, is not accompanied with any expensive pomp or parade.
殖民地民事政府的仪式，在接待新总督、召开新议会等时，虽然足够体面，但并不伴有任何昂贵的盛况或游行。
Their ecclesiastical government is conducted upon a plan equally frugal.
他们的教会政府也是按照同样节俭的计划进行的。
Tithes are unknown among them; and their clergy, who are far from being numerous, are maintained either by moderate stipends, or by the voluntary contributions of the people.
他们不知道什一税；他们的神职人员数量并不多，要么靠适度的俸禄，要么靠人民的自愿捐款维持生计。
The power of Spain and Portugal, on the contrary, derives some support from the taxes levied upon their colonies.
相反，西班牙和葡萄牙的实力则从向其殖民地征收的税收中获得了一定的支持。
France, indeed, has never drawn any considerable revenue from its colonies, the taxes which it levies upon them being generally spent among them.
事实上，法国从未从其殖民地获得过任何可观的收入，法国向殖民地征收的税款通常都在殖民地之间使用。
But the colony government of all these three nations is conducted upon a much more extensive plan, and is accompanied with a much more expensive ceremonial.
但这三个国家的殖民地政府都是按照更广泛的计划进行的，并且伴随着更昂贵的仪式。
The sums spent upon the reception of a new viceroy of Peru, for example, have frequently been enormous.
例如，接待秘鲁新总督的花费往往是巨大的。
Such ceremonials are not only real taxes paid by the rich colonists upon those particular occasions, but they serve to introduce among them the habit of vanity and expense upon all other occasions.
这些仪式不仅是富有的殖民者在这些特定场合缴纳的实际税款，而且还使他们在所有其他场合养成了虚荣和挥霍的习惯。
They are not only very grievous occasional taxes, but they contribute to establish perpetual taxes, of the same kind, still more grievous; the ruinous taxes of private luxury and extravagance.
它们不仅是非常严重的临时税，而且有助于建立同类的、甚至更严重的永久性税。私人奢侈和铺张浪费的毁灭性税收。
In the colonies of all those three nations, too, the ecclesiastical government is extremely oppressive.
在所有这三个国家的殖民地中，教会政府也实行极端的压迫。
Tithes take place in all of them, and are levied with the utmost rigour in those of Spain and Portugal.
所有这些国家都缴纳什一税，西班牙和葡萄牙的征税最为严格。
All of them, besides, are oppressed with a numerous race of mendicant friars, whose beggary being not only licensed but consecrated by religion, is a most grievous tax upon the poor people, who are most carefully taught that it is a duty to give, and a very great sin to refuse them their charity.
此外，他们所有人都受到众多托钵僧的压迫，他们的乞讨不仅得到了宗教的许可，而且得到了宗教的神圣化，这对穷人来说是一种最严重的负担，他们被最仔细地教导说，施舍是一种义务，拒绝向他们施舍是一种极大的罪恶。
Over and above all this, the clergy are, in all of them, the greatest engrossers of land.
除此之外，在所有这些人中，神职人员是最大的土地掠夺者。
Fourthly, In the disposal of their surplus produce, or of what is over and above their own consumption, the English colonies have been more favoured, and have been allowed a more extensive market, than those of any other European nation.
第四，在处理剩余产品或超出其自身消费的产品时，英国殖民地比任何其他欧洲国家都受到更多优惠，并被允许拥有更广阔的市场。
Every European nation has endeavoured, more or less, to monopolize to itself the commerce of its colonies, and, upon that account, has prohibited the ships of foreign nations from trading to them, and has prohibited them from importing European goods from any foreign nation.
每个欧洲国家都或多或少地努力垄断其殖民地的商业，并因此禁止外国船只与它们进行贸易，并禁止它们从任何外国进口欧洲货物。
But the manner in which this monopoly has been exercised in different nations, has been very different.
但不同国家行使这种垄断的方式却截然不同。
Some nations have given up the whole commerce of their colonies to an exclusive company, of whom the colonists were obliged to buy all such European goods as they wanted, and to whom they were obliged to sell the whole of their surplus produce.
一些国家将其殖民地的全部商业交给了一家排他性公司，殖民者有义务购买他们想要的所有欧洲商品，并且有义务向该公司出售全部剩余产品。
It was the interest of the company, therefore, not only to sell the former as dear, and to buy the latter as cheap as possible, but to buy no more of the latter, even at this low price, than what they could dispose of for a very high price in Europe.
因此，公司的利益不仅是要以高价出售前者，并尽可能便宜地购买后者，而且即使以如此低的价格购买后者，也不要多于他们在欧洲可以以非常高的价格出售的东西。
It was their interest not only to degrade in all cases the value of the surplus produce of the colony, but in many cases to discourage and keep down the natural increase of its quantity.
他们的利益不仅是在所有情况下降低殖民地剩余产品的价值，而且在许多情况下阻止和抑制其数量的自然增长。
Of all the expedients that can well be contrived to stunt the natural growth of a new colony, that of an exclusive company is undoubtedly the most effectual.
在所有可以用来阻碍新殖民地自然发展的权宜之计中，一家排他性公司的权宜之计无疑是最有效的。
This, however, has been the policy of Holland, though their company, in the course of the present century, has given up in many respects the exertion of their exclusive privilege.
然而，这一直是荷兰的政策，尽管他们的公司在本世纪中已经在许多方面放弃了其专有特权的行使。
This, too, was the policy of Denmark, till the reign of the late king.
这也是丹麦的政策，直到已故国王统治为止。
It has occasionally been the policy of France; and of late, since 1755, after it had been abandoned by all other nations on account of its absurdity, it has become the policy of Portugal, with regard at least to two of the principal provinces of Brazil, Pernambucco, and Marannon.
法国有时也会采取这样的政策。最近，自 1755 年以来，在它因荒谬而被所有其他国家放弃后，它已成为葡萄牙的政策，至少针对巴西两个主要省份：伯南布科和马兰农。
Other nations, without establishing an exclusive company, have confined the whole commerce of their colonies to a particular port of the mother country, from whence no ship was allowed to sail, but either in a fleet and at a particular season, or, if single, in consequence of a particular license, which in most cases was very well paid for.
其他国家没有建立专属公司，而是将其殖民地的整个商业活动限制在母国的某个特定港口，任何船只都不允许从该港口起航，除非是在一个船队中、在特定季节，或者如果是单船，则需要获得特定许可证，而在大多数情况下，这种许可证的报酬很高。
This policy opened, indeed, the trade of the colonies to all the natives of the mother country, provided they traded from the proper port, at the proper season, and in the proper vessels.
事实上，这项政策向母国的所有原住民开放了殖民地贸易，只要他们在适当的港口、在适当的季节、使用适当的船只进行贸易。
But as all the different merchants, who joined their stocks in order to fit out those licensed vessels, would find it for their interest to act in concert, the trade which was carried on in this manner would necessarily be conducted very nearly upon the same principles as that of an exclusive company.
但是，由于所有不同的商人，为了装备那些获得许可的船只而加入他们的股票，都会发现为了他们的利益而一致行动，以这种方式进行的贸易必然会按照与独家公司几乎相同的原则进行。
The profit of those merchants would be almost equally exorbitant and oppressive.
这些商人的利润几乎同样过高和令人难以承受。
The colonies would be ill supplied, and would be obliged both to buy very dear, and to sell very cheap.
殖民地将供应不足，并且被迫以非常高的价格购买，并以非常便宜的价格出售。
This, however, till within these few years, had always been the policy of Spain; and the price of all European goods, accordingly, is said to have been enormous in the Spanish West Indies.
然而，直到最近几年，这一直是西班牙的政策。因此，据说所有欧洲商品在西属西印度群岛的价格都很高。
At Quito, we are told by Ulloa, a pound of iron sold for about 4s:6d., and a pound of steel for about 6s:9d.
乌略亚告诉我们，在基多，一磅铁的售价约为 4 比 6 日，一磅钢的售价约为 6 比 9 日。
sterling.
英镑。
But it is chiefly in order to purchase European goods that the colonies part with their own produce.
但殖民地放弃自己的产品主要是为了购买欧洲商品。
The more, therefore, they pay for the one, the less they really get for the other, and the dearness of the one is the same thing with the cheapness of the other.
因此，他们为一种商品支付的费用越多，为另一种商品实际得到的就越少，而一种商品的昂贵与另一种商品的廉价是一回事。
The policy of Portugal is, in this respect, the same as the ancient policy of Spain, with regard to all its colonies, except Pernambucco and Marannon; and with regard to these it has lately adopted a still worse.
在这方面，葡萄牙对其所有殖民地（伯南布科和马兰农除外）的政策与西班牙古代政策相同。对于这些，它最近采取了更糟糕的做法。
Other nations leave the trade of their colonies free to all their subjects, who may carry it on from all the different ports of the mother country, and who have occasion for no other license than the common despatches of the custom-house.
其他国家将其殖民地的贸易自由开放给所有臣民，他们可以从母国的所有不同港口进行贸易，除了海关的共同发货之外，他们不需要其他许可证。
In this case the number and dispersed situation of the different traders renders it impossible for them to enter into any general combination, and their competition is sufficient to hinder them from making very exorbitant profits.
在这种情况下，不同交易者的数量和分散状况使得他们不可能进行任何总体联合，他们之间的竞争足以阻碍他们赚取过高的利润。
Under so liberal a policy, the colonies are enabled both to sell their own produce, and to buy the goods of Europe at a reasonable price; but since the dissolution of the Plymouth company, when our colonies were but in their infancy, this has always been the policy of England.
在如此宽松的政策下，殖民地既可以出售自己的产品，又可以以合理的价格购买欧洲的商品；但自从普利茅斯公司解散以来，当我们的殖民地还处于起步阶段时，这一直是英国的政策。
It has generally, too, been that of France, and has been uniformly so since the dissolution of what in England is commonly called their Mississippi company.
法国的情况也普遍如此，自从英国通常称为密西西比公司的公司解散以来，情况一直如此。
The profits of the trade, therefore, which France and England carry on with their colonies, though no doubt somewhat higher than if the competition were free to all other nations, are, however, by no means exorbitant; and the price of European goods, accordingly, is not extravagantly high in the greater past of the colonies of either of those nations.
因此，法国和英国与其殖民地进行贸易的利润，虽然无疑比所有其他国家自由竞争的情况要高一些，但绝不是过高的。因此，在这两个国家的殖民地的更伟大的过去，欧洲商品的价格并不算高得离谱。
In the exportation of their own surplus produce, too, it is only with regard to certain commodities that the colonies of Great Britain are confined to the market of the mother country.
在出口自己的剩余产品时，大不列颠的殖民地也只是将某些商品限制在母国的市场上。
These commodities having been enumerated in the act of navigation, and in some other subsequent acts, have upon that account been called enumerated commodities.
这些商品已在航行行为和其他一些后续行为中被列举，因此被称为列举商品。
The rest are called non-enumerated, and may be exported directly to other countries, provided it is in British or plantation ships, of which the owners and three fourths of the mariners are British subjects.
其余的称为非列举的，可以直接出口到其他国家，前提是是在英国或种植园船上，这些船的船主和四分之三的水手都是英国臣民。
Among the non-enumerated commodities are some of the most important productions of America and the West Indies, grain of all sorts, lumber, salt provisions, fish, sugar, and rum.
未列举的商品包括美洲和西印度群岛的一些最重要的产品、各种谷物、木材、盐供应、鱼、糖和朗姆酒。
Grain is naturally the first and principal object of the culture of all new colonies.
谷物自然是所有新殖民地文化的首要和主要对象。
By allowing them a very extensive market for it, the law encourages them to extend this culture much beyond the consumption of a thinly inhabited country, and thus to provide beforehand an ample subsistence for a continually increasing population.
通过为他们提供非常广泛的市场，法律鼓励他们将这种文化扩展到人口稀少的国家的消费之外，从而为不断增长的人口提前提供充足的生活保障。
In a country quite covered with wood, where timber consequently is of little or no value, the expense of clearing the ground is the principal obstacle to improvement.
在一个充满木材的国家，木材几乎没有价值或没有价值，清理地面的费用是改善的主要障碍。
By allowing the colonies a very extensive market for their lumber, the law endeavours to facilitate improvement by raising the price of a commodity which would otherwise be of little value, and thereby enabling them to make some profit of what would otherwise be mere expense.
通过允许殖民地有一个非常广泛的木材市场，该法律试图通过提高本来价值不大的商品的价格来促进改进，从而使他们能够从原本只是开支的商品中赚取一些利润。
In a country neither half peopled nor half cultivated, cattle naturally multiply beyond the consumption of the inhabitants, and are often, upon that account, of little or no value.
在一个既非半人口又非半耕种的国家，牲畜自然会繁殖超出居民的消费，因此往往没有什么价值或没有价值。
But it is necessary, it has already been shown, that the price of cattle should bear a certain proportion to that of corn, before the greater part of the lands of any country can be improved.
但事实已经表明，在任何国家的大部分土地得以改良之前，牲畜的价格必须与玉米的价格保持一定的比例。
By allowing to American cattle, in all shapes, dead and alive, a very extensive market, the law endeavours to raise the value of a commodity, of which the high price is so very essential to improvement.
通过允许各种形状的美国牛（不管是死的还是活的）有一个非常广阔的市场，该法律努力提高商品的价值，而高价格对于改善商品来说是非常必要的。
The good effects of this liberty, however, must be somewhat diminished by the 4th of Geo.
然而，这种自由的良好效果一定会被地球第四宫所削弱。
III.
三．
c.
c.
15, which puts hides and skins among the enumerated commodities, and thereby tends to reduce the value of American cattle.
15，它将生皮和毛皮列入所列举的商品中，从而往往会降低美国牛的价值。
To increase the shipping and naval power of Great Britain by the extension of the fisheries of our colonies, is an object which the legislature seems to have had almost constantly in view.
通过扩大我们殖民地的渔业来增强英国的航运和海军力量，是立法机关几乎一直关注的目标。
Those fisheries, upon this account, have had all the encouragement which freedom can give them, and they have flourished accordingly.
因此，这些渔业得到了自由所能给予的一切鼓励，并相应地蓬勃发展。
The New England fishery, in particular, was, before the late disturbances, one of the most important, perhaps, in the world.
尤其是新英格兰渔业，在最近的骚乱之前，也许是世界上最重要的渔业之一。
The whale fishery which, notwithstanding an extravagant bounty, is in Great Britain carried on to so little purpose, that in the opinion of many people ( which I do not, however, pretend to warrant), the whole produce does not much exceed the value of the bounties which are annually paid for it, is in New England carried on, without any bounty, to a very great extent.
尽管有大量的赏金，在英国进行的鲸鱼捕捞活动却没有什么目的，以至于在许多人看来（不过，我并不假装证明这一点），全部产品并没有超出每年为其支付的赏金的价值，而在新英格兰，在没有任何赏金的情况下，在很大程度上进行了鲸鱼捕捞。
Fish is one of the principal articles with which the North Americans trade to Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean.
鱼是北美与西班牙、葡萄牙和地中海进行贸易的主要商品之一。
Sugar was originally an enumerated commodity, which could only be exported to Great Britain; but in 1751, upon a representation of the sugar-planters, its exportation was permitted to all parts of the world.
糖原本是一种列举商品，只能出口到英国；但在 1751 年，在糖种植者的代表下，允许将其出口到世界各地。
The restrictions, however, with which this liberty was granted, joined to the high price of sugar in Great Britain, have rendered it in a great measure ineffectual.
然而，赋予这种自由的限制，再加上英国高糖价格，使其在很大程度上变得无效。
Great Britain and her colonies still continue to be almost the sole market for all sugar produced in the British plantations.
英国及其殖民地仍然几乎是英国种植园生产的所有糖的唯一市场。
Their consumption increases so fast, that, though in consequence of the increasing improvement of Jamaica, as well as of the ceded islands, the importation of sugar has increased very greatly within these twenty years, the exportation to foreign countries is said to be not much greater than before.
他们的消费增长如此之快，以至于尽管由于牙买加以及割让岛屿的日益改善，糖的进口在这二十年里大幅增加，但据说对外国的出口并不比以前多多少。
Rum is a very important article in the trade which the Americans carry on to the coast of Africa, from which they bring back negro slaves in return.
朗姆酒是美国人带到非洲海岸的贸易中非常重要的物品，他们从那里带回黑人奴隶作为回报。
If the whole surplus produce of America, in grain of all sorts, in salt provisions, and in fish, had been put into the enumeration, and thereby forced into the market of Great Britain, it would have interfered too much with the produce of the industry of our own people.
如果美国的全部剩余产品，包括各种谷物、盐类食品和鱼类，都被纳入统计范围，从而被迫进入英国市场，那就会对我们自己人民的工业产品造成太多干扰。
It was probably not so much from any regard to the interest of America, as from a jealousy of this interference, that those important commodities have not only been kept out of the enumeration, but that the importation into Great Britain of all grain, except rice, and of all salt provisions, has, in the ordinary state of the law, been prohibited.
与其说是出于对美国利益的考虑，不如说是出于对这种干涉的嫉妒，这些重要商品不仅没有被列入统计范围，而且在正常的法律状态下，禁止向英国进口除大米之外的所有谷物和所有盐供应品。
The non-enumerated commodities could originally be exported to all parts of the world.
未列举的商品原本可以出口到世界各地。
Lumber and rice having been once put into the enumeration, when they were afterwards taken out of it, were confined, as to the European market, to the countries that lie south of Cape Finisterre.
木材和大米曾经被纳入统计范围，后来又从统计范围中取出，就欧洲市场而言，仅限于位于菲尼斯特雷角以南的国家。
By the 6th of George III.
乔治三世六世。
c.
c.
52, all non-enumerated commodities were subjected to the like restriction.
52、所有未列举的商品均受到类似限制。
The parts of Europe which lie south of Cape Finisterre are not manufacturing countries, and we are less jealous of the colony ships carrying home from them any manufactures which could interfere with our own.
位于菲尼斯特雷角以南的欧洲部分地区不是制造业国家，我们不太嫉妒那些从那里运回任何可能干扰我们自己的制造业的殖民船只。
The enumerated commodities are of two sorts; first, such as are either the peculiar produce of America, or as cannot be produced, or at least are not produced in the mother country.
列举的商品有两类：首先，要么是美国特有的产品，要么是母国无法生产的产品，或者至少是母国不生产的产品。
Of this kind are molasses, coffee, cocoa-nuts, tobacco, pimento, ginger, whalefins, raw silk, cotton, wool, beaver, and other peltry of America, indigo, fustick, and other dyeing woods; secondly, such as are not the peculiar produce of America, but which are, and may be produced in the mother country, though not in such quantities as to supply the greater part of her demand, which is principally supplied from foreign countries.
其中包括糖蜜、咖啡、可可果、烟草、多椒、生姜、鲸鱼、生丝、棉花、羊毛、海狸和其他美洲毛皮，靛蓝、福斯蒂克和其他染色木材；其次，那些不是美国特有的产品，而是在母国生产的，也可能是在母国生产的，尽管其数量不足以满足母国的大部分需求，而母国的需求主要由外国供应。
Of this kind are all naval stores, masts, yards, and bowsprits, tar, pitch, and turpentine, pig and bar iron, copper ore, hides and skins, pot and pearl ashes.
此类物品包括所有海军物资、桅杆、帆桁、船首斜桅、焦油、沥青、松节油、生铁和条铁、铜矿、兽皮、锅灰和珍珠灰。
The largest importation of commodities of the first kind could not discourage the growth, or interfere with the sale, of any part of the produce of the mother country.
第一类商品的最大进口量不会阻碍母国任何产品的增长或干扰其销售。
By confining them to the home market, our merchants, it was expected, would not only be enabled to buy them cheaper in the plantations, and consequently to sell them with a better profit at home, but to establish between the plantations and foreign countries an advantageous carrying trade, of which Great Britain was necessarily to be the centre or emporium, as the European country into which those commodities were first to be imported.
通过将它们限制在国内市场，我们的商人不仅可以在种植园以更便宜的价格购买它们，从而在国内以更高的利润出售它们，而且可以在种植园和外国之间建立有利的转口贸易，其中英国必然成为其中的中心或商场，因为英国是这些商品首先进口到的欧洲国家。
The importation of commodities of the second kind might be so managed too, it was supposed, as to interfere, not with the sale of those of the same kind which were produced at home, but with that of those which were imported from foreign countries; because, by means of proper duties, they might be rendered always somewhat dearer than the former, and yet a good deal cheaper than the latter.
人们认为，第二种商品的进口也可以这样管理，即不干扰国内生产的同类商品的销售，而是干扰从外国进口的商品的销售；因为，通过适当的义务，它们可能总是比前者贵一些，但又比后者便宜很多。
By confining such commodities to the home market, therefore, it was proposed to discourage the produce, not of Great Britain, but of some foreign countries with which the balance of trade was believed to be unfavourable to Great Britain.
因此，通过将这些商品限制在国内市场，建议不是抑制英国的产品，而是抑制某些外国的产品，因为这些国家的贸易平衡被认为对英国不利。
The prohibition of exporting from the colonies to any other country but Great Britain, masts, yards, and bowsprits, tar, pitch, and turpentine, naturally tended to lower the price of timber in the colonies, and consequently to increase the expense of clearing their lands, the principal obstacle to their improvement.
禁止从殖民地向除英国以外的任何其他国家出口桅杆、帆桁、船首斜桅、焦油、沥青和松节油，自然会降低殖民地木材的价格，从而增加清理土地的费用，这是改善殖民地的主要障碍。
But about the beginning of the present century, in 1703, the pitch and tar company of Sweden endeavoured to raise the price of their commodities to Great Britain, by prohibiting their exportation, except in their own ships, at their own price, and in such quantities as they thought proper.
但大约在本世纪初，即 1703 年，瑞典的沥青和焦油公司试图提高其商品对英国的价格，禁止其出口，除非通过他们自己的船，以他们自己的价格和他们认为适当的数量。
In order to counteract this notable piece of mercantile policy, and to render herself as much as possible independent, not only of Sweden, but of all the other northern powers, Great Britain gave a bounty upon the importation of naval stores from America; and the effect of this bounty was to raise the price of timber in America much more than the confinement to the home market could lower it; and as both regulations were enacted at the same time, their joint effect was rather to encourage than to discourage the clearing of land in America.
为了抵制这一值得注意的重商政策，并尽可能地使自己不仅独立于瑞典，而且独立于所有其他北方列强，英国对从美国进口海军物资给予了奖励；这种慷慨的影响是使美国木材价格上涨，其幅度远远超过限制国内市场所能降低的幅度。由于这两项法规是同时颁布的，它们的共同作用是鼓励而不是阻止美国的土地清理。
Though pig and bar iron, too, have been put among the enumerated commodities, yet as, when imported from America, they are exempted from considerable duties to which they are subject when imported front any other country, the one part of the regulation contributes more to encourage the erection of furnaces in America than the other to discourage it.
尽管生铁和铁条也被列入列举的商品中，但由于从美国进口时，它们可以免除从其他国家进口时应缴纳的相当大的关税，因此该法规的一部分更多地鼓励在美国建立熔炉，而不是阻止它。
There is no manufacture which occasions so great a consumption of wood as a furnace, or which can contribute so much to the clearing of a country overgrown with it.
没有任何一种制造业能像熔炉那样消耗如此多的木材，也没有任何一种制造业能像火炉那样对清理一个木材泛滥的国家做出如此大的贡献。
The tendency of some of these regulations to raise the value of timber in America, and thereby to facilitate the clearing of the land, was neither, perhaps, intended nor understood by the legislature.
其中一些法规旨在提高美国木材的价值，从而促进土地清理，但立法机关可能既没有意图也没有理解这些规定。
Though their beneficial effects, however, have been in this respect accidental, they have not upon that account been less real.
然而，尽管它们的有益效果在这方面是偶然的，但它们并没有因此而变得不那么真实。
The most perfect freedom of trade is permitted between the British colonies of America and the West Indies, both in the enumerated and in the non-enumerated commodities Those colonies are now become so populous and thriving, that each of them finds in some of the others a great and extensive market for every part of its produce.
英属美洲殖民地和西印度群岛之间在可列举的和不可列举的商品方面都允许最完美的贸易自由。这些殖民地现在人口众多、繁荣昌盛，以至于每个殖民地都在其他一些殖民地找到了其产品的各个部分的巨大而广泛的市场。
All of them taken together, they make a great internal market for the produce of one another.
所有这些加在一起，为彼此的产品创造了一个巨大的内部市场。
The liberality of England, however, towards the trade of her colonies, has been confined chiefly to what concerns the market for their produce, either in its rude state, or in what may be called the very first stage of manufacture.
然而，英国对其殖民地贸易的慷慨主要局限于其产品的市场，无论是在其原始状态，还是在所谓的制造的第一阶段。
The more advanced or more refined manufactures, even of the colony produce, the merchants and manufacturers of Great Britain chuse to reserve to themselves, and have prevailed upon the legislature to prevent their establishment in the colonies, sometimes by high duties, and sometimes by absolute prohibitions.
更先进或更精致的制造品，甚至是殖民地产品，英国的商人和制造商选择保留给自己，并说服立法机关阻止它们在殖民地建立，有时通过高关税，有时通过绝对禁令。
While, for example, Muscovado sugars from the British plantations pay, upon importation, only 6s:4d.
例如，来自英国种植园的黑糖在进口时只需 6 比索：4 比索。
the hundred weight, white sugars pay £1:1:1; and refined, either double or single, in loaves, £4:2:5 ⁸⁄₂₀ths.
每百重量，白糖支付 1:1:1 英镑；精制而成的面包，无论是双层还是单层，售价为 4:2:5 ⁸⁄2₀ths。
When those high duties were imposed, Great Britain was the sole, and she still continues to be, the principal market, to which the sugars of the British colonies could be exported.
当征收这些高关税时，英国是并且仍然是英国殖民地的糖可以出口的唯一主要市场。
They amounted, therefore, to a prohibition, at first of claying or refining sugar for any foreign market, and at present of claying or refining it for the market which takes off, perhaps, more than nine-tenths of the whole produce.
因此，它们首先禁止为任何外国市场粘土或精炼糖，而现在则禁止为可能占全部产品十分之九以上的市场粘土或精炼糖。
The manufacture of claying or refining sugar, accordingly, though it has flourished in all the sugar colonies of France, has been little cultivated in any of those of England, except for the market of the colonies themselves.
因此，尽管粘土或精制糖的制造在法国所有的糖殖民地都很繁荣，但在英国的任何一个糖殖民地，除了殖民地本身的市场外，却很少有人种植。
While Grenada was in the hands of the French, there was a refinery of sugar, by claying, at least upon almost every plantation.
当格林纳达落入法国人手中时，至少几乎每个种植园都有一家用粘土炼制糖的工厂。
Since it fell into those of the English, almost all works of this kind have been given up; and there are at present (October 1773), I am assured, not above two or three remaining in the island.
由于它属于英国人的作品，几乎所有此类作品都被放弃了。我确信，目前（1773 年 10 月）岛上只剩下不超过两三个人。
At present, however, by an indulgence of the custom-house, clayed or refined sugar, if reduced from loaves into powder, is commonly imported as Muscovado.
然而，目前，由于海关的放纵，粘土糖或精制糖如果从面包磨成粉末，通常会以 Muscovado 的形式进口。
While Great Britain encourages in America the manufacturing of pig and bar iron, by exempting them from duties to which the like commodities are subject when imported from any other country, she imposes an absolute prohibition upon the erection of steel furnaces and slit-mills in any of her American plantations.
虽然英国鼓励美国生产生铁和铁条，并免除从任何其他国家进口同类商品时应缴纳的关税，但她却绝对禁止在其美国任何种植园中建造炼钢炉和切钢厂。
She will not suffer her colonies to work in those more refined manufactures, even for their own consumption; but insists upon their purchasing of her merchants and manufacturers all goods of this kind which they have occasion for.
她不会允许她的殖民地在那些更精致的制造业中工作，即使是为了他们自己的消费；但坚持要求他们向她的商人和制造商购买他们有机会需要的所有此类商品。
She prohibits the exportation from one province to another by water, and even the carriage by land upon horseback, or in a cart, of hats, of wools, and woollen goods, of the produce of America; a regulation which effectually prevents the establishment of any manufacture of such commodities for distant sale, and confines the industry of her colonists in this way to such coarse and household manufactures as a private family commonly makes for its own use, or for that of some of its neighbours in the same province.
她禁止通过水路从一个省份向另一省份出口美国产品，甚至禁止骑马或用马车陆路运输帽子、羊毛和羊毛制品；这项规定有效地阻止了任何此类用于远距离销售的商品的制造，并以这种方式将其殖民者的工业限制在私人家庭通常为自己或同一省的一些邻居制造的粗糙和家庭制造品上。
To prohibit a great people, however, from making all that they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.
然而，禁止一个伟大的民族尽其所能地利用自己的产品的每一部分，或者以他们认为对自己最有利的方式使用他们的股票和工业，是对人类最神圣权利的明显侵犯。
Unjust, however, as such prohibitions may be, they have not hitherto been very hurtful to the colonies.
然而，尽管这些禁令可能是不公正的，但迄今为止它们还没有对殖民地造成太大伤害。
Land is still so cheap, and, consequently, labour so dear among them, that they can import from the mother country almost all the more refined or more advanced manufactures cheaper than they could make them for themselves.
土地仍然如此便宜，因此，他们的劳动力如此昂贵，以至于他们可以从母国进口几乎所有比他们自己制造更精致或更先进的制成品。
Though they had not, therefore, been prohibited from establishing such manufactures, yet, in their present state of improvement, a regard to their own interest would probably have prevented them from doing so.
因此，虽然他们并没有被禁止建立此类制造商，但是，在他们目前的改进状态下，考虑到他们自己的利益可能会阻止他们这样做。
In their present state of improvement, those prohibitions, perhaps, without cramping their industry, or restraining it from any employment to which it would have gone of its own accord, are only impertinent badges of slavery imposed upon them, without any sufficient reason, by the groundless jealousy of the merchants and manufacturers of the mother country.
在他们目前的进步状态下，这些禁令也许并没有限制他们的工业，也没有限制他们本应从事的任何工作，只是祖国商人和制造商毫无根据的嫉妒强加给他们的无礼的奴隶制标志，没有任何充分的理由。
In a more advanced state, they might be really oppressive and insupportable.
在更高级的状态下，它们可能真的令人感到压抑和难以忍受。
Great Britain, too, as she confines to her own market some of the most important productions of the colonies, so, in compensation, she gives to some of them an advantage in that market, sometimes by imposing higher duties upon the like productions when imported from other countries, and sometimes by giving bounties upon their importation from the colonies.
英国也是如此，因为她将殖民地一些最重要的产品限制在自己的市场上，所以，作为补偿，她在该市场上给予其中一些产品优势，有时对从其他国家进口的同类产品征收更高的关税，有时对从殖民地进口的同类产品给予奖励。
In the first way, she gives an advantage in the home market to the sugar, tobacco, and iron of her own colonies; and, in the second, to their raw silk, to their hemp and flax, to their indigo, to their naval stores, and to their building timber.
第一种方式，她让自己殖民地的糖、烟草和铁在国内市场上占据优势；第二，他们的生丝、大麻和亚麻、靛蓝、海军物资和建筑木材。
This second way of encouraging the colony produce, by bounties upon importation, is, so far as I have been able to learn, peculiar to Great Britain: the first is not.
据我所知，通过进口奖励来鼓励殖民地产品的第二种方式是英国特有的：第一种方式不是。
Portugal does not content herself with imposing higher duties upon the importation of tobacco from any other country, but prohibits it under the severest penalties.
葡萄牙并不满足于对从任何其他国家进口烟草征收更高的关税，而是以最严厉的处罚加以禁止。
With regard to the importation of goods from Europe, England has likewise dealt more liberally with her colonies than any other nation.
在从欧洲进口货物方面，英国同样比其他任何国家都更自由地对待其殖民地。
Great Britain allows a part, almost always the half, generally a larger portion, and sometimes the whole, of the duty which is paid upon the importation of foreign goods, to be drawn back upon their exportation to any foreign country.
英国允许在外国货物出口到任何外国时退还进口外国货物时缴纳的部分关税，几乎总是一半，通常是较大部分，有时甚至是全部。
No independent foreign country, it was easy to foresee, would receive them, if they came to it loaded with the heavy duties to which almost all foreign goods are subjected on their importation into Great Britain.
很容易预见到，如果他们带着几乎所有外国商品进口到英国时都要缴纳的重税来到英国，那么任何一个独立的外国国家都不会接受他们。
Unless, therefore, some part of those duties was drawn back upon exportation, there was an end of the carrying trade; a trade so much favoured by the mercantile system.
因此，除非出口时取消部分关税，否则转口贸易就会终止；商业体系如此青睐的贸易。
Our colonies, however, are by no means independent foreign countries; and Great Britain having assumed to herself the exclusive right of supplying them with all goods from Europe, might have forced them (in the same manner as other countries have done their colonies) to receive such goods loaded with all the same duties which they paid in the mother country.
然而，我们的殖民地绝不是独立的外国；英国拥有向他们提供来自欧洲的所有商品的专有权，可能会强迫他们（就像其他国家对待其殖民地的方式一样）接受这些商品，并承担与他们在母国支付的所有相同的关税。
But, on the contrary, till 1763, the same drawbacks were paid upon the exportation of the greater part of foreign goods to our colonies, as to any independent foreign country.
但恰恰相反，直到 1763 年，向我们的殖民地出口大部分外国货物时，与向任何独立的外国出口一样，都要缴纳同样的关税。
In 1763, indeed, by the 4th of Geo.
事实上，到了 1763 年，吉奥四号。
III.
三．
c.
c.
15, this indulgence was a good deal abated, and it was enacted, “That no part of the duty called the old subsidy should be drawn back for any goods of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe or the East Indies, which should be exported from this kingdom to any British colony or plantation in America; wines, white calicoes, and muslins, excepted.” Before this law, many different sorts of foreign goods might have been bought cheaper in the plantations than in the mother country, and some may still.
15 号法令中，这种宽恕大大减少，并颁布了“对于欧洲或东印度群岛的任何生长、生产或制造的商品，如果这些商品应从该王国出口到美洲的任何英国殖民地或种植园，则不得取消任何称为旧补贴的关税；葡萄酒、白棉布和平纹细布除外。”在这项法律出台之前，许多不同种类的外国商品在种植园购买的价格可能比在母国便宜，有些可能仍然如此。
Of the greater part of the regulations concerning the colony trade, the merchants who carry it on, it must be observed, have been the principal advisers.
必须指出的是，在有关殖民地贸易的大部分法规中，进行这种贸易的商人一直是主要顾问。
We must not wonder, therefore, if, in a great part of them, their interest has been more considered than either that of the colonies or that of the mother country.
因此，我们不必怀疑，在他们中的很大一部分人中，他们的利益是否比殖民地或母国的利益得到了更多的考虑。
In their exclusive privilege of supplying the colonies with all the goods which they wanted from Europe, and of purchasing all such parts of their surplus produce as could not interfere with any of the trades which they themselves carried on at home, the interest of the colonies was sacrificed to the interest of those merchants.
他们拥有向殖民地提供他们想要从欧洲获得的所有商品的专有特权，以及购买所有这些剩余产品的特权，而这些部分不会干扰他们自己在国内进行的任何贸易，因此，为了这些商人的利益，殖民地的利益被牺牲了。
In allowing the same drawbacks upon the re-exportation of the greater part of European and East India goods to the colonies, as upon their re-exportation to any independent country, the interest of the mother country was sacrificed to it, even according to the mercantile ideas of that interest.
在允许将大部分欧洲和东印度货物再出口到殖民地时，与再出口到任何独立国家时一样，存在同样的缺点，因此牺牲了母国的利益，即使是根据该利益的重商理念。
It was for the interest of the merchants to pay as little as possible for the foreign goods which they sent to the colonies, and, consequently, to get back as much as possible of the duties which they advanced upon their importation into Great Britain.
为了商人的利益，他们为运送到殖民地的外国货物支付尽可能少的费用，从而尽可能多地收回他们在进口到英国时预付的关税。
They might thereby be enabled to sell in the colonies, either the same quantity of goods with a greater profit, or a greater quantity with the same profit, and, consequently, to gain something either in the one way or the other.
因此，他们可能能够在殖民地出售相同数量的商品并获得更大的利润，或者以相同的利润出售更多的商品，从而以一种或另一种方式获得某种东西。
It was likewise for the interest of the colonies to get all such goods as cheap, and in as great abundance as possible.
同样，为了殖民地的利益，尽可能便宜、尽可能多地获得所有这些商品。
But this might not always be for the interest of the mother country.
但这可能并不总是符合祖国的利益。
She might frequently suffer, both in her revenue, by giving back a great part of the duties which had been paid upon the importation of such goods; and in her manufactures, by being undersold in the colony market, in consequence of the easy terms upon which foreign manufactures could be carried thither by means of those drawbacks.
由于退还进口此类货物时已缴纳的大部分关税，她可能会经常遭受收入损失。在她的制造品中，由于这些缺点，外国制造品可以以宽松的条件运往殖民地市场，因此在殖民地市场上销售不足。
The progress of the linen manufacture of Great Britain, it is commonly said, has been a good deal retarded by the drawbacks upon the re-exportation of German linen to the American colonies.
人们普遍认为，英国亚麻制造的进步由于德国亚麻再出口到美洲殖民地的缺陷而受到很大阻碍。
But though the policy of Great Britain, with regard to the trade of her colonies, has been dictated by the same mercantile spirit as that of other nations, it has, however, upon the whole, been less illiberal and oppressive than that of any of them.
尽管英国对其殖民地的贸易政策与其他国家一样是受重商精神支配的，但总体而言，英国的政策并不像其他国家那样不自由和压迫性。
In every thing except their foreign trade, the liberty of the English colonists to manage their own affairs their own way, is complete.
除了对外贸易之外，英国殖民者在所有事情上都享有完全的自由，可以按照自己的方式管理自己的事务。
It is in every respect equal to that of their fellow-citizens at home, and is secured in the same manner, by an assembly of the representatives of the people, who claim the sole right of imposing taxes for the support of the colony government.
它在各方面都与本国同胞平等，并以同样的方式得到人民代表大会的保障，人民代表声称拥有征税以支持殖民地政府的唯一权利。
The authority of this assembly overawes the executive power; and neither the meanest nor the most obnoxious colonist, as long as he obeys the law, has any thing to fear from the resentment, either of the governor, or of any other civil or military officer in the province.
这个议会的权威压倒了行政权；无论是最卑鄙还是最令人讨厌的殖民者，只要遵守法律，就不必担心会引起总督或该省任何其他文职或军事官员的不满。
The colony assemblies, though, like the house of commons in England, they are not always a very equal representation of the people, yet they approach more nearly to that character; and as the executive power either has not the means to corrupt them, or, on account of the support which it receives from the mother country, is not under the necessity of doing so, they are, perhaps, in general more influenced by the inclinations of their constituents.
然而，殖民地议会就像英国下议院一样，它们并不总是代表人民的平等代表，但它们更接近这一特征；由于行政权力要么没有能力腐蚀他们，要么由于它得到母国的支持，没有必要这样做，所以他们也许一般更容易受到选民倾向的影响。
The councils, which, in the colony legislatures, correspond to the house of lords in Great Britain, are not composed of a hereditary nobility.
殖民地立法机构中的议会相当于英国的上议院，但并非由世袭贵族组成。
In some of the colonies, as in three of the governments of New England, those councils are not appointed by the king, but chosen by the representatives of the people.
在一些殖民地，如新英格兰的三个政府，这些委员会不是由国王任命的，而是由人民代表选出的。
In none of the English colonies is there any hereditary nobility.
英国的所有殖民地都没有世袭贵族。
In all of them, indeed, as in all other free countries, the descendant of an old colony family is more respected than an upstart of equal merit and fortune; but he is only more respected, and he has no privileges by which he can be troublesome to his neighbours.
事实上，在所有这些国家，就像在所有其他自由国家一样，古老殖民地家庭的后裔比具有同等功绩和财富的暴发户更受尊重。但他只是受到更多的尊重，并且没有任何特权可以给邻居带来麻烦。
Before the commencement of the present disturbances, the colony assemblies had not only the legislative, but a part of the executive power.
在这次骚乱开始之前，殖民地议会不仅拥有立法权，而且拥有部分行政权。
In Connecticut and Rhode Island, they elected the governor.
在康涅狄格州和罗德岛州，他们选举了州长。
In the other colonies, they appointed the revenue officers, who collected the taxes imposed by those respective assemblies, to whom those officers were immediately responsible.
在其他殖民地，他们任命了税务官员，负责征收各自议会征收的税款，并直接向税务官员负责。
There is more equality, therefore, among the English colonists than among the inhabitants of the mother country.
因此，英国殖民者之间比母国居民之间更加平等。
Their manners are more re publican; and their governments, those of three of the provinces of New England in particular, have hitherto been more republican too.
他们的举止更加共和。他们的政府，特别是新英格兰的三个省的政府，迄今为止也更加共和。
The absolute governments of Spain, Portugal, and France, on the contrary, take place in their colonies; and the discretionary powers which such governments commonly delegate to all their inferior officers are, on account of the great distance, naturally exercised there with more than ordinary violence.
相反，西班牙、葡萄牙和法国的专制政府是在它们的殖民地建立的。由于距离遥远，这些政府通常将自由裁量权授予其所有下级官员，因此在行使自由裁量权时自然会比平常更加暴力。
Under all absolute governments, there is more liberty in the capital than in any other part of the country.
在所有专制政府的统治下，首都比该国其他任何地方都拥有更多的自由。
The sovereign himself can never have either interest or inclination to pervert the order of justice, or to oppress the great body of the people.
君主本人绝不可能有兴趣或倾向破坏正义秩序，或压迫广大人民。
In the capital, his presence overawes, more or less, all his inferior officers, who, in the remoter provinces, from whence the complaints of the people are less likely to reach him, can exercise their tyranny with much more safety.
在首都，他的出现或多或少地吓坏了他所有的下级官员，而在偏远的省份，人民的抱怨不太可能传到他那里，他们可以更安全地行使他们的暴政。
But the European colonies in America are more remote than the most distant provinces of the greatest empires which had ever been known before.
但欧洲在美洲的殖民地比我们所知道的最伟大帝国的最遥远的省份还要遥远。
The government of the English colonies is, perhaps, the only one which, since the world began, could give perfect security to the inhabitants of so very distant a province.
自世界诞生以来，英国殖民地政府也许是唯一一个能够为如此遥远的省份的居民提供完美安全的政府。
The administration of the French colonies, however, has always been conducted with much more gentleness and moderation than that of the Spanish and Portuguese.
然而，法国殖民地的管理一直比西班牙和葡萄牙的管理更加温和和温和。
This superiority of conduct is suitable both to the character of the French nation, and to what forms the character of every nation, the nature of their government, which, though arbitrary and violent in comparison with that of Great Britain, is legal and free in comparison with those of Spain and Portugal.
这种行为上的优越性既适合法国民族的特征，也适合每个民族的特征及其政府的性质，尽管与英国政府相比，法国政府是专制和暴力的，但与西班牙和葡萄牙的政府相比，它是合法和自由的。
It is in the progress of the North American colonies, however, that the superiority of the English policy chiefly appears.
然而，正是在北美殖民地的进步中，英国政策的优越性才得以显现。
The progress of the sugar colonies of France has been at least equal, perhaps superior, to that of the greater part of those of England; and yet the sugar colonies of England enjoy a free government, nearly of the same kind with that which takes place in her colonies of North America.
法国糖业殖民地的进步至少与英国大部分糖业殖民地的进步相当，甚至可能更胜一筹。然而，英国的糖业殖民地享有自由政府，几乎与北美殖民地的政府相同。
But the sugar colonies of France are not discouraged, like those of England, from refining their own sugar; and what is still of greater importance, the genius of their government naturally introduces a better management of their negro slaves.
但法国的糖业殖民地并不像英国的糖业殖民地一样，自行精炼糖业。更重要的是，他们政府的天才自然而然地对黑人奴隶进行了更好的管理。
In all European colonies, the culture of the sugar-cane is carried on by negro slaves.
在所有欧洲殖民地，甘蔗文化都是由黑人奴隶继承的。
The constitution of those who have been born in the temperate climate of Europe could not, it is supposed, support the labour of digging the ground under the burning sun of the West Indies; and the culture of the sugar-cane, as it is managed at present, is all hand labour; though, in the opinion of many, the drill plough might be introduced into it with great advantage.
据推测，那些出生在欧洲气候温和的人的体质无法支持在西印度群岛的烈日下挖地的劳动。目前的甘蔗种植完全是手工劳动；不过，许多人认为，将钻犁引入其中可能会带来很大的优势。
But, as the profit and success of the cultivation which is carried on by means of cattle, depend very much upon the good management of those cattle; so the profit and success of that which is carried on by slaves must depend equally upon the good management of those slaves; and in the good management of their slaves the French planters, I think it is generally allowed, are superior to the English.
但是，由于通过牛进行耕作的利润和成功在很大程度上取决于这些牛的良好管理；因此，奴隶所从事的事业的利润和成功必须同样取决于对这些奴隶的良好管理。在对奴隶的良好管理方面，法国种植园主（我认为这是普遍允许的）优于英国种植园主。
The law, so far as it gives some weak protection to the slave against the violence of his master, is likely to be better executed in a colony where the government is in a great measure arbitrary, than in one where it is altogether free.
就法律对奴隶免受主人暴力的保护而言，法律在政府很大程度上专断的殖民地可能比在完全自由的殖民地执行得更好。
In every country where the unfortunate law of slavery is established, the magistrate, when he protects the slave, intermeddles in some measure in the management of the private property of the master; and, in a free country, where the master is, perhaps, either a member of the colony assembly, or an elector of such a member, he dares not do this but with the greatest caution and circumspection.
在每一个建立了不幸的奴隶制法律的国家，地方法官在保护奴隶时都会在某种程度上干预主人私有财产的管理；而且，在一个自由的国家，主人也许是殖民地议会的成员，或者是该成员的选举人，他不敢这样做，除非极其谨慎和谨慎。
The respect which he is obliged to pay to the master, renders it more difficult for him to protect the slave.
他必须对主人表示尊重，这使得他更难保护奴隶。
But in a country where the government is in a great measure arbitrary, where it is usual for the magistrate to intermeddle even in the management of the private property of individuals, and to send them, perhaps, a lettre de cachet, if they do not manage it according to his liking, it is much easier for him to give some protection to the slave; and common humanity naturally disposes him to do so.
但在一个政府在很大程度上具有专断性的国家，治安法官通常会干预个人私有财产的管理，如果他们不按照他的喜好来管理，他可能会向他们发送一封印章，对他来说，给予奴隶一些保护就容易多了；普遍的人性自然会促使他这样做。
The protection of the magistrate renders the slave less contemptible in the eyes of his master, who is thereby induced to consider him with more regard, and to treat him with more gentleness.
行政长官的保护使奴隶在主人眼中不那么可鄙，从而使主人更加尊重他，更加温柔地对待他。
Gentle usage renders the slave not only more faithful, but more intelligent, and, therefore, upon a double account, more useful.
温和的使用不仅使奴隶更加忠诚，而且更加聪明，因此，从双重角度来看，奴隶也更加有用。
He approaches more to the condition of a free servant, and may possess some degree of integrity and attachment to his master’s interest; virtues which frequently belong to free servants, but which never can belong to a slave, who is treated as slaves commonly are in countries where the master is perfectly free and secure.
他更接近自由仆人的状况，可能具有一定程度的正直和对主人利益的依恋；那些通常属于自由仆人的美德，却永远不可能属于奴隶，奴隶通常被当作奴隶对待，而这些美德通常存在于主人完全自由和安全的国家。
That the condition of a slave is better under an arbitrary than under a free government, is, I believe, supported by the history of all ages and nations.
我相信，在专制政府下奴隶的处境比在自由政府下更好，这是所有时代和国家的历史所支持的。
In the Roman history, the first time we read of the magistrate interposing to protect the slave from the violence of his master, is under the emperors.
在罗马历史上，我们第一次读到治安官介入保护奴隶免受主人暴力的事件是在皇帝统治下的。
When Vidius Pollio, in the presence of Augustus, ordered one of his slaves, who had committed a slight fault, to be cut into pieces and thrown into his fish-pond, in order to feed his fishes, the emperor commanded him, with indignation, to emancipate immediately, not only that slave, but all the others that belonged to him.
当维迪乌斯·波利奥当着奥古斯都的面，下令将他的一名犯了轻微过失的奴隶切成碎片并扔进他的鱼塘里喂鱼时，皇帝愤怒地命令他立即释放，不仅是那个奴隶，而且是属于他的所有其他人。
Under the republic no magistrate could have had authority enough to protect the slave, much less to punish the master.
在共和国统治下，任何地方法官都没有足够的权力来保护奴隶，更不用说惩罚主人了。
The stock, it is to be observed, which has improved the sugar colonies of France, particularly the great colony of St Domingo, has been raised almost entirely from the gradual improvement and cultivation of those colonies.
值得注意的是，改善了法国糖业殖民地，特别是圣多明各大殖民地的库存，几乎完全是通过这些殖民地的逐步改进和种植而提高的。
It has been almost altogether the produce of the soil and of the industry of the colonists, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of that produce, gradually accumulated by good management, and employed in raising a still greater produce.
它几乎完全是殖民者的土地和工业的产品，或者说，产品的价格，通过良好的管理逐渐积累起来，并用于生产更多的产品。
But the stock which has improved and cultivated the sugar colonies of England, has, a great part of it, been sent out from England, and has by no means been altogether the produce of the soil and industry of the colonists.
但是，改良和培育英国糖业殖民地的原料，其中很大一部分是从英国运出的，而且绝不完全是殖民者的土壤和工业的产物。
The prosperity of the English sugar colonies has been in a great measure owing to the great riches of England, of which a part has overflowed, if one may say so, upon these colonies.
英国糖业殖民地的繁荣在很大程度上要归功于英国的巨大财富，如果可以这么说的话，其中一部分已经溢出到了这些殖民地。
But the prosperity of the sugar colonies of France has been entirely owing to the good conduct of the colonists, which must therefore have had some superiority over that of the English; and this superiority has been remarked in nothing so much as in the good management of their slaves.
但法国糖业殖民地的繁荣完全归功于殖民者的良好行为，因此他们一定比英国人有一定的优越性。这种优越性最体现在他们对奴隶的良好管理上。
Such have been the general outlines of the policy of the different European nations with regard to their colonies.
这就是欧洲各国对其殖民地政策的总体轮廓。
The policy of Europe, therefore, has very little to boast of, either in the original establishment, or, so far as concerns their internal government, in the subsequent prosperity of the colonies of America.
因此，欧洲的政策无论是在最初的建立中，还是就其内部政府而言，在随后美洲殖民地的繁荣中，都没有什么值得夸耀的。
Folly and injustice seem to have been the principles which presided over and directed the first project of establishing those colonies; the folly of hunting after gold and silver mines, and the injustice of coveting the possession of a country whose harmless natives, far from having ever injured the people of Europe, had received the first adventurers with every mark of kindness and hospitality.
愚蠢和不公正似乎是主持和指导建立这些殖民地的第一个项目的原则；狩猎金银矿的愚蠢行为，以及觊觎拥有一个国家的不公正行为，这个国家的原住民无害，远没有伤害过欧洲人民，反而以各种仁慈和热情接待了第一批冒险家。
The adventurers, indeed, who formed some of the latter establishments, joined to the chimerical project of finding gold and silver mines, other motives more reasonable and more laudable; but even these motives do very little honour to the policy of Europe.
事实上，后来建立的一些机构的冒险家们也加入了寻找金矿和银矿的空想计划，还有其他更合理、更值得称赞的动机。但即使是这些动机也无助于欧洲政策。
The English puritans, restrained at home, fled for freedom to America, and established there the four governments of New England.
英国清教徒在国内受到限制，为了自由逃往美国，并在那里建立了新英格兰的四个政府。
The English catholics, treated with much greater injustice, established that of Maryland; the quakers, that of Pennsylvania.
英国天主教徒在受到更严重的不公正对待的情况下建立了马里兰州。贵格会，宾夕法尼亚州的贵格会。
The Portuguese Jews, persecuted by the inquisition, stript of their fortunes, and banished to Brazil, introduced, by their example, some sort of order and industry among the transported felons and strumpets by whom that colony was originally peopled, and taught them the culture of the sugar-cane.
葡萄牙犹太人受到宗教裁判所的迫害，被剥夺了财产，并被流放到巴西，以身作则，在该殖民地最初居住的流放重罪犯和妓女中引入了某种秩序和工业，并向他们传授甘蔗文化。
Upon all these different occasions, it was not the wisdom and policy, but the disorder and injustice of the European governments, which peopled and cultivated America.
在所有这些不同的场合，不是欧洲政府的智慧和政策，而是欧洲政府的混乱和不公正，造就了美国的人口和文明。
In effectuation some of the most important of these establishments, the different governments of Europe had as little merit as in projecting them.
在实施其中一些最重要的机构时，欧洲各国政府与规划它们一样没有什么优点。
The conquest of Mexico was the project, not of the council of Spain, but of a governor of Cuba; and it was effectuated by the spirit of the bold adventurer to whom it was entrusted, in spite of every thing which that governor, who soon repented of having trusted such a person, could do to thwart it.
征服墨西哥不是西班牙议会的计划，而是古巴总督的计划。尽管这位总督很快就后悔自己信任了这样一个人，但他却竭尽全力阻止这一行动，但它是由被委托的大胆冒险家的精神所实现的。
The conquerors of Chili and Peru, and of almost all the other Spanish settlements upon the continent of America, carried out with them no other public encouragement, but a general permission to make settlements and conquests in the name of the king of Spain.
智利和秘鲁的征服者，以及美洲大陆上几乎所有其他西班牙定居点的征服者，没有对他们进行任何其他公开鼓励，只是普遍允许以西班牙国王的名义进行定居和征服。
Those adventures were all at the private risk and expense of the adventurers.
这些冒险全部由冒险者个人承担风险和费用。
The government of Spain contributed scarce any thing to any of them.
西班牙政府几乎没有对其中任何一个做出任何贡献。
That of England contributed as little towards effectuating the establishment of some of its most important colonies in North America.
英国对于在北美建立一些最重要的殖民地的贡献也微乎其微。
When those establishments were effectuated, and had become so considerable as to attract the attention of the mother country, the first regulations which she made with regard to them, had always in view to secure to herself the monopoly of their commerce; to confine their market, and to enlarge her own at their expense, and, consequently, rather to damp and discourage, than to quicken and forward the course of their prosperity.
当这些机构成立并变得如此重要以吸引母国的注意时，她对它们制定的第一个法规总是为了确保自己对它们的商业的垄断。限制他们的市场，并以牺牲他们为代价来扩大自己的市场，因此，与其说是加速和推进了他们的繁荣进程，不如说是抑制和阻碍了他们的发展。
In the different ways in which this monopoly has been exercised, consists one of the most essential differences in the policy of the different European nations with regard to their colonies.
实行这种垄断的不同方式构成了不同欧洲国家对其殖民地的政策中最本质的差异之一。
The best of them all, that of England, is only somewhat less illiberal and oppressive than that of any of the rest.
其中最好的国家，即英格兰，只是比其他国家的不自由和压迫程度稍低一些。
In what way, therefore, has the policy of Europe contributed either to the first establishment, or to the present grandeur of the colonies of America?
那么，欧洲的政策对美洲殖民地的最初建立或目前的辉煌做出了哪些贡献呢？
In one way, and in one way only, it has contributed a good deal.
以一种方式，而且仅以一种方式，它做出了很大的贡献。
Magna virum mater!
麦格纳病毒！
It bred and formed the men who were capable of achieving such great actions, and of laying the foundation of so great an empire; and there is no other quarter of the world; of which the policy is capable of forming, or has ever actually, and in fact, formed such men.
它培育和塑造了那些能够实现如此伟大行动并为如此伟大帝国奠定基础的人。世界上再没有其他地方；其中的政策能够形成，或者实际上曾经形成过这样的人。
The colonies owe to the policy of Europe the education and great views of their active and enterprizing founders; and some of the greatest and most important of them, so far as concerns their internal government, owe to it scarce anything else.
殖民地将欧洲政策归功于其积极进取的创始人的教育和伟大观点。其中一些最伟大、最重要的国家，就其内部政府而言，几乎不负有任何其他责任。
PART III.
第三部分。
Of the Advantages which Europe has derived From the Discovery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope.
欧洲因发现美洲以及通过好望角通往东印度群岛而获得的优势。
Such are the advantages which the colonies of America have derived from the policy of Europe.
这就是美洲殖民地从欧洲政策中获得的优势。
What are those which Europe has derived from the discovery and colonization of America?
欧洲从美洲的发现和殖民中得到了什么？
Those advantages may be divided, first, into the general advantages which Europe, considered as one great country, has derived from those great events; and, secondly, into the particular advantages which each colonizing country has derived from the colonies which particularly belong to it, in consequence of the authority or dominion which it exercises over them.
这些优势可以分为：首先，欧洲作为一个伟大国家从这些伟大事件中获得的一般优势；其次，每个殖民国家由于对它们行使权威或统治而从特别属于它的殖民地中获得的特殊利益。
The general advantages which Europe, considered as one great country, has derived from the discovery and colonization of America, consist, first, in the increase of its enjoyments; and, secondly, in the augmentation of its industry.
欧洲，被认为是一个伟大的国家，从美洲的发现和殖民化中获得的普遍利益，首先在于它的享受的增加；其次，扩大其工业。
The surplus produce of America imported into Europe, furnishes the inhabitants of this great continent with a variety of commodities which they could not otherwise have possessed; some for conveniency and use, some for pleasure, and some for ornament; and thereby contributes to increase their enjoyments.
美洲的剩余产品进口到欧洲，为这片伟大大陆的居民提供了他们本来无法拥有的各种商品。有的是为了方便使用，有的是为了愉悦，有的是为了装饰；从而有助于增加他们的享受。
The discovery and colonization of America, it will readily be allowed, have contributed to augment the industry, first, of all the countries which trade to it directly, such as Spain, Portugal, France, and England; and, secondly, of all those which, without trading to it directly, send, through the medium of other countries, goods to it of their own produce, such as Austrian Flanders, and some provinces of Germany, which, through the medium of the countries before mentioned, send to it a considerable quantity of linen and other goods.
我们很容易承认，美洲的发现和殖民化促进了工业的发展，首先是所有直接与美洲进行贸易的国家，如西班牙、葡萄牙、法国和英国；其次是其他国家的工业。其次，那些不直接与它进行贸易，而是通过其他国家向其输送本国产品的国家，例如奥地利的佛兰德斯和德国的一些省份，它们通过上述国家的媒介向它输送大量的亚麻布和其他货物。
All such countries have evidently gained a more extensive market for their surplus produce, and must consequently have been encouraged to increase its quantity.
所有这些国家的剩余产品显然都获得了更广泛的市场，因此必须鼓励它们增加其数量。
But that those great events should likewise have contributed to encourage the industry of countries such as Hungary and Poland, which may never, perhaps, have sent a single commodity of their own produce to America, is not, perhaps, altogether so evident.
但是，这些重大事件同样应该有助于鼓励匈牙利和波兰等国家的工业，这些国家可能永远不会将自己生产的任何商品运往美国，但这一点也许并不那么明显。
That those events have done so, however, cannot be doubted.
然而，这些事件已经做到了这一点，这是不容置疑的。
Some part of the produce of America is consumed in Hungary and Poland, and there is some demand there for the sugar, chocolate, and tobacco, of that new quarter of the world.
美国产品的一部分在匈牙利和波兰消费，而这些地区对糖、巧克力和烟草也有一定的需求。
But those commodities must be purchased with something which is either the produce of the industry of Hungary and Poland, or with something which had been purchased with some part of that produce.
但这些商品必须用匈牙利和波兰的工业产品或用该产品的一部分购买的东西来购买。
Those commodities of America are new values, new equivalents, introduced into Hungary and Poland, to be exchanged there for the surplus produce of these countries.
美国的这些商品是新的价值、新的等价物，被引入匈牙利和波兰，在那里交换这些国家的剩余产品。
By being carried thither, they create a new and more extensive market for that surplus produce.
通过被带到那里，它们为剩余产品创造了一个新的、更广泛的市场。
They raise its value, and thereby contribute to encourage its increase.
它们提高了其价值，从而有助于鼓励其增长。
Though no part of it may ever be carried to America, it may be carried to other countries, which purchase it with a part of their share of the surplus produce of America, and it may find a market by means of the circulation of that trade which was originally put into motion by the surplus produce of America.
虽然它的任何一部分都不能运到美国，但它可以运到其他国家，这些国家用美国剩余产品的一部分购买它，并且它可以通过最初由美国剩余产品启动的贸易流通找到市场。
Those great events may even have contributed to increase the enjoyments, and to augment the industry, of countries which not only never sent any commodities to America, but never received any from it.
这些伟大的事件甚至可能有助于增加那些不仅从未向美国发送任何商品，而且从未从美国接收过任何商品的国家的享受和工业的发展。
Even such countries may have received a greater abundance of other commodities from countries, of which the surplus produce had been augmented by means of the American trade.
即使这些国家也可能从那些因美国贸易而增加了剩余产品的国家获得了更丰富的其他商品。
This greater abundance, as it must necessarily have increased their enjoyments, so it must likewise have augmented their industry.
这种更大的富裕必然增加了他们的享受，因此也必然增强了他们的勤奋。
A greater number of new equivalents, of some kind or other, must have been presented to them to be exchanged for the surplus produce of that industry.
必须向他们提供更多某种新的等价物，以交换该行业的剩余产品。
A more extensive market must have been created for that surplus produce, so as to raise its value, and thereby encourage its increase.
必须为剩余产品创造更广阔的市场，以提高其价值，从而促进其增长。
The mass of commodities annually thrown into the great circle of European commerce, and by its various revolutions annually distributed among all the different nations comprehended within it, must have been augmented by the whole surplus produce of America.
每年投入欧洲商业大循环的大量商品，以及每年通过各种革命分配到其中所包含的所有不同国家的商品，一定会因美国的全部剩余产品而增加。
A greater share of this greater mass, therefore, is likely to have fallen to each of those nations, to have increased their enjoyments, and augmented their industry.
因此，这个更大的群体中的更大一部分很可能落到了这些国家的手中，以增加他们的享受，并增强他们的工业。
The exclusive trade of the mother countries tends to diminish, or at least to keep down below what they would otherwise rise to, both the enjoyments and industry of all those nations in general, and of the American colonies in particular.
母国的排他性贸易往往会减少所有这些国家，特别是美洲殖民地的享受和工业，或者至少将其水平降低到本来可以达到的水平。
It is a dead weight upon the action of one of the great springs which puts into motion a great part of the business of mankind.
它是推动人类大部分事业的伟大源泉之一的作用的沉重负担。
By rendering the colony produce dearer in all other countries, it lessens its consumption, and thereby cramps the industry of the colonies, and both the enjoyments and the industry of all other countries, which both enjoy less when they pay more for what they enjoy, and produce less when they get less for what they produce.
通过使殖民地产品在所有其他国家的价格更高，它减少了其消费，从而限制了殖民地的工业，以及所有其他国家的享受和工业，当他们为自己所享受的东西付出更多时，它们享受的东西就越少，当他们为他们生产的东西得到的东西越少时，它们的生产就越少。
By rendering the produce of all other countries dearer in the colonies, it cramps in the same manner the industry of all other colonies, and both the enjoyments and the industry of the colonies.
通过使所有其他国家的产品在殖民地更加昂贵，它以同样的方式限制了所有其他殖民地的工业，以及殖民地的享受和工业。
It is a clog which, for the supposed benefit of some particular countries, embarrasses the pleasures and encumbers the industry of all other countries, but of the colonies more than of any other.
它是一种障碍，为了某些特定国家的所谓利益，它使所有其他国家的快乐感到尴尬，并阻碍了所有其他国家的工业，但对殖民地的影响比对任何其他国家的影响更大。
It not only excludes as much as possible all other countries from one particular market, but it confines as much as possible the colonies to one particular market; and the difference is very great between being excluded from one particular market when all others are open, and being confined to one particular market when all others are shut up.
它不仅尽可能地将所有其他国家排除在某一特定市场之外，而且还尽可能将殖民地限制在某一特定市场内；当所有其他市场都开放时被排除在某一特定市场之外，与当所有其他市场都被关闭时被限制在一个特定市场之外，这两者之间的区别是非常大的。
The surplus produce of the colonies, however, is the original source of all that increase of enjoyments and industry which Europe derives from the discovery and colonization of America, and the exclusive trade of the mother countries tends to render this source much less abundant than it otherwise would be.
然而，殖民地的剩余产品是欧洲从美洲的发现和殖民化中获得的所有享受和工业增加的原始来源，而母国的排他性贸易往往使这一来源比其他情况下要少得多。
The particular advantages which each colonizing country derives from the colonies which particularly belong to it, are of two different kinds; first, those common advantages which every empire derives from the provinces subject to its dominion; and, secondly, those peculiar advantages which are supposed to result from provinces of so very peculiar a nature as the European colonies of America.
每个殖民国家从其所属的殖民地获得的特殊优势有两种：首先，每个帝国从其管辖的省份中获得的共同优势；其次，那些被认为是来自美洲欧洲殖民地这样性质非常特殊的省份的独特优势。
The common advantages which every empire derives from the provinces subject to its dominion consist, first, in the military force which they furnish for its defence; and, secondly, in the revenue which they furnish for the support of its civil government.
每个帝国从其管辖的省份中获得的共同优势，首先在于它们为防御而提供的军事力量；其次，他们为支持其文官政府提供的收入。
The Roman colonies furnished occasionally both the one and the other.
罗马殖民地有时会同时提供其中一种和另一种。
The Greek colonies sometimes furnished a military force, but seldom any revenue.
希腊殖民地有时提供军事力量，但很少提供任何收入。
They seldom acknowledged themselves subject to the dominion of the mother city.
他们很少承认自己受到母城的统治。
They were generally her allies in war, but very seldom her subjects in peace.
他们通常是她在战争中的盟友，但很少是她在和平时期的臣民。
The European colonies of America have never yet furnished any military force for the defence of the mother country.
美洲的欧洲殖民地从未提供过任何军事力量来保卫祖国。
The military force has never yet been sufficient for their own defence; and in the different wars in which the mother countries have been engaged, the defence of their colonies has generally occasioned a very considerable distraction of the military force of those countries.
军事力量还不足以保卫自己；在母国参与的不同战争中，保卫其殖民地通常会极大地分散这些国家的军事力量。
In this respect, therefore, all the European colonies have, without exception, been a cause rather of weakness than of strength to their respective mother countries.
因此，在这方面，所有欧洲殖民地无一例外地成为其各自母国的弱点而不是力量的原因。
The colonies of Spain and Portugal only have contributed any revenue towards the defence of the mother country, or the support of her civil government.
西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地只为保卫祖国或支持其文官政府贡献了任何收入。
The taxes which have been levied upon those of other European nations, upon those of England in particular, have seldom been equal to the expense laid out upon them in time of peace, and never sufficient to defray that which they occasioned in time of war.
对其他欧洲国家，特别是英国征收的税款很少与和平时期向他们征收的费用相等，也永远不足以支付他们在战争时期所支出的费用。
Such colonies, therefore, have been a source of expense, and not of revenue, to their respective mother countries.
因此，这些殖民地对于各自的母国来说是开支的来源，而不是收入的来源。
The advantages of such colonies to their respective mother countries, consist altogether in those peculiar advantages which are supposed to result from provinces of so very peculiar a nature as the European colonies of America; and the exclusive trade, it is acknowledged, is the sole source of all those peculiar advantages.
这些殖民地对其各自母国的优势完全在于那些独特的优势，这些优势被认为是由像美洲的欧洲殖民地这样性质非常特殊的省份产生的。众所周知，独家贸易是所有这些特殊优势的唯一来源。
In consequence of this exclusive trade, all that part of the surplus produce of the English colonies, for example, which consists in what are called enumerated commodities, can be sent to no other country but England.
由于这种排他性贸易，英国殖民地的所有剩余产品（例如所谓的列举商品）只能运往英国以外的任何其他国家。
Other countries must afterwards buy it of her.
其他国家随后必须购买她的产品。
It must be cheaper, therefore, in England than it can be in any other country, and must contribute more to increase the enjoyments of England than those of any other country.
因此，在英国它必须比在任何其他国家都便宜，并且必须比任何其他国家对增加英国的享受做出更多的贡献。
It must likewise contribute more to encourage her industry.
它同样必须为鼓励她的行业做出更多贡献。
For all those parts of her own surplus produce which England exchanges for those enumerated commodities, she must get a better price than any other countries can get for the like parts of theirs, when they exchange them for the same commodities.
对于英国用自己的剩余产品来交换这些列举的商品的所有部分，当其他国家用它们的同类部分交换相同的商品时，她必须获得比其他国家更好的价格。
The manufactures of England, for example, will purchase a greater quantity of the sugar and tobacco of her own colonies than the like manufactures of other countries can purchase of that sugar and tobacco.
例如，英国的制造商将比其他国家的同类制造商购买更多数量的糖和烟草。
So far, therefore, as the manufactures of England and those of other countries are both to be exchanged for the sugar and tobacco of the English colonies, this superiority of price gives an encouragement to the former beyond what the latter can, in these circumstances, enjoy.
因此，到目前为止，由于英国和其他国家的制造品都可以用来交换英国殖民地的糖和烟草，这种价格优势对前者的鼓励超出了后者在这种情况下所能享受的。
The exclusive trade of the colonies, therefore, as it diminishes, or at least keeps down below what they would otherwise rise to, both the enjoyments and the industry of the countries which do not possess it, so it gives an evident advantage to the countries which do possess it over those other countries.
因此，由于殖民地的排他性贸易减少了不拥有这种贸易的国家的享受和工业，或者至少将其抑制在本来可以达到的水平以下，因此，它使拥有这种贸易的国家比其他国家具有明显的优势。
This advantage, however, will, perhaps, be found to be rather what may be called a relative than an absolute advantage, and to give a superiority to the country which enjoys it, rather by depressing the industry and produce of other countries, than by raising those of that particular country above what they would naturally rise to in the case of a free trade.
然而，这种优势也许可以被认为是一种相对优势，而不是绝对优势，并且赋予享有这种优势的国家一种优势，而不是通过抑制其他国家的工业和产品，而不是通过提高该特定国家在自由贸易情况下自然会达到的水平。
The tobacco of Maryland and Virginia, for example, by means of the monopoly which England enjoys of it, certainly comes cheaper to England than it can do to France to whom England commonly sells a considerable part of it.
例如，由于英国享有马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的烟草垄断权，英国的烟草价格肯定比法国便宜，英国通常向法国出售相当一部分烟草。
But had France and all other European countries been at all times allowed a free trade to Maryland and Virginia, the tobacco of those colonies might by this time have come cheaper than it actually does, not only to all those other countries, but likewise to England.
但是，如果法国和所有其他欧洲国家在任何时候都被允许与马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州进行自由贸易，那么这些殖民地的烟草此时可能会比实际价格更便宜，不仅对所有其他国家，而且对英国也是如此。
The produce of tobacco, in consequence of a market so much more extensive than any which it has hitherto enjoyed, might, and probably would, by this time have been so much increased as to reduce the profits of a tobacco plantation to their natural level with those of a corn plantation, which it is supposed they are still somewhat above.
烟草产量，由于市场比迄今为止所享有的市场广泛得多，到了这个时候，可能而且很可能会大幅增加，以致烟草种植园的利润降低到与玉米种植园的自然水平相同，人们认为它们仍略高于玉米种植园的水平。
The price of tobacco might, and probably would, by this time have fallen somewhat lower than it is at present.
到那时，烟草的价格可能而且很可能会比目前下降一些。
An equal quantity of the commodities, either of England or of those other countries, might have purchased in Maryland and Virginia a greater quantity of tobacco than it can do at present, and consequently have been sold there for so much a better price.
同样数量的商品，无论是英国还是其他国家的商品，在马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州可能会比目前购买更多的烟草，因此在那里以更高的价格出售。
So far as that weed, therefore, can, by its cheapness and abundance, increase the enjoyments, or augment the industry, either of England or of any other country, it would probably, in the case of a free trade, have produced both these effects in somewhat a greater degree than it can do at present.
因此，只要这种杂草能够以其廉价和丰富的方式增加英国或任何其他国家的享受或增强工业，那么在自由贸易的情况下，它可能会比目前更大程度地产生这两种效果。
England, indeed, would not, in this case, have had any advantage over other countries.
事实上，在这种情况下，英格兰相对于其他国家来说并不具有任何优势。
She might have bought the tobacco of her colonies somewhat cheaper, and consequently have sold some of her own commodities somewhat dearer, than she actually does; but she could neither have bought the one cheaper, nor sold the other dearer, than any other country might have done.
她可能会以比实际价格更便宜的价格购买殖民地的烟草，从而以更高的价格出售自己的一些商品；但与其他国家相比，她既不能以更便宜的价格购买其中一种，也不能以更高的价格出售另一种。
She might, perhaps, have gained an absolute, but she would certainly have lost a relative advantage.
她也许获得了绝对优势，但肯定会失去相对优势。
In order, however, to obtain this relative advantage in the colony trade, in order to execute the invidious and malignant project of excluding, as much as possible, other nations from any share in it, England, there are very probable reasons for believing, has not only sacrificed a part of the absolute advantage which she, as well as every other nation, might have derived from that trade, but has subjected herself both to an absolute and to a relative disadvantage in almost every other branch of trade.
然而，为了在殖民地贸易中获得这种相对优势，为了执行尽可能排除其他国家参与其中的令人反感和恶毒的计划，我们有充分的理由相信，英国不仅牺牲了她以及其他所有国家可能从该贸易中获得的部分绝对优势，而且在几乎所有其他贸易部门中都使自己处于绝对和相对劣势。
When, by the act of navigation, England assumed to herself the monopoly of the colony trade, the foreign capitals which had before been employed in it, were necessarily withdrawn from it.
当英国通过航海行为取得了对殖民地贸易的垄断时，以前从事该贸易的外国资本就必然会从该贸易中撤出。
The English capital, which had before carried on but a part of it, was now to carry on the whole.
英国首都以前只保留了其中的一部分，现在则要继承全部。
The capital which had before supplied the colonies with but a part of the goods which they wanted from Europe, was now all that was employed to supply them with the whole.
以前，资本只向殖民地提供了他们想要从欧洲获得的一部分货物，而现在，资本却被用来向他们提供全部货物。
But it could not supply them with the whole; and the goods with which it did supply them were necessarily sold very dear.
但它无法向他们提供全部；它向他们提供的货物必然卖得很贵。
The capital which had before bought but a part of the surplus produce of the colonies, was now all that was employed to buy the whole.
以前只购买了殖民地剩余产品的一部分的资本，现在全部用于购买全部剩余产品。
But it could not buy the whole at any thing near the old price; and therefore, whatever it did buy, it necessarily bought very cheap.
但它无法以接近旧价格的任何价格购买整个产品；因此，无论它买什么，它都一定买得很便宜。
But in an employment of capital, in which the merchant sold very dear, and bought very cheap, the profit must have been very great, and much above the ordinary level of profit in other branches of trade.
但是，在资本的使用中，商人卖得很贵，买得很便宜，利润一定非常大，远远高于其他贸易部门的正常利润水平。
This superiority of profit in the colony trade could not fail to draw from other branches of trade a part of the capital which had before been employed in them.
殖民地贸易中的这种利润优势不可能不从其他贸易部门中汲取以前在这些部门中使用的一部分资本。
But this revulsion of capital, as it must have gradually increased the competition of capitals in the colony trade, so it must have gradually diminished that competition in all those other branches of trade; as it must have gradually lowered the profits of the one, so it must have gradually raised those of the other, till the profits of all came to a new level, different from, and somewhat higher, than that at which they had been before.
但是，资本的这种排斥，既然必然会逐渐增强资本在殖民地贸易中的竞争，那么它必然会逐渐削弱所有其他贸易部门中的竞争；既然它一定会逐渐降低一方的利润，那么它也必然会逐渐提高另一方的利润，直到所有人的利润达到一个新的水平，与以前的水平不同，而且略高于以前的水平。
This double effect of drawing capital from all other trades, and of raising the rate of profit somewhat higher than it otherwise would have been in all trades, was not only produced by this monopoly upon its first establishment, but has continued to be produced by it ever since.
从所有其他行业吸取资本，以及将利润率提高到比所有行业原本应有的水平略高的双重效果，不仅是这种垄断在其最初建立时产生的，而且自此以后一直在继续产生。
First, This monopoly has been continually drawing capital from all other trades, to be employed in that of the colonies.
首先，这种垄断不断地从所有其他行业吸取资本，用于殖民地的行业。
Though the wealth of Great Britain has increased very much since the establishment of the act of navigation, it certainly has not increased in the same proportion as that or the colonies.
尽管自从航海行为建立以来，英国的财富增加了很多，但它的增加比例肯定不及殖民地的增加。
But the foreign trade of every country naturally increases in proportion to its wealth, its surplus produce in proportion to its whole produce; and Great Britain having engrossed to herself almost the whole of what may be called the foreign trade of the colonies, and her capital not having increased in the same proportion as the extent of that trade, she could not carry it on without continually withdrawing from other branches of trade some part of the capital which had before been employed in them, as well as withholding from them a great deal more which would otherwise have gone to them.
但每个国家的对外贸易自然会随着其财富的增加而增加，其剩余产品会随着其全部产品的增加而自然增加。英国几乎包揽了所有殖民地的对外贸易，而她的资本并没有按照贸易规模的比例增加，因此，如果不不断地从其他贸易部门撤回以前在这些贸易部门中使用的一部分资本，并从它们那里扣留大量本来可以流向它们的资本，她就无法继续进行下去。
Since the establishment of the act of navigation, accordingly, the colony trade has been continually increasing, while many other branches of foreign trade, particularly of that to other parts of Europe, have been continually decaying.
因此，自航海行为确立以来，殖民地贸易不断增长，而许多其他对外贸易部门，特别是与欧洲其他地区的贸易，却不断衰落。
Our manufactures for foreign sale, instead of being suited, as before the act of navigation, to the neighbouring market of Europe, or to the more distant one of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea, have the greater part of them, been accommodated to the still more distant one of the colonies; to the market in which they have the monopoly, rather than to that in which they have many competitors.
我们的对外销售制成品不再像航海之前那样适合欧洲的邻近市场，或者更远的地中海沿岸国家之一，而是大部分被容纳到更远的殖民地之一；市场是他们拥有垄断地位的，而不是他们有很多竞争对手的市场。
The causes of decay in other branches of foreign trade, which, by Sir Matthew Decker and other writers, have been sought for in the excess and improper mode of taxation, in the high price of labour, in the increase of luxury, etc. may all be found in the overgrowth of the colony trade.
马修·德克尔爵士和其他作家一直在寻找过度和不当的税收方式、高劳动力价格、奢侈品增加等对外贸易其他部门衰落的原因，这些原因都可以在殖民地贸易的过度增长中找到。
The mercantile capital of Great Britain, though very great, yet not being infinite, and though greatly increased since the act of navigation, yet not being increased in the same proportion as the colony trade, that trade could not possibly be carried on without withdrawing some part of that capital from other branches of trade, nor consequently without some decay of those other branches.
大不列颠的商业资本虽然非常巨大，但并不是无限的，虽然自航海活动以来大大增加，但增加的比例并不与殖民地贸易相同，如果不从其他贸易部门撤回部分资本，也不可能因此而使其他部门有所衰退，那么贸易就不可能进行。
England, it must be observed, was a great trading country, her mercantile capital was very great, and likely to become still greater and greater every day, not only before the act of navigation had established the monopoly of the corn trade, but before that trade was very considerable.
必须指出的是，英国是一个伟大的贸易国家，她的商业资本非常巨大，而且很可能每天都变得越来越大，不仅是在航海行为确立了谷物贸易的垄断之前，而且是在贸易变得非常可观之前。
In the Dutch war, during the government of Cromwell, her navy was superior to that of Holland; and in that which broke out in the beginning of the reign of Charles II., it was at least equal, perhaps superior to the united navies of France and Holland.
在荷兰战争中，克伦威尔执政期间，她的海军优于荷兰海军；在查理二世统治初期爆发的战争中，它至少与法国和荷兰的联合海军持平，甚至可能更胜一筹。
Its superiority, perhaps, would scarce appear greater in the present times, at least if the Dutch navy were to bear the same proportion to the Dutch commerce now which it did then.
或许，在当今时代，它的优势不会显得更大，至少如果荷兰海军现在在荷兰商业中所占的比例与当时相同的话。
But this great naval power could not, in either of those wars, be owing to the act of navigation.
但在这两场战争中，这种强大的海军力量不可能归功于航行行为。
During the first of them, the plan of that act had been but just formed; and though, before the breaking out of the second, it had been fully enacted by legal authority, yet no part of it could have had time to produce any considerable effect, and least of all that part which established the exclusive trade to the colonies.
在第一次行动中，该行动的计划才刚刚形成；尽管在第二次爆发之前，该法案已由法律权威完全颁布，但其中的任何部分都没有时间产生任何重大影响，尤其是建立对殖民地的排他贸易的那一部分。
Both the colonies and their trade were inconsiderable then, in comparison of what they are how.
与当时的情况相比，殖民地及其贸易都是微不足道的。
The island of Jamaica was an unwholesome desert, little inhabited, and less cultivated.
牙买加岛是一片不利于健康的沙漠，人烟稀少，耕种也较少。
New York and New Jersey were in the possession of the Dutch, the half of St. Christopher’s in that of the French.
纽约和新泽西属于荷兰人，圣克里斯托弗的一半属于法国人。
The island of Antigua, the two Carolinas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Nova Scotia, were not planted.
安提瓜岛、两个卡罗来纳州、宾夕法尼亚州、佐治亚州和新斯科舍省没有种植。
Virginia, Maryland, and New England were planted; and though they were very thriving colonies, yet there was not perhaps at that time, either in Europe or America, a single person who foresaw, or even suspected, the rapid progress which they have since made in wealth, population, and improvement.
弗吉尼亚州、马里兰州和新英格兰都被种植；尽管它们是非常繁荣的殖民地，但在当时，无论是在欧洲还是在美洲，也许没有一个人预见到，甚至怀疑过它们此后在财富、人口和进步方面所取得的迅速进步。
The island of Barbadoes, in short, was the only British colony of any consequence, of which the condition at that time bore any resemblance to what it is at present.
简而言之，巴巴多斯岛是唯一有影响力的英国殖民地，其当时的情况与现在的情况有任何相似之处。
The trade of the colonies, of which England, even for some time after the act of navigation, enjoyed but a part (for the act of navigation was not very strictly executed till several years after it was enacted), could not at that time be the cause of the great trade of England, nor of the great naval power which was supported by that trade.
英国即使在航海法案颁布后的一段时间内也只享有殖民地贸易的一部分（因为航海法案直到颁布几年后才得到非常严格的执行），但当时它不可能成为英国大贸易的原因，也不能成为由该贸易支撑的强大海军力量的原因。
The trade which at that time supported that great naval power was the trade of Europe, and of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea.
当时支撑这一强大海军力量的贸易是欧洲以及地中海沿岸国家的贸易。
But the share which Great Britain at present enjoys of that trade could not support any such great naval power.
但英国目前在这项贸易中所占的份额无法支撑任何如此强大的海军力量。
Had the growing trade of the colonies been left free to all nations, whatever share of it might have fallen to Great Britain, and a very considerable share would probably have fallen to her, must have been all an addition to this great trade of which she was before in possession.
如果殖民地不断增长的贸易对所有国家开放，无论其中的份额可能落入英国，而且很可能落入她的相当大的份额，都一定是对她之前拥有的这一伟大贸易的补充。
In consequence of the monopoly, the increase of the colony trade has not so much occasioned an addition to the trade which Great Britain had before, as a total change in its direction.
由于垄断，殖民地贸易的增长与其说是对英国以前的贸易造成了增加，不如说是其方向发生了彻底的改变。
Secondly, This monopoly has necessarily contributed to keep up the rate of profit, in all the different branches of British trade, higher than it naturally would have been, had all nations been allowed a free trade to the British colonies.
其次，这种垄断必然有助于维持英国贸易所有不同部门的利润率，如果所有国家都被允许与英国殖民地进行自由贸易，那么利润率自然会更高。
The monopoly of the colony trade, as it necessarily drew towards that trade a greater proportion of the capital of Great Britain than what would have gone to it of its own accord, so, by the expulsion of all foreign capitals, it necessarily reduced the whole quantity of capital employed in that trade below what it naturally would have been in the case of a free trade.
殖民地贸易的垄断，因为它必然吸引比其本身更多的大不列颠资本流向该贸易，因此，通过驱逐所有外国资本，它必然将该贸易中使用的资本总量减少到低于自由贸易情况下自然应有的水平。
But, by lessening the competition of capitals in that branch of trade, it necessarily raised the rate of profit in that branch.
但是，通过减少该贸易部门的资本竞争，必然会提高该部门的利润率。
By lessening, too, the competition of British capitals in all other branches of trade, it necessarily raised the rate of British profit in all those other branches.
通过减少英国资本在所有其他贸易部门的竞争，它必然会提高英国在所有其他贸易部门的利润率。
Whatever may have been, at any particular period since the establishment of the act of navigation, the state or extent of the mercantile capital of Great Britain, the monopoly of the colony trade must, during the continuance of that state, have raised the ordinary rate of British profit higher than it otherwise would have been, both in that and in all the other branches of British trade.
无论自航海行为确立以来的任何特定时期，英国商业资本的状况或范围如何，在该状况持续期间，殖民地贸易的垄断必定使英国的普通利润率提高到高于本来应有的水平，无论是在该领域还是在英国贸易的所有其他部门。
If, since the establishment of the act of navigation, the ordinary rate of British profit has fallen considerably, as it certainly has, it must have fallen still lower, had not the monopoly established by that act contributed to keep it up.
如果自航海法制定以来，英国的普通利润率大幅下降（事实确实如此），那么如果不是该法建立的垄断有助于维持这种水平，那么它一定会进一步下降。
But whatever raises, in any country, the ordinary rate of profit higher than it otherwise would be, necessarily subjects that country both to an absolute, and to a relative disadvantage in every branch of trade of which she has not the monopoly.
但是，无论任何国家的普通利润率提高到什么水平，都必然使该国在其不具有垄断地位的每一个贸易部门中处于绝对的和相对的劣势。
It subjects her to an absolute disadvantage; because, in such branches of trade, her merchants cannot get this greater profit without selling dearer than they otherwise would do, both the goods of foreign countries which they import into their own, and the goods of their own country which they export to foreign countries.
这使她处于绝对的劣势。因为，在这些贸易部门中，无论是进口到本国的外国商品，还是出口到外国的本国商品，如果不以比平时更高的价格出售，她的商人就无法获得更大的利润。
Their own country must both buy dearer and sell dearer; must both buy less, and sell less; must both enjoy less and produce less, than she otherwise would do.
他们自己的国家必须提高买价和卖价；必须少买、少卖；与其他情况相比，她必须享受更少，产出也更少。
It subjects her to a relative disadvantage; because, in such branches of trade, it sets other countries, which are not subject to the same absolute disadvantage, either more above her or less below her, than they otherwise would be.
这使她处于相对劣势。因为，在这些贸易部门中，它使那些不处于同样绝对劣势的其他国家要么比她高出一些，要么比她低一些。
It enables them both to enjoy more and to produce more, in proportion to what she enjoys and produces.
它使他们能够享受更多并生产更多，与她所享受和生产的成比例。
It renders their superiority greater, or their inferiority less, than it otherwise would be.
与其他情况相比，它使他们的优势更大，或者他们的劣势更小。
By raising the price of her produce above what it otherwise would be, it enables the merchants of other countries to undersell her in foreign markets, and thereby to justle her out of almost all those branches of trade, of which she has not the monopoly.
通过将其产品的价格提高到高于原来的水平，其他国家的商人就可以在国外市场上低价出售她的产品，从而将她从几乎所有她不具有垄断权的贸易部门中挤出。
Our merchants frequently complain of the high wages of British labour, as the cause of their manufactures being undersold in foreign markets; but they are silent about the high profits of stock.
我们的商人经常抱怨英国劳动力的高工资，这是他们的制成品在国外市场上销售不足的原因；但他们对股票的高利润却三缄其口。
They complain of the extravagant gain of other people; but they say nothing of their own.
他们抱怨别人的暴利；但他们只字未提。
The high profits of British stock, however, may contribute towards raising the price of British manufactures, in many cases, as much, and in some perhaps more, than the high wages of British labour.
然而，英国股票的高利润可能会导致英国制成品价格上涨，在许多情况下，其幅度可能与英国劳动力的高工资一样高，在某些情况下甚至可能更高。
It is in this manner that the capital of Great Britain, one may justly say, has partly been drawn and partly been driven from the greater part of the different branches of trade of which she has not the monopoly; from the trade of Europe, in particular, and from that of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea.
人们可以公正地说，正是通过这种方式，英国的资本部分地从英国不具有垄断地位的大部分不同贸易部门中抽出，部分地被驱逐。尤其是来自欧洲以及地中海沿岸国家的贸易。
It has partly been drawn from those branches of trade, by the attraction of superior profit in the colony trade, in consequence of the continual increase of that trade, and of the continual insufficiency of the capital which had carried it on one year to carry it on the next.
它部分是从这些贸易部门中提取的，是由于殖民地贸易所吸引的超额利润，这是由于该贸易的不断增长，以及过去一年的资本持续不足而导致下一年的资本持续不足。
It has partly been driven from them, by the advantage which the high rate of profit established in Great Britain gives to other countries, in all the different branches of trade of which Great Britain has not the monopoly.
部分原因是英国所建立的高利润率给其他国家带来了优势，而在英国并不垄断的所有不同贸易部门中，这种优势是被它们赶走的。
As the monopoly of the colony trade has drawn from those other branches a part of the British capital, which would otherwise have been employed in them, so it has forced into them many foreign capitals which would never have gone to them, had they not been expelled from the colony trade.
由于殖民地贸易的垄断从其他部门抽走了一部分英国资本，而这些资本原本可以在这些部门中使用，因此，它也迫使许多外国资本进入这些部门，如果它们没有被驱逐出殖民地贸易，这些资本永远不会流向它们。
In those other branches of trade, it has diminished the competition of British capitals, and thereby raised the rate of British profit higher than it otherwise would have been.
在其他贸易部门，它削弱了英国资本的竞争，从而使英国的利润率提高到高于本来应有的水平。
On the contrary, it has increased the competition of foreign capitals, and thereby sunk the rate of foreign profit lower than it otherwise would have been.
相反，它加剧了外国资本的竞争，从而使外国利润率下降到本来应有的水平。
Both in the one way and in the other, it must evidently have subjected Great Britain to a relative disadvantage in all those other branches of trade.
无论从一方面还是另一方面，它显然都使英国在所有其他贸易部门中处于相对不利的地位。
The colony trade, however, it may perhaps be said, is more advantageous to Great Britain than any other; and the monopoly, by forcing into that trade a greater proportion of the capital of Great Britain than what would otherwise have gone to it, has turned that capital into an employment, more advantageous to the country than any other which it could have found.
然而，也许可以说，殖民地贸易对英国来说比其他任何贸易都更有利。垄断通过迫使英国资本投入该贸易的比例比本来可以投入的资本更大，从而将这些资本转化为一种就业，比它所能找到的任何其他资本对国家都更有利。
The most advantageous employment of any capital to the country to which it belongs, is that which maintains there the greatest quantity of productive labour, and increases the most the annual produce of the land and labour of that country.
任何资本对其所属国家最有利的使用，就是使该国保持最多数量的生产性劳动，并最大限度地增加该国土地和劳动的年产量。
But the quantity of productive labour which any capital employed in the foreign trade of consumption can maintain, is exactly in proportion, it has been shown in the second book, to the frequency of its returns.
但是，任何资本在消费对外贸易中所能够维持的生产劳动量，正如第二本书所表明的那样，与其回报的频率成正比。
A capital of a thousand pounds, for example, employed in a foreign trade of consumption, of which the returns are made regularly once in the year, can keep in constant employment, in the country to which it belongs, a quantity of productive labour, equal to what a thousand pounds can maintain there for a year.
例如，用于消费对外贸易的一千英镑资本，每年定期回报一次，可以在其所属国家保持不变的就业量，相当于一千英镑在该国一年可以维持的生产性劳动量。
If the returns are made twice or thrice in the year, it can keep in constant employment a quantity of productive labour, equal to what two or three thousand pounds can maintain there for a year.
如果一年内回报两次或三次，它就可以保持一定数量的生产性劳动力的持续就业，相当于一年可以维持两三千英镑的量。
A foreign trade of consumption carried on with a neighbouring, is, upon that account, in general, more advantageous than one carried on with a distant country; and, for the same reason, a direct foreign trade of consumption, as it has likewise been shown in the second book, is in general more advantageous than a round-about one.
因此，一般而言，与邻国进行的消费对外贸易比与远方国家进行的消费对外贸易更有利。出于同样的原因，正如第二本书中同样表明的那样，直接的消费对外贸易通常比迂回的贸易更有利。
But the monopoly of the colony trade, so far as it has operated upon the employment of the capital of Great Britain, has, in all cases, forced some part of it from a foreign trade of consumption carried on with a neighbouring, to one carried on with a more distant country, and in many cases from a direct foreign trade of consumption to a round-about one.
但是，就大不列颠资本的使用而言，殖民地贸易的垄断在所有情况下都迫使其一部分从与邻国进行的对外消费贸易转向与更远的国家进行的对外消费贸易，并且在许多情况下从直接的对外消费贸易转向迂回的对外消费贸易。
First, The monopoly of the colony trade has, in all cases, forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from a foreign trade of consumption carried on with a neighbouring, to one carried on with a more distant country.
第一，殖民地贸易的垄断在所有情况下都迫使英国资本的一部分从与邻国进行的对外消费贸易转向与更遥远的国家进行的对外贸易。
It has, in all cases, forced some part of that capital from the trade with Europe, and with the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea, to that with the more distant regions of America and the West Indies; from which the returns are necessarily less frequent, not only on account of the greater distance, but on account of the peculiar circumstances of those countries.
在所有情况下，它都迫使部分资本退出与欧洲、地中海沿岸国家的贸易，转向与更遥远的美洲和西印度群岛地区的贸易；从那里返回的频率必然较低，不仅因为距离较远，而且因为这些国家的特殊情况。
New colonies, it has already been observed, are always understocked.
人们已经观察到，新的蜂群总是库存不足。
Their capital is always much less than what they could employ with great profit and advantage in the improvement and cultivation of their land.
他们的资本总是远远少于他们可以用来改善和耕种土地并获得巨大利润和优势的资本。
They have a constant demand, therefore, for more capital than they have of their own; and, in order to supply the deficiency of their own, they endeavour to borrow as much as they can of the mother country, to whom they are, therefore, always in debt.
因此，他们不断需要比他们自己拥有的更多的资本。为了弥补自己的不足，他们尽力向祖国借钱，因此他们总是欠着祖国的债。
The most common way in which the colonies contract this debt, is not by borrowing upon bond of the rich people of the mother country, though they sometimes do this too, but by running as much in arrear to their correspondents, who supply them with goods from Europe, as those correspondents will allow them.
殖民地承担这笔债务的最常见方式不是通过母国富人的债券借款（尽管有时他们也会这样做），而是通过向他们的往来者支付尽可能多的欠款，这些往来者在这些往来者允许的情况下从欧洲向他们提供货物。
Their annual returns frequently do not amount to more than a third, and sometimes not to so great a proportion of what they owe.
他们的年回报通常不会超过其所欠债务的三分之一，有时甚至不会达到如此大的比例。
The whole capital, therefore, which their correspondents advance to them, is seldom returned to Britain in less than three, and sometimes not in less than four or five years.
因此，他们的往来者预付给他们的全部资本很少会在不到三年的时间内归还给英国，有时甚至不会少于四五年。
But a British capital of a thousand pounds, for example, which is returned to Great Britain only once in five years, can keep in constant employment only one-fifth part of the British industry which it could maintain, if the whole was returned once in the year; and, instead of the quantity of industry which a thousand pounds could maintain for a year, can keep in constant employment the quantity only which two hundred pounds can maintain for a year.
但是，例如，一千英镑的英国资本，每五年才归还一次，只能使英国工业的五分之一保持不变，如果一年全部归还一次的话；而且，只有两百英镑才能维持一年的工业量，才能保持不变的就业，而不是一千英镑可以维持一年的工业量。
The planter, no doubt, by the high price which he pays for the goods from Europe, by the interest upon the bills which he grants at distant dates, and by the commission upon the renewal of those which he grants at near dates, makes up, and probably more than makes up, all the loss which his correspondent can sustain by this delay.
毫无疑问，种植园主通过为来自欧洲的货物支付高价，通过远期票据的利息，以及通过更新近期票据的佣金，弥补了，甚至可能超过弥补了他的往来者因这种拖延而可能承受的所有损失。
But, though he make up the loss of his correspondent, he cannot make up that of Great Britain.
但是，尽管他弥补了通讯员的损失，却无法弥补英国的损失。
In a trade of which the returns are very distant, the profit of the merchant may be as great or greater than in one in which they are very frequent and near; but the advantage of the country in which he resides, the quantity of productive labour constantly maintained there, the annual produce of the land and labour, must always be much less.
在回报非常遥远的行业中，商人的利润可能与回报非常频繁且接近的行业一样大，甚至更大。但是，他所居住的国家的优势，即那里持续维持的生产劳动量，即土地和劳动的年产品，必定要少得多。
That the returns of the trade to America, and still more those of that to the West Indies, are, in general, not only more distant, but more irregular and more uncertain, too, than those of the trade to any part of Europe, or even of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea, will readily be allowed, I imagine, by everybody who has any experience of those different branches of trade.
我想，与欧洲任何地区，甚至地中海沿岸国家的贸易相比，对美洲的贸易回报，尤其是对西印度群岛的贸易回报，一般来说不仅更遥远，而且更不规律，也更不确定，我想，每个对这些不同贸易部门有任何经验的人都会很容易地允许这一点。
Secondly, The monopoly of the colony trade, has, in many cases, forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from a direct foreign trade of consumption, into a round-about one.
其次，殖民地贸易的垄断，在很多情况下迫使英国的一部分资本从直接的对外消费贸易转为迂回的贸易。
Among the enumerated commodities which can be sent to no other market but Great Britain, there are several of which the quantity exceeds very much the consumption of Great Britain, and of which, a part, therefore, must be exported to other countries.
在所列举的除了英国以外不能运往其他市场的商品中，有几种商品的数量大大超过了英国的消费量，因此其中一部分必须出口到其他国家。
But this cannot be done without forcing some part of the capital of Great Britain into a round-about foreign trade of consumption.
但如果不迫使英国首都的一部分进行迂回的消费对外贸易，就不可能做到这一点。
Maryland, and Virginia, for example, send annually to Great Britain upwards of ninety-six thousand hogsheads of tobacco, and the consumption of Great Britain is said not to exceed fourteen thousand.
例如，马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州每年向英国运送超过九万六千桶烟草，而英国的消费量据说不超过一万四千桶。
Upwards of eighty-two thousand hogsheads, therefore, must be exported to other countries, to France, to Holland, and, to the countries which lie round the Baltic and Mediterranean seas.
因此，必须将超过八万二千个大桶出口到其他国家，法国、荷兰以及波罗的海和地中海沿岸的国家。
But that part of the capital of Great Britain which brings those eighty-two thousand hogsheads to Great Britain, which re-exports them from thence to those other countries, and which brings back from those other countries to Great Britain either goods or money in return, is employed in a round-about foreign trade of consumption; and is necessarily forced into this employment, in order to dispose of this great surplus.
但是，将这八万二千个大桶运到英国，再将它们再出口到其他国家，以及从其他国家带回货物或金钱作为回报的英国首都的一部分，却被用于迂回的对外消费贸易；为了处置这一巨大的剩余，他们必然被迫从事这种工作。
If we would compute in how many years the whole of this capital is likely to come back to Great Britain, we must add to the distance of the American returns that of the returns from those other countries.
如果我们要计算在多少年内全部资本可能返回英国，我们必须将美国回报与其他国家回报的距离相加。
If, in the direct foreign trade of consumption which we carry on with America, the whole capital employed frequently does not come back in less than three or four years, the whole capital employed in this round-about one is not likely to come back in less than four or five.
如果说，我们与美国进行的直接对外消费贸易中，动用的资本往往不到三、四年就回不来，那么这一迂回的动用资本就不可能在四、五年之内全部回来。
If the one can keep in constant employment but a third or a fourth part of the domestic industry which could be maintained by a capital returned once in the year, the other can keep in constant employment but a fourth or a fifth part of that industry.
如果一方能够保持恒定就业，但国内产业的三分之一或四分之一可以通过一年一次的资本返还来维持，那么另一方也可以保持恒定就业，但国内产业的四分之一或五分之一。
At some of the outports a credit is commonly given to those foreign correspondents to whom they export them tobacco.
在一些出口商，通常会向那些向其出口烟草的外国通讯员提供信用。
At the port of London, indeed, it is commonly sold for ready money: the rule is Weigh and pay.
事实上，在伦敦港，它通常以现钱出售：规则是称重并付款。
At the port of London, therefore, the final returns of the whole round-about trade are more distant than the returns from America, by the time only which the goods may lie unsold in the warehouse; where, however, they may sometimes lie long enough.
因此，在伦敦港，整个迂回贸易的最终回报比从美国的回报还要遥远，直到货物在仓库中可能尚未售出的时候；然而，它们有时可能会躺得足够长。
But, had not the colonies been confined to the market of Great Britain for the sale of their tobacco, very little more of it would probably have come to us than what was necessary for the home consumption.
但是，如果殖民地的烟草销售不是仅限于英国市场，那么来到我们这里的烟草可能不会比家庭消费所需的多多少。
The goods which Great Britain purchases at present for her own consumption with the great surplus of tobacco which she exports to other countries, she would, in this case, probably have purchased with the immediate produce of her own industry, or with some part of her own manufactures.
英国目前购买的用于自身消费的商品以及出口到其他国家的大量剩余烟草，在这种情况下，她可能会用她自己工业的直接产品或她自己的制成品的一部分来购买。
That produce, those manufactures, instead of being almost entirely suited to one great market, as at present, would probably have been fitted to a great number of smaller markets.
这些产品、这些制造品可能不会像目前那样几乎完全适合一个大市场，而是可能适合许多较小的市场。
Instead of one great round-about foreign trade of consumption, Great Britain would probably have carried on a great number of small direct foreign trades of the same kind.
英国可能会进行大量同类的小型直接对外贸易，而不是进行一次大规模的迂回消费对外贸易。
On account of the frequency of the returns, a part, and probably but a small part, perhaps not above a third or a fourth of the capital which at present carries on this great round-about trade, might have been sufficient to carry on all those small direct ones; might have kept in constant employment an equal quantity of British industry; and have equally supported the annual produce of the land and labour of Great Britain.
考虑到回报的频率，目前进行这种巨大的迂回贸易的资本的一部分，可能只是一小部分，也许不超过三分之一或四分之一，可能足以进行所有这些小型直接贸易；本来可以保持同等数量的英国工业的持续就业；并同样支持了英国土地和劳动力的年生产。
All the purposes of this trade being, in this manner, answered by a much smaller capital, there would have been a large spare capital to apply to other purposes; to improve the lands, to increase the manufactures, and to extend the commerce of Great Britain; to come into competition at least with the other British capitals employed in all those different ways, to reduce the rate of profit in them all, and thereby to give to Great Britain, in all of them, a superiority over other countries, still greater than what she at present enjoys.
以这种方式，这种贸易的所有目的都可以用小得多的资本来实现，就会有大量的闲置资本用于其他目的；改善土地、增加制造业并扩大英国的商业；至少与以所有这些不同方式运用的其他英国首都进行竞争，降低所有这些国家的利润率，从而使英国在所有这些国家中都具有优于其他国家的优势，甚至比她目前所享有的优势还要大。
The monopoly of the colony trade, too, has forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from all foreign trade of consumption to a carrying trade; and, consequently from supporting more or less the industry of Great Britain, to be employed altogether in supporting partly that of the colonies, and partly that of some other countries.
殖民地贸易的垄断也迫使英国部分资本从所有对外消费贸易转向转口贸易；因此，或多或少地支持英国的工业，而全部用于支持部分殖民地的工业，部分支持其他一些国家的工业。
The goods, for example, which are annually purchased with the great surplus of eighty-two thousand hogsheads of tobacco annually re-exported from Great Britain, are not all consumed in Great Britain.
例如，每年用从英国再出口的八万二千桶烟草的大量剩余购买的商品，并不全部在英国消费。
Part of them, linen from Germany and Holland, for example, is returned to the colonies for their particular consumption.
其中一部分，例如来自德国和荷兰的亚麻布，被返回殖民地供其特殊消费。
But that part of the capital of Great Britain which buys the tobacco with which this linen is afterwards bought, is necessarily withdrawn from supporting the industry of Great Britain, to be employed altogether in supporting, partly that of the colonies, and partly that of the particular countries who pay for this tobacco with the produce of their own industry.
但是，购买烟草（后来又用来购买亚麻布）的那部分大不列颠资本，必然会从支持大不列颠的工业中抽出，部分用于支持殖民地的工业，部分用于支持用本国工业产品购买烟草的特定国家的工业。
The monopoly of the colony trade, besides, by forcing towards it a much greater proportion of the capital of Great Britain than what would naturally have gone to it, seems to have broken altogether that natural balance which would otherwise have taken place among all the different branches of British industry.
此外，殖民地贸易的垄断迫使大不列颠资本的比例比自然流向它的资本大得多，似乎完全打破了英国工业所有不同部门之间本来会出现的自然平衡。
The industry of Great Britain, instead of being accommodated to a great number of small markets, has been principally suited to one great market.
英国的工业不是适应大量的小市场，而是主要适应一个大市场。
Her commerce, instead of running in a great number of small channels, has been taught to run principally in one great channel.
她的商业不是在许多小渠道中运行，而是主要在一个大渠道中运行。
But the whole system of her industry and commerce has thereby been rendered less secure; the whole state of her body politic less healthful than it otherwise would have been.
但她的整个工商业体系因此变得不那么安全。她的整个政治体状态不如原本应有的健康。
In her present condition, Great Britain resembles one of those unwholesome bodies in which some of the vital parts are overgrown, and which, upon that account, are liable to many dangerous disorders, scarce incident to those in which all the parts are more properly proportioned.
就其目前的状况而言，英国就像是一个不健康的身体，其中一些重要部分生长过度，因此容易出现许多危险的疾病，而那些所有部分比例都更加适当的疾病则很少发生。
A small stop in that great blood-vessel, which has been artificially swelled beyond its natural dimensions, and through which an unnatural proportion of the industry and commerce of the country has been forced to circulate, is very likely to bring on the most dangerous disorders upon the whole body politic.
这条大血管被人为地膨胀到超出了其自然尺寸，并且国家的工业和商业的不自然比例被迫通过它进行流通，其中的一个小停顿很可能给整个政治体带来最危险的混乱。
The expectation of a rupture with the colonies, accordingly, has struck the people of Great Britain with more terror than they ever felt for a Spanish armada, or a French invasion.
因此，与殖民地决裂的预期让英国人民感到比西班牙无敌舰队或法国入侵更加恐惧。
It was this terror, whether well or ill grounded, which rendered the repeal of the stamp act, among the merchants at least, a popular measure.
正是这种恐惧，无论有无根据，使得废除印花税法（至少在商人中）成为一项受欢迎的措施。
In the total exclusion from the colony market, was it to last only for a few years, the greater part of our merchants used to fancy that they foresaw an entire stop to their trade; the greater part of our master manufacturers, the entire ruin of their business; and the greater part of our workmen, an end of their employment.
殖民地市场被完全排除在外，即使这种情况只持续几年，我们的大部分商人过去常常幻想，他们预见到他们的贸易将完全停止；但事实上，这种情况并没有发生。我们大部分的主要制造商，他们的生意全部破产了；我们的大部分工人都结束了他们的工作。
A rupture with any of our neighbours upon the continent, though likely, too, to occasion some stop or interruption in the employments of some of all these different orders of people, is foreseen, however, without any such general emotion.
与我们大陆上任何邻国的决裂，虽然也可能会导致所有这些不同阶层中的一些人的就业停止或中断，但可以预见，但没有任何这种普遍的情绪。
The blood, of which the circulation is stopt in some of the smaller vessels, easily disgorges itself into the greater, without occasioning any dangerous disorder; but, when it is stopt in any of the greater vessels, convulsions, apoplexy, or death, are the immediate and unavoidable consequences.
血液在一些较小的血管中停止循环，很容易流入较大的血管，而不会引起任何危险的疾病。但是，当它停在任何较大的血管中时，抽搐、中风或死亡就是直接且不可避免的后果。
If but one of those overgrown manufactures, which, by means either of bounties or of the monopoly of the home and colony markets, have been artificially raised up to any unnatural height, finds some small stop or interruption in its employment, it frequently occasions a mutiny and disorder alarming to government, and embarrassing even to the deliberations of the legislature.
这些过度发展的制造业，通过赏金或垄断国内和殖民地市场，被人为地提升到任何不自然的高度，如果其中一个在其就业中发现一些小规模的停顿或中断，它经常会引发一场叛乱和骚乱，令政府震惊，甚至使立法机关的审议感到尴尬。
How great, therefore, would be the disorder and confusion, it was thought, which must necessarily be occasioned by a sudden and entire stop in the employment of so great a proportion of our principal manufacturers?
因此，有人认为，我们如此大一部分主要制造商的就业突然完全停止必然会造成多大的混乱和混乱？
Some moderate and gradual relaxation of the laws which give to Great Britain the exclusive trade to the colonies, till it is rendered in a great measure free, seems to be the only expedient which can, in all future times, deliver her from this danger; which can enable her, or even force her, to withdraw some part of her capital from this overgrown employment, and to turn it, though with less profit, towards other employments; and which, by gradually diminishing one branch of her industry, and gradually increasing all the rest, can, by degrees, restore all the different branches of it to that natural, healthful, and proper proportion, which perfect liberty necessarily establishes, and which perfect liberty can alone preserve.
对给予英国与殖民地的独家贸易的法律进行适度和逐步的放松，直到在很大程度上实现自由贸易，这似乎是在未来的所有时代中唯一能将她从这种危险中解救出来的权宜之计。这可以使她，甚至迫使她，从这种过度发展的职业中撤回部分资本，并将其转向其他职业，尽管利润较少；通过逐渐减少其工业的一个部门，并逐渐增加所有其他部门，可以逐渐将其所有不同部门恢复到自然、健康和适当的比例，这是完美的自由必然建立的，也是完美的自由只能维持的。
To open the colony trade all at once to all nations, might not only occasion some transitory inconveniency, but a great permanent loss, to the greater part of those whose industry or capital is at present engaged in it.
立即向所有国家开放殖民地贸易，可能不仅会造成一些暂时的不便，而且会给目前从事该行业或资本的大部分人带来巨大的永久性损失。
The sudden loss of the employment, even of the ships which import the eighty-two thousand hogsheads of tobacco, which are over and above the consumption of Great Britain, might alone be felt very sensibly.
突然失去就业机会，甚至是进口超过英国消费量的八万二千桶烟草的船只，可能会让人感到非常明显。
Such are the unfortunate effects of all the regulations of the mercantile system.
这就是重商体系所有规定所带来的不幸后果。
They not only introduce very dangerous disorders into the state of the body politic, but disorders which it is often difficult to remedy, without occasioning, for a time at least, still greater disorders.
它们不仅给国家政体带来了非常危险的混乱，而且往往难以补救，除非至少在一段时间内引发更严重的混乱。
In what manner, therefore, the colony trade ought gradually to be opened; what are the restraints which ought first, and what are those which ought last, to be taken away; or in what manner the natural system of perfect liberty and justice ought gradually to be restored, we must leave to the wisdom of future statesmen and legislators to determine.
那么，殖民地贸易应该以何种方式逐步开放？哪些限制应该首先取消，哪些限制应该持续取消？或者以何种方式逐步恢复完美自由和正义的自然体系，我们必须留给未来政治家和立法者的智慧来决定。
Five different events, unforeseen and unthought of, have very fortunately concurred to hinder Great Britain from feeling, so sensibly as it was generally expected she would, the total exclusion which has now taken place for more than a year (from the first of December 1774) from a very important branch of the colony trade, that of the twelve associated provinces of North America.
非常幸运的是，五个不同的事件，不可预见和未想到的，同时阻止了英国的感觉，就像人们普遍预期的那样，它已经完全被排除在殖民地贸易的一个非常重要的分支，即北美十二个相关省份之外，已经发生了一年多（从1774年12月1日开始）。
First, those colonies, in preparing themselves for their non-importation agreement, drained Great Britain completely of all the commodities which were fit for their market; secondly, the extra ordinary demand of the Spanish flota has, this year, drained Germany and the north of many commodities, linen in particular, which used to come into competition, even in the British market, with the manufactures of Great Britain; thirdly, the peace between Russia and Turkey has occasioned an extraordinary demand from the Turkey market, which, during the distress of the country, and while a Russian fleet was cruizing in the Archipelago, had been very poorly supplied; fourthly, the demand of the north of Europe for the manufactures of Great Britain has been increasing from year to year, for some time past; and, fifthly, the late partition, and consequential pacification of Poland, by opening the market of that great country, have, this year, added an extraordinary demand from thence to the increasing demand of the north.
首先，这些殖民地在为签订不进口协议做准备时，完全耗尽了英国所有适合其市场的商品；其次，今年西班牙船队的异常需求耗尽了德国和北方的许多商品，特别是亚麻制品，而亚麻制品过去甚至在英国市场上也与英国的制造商竞争。第三，俄罗斯和土耳其之间的和平引起了土耳其市场的巨大需求，而在该国陷入困境时，当俄罗斯舰队在群岛巡航时，土耳其市场的供应非常不足；第四，过去一段时间以来，北欧对英国制造品的需求逐年增加；第五，波兰的晚期分裂以及随之而来的平定，通过开放这个伟大国家的市场，今年为北方日益增长的需求增添了非凡的需求。
These events are all, except the fourth, in their nature transitory and accidental; and the exclusion from so important a branch of the colony trade, if unfortunately it should continue much longer, may still occasion some degree of distress.
除了第四个事件之外，这些事件本质上都是短暂的和偶然的。殖民地贸易中如此重要的一个分支被排除在外，如果不幸地持续更长时间，仍然可能会造成某种程度的痛苦。
This distress, however, as it will come on gradually, will be felt much less severely than if it had come on all at once; and, in the mean time, the industry and capital of the country may find a new employment and direction, so as to prevent this distress from ever rising to any considerable height.
然而，这种痛苦是逐渐发生的，因此比突然发生的痛苦要轻得多。与此同时，国家的工业和资本可能会找到新的就业和方向，以防止这种困境进一步上升。
The monopoly of the colony trade, therefore, so far as it has turned towards that trade a greater proportion of the capital of Great Britain than what would otherwise have gone to it, has in all cases turned it, from a foreign trade of consumption with a neighbouring, into one with a more distant country; in many cases from a direct foreign trade of consumption into a round-about one; and, in some cases, from all foreign trade of consumption into a carrying trade.
因此，只要殖民地贸易的垄断将大不列颠资本的更大比例用于该贸易，那么它在所有情况下都将其从与邻国的消费对外贸易转变为与更远的国家的贸易。很多情况下消费从直接的对外贸易变成了迂回的贸易；并且，在某些情况下，所有的对外贸易都从消费转为套利贸易。
It has, in all cases, therefore, turned it from a direction in which it would have maintained a greater quantity of productive labour, into one in which it can maintain a much smaller quantity.
因此，在所有情况下，它都将其从原本可以维持较多生产劳动量的方向转变为可以维持较少量生产劳动的方向。
By suiting, besides, to one particular market only, so great a part of the industry and commerce of Great Britain, it has rendered the whole state of that industry and commerce more precarious and less secure, than if their produce had been accommodated to a greater variety of markets.
此外，由于只适应一个特定的市场，即英国工业和商业的很大一部分，与产品适应更广泛的市场相比，它使整个工业和商业的状态更加不稳定和不安全。
We must carefully distinguish between the effects of the colony trade and those of the monopoly of that trade.
我们必须仔细区分殖民地贸易的影响和该贸易垄断的影响。
The former are always and necessarily beneficial; the latter always and necessarily hurtful.
前者总是且必然有益；后者总是有益的。后者总是并且必然是有害的。
But the former are so beneficial, that the colony trade, though subject to a monopoly, and, notwithstanding the hurtful effects of that monopoly, is still, upon the whole, beneficial, and greatly beneficial, though a good deal less so than it otherwise would be.
但前者是如此有益，以至于殖民地贸易虽然受到垄断，并且尽管这种垄断会产生有害影响，但总体上仍然是有益的，而且是非常有益的，尽管比其他情况下的好处要少得多。
The effect of the colony trade, in its natural and free state, is to open a great though distant market, for such parts of the produce of British industry as may exceed the demand of the markets nearer home, of those of Europe, and of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea.
在自然和自由的状态下，殖民地贸易的作用是为英国工业产品的某些部分打开一个巨大但遥远的市场，这些市场可能超出邻近本土市场、欧洲市场以及地中海沿岸国家市场的需求。
In its natural and free state, the colony trade, without drawing from those markets any part of the produce which had ever been sent to them, encourages Great Britain to increase the surplus continually, by continually presenting new equivalents to be exchanged for it.
在其自然和自由的状态下，殖民地贸易无需从这些市场提取任何曾经发送给他们的产品，鼓励英国通过不断提供新的等价物来交换剩余，从而不断增加剩余。
In its natural and free state, the colony trade tends to increase the quantity of productive labour in Great Britain, but without altering in any respect the direction of that which had been employed there before.
在其自然和自由的状态下，殖民地贸易往往会增加英国的生产性劳动力数量，但不会在任何方面改变以前在那里使用的生产性劳动力的方向。
In the natural and free state of the colony trade, the competition of all other nations would hinder the rate of profit from rising above the common level, either in the new market, or in the new employment.
在殖民地贸易的自然和自由状态下，所有其他国家的竞争将阻碍利润率上升到高于共同水平，无论是在新市场上，还是在新就业方面。
The new market, without drawing any thing from the old one, would create, if one may say so, a new produce for its own supply; and that new produce would constitute a new capital for carrying on the new employment, which, in the same manner, would draw nothing from the old one.
如果可以这么说的话，新市场将在不从旧市场汲取任何东西的情况下，为自己的供应创造一种新产品。新的产品将构成进行新的就业的新资本，同样，新的资本不会从旧的就业中汲取任何东西。
The monopoly of the colony trade, on the contrary, by excluding the competition of other nations, and thereby raising the rate of profit, both in the new market and in the new employment, draws produce from the old market, and capital from the old employment.
相反，殖民地贸易的垄断通过排除其他国家的竞争，从而提高新市场和新就业的利润率，从旧市场吸取产品，从旧就业吸取资本。
To augment our share of the colony trade beyond what it otherwise would be, is the avowed purpose of the monopoly.
垄断所公开的目的是增加我们在殖民地贸易中的份额，使其超出原本应有的水平。
If our share of that trade were to be no greater with, than it would have been without the monopoly, there could have been no reason for establishing the monopoly.
如果我们在贸易中所占的份额不比没有垄断时更大，那么就没有理由建立垄断。
But whatever forces into a branch of trade, of which the returns are slower and more distant than those of the greater part of other trades, a greater proportion of the capital of any country, than what of its own accord would go to that branch, necessarily renders the whole quantity of productive labour annually maintained there, the whole annual produce of the land and labour of that country, less than they otherwise would be.
但是，无论何种力量进入某一贸易部门，其回报比其他大部分贸易更慢、更遥远，任何国家的资本比例都比其本身流向该部门的资本的比例更大，必然导致该部门每年维持的全部生产性劳动量，即该国土地和劳动力的全部年产品量，比它们原本应有的情况要少。
It keeps down the revenue of the inhabitants of that country below what it would naturally rise to, and thereby diminishes their power of accumulation.
它使该国居民的收入低于自然增长水平，从而削弱了他们的积累能力。
It not only hinders, at all times, their capital from maintaining so great a quantity of productive labour as it would otherwise maintain, but it hinders it from increasing so fast as it would otherwise increase, and, consequently, from maintaining a still greater quantity of productive labour.
它不仅在任何时候都阻碍它们的资本维持本来可以维持的大量生产劳动，而且阻碍它们的资本增长得像本来可以增加的那样快，从而阻碍资本维持更多的生产劳动。
The natural good effects of the colony trade, however, more than counterbalance to Great Britain the bad effects of the monopoly; so that, monopoly and altogether, that trade, even as it is carried on at present, is not only advantageous, but greatly advantageous.
然而，殖民地贸易自然带来的好处远远超过了英国垄断带来的坏影响。因此，总的来说，垄断贸易，即使是目前进行的贸易，不仅是有利的，而且是非常有利的。
The new market and the new employment which are opened by the colony trade, are of much greater extent than that portion of the old market and of the old employment which is lost by the monopoly.
殖民地贸易所开辟的新市场和新就业机会，比垄断所失去的旧市场和旧就业机会要大得多。
The new produce and the new capital which has been created, if one may say so, by the colony trade, maintain in Great Britain a greater quantity of productive labour than what can have been thrown out of employment by the revulsion of capital from other trades of which the returns are more frequent.
如果可以这么说的话，通过殖民地贸易创造的新产品和新资本在英国维持的生产性劳动力数量，比由于资本从其他回报更频繁的行业中排斥而失去就业的数量还要多。
If the colony trade, however, even as it is carried on at present, is advantageous to Great Britain, it is not by means of the monopoly, but in spite of the monopoly.
然而，如果殖民地贸易，即使是目前进行的，对英国有利的话，也不是通过垄断，而是尽管有垄断。
It is rather for the manufactured than for the rude produce of Europe, that the colony trade opens a new market.
殖民地贸易为欧洲的工业产品而不是粗产品打开了一个新市场。
Agriculture is the proper business of all new colonies; a business which the cheapness of land renders more advantageous than any other.
农业是所有新殖民地的正业；土地的廉价使得这项业务比其他任何业务都更有利。
They abound, therefore, in the rude produce of land; and instead of importing it from other countries, they have generally a large surplus to export.
因此，他们拥有丰富的土地资源。他们通常有大量盈余可供出口，而不是从其他国家进口。
In new colonies, agriculture either draws hands from all other employments, or keeps them from going to any other employment.
在新的殖民地，农业要么从所有其他就业中吸引人手，要么阻止他们从事任何其他就业。
There are few hands to spare for the necessary, and none for the ornamental manufactures.
没有多少人手可以用来生产必需品，也没有人可以用来生产装饰品。
The greater part of the manufactures of both kinds they find it cheaper to purchase of other countries than to make for themselves.
他们发现，这两类制造品中的大部分从其他国家购买比自己制造更便宜。
It is chiefly by encouraging the manufactures of Europe, that the colony trade indirectly encourages its agriculture.
殖民地贸易主要是通过鼓励欧洲的制造业来间接鼓励其农业。
The manufacturers of Europe, to whom that trade gives employment, constitute a new market for the produce of the land, and the most advantageous of all markets; the home market for the corn and cattle, for the bread and butcher’s meat of Europe, is thus greatly extended by means of the trade to America.
欧洲的制造商为欧洲的产品提供了就业机会，构成了该国产品的一个新市场，也是所有市场中最有利的市场。因此，通过贸易，欧洲的玉米和牛、面包和屠宰肉类的国内市场大大扩展了。
But that the monopoly of the trade of populous and thriving colonies is not alone sufficient to establish, or even to maintain, manufactures in any country, the examples of Spain and Portugal sufficiently demonstrate.
但是，人口稠密和繁荣的殖民地的贸易垄断不足以在任何国家建立甚至维持制造业，西班牙和葡萄牙的例子充分证明了这一点。
Spain and Portugal were manufacturing countries before they had any considerable colonies.
西班牙和葡萄牙在拥有相当大的殖民地之前都是制造业国家。
Since they had the richest and most fertile in the world, they have both ceased to be so.
自从他们拥有世界上最富有和最肥沃的土地以来，他们都不再是这样了。
In Spain and Portugal, the bad effects of the monopoly, aggravated by other causes, have, perhaps, nearly overbalanced the natural good effects of the colony trade.
在西班牙和葡萄牙，垄断的不良影响加上其他原因的加剧，也许几乎抵消了殖民地贸易的自然良好影响。
These causes seem to be other monopolies of different kinds: the degradation of the value of gold and silver below what it is in most other countries; the exclusion from foreign markets by improper taxes upon exportation, and the narrowing of the home market, by still more improper taxes upon the transportation of goods from one part of the country to another; but above all, that irregular and partial administration of justice which often protects the rich and powerful debtor from the pursuit of his injured creditor, and which makes the industrious part of the nation afraid to prepare goods for the consumption of those haughty and great men, to whom they dare not refuse to sell upon credit, and from whom they are altogether uncertain of repayment.
这些原因似乎是其他不同类型的垄断：黄金和白银的价值下降到低于大多数其他国家的水平；出口时不适当的税收将其排除在国外市场之外，而对从一国的一个地方运输到另一地方的货物征收更不适当的税收则缩小了国内市场；但最重要的是，这种不规范和片面的司法管理常常保护富有而强大的债务人免受其受伤的债权人的追捕，这使得国家的勤劳部分不敢为那些傲慢而伟人的消费准备货物，他们不敢拒绝向他们赊账出售，而且他们完全不确定他们是否能偿还。
In England, on the contrary, the natural good effects of the colony trade, assisted by other causes, have in a great measure conquered the bad effects of the monopoly.
相反，在英国，殖民地贸易的自然良好效果在其他原因的帮助下，在很大程度上克服了垄断的不良影响。
These causes seem to be, the general liberty of trade, which, notwithstanding some restraints, is at least equal, perhaps superior, to what it is in any other country; the liberty of exporting, duty free, almost all sorts of goods which are the produce of domestic industry, to almost any foreign country; and what, perhaps, is of still greater importance, the unbounded liberty of transporting them from one part of our own country to any other, without being obliged to give any account to any public office, without being liable to question or examination of any kind; but, above all, that equal and impartial administration of justice, which renders the rights of the meanest British subject respectable to the greatest, and which, by securing to every man the fruits of his own industry, gives the greatest and most effectual encouragement to every sort of industry.
这些原因似乎是，普遍的贸易自由，尽管存在一些限制，但至少与任何其他国家相同，也许优于任何其他国家；可以自由、免税地向几乎任何外国出口国内工业产品的几乎所有种类的商品；也许更重要的是，将他们从我们国家的一个地方运送到另一个地方的不受限制的自由，而不必向任何公职部门交代任何情况，也不必受到任何形式的质疑或审查；但最重要的是，平等和公正的司法管理，使最卑鄙的英国臣民的权利得到最伟大的人的尊重，并且通过确保每个人都获得自己勤奋的成果，为各种勤奋提供最大和最有效的鼓励。
If the manufactures of Great Britain, however, have been advanced, as they certainly have, by the colony trade, it has not been by means of the monopoly of that trade, but in spite of the monopoly.
然而，如果说大不列颠的制造业确实是通过殖民地贸易而进步的，那么它并不是通过该贸易的垄断而实现的，而是尽管存在垄断。
The effect of the monopoly has been, not to augment the quantity, but to alter the quality and shape of a part of the manufactures of Great Britain, and to accommodate to a market, from which the returns are slow and distant, what would otherwise have been accommodated to one from which the returns are frequent and near.
垄断的效果不是增加数量，而是改变了英国部分制造业的质量和形状，并适应了回报缓慢且遥远的市场，否则就会适应回报频繁且接近的市场。
Its effect has consequently been, to turn a part of the capital of Great Britain from an employment in which it would have maintained a greater quantity of manufacturing industry, to one in which it maintains a much smaller, and thereby to diminish, instead of increasing, the whole quantity of manufacturing industry maintained in Great Britain.
因此，其效果是，将英国资本的一部分从本来可以维持较大数量制造业的就业岗位转变为维持较小数量制造业的就业岗位，从而减少而不是增加了英国所维持的制造业总量。
The monopoly of the colony trade, therefore, like all the other mean and malignant expedients of the mercantile system, depresses the industry of all other countries, but chiefly that of the colonies, without in the least increasing, but on the contrary diminishing, that of the country in whose favour it is established.
因此，殖民地贸易的垄断，就像商业制度中所有其他卑鄙和恶毒的权宜之计一样，抑制了所有其他国家的工业，但主要是殖民地的工业，它丝毫没有增加，反而减少了对其有利的国家的工业。
The monopoly hinders the capital of that country, whatever may, at any particular time, be the extent of that capital, from maintaining so great a quantity of productive labour as it would otherwise maintain, and from affording so great a revenue to the industrious inhabitants as it would otherwise afford.
垄断阻碍了该国的资本，无论在任何特定时间该资本的规模如何，都无法维持原本可以维持的大量生产性劳动，也无法为勤劳的居民提供原本可以提供的大量收入。
But as capital can be increased only by savings from revenue, the monopoly, by hindering it from affording so great a revenue as it would otherwise afford, necessarily hinders it from increasing so fast as it would otherwise increase, and consequently from maintaining a still greater quantity of productive labour, and affording a still greater revenue to the industrious inhabitants of that country.
但是，由于资本只能通过收入储蓄来增加，垄断阻碍它提供本来可以提供的如此大的收入，必然阻碍资本增加得如此之快，从而维持更多的生产性劳动，并为该国勤劳的居民提供更多的收入。
One great original source of revenue, therefore, the wages of labour, the monopoly must necessarily have rendered, at all times, less abundant than it otherwise would have been.
因此，收入的一大原始来源，即劳动工资，在任何时候，垄断都必然使劳动工资比没有垄断时的劳动工资要少。
By raising the rate of mercantile profit, the monopoly discourages the improvement of land.
通过提高商业利润率，垄断阻碍了土地的改良。
The profit of improvement depends upon the difference between what the land actually produces, and what, by the application of a certain capital, it can be made to produce.
改良的利润取决于土地实际生产的产品与通过使用一定资本可以生产的产品之间的差异。
If this difference affords a greater profit than what can be drawn from an equal capital in any mercantile employment, the improvement of land will draw capital from all mercantile employments.
如果这种差异所提供的利润大于任何商业就业中从同等资本中可以获得的利润，那么土地的改良将从所有商业就业中吸引资本。
If the profit is less, mercantile employments will draw capital from the improvement of land.
如果利润较少，商业就业就会从土地改良中吸取资本。
Whatever, therefore, raises the rate of mercantile profit, either lessens the superiority, or increases the inferiority of the profit of improvement: and, in the one case, hinders capital from going to improvement, and in the other draws capital from it; but by discouraging improvement, the monopoly necessarily retards the natural increase of another great original source of revenue, the rent of land.
因此，无论什么提高了商业利润率，要么会削弱改良利润的优势，要么会增加劣势：在一种情况下，会阻碍资本走向改良，而在另一种情况下，则会从改良利润中汲取资本。但是，通过阻碍改进，垄断必然会阻碍另一个重要的原始收入来源——地租——的自然增长。
By raising the rate of profit, too, the monopoly necessarily keeps up the market rate of interest higher than it otherwise would be.
通过提高利润率，垄断也必然使市场利率保持在高于正常水平的水平。
But the price of land, in proportion to the rent which it affords, the number of years purchase which is commonly paid for it, necessarily falls as the rate of interest rises, and rises as the rate of interest falls.
但是，土地价格与它所提供的租金、通常支付土地的购买年限成正比，必然会随着利率的上升而下降，并随着利率的下降而上升。
The monopoly, therefore, hurts the interest of the landlord two different ways, by retarding the natural increase, first, of his rent, and, secondly, of the price which he would get for his land, in proportion to the rent which it affords.
因此，垄断以两种不同的方式损害了地主的利益，一是阻碍了地主地租的自然增长，二是阻碍了他从土地上获得的与土地所提供的地租成比例的价格的自然增长。
The monopoly, indeed, raises the rate of mercantile profit and thereby augments somewhat the gain of our merchants.
事实上，垄断提高了商业利润率，从而在一定程度上增加了我们商人的收益。
But as it obstructs the natural increase of capital, it tends rather to diminish than to increase the sum total of the revenue which the inhabitants of the country derive from the profits of stock; a small profit upon a great capital generally affording a greater revenue than a great profit upon a small one.
但由于它阻碍了资本的自然增长，因此它往往会减少而不是增加该国居民从股票利润中获得的总收入；大资本带来的小利润通常比小资本带来的大利润带来更多的收入。
The monopoly raises the rate of profit, but it hinders the sum of profit from rising so high as it otherwise would do.
垄断提高了利润率，但它阻碍了利润总额的增长。
All the original sources of revenue, the wages of labour, the rent of land, and the profits of stock, the monopoly renders much less abundant than they otherwise would be.
所有最初的收入来源，即劳动工资、地租和股票利润，垄断使得它们比没有垄断时要丰富得多。
To promote the little interest of one little order of men in one country, it hurts the interest of all other orders of men in that country, and of all the men in all other countries.
为了促进一个国家一小部分人的小利益，就会损害该国所有其他人以及所有其他国家所有人的利益。
It is solely by raising the ordinary rate of profit, that the monopoly either has proved, or could prove, advantageous to any one particular order of men.
只有通过提高普通利润率，垄断才能证明或可能证明对任何某一特定阶层的人有利。
But besides all the bad effects to the country in general, which have already been mentioned as necessarily resulting from a higher rate of profit, there is one more fatal, perhaps, than all these put together, but which, if we may judge from experience, is inseparably connected with it.
但是，除了前面提到的利润率提高必然对国家造成的所有不利影响之外，也许还有比所有这些因素加起来更致命的影响，但如果我们根据经验判断，它与利润率密不可分。
The high rate of profit seems everywhere to destroy that parsimony which, in other circumstances, is natural to the character of the merchant.
高利润率似乎到处都会破坏商人的节俭精神，而在其他情况下，这种节俭精神是商人的天性。
When profits are high, that sober virtue seems to be superfluous, and expensive luxury to suit better the affluence of his situation.
当利润很高时，那种清醒的美德似乎是多余的，而昂贵的奢侈似乎更适合他的富裕处境。
But the owners of the great mercantile capitals are necessarily the leaders and conductors of the whole industry of every nation; and their example has a much greater influence upon the manners of the whole industrious part of it than that of any other order of men.
但大商业资本的所有者必然是每个国家整个工业的领导者和指挥者。他们的榜样对整个勤劳部分的行为方式的影响比任何其他阶层的人都要大得多。
If his employer is attentive and parsimonious, the workman is very likely to be so too; but if the master is dissolute and disorderly, the servant, who shapes his work according to the pattern which his master prescribes to him, will shape his life, too, according to the example which he sets him.
如果他的雇主是细心和节俭的，那么工人也很可能也是如此。但如果主人放荡无序，仆人就按照主人为他规定的模式来塑造他的工作，也会按照主人为他树立的榜样来塑造他的生活。
Accumulation is thus prevented in the hands of all those who are naturally the most disposed to accumulate; and the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour, receive no augmentation from the revenue of those who ought naturally to augment them the most.
因此，积累被阻止在所有那些天生最倾向于积累的人手中；用于维持生产性劳动的资金并没有从那些自然应该增加这些资金最多的人的收入中得到增加。
The capital of the country, instead of increasing, gradually dwindles away, and the quantity of productive labour maintained in it grows every day less and less.
国家的资本不但没有增加，反而逐渐减少，其所维持的生产劳动量也日益减少。
Have the exorbitant profits of the merchants of Cadiz and Lisbon augmented the capital of Spain and Portugal?
加的斯和里斯本商人的暴利是否扩大了西班牙和葡萄牙的首都？
Have they alleviated the poverty, have they promoted the industry, of those two beggarly countries?
他们是否减轻了这两个贫穷国家的贫困，促进了工业发展？
Such has been the tone of mercantile expense in those two trading cities, that those exorbitant profits, far from augmenting the general capital of the country, seem scarce to have been sufficient to keep up the capitals upon which they were made.
这就是这两个贸易城市的商业支出基调，以至于这些过高的利润远非增加国家的总资本，似乎不足以维持它们赖以生存的资本。
Foreign capitals are every day intruding themselves, if I may say so, more and more into the trade of Cadiz and Lisbon.
如果我可以这么说的话，外国资本每天都在越来越多地侵入加的斯和里斯本的贸易。
It is to expel those foreign capitals from a trade which their own grows every day more and more insufficient for carrying on, that the Spaniards and Portuguese endeavour every day to straiten more and more the galling bands of their absurd monopoly.
西班牙人和葡萄牙人每天都在竭力限制他们荒唐的垄断所带来的令人恼火的束缚，正是为了将这些外国资本从他们自己日益增长的贸易中驱逐出去，而他们自己的贸易却越来越不足以继续下去。
Compare the mercantile manners of Cadiz and Lisbon with those of Amsterdam, and you will be sensible how differently the conduct and character of merchants are affected by the high and by the low profits of stock.
将加的斯和里斯本的商业方式与阿姆斯特丹的商业方式进行比较，你就会意识到商人的行为和性格受到股票利润高低的影响有多么不同。
The merchants of London, indeed, have not yet generally become such magnificent lords as those of Cadiz and Lisbon; but neither are they in general such attetitive and parsimonious burghers as those of Amsterdam.
事实上，伦敦的商人普遍还没有成为像加的斯和里斯本的商人那样伟大的领主。但总体来说，他们也不像阿姆斯特丹的市民那么谨慎和节俭。
They are supposed, however, many of them, to be a good deal richer than the greater part of the former, and not quire so rich as many of the latter: but the rate of their profit is commonly much lower than that of the former, and a good deal higher than that of the latter.
然而，他们中的许多人被认为比前者的大部分人富有得多，而没有后者的许多人那么富有：但他们的利润率通常比前者低得多，而比后者高得多。
Light come, light go, says the proverb; and the ordinary tone of expense seems everywhere to be regulated, not so much according to the real ability of spending, as to the supposed facility of getting money to spend.
俗话说，光来，光去；普通的支出基调似乎到处都受到监管，与其说是根据实际的支出能力，不如说是根据所谓的获得资金的便利程度。
It is thus that the single advantage which the monopoly procures to a single order of men, is in many different ways hurtful to the general interest of the country.
因此，垄断为单一群体带来的单一优势，在许多方面都会损害国家的整体利益。
To found a great empire for the sole purpose of raising up a people of customers, may at first sight, appear a project fit only for a nation of shopkeepers.
乍一看，建立一个伟大的帝国只是为了培养一批顾客，这似乎是一个只适合一个店主国家的计划。
It is, however, a project altogether unfit for a nation of shopkeepers, but extremely fit for a nation whose government is influenced by shopkeepers.
然而，这个项目完全不适合一个由店主组成的国家，但却非常适合一个政府受店主影响的国家。
Such statesmen, and such statesmen only, are capable of fancying that they will find some advantage in employing the blood and treasure of their fellow-citizens, to found and maintain such an empire.
这样的政治家，而且只有这样的政治家，能够幻想他们会在利用同胞的鲜血和财富来建立和维持这样一个帝国时找到一些优势。
Say to a shopkeeper, Buy me a good estate, and I shall always buy my clothes at your shop, even though I should pay somewhat dearer than what I can have them for at other shops; and you will not find him very forward to embrace your proposal.
对店主说，给我买一处好庄园，我就永远在你的店里买衣服，即使我付的钱比在其他商店买的衣服贵一些；你不会发现他很乐意接受你的建议。
But should any other person buy you such an estate, the shopkeeper will be much obliged to your benefactor if he would enjoin you to buy all your clothes at his shop.
但如果其他人给你买了这样的庄园，店主会非常感激你的恩人，如果他会要求你在他的店里购买所有的衣服。
England purchased for some of her subjects, who found themselves uneasy at home, a great estate in a distant country.
英国为一些在家乡感到不安的臣民在遥远的国家购买了一座大庄园。
The price, indeed, was very small, and instead of thirty years purchase, the ordinary price of land in the present times, it amounted to little more than the expense of the different equipments which made the first discovery, reconnoitered the coast, and took a fictitious possession of the country.
事实上，这个价格非常小，而且与当今土地的普通价格三十年购买不同，它只相当于首次发现、勘察海岸和虚拟占有该国的不同设备的费用。
The land was good, and of great extent; and the cultivators having plenty of good ground to work upon, and being for some time at liberty to sell their produce where they pleased, became, in the course of little more than thirty or forty years (between 1620 and 1660), so numerous and thriving a people, that the shopkeepers and other traders of England wished to secure to themselves the monopoly of their custom.
这片土地很好，而且面积很大。耕种者拥有充足的好土地可以耕种，并且在一段时间内可以自由地在他们愿意的地方出售他们的产品，在短短三十或四十年的时间里（1620年至1660年），他们的人数变得如此众多和繁荣，以至于英国的店主和其他商人希望确保自己垄断他们的习俗。
Without pretending, therefore, that they had paid any part, either of the original purchase money, or of the subsequent expense of improvement, they petitioned the parliament, that the cultivators of America might for the future be confined to their shop; first, for buying all the goods which they wanted from Europe; and, secondly, for selling all such parts of their own produce as those traders might find it convenient to buy.
因此，他们没有假装已经支付了任何部分，无论是最初的购买资金，还是随后的改进费用，他们向议会请愿，要求美国的耕种者将来可能被限制在他们的商店里。首先，从欧洲购买他们想要的所有商品；其次，将他们自己的产品的所有这些部分出售给那些贸易商可能会觉得方便购买的地方。
For they did not find it convenient to buy every part of it.
因为他们觉得把它的每一个部分都买下来并不方便。
Some parts of it imported into England, might have interfered with some of the trades which they themselves carried on at home.
它的某些部分进口到英国，可能会干扰他们自己在国内进行的一些贸易。
Those particular parts of it, therefore, they were willing that the colonists should sell where they could; the farther off the better; and upon that account proposed that their market should be confined to the countries south of Cape Finisterre.
因此，他们愿意殖民者尽可能地出售其中的那些特定部分；距离越远越好；据此建议他们的市场应仅限于菲尼斯特雷角以南的国家。
A clause in the famous act of navigation established this truly shopkeeper proposal into a law.
著名的航海法案中的一项条款将这一真正的店主提案确立为法律。
The maintenance of this monopoly has hitherto been the principal, or more properly, perhaps, the sole end and purpose of the dominion which Great Britain assumes over her colonies.
迄今为止，维持这种垄断一直是英国对其殖民地实行统治的主要目的，或者更准确地说，也许是唯一的目的和目的。
In the exclusive trade, it is supposed, consists the great advantage of provinces, which have never yet afforded either revenue or military force for the support of the civil government, or the defence of the mother country.
人们认为，排他性贸易包含了各省份的巨大优势，而这些省份从未提供过收入或军事力量来支持文官政府或保卫祖国。
The monopoly is the principal badge of their dependency, and it is the sole fruit which has hitherto been gathered from that dependency.
垄断是它们依附性的主要标志，也是迄今为止从这种依附性中获得的唯一成果。
Whatever expense Great Britain has hitherto laid out in maintaining this dependency, has really been laid out in order to support this monopoly.
无论英国迄今为止为维持这种依赖性付出了多大的代价，实际上都是为了支持这种垄断。
The expense of the ordinary peace establishment of the colonies amounted, before the commencement of the present disturbances to the pay of twenty regiments of foot; to the expense of the artillery, stores, and extraordinary provisions, with which it was necessary to supply them; and to the expense of a very considerable naval force, which was constantly kept up, in order to guard from the smuggling vessels of other nations, the immense coast of North America, and that of our West Indian islands.
在目前的骚乱开始之前，殖民地的一般和平建设费用相当于二十个步兵团的费用；为他们提供必要的大炮、物资和特殊给养的费用；并付出了相当大的海军力量的代价，这支海军力量不断地维持着，以防止其他国家的走私船只、北美广阔的海岸和我们西印度群岛的海岸。
The whole expense of this peace establishment was a charge upon the revenue of Great Britain, and was, at the same time, the smallest part of what the dominion of the colonies has cost the mother country.
建立和平的全部费用是由英国的收入承担的，同时也是殖民地统治所花费的母国的最小部分。
If we would know the amount of the whole, we must add to the annual expense of this peace establishment, the interest of the sums which, in consequence of their considering her colonies as provinces subject to her dominion, Great Britain has, upon different occasions, laid out upon their defence.
如果我们想知道全部数额，我们就必须在建立和平的年度开支中加上英国因将其殖民地视为受其统治的省份而在不同场合用于国防的利息。
We must add to it, in particular, the whole expense of the late war, and a great part of that of the war which preceded it.
我们必须特别加上最近战争的全部费用以及之前战争的很大一部分费用。
The late war was altogether a colony quarrel; and the whole expense of it, in whatever part of the world it might have been laid out, whether in Germany or the East Indies, ought justly to be stated to the account of the colonies.
最近的战争完全是一场殖民地之争。其全部费用，无论是在世界任何地方，无论是在德国还是在东印度群岛，都应该公正地计入殖民地的账户。
It amounted to more than ninety millions sterling, including not only the new debt which was contracted, but the two shillings in the pound additional land tax, and the sums which were every year borrowed from the sinking fund.
总额超过九千万英镑，不仅包括新签订的债务，还包括每英镑两先令的额外土地税，以及每年从偿债基金借来的金额。
The Spanish war which began in 1739 was principally a colony quarrel.
1739 年开始的西班牙战争主要是一场殖民地争端。
Its principal object was to prevent the search of the colony ships, which carried on a contraband trade with the Spanish Main.
其主要目的是防止对与西班牙主干道进行走私贸易的殖民船只进行搜查。
This whole expense is, in reality, a bounty which has been given in order to support a monopoly.
事实上，这一切费用都是为了支持垄断而给予的赏金。
The pretended purpose of it was to encourage the manufactures, and to increase the commerce of Great Britain.
它的假装目的是鼓励制造业，并增加英国的商业。
But its real effect has been to raise the rate of mercantile profit, and to enable our merchants to turn into a branch of trade, of which the returns are more slow and distant than those of the greater part of other trades, a greater proportion of their capital than they otherwise would have done; two events which, if a bounty could have prevented, it might perhaps have been very well worth while to give such a bounty.
但它的真正效果是提高了商业利润率，并使我们的商人能够转变为一个贸易部门，其回报比其他大部分贸易更为缓慢和遥远，其资本比例也比他们原本会做的要大。如果赏金可以避免这两起事件，那么给予这样的赏金也许是非常值得的。
Under the present system of management, therefore, Great Britain derives nothing but loss from the dominion which she assumes over her colonies.
因此，在现行的管理制度下，英国对其殖民地的统治除了损失之外什么也没有。
To propose that Great Britain should voluntarily give up all authority over her colonies, and leave them to elect their own magistrates, to enact their own laws, and to make peace and war, as they might think proper, would be to propose such a measure as never was, and never will be, adopted by any nation in the world.
如果建议英国自愿放弃对其殖民地的所有权力，让他们选举自己的地方法官，制定自己的法律，按照他们认为适当的方式缔造和平与战争，那么世界上任何国家都不会采取这样的措施。
No nation ever voluntarily gave up the dominion of any province, how troublesome soever it might be to govern it, and how small soever the revenue which it afforded might be in proportion to the expense which it occasioned.
没有一个国家会自愿放弃任何省份的统治权，无论管理它有多么麻烦，无论它提供的收入与它所引起的支出相比是多么微不足道。
Such sacrifices, though they might frequently be agreeable to the interest, are always mortifying to the pride of every nation; and, what is perhaps of still greater consequence, they are always contrary to the private interest of the governing part of it, who would thereby be deprived of the disposal of many places of trust and profit, of many opportunities of acquiring wealth and distinction, which the possession of the most turbulent, and, to the great body of the people, the most unprofitable province, seldom fails to afford.
这种牺牲虽然常常符合利益，但总是损害每个国家的自豪感。而且，也许更严重的后果是，它们总是与政府统治部分的私人利益相悖，从而导致统治部分被剥夺了对许多信托和利润场所的处置权，许多获得财富和声望的机会，而这些机会是最动荡的、对广大人民来说最无利可图的省份的占有所提供的。
The most visionary enthusiasts would scarce be capable of proposing such a measure, with any serious hopes at least of its ever being adopted.
即使是最有远见的热心人士也很难提出这样的措施，至少希望它能够被采纳。
If it was adopted, however, Great Britain would not only be immediately freed from the whole annual expense of the peace establishment of the colonies, but might settle with them such a treaty of commerce as would effectually secure to her a free trade, more advantageous to the great body of the people, though less so to the merchants, than the monopoly which she at present enjoys.
然而，如果该法案获得通过，英国不仅可以立即免除殖民地和平建设的全部年度费用，而且可以与它们达成这样一项商业条约，这将有效地确保她的自由贸易，这比她目前享有的垄断对广大人民更有利，尽管对商人来说不太有利。
By thus parting good friends, the natural affection of the colonies to the mother country, which, perhaps, our late dissensions have well nigh extinguished, would quickly revive.
通过这样与好朋友的分离，殖民地对祖国的自然感情也许会很快恢复，因为我们最近的争执几乎已经消除了这种感情。
It might dispose them not only to respect, for whole centuries together, that treaty of commerce which they had concluded with us at parting, but to favour us in war as well as in trade, and instead of turbulent and factious subjects, to become our most faithful, affectionate, and generous allies; and the same sort of parental affection on the one side, and filial respect on the other, might revive between Great Britain and her colonies, which used to subsist between those of ancient Greece and the mother city from which they descended.
它可能会使他们不仅在整个世纪里尊重他们在分别时与我们签订的商业条约，而且在战争和贸易中都对我们有利，而不是成为我们最忠实、最深情和慷慨的盟友，而不是动荡和派系纷争的臣民；同样的父母之情和孝顺之情可能会在大不列颠及其殖民地之间重新出现，而这种关系曾经存在于古希腊的殖民地和他们的母城之间。
In order to render any province advantageous to the empire to which it belongs, it ought to afford, in time of peace, a revenue to the public, sufficient not only for defraying the whole expense of its own peace establishment, but for contributing its proportion to the support of the general government of the empire.
为了使任何省份对其所属的帝国有利，它应该在和平时期向公众提供收入，不仅足以支付其自身和平建设的全部费用，而且可以将其比例用于支持帝国总政府。
Every province necessarily contributes, more or less, to increase the expense of that general government.
每个省都必然或多或少地增加总政府的开支。
If any particular province, therefore, does not contribute its share towards defraying this expense, an unequal burden must be thrown upon some other part of the empire.
因此，如果任何一个省份不贡献自己的一份力量来支付这笔费用，那么帝国的其他部分必然会受到不平等的负担。
The extraordinary revenue, too, which every province affords to the public in time of war, ought, from parity of reason, to bear the same proportion to the extraordinary revenue of the whole empire, which its ordinary revenue does in time of peace.
同样，从平等的道理来看，战时各省向公众提供的特别收入也应该与整个帝国的特别收入在和平时期的普通收入具有相同的比例。
That neither the ordinary nor extraordinary revenue which Great Britain derives from her colonies, bears this proportion to the whole revenue of the British empire, will readily be allowed.
英国从其殖民地获得的普通收入和特别收入在大英帝国总收入中所占的比例都不会轻易被允许。
The monopoly, it has been supposed, indeed, by increasing the private revenue of the people of Great Britain, and thereby enabling them to pay greater taxes, compensates the deficiency of the public revenue of the colonies.
事实上，人们认为垄断通过增加英国人民的私人收入，从而使他们能够缴纳更多的税，从而弥补了殖民地公共收入的不足。
But this monopoly, I have endeavoured to show, though a very grievous tax upon the colonies, and though it may increase the revenue of a particular order of men in Great Britain, diminishes, instead of increasing, that of the great body of the people, and consequently diminishes, instead of increasing, the ability of the great body of the people to pay taxes.
但是，我竭力表明，这种垄断虽然对殖民地征收非常严重的税，尽管它可能会增加英国某一特定群体的收入，但却减少而不是增加广大人民的收入，从而削弱而不是增加广大人民的纳税能力。
The men, too, whose revenue the monopoly increases, constitute a particular order, which it is both absolutely impossible to tax beyond the proportion of other orders, and extremely impolitic even to attempt to tax beyond that proportion, as I shall endeavour to show in the following book.
那些收入因垄断而增加的人也构成了一个特定的秩序，对这个秩序征税绝对不可能超出其他秩序的比例，而且甚至试图超出这个比例征税也是极其不政治的，正如我将在下一本书中尽力展示的那样。
No particular resource, therefore, can be drawn from this particular order.
因此，不能从这个特定的订单中提取任何特定的资源。
The colonies may be taxed either by their own assemblies, or by the parliament of Great Britain.
殖民地可以由它们自己的议会或英国议会征税。
That the colony assemblies can never be so managed as to levy upon their constituents a public revenue, sufficient, not only to maintain at all times their own civil and military establishment, but to pay their proper proportion of the expense of the general government of the British empire, seems not very probable.
殖民地议会永远不可能被管理成向其选民征收公共收入，不仅足以始终维持其自己的民事和军事机构，而且能够支付大英帝国总政府开支的适当比例，这似乎不太可能。
It was a long time before even the parliament of England, though placed immediately under the eye of the sovereign, could be brought under such a system of management, or could be rendered sufficiently liberal in their grants for supporting the civil and military establishments even of their own country.
即使是英国议会，尽管直接置于君主的监督之下，也经过了很长一段时间才能够接受这样的管理体系，或者能够在拨款方面给予足够的自由，以支持甚至是他们自己国家的民事和军事机构。
It was only by distributing among the particular members of parliament a great part either of the offices, or of the disposal of the offices arising from this civil and military establishment, that such a system of management could be established, even with regard to the parliament of England.
只有通过将民事和军事机构所产生的大部分职位或职位的处置权分配给议会的特定成员，才能建立这样的管理制度，即使对于英格兰议会也是如此。
But the distance of the colony assemblies from the eye of the sovereign, their number, their dispersed situation, and their various constitutions, would render it very difficult to manage them in the same manner, even though the sovereign had the same means of doing it; and those means are wanting.
但是，殖民地议会距离主权者的距离、数量、分散的情况以及不同的宪法，都使得以同样的方式管理它们变得非常困难，即使主权者有同样的手段；而这些手段是缺乏的。
It would be absolutely impossible to distribute among all the leading members of all the colony assemblies such a share, either of the offices, or of the disposal of the offices, arising from the general government of the British empire, as to dispose them to give up their popularity at home, and to tax their constituents for the support of that general government, of which almost the whole emoluments were to be divided among people who were strangers to them.
在所有殖民地议会的所有领导成员中分配大英帝国总政府所产生的公职或公职处置权，是绝对不可能的，以致使他们放弃在国内的声望，并向其选民征税以支持总政府，而总政府的几乎全部薪酬都将分配给对他们来说是陌生的人。
The unavoidable ignorance of administration, besides, concerning the relative importance of the different members of those different assemblies, the offences which must frequently be given, the blunders which must constantly be committed, in attempting to manage them in this manner, seems to render such a system of management altogether impracticable with regard to them.
此外，行政部门不可避免地忽视了这些不同议会的不同成员的相对重要性，在试图以这种方式管理他们时必须经常犯下的罪行，必须不断犯下的错误，似乎使得这种管理制度对他们来说完全不切实际。
The colony assemblies, besides, cannot be supposed the proper judges of what is necessary for the defence and support of the whole empire.
此外，殖民地议会不能被认为是保卫和支持整个帝国所需的适当法官。
The care of that defence and support is not entrusted to them.
这种防御和支持的照顾并不委托给他们。
It is not their business, and they have no regular means of information concerning it.
这不关他们的事，他们也没有常规渠道获得相关信息。
The assembly of a province, like the vestry of a parish, may judge very properly concerning the affairs of its own particular district, but can have no proper means of judging concerning those of the whole empire.
一个省的议会，就像教区的教区委员会一样，可以非常正确地判断自己特定地区的事务，但无法正确地判断整个帝国的事务。
It cannot even judge properly concerning the proportion which its own province bears to the whole empire, or concerning the relative degree of its wealth and importance, compared with the other provinces; because those other provinces are not under the inspection and superintendency of the assembly of a particular province.
它甚至无法正确判断自己的省份在整个帝国中所占的比例，或者与其他省份相比，其财富和重要性的相对程度；因为其他省份不受本省议会的检查和监督。
What is necessary for the defence and support of the whole empire, and in what proportion each part ought to contribute, can be judged of only by that assembly which inspects and super-intends the affairs of the whole empire.
保卫和支持整个帝国需要什么，各部分应贡献多少比例，只能由负责检查和管理整个帝国事务的议会来判断。
It has been proposed, accordingly, that the colonies should be taxed by requisition, the parliament of Great Britain determining the sum which each colony ought to pay, and the provincial assembly assessing and levying it in the way that suited best the circumstances of the province.
因此，有人建议，殖民地应通过征用征税，由英国议会确定每个殖民地应缴纳的金额，由省议会以最适合该省情况的方式评估和征税。
What concerned the whole empire would in this way be determined by the assembly which inspects and superintends the affairs of the whole empire; and the provincial affairs of each colony might still be regulated by its own assembly.
这样，涉及整个帝国的事情，就由负责检查和监督整个帝国事务的议会来决定。每个殖民地的省级事务仍可能由其自己的议会管理。
Though the colonies should, in this case, have no representatives in the British parliament, yet, if we may judge by experience, there is no probability that the parliamentary requisition would be unreasonable.
虽然在这种情况下，殖民地在英国议会中应该没有代表，但是，如果我们根据经验判断，议会的要求也不可能是不合理的。
The parliament of England has not, upon any occasion, shewn the smallest disposition to overburden those parts of the empire which are not represented in parliament.
英国议会在任何情况下都没有表现出丝毫的倾向，让那些在议会中没有代表的帝国部分负担过重。
The islands of Guernsey and Jersey, without any means of resisting the authority of parliament, are more lightly taxed than any part of Great Britain.
根西岛和泽西岛没有任何手段抵抗议会的权威，其税收比英国任何地区都轻。
Parliament, in attempting to exercise its supposed right, whether well or ill grounded, of taxing the colonies, has never hitherto demanded of them anything which even approached to a just proportion to what was paid by their fellow subjects at home.
议会在试图行使其所谓的向殖民地征税的权利时，无论其理由是否充分，迄今从未向殖民地提出任何与本国同胞所缴纳的税款接近的比例的要求。
If the contribution of the colonies, besides, was to rise or fall in proportion to the rise or fall of the land-tax, parliament could not tax them without taxing, at the same time, its own constituents, and the colonies might, in this case, be considered as virtually represented in parliament.
此外，如果殖民地的贡献与土地税的增减成正比，那么议会就不能在不对自己的选民征税的情况下对它们征税，在这种情况下，殖民地可能被认为实际上在议会中有代表。
Examples are not wanting of empires in which all the different provinces are not taxed, if I may be allowed the expression, in one mass; but in which the sovereign regulates the sum which each province ought to pay, and in some provinces assesses and levies it as he thinks proper; while in others he leaves it to be assessed and levied as the respective states of each province shall determine.
例子不胜枚举，其中所有不同的省份都不征税（如果允许我这么说的话）。但是，君主规定了每个省份应缴纳的金额，并且在某些省份按照他认为适当的方式评估和征收；而在其他情况下，他则将其留给各省各自的州自行评估和征收。
In some provinces of France, the king not only imposes what taxes he thinks proper, but assesses and levies them in the way he thinks proper.
在法国的一些省份，国王不仅征收他认为适当的税，而且按照他认为适当的方式评估和征收税款。
From others he demands a certain sum, but leaves it to the states of each province to assess and levy that sum as they think proper.
他向其他人索要一定的金额，但让每个省的州根据他们认为合适的方式评估和征收这笔金额。
According to the scheme of taxing by requisition, the parliament of Great Britain would stand nearly in the same situation towards the colony assemblies, as the king of France does towards the states of those provinces which still enjoy the privilege of having states of their own, the provinces of France which are supposed to be the best governed.
根据征用征税计划，英国议会对殖民地议会的态度几乎与法国国王对那些仍享有拥有自己州的特权的省份的州的态度相同，这些省份被认为是法国治理最好的省份。
But though, according to this scheme, the colonies could have no just reason to fear that their share of the public burdens should ever exceed the proper proportion to that of their fellow-citizens at home, Great Britain might have just reason to fear that it never would amount to that proper proportion.
但是，尽管根据这一计划，殖民地可能没有正当理由担心它们所分担的公共负担会超过其本国同胞所承担的适当比例，但英国可能有正当理由担心它永远不会达到适当的比例。
The parliament of Great Britain has not, for some time past, had the same established authority in the colonies, which the French king has in those provinces of France which still enjoy the privilege of having states of their own.
过去一段时间以来，英国议会在殖民地并没有像法国国王在仍然享有拥有自己国家的特权的法国省份那样拥有同样的既定权威。
The colony assemblies, if they were not very favourably disposed (and unless more skilfully managed than they ever have been hitherto, they are not very likely to be so), might still find many pretences for evading or rejecting the most reasonable requisitions of parliament.
殖民地议会，如果他们没有得到很好的处置（除非比以往任何时候都更加巧妙地管理，否则他们不太可能如此），可能仍然会找到许多借口来逃避或拒绝议会最合理的要求。
A French war breaks out, we shall suppose; ten millions must immediately be raised, in order to defend the seat of the empire.
我们假设法国战争爆发了；必须立即筹集一千万，以保卫帝国的所在地。
This sum must be borrowed upon the credit of some parliamentary fund mortgaged for paying the interest.
这笔款项必须通过抵押议会基金的信用来借来支付利息。
Part of this fund parliament proposes to raise by a tax to be levied in Great Britain; and part of it by a requisition to all the different colony assemblies of America and the West Indies.
议会提议通过在英国征税来筹集该基金的一部分；其中一部分是向美洲和西印度群岛所有不同的殖民地议会提出征用。
Would people readily advance their money upon the credit of a fund which partly depended upon the good humour of all those assemblies, far distant from the seat of the war, and sometimes, perhaps, thinking themselves not much concerned in the event of it?
人们是否会轻易地以一项基金的信用来预支资金，而该基金在一定程度上取决于所有远离战争所在地的议会的良好幽默感，有时也许认为自己对战争的发生并不关心？
Upon such a fund, no more money would probably be advanced than what the tax to be levied in Great Britain might be supposed to answer for.
在这样的基金上，预付的资金可能不会超过英国征收的税收应有的金额。
The whole burden of the debt contracted on account of the war would in this manner fall, as it always has done hitherto, upon Great Britain; upon a part of the empire, and not upon the whole empire.
战争造成的全部债务负担将以这种方式落在英国身上，就像迄今为止一直发生的那样。只针对帝国的一部分，而不是整个帝国。
Great Britain is, perhaps, since the world began, the only state which, as it has extended its empire, has only increased its expense, without once augmenting its resources.
大不列颠也许是自世界诞生以来唯一一个在扩张其帝国的过程中只增加了开支而没有增加其资源的国家。
Other states have generally disburdened themselves, upon their subject and subordinate provinces, of the most considerable part of the expense of defending the empire.
其他国家一般都免除了其附属省份和附属省份保卫帝国的大部分费用。
Great Britain has hitherto suffered her subject and subordinate provinces to disburden themselves upon her of almost this whole expense.
迄今为止，英国一直让其附属省份和附属省份承担几乎全部费用。
In order to put Great Britain upon a footing of equality with her own colonies, which the law has hitherto supposed to be subject and subordinate, it seems necessary, upon the scheme of taxing them by parliamentary requisition, that parliament should have some means of rendering its requisitions immediately effectual, in case the colony assemblies should attempt to evade or reject them; and what those means are, it is not very easy to conceive, and it has not yet been explained.
为了使英国与它自己的殖民地处于平等的地位，法律迄今为止认为殖民地是臣属和从属的，在通过议会征用对它们征税的计划中，议会似乎有必要采取某种手段使其征用立即生效，以防殖民地议会试图逃避或拒绝它们；而那些手段到底是什么，却不太容易想象，目前还没有得到解释。
Should the parliament of Great Britain, at the same time, be ever fully established in the right of taxing the colonies, even independent of the consent of their own assemblies, the importance of those assemblies would, from that moment, be at an end, and with it, that of all the leading men of British America.
如果英国议会同时完全享有对殖民地征税的权利，即使不考虑其本国议会的同意，那么从那时起，这些议会的重要性就会消失，英属美洲所有领导人的重要性也会随之消失。
Men desire to have some share in the management of public affairs, chiefly on account of the importance which it gives them.
人们渴望参与公共事务的管理，主要是因为公共事务对他们的重要性。
Upon the power which the greater part of the leading men, the natural aristocracy of every country, have of preserving or defending their respective importance, depends the stability and duration of every system of free government.
每一个自由政府体系的稳定性和持续时间都依赖于大多数领导人（每个国家的天然贵族）所拥有的维护或捍卫各自重要性的权力。
In the attacks which those leading men are continually making upon the importance of one another, and in the defence of their own, consists the whole play of domestic faction and ambition.
这些领导人不断地攻击彼此的重要性，并捍卫自己的地位，这就是国内派系和野心的全部表现。
The leading men of America, like those of all other countries, desire to preserve their own importance.
与所有其他国家的领导人一样，美国的领导人也希望保持自己的重要性。
They feel, or imagine, that if their assemblies, which they are fond of calling parliaments, and of considering as equal in authority to the parliament of Great Britain, should be so far degraded as to become the humble ministers and executive officers of that parliament, the greater part of their own importance would be at an end.
他们感觉或想象，如果他们喜欢称之为议会并认为与英国议会具有同等权力的议会被降级到成为英国议会卑微的部长和执行官员，那么他们自己的重要性将在很大程度上消失。
They have rejected, therefore, the proposal of being taxed by parliamentary requisition, and, like other ambitious and high-spirited men, have rather chosen to draw the sword in defence of their own importance.
因此，他们拒绝了通过议会征用征税的提议，并且像其他雄心勃勃、斗志昂扬的人一样，宁愿选择拔出剑来捍卫自己的重要性。
Towards the declension of the Roman republic, the allies of Rome, who had borne the principal burden of defending the state and extending the empire, demanded to be admitted to all the privileges of Roman citizens.
随着罗马共和国的衰落，承担着保卫国家和扩张帝国的主要重担的罗马盟友要求获得罗马公民的一切特权。
Upon being refused, the social war broke out.
遭到拒绝后，社会战争爆发了。
During the course of that war, Rome granted those privileges to the greater part of them, one by one, and in proportion as they detached themselves from the general confederacy.
在那场战争期间，罗马将这些特权一一授予他们中的大部分人，并按照他们脱离总联盟的比例授予。
The parliament of Great Britain insists upon taxing the colonies; and they refuse to be taxed by a parliament in which they are not represented.
英国议会坚持对殖民地征税；他们拒绝向没有他们代表的议会征税。
If to each colony which should detach itself from the general confederacy, Great Britain should allow such a number of representatives as suited the proportion of what it contributed to the public revenue of the empire, in consequence of its being subjected to the same taxes, and in compensation admitted to the same freedom of trade with its fellow-subjects at home; the number of its representatives to be augmented as the proportion of its contribution might afterwards augment; a new method of acquiring importance, a new and more dazzling object of ambition, would be presented to the leading men of each colony.
如果对于每个脱离联邦的殖民地，大不列颠应根据其对帝国公共收入贡献的比例，允许其代表人数，因为它要缴纳相同的税收，并作为补偿，允许与国内同胞享有相同的贸易自由；随着其会费比例随后可能增加，其代表人数也将增加；一种获得重要性的新方法，一个新的、更令人眼花缭乱的野心目标，将呈现给每个殖民地的领导人。
Instead of piddling for the little prizes which are to be found in what may be called the paltry raffle of colony faction, they might then hope, from the presumption which men naturally have in their own ability and good fortune, to draw some of the great prizes which sometimes come from the wheel of the great state lottery of British politics.
他们不再是在殖民地派系的微不足道的抽彩活动中获得微不足道的小奖品，而是希望，根据人们对自己的能力和好运气的自然假设，抽取一些有时来自英国政治国家彩票轮盘的巨大奖品。
Unless this or some other method is fallen upon, and there seems to be none more obvious than this, of preserving the importance and of gratifying the ambition of the leading men of America, it is not very probable that they will ever voluntarily submit to us; and we ought to consider, that the blood which must be shed in forcing them to do so, is, every drop of it, the blood either of those who are, or of those whom we wish to have for our fellow citizens.
除非采取这种或其他某种方法，而且似乎没有比这更明显的方法来保持美国领导人的重要性并满足他们的野心，否则他们不太可能自愿屈服于我们；我们应该考虑到，为了迫使他们这样做而必须流的血，每一滴都是那些现在的人的血，或者是那些我们希望为我们的同胞所流的血。
They are very weak who flatter themselves that, in the state to which things have come, our colonies will be easily conquered by force alone.
他们自以为在目前的情况下，仅靠武力就能轻易征服我们的殖民地，他们是非常软弱的。
The persons who now govern the resolutions of what they call their continental congress, feel in themselves at this moment a degree of importance which, perhaps, the greatest subjects in Europe scarce feel.
现在负责制定他们所谓的大陆会议决议的人们此时此刻感到自己具有一定程度的重要性，而欧洲最伟大的主体也许很少感受到这种重要性。
From shopkeepers, trades men, and attorneys, they are become statesmen and legislators, and are employed in contriving a new form of government for an extensive empire, which, they flatter themselves, will become, and which, indeed, seems very likely to become, one of the greatest and most formidable that ever was in the world.
他们从店主、商人到律师，成为政治家和立法者，并受雇为一个广阔的帝国设计一种新的政府形式，他们自以为这个帝国将成为，而且实际上似乎很可能成为世界上有史以来最伟大、最强大的国家之一。
Five hundred different people, perhaps, who, in different ways, act immediately under the continental congress, and five hundred thousand, perhaps, who act under those five hundred, all feel, in the same manner, a proportionable rise in their own importance.
也许有五百个不同的人，以不同的方式直接在大陆会议的领导下行事，而在这五百人的领导下行事的也许有五十万人，都以同样的方式感到自己的重要性相应提高。
Almost every individual of the governing party in America fills, at present, in his own fancy, a station superior, not only to what he had ever filled before, but to what he had ever expected to fill; and unless some new object of ambition is presented either to him or to his leaders, if he has the ordinary spirit of a man, he will die in defence of that station.
目前，美国执政党的几乎每个人都在自己的想象中占据了一个更高的地位，不仅比他以前所担任的职位更高，而且比他曾经期望的职位更高。除非向他或他的领导人提出一些新的野心目标，否则如果他有普通人的精神，他就会为了捍卫自己的地位而死。
It is a remark of the President Heynaut, that we now read with pleasure the account of many little transactions of the Ligue, which, when they happened, were not, perhaps, considered as very important pieces of news.
这是海诺特总统的评论，我们现在很高兴地阅读了法联的许多小交易的报道，这些交易发生时，也许并不被认为是非常重要的新闻。
But everyman then, says he, fancied himself of some importance; and the innumerable memoirs which have come down to us from those times, were the greater part of them written by people who took pleasure in recording and magnifying events, in which they flattered themselves they had been considerable actors.
但他说，当时每个人都认为自己有一定的重要性。从那时起流传至今的无数回忆录，其中大部分是由那些乐于记录和放大事件的人所写，他们在这些回忆录中自诩为出色的演员。
How obstinately the city of Paris, upon that occasion, defended itself, what a dreadful famine it supported, rather than submit to the best, and afterwards the most beloved of all the French kings, is well known.
众所周知，当时巴黎城是多么顽固地自卫，它支持了多么可怕的饥荒，而不是屈服于最好的、后来最受爱戴的所有法国国王。
The greater part of the citizens, or those who governed the greater part of them, fought in defence of their own importance, which, they foresaw, was to be at an end whenever the ancient government should be re-established.
大多数公民，或者统治他们的大部分人，都在为捍卫自己的重要性而战，他们预见到，每当古代政府重建时，这种重要性就会结束。
Our colonies, unless they can be induced to consent to a union, are very likely to defend themselves, against the best of all mother countries, as obstinately as the city of Paris did against one of the best of kings.
我们的殖民地，除非能够被说服同意联合，否则很可能会保卫自己，对抗所有母国中最优秀的国家，就像巴黎市顽固地对抗最优秀的国王之一一样。
The idea of representation was unknown in ancient times.
代表的概念在古代是未知的。
When the people of one state were admitted to the right of citizenship in another, they had no other means of exercising that right, but by coming in a body to vote and deliberate with the people of that other state.
当一个州的人民被接纳为另一个州的公民权时，他们没有其他方式行使这一权利，只能组成一个团体来投票并与另一州的人民一起商议。
The admission of the greater part of the inhabitants of Italy to the privileges of Roman citizens, completely ruined the Roman republic.
意大利大部分居民承认罗马公民的特权，彻底毁掉了罗马共和国。
It was no longer possible to distinguish between who was, and who was not, a Roman citizen.
不再可能区分谁是罗马公民，谁不是罗马公民。
No tribe could know its own members.
没有一个部落能够认识自己的成员。
A rabble of any kind could be introduced into the assemblies of the people, could drive out the real citizens, and decide upon the affairs of the republic, as if they themselves had been such.
任何种类的乌合之众都可以被引入人民议会，可以驱逐真正的公民，并决定共和国的事务，就好像他们自己就是这样一样。
But though America were to send fifty or sixty new representatives to parliament, the door-keeper of the house of commons could not find any great difficulty in distinguishing between who was and who was not a member.
但是，尽管美国要向议会派出五十或六十名新代表，但下议院的看门人在区分谁是议员和谁不是议员方面却没有遇到任何困难。
Though the Roman constitution, therefore, was necessarily ruined by the union of Rome with the allied states of Italy, there is not the least probability that the British constitution would be hurt by the union of Great Britain with her colonies.
因此，尽管罗马宪法必然会因罗马与意大利盟国的联合而遭到破坏，但英国宪法却有可能因大不列颠与其殖民地的联合而受到损害。
That constitution, on the contrary, would be completed by it, and seems to be imperfect without it.
相反，这部宪法将因它而得以完善，而没有它则显得不完美。
The assembly which deliberates and decides concerning the affairs of every part of the empire, in order to be properly informed, ought certainly to have representatives from every part of it.
审议和决定帝国各地事务的议会，为了获得适当的信息，当然应该有来自帝国各地的代表。
That this union, however, could be easily effectuated, or that difficulties, and great difficulties, might not occur in the execution, I do not pretend.
然而，我并不假装这种结合可以很容易地实现，或者在执行过程中可能不会出现困难，甚至是巨大的困难。
I have yet heard of none, however, which appear insurmountable.
然而，我还没有听说过任何一个似乎是不可克服的。
The principal, perhaps, arise, not from the nature of things, but from the prejudices and opinions of the people, both on this and on the other side of the Atlantic.
或许，主要问题并非源于事物的本质，而是源于大西洋彼岸和大西洋彼岸人们的偏见和观点。
We on this side the water are afraid lest the multitude of American representatives should overturn the balance of the constitution, and increase too much either the influence of the crown on the one hand, or the force of the democracy on the other.
我们在水的这一边担心美国的众多代表会推翻宪法的平衡，一方面过多地增加国王的影响力，另一方面过多地增加民主的力量。
But if the number of American representatives were to be in proportion to the produce of American taxation, the number of people to be managed would increase exactly in proportion to the means of managing them, and the means of managing to the number of people to be managed.
但如果美国代表的人数与美国税收的产出成正比，那么被管理的人数将与管理他们的手段成正比，而管理手段与被管理的人数成正比。
The monarchical and democratical parts of the constitution would, after the union, stand exactly in the same degree of relative force with regard to one another as they had done before.
宪法中的君主制和民主部分在合并后，彼此之间的相对力量程度将与之前完全相同。
The people on the other side of the water are afraid lest their distance from the seat of government might expose them to many oppressions; but their representatives in parliament, of which the number ought from the first to be considerable, would easily be able to protect them from all oppression.
水对岸的人民担心，由于远离政府所在地，他们可能会受到许多压迫；但他们在议会中的代表数量从一开始就应该相当大，因此很容易能够保护他们免受一切压迫。
The distance could not much weaken the dependency of the representative upon the constituent, and the former would still feel that he owed his seat in parliament, and all the consequence which he derived from it, to the good-will of the latter.
距离并不能太大地削弱代表对选民的依赖，前者仍然会觉得他在议会中的席位以及他由此获得的所有后果都归功于后者的善意。
It would be the interest of the former, therefore, to cultivate that good-will, by complaining, with all the authority of a member of the legislature, of every outrage which any civil or military officer might be guilty of in those remote parts of the empire.
因此，前者的利益在于，通过以立法机关成员的全部权威，对任何文职或军事官员在帝国偏远地区可能犯下的每一种暴行进行投诉，从而培养这种善意。
The distance of America from the seat of government, besides, the natives of that country might flatter themselves, with some appearance of reason too, would not be of very long continuance.
此外，美国与政府所在地的距离不会持续很长时间，而且该国的当地人可能会自以为是，也有一定的理由。
Such has hitherto been the rapid progress of that country in wealth, population, and improvement, that in the course of little more than a century, perhaps, the produce of the American might exceed that of the British taxation.
迄今为止，这个国家在财富、人口和进步方面取得了迅速的进步，也许在一个多世纪的时间里，美国的生产可能会超过英国的税收。
The seat of the empire would then naturally remove itself to that part of the empire which contributed most to the general defence and support of the whole.
帝国的所在地自然会转移到帝国中对整体防御和支持贡献最大的部分。
The discovery of America, and that of a passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, are the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind.
美洲的发现和经好望角通往东印度群岛的航道是人类历史上最伟大、最重要的两件事。
Their consequences have already been great; but, in the short period of between two and three centuries which has elapsed since these discoveries were made, it is impossible that the whole extent of their consequences can have been seen.
它们的后果已经很严重了；但是，自这些发现出现以来，在短短的两三个世纪的时间里，我们不可能看到其后果的全部范围。
What benefits or what misfortunes to mankind may hereafter result from those great events, no human wisdom can foresee.
这些大事今后会给人类带来什么好处，或者带来什么祸害，是人类的智慧无法预见的。
By uniting in some measure the most distant parts of the world, by enabling them to relieve one another’s wants, to increase one another’s enjoyments, and to encourage one another’s industry, their general tendency would seem to be beneficial.
通过在某种程度上将世界上最遥远的地区联合起来，使他们能够满足彼此的需要，增加彼此的享受，并鼓励彼此的工业，他们的总体趋势似乎是有益的。
To the natives, however, both of the East and West Indies, all the commercial benefits which can have resulted from those events have been sunk and lost in the dreadful misfortunes which they have occasioned.
然而，对于东印度群岛和西印度群岛的当地人来说，这些事件可能带来的所有商业利益都因它们所造成的可怕不幸而沉没。
These misfortunes, however, seem to have arisen rather from accident than from any thing in the nature of those events themselves.
然而，这些不幸似乎是由意外事件引起的，而不是由这些事件本身的本质造成的。
At the particular time when these discoveries were made, the superiority of force happened to be so great on the side of the Europeans, that they were enabled to commit with impunity every sort of injustice in those remote countries.
在这些发现出现的特定时期，欧洲人的武力优势恰好如此之大，以至于他们能够在那些偏远的国家犯下各种不公正的行为而不受惩罚。
Hereafter, perhaps, the natives of those countries may grow stronger, or those of Europe may grow weaker; and the inhabitants of all the different quarters of the world may arrive at that equality of courage and force which, by inspiring mutual fear, can alone overawe the injustice of independent nations into some sort of respect for the rights of one another.
今后，或许那些国家的本土人会变得更强，或者欧洲的本土人可能会变得更弱；世界各地的居民都可以达到勇气和力量的平等，通过激发相互恐惧，可以单独威慑独立国家的不公正行为，从而在某种程度上尊重彼此的权利。
But nothing seems more likely to establish this equality of force, than that mutual communication of knowledge, and of all sorts of improvements, which an extensive commerce from all countries to all countries naturally, or rather necessarily, carries along with it.
但似乎没有什么比知识的相互交流和各种改进更有可能建立这种力量的平等了，而各国之间的广泛贸易自然地，或者更确切地说，必然伴随着这种交流。
In the mean time, one of the principal effects of those discoveries has been, to raise the mercantile system to a degree of splendour and glory which it could never otherwise have attained to.
与此同时，这些发现的主要影响之一是将商业体系提升到了其他方式无法达到的辉煌和荣耀的程度。
It is the object of that system to enrich a great nation, rather by trade and manufactures than by the improvement and cultivation of land, rather by the industry of the towns than by that of the country.
该制度的目标是让一个伟大的国家富裕起来，而不是通过贸易和制造业，而不是通过改良和耕种土地，而不是通过城镇工业而不是乡村工业。
But in consequence of those discoveries, the commercial towns of Europe, instead of being the manufacturers and carriers for but a very small part of the world (that part of Europe which is washed by the Atlantic ocean, and the countries which lie round the Baltic and Mediterranean seas), have now become the manufacturers for the numerous and thriving cultivators of America, and the carriers, and in some respects the manufacturers too, for almost all the different nations of Asia, Africa, and America.
但由于这些发现，欧洲的商业城镇不再是世界一小部分地区（大西洋沿岸的欧洲部分以及波罗的海和地中海沿岸国家）的制造商和运输商，而是成为美洲众多繁荣的耕种者的制造商，以及亚洲、非洲和美洲几乎所有不同国家的运输商，在某些方面也是制造商。
Two new worlds have been opened to their industry, each of them much greater and more extensive than the old one, and the market of one of them growing still greater and greater every day.
他们的行业已经打开了两个新世界，每个新世界都比旧世界更大、更广泛，其中一个的市场每天都在变得越来越大。
The countries which possess the colonies of America, and which trade directly to the East Indies, enjoy indeed the whole show and splendour of this great commerce.
拥有美洲殖民地并直接与东印度群岛进行贸易的国家确实享受着这一伟大贸易的全部展示和辉煌。
Other countries, however, notwithstanding all the invidious restraints by which it is meant to exclude them, frequently enjoy a greater share of the real benefit of it.
然而，其他国家，尽管有各种令人反感的限制，旨在将它们排除在外，但往往享有更大份额的实际利益。
The colonies of Spain and Portugal, for example, give more real encouragement to the industry of other countries than to that of Spain and Portugal.
例如，西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民地对其他国家工业的鼓励比西班牙和葡萄牙的工业更实际。
In the single article of linen alone, the consumption of those colonies amounts, it is said (but I do not pretend to warrant the quantity ), to more than three millions sterling a-year.
据说（但我并不假装保证数量），仅就亚麻制品而言，这些殖民地每年的消费量就超过三百万英镑。
But this great consumption is almost entirely supplied by France, Flanders, Holland, and Germany.
但这一巨大的消费几乎全部由法国、佛兰德斯、荷兰和德国提供。
Spain and Portugal furnish but a small part of it.
西班牙和葡萄牙只提供了其中的一小部分。
The capital which supplies the colonies with this great quantity of linen, is annually distributed among, and furnishes a revenue to, the inhabitants of those other countries.
向殖民地提供如此大量亚麻布的资本每年都会分配给其他国家的居民，并为他们提供收入。
The profits of it only are spent in Spain and Portugal, where they help to support the sumptuous profusion of the merchants of Cadiz and Lisbon.
它的利润只花在西班牙和葡萄牙，帮助支撑加的斯和里斯本商人的奢侈生活。
Even the regulations by which each nation endeavours to secure to itself the exclusive trade of its own colonies, are frequently more hurtful to the countries in favour of which they are established, than to those against which they are established.
即使是每个国家努力确保其殖民地的排他性贸易的规定，也往往对有利于它们的国家比对它们所反对的国家更有害。
The unjust oppression of the industry of other countries falls back, if I may say so, upon the heads of the oppressors, and crushes their industry more than it does that of those other countries.
如果我可以这么说的话，对其他国家工业的不公正压迫会落在压迫者的头上，并且比其他国家的工业更能摧毁他们的工业。
By those regulations, for example, the merchant of Hamburg must send the linen which he destines for the American market to London, and he must bring back from thence the tobacco which he destines for the German market; because he can neither send the one directly to America, nor bring the other directly from thence.
例如，根据这些规定，汉堡的商人必须将运往美国市场的亚麻布运往伦敦，并且必须从那里带回运往德国市场的烟草。因为他既不能将一个直接送到美国，也不能直接从美国带来另一个。
By this restraint he is probably obliged to sell the one somewhat cheaper, and to buy the other somewhat dearer, than he otherwise might have done; and his profits are probably somewhat abridged by means of it.
由于这种限制，他可能不得不以比他原本可能做的更便宜的价格出售一个，并以更高的价格购买另一个。他的利润可能因此而有所减少。
In this trade, however, between Hamburg and London, he certainly receives the returns of his capital much more quickly than he could possibly have done in the direct trade to America, even though we should suppose, what is by no means the case, that the payments of America were as punctual as those of London.
然而，在汉堡和伦敦之间的这种贸易中，他获得资本回报的速度肯定比他在与美国的直接贸易中可能快得多，尽管我们应该假设（事实并非如此）美国的付款与伦敦的付款一样准时。
In the trade, therefore, to which those regulations confine the merchant of Hamburg, his capital can keep in constant employment a much greater quantity of German industry than he possibly could have done in the trade from which he is excluded.
因此，在这些法规限制汉堡商人从事的贸易中，他的资本可以使德国工业的持续就业量比他在被排除在外的贸易中所能做到的多得多。
Though the one employment, therefore, may to him perhaps be less profitable than the other, it cannot be less advantageous to his country.
因此，尽管一项工作对他来说可能不如另一项工作有利可图，但对他的国家来说却是有利的。
It is quite otherwise with the employment into which the monopoly naturally attracts, if I may say so, the capital of the London merchant.
如果我可以这么说的话，垄断自然会吸引伦敦商人的资本，而就业则完全不同。
That employment may, perhaps, be more profitable to him than the greater part of other employments; but on account of the slowness of the returns, it cannot be more advantageous to his country.
也许，这项工作对他来说可能比大部分其他工作更有利可图。但由于回报缓慢，这对他的国家来说再有利不过了。
After all the unjust attempts, therefore, of every country in Europe to engross to itself the whole advantage of the trade of its own colonies, no country has yet been able to engross to itself any thing but the expense of supporting in time of peace, and of defending in time of war, the oppressive authority which it assumes over them.
因此，欧洲各国都做出了种种不公正的尝试，试图将自己殖民地的贸易的全部优势据为己有，但除了在和平时期支持和在战时保卫其对殖民地的压迫性权威的费用之外，还没有哪个国家能够为自己谋取任何东西。
The inconveniencies resulting from the possession of its colonies, every country has engrossed to itself completely.
每个国家都完全专注于拥有殖民地所带来的不便。
The advantages resulting from their trade, it has been obliged to share with many other countries.
他们的贸易所带来的优势，有义务与许多其他国家分享。
At first sight, no doubt, the monopoly of the great commerce of America naturally seems to be an acquisition of the highest value.
毫无疑问，乍一看，对美国大商业的垄断自然似乎是一种最高价值的收购。
To the undiscerning eye of giddy ambition it naturally presents itself, amidst the confused scramble of politics and war, as a very dazzling object to fight for.
在政治和战争的混乱争夺中，对于那些野心勃勃的目不识丁的人来说，它自然地呈现为一个非常令人眼花缭乱的奋斗目标。
The dazzling splendour of the object, however, the immense greatness of the commerce, is the very quality which renders the monopoly of it hurtful, or which makes one employment, in its own nature necessarily less advantageous to the country than the greater part of other employments, absorb a much greater proportion of the capital of the country than what would otherwise have gone to it.
然而，这个令人眼花缭乱的辉煌，即商业的巨大伟大之处，恰恰是它的性质使垄断变得有害，或者使一种职业在其本质上必然不如大部分其他职业对国家有利，但却吸收了比其他职业大得多的国家资本。
The mercantile stock of every country, it has been shown in the second book, naturally seeks, if one may say so, the employment most advantageous to that country.
第二本书已经表明，每个国家的商业存量自然会寻求（如果可以这么说的话）对该国最有利的就业。
If it is employed in the carrying trade, the country to which it belongs becomes the emporium of the goods of all the countries whose trade that stock carries on.
如果它被用于转口贸易，那么它所属的国家就成为该股票进行贸易的所有国家的货物的商场。
But the owner of that stock necessarily wishes to dispose of as great a part of those goods as he can at home.
但该库存的所有者必然希望尽可能在家里处理掉这些货物的大部分。
He thereby saves himself the trouble, risk, and expense of exportation; and he will upon that account be glad to sell them at home, not only for a much smaller price, but with somewhat a smaller profit, than he might expect to make by sending them abroad.
这样他就省去了出口的麻烦、风险和费用；因此，他会很高兴在国内出售它们，不仅价格要低得多，而且利润也比他期望将它们送到国外所获得的利润要少得多。
He naturally, therefore, endeavours as much as he can to turn his carrying trade into a foreign trade of consumption, If his stock, again, is employed in a foreign trade of consumption, he will, for the same reason, be glad to dispose of, at home, as great a part as he can of the home goods which he collects in order to export to some foreign market, and he will thus endeavour, as much as he can, to turn his foreign trade of consumption into a home trade.
因此，他自然会尽力将其转口贸易转变为对外消费贸易。如果他的库存又被用于对外消费贸易，出于同样的原因，他将乐意在国内尽可能处置他收集的大部分国内货物，以便出口到某个外国市场，因此，他将尽其所能地努力将其对外消费贸易转变为国内贸易。
The mercantile stock of every country naturally courts in this manner the near, and shuns the distant employment: naturally courts the employment in which the returns are frequent, and shuns that in which they are distant and slow; naturally courts the employment in which it can maintain the greatest quantity of productive labour in the country to which it belongs, or in which its owner resides, and shuns that in which it can maintain there the smallest quantity.
每个国家的商业资本自然都会以这种方式追求近处的就业，而回避远方的就业：自然地追求回报频繁的就业，而回避回报遥远且缓慢的就业；自然地，它会寻求能够在其所属国家或其所有者居住的国家中维持最大数量生产性劳动的就业，而回避能够在其所属国家中维持最少数量生产劳动的就业。
It naturally courts the employment which in ordinary cases is most advantageous, and shuns that which in ordinary cases is least advantageous to that country.
它自然会追求在一般情况下对该国最有利的就业，而回避在一般情况下对该国最不利的就业。
But if, in any one of those distant employments, which in ordinary cases are less advantageous to the country, the profit should happen to rise somewhat higher than what is sufficient to balance the natural preference which is given to nearer employments, this superiority of profit will draw stock from those nearer employments, till the profits of all return to their proper level.
但是，如果在那些通常情况下对国家不太有利的远距离就业中，利润的增长恰好高于足以平衡对较近就业的自然偏好的水平，那么这种利润优势就会从较近的就业中吸取股票，直到所有的利润都恢复到适当的水平。
This superiority of profit, however, is a proof that, in the actual circumstances of the society, those distant employments are somewhat understocked in proportion to other employments, and that the stock of the society is not distributed in the properest manner among all the different employments carried on in it.
然而，这种利润的优越性证明，在社会的实际情况下，那些遥远的就业相对于其他就业来说是有些不足的，而且社会的存量并没有以最适当的方式在社会中进行的所有不同就业之间分配。
It is a proof that something is either bought cheaper or sold dearer than it ought to be, and that some particular class of citizens is more or less oppressed, either by paying more, or by getting less than what is suitable to that equality which ought to take place, and which naturally does take place, among all the different classes of them.
它证明某物要么买得比应有的价格便宜，要么卖得比应有的价格贵，并且某些特定阶层的公民或多或少地受到压迫，要么付出更多，要么得到更少，而不是适合于所有不同阶层之间应该实现的平等，而且这种平等确实确实发生了。
Though the same capital never will maintain the same quantity of productive labour in a distant as in a near employment, yet a distant employment maybe as necessary for the welfare of the society as a near one; the goods which the distant employment deals in being necessary, perhaps, for carrying on many of the nearer employments.
尽管同样的资本在远距离就业永远不可能维持与近地就业相同数量的生产劳动，但对于社会福利而言，远距离就业可能与近地就业一样必要；远距离工作所经营的商品也许对于进行许多较近的工作是必要的。
But if the profits of those who deal in such goods are above their proper level, those goods will be sold dearer than they ought to be, or somewhat above their natural price, and all those engaged in the nearer employments will be more or less oppressed by this high price.
但是，如果经营此类商品的人的利润高于其适当水平，那么这些商品的售价就会高于其应有的价格，或者略高于其自然价格，而所有从事较近工作的人都会或多或少地受到这种高价格的压迫。
Their interest, therefore, in this case, requires, that some stock should be withdrawn from those nearer employments, and turned towards that distant one, in order to reduce its profits to their proper level, and the price of the goods which it deals in to their natural price.
因此，在这种情况下，他们的利益要求从较近的工作场所撤出一些库存，转向较远的工作场所，以便将其利润降低到适当的水平，并将其所交易的商品的价格降低到其自然价格。
In this extraordinary case, the public interest requires that some stock should be withdrawn from those employments which, in ordinary cases, are more advantageous, and turned towards one which, in ordinary cases, is less advantageous to the public; and, in this extraordinary case, the natural interests and inclinations of men coincide as exactly with the public interests as in all other ordinary cases, and lead them to withdraw stock from the near, and to turn it towards the distant employments.
在这种特殊情况下，公共利益要求从那些在通常情况下对公众更有利的职业中撤出一些股票，而转向在通常情况下对公众不太有利的职业；而且，在这种特殊情况下，人们的自然利益和倾向与所有其他普通情况下的公共利益完全一致，并导致他们从近处撤回股票，并将其转向远处的就业。
It is thus that the private interests and passions of individuals naturally dispose them to turn their stock towards the employments which in ordinary cases, are most advantageous to the society.
因此，个人的私人利益和热情自然会促使他们将自己的财富转向通常情况下对社会最有利的职业。
But if from this natural preference they should turn too much of it towards those employments, the fall of profit in them, and the rise of it in all others, immediately dispose them to alter this faulty distribution.
但是，如果出于这种自然偏好，他们应该将过多的资金转向这些就业，导致这些就业的利润下降，而所有其他就业的利润上升，那么立即让他们改变这种错误的分配。
Without any intervention of law, therefore, the private interests and passions of men naturally lead them to divide and distribute the stock of every society among all the different employments carried on in it; as nearly as possible in the proportion which is most agreeable to the interest of the whole society.
因此，在没有任何法律干预的情况下，人们的私人利益和激情自然会引导他们将每个社会的财产分配给社会中从事的各种不同的职业。尽可能接近最符合全社会利益的比例。
All the different regulations of the mercantile system necessarily derange more or less this natural and most advantageous distribution of stock.
商业体系的所有不同规定都必然或多或少地扰乱这种自然的、最有利的库存分配。
But those which concern the trade to America and the East Indies derange it, perhaps, more than any other; because the trade to those two great continents absorbs a greater quantity of stock than any two other branches of trade.
但那些与美国和东印度群岛贸易有关的人也许比其他任何人都更能扰乱它。因为对这两个大陆的贸易比任何其他两个贸易部门吸收的库存量都多。
The regulations, however, by which this derangement is effected in those two different branches of trade, are not altogether the same.
然而，在这两个不同的贸易部门中造成这种混乱的规定并不完全相同。
Monopoly is the great engine of both; but it is a different sort of monopoly.
垄断是两者的强大引擎。但这是一种不同类型的垄断。
Monopoly of one kind or another, indeed, seems to be the sole engine of the mercantile system.
事实上，某种垄断似乎是商业体系的唯一引擎。
In the trade to America, every nation endeavours to engross as much as possible the whole market of its own colonies, by fairly excluding all other nations from any direct trade to them.
在与美国的贸易中，每个国家都努力尽可能地占领自己殖民地的整个市场，公平地将所有其他国家排除在与它们的任何直接贸易之外。
During the greater part of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese endeavoured to manage the trade to the East Indies in the same manner, by claiming the sole right of sailing in the Indian seas, on account of the merit of having first found out the road to them.
在十六世纪的大部分时间里，葡萄牙人试图以同样的方式管理与东印度群岛的贸易，他们声称拥有在印度洋航行的唯一权利，因为他们首先找到了通往印度洋的道路。
The Dutch still continue to exclude all other European nations from any direct trade to their spice islands.
荷兰人仍然继续排除所有其他欧洲国家与其香料岛屿进行任何直接贸易。
Monopolies of this kind are evidently established against all other European nations, who are thereby not only excluded from a trade to which it might be convenient for them to turn some part of their stock, but are obliged to buy the goods which that trade deals in, somewhat dearer than if they could import them themselves directly from the countries which produced them.
这种垄断显然是针对所有其他欧洲国家而建立的，因此，这些国家不仅被排除在可能方便他们将部分库存转向的贸易之外，而且还必须购买该贸易所涉及的商品，价格比他们自己直接从生产国进口商品的价格要高一些。
But since the fall of the power of Portugal, no European nation has claimed the exclusive right of sailing in the Indian seas, of which the principal ports are now open to the ships of all European nations.
但自葡萄牙政权垮台以来，没有任何欧洲国家声称拥有印度洋的专属航行权，印度洋的主要港口现已向所有欧洲国家的船只开放。
Except in Portugal, however, and within these few years in France, the trade to the East Indies has, in every European country, been subjected to an exclusive company.
然而，除了葡萄牙和最近几年的法国之外，在每个欧洲国家，对东印度群岛的贸易都受到一家独家公司的管辖。
Monopolies of this kind are properly established against the very nation which erects them.
这种垄断是针对建立它们的国家而适当建立的。
The greater part of that nation are thereby not only excluded from a trade to which it might be convenient for them to turn some part of their stock, but are obliged to buy the goods which that trade deals in somewhat dearer than if it was open and free to all their countrymen.
因此，该国的大部分人不仅被排除在他们可能方便地转入部分库存的贸易之外，而且被迫购买该贸易所交易的商品，其价格比向所有同胞开放和自由的情况要高一些。
Since the establishment of the English East India company, for example, the other inhabitants of England, over and above being excluded from the trade, must have paid, in the price of the East India goods which they have consumed, not only for all the extraordinary profits which the company may have made upon those goods in consequence of their monopoly, but for all the extraordinary waste which the fraud and abuse inseparable from the management of the affairs of so great a company must necessarily have occasioned.
例如，自从英国东印度公司成立以来，英格兰的其他居民除了被排除在贸易之外之外，还必须以他们所消费的东印度商品的价格来支付，不仅要支付该公司由于其垄断而可能从这些商品上获得的所有非凡利润，而且还必须支付与如此大的公司的事务管理密不可分的欺诈和滥用行为所必然造成的所有非凡浪费。
The absurdity of this second kind of monopoly, therefore, is much more manifest than that of the first.
因此，第二种垄断的荒谬性比第一种垄断更加明显。
Both these kinds of monopolies derange more or less the natural distribution of the stock of the society; but they do not always derange it in the same way.
这两种垄断都或多或少地扰乱了社会存量的自然分配。但他们并不总是以同样的方式扰乱它。
Monopolies of the first kind always attract to the particular trade in which they are established a greater proportion of the stock of the society than what would go to that trade of its own accord.
第一类垄断总是吸引更多比例的社会存量流入它们所建立的特定行业，而不是其本身进入该行业的份额。
Monopolies of the second kind may sometimes attract stock towards the particular trade in which they are established, and sometimes repel it from that trade, according to different circumstances.
根据不同的情况，第二类垄断有时可能会吸引股票进入其所在的特定行业，有时可能会排斥该行业的股票。
In poor countries, they naturally attract towards that trade more stock than would otherwise go to it.
在贫穷国家，他们自然会吸引比其他方式更多的库存进行贸易。
In rich countries, they naturally repel from it a good deal of stock which would otherwise go to it.
在富裕国家，他们自然会排斥大量本来会流向它的股票。
Such poor countries as Sweden and Denmark, for example, would probably have never sent a single ship to the East Indies, had not the trade been subjected to an exclusive company.
例如，如果不是一家独家公司进行贸易，瑞典和丹麦等贫穷国家可能永远不会向东印度群岛派遣一艘船。
The establishment of such a company necessarily encourages adventurers.
这样的公司的成立必然会鼓励冒险家。
Their monopoly secures them against all competitors in the home market, and they have the same chance for foreign markets with the traders of other nations.
他们的垄断使他们能够在国内市场上对抗所有竞争对手，并且他们在国外市场上与其他国家的贸易商拥有同样的机会。
Their monopoly shows them the certainty of a great profit upon a considerable quantity of goods, and the chance of a considerable profit upon a great quantity.
他们的垄断向他们展示了从大量商品中获得巨额利润的确定性，以及从大量商品中获得巨额利润的机会。
Without such extraordinary encouragement, the poor traders of such poor countries would probably never have thought of hazarding their small capitals in so very distant and uncertain an adventure as the trade to the East Indies must naturally have appeared to them.
如果没有如此非凡的鼓励，这些贫穷国家的贫穷商人可能永远不会想到用他们的小资本去冒险，进行如此遥远和不确定的冒险，就像对东印度群岛的贸易自然地出现在他们身上一样。
Such a rich country as Holland, on the contrary, would probably, in the case of a free trade, send many more ships to the East Indies than it actually does.
相反，像荷兰这样富裕的国家，在自由贸易的情况下，可能会向东印度群岛派遣比实际多得多的船只。
The limited stock of the Dutch East India company probably repels from that trade many great mercantile capitals which would otherwise go to it.
荷兰东印度公司有限的股票可能会排斥许多本来会流向该公司的商业资本。
The mercantile capital of Holland is so great, that it is, as it were, continually overflowing, sometimes into the public funds of foreign countries, sometimes into loans to private traders and adventurers of foreign countries, sometimes into the most round-about foreign trades of consumption, and sometimes into the carrying trade.
荷兰的商业资本是如此之大，以至于它可以说是不断地溢出，有时流入外国的公共资金，有时流入外国私人商人和冒险家的贷款，有时流入最迂回的对外消费贸易，有时流入套利贸易。
All near employments being completely filled up, all the capital which can be placed in them with any tolerable profit being already placed in them, the capital of Holland necessarily flows towards the most distant employments.
所有邻近的就业岗位都被完全填满，所有可以投入其中的资本以及任何可承受的利润都已经投入其中，荷兰的资本必然流向最远的就业岗位。
The trade to the East Indies, if it were altogether free, would probably absorb the greater part of this redundant capital.
与东印度群岛的贸易如果完全自由的话，可能会吸收大部分多余的资本。
The East Indies offer a market both for the manufactures of Europe, and for the gold and silver, as well as for the several other productions of America, greater and more extensive than both Europe and America put together.
东印度群岛为欧洲的制造商、黄金和白银以及美洲的其他几种产品提供了一个市场，其规模比欧洲和美洲的总和还要大、更广泛。
Every derangement of the natural distribution of stock is necessarily hurtful to the society in which it takes place; whether it be by repelling from a particular trade the stock which would otherwise go to it, or by attracting towards a particular trade that which would not otherwise come to it.
股票自然分配的每一次混乱都必然会损害其发生的社会。无论是通过排斥本来会进入该交易的股票，还是通过吸引原本不会进入该交易的股票来进行特定交易。
If, without any exclusive company, the trade of Holland to the East Indies would be greater than it actually is, that country must suffer a considerable loss, by part of its capital being excluded from the employment most convenient for that port.
如果在没有任何排他性公司的情况下，荷兰与东印度群岛的贸易量会比实际情况大，那么该国必定会遭受相当大的损失，因为其部分资本被排除在对该港口最方便的就业之外。
And, in the same manner, if, without an exclusive company, the trade of Sweden and Denmark to the East Indies would be less than it actually is, or, what perhaps is more probable, would not exist at all, those two countries must likewise suffer a considerable loss, by part of their capital being drawn into an employment which must be more or less unsuitable to their present circumstances.
同样，如果没有一家排他性公司，瑞典和丹麦对东印度群岛的贸易将比实际情况少，或者更有可能的是根本不存在，那么这两个国家也必然遭受相当大的损失，因为它们的部分资本被吸引到或多或少不适合它们目前情况的就业领域。
Better for them, perhaps, in the present circumstances, to buy East India goods of other nations, even though they should pay somewhat dearer, than to turn so great a part of their small capital to so very distant a trade, in which the returns are so very slow, in which that capital can maintain so small a quantity of productive labour at home, where productive labour is so much wanted, where so little is done, and where so much is to do.
在目前的情况下，也许对他们来说，购买其他国家的东印度产品更好，尽管他们应该支付更高的价格，而不是把他们的小资本的很大一部分用于如此遥远的贸易，在这种贸易中，回报非常缓慢，资本只能在国内维持如此少量的生产性劳动力，而生产性劳动力如此需要，而生产性劳动力却如此之少，而要做的却如此之多。
Though without an exclusive company, therefore, a particular country should not be able to carry on any direct trade to the East Indies, it will not from thence follow, that such a company ought to be established there, but only that such a country ought not, in these circumstances, to trade directly to the East Indies.
因此，虽然没有一家排他性公司，某个国家不应该能够与东印度群岛进行任何直接贸易，但这并不意味着该国应该在那里建立这样的公司，而只是在这种情况下，这样一个国家不应该直接与东印度群岛进行贸易。
That such companies are not in general necessary for carrying on the East India trade, is sufficiently demonstrated by the experience of the Portuguese, who enjoyed almost the whole of it for more than a century together, without any exclusive company.
葡萄牙人的经验充分证明了这些公司对于进行东印度贸易来说通常是不必要的，葡萄牙人在一个多世纪的时间里几乎享有整个东印度贸易，没有任何排他性公司。
No private merchant, it has been said, could well have capital sufficient to maintain factors and agents in the different ports of the East Indies, in order to provide goods for the ships which he might occasionally send thither; and yet, unless he was able to do this, the difficulty of finding a cargo might frequently make his ships lose the season for returning; and the expense of so long a delay would not only eat up the whole profit of the adventure, but frequently occasion a very considerable loss.
据说，没有一个私人商人能够有足够的资本在东印度群岛的不同港口维持代理人和代理人，以便为他偶尔发往那里的船只提供货物；然而，除非他能够做到这一点，否则很难找到货物，这可能会经常使他的船只失去返航的季节。如此长时间的拖延不仅会耗尽这次冒险的全部利润，而且常常会造成相当大的损失。
This argument, however, if it proved any thing at all, would prove that no one great branch of trade could be carried on without an exclusive company, which is contrary to the experience of all nations.
然而，如果这一论点能够证明任何事情的话，它将证明没有一家排他性公司就无法开展任何一项伟大的贸易分支，这与所有国家的经验相反。
There is no great branch of trade, in which the capital of any one private merchant is sufficient for carrying on all the subordinate branches which must be carried on, in order to carry on the principal one.
没有任何一个大的贸易部门，其中任何一个私人商人的资本足以经营为了经营主要部门而必须经营的所有附属部门。
But when a nation is ripe for any great branch of trade, some merchants naturally turn their capitals towards the principal, and some towards the subordinate branches of it; and though all the different branches of it are in this manner carried on, yet it very seldom happens that they are all carried on by the capital of one private merchant.
但是，当一个国家发展任何大型贸易部门的时机成熟时，一些商人自然会将其资本转向主要部门，而另一些则转向其从属部门；尽管它的所有不同部门都是以这种方式经营的，但很少发生它们全部由一个私人商人的资本经营的情况。
If a nation, therefore, is ripe for the East India trade, a certain portion of its capital will naturally divide itself among all the different branches of that trade.
因此，如果一个国家进行东印度贸易的时机已经成熟，那么其一定比例的资本自然会分配给该贸易的所有不同部门。
Some of its merchants will find it for their interest to reside in the East Indies, and to employ their capitals there in providing goods for the ships which are to be sent out by other merchants who reside in Europe.
它的一些商人会发现居住在东印度群岛是为了他们的利益，并利用他们的资本为居住在欧洲的其他商人发出的船只提供货物。
The settlements which different European nations have obtained in the East Indies, if they were taken from the exclusive companies to which they at present belong, and put under the immediate protection of the sovereign, would render this residence both safe and easy, at least to the merchants of the particular nations to whom those settlements belong.
不同欧洲国家在东印度群岛获得的定居点，如果它们是从它们目前所属的专有公司手中夺取的，并置于主权的直接保护之下，将使这种居住既安全又方便，至少对于这些定居点所属的特定国家的商人来说是这样。
If, at any particular time, that part of the capital of any country which of its own accord tended and inclined, if I may say so, towards the East India trade, was not sufficient for carrying on all those different branches of it, it would be a proof that, at that particular time, that country was not ripe for that trade, and that it would do better to buy for some time, even at a higher price, from other European nations, the East India goods it had occasion for, than to import them itself directly from the East Indies.
如果在任何特定的时间，任何国家的资本的一部分，如果我可以这么说的话，不足以进行东印度贸易的所有不同分支，那么这将证明，在那个特定的时间，该国的贸易还不成熟，而且在一段时间内，即使以更高的价格，从其他欧洲国家购买它需要的东印度商品，也比直接从东印度进口要好。
What it might lose by the high price of those goods, could seldom be equal to the loss which it would sustain by the distraction of a large portion of its capital from other employments more necessary, or more useful, or more suitable to its circumstances and situation, than a direct trade to the East Indies.
这些商品的高价可能给它带来的损失，很难与它的大部分资本从比直接与东印度群岛进行贸易更必要、更有用、或更适合其环境和情况的其他工作上分心而承受的损失相称。
Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established, in either of those countries, such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America.
尽管欧洲人在非洲海岸和东印度群岛拥有许多相当大的定居点，但他们尚未在这两个国家建立像美洲岛屿和大陆那样数量众多、繁荣的殖民地。
Africa, however, as well as several of the countries comprehended under the general name of the East Indies, is inhabited by barbarous nations.
然而，非洲以及一些统称为东印度群岛的国家却居住着野蛮民族。
But those nations were by no means so weak and defenceless as the miserable and helpless Americans; and in proportion to the natural fertility of the countries which they inhabited, they were, besides, much more populous.
但这些国家绝不像悲惨无助的美国人那样软弱无助。而且，与他们所居住的国家的自然生育力成比例，他们的人口也多得多。
The most barbarous nations either of Africa or of the East Indies, were shepherds; even the Hottentots were so.
最野蛮的民族，无论是非洲还是东印度群岛，都是牧羊人。甚至霍屯督人也是如此。
But the natives of every part of America, except Mexico and Peru, were only hunters and the difference is very great between the number of shepherds and that of hunters whom the same extent of equally fertile territory can maintain.
但除墨西哥和秘鲁外，美洲各地的原住民都只是狩猎者，同样肥沃的土地所能维持的牧羊人和猎人的数量相差很大。
In Africa and the East Indies, therefore, it was more difficult to displace the natives, and to extend the European plantations over the greater part of the lands of the original inhabitants.
因此，在非洲和东印度群岛，要取代当地人并将欧洲种植园扩展到原住民的大部分土地上更加困难。
The genius of exclusive companies, besides, is unfavourable, it has already been observed, to the growth of new colonies, and has probably been the principal cause of the little progress which they have made in the East Indies.
此外，人们已经注意到，排他性公司的天才对新殖民地的发展是不利的，并且可能是他们在东印度群岛取得很少进展的主要原因。
The Portuguese carried on the trade both to Africa and the East Indies, without any exclusive companies; and their settlements at Congo, Angola, and Benguela, on the coast of Africa, and at Goa in the East Indies though much depressed by superstition and every sort of bad government, yet bear some resemblance to the colonies of America, and are partly inhabited by Portuguese who have been established there for several generations.
葡萄牙人对非洲和东印度群岛进行贸易，没有任何独家公司；他们在非洲海岸的刚果、安哥拉和本格拉以及东印度群岛的果阿的定居点虽然因迷信和各种糟糕的政府而深感沮丧，但与美洲的殖民地有一些相似之处，并且部分居住着已经在那里建立了几代人的葡萄牙人。
The Dutch settlements at the Cape of Good Hope and at Batavia, are at present the most considerable colonies which the Europeans have established, either in Africa or in the East Indies; and both those settlements are peculiarly fortunate in their situation.
荷兰人在好望角和巴达维亚的定居点是目前欧洲人在非洲或东印度群岛建立的最大的殖民地。这两个定居点的情况都特别幸运。
The Cape of Good Hope was inhabited by a race of people almost as barbarous, and quite as incapable of defending themselves, as the natives of America.
好望角居住着一个种族，他们几乎和美洲原住民一样野蛮，而且毫无自卫能力。
It is, besides, the half-way house, if one may say so, between Europe and the East Indies, at which almost every European ship makes some stay, both in going and returning.
此外，如果可以这么说的话，它还是欧洲和东印度群岛之间的中途站，几乎每艘欧洲船只在往返时都会在此停留。
The supplying of those ships with every sort of fresh provisions, with fruit, and sometimes with wine, affords alone a very extensive market for the surplus produce of the colonies.
向这些船只供应各种新鲜粮食，包括水果，有时还供应葡萄酒，这本身就为殖民地的剩余产品提供了一个非常广阔的市场。
What the Cape of Good Hope is between Europe and every part of the East Indies, Batavia is between the principal countries of the East Indies.
就像好望角位于欧洲和东印度群岛各地之间一样，巴达维亚位于东印度群岛的主要国家之间。
It lies upon the most frequented road from Indostan to China and Japan, and is nearly about mid-way upon that road.
它位于从印度斯坦到中国和日本最频繁的道路上，并且几乎位于该道路的中间位置。
Almost all the ships too, that sail between Europe and China, touch at Batavia; and it is, over and above all this, the centre and principal mart of what is called the country trade of the East Indies; not only of that part of it which is carried on by Europeans, but of that which is carried on by the native Indians; and vessels navigated by the inhabitants of China and Japan, of Tonquin, Malacca, Cochin-China, and the island of Celebes, are frequently to be seen in its port.
几乎所有在欧洲和中国之间航行的船只都停靠在巴达维亚。除此之外，它还是所谓东印度群岛国家贸易的中心和主要市场。不仅是欧洲人所继承的那部分，而且是土著印第安人所继承的那部分；中国和日本、东昆、马六甲、交趾支那和西里伯斯岛的居民驾驶的船只经常出现在其港口。
Such advantageous situations have enabled those two colonies to surmount all the obstacles which the oppressive genius of an exclusive company may have occasionally opposed to their growth.
这种有利的形势使这两个殖民地能够克服排他性公司的压迫性天才偶尔会反对其发展的所有障碍。
They have enabled Batavia to surmount the additional disadvantage of perhaps the most unwholesome climate in the world.
它们使巴达维亚克服了可能是世界上最不健康的气候的额外劣势。
The English and Dutch companies, though they have established no considerable colonies, except the two above mentioned, have both made considerable conquests in the East Indies.
英国和荷兰公司虽然除了上述两个公司外没有建立相当大的殖民地，但都在东印度群岛取得了相当大的征服。
But in the manner in which they both govern their new subjects, the natural genius of an exclusive company has shewn itself most distinctly.
但在他们管理新主题的方式中，一家独家公司的天赋最为明显地展现出来。
In the spice islands, the Dutch are said to burn all the spiceries which a fertile season produces, beyond what they expect to dispose of in Europe with such a profit as they think sufficient.
据说，在香料群岛，荷兰人烧毁了丰收季节生产的所有香料，超出了他们在欧洲的预期处置量，并获得了他们认为足够的利润。
In the islands where they have no settlements, they give a premium to those who collect the young blossoms and green leaves of the clove and nutmeg trees, which naturally grow there, but which this savage policy has now, it is said, almost completely extirpated.
在他们没有定居点的岛屿上，他们对采集丁香树和肉豆蔻树的嫩花和绿叶的人给予奖励，这些树自然生长在那里，但据说这种野蛮政策现在几乎完全灭绝了。
Even in the islands where they have settlements, they have very much reduced, it is said, the number of those trees.
据说，即使在他们有定居点的岛屿上，这些树木的数量也大大减少了。
If the produce even of their own islands was much greater than what suited their market, the natives, they suspect, might find means to convey some part of it to other nations; and the best way, they imagine, to secure their own monopoly, is to take care that no more shall grow than what they themselves carry to market.
他们怀疑，如果他们自己岛屿的产品远大于适合他们市场的产品，他们可能会找到方法将其中的一部分转移到其他国家；他们认为，要确保自己的垄断地位，最好的办法就是注意不要让自己的产品增长得超过他们自己推向市场的产品。
By different arts of oppression, they have reduced the population of several of the Moluccas nearly to the number which is sufficient to supply with fresh provisions, and other necessaries of life, their own insignificant garrisons, and such of their ships as occasionally come there for a cargo of spices.
通过不同的压迫手段，他们已经将一些摩鹿加群岛的人口减少到几乎足以供应新鲜粮食和其他生活必需品、他们自己微不足道的驻军以及偶尔来那里装载香料的船只的数量。
Under the government even of the Portuguese, however, those islands are said to have been tolerably well inhabited.
然而，即使在葡萄牙政府的统治下，据说这些岛屿上也有人居住。
The English company have not yet had time to establish in Bengal so perfectly destructive a system.
这家英国公司还没有时间在孟加拉建立如此完美的破坏性系统。
The plan of their government, however, has had exactly the same tendency.
然而，他们政府的计划却有着完全相同的倾向。
It has not been uncommon, I am well assured, for the chief, that is, the first clerk or a factory, to order a peasant to plough up a rich field of poppies, and sow it with rice, or some other grain.
我确信，对于首领，即首席职员或工厂来说，命令农民耕种一片肥沃的罂粟田，并在其中播种水稻或其他谷物，这种情况并不少见。
The pretence was, to prevent a scarcity of provisions; but the real reason, to give the chief an opportunity of selling at a better price a large quantity of opium which he happened then to have upon hand.
借口是为了防止食物短缺；但真正的原因是为了让酋长有机会以更好的价格出售他手头恰好有的大量鸦片。
Upon other occasions, the order has been reversed; and a rich field of rice or other grain has been ploughed up, in order to make room for a plantation of poppies, when the chief foresaw that extraordinary profit was likely to be made by opium.
在其他情况下，顺序被颠倒；当酋长预见到鸦片可能会带来巨大利润时，为了给罂粟种植园腾出空间，一片肥沃的稻田或其他谷物被犁掉了。
The servants of the company have, upon several occasions, attempted to establish in their own favour the monopoly of some of the most important branches, not only of the foreign, but of the inland trade of the country.
该公司的仆人曾多次试图为了自己的利益而建立对一些最重要部门的垄断，不仅是对外贸易，而且是该国的内陆贸易。
Had they been allowed to go on, it is impossible that they should not, at some time or another, have attempted to restrain the production of the particular articles of which they had thus usurped the monopoly, not only to the quantity which they themselves could purchase, but to that which they could expect to sell with such a profit as they might think sufficient.
如果他们被允许继续下去，他们就不可能不在某个时候试图限制他们由此篡夺垄断的特定物品的生产，不仅限制他们自己可以购买的数量，而且限制他们可以期望以他们认为足够的利润出售的数量。
In the course of a century or two, the policy of the English company would, in this manner, have probably proved as completely destructive as that of the Dutch.
在一两个世纪的时间里，英国公司的政策可能会像荷兰公司的政策一样具有彻底的破坏性。
Nothing, however, can be more directly contrary to the real interest of those companies, considered as the sovereigns of the countries which they have conquered, than this destructive plan.
然而，没有什么比这种破坏性计划更直接违背那些被视为被征服国家主权的公司的真正利益了。
In almost all countries, the revenue of the sovereign is drawn from that of the people.
在几乎所有国家，主权的收入都来自人民的收入。
The greater the revenue of the people, therefore, the greater the annual produce of their land and labour, the more they can afford to the sovereign.
因此，人民的收入越多，他们的土地和劳动的年产出就越大，他们向主权者支付的费用就越多。
It is his interest, therefore, to increase as much as possible that annual produce.
因此，他的兴趣是尽可能增加年产量。
But if this is the interest of every sovereign, it is peculiarly so of one whose revenue, like that of the sovereign of Bengal, arises chiefly from a land-rent.
但如果这是每个主权国家的利益，那么对于像孟加拉主权国家这样的收入主要来自地租的国家来说尤其如此。
That rent must necessarily be in proportion to the quantity and value of the produce; and both the one and the other must depend upon the extent of the market.
地租必须与产品的数量和价值成正比；而其中一个和另一个都必须取决于市场的范围。
The quantity will always be suited, with more or less exactness, to the consumption of those who can afford to pay for it; and the price which they will pay will always be in proportion to the eagerness of their competition.
数量总是或多或少地适合有能力支付的人的消费；他们所付出的代价总是与他们竞争的激烈程度成正比。
It is the interest of such a sovereign, therefore, to open the most extensive market for the produce of his country, to allow the most perfect freedom of commerce, in order to increase as much as possible the number and competition of buyers; and upon this account to abolish, not only all monopolies, but all restraints upon the transportation of the home produce from one part of the country to another, upon its exportation to foreign countries, or upon the importation of goods of any kind for which it can be exchanged.
因此，为本国产品开放最广泛的市场，允许最完美的商业自由，以尽可能增加购买者的数量和竞争，是这样一个主权国家的利益；因此，不仅要废除所有垄断，而且要废除对本国产品从一个地方运输到另一个地方、向外国出口或进口任何可以交换的商品的所有限制。
He is in this manner most likely to increase both the quantity and value of that produce, and consequently of his own share of it, or of his own revenue.
通过这种方式，他最有可能增加该产品的数量和价值，从而增加他自己的份额或他自己的收入。
But a company of merchants, are, it seems, incapable of considering themselves as sovereigns, even after they have become such.
但一个商人公司似乎无法将自己视为主权国家，即使他们已经成为主权国家。
Trade, or buying in order to sell again, they still consider as their principal business, and by a strange absurdity, regard the character of the sovereign as but an appendix to that of the merchant; as something which ought to be made subservient to it, or by means of which they may be enabled to buy cheaper in India, and thereby to sell with a better profit in Europe.
他们仍然把贸易，或者说为了再次出售而买进的东西作为自己的主要业务，并且奇怪地荒谬地认为，主权者的性格只不过是商人性格的一个附属品。作为某种应该服从于它的东西，或者通过它，他们可以在印度以更便宜的价格购买，从而在欧洲以更高的利润出售。
They endeavour, for this purpose, to keep out as much as possible all competitors from the market of the countries which are subject to their government, and consequently to reduce, at least, some part of the surplus produce of those countries to what is barely sufficient for supplying their own demand, or to what they can expect to sell in Europe, with such a profit as they may think reasonable.
为此目的，他们竭尽全力将所有竞争者排除在受其政府管辖的国家的市场之外，从而至少减少这些国家的部分剩余产品，使其仅能勉强满足其自身的需求，或者减少到他们可以期望在欧洲出售的数量，并获得他们认为合理的利润。
Their mercantile habits draw them in this manner, almost necessarily, though perhaps insensibly, to prefer, upon all ordinary occasions, the little and transitory profit of the monopolist to the great and permanent revenue of the sovereign; and would gradually lead them to treat the countries subject to their government nearly as the Dutch treat the Moluccas.
他们的商业习惯以这种方式吸引他们，尽管也许是无意识的，但几乎必然在所有普通情况下都更喜欢垄断者的微薄而短暂的利润，而不是主权者的大量而永久的收入。并将逐渐引导他们对待受其政府管辖的国家，就像荷兰人对待摩鹿加群岛一样。
It is the interest of the East India company, considered as sovereigns, that the European goods which are carried to their Indian dominions should be sold there as cheap as possible; and that the Indian goods which are brought from thence should bring there as good a price, or should be sold there as dear as possible.
被视为主权国家的东印度公司的利益是，运往其印度领土的欧洲货物应尽可能便宜地在那里出售。从那里运来的印度商品应该卖个好价钱，或者卖得尽可能贵。
But the reverse of this is their interest as merchants.
但与此相反的是他们作为商人的利益。
As sovereigns, their interest is exactly the same with that of the country which they govern.
作为主权国家，他们的利益与他们所统治的国家的利益是完全一致的。
As merchants, their interest is directly opposite to that interest.
作为商人，他们的利益与那种利益直接相反。
But if the genius of such a government, even as to what concerns its direction in Europe, is in this manner essentially, and perhaps incurably faulty, that of its administration in India is still more so.
但是，如果这样一个政府的天才，即使在涉及其在欧洲的方向方面，在本质上也是如此，而且可能是无法治愈的错误，那么它在印度的管理就更是如此。
That administration is necessarily composed of a council of merchants, a profession no doubt extremely respectable, but which in no country in the world carries along with it that sort of authority which naturally overawes the people, and without force commands their willing obedience.
行政机构必然由商人委员会组成，这一职业无疑是极其受人尊敬的，但世界上没有哪个国家的商人委员会具有那种自然而然地威慑人民的权威，无需武力就能让他们心甘情愿地服从。
Such a council can command obedience only by the military force with which they are accompanied; and their government is, therefore, necessarily military and despotical.
这样的议会只能通过其随行的军事力量来获得服从。因此，他们的政府必然是军事化和专制的。
Their proper business, however, is that of merchants.
然而，他们的正当业务是商人的业务。
It is to sell, upon their master’s account, the European goods consigned to them, and to buy, in return, Indian goods for the European market.
它是根据其主人的帐户出售托运给他们的欧洲商品，并作为回报购买印度商品以供应欧洲市场。
It is to sell the one as dear, and to buy the other as cheap as possible, and consequently to exclude, as much as possible, all rivals from the particular market where they keep their shop.
就是以高价出售一种产品，并尽可能便宜地购买另一种产品，从而尽可能地将所有竞争对手排除在他们开店的特定市场之外。
The genius of the administration, therefore, so far as concerns the trade of the company, is the same as that of the direction.
因此，就公司的业务而言，管理的天才与方向的天才是相同的。
It tends to make government subservient to the interest of monopoly, and consequently to stunt the natural growth of some parts, at least, of the surplus produce of the country, to what is barely sufficient for answering the demand of the company.
它往往会使政府屈从于垄断利益，从而阻碍至少国家剩余产品某些部分的自然增长，使其无法满足公司的需求。
All the members of the administration besides, trade more or less upon their own account; and it is in vain to prohibit them from doing so.
此外，所有政府成员都或多或少地以自己的账户进行交易；禁止他们这样做是徒劳的。
Nothing can be more completely foolish than to expect that the clerk of a great counting-house, at ten thousand miles distance, and consequently almost quite out of sight, should, upon a simple order from their master, give up at once doing any sort of business upon their own account abandon for ever all hopes of making a fortune, of which they have the means in their hands; and content themselves with the moderate salaries which those masters allow them, and which, moderate as they are, can seldom be augmented, being commonly as large as the real profits of the company trade can afford.
没有什么比指望一万英里之外、因此几乎看不见的大会计室的职员，在他们主人的一个简单命令后，立即放弃为自己做任何生意，永远放弃所有他们手中有钱的发财希望的了。他们满足于那些主人允许他们的中等工资，虽然工资很中等，但很少能增加，通常与公司贸易的实际利润所能承受的一样高。
In such circumstances, to prohibit the servants of the company from trading upon their own account, can have scarce any other effect than to enable its superior servants, under pretence of executing their master’s order, to oppress such of the inferior ones as have had the misfortune to fall under their displeasure.
在这种情况下，禁止公司的雇员以自己的名义进行交易，除了使公司的上级雇员以执行主人的命令为借口，压迫那些不幸受到他们不满的下级雇员外，几乎没有任何其他效果。
The servants naturally endeavour to establish the same monopoly in favour of their own private trade as of the public trade of the company.
仆人自然会努力建立有利于他们自己的私人贸易和公司公共贸易的同样的垄断。
If they are suffered to act as they could wish, they will establish this monopoly openly and directly, by fairly prohibiting all other people from trading in the articles in which they choose to deal; and this, perhaps, is the best and least oppressive way of establishing it.
如果他们被迫按照自己的意愿行事，他们将公开、直接地建立这种垄断，公平地禁止所有其他人交易他们选择交易的物品；这也许是建立它的最好且最不压抑的方式。
But if, by an order from Europe, they are prohibited from doing this, they will, notwithstanding, endeavour to establish a monopoly of the same kind secretly and indirectly, in a way that is much more destructive to the country.
但如果欧洲下令禁止他们这样做，他们仍会努力秘密地、间接地建立同类垄断，而这种方式对国家的破坏性要大得多。
They will employ the whole authority of government, and pervert the administration of Justice, in order to harass and ruin those who interfere with them in any branch of commerce, which by means of agents, either concealed, or at least not publicly avowed, they may choose to carry on.
他们将动用政府的全部权力，歪曲司法，以骚扰和摧毁那些在任何商业部门干涉他们的人，他们可以选择通过代理人，无论是隐蔽的，还是至少不公开承认的方式来进行这些活动。
But the private trade of the servants will naturally extend to a much greater variety of articles than the public trade of the company.
但仆人的私人贸易自然会比公司的公共贸易扩大到更多种类的物品。
The public trade of the company extends no further than the trade with Europe, and comprehends a part only of the foreign trade of the country.
公司的公共贸易仅限于与欧洲的贸易，仅涵盖该国对外贸易的一部分。
But the private trade of the servants may extend to all the different branches both of its inland and foreign trade.
但仆人的私人贸易可以扩展到其内陆和对外贸易的所有不同部门。
The monopoly of the company can tend only to stunt the natural growth of that part of the surplus produce which, in the case of a free trade, would be exported to Europe.
公司的垄断只会阻碍剩余产品的自然增长，而在自由贸易的情况下，这些剩余产品将出口到欧洲。
That of the servants tends to stunt the natural growth of every part of the produce in which they choose to deal; of what is destined for home consumption, as well as of what is destined for exportation; and consequently to degrade the cultivation of the whole country, and to reduce the number of its inhabitants.
仆人的行为往往会阻碍他们选择经营的每一部分农产品的自然生长。用于国内消费的产品以及用于出口的产品；从而导致整个国家的耕种退化，居民数量减少。
It tends to reduce the quantity of every sort of produce, even that of the necessaries of life, whenever the servants of the country choose to deal in them, to what those servants can both afford to buy and expect to sell with such a profit as pleases them.
当国家的公仆选择从事各种产品的交易时，它往往会减少各种产品的数量，甚至是生活必需品的数量，直到这些公仆能够买得起并期望以他们喜欢的利润出售时。
From the nature of their situation, too, the servants must be more disposed to support with rigourous severity their own interest, against that of the country which they govern, than their masters can be to support theirs.
同样，从他们处境的性质来看，仆人必须比他们的主人更愿意支持他们自己的利益，而不是他们所统治的国家的利益。
The country belongs to their masters, who cannot avoid having some regard for the interest of what belongs to them; but it does not belong to the servants.
国家是主人的，主人不可避免地要考虑一下自己的利益。但它不属于仆人。
The real interest of their masters, if they were capable of understanding it, is the same with that of the country; {The interest of every proprietor of India stock, however, is by no means the same with that of the country in the government of which his vote gives him some influence.—See book v, chap.
如果他们的主人能够理解的话，他们的真正利益就与国家的利益是一样的。 {然而，印度股票的每个所有者的利益与他的投票赋予他一定影响力的政府中的国家的利益绝不相同。——见第五卷，第 1 章。
1, part ii.}and it is from ignorance chiefly, and the meanness of mercantile prejudice, that they ever oppress it.
1，第二部分。}他们之所以压制它，主要是出于无知和卑鄙的商业偏见。
But the real interest of the servants is by no means the same with that of the country, and the most perfect information would not necessarily put an end to their oppressions.
但仆人的真正利益与国家的利益绝不相同，最完美的信息也不一定能结束他们的压迫。
The regulations, accordingly, which have been sent out from Europe, though they have been frequently weak, have upon most occasions been well meaning.
因此，欧洲颁布的法规虽然常常很薄弱，但在大多数情况下都是善意的。
More intelligence, and perhaps less good meaning, has sometimes appeared in those established by the servants in India.
印度仆人建立的那些机构有时显得更聪明，但也许不太善意。
It is a very singular government in which every member of the administration wishes to get out of the country, and consequently to have done with the government, as soon as he can, and to whose interest, the day after he has left it, and carried his whole fortune with him, it is perfectly indifferent though the whole country was swallowed up by an earthquake.
这是一个非常奇特的政府，政府的每一个成员都希望离开这个国家，因此，只要他有能力，就想尽快结束这个政府，而在他离开政府并带着他的全部财产的第二天，尽管整个国家都被地震吞没了，但为了政府的利益，这是完全无关紧要的。
I mean not, however, by any thing which I have here said, to throw any odious imputation upon the general character of the servants of the East India company, and touch less upon that of any particular persons.
然而，我在这里所说的任何事情并不是要对东印度公司仆人的一般性格进行任何可恶的指责，而较少涉及任何特定个人的性格。
It is the system of government, the situation in which they are placed, that I mean to censure, not the character of those who have acted in it.
我要谴责的是政府制度和政府所处的处境，而不是那些在其中行事的人的品格。
They acted as their situation naturally directed, and they who have clamoured the loudest against them would probably not have acted better themselves.
他们自然而然地按照自己的情况行事，那些大声反对他们的人自己可能也不会做得更好。
In war and negotiation, the councils of Madras and Calcutta, have upon several occasions, conducted themselves with a resolution and decisive wisdom, which would have done honour to the senate of Rome in the best days of that republic.
在战争和谈判中，马德拉斯和加尔各答的议会曾多次以果断和果断的智慧行事，这在罗马共和国最辉煌的日子里会给罗马元老院带来荣誉。
The members of those councils, however, had been bred to professions very different from war and politics.
然而，这些委员会的成员所从事的职业与战争和政治截然不同。
But their situation alone, without education, experience, or even example, seems to have formed in them all at once the great qualities which it required, and to have inspired them both with abilities and virtues which they themselves could not well know that they possessed.
但他们的处境，没有受过教育、没有经验，甚至没有榜样，似乎一下子就在他们身上形成了所需要的伟大品质，并激发了他们的能力和美德，而他们自己却不太清楚自己拥有这些能力和美德。
If upon some occasions, therefore, it has animated them to actions of magnanimity which could not well have been expected from them, we should not wonder if, upon others, it has prompted them to exploits of somewhat a different nature.
因此，如果在某些情况下，它促使他们采取了人们不太期望的宽宏大量的行动，那么我们就不应该怀疑，在其他情况下，它是否促使他们采取了某种不同性质的功绩。
Such exclusive companies, therefore, are nuisances in every respect; always more or less inconvenient to the countries in which they are established, and destructive to those which have the misfortune to fall under their government.
因此，这些排他性公司在各个方面都是令人讨厌的。总是或多或少地给它们所在的国家带来不便，并且对不幸落入其政府管辖的国家造成破坏。
CHAPTER VIII.
第八章。
CONCLUSION OF THE MERCANTILE SYSTEM.
商业体系的结论。
Though the encouragement of exportation, and the discouragement of importation, are the two great engines by which the mercantile system proposes to enrich every country, yet, with regard to some particular commodities, it seems to follow an opposite plan: to discourage exportation, and to encourage importation.
尽管鼓励出口和抑制进口是重商主义体系旨在使每个国家致富的两大引擎，但对于某些特定商品，它似乎遵循相反的计划：抑制出口并鼓励进口。
Its ultimate object, however, it pretends, is always the same, to enrich the country by an advantageous balance of trade.
然而，它声称，其最终目标始终是相同的，即通过有利的贸易平衡来丰富国家。
It discourages the exportation of the materials of manufacture, and of the instruments of trade, in order to give our own workmen an advantage, and to enable them to undersell those of other nations in all foreign markets; and by restraining, in this manner, the exportation of a few commodities, of no great price, it proposes to occasion a much greater and more valuable exportation of others.
它阻碍了制造材料和贸易工具的出口，以便为我们自己的工人提供优势，并使他们能够在所有外国市场上以低于其他国家的价格出售产品；通过以这种方式限制少数价格不高的商品的出口，它提议引起更多、更有价值的其他商品的出口。
It encourages the importation of the materials of manufacture, in order that our own people may be enabled to work them up more cheaply, and thereby prevent a greater and more valuable importation of the manufactured commodities.
它鼓励制造材料的进口，以便我们自己的人民能够以更便宜的价格加工它们，从而防止制造品的更多和更有价值的进口。
I do not observe, at least in our statute book, any encouragement given to the importation of the instruments of trade.
至少在我们的法规书中，我没有看到任何鼓励贸易工具进口的内容。
When manufactures have advanced to a certain pitch of greatness, the fabrication of the instruments of trade becomes itself the object of a great number of very important manufactures.
当制造业发展到一定程度时，贸易工具的制造本身就成为许多非常重要的制造业的目标。
To give any particular encouragement to the importation of such instruments, would interfere too much with the interest of those manufactures.
对此类仪器的进口给予任何特别鼓励，都会过多地干扰这些制造商的利益。
Such importation, therefore, instead of being encouraged, has frequently been prohibited.
因此，这种进口不但没有受到鼓励，反而经常被禁止。
Thus the importation of wool cards, except from Ireland, or when brought in as wreck or prize goods, was prohibited by the 3rd of Edward IV.; which prohibition was renewed by the 39th of Elizabeth, and has been continued and rendered perpetual by subsequent laws.
因此，爱德华四世第三世禁止进口羊毛卡，除非是从爱尔兰进口，或者作为残骸或奖品进口。该禁令在伊丽莎白三十九世时期得到了更新，并通过随后的法律得以延续并永久化。
The importation of the materials of manufacture has sometimes been encouraged by an exemption from the duties to which other goods are subject, and sometimes by bounties.
有时通过免除其他商品应缴纳的关税，有时通过奖金来鼓励制造材料的进口。
The importation of sheep’s wool from several different countries, of cotton wool from all countries, of undressed flax, of the greater part of dyeing drugs, of the greater part of undressed hides from Ireland, or the British colonies, of seal skins from the British Greenland fishery, of pig and bar iron from the British colonies, as well as of several other materials of manufacture, has been encouraged by an exemption from all duties, if properly entered at the custom-house.
来自几个不同国家的羊毛、来自所有国家的棉毛、未加工的亚麻、大部分染色药物、大部分来自爱尔兰或英国殖民地的未加工生皮、来自英属格陵兰渔业的海豹皮、来自英国殖民地的生铁和铁条以及其他几种制造材料，如果在海关正确输入，则可以免除所有关税，从而鼓励进口。
The private interest of our merchants and manufacturers may, perhaps, have extorted from the legislature these exemptions, as well as the greater part of our other commercial regulations.
我们的商人和制造商的私人利益也许已经向立法机关勒索了这些豁免，以及我们其他商业法规的大部分。
They are, however, perfectly just and reasonable; and if, consistently with the necessities of the state, they could be extended to all the other materials of manufacture, the public would certainly be a gainer.
然而，它们是完全公正合理的；如果在符合国家需要的情况下，它们可以扩展到所有其他制造材料，那么公众肯定会成为受益者。
The avidity of our great manufacturers, however, has in some cases extended these exemptions a good deal beyond what can justly be considered as the rude materials of their work.
然而，在某些情况下，我们伟大的制造商的热情已经将这些豁免范围扩大到远远超出了他们工作中粗鲁材料的范围。
By the 24th Geo.
截至 24 日地理。
II.
二.
chap.
第一章
46, a small duty of only 1d.
46、小值班只有1d。
the pound was imposed upon the importation of foreign brown linen yarn, instead of much higher duties, to which it had been subjected before, viz.
对进口外国棕色亚麻纱征收英镑，而不是像以前那样征收更高的关税。
of 6d.
6d。
the pound upon sail yarn, of 1s.
帆纱上的磅数，1秒。
the pound upon all French and Dutch yarn, and of £2:13:4 upon the hundred weight of all spruce or Muscovia yarn.
所有法国和荷兰纱线的磅，以及所有云杉或莫斯科纱线的百重量的 2:13:4 英镑。
But our manufacturers were not long satisfied with this reduction: by the 29th of the same king, chap.
但我们的制造商对这种减少并不满意：到同一个国王的 29 日，章。
15, the same law which gave a bounty upon the exportation of British and Irish linen, of which the price did not exceed 18d.
15，同一法律对英国和爱尔兰亚麻布的出口给予奖励，其价格不超过 18 天。
the yard, even this small duty upon the importation of brown linen yarn was taken away.
在院子里，甚至进口棕色亚麻纱的这一小笔关税也被取消了。
In the different operations, however, which are necessary for the preparation of linen yarn, a good deal more industry is employed, than in the subsequent operation of preparing linen cloth from linen yarn.
然而，在制备亚麻纱所必需的不同操作中，比由亚麻纱制备亚麻布的后续操作使用更多的工业。
To say nothing of the industry of the flax-growers and flaxdressers, three or four spinners at least are necessary in order to keep one weaver in constant employment; and more than four-fifths of the whole quantity of labour necessary for the preparation of linen cloth, is employed in that of linen yarn; but our spinners are poor people; women commonly scattered about in all different parts of the country, without support or protection.
更不用说亚麻种植者和亚麻修整者的勤劳了，为了让一名织布工长期工作，至少需要三到四名纺纱工；生产亚麻布所需的全部劳动量的五分之四以上用于生产亚麻纱；但我们的纺纱工都是穷人；妇女通常分散在全国各地，得不到支持或保护。
It is not by the sale of their work, but by that of the complete work of the weavers, that our great master manufacturers make their profits.
我们伟大的制造商并不是通过出售他们的作品，而是通过织布工的全部作品来赚取利润。
As it is their interest to sell the complete manufacture as dear, so it is to buy the materials as cheap as possible.
由于高价出售整个制造品符合他们的利益，因此他们会尽可能便宜地购买材料。
By extorting from the legislature bounties upon the exportation of their own linen, high duties upon the importation of all foreign linen, and a total prohibition of the home consumption of some sorts of French linen, they endeavour to sell their own goods as dear as possible.
通过向立法机关勒索出口自己的亚麻布的赏金，对进口所有外国亚麻布征收高额关税，以及完全禁止某些种类的法国亚麻布的国内消费，他们努力以尽可能高的价格出售自己的商品。
By encouraging the importation of foreign linen yarn, and thereby bringing it into competition with that which is made by our own people, they endeavour to buy the work of the poor spinners as cheap as possible.
通过鼓励进口外国亚麻纱，从而使其与我们自己制造的亚麻纱竞争，他们努力以尽可能便宜的价格购买贫穷纺纱厂的产品。
They are as intent to keep down the wages of their own weavers, as the earnings of the poor spinners; and it is by no means for the benefit of the workmen that they endeavour either to raise the price of the complete work, or to lower that of the rude materials.
他们一心压低自己织布工的工资，就像压低贫穷纺纱工的收入一样。他们努力提高成品的价格或降低粗材料的价格，绝不是为了工人的利益。
It is the industry which is carried on for the benefit of the rich and the powerful, that is principally encouraged by our mercantile system.
这是一个为富人和有权势者谋取利益的行业，它主要受到我们的商业体系的鼓励。
That which is carried on for the benefit of the poor and the indigent is too often either neglected or oppressed.
为穷人和贫困者谋福利的活动往往要么被忽视，要么受到压制。
Both the bounty upon the exportation of linen, and the exemption from the duty upon the importation of foreign yarn, which were granted only for fifteen years, but continued by two different prolongations, expire with the end of the session of parliament which shall immediately follow the 24th of June 1786.
亚麻出口的奖励和外国纱线进口的关税豁免，仅授予十五年，但连续两次不同的延期，均在议会会议结束后到期，议会会议将于 1786 年 6 月 24 日结束。
The encouragement given to the importation of the materials of manufacture by bounties, has been principally confined to such as were imported from our American plantations.
通过奖金鼓励进口制造材料，主要限于从我们美国种植园进口的材料。
The first bounties of this kind were those granted about the beginning of the present century, upon the importation of naval stores from America.
此类赏金的第一批是在本世纪初，在从美国进口海军物资时发放的。
Under this denomination were comprehended timber fit for masts, yards, and bowsprits; hemp, tar, pitch, and turpentine.
在这个名称下，包括适用于桅杆、帆桁和船首斜桅的木材。大麻、焦油、沥青和松节油。
The bounty, however, of £1 the ton upon masting-timber, and that of £6 the ton upon hemp, were extended to such as should be imported into England from Scotland.
然而，对于从苏格兰进口到英格兰的木材，每吨 1 英镑的赏金，每吨大麻 6 英镑的赏金。
Both these bounties continued, without any variation, at the same rate, till they were severally allowed to expire; that upon hemp on the 1st of January 1741, and that upon masting-timber at the end of the session of parliament immediately following the 24th June 1781.
这两项赏金都以相同的速度继续进行，没有任何变化，直到它们分别被允许到期； 1741 年 1 月 1 日，在大麻上，在 1781 年 6 月 24 日议会会议结束时，在桅杆木上。
The bounties upon the importation of tar, pitch, and turpentine, underwent, during their continuance, several alterations.
焦油、沥青和松节油的进口奖励金在其延续期间经历了几次变化。
Originally, that upon tar was £4 the ton; that upon pitch the same; and that upon turpentine £3 the ton.
最初，焦油价格为每吨 4 英镑；音高相同；松节油每吨 3 英镑。
The bounty of £4 the ton upon tar was afterwards confined to such as had been prepared in a particular manner; that upon other good, clean, and merchantable tar was reduced to £2:4s.
后来，每吨焦油 4 英镑的赏金仅限于以特定方式准备的物品；其他优质、清洁、可销售的焦油则减至 2:4 英镑。
the ton.
吨。
The bounty upon pitch was likewise reduced to £1, and that upon turpentine to £1:10s.
沥青的赏金同样减少到 1 英镑，松节油的赏金减少到 1:10 英镑。
the ton.
吨。
The second bounty upon the importation of any of the materials of manufacture, according to the order of time, was that granted by the 21st Geo.
根据时间顺序，进口任何制造材料时的第二项赏金是由第 21 届地理局授予的。
II.
二.
chap.30, upon the importation of indigo from the British plantations.
第 30 章，关于从英国种植园进口靛蓝的情况。
When the plantation indigo was worth three-fourths of the price of the best French indigo, it was, by this act, entitled to a bounty of 6d.
当种植园靛蓝的价格是最好的法国靛蓝价格的四分之三时，根据该法案，它有权获得 6 迪的赏金。
the pound.
英镑。
This bounty, which, like most others, was granted only for a limited time, was continued by several prolongations, but was reduced to 4d.
与大多数其他赏金一样，该赏金仅在有限的时间内授予，并多次延长，但减少到 4 天。
the pound.
英镑。
It was allowed to expire with the end of the session of parliament which followed the 25th March 1781.
1781 年 3 月 25 日议会会议结束后，该协议被允许终止。
The third bounty of this kind was that granted (much about the time that we were beginning sometimes to court, and sometimes to quarrel with our American colonies), by the 4th.
第三次此类赏金是在四号之前授予的（主要是在我们开始有时向美国殖民地求爱，有时与我们的美洲殖民地发生争吵的时候）。
Geo.
地理。
III.
三．
chap.
第一章
26, upon the importation of hemp, or undressed flax, from the British plantations.
26日，从英国种植园进口大麻或未加工的亚麻。
This bounty was granted for twenty-one years, from the 24th June 1764 to the 24th June 1785.
这笔赏金为期二十一年，从1764年6月24日到1785年6月24日。
For the first seven years, it was to be at the rate of £8 the ton; for the second at £6; and for the third at £4.
最初七年，价格为每吨 8 英镑；第二次6英镑；第三次的价格为 4 英镑。
It was not extended to Scotland, of which the climate (although hemp is sometimes raised there in small quantities, and of an inferior quality) is not very fit for that produce.
它没有扩展到苏格兰，那里的气候（尽管那里有时种植大麻数量很少，而且质量较差）不太适合这种产品。
Such a bounty upon the importation of Scotch flax in England would have been too great a discouragement to the native produce of the southern part of the united kingdom.
对英国苏格兰亚麻的进口给予如此大的奖励，对英国南部的本土产品来说是太大的打击。
The fourth bounty of this kind was that granted by the 5th Geo.
第四次此类赏金是由第五地质师授予的。
III.
三．
chap.
第一章
45, upon the importation of wood from America.
45，从美国进口木材。
It was granted for nine years from the 1st January 1766 to the 1st January 1775.
它的授予期为九年，从1766年1月1日到1775年1月1日。
During the first three years, it was to be for every hundred-and-twenty good deals, at the rate of £1, and for every load containing fifty cubic feet of other square timber, at the rate of 12s.
在头三年里，每一百二十笔好交易，税率为 1 英镑，每装载 50 立方英尺的其他方形木材，税率为 12 先令。
For the second three years, it was for deals, to be at the rate of 15s., and for other squared timber at the rate of 8s.; and for the third three years, it was for deals, to be at the rate of 10s.; and for every other squared timber at the rate of 5s.
接下来的三年，交易的价格为 15 先令，其他方木的价格为 8 先令；第三个三年是为了交易，利率为 10 秒。对于所有其他方形木材，速度为 5 秒。
The fifth bounty of this kind was that granted by the 9th Geo.
第五次此类赏金是由第九地质师授予的。
III.
三．
chap.
第一章
38, upon the importation of raw silk from the British plantations.
38日，从英国种植园进口生丝。
It was granted for twenty-one years, from the 1st January 1770, to the 1st January 1791.
它的授予期限为21年，从1770年1月1日到1791年1月1日。
For the first seven years, it was to be at the rate of £25 for every hundred pounds value; for the second, at £20; and for the third, at £15.
前七年，每百英镑价值 25 英镑；第二次，20英镑；第三次的价格为 15 英镑。
The management of the silk-worm, and the preparation of silk, requires so much hand-labour, and labour is so very dear in America, that even this great bounty, I have been informed, was not likely to produce any considerable effect.
蚕的管理和丝绸的制备需要大量的手工劳动，而美国的劳动力又非常昂贵，据我所知，即使有如此大的赏赐，也不太可能产生任何可观的效果。
The sixth Bounty of this kind was that granted by 11th Geo.
第 6 次此类赏金是由 11th Geo 授予的。
III.
三．
chap.
第一章
50, for the importation of pipe, hogshead, and barrelstaves and leading from the British plantations.
50，用于从英国种植园进口烟斗、桶、桶板和龙头。
It was granted for nine years, from 1st January 1772 to the 1st January 1781.
它的授予期限为九年，从1772年1月1日到1781年1月1日。
For the first three years, it was, for a certain quantity of each, to be at the rate of £6; for the second three years at £4; and for the third three years at £2.
前三年，每年一定数量的费用为 6 英镑；后三年为 4 英镑；第三个三年的价格为 2 英镑。
The seventh and last bounty of this kind was that granted by the 19th Geo.
第 7 次也是最后一次此类赏金是由第 19 届 Geo 授予的。
III chap.
第三章。
37, upon the importation of hemp from Ireland.
37日，从爱尔兰进口大麻。
It was granted in the same manner as that for the importation of hemp and undressed flax from America, for twenty-one years, from the 24th June 1779 to the 24th June 1800.
它的授予方式与从美国进口大麻和未加工亚麻的方式相同，有效期为21年，从1779年6月24日到1800年6月24日。
The term is divided likewise into three periods, of seven years each; and in each of those periods, the rate of the Irish bounty is the same with that of the American.
该期限同样分为三个时期，每个时期七年；在每个时期，爱尔兰的赏金率与美国的赏金率相同。
It does not, however, like the American bounty, extend to the importation of undressed flax.
然而，它不像美国的赏金那样延伸到未经加工的亚麻的进口。
It would have been too great a discouragement to the cultivation of that plant in Great Britain.
这对于在英国种植这种植物来说是一个巨大的阻碍。
When this last bounty was granted, the British and Irish legislatures were not in much better humour with one another, than the British and American had been before.
当最后一笔奖金发放时，英国和爱尔兰立法机构之间的关系并不比英国和美国之前好多少。
But this boon to Ireland, it is to be hoped, has been granted under more fortunate auspices than all those to America.
但我们希望，爱尔兰的这一恩惠是在比美国所有的恩惠更幸运的支持下获得的。
The same commodities, upon which we thus gave bounties, when imported from America, were subjected to considerable duties when imported from any other country.
同样的商品，当我们从美国进口时，我们给予奖励，而当从任何其他国家进口时，却要缴纳相当大的关税。
The interest of our American colonies was regarded as the same with that of the mother country.
我们美洲殖民地的利益被视为与祖国的利益相同。
Their wealth was considered as our wealth.
他们的财富被认为是我们的财富。
Whatever money was sent out to them, it was said, came all back to us by the balance of trade, and we could never become a farthing the poorer by any expense which we could lay out upon them.
据说，无论寄给他们什么钱，都会通过贸易平衡回到我们手中，而且我们永远不会因为我们向他们支付的任何费用而变得更穷。
They were our own in every respect, and it was an expense laid out upon the improvement of our own property, and for the profitable employment of our own people.
它们在各个方面都是我们自己的，这是为了改善我们自己的财产和我们自己的人民的有利可图的就业而支出的。
It is unnecessary, I apprehend, at present to say anything further, in order to expose the folly of a system which fatal experience has now sufficiently exposed.
我认为，目前没有必要再多说什么，以揭露这个制度的愚蠢，而致命的经验已经充分暴露了这一制度的愚蠢。
Had our American colonies really been a part of Great Britain, those bounties might have been considered as bounties upon production, and would still have been liable to all the objections to which such bounties are liable, but to no other.
如果我们的美洲殖民地确实是大不列颠的一部分，那么这些赏金可能会被视为生产时的赏金，并且仍然会受到此类赏金可能引起的所有反对意见的影响，但不会受到其他任何反对。
The exportation of the materials of manufacture is sometimes discouraged by absolute prohibitions, and sometimes by high duties.
制造材料的出口有时会受到绝对禁令的阻碍，有时会受到高关税的阻碍。
Our woollen manufacturers have been more successful than any other class of workmen, in persuading the legislature that the prosperity of the nation depended upon the success and extension of their particular business.
我们的羊毛制造商比任何其他阶级的工人都更成功地说服立法机关国家的繁荣取决于他们特定业务的成功和扩展。
They have not only obtained a monopoly against the consumers, by an absolute prohibition of importing woollen cloths from any foreign country; but they have likewise obtained another monopoly against the sheep farmers and growers of wool, by a similar prohibition of the exportation of live sheep and wool.
他们不仅通过绝对禁止从任何外国进口毛织品来获得对消费者的垄断；但他们同样通过类似的活羊和羊毛出口禁令，获得了对养羊户和羊毛种植者的另一种垄断。
The severity of many of the laws which have been enacted for the security of the revenue is very justly complained of, as imposing heavy penalties upon actions which, antecedent to the statutes that declared them to be crimes, had always been understood to be innocent.
人们对许多为保障收入安全而颁布的法律的严厉性提出了非常公正的抱怨，因为对在宣布犯罪的法规之前一直被认为是无辜的行为施加重罚。
But the cruellest of our revenue laws, I will venture to affirm, are mild and gentle, in comparison to some of those which the clamour of our merchants and manufacturers has extorted from the legislature, for the support of their own absurd and oppressive monopolies.
但我敢肯定，与我们的商人和制造商为了支持他们自己的荒谬和压迫性垄断而向立法机关勒索的一些税收法律相比，我们最残酷的税收法律是温和的。
Like the laws of Draco, these laws may be said to be all written in blood.
和天龙的法则一样，这些法则可以说都是用血写成的。
By the 8th of Elizabeth, chap.
到伊丽莎白八日，第一章。
3, the exporter of sheep, lambs, or rams, was for the first offence, to forfeit all his goods for ever, to suffer a year’s imprisonment, and then to have his left hand cut off in a market town, upon a market day, to be there nailed up; and for the second offence, to be adjudged a felon, and to suffer death accordingly.
3、绵羊、羔羊或公羊的出口商，初犯者，将永远没收所有货物，并判处一年监禁，然后在集市日在集镇上砍下左手，钉在那里；第二次犯罪，被判处重罪犯，并相应处以死刑。
To prevent the breed of our sheep from being propagated in foreign countries, seems to have been the object of this law.
这项法律的目的似乎是防止我们的羊品种在国外繁殖。
By the 13th and 14th of Charles II.
到查理二世13日和14日。
chap.
第一章
18, the exportation of wool was made felony, and the exporter subjected to the same penalties and forfeitures as a felon.
18日，出口羊毛被定为重罪，出口商将受到与重罪犯相同的处罚和没收。
For the honour of the national humanity, it is to be hoped that neither of these statutes was ever executed.
为了民族的荣誉，我们希望这些法规都不会被执行。
The first of them, however, so far as I know, has never been directly repealed, and serjeant Hawkins seems to consider it as still in force.
然而，据我所知，其中第一个条款从未被直接废除，霍金斯中士似乎认为它仍然有效。
It may, however, perhaps be considered as virtually repealed by the 12th of Charles II.
然而，它也许被认为实际上被查理二世十二世废除了。
chap.
第一章
32, sect.
32，节。
3, which, without expressly taking away the penalties imposed by former statutes, imposes a new penalty, viz.
3，在没有明确取消以前法规所施加的处罚的情况下，施加了新的处罚，即。
that of 20s.
20多岁的时候。
for every sheep exported, or attempted to be exported, together with the forfeiture of the sheep, and of the owner’s share of the sheep.
每出口或试图出口的羊，连同羊的没收以及所有者在羊中的份额。
The second of them was expressly repealed by the 7th and 8th of William III.
其中第二条被威廉三世第七和第八世明确废除。
chap.
第一章
28, sect.
28，节。
4, by which it is declared that “Whereas the statute of the 13th and 14th of king Charles II.
4，其中宣布：“鉴于国王查理二世第 13 和第 14 世的法令。
made against the exportation of wool, among other things in the said act mentioned, doth enact the same to be deemed felony, by the severity of which penalty the prosecution of offenders hath not been so effectually put in execution; be it therefore enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that so much of the said act, which relates to the making the said offence felony, be repealed and made void.”
除上述法案中提到的其他事项外，针对羊毛出口的行为同样被视为重罪，而根据其严厉程度，对罪犯的起诉尚未得到如此有效的执行；因此，上述当局颁布的有关将上述罪行定为重罪的上述法案的大部分内容应被废除和无效。”
The penalties, however, which are either imposed by this milder statute, or which, though imposed by former statutes, are not repealed by this one, are still sufficiently severe.
然而，无论是这一较温和的法规所施加的处罚，还是虽然是以前的法规所规定的但未被这一法规废除的处罚，仍然足够严厉。
Besides the forfeiture of the goods, the exporter incurs the penalty of 3s.
除了没收货物外，出口商还受到 3 秒的处罚。
for every pound weight of wool, either exported or attempted to be exported, that is, about four or five times the value.
每磅重量的羊毛，无论是出口还是试图出口，大约是价值的四到五倍。
Any merchant, or other person convicted of this offence, is disabled from requiring any debt or account belonging to him from any factor or other person.
任何商人或其他被判犯有此罪行的人不得向任何因素或其他人索要属于他的任何债务或账户。
Let his fortune be what it will, whether he is or is not able to pay those heavy penalties, the law means to ruin him completely.
不管他的命运如何，无论他是否能够支付那些重罚，法律都意味着让他彻底破产。
But, as the morals of the great body of the people are not yet so corrupt as those of the contrivers of this statute, I have not heard that any advantage has ever been taken of this clause.
但是，由于广大人民的道德还没有像这条法令的制定者那样腐败，所以我还没有听说这条条款被利用过。
If the person convicted of this offence is not able to pay the penalties within three months after judgment, he is to be transported for seven years; and if he returns before the expiration of that term, he is liable to the pains of felony, without benefit of clergy.
如果犯有此罪的人在判决后三个月内不能缴纳罚款，则将被流放七年；如果他在任期届满之前返回，他将面临重罪的痛苦，并且得不到神职人员的好处。
The owner of the ship, knowing this offence, forfeits all his interest in the ship and furniture.
船主知道这一罪行后，将丧失其对船舶和家具的所有权益。
The master and mariners, knowing this offence, forfeit all their goods and chattels, and suffer three months imprisonment.
船长和水手知道这一罪行，没收他们所有的货物和动产，并判处三个月监禁。
By a subsequent statute, the master suffers six months imprisonment.
根据随后的法规，船长将被判处六个月监禁。
In order to prevent exportation, the whole inland commerce of wool is laid under very burdensome and oppressive restrictions.
为了阻止出口，整个内陆羊毛贸易受到非常繁重和压迫性的限制。
It cannot be packed in any box, barrel, cask, case, chest, or any other package, but only in packs of leather or pack-cloth, on which must be marked on the outside the words WOOL or YARN, in large letters, not less than three inches long, on pain of forfeiting the same and the package, and 8s.
它不能装在任何盒子、桶、木桶、箱子、箱子或任何其他包装中，而只能装在皮革或包装布的包装中，其外部必须用大字母标记“WOOL”或“YARN”字样，长度不少于三英寸，否则将被没收，并附有包装和8。
for every pound weight, to be paid by the owner or packer.
每磅重量由货主或包装商支付。
It cannot be loaden on any horse or cart, or carried by land within five miles of the coast, but between sun-rising, and sun-setting, on pain of forfeiting the same, the horses and carriages.
它不能用任何马或车装载，也不能在距海岸五英里范围内通过陆路运输，但只能在日出和日落之间运输，否则将失去马匹和马车。
The hundred next adjoining to the sea coast, out of, or through which the wool is carried or exported, forfeits £20, if the wool is under the value of £10; and if of greater value, then treble that value, together with treble costs, to be sued for within the year.
如果羊毛的价值低于 10 英镑，则紧邻海岸、运出或出口羊毛的下一个一百人将被没收 20 英镑；如果价值更大，则将该价值增加三倍，并在一年内提起三倍费用的起诉。
The execution to be against any two of the inhabitants, whom the sessions must reimburse, by an assessment on the other inhabitants, as in the cases of robbery.
处决是针对任何两名居民，会议必须通过对其他居民的评估来偿还他们的费用，就像抢劫的情况一样。
And if any person compounds with the hundred for less than this penalty, he is to be imprisoned for five years; and any other person may prosecute.
若以一百为复利，其刑罚低于此刑者，处五年徒刑；任何其他人都可以起诉。
These regulations take place through the whole kingdom.
这些规定适用于整个王国。
But in the particular counties of Kent and Sussex, the restrictions are still more troublesome.
但在肯特郡和苏塞克斯郡的特定县，限制仍然更加麻烦。
Every owner of wool within ten miles of the sea coast must give an account in writing, three days after shearing, to the next officer of the customs, of the number of his fleeces, and of the places where they are lodged.
距海岸十英里范围内的每个羊毛拥有者都必须在剪羊毛三天后，向下一任海关官员书面报告其羊毛数量及其存放地点。
And before he removes any part of them, he must give the like notice of the number and weight of the fleeces, and of the name and abode of the person to whom they are sold, and of the place to which it is intended they should be carried.
在他取出其中任何一部分之前，他必须同样通知羊毛的数量和重量，以及出售者的姓名和住所，以及它们应运往的地点。
No person within fifteen miles of the sea, in the said counties, can buy any wool, before he enters into bond to the king, that no part of the wool which he shall so buy shall be sold by him to any other person within fifteen miles of the sea.
在上述各县，距大海十五英里以内的任何人，在与国王签订契约之前，不得购买任何羊毛，他所购买的羊毛不得由国王出售给距大海十五英里以内的任何其他人。
If any wool is found carrying towards the sea side in the said counties, unless it has been entered and security given as aforesaid, it is forfeited, and the offender also forfeits 3s.
如果在上述县发现任何羊毛运往海边，除非已进入并按上述方式提供安全保障，否则该羊毛将被没收，违者还被罚3秒。
for every pound weight, if any person lay any wool, not entered as aforesaid, within fifteen miles of the sea, it must be seized and forfeited; and if, after such seizure, any person shall claim the same, he must give security to the exchequer, that if he is cast upon trial he shall pay treble costs, besides all other penalties.
对于每磅重量，如果任何人在距离大海十五英里以内放置任何未按上述方式进入的羊毛，则必须予以没收和没收；如果在扣押之后，任何人提出同样的要求，他必须向财政提供担保，如果他接受审判，除了所有其他罚款外，他还应支付三倍的费用。
When such restrictions are imposed upon the inland trade, the coasting trade, we may believe, cannot be left very free.
当内陆贸易受到这样的限制时，我们可能会认为沿海贸易就不能太自由了。
Every owner of wool, who carrieth, or causeth to be carried, any wool to any port or place on the sea coast, in order to be from thence transported by sea to any other place or port on the coast, must first cause an entry thereof to be made at the port from whence it is intended to be conveyed, containing the weight, marks, and number, of the packages, before he brings the same within five miles of that port, on pain of forfeiting the same, and also the horses, carts, and other carriages; and also of suffering and forfeiting, as by the other laws in force against the exportation of wool.
每个羊毛拥有者，携带或安排将任何羊毛运送到沿海任何港口或地方，以便从那里通过海上运输到沿海任何其他地方或港口，必须首先在拟运送羊毛的港口进行登记，包括包裹的重量、标记和数量，然后再将羊毛带到该港口五英里范围内，违者将没收羊毛，以及马、车和货物。其他车厢；还有痛苦和没收，就像其他针对羊毛出口的现行法律所规定的那样。
This law, however (1st of William III.
然而，这项法律（威廉三世第一条。
chap.
第一章
32), is so very indulgent as to declare, that this shall not hinder any person from carrying his wool home from the place of shearing, though it be within five miles of the sea, provided that in ten days after shearing, and before he remove the wool, he do under his hand certify to the next officer of the customs the true number of fleeces, and where it is housed; and do not remove the same, without certifying to such officer, under his hand, his intention so to do, three days before.
32），非常宽容地宣布，这不会妨碍任何人将羊毛从剪羊毛的地方运回家，尽管该地点距离大海不到五英里，但条件是剪羊毛后十天内，在他取出羊毛之前，他必须向海关的下一位官员证明羊毛的真实数量及其存放地点；如果没有在三天前向该官员证明其意图这样做，则不得将其移除。
Bond must be given that the wool to be carried coast-ways is to be landed at the particular port for which it is entered outwards; and if my part of it is landed without the presence of an officer, not only the forfeiture of the wool is incurred, as in other goods, but the usual additional penalty of 3s.
必须保证沿海运输的羊毛将在其出境的特定港口卸货；如果我的部分在没有官员在场的情况下被卸货，不仅会像其他货物一样没收羊毛，而且还会受到通常的 3 秒的额外罚款。
for every pound weight is likewise incurred.
同样地，每磅重量也会产生。
Our woollen manufacturers, in order to justify their demand of such extraordinary restrictions and regulations, confidently asserted, that English wool was of a peculiar quality, superior to that of any other country; that the wool of other countries could not, without some mixture of it, be wrought up into any tolerable manufacture; that fine cloth could not be made without it; that England, therefore, if the exportation of it could be totally prevented, could monopolize to herself almost the whole woollen trade of the world; and thus, having no rivals, could sell at what price she pleased, and in a short time acquire the most incredible degree of wealth by the most advantageous balance of trade.
我们的羊毛制造商为了证明他们对如此特殊的限制和规定的要求是合理的，自信地宣称，英国羊毛具有独特的品质，优于任何其他国家的羊毛；其他国家的羊毛如果没有某种混合物，就不能被加工成任何可以接受的制造业；没有它就无法制作出精美的布料；因此，如果能够完全阻止其出口，英国就可以垄断几乎整个世界羊毛贸易。因此，在没有竞争对手的情况下，她可以按自己喜欢的价格出售，并在短时间内通过最有利的贸易平衡获得最令人难以置信的财富。
This doctrine, like most other doctrines which are confidently asserted by any considerable number of people, was, and still continues to be, most implicitly believed by a much greater number: by almost all those who are either unacquainted with the woollen trade, or who have not made particular inquiries.
这一学说，像大多数其他被相当多的人自信地主张的学说一样，曾经并且仍然被更多的人最隐秘地相信：几乎所有那些不熟悉羊毛贸易或没有进行过特别询问的人。
It is, however, so perfectly false, that English wool is in any respect necessary for the making of fine cloth, that it is altogether unfit for it.
然而，认为英国羊毛在任何方面都是制作精美布料所必需的说法是完全错误的，以至于它完全不适合制作精美布料。
Fine cloth is made altogether of Spanish wool.
优质布料完全由西班牙羊毛制成。
English wool, cannot be even so mixed with Spanish wool, as to enter into the composition without spoiling and degrading, in some degree, the fabric of the cloth.
英国羊毛甚至不能与西班牙羊毛混合，以致进入组合物而不在某种程度上损坏和降解布料的织物。
It has been shown in the foregoing part of this work, that the effect of these regulations has been to depress the price of English wool, not only below what it naturally would be in the present times, but very much below what it actually was in the time of Edward III.
本文的前面部分已经表明，这些规定的效果是压低了英国羊毛的价格，不仅低于当今的自然价格，而且远低于爱德华三世时代的实际价格。
The price of Scotch wool, when, in consequence of the Union, it became subject to the same regulations, is said to have fallen about one half.
据说，苏格兰羊毛的价格由于联盟而受到同样的监管，价格下跌了大约一半。
It is observed by the very accurate and intelligent author of the Memoirs of Wool, the Reverend Mr John Smith, that the price of the best English wool in England, is generally below what wool of a very inferior quality commonly sells for in the market of Amsterdam.
《羊毛回忆录》的非常准确和聪明的作者约翰·史密斯牧师先生观察到，英格兰最好的英国羊毛的价格通常低于阿姆斯特丹市场上质量非常低劣的羊毛的通常售价。
To depress the price of this commodity below what may be called its natural and proper price, was the avowed purpose of those regulations; and there seems to be no doubt of their having produced the effect that was expected from them.
这些法规公开的目的是为了将这种商品的价格压低到所谓的自然合理价格以下。毫无疑问，他们已经产生了预期的效果。
This reduction of price, it may perhaps be thought, by discouraging the growing of wool, must have reduced very much the annual produce of that commodity, though not below what it formerly was, yet below what, in the present state of things, it would probably have been, had it, in consequence of an open and free market, been allowed to rise to the natural and proper price.
人们也许会认为，这种价格下降抑制了羊毛的生长，必然大大减少了该商品的年产量，虽然没有低于以前的水平，但低于在目前的情况下，如果允许它因开放和自由的市场而上升到自然和适当的价格，它可能会达到的水平。
I am, however, disposed to believe, that the quantity of the annual produce cannot have been much, though it may, perhaps, have been a little affected by these regulations.
然而，我倾向于相信，年产品的数量不会太多，尽管它可能受到这些规定的一些影响。
The growing of wool is not the chief purpose for which the sheep farmer employs his industry and stock.
种植羊毛并不是养羊户使用其产业和牲畜的主要目的。
He expects his profit, not so much from the price of the fleece, as from that of the carcase; and the average or ordinary price of the latter must even, in many cases, make up to him whatever deficiency there may be in the average or ordinary price of the former.
他期望的利润与其说来自羊毛的价格，不如说来自屠体的价格。在许多情况下，后者的平均或普通价格甚至必须弥补前者的平均或普通价格中可能存在的任何缺陷。
It has been observed, in the foregoing part of this work, that ‘whatever regulations tend to sink the price, either of wool or of raw hides, below what it naturally would be, must, in an improved and cultivated country, have some tendency to raise the price of butcher’s meat.
在本书的前面部分中，有人指出，“无论是何种规定，无论是羊毛还是生皮，都可能使价格低于其自然价格，在一个改良和耕种的国家，必然有某种提高屠宰肉价格的趋势。”
The price, both of the great and small cattle which are fed on improved and cultivated land, must be sufficient to pay the rent which the landlord, and the profit which the farmer, has reason to expect from improved and cultivated land.
在改良耕地上饲养的大小牛的价格，必须足以支付地主和农民有理由期望从改良耕地上获得的利润。
If it is not, they will soon cease to feed them.
如果不是，他们很快就会停止喂养它们。
Whatever part of this price, therefore, is not paid by the wool and the hide, must be paid by the carcase.
因此，无论该价格的哪一部分不是由羊毛和皮革支付的，都必须由屠体支付。
The less there is paid for the one, the more must be paid for the other.
为其中一项付出的代价越少，为另一项付出的代价就越多。
In what manner this price is to be divided upon the different parts of the beast, is indifferent to the landlords and farmers, provided it is all paid to them.
地主和农民不关心这个价格如何分配给野兽的不同部分，只要全部支付给他们即可。
In an improved and cultivated country, therefore, their interest as landlords and farmers cannot be much affected by such regulations, though their interest as consumers may, by the rise in the price of provisions.’ According to this reasoning, therefore, this degradation in the price of wool is not likely, in an improved and cultivated country, to occasion any diminution in the annual produce of that commodity; except so far as, by raising the price of mutton, it may somewhat diminish the demand for, and consequently the production of, that particular species of butcher’s meat, Its effect, however, even in this way, it is probable, is not very considerable.
因此，在一个改良和开垦的国家，他们作为地主和农民的利益不会受到这些规定的太大影响，尽管他们作为消费者的利益可能会受到粮食价格上涨的影响。”因此，根据这一推理，在一个改良和开垦的国家，羊毛价格的下降不太可能导致该商品年产量的任何减少；除非通过提高羊肉的价格，它可能会在一定程度上减少对特定种类屠宰肉的需求，从而减少其生产。然而，即使这样，其影响也可能不是很大。
But though its effect upon the quantity of the annual produce may not have been very considerable, its effect upon the quality, it may perhaps be thought, must necessarily have been very great.
但是，尽管它对年产品数量的影响可能不是很大，但人们也许会认为，它对质量的影响一定是非常大的。
The degradation in the quality of English wool, if not below what it was in former times, yet below what it naturally would have been in the present state of improvement and cultivation, must have been, it may perhaps be supposed, very nearly in proportion to the degradation of price.
英国羊毛质量的下降，即使不是低于以前的水平，而是低于目前改良和种植状态下自然应有的水平，也许可以认为，也一定与价格的下降成正比。
As the quality depends upon the breed, upon the pasture, and upon the management and cleanliness of the sheep, during the whole progress of the growth of the fleece, the attention to these circumstances, it may naturally enough be imagined, can never be greater than in proportion to the recompence which the price of the fleece is likely to make for the labour and expense which that attention requires.
由于质量取决于羊的品种、牧场、管理和清洁度，在羊毛生长的整个过程中，对这些情况的关注自然可以想象，永远不可能大于羊毛价格可能对这种关注所需的劳动力和费用所带来的回报。
It happens, however, that the goodness of the fleece depends, in a great measure, upon the health, growth, and bulk of the animal: the same attention which is necessary for the improvement of the carcase is, in some respect, sufficient for that of the fleece.
然而，羊毛的品质在很大程度上取决于动物的健康、生长和体积：改善胴体所需的关注在某些方面对于羊毛来说也是足够的。
Notwithstanding the degradation of price, English wool is said to have been improved considerably during the course even of the present century.
尽管价格下降，但据说即使在本世纪，英国羊毛的质量也有了很大提高。
The improvement, might, perhaps, have been greater if the price had been better; but the lowness of price, though it may have obstructed, yet certainly it has not altogether prevented that improvement.
如果价格更好的话，改进也许会更大。但价格低廉虽然可能阻碍了这种进步，但肯定并没有完全阻止这种进步。
The violence of these regulations, therefore, seems to have affected neither the quantity nor the quality of the annual produce of wool, so much as it might have been expected to do (though I think it probable that it may have affected the latter a good deal more than the former); and the interest of the growers of wool, though it must have been hurt in some degree, seems upon the whole, to have been much less hurt than could well have been imagined.
因此，这些严厉的规定似乎既没有影响到每年羊毛产量的数量，也没有影响到质量，尽管我认为它对羊毛年产量的影响可能比对前者的影响大得多。羊毛种植者的利益虽然肯定受到了一定程度的损害，但总体而言，受到的损害似乎比想象的要小得多。
These considerations, however, will not justify the absolute prohibition of the exportation of wool; but they will fully justify the imposition of a considerable tax upon that exportation.
然而，这些考虑并不能成为绝对禁止羊毛出口的理由；但他们将充分证明对这种出口征收高额税收是合理的。
To hurt, in any degree, the interest of any one order of citizens, for no other purpose but to promote that of some other, is evidently contrary to that justice and equality of treatment which the sovereign owes to all the different orders of his subjects.
在任何程度上，伤害任何一个公民秩序的利益，除了促进其他公民的利益之外，没有其他目的，显然违背了主权者对其臣民的所有不同秩序所应享有的正义和平等待遇。
But the prohibition certainly hurts, in some degree, the interest of the growers of wool, for no other purpose but to promote that of the manufacturers.
但这一禁令在某种程度上肯定损害了羊毛种植者的利益，其目的无非是为了促进制造商的利益。
Every different order of citizens is bound to contribute to the support of the sovereign or commonwealth.
每个不同等级的公民都必须为主权或联邦的支持做出贡献。
A tax of five, or even of ten shillings, upon the exportation of every tod of wool, would produce a very considerable revenue to the sovereign.
每出口一头羊毛征收五先令，甚至十先令的税，将为主权带来非常可观的收入。
It would hurt the interest of the growers somewhat less than the prohibition, because it would not probably lower the price of wool quite so much.
与禁令相比，它对种植者利益的损害要小一些，因为它可能不会使羊毛价格下降那么多。
It would afford a sufficient advantage to the manufacturer, because, though he might not buy his wool altogether so cheap as under the prohibition, he would still buy it at least five or ten shillings cheaper than any foreign manufacturer could buy it, besides saving the freight and insurance which the other would be obliged to pay.
这将为制造商提供足够的优势，因为尽管他可能不会像禁令那样便宜地购买羊毛，但除了节省对方必须支付的运费和保险费外，他仍然会比任何外国制造商便宜至少五到十先令。
It is scarce possible to devise a tax which could produce any considerable revenue to the sovereign, and at the same time occasion so little inconveniency to anybody.
几乎不可能设计出一种税收，既能为主权国家带来可观的收入，同时又不会给任何人带来那么大的不便。
The prohibition, notwithstanding all the penalties which guard it, does not prevent the exportation of wool.
尽管有各种处罚措施，但该禁令并不能阻止羊毛的出口。
It is exported, it is well known, in great quantities.
众所周知，它大量出口。
The great difference between the price in the home and that in the foreign market, presents such a temptation to smuggling, that all the rigour of the law cannot prevent it.
国内和国外市场价格之间的巨大差异对走私产生了巨大的诱惑，以至于所有严格的法律都无法阻止它。
This illegal exportation is advantageous to nobody but the smuggler.
这种非法出口对除了走私者之外的任何人都没有好处。
A legal exportation, subject to a tax, by affording a revenue to the sovereign, and thereby saving the imposition of some other, perhaps more burdensome and inconvenient taxes, might prove advantageous to all the different subjects of the state.
合法的出口，需要纳税，通过向主权者提供收入，从而节省征收其他一些可能更繁重和不方便的税收，可能对国家的所有不同主体有利。
The exportation of fuller’s earth, or fuller’s clay, supposed to be necessary for preparing and cleansing the woollen manufactures, has been subjected to nearly the same penalties as the exportation of wool.
漂白土或漂白土的出口被认为是准备和净化羊毛制品所必需的，但其受到的处罚几乎与羊毛出口相同。
Even tobacco-pipe clay, though acknowledged to be different from fuller’s clay, yet, on account of their resemblance, and because fuller’s clay might sometimes be exported as tobacco-pipe clay, has been laid under the same prohibitions and penalties.
即使是烟斗粘土，虽然被认为与漂白土不同，但由于它们相似，并且由于漂白土有时可能作为烟斗粘土出口，因此也受到相同的禁令和处罚。
By the 13th and 14th of Charles II.
到查理二世13日和14日。
chap, 7, the exportation, not only of raw hides, but of tanned leather, except in the shape of boots, shoes, or slippers, was prohibited; and the law gave a monopoly to our boot-makers and shoe-makers, not only against our graziers, but against our tanners.
第 7 章，不仅禁止出口生皮，还禁止出口鞣制皮革，但靴子、鞋子或拖鞋形状除外；法律赋予我们的靴子制造商和制鞋商垄断权，不仅针对我们的牧场主，而且针对我们的制革商。
By subsequent statutes, our tanners have got themselves exempted from this monopoly, upon paying a small tax of only one shilling on the hundred weight of tanned leather, weighing one hundred and twelve pounds.
根据随后的法规，我们的制革商免除了这种垄断，对一百重一百一十二磅的鞣制皮革只需缴纳一先令的小额税。
They have obtained likewise the drawback of two-thirds of the excise duties imposed upon their commodity, even when exported without further manufacture.
他们同样获得了对其商品征收三分之二消费税的退税，即使是在没有进一步制造的情况下出口的。
All manufactures of leather may be exported duty free; and the exporter is besides entitled to the drawback of the whole duties of excise.
所有皮革制品均可免税出口；此外，出口商还有权享受全部消费税的退税。
Our graziers still continue subject to the old monopoly.
我们的牧场仍然受到旧的垄断。
Graziers, separated from one another, and dispersed through all the different corners of the country, cannot, without great difficulty, combine together for the purpose either of imposing monopolies upon their fellow-citizens, or of exempting themselves from such as may have been imposed upon them by other people.
牧场主彼此分离，分散在全国各个角落，他们不可能毫不费力地联合起来，以对他们的同胞实行垄断，或者免除其他人强加给他们的垄断。
Manufacturers of all kinds, collected together in numerous bodies in all great cities, easily can.
各种制造商聚集在所有大城市的众多机构中，很容易做到这一点。
Even the horns of cattle are prohibited to be exported; and the two insignificant trades of the horner and comb-maker enjoy, in this respect, a monopoly against the graziers.
连牛角都禁止出口；在这方面，角匠和梳子制造这两个微不足道的行业享有对牧场主的垄断。
Restraints, either by prohibitions, or by taxes, upon the exportation of goods which are partially, but not completely manufactured, are not peculiar to the manufacture of leather.
对部分而非完全制造的货物出口的限制，无论是禁令还是税收，并不是皮革制造所特有的。
As long as anything remains to be done, in order to fit any commodity for immediate use and consumption, our manufacturers think that they themselves ought to have the doing of it.
只要还有什么事情要做，为了使任何商品适合立即使用和消费，我们的制造商认为他们自己应该做这件事。
Woollen yarn and worsted are prohibited to be exported, under the same penalties as wool even white cloths we subject to a duty upon exportation; and our dyers have so far obtained a monopoly against our clothiers.
毛纱和精纺纱禁止出口，处罚与羊毛相同，甚至白布出口时也要征税；迄今为止，我们的染工已经获得了对我们服装商的垄断。
Our clothiers would probably have been able to defend themselves against it; but it happens that the greater part of our principal clothiers are themselves likewise dyers.
我们的服装商可能能够抵御它；但碰巧的是，我们的主要服装商大部分本身也是染工。
Watch-cases, clock-cases, and dial-plates for clocks and watches, have been prohibited to be exported.
禁止出口表壳、钟表壳、钟表表盘。
Our clock-makers and watch-makers are, it seems, unwilling that the price of this sort of workmanship should be raised upon them by the competition of foreigners.
我们的钟表制造商似乎不愿意这种工艺的价格因外国人的竞争而提高。
By some old statutes of Edward III, Henry VIII.
根据爱德华三世、亨利八世的一些旧法令。
and Edward VI.
和爱德华六世。
the exportation of all metals was prohibited.
禁止出口所有金属。
Lead and tin were alone excepted, probably on account of the great abundance of those metals; in the exportation of which a considerable part of the trade of the kingdom in those days consisted.
铅和锡被排除在外，可能是因为这些金属的储量非常丰富。当时王国贸易的很大一部分是出口。
For the encouragement of the mining trade, the 5th of William and Mary, chap.17, exempted from this prohibition iron, copper, and mundic metal made from British ore.
为了鼓励采矿贸易，威廉和玛丽第五章第 17 章对由英国矿石制成的铁、铜和世界金属免除了这项禁令。
The exportation of all sorts of copper bars, foreign as well as British, was afterwards permitted by the 9th and 10th of William III.
随后，威廉三世九世和十世允许向外国和英国出口各种铜条。
chap 26.
第26章。
The exportation of unmanufactured brass, of what is called gun-metal, bell-metal, and shroff metal, still continues to be prohibited.
未制造的黄铜，即所谓的炮铜、钟铜和收银金属的出口仍然被禁止。
Brass manufactures of all sorts may be exported duty free.
各种黄铜制品均可免税出口。
The exportation of the materials of manufacture, where it is not altogether prohibited, is, in many cases, subjected to considerable duties.
在没有完全禁止的情况下，制造材料的出口在许多情况下要缴纳相当大的关税。
By the 8th Geo.
到了第 8 届 Geo。
I.
我。
chap.15, the exportation of all goods, the produce of manufacture of Great Britain, upon which any duties had been imposed by former statutes, was rendered duty free.
第15章规定，以前法规对英国制造的所有货物和产品的出口实行免税。
The following goods, however, were excepted: alum, lead, lead-ore, tin, tanned leather, copperas, coals, wool, cards, white woollen cloths, lapis calaminaris, skins of all sorts, glue, coney hair or wool, hares wool, hair of all sorts, horses, and litharge of lead.
然而，以下货物除外：明矾、铅、铅矿石、锡、鞣制皮革、铜、煤炭、羊毛、卡片、白色羊毛布、青金石、各种皮、胶水、圆锥毛或羊毛、野兔毛、各种毛发、马和铅。
If you except horses, all these are either materials of manufacture, or incomplete manufactures (which may be considered as materials for still further manufacture), or instruments of trade.
如果除了马，所有这些要么是制造材料，要么是不完整的制造品（可以被视为进一步制造的材料），或者是贸易工具。
This statute leaves them subject to all the old duties which had ever been imposed upon them, the old subsidy, and one per cent.
这项法规让他们承担所有曾经强加给他们的旧义务、旧补贴和百分之一。
outwards.
向外。
By the same statute, a great number of foreign drugs for dyers use are exempted from all duties upon importation.
根据同一法规，大量用于染色剂的外国药品在进口时免除所有关税。
Each of them, however, is afterwards subjected to a certain duty, not indeed a very heavy one, upon exportation.
然而，它们中的每一个在出口时都要缴纳一定的关税，实际上并不是很重的关税。
Our dyers, it seems, while they thought it for their interest to encourage the importation of those drugs, by an exemption from all duties, thought it likewise for their own interest to throw some small discouragement upon their exportation.
看来，我们的染工虽然认为通过免除所有关税来鼓励这些药物的进口符合他们的利益，但他们也认为对它们的出口施加一些小小的阻碍也符合他们自己的利益。
The avidity, however, which suggested this notable piece of mercantile ingenuity, most probably disappointed itself of its object.
然而，表明这一值得注意的商业独创性的热情很可能令其目标失望。
It necessarily taught the importers to be more careful than they might otherwise have been, that their importation should not exceed what was necessary for the supply of the home market.
它必然教会进口商比其他情况下更加小心，他们的进口不应超过国内市场供应所需的量。
The home market was at all times likely to be more scantily supplied; the commodities were at all times likely to be somewhat dearer there than they would have been, had the exportation been rendered as free as the importation.
国内市场在任何时候都可能供应短缺。如果出口与进口一样自由的话，那里的商品在任何时候都可能比它们本来的价格要贵一些。
By the above-mentioned statute, gum senega, or gum arabic, being among the enumerated dyeing drugs, might be imported duty free.
根据上述法规，塞内加胶或阿拉伯胶属于列举的染色药物之一，可以免税进口。
They were subjected, indeed, to a small poundage duty, amounting only to threepence in the hundred weight, upon their re-exportation.
事实上，它们在再出口时要缴纳少量的磅税，每百磅仅三便士。
France enjoyed, at that time, an exclusive trade to the country most productive of those drugs, that which lies in the neighbourhood of the Senegal; and the British market could not be easily supplied by the immediate importation of them from the place of growth.
当时，法国与塞内加尔附近的毒品产量最高的国家进行了独家贸易。从产地直接进口这些产品并不容易满足英国市场的需求。
By the 25th Geo.
到 25 日地理。
II.
二.
therefore, gum senega was allowed to be imported (contrary to the general dispositions of the act of navigation) from any part of Europe.
因此，塞内加树胶被允许从欧洲任何地区进口（与航海行为的一般规定相反）。
As the law, however, did not mean to encourage this species of trade, so contrary to the general principles of the mercantile policy of England, it imposed a duty of ten shillings the hundred weight upon such importation, and no part of this duty was to be afterwards drawn back upon its exportation.
然而，由于该法律无意鼓励这种贸易，因此与英国商业政策的一般原则相悖，它对此类进口征收每百重十先令的关税，并且此后出口时不得收回该关税的任何部分。
The successful war which began in 1755 gave Great Britain the same exclusive trade to those countries which France had enjoyed before.
1755 年开始的成功战争使英国获得了与法国之前享有的同样的对这些国家的独家贸易权利。
Our manufactures, as soon as the peace was made, endeavoured to avail themselves of this advantage, and to establish a monopoly in their own favour both against the growers and against the importers of this commodity.
和平签订后，我们的制造商就努力利用这一优势，建立对自己有利的垄断，以对抗这种商品的种植者和进口商。
By the 5th of Geo.
到吉奥五号。
III.
三．
therefore, chap.
因此，第一章
37, the exportation of gum senega, from his majesty’s dominions in Africa, was confined to Great Britain, and was subjected to all the same restrictions, regulations, forfeitures, and penalties, as that of the enumerated commodities of the British colonies in America and the West Indies.
根据 1999 年 1 月 37 日的规定，从国王陛下在非洲的领土出口的塞内加树胶仅限于英国，并受到与美洲和西印度群岛的英国殖民地所列举的商品相同的所有限制、法规、没收和处罚。
Its importation, indeed, was subjected to a small duty of sixpence the hundred weight; but its re-exportation was subjected to the enormous duty of one pound ten shillings the hundred weight.
事实上，它的进口要缴纳每百重量六便士的小额关税。但其再出口需缴纳每百重量一英镑十先令的巨额关税。
It was the intention of our manufacturers, that the whole produce of those countries should be imported into Great Britain; and in order that they themselves might be enabled to buy it at their own price, that no part of it should be exported again, but at such an expense as would sufficiently discourage that exportation.
我们的制造商的意图是将这些国家的全部产品进口到英国；为了使他们自己能够以自己的价格购买它，任何部分都不应再次出口，除非其费用足以阻止出口。
Their avidity, however, upon this, as well as upon many other occasions, disappointed itself of its object.
然而，他们的热情在这一次以及许多其他场合却未能达到目的。
This enormous duty presented such a temptation to smuggling, that great quantities of this commodity were clandestinely exported, probably to all the manufacturing countries of Europe, but particularly to Holland, not only from Great Britain, but from Africa.
这项巨大的关税对走私产生了巨大的诱惑，以至于大量的这种商品被秘密出口，可能出口到欧洲所有的制造国，尤其是荷兰，不仅从英国，而且从非洲。
Upon this account, by the 14th Geo.
据此，第 14 届 Geo。
III.
三．
chap.10, this duty upon exportation was reduced to five shillings the hundred weight.
第10章规定，出口关税减至每百重量五先令。
In the book of rates, according to which the old subsidy was levied, beaver skins were estimated at six shillings and eight pence a piece; and the different subsidies and imposts which, before the year 1722, had been laid upon their importation, amounted to one-fifth part of the rate, or to sixteen pence upon each skin; all of which, except half the old subsidy, amounting only to twopence, was drawn back upon exportation.
在征收旧补贴的费率表中，海狸皮每张估价为六先令八便士； 1722年之前，对它们的进口实行不同的补贴和进口税，相当于税率的五分之一，即每张皮十六便士；除旧补贴的一半（仅两便士）外，所有这些补贴都在出口时被收回。
This duty, upon the importation of so important a material of manufacture, had been thought too high; and, in the year 1722, the rate was reduced to two shillings and sixpence, which reduced the duty upon importation to sixpence, and of this only one-half was to be drawn back upon exportation.
人们认为，对进口如此重要的制造材料征收的关税太高了。 1722年，税率降至二先令六便士，进口关税也降至六便士，而出口时只退还一半关税。
The same successful war put the country most productive of beaver under the dominion of Great Britain; and beaver skins being among the enumerated commodities, the exportation from America was consequently confined to the market of Great Britain.
同一场成功的战争将河狸产量最高的国家置于英国的统治之下。海狸皮属于所列举的商品之一，因此美国的出口仅限于英国市场。
Our manufacturers soon bethought themselves of the advantage which they might make of this circumstance; and in the year 1764, the duty upon the importation of beaver skin was reduced to one penny, but the duty upon exportation was raised to sevenpence each skin, without any drawback of the duty upon importation.
我们的制造商很快就想到了他们可以利用这种情况获得的优势； 1764年，海狸皮的进口关税减至一便士，但出口关税提高至每张海狸皮七便士，进口关税没有任何减免。
By the same law, a duty of eighteen pence the pound was imposed upon the exportation of beaver wool or woumbs, without making any alteration in the duty upon the importation of that commodity, which, when imported by British, and in British shipping, amounted at that time to between fourpence and fivepence the piece.
根据同一法律，对海狸毛或海狸毛的出口征收每磅十八便士的关税，而进口该商品时的关税没有任何改变，当英国进口并通过英国航运时，当时每件商品的关税在四便士到五便士之间。
Coals may be considered both as a material of manufacture, and as an instrument of trade.
煤炭既可以被视为制造材料，也可以被视为贸易工具。
Heavy duties, accordingly, have been imposed upon their exportation, amounting at present (1783) to more than five shillings the ton, or more than fifteen shillings the chaldron, Newcastle measure; which is, in most cases, more than the original value of the commodity at the coal-pit, or even at the shipping port for exportation.
因此，对其出口征收重税，目前（1783 年）每吨关税超过 5 先令，纽卡斯尔衡量的查德龙关税超过 15 先令；在大多数情况下，这超过了商品在煤矿甚至出口港口的原始价值。
The exportation, however, of the instruments of trade, properly so called, is commonly restrained, not by high duties, but by absolute prohibitions.
然而，所谓的贸易工具的出口通常受到限制，不是通过高关税，而是通过绝对禁止。
Thus, by the 7th and 8th of William III chap.20, sect.8, the exportation of frames or engines for knitting gloves or stockings, is prohibited, under the penalty, not only of the forfeiture of such frames or engines, so exported, or attempted to be exported, but of forty pounds, one half to the king, the other to the person who shall inform or sue for the same.
因此，根据威廉三世第 20 章第 8 节第 7 条和第 8 条，禁止出口用于编织手套或长袜的框架或发动机，处罚不仅是没收如此出口或试图出口的此类框架或发动机，而且是四十英镑，其中一半交给国王，另一半交给应通知或起诉的人。
In the same manner, by the 14th Geo.
以同样的方式，第 14 届 Geo。
III.
三．
chap.
第一章
71, the exportation to foreign parts, of any utensils made use of in the cotton, linen, woollen, and silk manufactures, is prohibited under the penalty, not only of the forfeiture of such utensils, but of two hundred pounds, to be paid by the person who shall offend in this manner; and likewise of two hundred pounds, to be paid by the master of the ship, who shall knowingly suffer such utensils to be loaded on board his ship.
第 71 条禁止向外国出口用于棉花、亚麻、羊毛和丝绸制造的任何器具，违犯者不仅将被没收这些器具，而且将被处以 200 英镑的罚款；同样，由船长支付两百英镑，船长应在知情的情况下允许将此类器具装载到他的船上。
When such heavy penalties were imposed upon the exportation of the dead instruments of trade, it could not well be expected that the living instrument, the artificer, should be allowed to go free.
当对死的贸易工具的出口施加如此严厉的惩罚时，就不能指望允许活的工具，即工匠，逍遥法外了。
Accordingly, by the 5th Geo.
因此，到第五届地理。
I.
我。
chap.
第一章
27, the person who shall be convicted of enticing any artificer, of or in any of the manufactures of Great Britain, to go into any foreign parts, in order to practise or teach his trade, is liable, for the first offence, to be fined in any sum not exceeding one hundred pounds, and to three months imprisonment, and until the fine shall be paid; and for the second offence, to be fined in any sum, at the discretion of the court, and to imprisonment for twelve months, and until the fine shall be paid.
第 27 条 任何人若被定罪为诱使英国的技工或任何制造业的技工进入任何外国地区从事或传授其贸易，则初犯可处以不超过 100 英镑的罚款，并处以三个月监禁，直至罚款缴清为止；对于第二次犯罪，由法院酌情处以任意数额的罚款，并处以十二个月监禁，直至缴清罚款为止。
By the 23d Geo.
23 日地理。
II.
二.
chap.
第一章
13, this penalty is increased, for the first offence, to five hundred pounds for every artificer so enticed, and to twelve months imprisonment, and until the fine shall be paid; and for the second offence, to one thousand pounds, and to two years imprisonment, and until the fine shall be paid.
13、对于初犯，每一个如此引诱的技工，这种处罚增加到五百英镑，并增加到十二个月的监禁，直到缴纳罚款为止；第二次犯罪，处以一千英镑和两年监禁，直至缴纳罚款。
By the former of these two statutes, upon proof that any person has been enticing any artificer, or that any artificer has promised or contracted to go into foreign parts, for the purposes aforesaid, such artificer may be obliged to give security, at the discretion of the court, that he shall not go beyond the seas, and may be committed to prison until he give such security.
根据这两项法规中的前者，一旦有证据证明任何人曾引诱任何技工，或任何技工已承诺或签订合同进入外国地区，以达到上述目的，该技工可能有义务提供担保，由法院酌情决定，他不得越过海洋，并可能被投入监狱，直到他提供这种担保。
If any artificer has gone beyond the seas, and is exercising or teaching his trade in any foreign country, upon warning being given to him by any of his majesty’s ministers or consuls abroad, or by one of his majesty’s secretaries of state, for the time being, if he does not, within six months after such warning, return into this realm, and from henceforth abide and inhabit continually within the same, he is from thenceforth declared incapable of taking any legacy devised to him within this kingdom, or of being executor or administrator to any person, or of taking any lands within this kingdom, by descent, devise, or purchase.
如果任何技师已经越过海洋，在任何外国从事或传授他的贸易，在收到国王陛下的任何一位海外大臣或领事，或国王陛下的一位国务秘书的警告后，如果他在收到警告后的六个月内没有返回这个领域，并且从现在起继续在该领域居住和居住，那么他从那时起就被宣布为无能力者。取得本王国内为他设计的任何遗产，或成为任何人的遗嘱执行人或管理人，或通过血统、设计或购买取得本王国内的任何土地。
He likewise forfeits to the king all his lands, goods, and chattels; is declared an alien in every respect; and is put out of the king’s protection.
同样，他将所有土地、货物和动产都交给了国王。在各方面均被宣布为外国人；并被排除在国王的保护之外。
It is unnecessary, I imagine, to observe how contrary such regulations are to the boasted liberty of the subject, of which we affect to be so very jealous; but which, in this case, is so plainly sacrificed to the futile interests of our merchants and manufacturers.
我想，没有必要去观察这些规定与我们所夸耀的主体自由有多么相反，我们假装对主体的自由非常嫉妒。但在这种情况下，这显然是为了我们的商人和制造商的无益利益而牺牲的。
The laudable motive of all these regulations, is to extend our own manufactures, not by their own improvement, but by the depression of those of all our neighbours, and by putting an end, as much as possible, to the troublesome competition of such odious and disagreeable rivals.
所有这些规定的值得称赞的动机是扩大我们自己的制造业，不是通过它们自身的改进，而是通过我们所有邻国的制造业的萧条，并通过尽可能地结束这些令人厌恶和令人不快的竞争对手的麻烦竞争。
Our master manufacturers think it reasonable that they themselves should have the monopoly of the ingenuity of all their countrymen.
我们的主要制造商认为他们自己应该垄断所有同胞的聪明才智，这是合理的。
Though by restraining, in some trades, the number of apprentices which can be employed at one time, and by imposing the necessity of a long apprenticeship in all trades, they endeavour, all of them, to confine the knowledge of their respective employments to as small a number as possible; they are unwilling, however, that any part of this small number should go abroad to instruct foreigners.
尽管在某些行业中限制了可以同时雇用的学徒数量，并且在所有行业中都规定了长期学徒期的必要性，但他们所有人都努力将各自行业的知识限制在尽可能少的数量；然而，他们不愿意这一小部分人中的任何一部分出国指导外国人。
Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production; and the interest of the producer ought to be attended to, only so far as it may be necessary for promoting that of the consumer.
消费是一切生产的唯一目的；只有在有必要促进消费者利益的情况下，才应考虑生产者的利益。
The maxim is so perfectly self-evident, that it would be absurd to attempt to prove it.
这句格言是如此不证自明，试图证明它是荒谬的。
But in the mercantile system, the interest of the consumer is almost constantly sacrificed to that of the producer; and it seems to consider production, and not consumption, as the ultimate end and object of all industry and commerce.
但在重商体系中，消费者的利益几乎总是被生产者的利益所牺牲。它似乎将生产而不是消费视为所有工业和商业的最终目的和对象。
In the restraints upon the importation of all foreign commodities which can come into competition with those of our own growth or manufacture, the interest of the home consumer is evidently sacrificed to that of the producer.
在限制所有可能与我们自己的增长或制造的商品竞争的外国商品的进口时，国内消费者的利益显然被牺牲给生产者的利益。
It is altogether for the benefit of the latter, that the former is obliged to pay that enhancement of price which this monopoly almost always occasions.
完全是为了后者的利益，前者有义务支付这种垄断几乎总是引起的价格上涨。
It is altogether for the benefit of the producer, that bounties are granted upon the exportation of some of his productions.
出口某些产品时给予奖励完全是为了生产者的利益。
The home consumer is obliged to pay, first the tax which is necessary for paying the bounty; and, secondly, the still greater tax which necessarily arises from the enhancement of the price of the commodity in the home market.
家庭消费者有义务首先缴纳支付奖金所需的税款；其次，国内市场商品价格上涨必然产生更高的税收。
By the famous treaty of commerce with Portugal, the consumer is prevented by duties from purchasing of a neighbouring country, a commodity which our own climate does not produce; but is obliged to purchase it of a distant country, though it is acknowledged, that the commodity of the distant country is of a worse quality than that of the near one.
根据与葡萄牙签订的著名商业条约，消费者因关税而无法购买邻国的商品，因为我们自己的气候无法生产这种商品；但必须从远方购买商品，尽管人们承认远方的商品质量比近国的商品差。
The home consumer is obliged to submit to this inconvenience, in order that the producer may import into the distant country some of his productions, upon more advantageous terms than he otherwise would have been allowed to do.
国内消费者有义务忍受这种不便，以便生产者可以以比他本来可以做的更有利的条件将他的一些产品进口到遥远的国家。
The consumer, too, is obliged to pay whatever enhancement in the price of those very productions this forced exportation may occasion in the home market.
消费者也有义务为这种强制出口可能在国内市场引起的产品价格上涨付出代价。
But in the system of laws which has been established for the management of our American and West Indian colonies, the interest of the home consumer has been sacrificed to that of the producer, with a more extravagant profusion than in all our other commercial regulations.
但是，在为管理我们的美洲和西印度群岛殖民地而建立的法律体系中，为了生产者的利益而牺牲了家庭消费者的利益，其程度比我们所有其他商业法规更为奢侈。
A great empire has been established for the sole purpose of raising up a nation of customers, who should be obliged to buy, from the shops of our different producers, all the goods with which these could supply them.
一个伟大的帝国的建立，其唯一目的就是培养一个国家的消费者，这些消费者应该有义务从我们不同生产商的商店购买这些产品可以供应给他们的所有商品。
For the sake of that little enhancement of price which this monopoly might afford our producers, the home consumers have been burdened with the whole expense of maintaining and defending that empire.
为了这种垄断可能为我们的生产者提供的价格的一点点提高，国内消费者已经承担了维持和捍卫这个帝国的全部费用。
For this purpose, and for this purpose only, in the two last wars, more than two hundred millions have been spent, and a new debt of more than a hundred and seventy millions has been contracted, over and above all that had been expended for the same purpose in former wars.
为了这个目的，也仅仅为了这个目的，在过去的两次战争中，已经花费了两亿多美元，并且还签订了超过一亿七千万美元的新债务，这比之前战争中为同一目的所花费的所有债务还要多。
The interest of this debt alone is not only greater than the whole extraordinary profit which, it never could be pretended, was made by the monopoly of the colony trade, but than the whole value of that trade, or than the whole value of the goods which, at an average, have been annually exported to the colonies.
光是这笔债务的利息就不仅大于殖民地贸易垄断所获得的全部超额利润（这是永远无法假装的），而且大于该贸易的全部价值，或者平均每年出口到殖民地的货物的全部价值。
It cannot be very difficult to determine who have been the contrivers of this whole mercantile system; not the consumers, we may believe, whose interest has been entirely neglected; but the producers, whose interest has been so carefully attended to; and among this latter class, our merchants and manufacturers have been by far the principal architects.
要确定谁是整个商业体系的设计者并不是一件很困难的事情。我们可能相信，消费者的利益并没有被完全忽视；但制片人的利益得到了如此仔细的关注；在后一类人中，我们的商人和制造商是迄今为止的主要设计者。
In the mercantile regulations which have been taken notice of in this chapter, the interest of our manufacturers has been most peculiarly attended to; and the interest, not so much of the consumers, as that of some other sets of producers, has been sacrificed to it.
在本章提到的商业法规中，我们制造商的利益受到了特别关注；与其说是消费者的利益，不如说是其他一些生产者群体的利益被牺牲了。
CHAPTER IX.
第九章。
OF THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, OR OF THOSE SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY WHICH REPRESENT THE PRODUCE OF LAND, AS EITHER THE SOLE OR THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF THE REVENUE AND WEALTH OF EVERY COUNTRY.
代表土地生产的农业体系或政治经济体系，土地是每个国家收入和财富的唯一或主要来源。
The agricultural systems of political economy will not require so long an explanation as that which I have thought it necessary to bestow upon the mercantile or commercial system.
政治经济学的农业体系不需要像我认为有必要对商业或商业体系进行的那样长的解释。
That system which represents the produce of land as the sole source of the revenue and wealth of every country, has so far as I know, never been adopted by any nation, and it at present exists only in the speculations of a few men of great learning and ingenuity in France.
据我所知，这种将土地产品视为每个国家收入和财富的唯一来源的制度，还没有被任何国家采用过，它目前只存在于法国少数博学多才的人的想象中。
It would not, surely, be worth while to examine at great length the errors of a system which never has done, and probably never will do, any harm in any part of the world.
当然，不值得花太多时间去审视一个从未对世界任何地方造成过、也可能永远不会造成任何伤害的体系的错误。
I shall endeavour to explain, however, as distinctly as I can, the great outlines of this very ingenious system.
然而，我将尽力尽可能清楚地解释这个非常巧妙的系统的大纲。
Mr Colbert, the famous minister of Lewis XIV.
科尔伯特先生，刘易斯十四世的著名大臣。
was a man of probity, of great industry, and knowledge of detail; of great experience and acuteness in the examination of public accounts; and of abilities, in short, every way fitted for introducing method and good order into the collection and expenditure of the public revenue.
他是一个正直、勤奋、了解细节的人。在公共账目审查方面具有丰富的经验和敏锐度；简而言之，就是能够将方法和良好秩序引入公共收入的征收和支出的各种方式。
That minister had unfortunately embraced all the prejudices of the mercantile system, in its nature and essence a system of restraint and regulation, and such as could scarce fail to be agreeable to a laborious and plodding man of business, who had been accustomed to regulate the different departments of public offices, and to establish the necessary checks and controls for confining each to its proper sphere.
不幸的是，这位部长接受了商业制度的所有偏见，其本质和本质是一种限制和监管制度，对于一个勤劳而缓慢的商人来说，这种制度几乎不会不同意，因为他习惯于监管公共办公室的不同部门，并建立必要的检查和控制，以将每个部门限制在其适当的范围内。
The industry and commerce of a great country, he endeavoured to regulate upon the same model as the departments of a public office; and instead of allowing every man to pursue his own interest his own way, upon the liberal plan of equality, liberty, and justice, he bestowed upon certain branches of industry extraordinary privileges, while he laid others under as extraordinary restraints.
一个大国的工商业，他力求按照与公职部门相同的模式来管理；他没有允许每个人按照平等、自由和正义的自由主义计划以自己的方式追求自己的利益，而是赋予某些工业部门非凡的特权，同时对其他部门给予非凡的限制。
He was not only disposed, like other European ministers, to encourage more the industry of the towns than that of the country; but, in order to support the industry of the towns, he was willing even to depress and keep down that of the country.
与其他欧洲部长一样，他不仅倾向于鼓励城镇工业而不是乡村工业，而且还倾向于鼓励城镇工业的发展。但是，为了支持城镇的工业，他甚至愿意压制和压制乡村的工业。
In order to render provisions cheap to the inhabitants of the towns, and thereby to encourage manufactures and foreign commerce, he prohibited altogether the exportation of corn, and thus excluded the inhabitants of the country from every foreign market, for by far the most important part of the produce of their industry.
为了向城镇居民提供廉价的粮食，从而鼓励制造业和对外贸易，他完全禁止谷物出口，从而将该国居民排除在所有外国市场之外，因为迄今为止，玉米是其工业产品中最重要的部分。
This prohibition, joined to the restraints imposed by the ancient provincial laws of France upon the transportation of corn from one province to another, and to the arbitrary and degrading taxes which are levied upon the cultivators in almost all the provinces, discouraged and kept down the agriculture of that country very much below the state to which it would naturally have risen in so very fertile a soil, and so very happy a climate.
这项禁令，再加上法国古老的省级法律对谷物从一个省运往另一个省的限制，以及对几乎所有省份的耕种者征收的任意和有辱人格的税收，都阻碍了该国的农业，使该国的农业远低于在如此肥沃的土壤和如此宜人的气候下自然会达到的水平。
This state of discouragement and depression was felt more or less in every different part of the country, and many different inquiries were set on foot concerning the causes of it.
全国各地都或多或少地感受到了这种沮丧和沮丧的状态，并且针对其原因进行了许多不同的调查。
One of those causes appeared to be the preference given, by the institutions of Mr Colbert, to the industry of the towns above that of the country.
其中原因之一似乎是科尔伯特先生的机构优先考虑城镇工业而不是乡村工业。
If the rod be bent too much one way, says the proverb, in order to make it straight, you must bend it as much the other.
谚语说，如果杆向一侧弯曲太多，为了使其变直，就必须将另一侧弯曲得同样多。
The French philosophers, who have proposed the system which represents agriculture as the sole source of the revenue and wealth of every country, seem to have adopted this proverbial maxim; and, as in the plan of Mr Colbert, the industry of the towns was certainly overvalued in comparison with that of the country, so in their system it seems to be as certainly under-valued.
法国哲学家提出了将农业视为每个国家收入和财富的唯一来源的体系，他们似乎也采用了这句谚语。而且，正如科尔伯特先生的计划一样，与乡村工业相比，城镇工业的价值肯定被高估了，因此在他们的体系中，它的价值似乎也肯定被低估了。
The different orders of people, who have ever been supposed to contribute in any respect towards the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, they divide into three classes.
不同阶层的人们被认为在任何方面都应该为国家的土地和劳动的年产做出贡献，他们分为三个阶级。
The first is the class of the proprietors of land.
第一类是土地所有者阶级。
The second is the class of the cultivators, of farmers and country labourers, whom they honour with the peculiar appellation of the productive class.
第二个阶级是耕种者、农民和乡村工人阶级，他们以生产阶级这一特殊的称谓来尊敬他们。
The third is the class of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, whom they endeavour to degrade by the humiliating appellation of the barren or unproductive class.
第三类是技工、制造商和商人阶级，他们竭力用贫瘠或非生产阶级的侮辱性称呼来贬低他们。
The class of proprietors contributes to the annual produce, by the expense which they may occasionally lay out upon the improvement of the land, upon the buildings, drains, inclosures, and other ameliorations, which they may either make or maintain upon it, and by means of which the cultivators are enabled, with the same capital, to raise a greater produce, and consequently to pay a greater rent.
地主阶级通过他们偶尔会花在土地改良、建筑物、排水沟、围墙和其他改良上的费用，对年生产作出贡献，他们可以在土地上建造或维持这些改良，通过这些改良，耕种者能够用同样的资本获得更多的农产品，从而支付更多的地租。
This advanced rent may be considered as the interest or profit due to the proprietor, upon the expense or capital which he thus employs in the improvement of his land.
这种预付租金可以被视为业主应得的利息或利润，基于业主用于改善其土地的费用或资本。
Such expenses are in this system called ground expenses (depenses foncieres).
此类费用在此系统中称为地面费用 (depenses foncieres)。
The cultivators or farmers contribute to the annual produce, by what are in this system called the original and annual expenses (depenses primitives, et depenses annuelles), which they lay out upon the cultivation of the land.
耕种者或农民通过在该系统中称为原始支出和年度支出（depenses Primitives，et depenses annuelles）的方式对年度产品做出贡献，这些费用是他们在土地耕种上所支出的。
The original expenses consist in the instruments of husbandry, in the stock of cattle, in the seed, and in the maintenance of the farmer’s family, servants, and cattle, during at least a great part of the first year of his occupancy, or till he can receive some return from the land.
最初的开支包括农具、牲畜、种子以及农民家庭、仆人和牲畜的维护，至少在他入住的第一年的大部分时间里，或者直到他能从土地获得一些回报为止。
The annual expenses consist in the seed, in the wear and tear of instruments of husbandry, and in the annual maintenance of the farmer’s servants and cattle, and of his family too, so far as any part of them can be considered as servants employed in cultivation.
每年的开支包括种子、农具的磨损、农民的仆人和牲畜以及他的家人的年度维护费用，只要他们中的任何一部分都可以被视为从事耕种的仆人。
That part of the produce of the land which remains to him after paying the rent, ought to be sufficient, first, to replace to him, within a reasonable time, at least during the term of his occupancy, the whole of his original expenses, together with the ordinary profits of stock; and, secondly, to replace to him annually the whole of his annual expenses, together likewise with the ordinary profits of stock.
他在支付地租后剩余的那部分土地产品，首先应该足以在合理的时间内，至少在他占用期间，代替他的全部原始开支，以及股票的普通利润；其次，每年将其全部年度开支连同普通股票利润一起偿还给他。
Those two sorts of expenses are two capitals which the farmer employs in cultivation; and unless they are regularly restored to him, together with a reasonable profit, he cannot carry on his employment upon a level with other employments; but, from a regard to his own interest, must desert it as soon as possible, and seek some other.
这两种费用是农民用于耕种的两种资本；除非定期将这些收入连同合理的利润归还给他，否则他就无法继续从事与其他工作相同的工作；但是，出于对自己利益的考虑，必须尽快放弃它，另谋出路。
That part of the produce of the land which is thus necessary for enabling the farmer to continue his business, ought to be considered as a fund sacred to cultivation, which, if the landlord violates, he necessarily reduces the produce of his own land, and, in a few years, not only disables the farmer from paying this racked rent, but from paying the reasonable rent which he might otherwise have got for his land.
因此，农民继续经营所必需的那部分土地产品，应该被视为耕作的神圣基金，如果地主违反了这一规定，他必然会减少自己土地的产品，并且在几年之内，农民不仅无法支付这笔惨重的租金，而且无法支付他本来可以从自己的土地上获得的合理租金。
The rent which properly belongs to the landlord, is no more than the neat produce which remains after paying, in the completest manner, all the necessary expenses which must be previously laid out, in order to raise the gross or the whole produce.
真正属于地主的地租只不过是在完全支付了为提高总产品或全部产品而必须事先支出的所有必要费用之后剩下的纯产品。
It is because the labour of the cultivators, over and above paying completely all those necessary expenses, affords a neat produce of this kind, that this class of people are in this system peculiarly distinguished by the honourable appellation of the productive class.
正是因为耕种者的劳动，除了完全支付了所有这些必要的费用之外，才提供了这种整齐的产品，所以这一阶级的人在这个制度中以生产阶级的光荣称号而受到特别的区别。
Their original and annual expenses are for the same reason called, In this system, productive expenses, because, over and above replacing their own value, they occasion the annual reproduction of this neat produce.
出于同样的原因，它们的原始支出和年度支出被称为“在这个系统中，生产支出”，因为除了替换其自身价值之外，它们还引起了这种整齐产品的年度再生产。
The ground expenses, as they are called, or what the landlord lays out upon the improvement of his land, are, in this system, too, honoured with the appellation of productive expenses.
在这个制度中，所谓的土地费用，或者地主为改善其土地而支出的费用，也被称为生产性费用。
Till the whole of those expenses, together with the ordinary profits of stock, have been completely repaid to him by the advanced rent which he gets from his land, that advanced rent ought to be regarded as sacred and inviolable, both by the church and by the king; ought to be subject neither to tithe nor to taxation.
直到所有这些费用，连同普通的股票利润，都通过他从土地上获得的预付租金完全偿还给他之前，教会和国王都应该认为预付租金是神圣不可侵犯的。既不应缴纳什一税，也不应纳税。
If it is otherwise, by discouraging the improvement of land, the church discourages the future increase of her own tithes, and the king the future increase of his own taxes.
否则，通过阻止土地改良，教会就阻止了自己未来增加什一税，而国王也阻止了未来增加自己的税收。
As in a well ordered state of things, therefore, those ground expenses, over and above reproducing in the completest manner their own value, occasion likewise, after a certain time, a reproduction of a neat produce, they are in this system considered as productive expenses.
因此，在秩序良好的情况下，那些地面费用除了以最完整的方式再生产其自身价值之外，同样在一定时间后引起了整齐产品的再生产，在这个系统中它们被视为生产费用。
The ground expenses of the landlord, however, together with the original and the annual expenses of the farmer, are the only three sorts of expenses which in this system are considered as productive.
然而，地主的土地费用，以及农民的原始费用和年度费用，是在这个系统中唯一被认为是生产性的三类费用。
All other expenses, and all other orders of people, even those who, in the common apprehensions of men, are regarded as the most productive, are, in this account of things, represented as altogether barren and unproductive.
所有其他开支、所有其他阶层的人，甚至那些在人们的共同理解中被认为是最具生产力的人，在这种情况下，都被表现为完全贫瘠和无生产力的。
Artificers and manufacturers, in particular, whose industry, in the common apprehensions of men, increases so much the value of the rude produce of land, are in this system represented as a class of people altogether barren and unproductive.
尤其是技工和制造商，在人们的普遍认知中，他们的工业极大地增加了土地原始产品的价值，但在这个体系中，他们被代表为完全贫瘠和缺乏生产力的阶级。
Their labour, it is said, replaces only the stock which employs them, together with its ordinary profits.
据说，他们的劳动只能替代雇用他们的股票及其普通利润。
That stock consists in the materials, tools, and wages, advanced to them by their employer; and is the fund destined for their employment and maintenance.
这些库存包括由雇主预支给他们的材料、工具和工资；是用于他们就业和维持的基金。
Its profits are the fund destined for the maintenance of their employer.
其利润是用于维持雇主的资金。
Their employer, as he advances to them the stock of materials, tools, and wages, necessary for their employment, so he advances to himself what is necessary for his own maintenance; and this maintenance he generally proportions to the profit which he expects to make by the price of their work.
他们的雇主，正如他预付给他们就业所需的材料、工具和工资一样，他也预付了自己维持生计所必需的东西。他通常将这种维持费用与他期望通过他们的工作价格获得的利润成比例。
Unless its price repays to him the maintenance which he advances to himself, as well as the materials, tools, and wages, which he advances to his workmen, it evidently does not repay to him the whole expense which he lays out upon it.
除非它的价格能够偿还他预付给自己的生活费，以及他预付给工人的材料、工具和工资，否则它显然无法偿还他所支付的全部费用。
The profits of manufacturing stock, therefore, are not, like the rent of land, a neat produce which remains after completely repaying the whole expense which must be laid out in order to obtain them.
因此，制造业存货的利润不像地租那样，是在完全偿还为获得这些利润而必须付出的全部费用之后剩下的纯产品。
The stock of the farmer yields him a profit, as well as that of the master manufacturer; and it yields a rent likewise to another person, which that of the master manufacturer does not.
农民的股票为他带来利润，制造商的股票也为他带来利润。它同样可以向另一个人产生租金，而主制造商的租金却不会。
The expense, therefore, laid out in employing and maintaining artificers and manufacturers, does no more than continue, if one may say so, the existence of its own value, and does not produce any new value.
因此，雇用和维持工匠和制造商所花费的费用，如果可以这么说的话，只不过是维持其自身价值的存在，而不会产生任何新的价值。
It is, therefore, altogether a barren and unproductive expense.
因此，这完全是一项贫瘠且无效益的开支。
The expense, on the contrary, laid out in employing farmers and country labourers, over and above continuing the existence of its own value, produces a new value the rent of the landlord.
相反，雇用农民和乡村工人所花费的费用，除了继续其自身价值的存在之外，还产生了新的价值，即地主的地租。
It is, therefore, a productive expense.
因此，这是一项生产性支出。
Mercantile stock is equally barren and unproductive with manufacturing stock.
商业库存与制造业库存同样贫瘠且生产力低下。
It only continues the existence of its own value, without producing any new value.
它只是延续自身价值的存在，而不产生任何新的价值。
Its profits are only the repayment of the maintenance which its employer advances to himself during the time that he employs it, or till he receives the returns of it.
它的利润只是雇主在使用它期间预付给他自己的生活费的偿还，或者直到他收到它的回报为止。
They are only the repayment of a part of the expense which must be laid out in employing it.
它们只是偿还使用它时必须支付的一部分费用。
The labour of artificers and manufacturers never adds any thing to the value of the whole annual amount of the rude produce of the land.
技工和制造商的劳动永远不会增加土地每年的原始产品的价值。
It adds, indeed, greatly to the value of some particular parts of it.
事实上，它极大地增加了其中某些特定部分的价值。
But the consumption which, in the mean time, it occasions of other parts, is precisely equal to the value which it adds to those parts; so that the value of the whole amount is not, at any one moment of time, in the least augmented by it.
但与此同时，它引起的其他部分的消耗恰好等于它增加到这些部分的价值；因此，在任何时刻，整个金额的价值都不会因此而增加。
The person who works the lace of a pair of fine ruffles for example, will sometimes raise the value of, perhaps, a pennyworth of flax to £30 sterling.
例如，制作一对精美褶边花边的人有时会将价值一便士的亚麻的价值提高到 30 英镑。
But though, at first sight, he appears thereby to multiply the value of a part of the rude produce about seven thousand and two hundred times, he in reality adds nothing to the value of the whole annual amount of the rude produce.
但是，尽管乍一看，他似乎因此将一部分原产品的价值增加了大约七千二百倍，但实际上，他对全年原产品的价值没有任何增加。
The working of that lace costs him, perhaps, two years labour.
制作那条花边可能要花费他两年的工夫。
The £30 which he gets for it when it is finished, is no more than the repayment of the subsistence which he advances to himself during the two years that he is employed about it.
工程竣工后，他得到的30英镑只不过是他受雇两年期间预支的生活费的偿还而已。
The value which, by every day’s, month’s, or year’s labour, he adds to the flax, does no more than replace the value of his own consumption during that day, month, or year.
他通过每天、每月或每年的劳动而增加到亚麻上的价值，只不过取代了他自己在当天、每月或每年的消费价值。
At no moment of time, therefore, does he add any thing to the value of the whole annual amount of the rude produce of the land: the portion of that produce which he is continually consuming, being always equal to the value which he is continually producing.
因此，他在任何时候都不会增加土地每年的原始产品的价值：他不断消费的产品部分总是等于他不断生产的价值。
The extreme poverty of the greater part of the persons employed in this expensive, though trifling manufacture, may satisfy us that the price of their work does not, in ordinary cases, exceed the value of their subsistence.
在这种昂贵但微不足道的制造业中，大部分工人都处于极度贫困状态，但我们可以确信，在一般情况下，他们的工作价格不会超过他们的生存价值。
It is otherwise with the work of farmers and country labourers.
农民和乡村工人的工作则不然。
The rent of the landlord is a value which, in ordinary cases, it is continually producing over and above replacing, in the most complete manner, the whole consumption, the whole expense laid out upon the employment and maintenance both of the workmen and of their employer.
地主的地租是一种价值，在一般情况下，它不断地生产，并且以最完全的方式取代工人及其雇主的全部消费、全部消费和维持费用。
Artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, can augment the revenue and wealth of their society by parsimony only; or, as it is expressed in this system, by privation, that is, by depriving themselves of a part of the funds destined for their own subsistence.
工匠、制造商和商人只能通过节俭来增加他们社会的收入和财富；或者，正如该制度所表达的那样，通过贫困，即剥夺他们自己用于维持生计的一部分资金。
They annually reproduce nothing but those funds.
他们每年只复制这些资金。
Unless, therefore, they annually save some part of them, unless they annually deprive themselves of the enjoyment of some part of them, the revenue and wealth of their society can never be, in the smallest degree, augmented by means of their industry.
因此，除非他们每年储蓄一部分人，除非他们每年剥夺一部分人的享受，否则他们的社会的收入和财富永远不可能通过他们的勤劳而在最小程度上增加。
Farmers and country labourers, on the contrary, may enjoy completely the whole funds destined for their own subsistence, and yet augment, at the same time, the revenue and wealth of their society.
相反，农民和乡村劳动者可以完全享受用于自己生存的全部资金，同时增加社会的收入和财富。
Over and above what is destined for their own subsistence, their industry annually affords a neat produce, of which the augmentation necessarily augments the revenue and wealth of their society.
除了他们自己的生存所需之外，他们的工业每年还提供精良的产品，这些产品的增加必然会增加他们社会的收入和财富。
Nations, therefore, which, like France or England, consist in a great measure, of proprietors and cultivators, can be enriched by industry and enjoyment.
因此，像法国或英国这样在很大程度上由所有者和耕种者组成的国家可以通过勤奋和享乐而致富。
Nations, on the contrary, which, like Holland and Hamburgh, are composed chiefly of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, can grow rich only through parsimony and privation.
相反，像荷兰和汉堡这样主要由商人、技工和制造商组成的国家，只能通过节俭和匮乏来致富。
As the interest of nations so differently circumstanced is very different, so is likewise the common character of the people.
由于不同环境的国家的利益有很大不同，人民的共同性格也有很大不同。
In those of the former kind, liberality, frankness, and good fellowship, naturally make a part of their common character; in the latter, narrowness, meanness, and a selfish disposition, averse to all social pleasure and enjoyment.
对于前一类人来说，慷慨、坦率和良好的团契自然是他们共同性格的一部分；后者则表现出狭隘、卑鄙和自私的性格，厌恶一切社交乐趣和享受。
The unproductive class, that of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, is maintained and employed altogether at the expense of the two other classes, of that of proprietors, and of that of cultivators.
非生产性阶级，即商人、技工和制造商，其维持和就业完全是以牺牲另外两个阶级，即业主和耕种者的利益为代价的。
They furnish it both with the materials of its work, and with the fund of its subsistence, with the corn and cattle which it consumes while it is employed about that work.
他们向它提供工作材料和维持生计的资金，以及它在从事这项工作时消耗的谷物和牲畜。
The proprietors and cultivators finally pay both the wages of all the workmen of the unproductive class, and the profits of all their employers.
业主和耕种者最终既支付所有非生产阶级工人的工资，又支付所有雇主的利润。
Those workmen and their employers are properly the servants of the proprietors and cultivators.
这些工人和他们的雇主，本来就是地主和耕种者的仆人。
They are only servants who work without doors, as menial servants work within.
他们只是在门外工作的仆人，就像在门内工作的卑微仆人一样。
Both the one and the other, however, are equally maintained at the expense of the same masters.
然而，两者的维护都是以相同的主人为代价的。
The labour of both is equally unproductive.
两者的劳动同样没有生产力。
It adds nothing to the value of the sum total of the rude produce of the land.
它不会增加土地原始产品的总价值。
Instead of increasing the value of that sum total, it is a charge and expense which must be paid out of it.
它不是增加总价值，而是必须从中支付费用和费用。
The unproductive class, however, is not only useful, but greatly useful, to the other two classes.
然而，非生产性阶级对于其他两个阶级不仅有用，而且非常有用。
By means of the industry of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, the proprietors and cultivators can purchase both the foreign goods and the manufactured produce of their own country, which they have occasion for, with the produce of a much smaller quantity of their own labour, than what they would be obliged to employ, if they were to attempt, in an awkward and unskilful manner, either to import the one, or to make the other, for their own use.
通过商人、技工和制造商的工业，业主和耕种者可以用比他们必须使用的劳动产品少得多的自己的劳动产品来购买他们有机会需要的外国商品和本国的制成品，如果他们试图以笨拙和不熟练的方式进口其中一种或制造另一种供自己使用的话。
By means of the unproductive class, the cultivators are delivered from many cares, which would otherwise distract their attention from the cultivation of land.
通过非生产阶级，耕种者摆脱了许多烦恼，否则他们会分散他们对土地耕种的注意力。
The superiority of produce, which in consequence of this undivided attention, they are enabled to raise, is fully sufficient to pay the whole expense which the maintenance and employment of the unproductive class costs either the proprietors or themselves.
他们由于这种全心全意的关注而能够提高产品的优越性，这完全足以支付非生产阶级的维持和就业所花费的全部费用，无论是业主还是他们自己。
The industry of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, though in its own nature altogether unproductive, yet contributes in this manner indirectly to increase the produce of the land.
商人、技工和制造商的工业虽然本质上完全没有生产力，但却以这种方式间接地增加了土地的产量。
It increases the productive powers of productive labour, by leaving it at liberty to confine itself to its proper employment, the cultivation of land; and the plough goes frequently the easier and the better, by means of the labour of the man whose business is most remote from the plough.
它增加了生产劳动的生产力，让生产劳动可以自由地从事其适当的工作，即耕种土地；通过那些离犁最远的人的劳动，犁往往会变得更容易、更好。
It can never be the interest of the proprietors and cultivators, to restrain or to discourage, in any respect, the industry of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers.
从任何方面限制或阻碍商人、技工和制造商的工业绝不符合业主和耕种者的利益。
The greater the liberty which this unproductive class enjoys, the greater will be the competition in all the different trades which compose it, and the cheaper will the other two classes be supplied, both with foreign goods and with the manufactured produce of their own country.
这个非生产性阶级享有的自由越大，组成该阶级的所有不同行业的竞争就越激烈，向其他两个阶级供应外国商品和本国制成品的价格就越便宜。
It can never be the interest of the unproductive class to oppress the other two classes.
压迫其他两个阶级绝不符合非生产阶级的利益。
It is the surplus produce of the land, or what remains after deducting the maintenance, first of the cultivators, and afterwards of the proprietors, that maintains and employs the unproductive class.
维持和雇用非生产阶级的，是土地的剩余产品，或者是扣除耕种者的维持费，然后是所有者的维持费后剩下的部分。
The greater this surplus, the greater must likewise be the maintenance and employment of that class.
这种剩余越大，该阶级的维持和就业也必须越大。
The establishment of perfect justice, of perfect liberty, and of perfect equality, is the very simple secret which most effectually secures the highest degree of prosperity to all the three classes.
建立完美的正义、完美的自由和完美的平等，是最有效地确保所有三个阶级获得最高程度繁荣的非常简单的秘密。
The merchants, artificers, and manufacturers of those mercantile states, which, like Holland and Hamburgh, consist chiefly of this unproductive class, are in the same manner maintained and employed altogether at the expense of the proprietors and cultivators of land.
这些商业国家的商人、技工和制造商，像荷兰和汉堡一样，主要由这个非生产性阶级组成，他们的维持和雇用方式完全是以土地所有者和耕种者为代价的。
The only difference is, that those proprietors and cultivators are, the greater part of them, placed at a most inconvenient distance from the merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, whom they supply with the materials of their work and the fund of their subsistence; are the inhabitants of other countries, and the subjects of other governments.
唯一的区别是，这些业主和耕种者中的大部分人与商人、工匠和制造商的距离非常不方便，他们向他们提供工作材料和生活资金；是其他国家的居民，也是其他政府的臣民。
Such mercantile states, however, are not only useful, but greatly useful, to the inhabitants of those other countries.
然而，这种商业国家对于其他国家的居民来说不仅有用，而且非常有用。
They fill up, in some measure, a very important void; and supply the place of the merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, whom the inhabitants of those countries ought to find at home, but whom, from some defect in their policy, they do not find at home.
在某种程度上，它们填补了一个非常重要的空白；并为商人、技工和制造商提供场所，这些国家的居民应该在他们的家乡找到他们，但由于他们的政策存在一些缺陷，他们在家乡却找不到他们。
It can never be the interest of those landed nations, if I may call them so, to discourage or distress the industry of such mercantile states, by imposing high duties upon their trade, or upon the commodities which they furnish.
如果我可以这么称呼他们的话，通过对这些商业国家的贸易或他们提供的商品征收高关税来阻止或困扰它们的工业，这绝不符合这些土地国家的利益。
Such duties, by rendering those commodities dearer, could serve only to sink the real value of the surplus produce of their own land, with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which those commodities are purchased.
这种关税，通过使这些商品变得更加昂贵，只能降低他们自己土地的剩余产品的实际价值，而用这些产品购买这些商品的价格，或者说，同样的事情。
Such duties could only serve to discourage the increase of that surplus produce, and consequently the improvement and cultivation of their own land.
这些义务只能阻碍剩余产品的增加，进而阻碍他们自己土地的改良和耕种。
The most effectual expedient, on the contrary, for raising the value of that surplus produce, for encouraging its increase, and consequently the improvement and cultivation of their own land, would be to allow the most perfect freedom to the trade of all such mercantile nations.
相反，为了提高剩余产品的价值，为了鼓励其增加，从而改善和耕种他们自己的土地，最有效的权宜之计是允许所有这些商业国家的贸易最完全的自由。
This perfect freedom of trade would even be the most effectual expedient for supplying them, in due time, with all the artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, whom they wanted at home; and for filling up, in the properest and most advantageous manner, that very important void which they felt there.
这种完美的贸易自由甚至是最有效的权宜之计，可以在适当的时候向他们提供他们在国内需要的所有工匠、制造商和商人；并以最适当和最有利的方式填补他们在那里感到的非常重要的空白。
The continual increase of the surplus produce of their land would, in due time, create a greater capital than what would be employed with the ordinary rate of profit in the improvement and cultivation of land; and the surplus part of it would naturally turn itself to the employment of artificers and manufacturers, at home.
他们土地的剩余产品的不断增加，到了适当的时候，将创造出比以普通利润率用于改良和耕种土地更多的资本；剩余的部分自然会用于国内的技工和制造商的就业。
But these artificers and manufacturers, finding at home both the materials of their work and the fund of their subsistence, might immediately, even with much less art and skill be able to work as cheap as the little artificers and manufacturers of such mercantile states, who had both to bring from a greater distance.
但是，这些技工和制造商在国内找到了他们的工作材料和生存资金，即使他们的艺术和技能要少得多，也可能立即能够像这些商业国家的小技工和制造商一样廉价地工作，而他们都需要从更远的地方运来。
Even though, from want of art and skill, they might not for some time be able to work as cheap, yet, finding a market at home, they might be able to sell their work there as cheap as that of the artificers and manufacturers of such mercantile states, which could not be brought to that market but from so great a distance; and as their art and skill improved, they would soon be able to sell it cheaper.
尽管由于缺乏艺术和技能，他们可能在一段时间内无法以如此便宜的价格工作，但是，在国内找到市场后，他们也许能够像这些商业国家的技工和制造商一样便宜地在那里出售他们的作品，而这些作品只能从很远的距离才能被带到那个市场；随着他们的艺术和技能的提高，他们很快就能以更便宜的价格出售它。
The artificers and manufacturers of such mercantile states, therefore, would immediately be rivalled in the market of those landed nations, and soon after undersold and justled out of it altogether.
因此，这些商业国家的技工和制造商将立即在这些土地国家的市场上受到竞争，不久之后就会低价出售并完全被赶出市场。
The cheapness of the manufactures of those landed nations, in consequence of the gradual improvements of art and skill, would, in due time, extend their sale beyond the home market, and carry them to many foreign markets, from which they would, in the same manner, gradually justle out many of the manufacturers of such mercantile nations.
由于艺术和技能的逐渐提高，这些陆地国家的制造品价格低廉，到了适当的时候，它们的销路就会扩展到国内市场之外，并把它们带到许多外国市场，同样，它们也会从这些市场中逐渐排挤掉许多商业国家的制造商。
This continual increase, both of the rude and manufactured produce of those landed nations, would, in due time, create a greater capital than could, with the ordinary rate of profit, be employed either in agriculture or in manufactures.
这些陆地国家的原产品和制成品的不断增加，到了适当的时候，将创造出比在正常利润率下用于农业或制造业的资本更多的资本。
The surplus of this capital would naturally turn itself to foreign trade and be employed in exporting, to foreign countries, such parts of the rude and manufactured produce of its own country, as exceeded the demand of the home market.
这些资本的盈余自然会转向对外贸易，用于向外国出口超出国内市场需求的本国原产和制成品。
In the exportation of the produce of their own country, the merchants of a landed nation would have an advantage of the same kind over those of mercantile nations, which its artificers and manufacturers had over the artificers and manufacturers of such nations; the advantage of finding at home that cargo, and those stores and provisions, which the others were obliged to seek for at a distance.
在出口本国产品时，土地民族的商人比商业国家的商人拥有同样的优势，而其技工和制造商也比这些国家的技工和制造商拥有这种优势。能够在家中找到货物、补给品和供给品的优势，而其他人则不得不从远处寻找这些东西。
With inferior art and skill in navigation, therefore, they would be able to sell that cargo as cheap in foreign markets as the merchants of such mercantile nations; and with equal art and skill they would be able to sell it cheaper.
因此，凭借较差的航海技术和技能，他们能够像这些重商国家的商人一样在外国市场上以低廉的价格出售货物。如果拥有同等的艺术和技能，他们就能以更便宜的价格出售它。
They would soon, therefore, rival those mercantile nations in this branch of foreign trade, and, in due time, would justle them out of it altogether.
因此，他们很快就会在对外贸易的这一领域与那些商业国家展开竞争，并在适当的时候将它们完全赶出这个领域。
According to this liberal and generous system, therefore, the most advantageous method in which a landed nation can raise up artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of its own, is to grant the most perfect freedom of trade to the artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of all other nations.
因此，根据这种自由和慷慨的制度，一个陆地民族培养自己的技工、制造商和商人的最有利方法，就是给予所有其他国家的技工、制造商和商人最完美的贸易自由。
It thereby raises the value of the surplus produce of its own land, of which the continual increase gradually establishes a fund, which, in due time, necessarily raises up all the artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, whom it has occasion for.
因此，它提高了自己土地上的剩余产品的价值，而这种剩余产品的不断增加逐渐建立了一个基金，到了适当的时候，它必然会培养它所需要的所有工匠、制造商和商人。
When a landed nation on the contrary, oppresses, either by high duties or by prohibitions, the trade of foreign nations, it necessarily hurts its own interest in two different ways.
相反，当一个陆地国家通过高关税或禁令来压迫外国贸易时，它必然会以两种不同的方式损害自己的利益。
First, by raising the price of all foreign goods, and of all sorts of manufactures, it necessarily sinks the real value of the surplus produce of its own land, with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which, it purchases those foreign goods and manufactures.
首先，通过提高所有外国商品和各种制成品的价格，它必然会降低其本国土地剩余产品的实际价值，而它用这些产品或同样的东西，用其价格购买这些外国商品和制成品。
Secondly, by giving a sort of monopoly of the home market to its own merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, it raises the rate of mercantile and manufacturing profit, in proportion to that of agricultural profit; and, consequently, either draws from agriculture a part of the capital which had before been employed in it, or hinders from going to it a part of what would otherwise have gone to it.
其次，通过给予本国商人、工匠和制造商某种程度的国内市场垄断，它提高了商业和制造业利润率，与农业利润率成正比；因此，要么从农业中抽取一部分以前用于农业的资本，要么阻碍一部分本来可以用于农业的资本。
This policy, therefore, discourages agriculture in two different ways; first, by sinking the real value of its produce, and thereby lowering the rate of its profits; and, secondly, by raising the rate of profit in all other employments.
因此，这项政策以两种不同的方式阻碍农业发展：首先，降低产品的实际价值，从而降低利润率；其次，提高所有其他就业的利润率。
Agriculture is rendered less advantageous, and trade and manufactures more advantageous, than they otherwise would be; and every man is tempted by his own interest to turn, as much as he can, both his capital and his industry from the former to the latter employments.
与其他情况相比，农业的优势减弱，贸易和制造业的优势增强；每个人都受到自身利益的诱惑，尽可能地将其资本和工业从前者转向后者。
Though, by this oppressive policy, a landed nation should be able to raise up artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of its own, somewhat sooner than it could do by the freedom of trade; a matter, however, which is not a little doubtful; yet it would raise them up, if one may say so, prematurely, and before it was perfectly ripe for them.
不过，通过这种压迫性政策，一个土地国家应该能够培养自己的技工、制造商和商人，这比通过贸易自由所能做到的要早一些。然而，这是一件不容置疑的事情；然而，如果可以这么说的话，它会过早地、在时机完全成熟之前将他们提拔起来。
By raising up too hastily one species of industry, it would depress another more valuable species of industry.
如果过于仓促地发展一种工业，就会抑制另一种更有价值的工业。
By raising up too hastily a species of industry which duly replaces the stock which employs it, together with the ordinary profit, it would depress a species of industry which, over and above replacing that stock, with its profit, affords likewise a neat produce, a free rent to the landlord.
如果过于仓促地建立一种工业，适当地取代使用它的股票和普通利润，就会抑制一种工业，这种工业除了用其利润取代该股票之外，还为地主提供了整齐的产品，即免费的租金。
It would depress productive labour, by encouraging too hastily that labour which is altogether barren and unproductive.
它会因为过于仓促地鼓励完全贫瘠和非生产性的劳动而抑制生产性劳动。
In what manner, according to this system, the sum total of the annual produce of the land is distributed among the three classes above mentioned, and in what manner the labour of the unproductive class does no more than replace the value of its own consumption, without increasing in any respect the value of that sum total, is represented by Mr Quesnai, the very ingenious and profound author of this system, in some arithmetical formularies.
根据这一体系，土地年总产值以何种方式在上述三个阶级之间进行分配，以及非生产性阶级的劳动以何种方式只不过是替代其自身消费的价值，而不会在任何方面增加该总产值的价值，这一体系的巧妙而深刻的作者奎奈先生在一些算术公式中表示了这一点。
The first of these formularies, which, by way of eminence, he peculiarly distinguishes by the name of the Economical Table, represents the manner in which he supposes this distribution takes place, in a state of the most perfect liberty, and, therefore, of the highest prosperity; in a state where the annual produce is such as to afford the greatest possible neat produce, and where each class enjoys its proper share of the whole annual produce.
这些公式中的第一个，他以经济表的名称来特别区分，代表了他认为在最完美的自由状态下进行分配的方式，因此也是最繁荣的状态；在这样一个州，年产品足以提供尽可能多的纯产品，并且每个阶级都享有全部年产品的适当份额。
Some subsequent formularies represent the manner in which he supposes this distribution is made in different states of restraint and regulation; in which, either the class of proprietors, or the barren and unproductive class, is more favoured than the class of cultivators; and in which either the one or the other encroaches, more or less, upon the share which ought properly to belong to this productive class.
随后的一些公式代表了他认为在不同的限制和监管状态下进行这种分配的方式；其中，无论是地主阶级，还是贫瘠无产的阶级，都比耕种者阶级受到优待；其中一方或另一方都或多或少地侵犯了本应属于这个生产阶级的份额。
Every such encroachment, every violation of that natural distribution, which the most perfect liberty would establish, must, according to this system, necessarily degrade, more or less, from one year to another, the value and sum total of the annual produce, and must necessarily occasion a gradual declension in the real wealth and revenue of the society; a declension, of which the progress must be quicker or slower, according to the degree of this encroachment, according as that natural distribution, which the most perfect liberty would establish, is more or less violated.
根据这一制度，每一次这样的侵犯，每一次对最完美的自由所建立的自然分配的违反，都必然或多或少地逐年降低年产品的价值和总量，并且必然导致社会的实际财富和收入逐渐减少；其进步必须更快或更慢，这取决于这种侵犯的程度，也取决于最完美的自由所建立的自然分配受到或多或少的侵犯。
Those subsequent formularies represent the different degrees of declension which, according to this system, correspond to the different degrees in which this natural distribution of things is violated.
这些随后的公式代表了不同程度的变格，根据这个系统，它们对应于违反事物的自然分布的不同程度。
Some speculative physicians seem to have imagined that the health of the human body could be preserved only by a certain precise regimen of diet and exercise, of which every, the smallest violation, necessarily occasioned some degree of disease or disorder proportionate to the degree of the violation.
一些投机的医生似乎认为，人体的健康只能通过某种精确的饮食和锻炼方案来维持，其中每一个最小的违反，都必然引起与违反程度成比例的某种程度的疾病或紊乱。
Experience, however, would seem to shew, that the human body frequently preserves, to all appearance at least, the most perfect state of health under a vast variety of different regimens; even under some which are generally believed to be very far from being perfectly wholesome.
然而，经验似乎表明，至少从表面上看，人体经常在各种不同的养生法下保持最完美的健康状态。即使在一些普遍认为远非完全健康的情况下也是如此。
But the healthful state of the human body, it would seem, contains in itself some unknown principle of preservation, capable either of preventing or of correcting, in many respects, the bad effects even of a very faulty regimen.
但人体的健康状态本身似乎包含着某种未知的保存原则，能够在许多方面预防或纠正甚至是非常错误的养生法带来的不良影响。
Mr Quesnai, who was himself a physician, and a very speculative physician, seems to have entertained a notion of the same kind concerning the political body, and to have imagined that it would thrive and prosper only under a certain precise regimen, the exact regimen of perfect liberty and perfect justice.
奎奈先生本身就是一名医生，而且是一位非常投机的医生，他似乎对政治机构抱有同样的观念，并想象政治机构只有在某种精确的制度下才能蓬勃发展和繁荣，这种制度是完全自由和完美正义的精确制度。
He seems not to have considered, that in the political body, the natural effort which every man is continually making to better his own condition, is a principle of preservation capable of preventing and correcting, in many respects, the bad effects of a political economy, in some degree both partial and oppressive.
他似乎没有考虑到，在政治机构中，每个人为改善自己的状况而不断做出的自然努力，是一种保存原则，能够在许多方面防止和纠正政治经济的不良影响，在某种程度上既是片面的又是压迫性的。
Such a political economy, though it no doubt retards more or less, is not always capable of stopping altogether, the natural progress of a nation towards wealth and prosperity, and still less of making it go backwards.
这样的政治经济虽然无疑会或多或少地阻碍，但并不总是能够完全阻止一个国家走向财富和繁荣的自然进程，更不可能让它倒退。
If a nation could not prosper without the enjoyment of perfect liberty and perfect justice, there is not in the world a nation which could ever have prospered.
如果一个国家不能享有完全的自由和完全的正义而无法繁荣，那么世界上就没有一个国家能够繁荣。
In the political body, however, the wisdom of nature has fortunately made ample provision for remedying many of the bad effects of the folly and injustice of man; it the same manner as it has done in the natural body, for remedying those of his sloth and intemperance.
然而，在政治机构中，幸运的是，大自然的智慧已经做出了充分的准备，以弥补人类的愚蠢和不公正造成的许多不良影响。它就像在自然身体中所做的一样，用于治疗他的懒惰和不节制的症状。
The capital error of this system, however, seems to lie in its representing the class of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, as altogether barren and unproductive.
然而，这一体系的最大错误似乎在于它把工匠、制造商和商人阶级描绘成完全贫瘠和无生产力的阶级。
The following observations may serve to shew the impropriety of this representation:—
以下意见可能有助于表明这种陈述的不当之处：——
First, this class, it is acknowledged, reproduces annually the value of its own annual consumption, and continues, at least, the existence of the stock or capital which maintains and employs it.
首先，众所周知，这个阶级每年都会再生产其自身年度消费的价值，并至少继续维持和使用它的股票或资本的存在。
But, upon this account alone, the denomination of barren or unproductive should seem to be very improperly applied to it.
但是，仅凭这一点，“贫瘠”或“无生产力”这一名称就显得非常不恰当。
We should not call a marriage barren or unproductive, though it produced only a son and a daughter, to replace the father and mother, and though it did not increase the number of the human species, but only continued it as it was before.
我们不应该说婚姻是贫瘠的或没有生产力的，尽管它只产生了一个儿子和一个女儿，取代了父亲和母亲，尽管它没有增加人类的数量，而只是延续了以前的样子。
Farmers and country labourers, indeed, over and above the stock which maintains and employs them, reproduce annually a neat produce, a free rent to the landlord.
事实上，农民和乡村劳工除了维持和雇用他们的牲畜之外，每年还生产出整齐的产品，为地主提供免费的租金。
As a marriage which affords three children is certainly more productive than one which affords only two, so the labour of farmers and country labourers is certainly more productive than that of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers.
正如生育三个孩子的婚姻肯定比只生育两个孩子的婚姻更有生产力一样，农民和乡村工人的劳动也肯定比商人、技工和制造商的劳动更有生产力。
The superior produce of the one class, however, does not, render the other barren or unproductive.
然而，一个阶级的优质产品并不会使另一个阶级贫瘠或生产力低下。
Secondly, it seems, on this account, altogether improper to consider artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, in the same light as menial servants.
其次，因此，将工匠、制造商和商人与卑微的仆人同等对待似乎是完全不合适的。
The labour of menial servants does not continue the existence of the fund which maintains and employs them.
卑微仆人的劳动并不能延续维持和雇用他们的资金的存在。
Their maintenance and employment is altogether at the expense of their masters, and the work which they perform is not of a nature to repay that expense.
他们的生活和就业完全是由他们的主人承担的，而他们所做的工作并不具有偿还这种费用的性质。
That work consists in services which perish generally in the very instant of their performance, and does not fix or realize itself in any vendible commodity, which can replace the value of their wages and maintenance.
这项工作由服务组成，这些服务通常在完成后立即消失，并且不会固定或实现任何可出售的商品，这些商品可以替代其工资和维持的价值。
The labour, on the contrary, of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, naturally does fix and realize itself in some such vendible commodity.
相反，技工、制造商和商人的劳动自然会在某些此类可出售的商品中固定并实现自己。
It is upon this account that, in the chapter in which I treat of productive and unproductive labour, I have classed artificers, manufacturers, and merchants among the productive labourers, and menial servants among the barren or unproductive.
正是由于这个原因，在我讨论生产性劳动和非生产性劳动的那一章中，我将技工、制造商和商人归为生产性劳动者，而将卑微的仆人归为贫瘠或非生产性劳动者。
Thirdly, it seems, upon every supposition, improper to say, that the labour of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, does not increase the real revenue of the society.
第三，无论怎样说，工匠、制造商和商人的劳动并没有增加社会的实际收入，这似乎都是不恰当的。
Though we should suppose, for example, as it seems to be supposed in this system, that the value of the daily, monthly, and yearly consumption of this class was exactly equal to that of its daily, monthly, and yearly production; yet it would not from thence follow, that its labour added nothing to the real revenue, to the real value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.
尽管我们应该假设，例如，正如在这个系统中似乎所假设的那样，这个阶级的每日、每月和每年的消费价值恰好等于其每日、每月和每年的生产价值；但是，这个阶级的每日、每月和每年的消费价值恰好等于其每日、每月和每年的生产价值。然而，并不能由此得出结论，它的劳动对实际收入、对社会土地和劳动的年产品的实际价值没有任何增加。
An artificer, for example, who, in the first six months after harvest, executes ten pounds worth of work, though he should, in the same time, consume ten pounds worth of corn and other necessaries, yet really adds the value of ten pounds to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.
例如，一个技工，在收获后的头六个月内，完成了价值十磅的工作，尽管他同时应该消耗价值十磅的玉米和其他必需品，但他确实为社会的土地和劳动力的年产值增加了十磅的价值。
While he has been consuming a half-yearly revenue of ten pounds worth of corn and other necessaries, he has produced an equal value of work, capable of purchasing, either to himself, or to some other person, an equal half-yearly revenue.
虽然他每半年的收入消耗了十磅的玉米和其他必需品，但他也生产了等值的工作，能够为自己或其他人购买同等的半年收入。
The value, therefore, of what has been consumed and produced during these six months, is equal, not to ten, but to twenty pounds.
因此，这六个月内消费和生产的价值不是十英镑，而是二十英镑。
It is possible, indeed, that no more than ten pounds worth of this value may ever have existed at any one moment of time.
事实上，在任何一个时刻，这种价值可能都不超过十磅。
But if the ten pounds worth of corn and other necessaries which were consumed by the artificer, had been consumed by a soldier, or by a menial servant, the value of that part of the annual produce which existed at the end of the six months, would have been ten pounds less than it actually is in consequence of the labour of the artificer.
但是，如果技工消耗的价值十磅的谷物和其他必需品是由一名士兵或一个仆人消耗的，那么在六个月结束时存在的那部分年产品的价值将比技工的劳动所产生的实际价值少十磅。
Though the value of what the artificer produces, therefore, should not, at any one moment of time, be supposed greater than the value he consumes, yet, at every moment of time, the actually existing value of goods in the market is, in consequence of what he produces, greater than it otherwise would be.
因此，尽管技工所生产的产品的价值在任何一个时刻都不应被认为大于他所消费的价值，但是，在任何时刻，市场上商品的实际存在价值，由于他所生产的产品，都比其他情况下要大。
When the patrons of this system assert, that the consumption of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, is equal to the value of what they produce, they probably mean no more than that their revenue, or the fund destined for their consumption, is equal to it.
当这个体系的支持者断言技工、制造商和商人的消费等于他们生产的产品的价值时，他们的意思可能只不过是他们的收入或用于他们消费的资金等于它。
But if they had expressed themselves more accurately, and only asserted, that the revenue of this class was equal to the value of what they produced, it might readily have occurred to the reader, that what would naturally be saved out of this revenue, must necessarily increase more or less the real wealth of the society.
但是，如果他们更准确地表达自己的观点，并且只是断言，这个阶级的收入等于他们生产的价值，读者可能会很容易地想到，从这些收入中自然节省下来的东西，必然或多或少地增加社会的实际财富。
In order, therefore, to make out something like an argument, it was necessary that they should express themselves as they have done; and this argument, even supposing things actually were as it seems to presume them to be, turns out to be a very inconclusive one.
因此，为了提出类似论证的东西，他们有必要像他们所做的那样表达自己的观点。即使假设事情确实如它所假设的那样，这一论点也被证明是一个非常不确定的论点。
Fourthly, farmers and country labourers can no more augment, without parsimony, the real revenue, the annual produce of the land and labour of their society, than artificers, manufacturers, and merchants.
第四，农民和乡村劳动者在不节俭的情况下，无法比技工、制造商和商人更多地增加实际收入、土地的年产出和社会的劳动力。
The annual produce of the land and labour of any society can be augmented only in two ways; either, first, by some improvement in the productive powers of the useful labour actually maintained within it; or, secondly, by some increase in the quantity of that labour.
任何社会的土地和劳动力的年产量只能通过两种方式增加：或者，首先，通过提高实际维持的有用劳动的生产力；或者，其次，通过增加劳动数量。
The improvement in the productive powers of useful labour depends, first, upon the improvement in the ability of the workman; and, secondly, upon that of the machinery with which he works.
有用劳动生产力的提高，首先取决于工人能力的提高；其次，他所使用的机器。
But the labour of artificers and manufacturers, as it is capable of being more subdivided, and the labour of each workman reduced to a greater simplicity of operation, than that of farmers and country labourers; so it is likewise capable of both these sorts of improvement in a much higher degree {See book i chap.
但是技工和制造商的劳动，因为它能够被更加细分，并且每个工人的劳动比农民和乡村劳动者的劳动更加简单。因此它同样能够在更高程度上实现这两种改进{参见本书第一章。
1.} In this respect, therefore, the class of cultivators can have no sort of advantage over that of artificers and manufacturers.
1.} 因此，在这方面，耕种者阶层并不比技工和制造者阶层有任何优势。
The increase in the quantity of useful labour actually employed within any society must depend altogether upon the increase of the capital which employs it; and the increase of that capital, again, must be exactly equal to the amount of the savings from the revenue, either of the particular persons who manage and direct the employment of that capital, or of some other persons, who lend it to them.
任何社会中实际使用的有用劳动数量的增加必须完全取决于使用该劳动的资本的增加。而且，资本的增加必须完全等于管理和指导资本使用的特定人或借钱给他们的其他人的收入节省的金额。
If merchants, artificers, and manufacturers are, as this system seems to suppose, naturally more inclined to parsimony and saving than proprietors and cultivators, they are, so far, more likely to augment the quantity of useful labour employed within their society, and consequently to increase its real revenue, the annual produce of its land and labour.
如果商人、技工和制造商，正如这个体系似乎假设的那样，自然地比业主和耕种者更倾向于节俭和储蓄，那么到目前为止，他们更有可能增加社会中使用的有用劳动的数量，从而增加其实际收入，即其土地和劳动的年产量。
Fifthly and lastly, though the revenue of the inhabitants of every country was supposed to consist altogether, as this system seems to suppose, in the quantity of subsistence which their industry could procure to them; yet, even upon this supposition, the revenue of a trading and manufacturing country must, other things being equal, always be much greater than that of one without trade or manufactures.
第五也是最后一点，虽然每个国家的居民的收入都应该像这个制度所假设的那样，完全取决于他们的工业可以为他们提供的生活资料的数量；然而，即使根据这一假设，在其他条件相同的情况下，一个贸易和制造业国家的收入也必定远高于一个没有贸易或制造业的国家。
By means of trade and manufactures, a greater quantity of subsistence can be annually imported into a particular country, than what its own lands, in the actual state of their cultivation, could afford.
通过贸易和制造业，一个特定国家每年可以输入比其本国土地在实际耕作状态下所能承受的更多的生活必需品。
The inhabitants of a town, though they frequently possess no lands of their own, yet draw to themselves, by their industry, such a quantity of the rude produce of the lands of other people, as supplies them, not only with the materials of their work, but with the fund of their subsistence.
一个城镇的居民，虽然常常没有自己的土地，但通过自己的勤劳，从别人的土地上获取大量的原始产品，不仅为他们提供了工作材料，而且为他们提供了生存资金。
What a town always is with regard to the country in its neighbourhood, one independent state or country may frequently be with regard to other independent states or countries.
正如一座城镇与其邻国之间的关系一样，一个独立国家或国家也可能经常与其他独立国家或国家发生关系。
It is thus that Holland draws a great part of its subsistence from other countries; live cattle from Holstein and Jutland, and corn from almost all the different countries of Europe.
因此，荷兰的大部分生活必需品都来自其他国家。来自荷斯坦和日德兰的活牛，以及几乎来自欧洲所有不同国家的玉米。
A small quantity of manufactured produce, purchases a great quantity of rude produce.
少量的制成品，购买大量的粗品。
A trading and manufacturing country, therefore, naturally purchases, with a small part of its manufactured produce, a great part of the rude produce of other countries; while, on the contrary, a country without trade and manufactures is generally obliged to purchase, at the expense of a great part of its rude produce, a very small part of the manufactured produce of other countries.
因此，一个贸易和制造国自然会用其一小部分制成品购买其他国家的大部分粗产品；相反，一个没有贸易和制成品的国家通常不得不花费其大部分粗产品来购买其他国家的极小部分制成品。
The one exports what can subsist and accommodate but a very few, and imports the subsistence and accommodation of a great number.
出口的是极少数能够维持生计和住宿的东西，而进口的是大量的生活和住宿。
The other exports the accommodation and subsistence of a great number, and imports that of a very few only.
另一个出口的是大量人口的住宿和生活用品，而进口的是极少数人的住宿和生活用品。
The inhabitants of the one must always enjoy a much greater quantity of subsistence than what their own lands, in the actual state of their cultivation, could afford.
那里的居民所享有的生活必需品，远远多于他们自己的土地在实际耕作状态下所能够承受的。
The inhabitants of the other must always enjoy a much smaller quantity.
对方的居民所享有的数量总是少得多。
This system, however, with all its imperfections, is perhaps the nearest approximation to the truth that has yet been published upon the subject of political economy; and is upon that account, well worth the consideration of every man who wishes to examine with attention the principles of that very important science.
然而，这个体系尽管有其种种缺陷，但也许是迄今为止已发表的有关政治经济学主题的最接近真理的体系。因此，它非常值得每一个希望认真研究这门非常重要的科学原理的人考虑。
Though in representing the labour which is employed upon land as the only productive labour, the notions which it inculcates are, perhaps, too narrow and confined; yet in representing the wealth of nations as consisting, not in the unconsumable riches of money, but in the consumable goods annually reproduced by the labour of the society, and in representing perfect liberty as the only effectual expedient for rendering this annual reproduction the greatest possible, its doctrine seems to be in every respect as just as it is generous and liberal.
尽管将土地上的劳动描述为唯一的生产劳动，但它所灌输的概念也许过于狭隘和局限；然而，它把国家的财富描述为不在于不可消费的货币财富，而在于社会劳动每年再生产的消费品，并且把完美的自由视为使这种年度再生产尽可能最大化的唯一有效的权宜之计，它的学说似乎在各个方面都是慷慨和自由的。
Its followers are very numerous; and as men are fond of paradoxes, and of appearing to understand what surpasses the comprehensions of ordinary people, the paradox which it maintains, concerning the unproductive nature of manufacturing labour, has not, perhaps, contributed a little to increase the number of its admirers.
其追随者数量众多；由于人们喜欢悖论，并且喜欢表现出对超出普通人理解力的东西的理解，因此它所坚持的关于制造业劳动的非生产性本质的悖论也许并没有为其崇拜者的数量增加做出任何贡献。
They have for some years past made a pretty considerable sect, distinguished in the French republic of letters by the name of the Economists.
多年来，他们已经形成了一个相当大的教派，在法兰西文学共和国以经济学家的名义而闻名。
Their works have certainly been of some service to their country; not only by bringing into general discussion, many subjects which had never been well examined before, but by influencing, in some measure, the public administration in favour of agriculture.
他们的作品无疑为他们的国家做出了一些贡献；不仅通过将许多以前从未仔细研究过的主题纳入一般性讨论，而且通过在某种程度上影响公共行政以支持农业。
It has been in consequence of their representations, accordingly, that the agriculture of France has been delivered from several of the oppressions which it before laboured under.
因此，正是由于他们的代表，法国农业才摆脱了以前所遭受的一些压迫。
The term, during which such a lease can be granted, as will be valid against every future purchaser or proprietor of the land, has been prolonged from nine to twenty-seven years.
授予此类租约的期限从九年延长至二十七年，对未来的每一位土地购买者或所有者都有效。
The ancient provincial restraints upon the transportation of corn from one province of the kingdom to another, have been entirely taken away; and the liberty of exporting it to all foreign countries, has been established as the common law of the kingdom in all ordinary cases.
古代对谷物从王国的一个省份运输到另一个省份的省级限制已被完全取消；在所有普通情况下，将其出口到所有外国的自由已被确立为王国的普通法。
This sect, in their works, which are very numerous, and which treat not only of what is properly called Political Economy, or of the nature and causes or the wealth of nations, but of every other branch of the system of civil government, all follow implicitly, and without any sensible variation, the doctrine of Mr Qttesnai.
这个学派的著作数量众多，不仅涉及所谓的政治经济学，或者国家的性质和原因或财富，而且还涉及公民政府体系的所有其他部门，所有这些都隐含地遵循了库特斯奈先生的学说，没有任何明显的变化。
There is, upon this account, little variety in the greater part of their works.
因此，他们的大部分作品几乎没有什么变化。
The most distinct and best connected account of this doctrine is to be found in a little book written by Mr Mercier de la Riviere, some time intendant of Martinico, entitled, The natural and essential Order of Political Societies.
对这一学说最清晰、最相关的描述可以在马蒂尼科的时任总督梅西耶·德拉·里维埃先生所写的一本小书中找到，书名为《政治社会的自然和本质秩序》。
The admiration of this whole sect for their master, who was himself a man of the greatest modesty and simplicity, is not inferior to that of any of the ancient philosophers for the founders of their respective systems.
整个教派对他们的导师的钦佩，不亚于任何古代哲学家对各自体系创始人的钦佩，而导师本身就是一个最谦虚和朴素的人。
‘There have been since the world began,’ says a very diligent and respectable author, the Marquis de Mirabeau, ‘three great inventions which have principally given stability to political societies, independent of many other inventions which have enriched and adorned them.
一位非常勤奋、受人尊敬的作家米拉波侯爵说：“自从世界诞生以来，就有三项伟大的发明，它们主要为政治社会带来了稳定性，独立于许多其他使政治社会丰富和美化的发明。”
The first is the invention of writing, which alone gives human nature the power of transmitting, without alteration, its laws, its contracts, its annals, and its discoveries.
第一个是文字的发明，它赋予了人类不加改变地传播其法律、契约、编年史和发现的能力。
The second is the invention of money, which binds together all the relations between civilized societies.
第二是货币的发明，它把文明社会之间的一切关系维系在一起。
The third is the economical table, the result of the other two, which completes them both by perfecting their object; the great discovery of our age, but of which our posterity will reap the benefit.’
第三个是经济表，是其他两个表的结果，它通过完善它们的目标来完成它们。我们这个时代的伟大发现，但我们的子孙后代将从中受益。”
As the political economy of the nations of modern Europe has been more favourable to manufactures and foreign trade, the industry of the towns, than to agriculture, the industry of the country; so that of other nations has followed a different plan, and has been more favourable to agriculture than to manufactures and foreign trade.
现代欧洲国家的政治经济更有利于制造业和对外贸易（即城镇工业），而不是农业（即乡村工业）；因此，其他国家遵循了不同的计划，并且对农业比对制造业和对外贸易更有利。
The policy of China favours agriculture more than all other employments.
中国的政策对农业的支持超过了其他所有就业领域。
In China, the condition of a labourer is said to be as much superior to that of an artificer, as in most parts of Europe that of an artificer is to that of a labourer.
在中国，据说工人的条件比技工的条件要优越得多，就像在欧洲大部分地区，技工的条件比工人的条件要优越一样。
In China, the great ambition of every man is to get possession of a little bit of land, either in property or in lease; and leases are there said to be granted upon very moderate terms, and to be sufficiently secured to the lessees.
在中国，每个人的伟大抱负就是拥有一点土地，无论是财产还是租赁；据说租约的条件非常温和，并且对承租人有充分的保障。
The Chinese have little respect for foreign trade.
中国人对外贸不太尊重。
Your beggarly commerce!
你这可怜的生意！
was the language in which the mandarins of Pekin used to talk to Mr De Lange, the Russian envoy, concerning it {See the Journal of Mr De Lange, in Bell’s Travels, vol. ii.
是北京官员与俄罗斯特使德兰格先生谈论此事时所用的语言{参见德兰格先生的日记，贝尔游记，卷。二.
p.
p。
258, 276, 293.}.
258、276、293。}。
Except with Japan, the Chinese carry on, themselves, and in their own bottoms, little or no foreign trade; and it is only into one or two ports of their kingdom that they even admit the ships of foreign nations.
除了与日本之外，中国人自己以及在他们自己的底层很少或根本不进行对外贸易；他们甚至只允许外国船只进入他们王国的一两个港口。
Foreign trade, therefore, is, in China, every way confined within a much narrower circle than that to which it would naturally extend itself, if more freedom was allowed to it, either in their own ships, or in those of foreign nations.
因此，在中国，对外贸易在各个方面都被限制在一个比其自然延伸的范围要窄得多的范围内，如果允许对外贸易有更多的自由，无论是在他们自己的船只上，还是在外国的船只上。
Manufactures, as in a small bulk they frequently contain a great value, and can upon that account be transported at less expense from one country to another than most parts of rude produce, are, in almost all countries, the principal support of foreign trade.
由于制成品体积小，往往蕴藏着巨大的价值，因此可以比大多数原产品以更低的费用从一个国家运输到另一个国家，因此，在几乎所有国家，制成品都是对外贸易的主要支柱。
In countries, besides, less extensive, and less favourably circumstanced for inferior commerce than China, they generally require the support of foreign trade.
此外，那些幅员较小、商业环境不如中国的国家，一般都需要对外贸易的支持。
Without an extensive foreign market, they could not well flourish, either in countries so moderately extensive as to afford but a narrow home market, or in countries where the communication between one province and another was so difficult, as to render it impossible for the goods of any particular place to enjoy the whole of that home market which the country could afford.
如果没有广泛的国外市场，无论是在中等程度的扩张以至于只能负担狭窄的国内市场的国家，还是在一个省份与另一个省份之间的交通非常困难的国家，它们都无法蓬勃发展，以致任何特定地方的商品都无法享受该国能够负担得起的整个国内市场。
The perfection of manufacturing industry, it must be remembered, depends altogether upon the division of labour; and the degree to which the division of labour can be introduced into any manufacture, is necessarily regulated, it has already been shewn, by the extent of the market.
必须记住，制造业的完善完全取决于劳动分工。已经表明，任何制造业的分工程度必然受到市场范围的调节。
But the great extent of the empire of China, the vast multitude of its inhabitants, the variety of climate, and consequently of productions in its different provinces, and the easy communication by means of water-carriage between the greater part of them, render the home market of that country of so great extent, as to be alone sufficient to support very great manufactures, and to admit of very considerable subdivisions of labour.
但是，中华帝国幅员辽阔，人口众多，气候多样，各省的生产也各不相同，而且大部分省份之间通过水运交通便利，使得该国的国内市场规模如此之大，足以支持非常大的制造业，并允许非常大的劳动分工。
The home market of China is, perhaps, in extent, not much inferior to the market of all the different countries of Europe put together.
中国本土市场的规模或许并不比欧洲各国市场的总和差多少。
A more extensive foreign trade, however, which to this great home market added the foreign market of all the rest of the world, especially if any considerable part of this trade was carried on in Chinese ships, could scarce fail to increase very much the manufactures of China, and to improve very much the productive powers of its manufacturing industry.
然而，更广泛的对外贸易，除了这个巨大的国内市场之外，还加上了世界其他地区的外国市场，特别是如果这种贸易的相当大一部分是通过中国的船舶进行的，那么，必然会大大增加中国的制造业，并大大提高其制造业的生产力。
By a more extensive navigation, the Chinese would naturally learn the art of using and constructing, themselves, all the different machines made use of in other countries, as well as the other improvements of art and industry which are practised in all the different parts of the world.
通过更广泛的探索，中国人自然会学会使用和建造其他国家使用的所有不同机器的艺术，以及世界各地实践的其他艺术和工业改进。
Upon their present plan, they have little opportunity of improving themselves by the example of any other nation, except that of the Japanese.
根据他们目前的计划，他们几乎没有机会通过日本以外的任何其他国家的榜样来提高自己。
The policy of ancient Egypt, too, and that of the Gentoo government of Indostan, seem to have favoured agriculture more than all other employments.
古埃及的政策以及印度斯坦的根图政府的政策似乎也比其他所有就业都更青睐农业。
Both in ancient Egypt and Indostan, the whole body of the people was divided into different casts or tribes each of which was confined, from father to son, to a particular employment, or class of employments.
在古埃及和印度斯坦，整个人民都被分为不同的阶层或部落，每个阶层从父亲到儿子都被限制在特定的职业或职业类别中。
The son of a priest was necessarily a priest; the son of a soldier, a soldier; the son of a labourer, a labourer; the son of a weaver, a weaver; the son of a tailor, a tailor, etc. In both countries, the cast of the priests holds the highest rank, and that of the soldiers the next; and in both countries the cast of the farmers and labourers was superior to the casts of merchants and manufacturers.
牧师的儿子必然是牧师；军人的儿子，军人；工人的儿子，工人；织布工的儿子，织布工；在这两个国家，祭司的等级最高，士兵的等级次之。在这两个国家，农民和工人的组成都优于商人和制造商的组成。
The government of both countries was particularly attentive to the interest of agriculture.
两国政府都特别关注农业利益。
The works constructed by the ancient sovereigns of Egypt, for the proper distribution of the waters of the Nile, were famous in antiquity, and the ruined remains of some of them are still the admiration of travellers.
古代埃及君主为合理分配尼罗河水而建造的工程在古代就享有盛誉，其中一些遗址的遗迹至今仍为旅行者所赞叹。
Those of the same kind which were constructed by the ancient sovereigns of Indostan, for the proper distribution of the waters of the Ganges, as well as of many other rivers, though they have been less celebrated, seem to have been equally great.
印度斯坦古代君主为了合理分配恒河以及许多其他河流的水流而建造的同类建筑，虽然不那么出名，但似乎同样伟大。
Both countries, accordingly, though subject occasionally to dearths, have been famous for their great fertility.
因此，这两个国家虽然偶尔会遭受饥荒，但都以其生育力而闻名。
Though both were extremely populous, yet, in years of moderate plenty, they were both able to export great quantities of grain to their neighbours.
尽管两国人口众多，但在丰收的年份，它们都能够向邻国出口大量粮食。
The ancient Egyptians had a superstitious aversion to the sea; and as the Gentoo religion does not permit its followers to light a fire, nor consequently to dress any victuals, upon the water, it, in effect, prohibits them from all distant sea voyages.
古埃及人对海洋有一种迷信的厌恶。由于巴布亚宗教不允许其追随者生火，因此也不允许在水上准备任何食物，因此实际上禁止他们进行所有遥远的海上航行。
Both the Egyptians and Indians must have depended almost altogether upon the navigation of other nations for the exportation of their surplus produce; and this dependency, as it must have confined the market, so it must have discouraged the increase of this surplus produce.
埃及人和印度人肯定几乎完全依赖其他国家的航运来出口他们的剩余产品。这种依赖性必然限制了市场，因此必然阻碍了剩余产品的增加。
It must have discouraged, too, the increase of the manufactured produce, more than that of the rude produce.
它肯定也抑制了制成品的增长，而不是粗产品的增长。
Manufactures require a much more extensive market than the most important parts of the rude produce of the land.
制成品需要比土地上最重要的原始产品更广阔的市场。
A single shoemaker will make more than 300 pairs of shoes in the year; and his own family will not, perhaps, wear out six pairs.
一个鞋匠一年可以生产300多双鞋；他自己的家人也许不会穿坏六双鞋。
Unless, therefore, he has the custom of, at least, 50 such families as his own, he cannot dispose of the whole product of his own labour.
因此，除非他拥有至少 50 个这样的家庭的习惯，否则他就无法处置自己的全部劳动产品。
The most numerous class of artificers will seldom, in a large country, make more than one in 50, or one in a 100, of the whole number of families contained in it.
在一个大国中，数量最多的技师阶层很少会超过该国家庭总数的五十分之一或一百分之一。
But in such large countries, as France and England, the number of people employed in agriculture has, by some authors been computed at a half, by others at a third and by no author that I know of, at less that a fifth of the whole inhabitants of the country.
但在像法国和英国这样的大国中，一些作者计算出从事农业的人数为一半，另一些人计算为三分之一，据我所知，没有一个作者计算出该国总人口的五分之一以下。
But as the produce of the agriculture of both France and England is, the far greater part of it, consumed at home, each person employed in it must, according to these computations, require little more than the custom of one, two, or, at most, of four such families as his own, in order to dispose of the whole produce of his own labour.
但是，由于法国和英国的农业产品，其中大部分是在国内消费的，因此根据这些计算，每个从事农业的人只需要一个、两个或最多四个这样的家庭的习惯，就可以处理他自己的全部劳动产品。
Agriculture, therefore, can support itself under the discouragement of a confined market much better than manufactures.
因此，在市场有限的情况下，农业能够比制造业更好地自给自足。
In both ancient Egypt and Indostan, indeed, the confinement of the foreign market was in some measure compensated by the conveniency of many inland navigations, which opened, in the most advantageous manner, the whole extent of the home market to every part of the produce of every different district of those countries.
事实上，在古埃及和印度斯坦，外国市场的限制在某种程度上被许多内陆航运的便利所弥补，这些航运以最有利的方式向这些国家每个不同地区的产品的每个部分开放了整个国内市场。
The great extent of Indostan, too, rendered the home market of that country very great, and sufficient to support a great variety of manufactures.
印度斯坦幅员辽阔，也使得该国的国内市场非常大，足以支持各种各样的制造品。
But the small extent of ancient Egypt, which was never equal to England, must at all times, have rendered the home market of that country too narrow for supporting any great variety of manufactures.
但古埃及幅员狭小，永远无法与英格兰相提并论，这必然导致该国的国内市场过于狭窄，无法支持任何种类繁多的制造品。
Bengal accordingly, the province of Indostan which commonly exports the greatest quantity of rice, has always been more remarkable for the exportation of a great variety of manufactures, than for that of its grain.
因此，孟加拉这个通常出口大米数量最多的印度斯坦省，其各种制成品的出口一直比谷物的出口更为引人注目。
Ancient Egypt, on the contrary, though it exported some manufactures, fine linen in particular, as well as some other goods, was always most distinguished for its great exportation of grain.
相反，古埃及虽然出口一些制成品，特别是细亚麻布，以及其他一些商品，但始终以其大量的谷物出口而闻名。
It was long the granary of the Roman empire.
它长期以来一直是罗马帝国的粮仓。
The sovereigns of China, of ancient Egypt, and of the different kingdoms into which Indostan has, at different times, been divided, have always derived the whole, or by far the most considerable part, of their revenue, from some sort of land tax or land rent.
中国、古埃及以及印度斯坦在不同时期分裂成的不同王国的君主，总是从某种土地税或地租中获得其收入的全部或迄今为止最大的一部分。
This land tax, or land rent, like the tithe in Europe, consisted in a certain proportion, a fifth, it is said, of the produce of the land, which was either delivered in kind, or paid in money, according to a certain valuation, and which, therefore, varied from year to year, according to all the variations of the produce.
这种土地税或土地租金，就像欧洲的什一税一样，由土地产品的一定比例组成，据说是土地产品的五分之一，它要么以实物交付，要么以货币支付，根据一定的估价，因此，根据产品的所有变化，每年都会有所不同。
It was natural, therefore, that the sovereigns of those countries should be particularly attentive to the interests of agriculture, upon the prosperity or declension of which immediately depended the yearly increase or diminution of their own revenue.
因此，这些国家的主权者自然应该特别关注农业的利益，因为农业的兴衰直接关系到他们每年的收入增减。
The policy of the ancient republics of Greece, and that of Rome, though it honoured agriculture more than manufactures or foreign trade, yet seems rather to have discouraged the latter employments, than to have given any direct or intentional encouragement to the former.
古代希腊共和国和罗马共和国的政策，虽然比制造业或对外贸易更重视农业，但似乎更不鼓励后者的就业，而不是对前者给予任何直接或有意的鼓励。
In several of the ancient states of Greece, foreign trade was prohibited altogether; and in several others, the employments of artificers and manufacturers were considered as hurtful to the strength and agility of the human body, as rendering it incapable of those habits which their military and gymnastic exercises endeavoured to form in it, and as thereby disqualifying it, more or less, for undergoing the fatigues and encountering the dangers of war.
在希腊的几个古代国家，对外贸易是完全被禁止的。在其他一些国家中，技工和制造商的工作被认为对人体的力量和敏捷性有害，因为使人体无法养成军事和体操锻炼所努力形成的习惯，从而或多或少地使人体失去承受疲劳和遭遇战争危险的资格。
Such occupations were considered as fit only for slaves, and the free citizens of the states were prohibited from exercising them.
这些职业被认为只适合奴隶，并且禁止各州的自由公民从事这些职业。
Even in those states where no such prohibition took place, as in Rome and Athens, the great body of the people were in effect excluded from all the trades which are now commonly exercised by the lower sort of the inhabitants of towns.
即使在那些没有实施此类禁令的国家，如罗马和雅典，大多数人民实际上也被排除在现在由城镇下层居民普遍从事的所有行业之外。
Such trades were, at Athens and Rome, all occupied by the slaves of the rich, who exercised them for the benefit of their masters, whose wealth, power, and protection, made it almost impossible for a poor freeman to find a market for his work, when it came into competition with that of the slaves of the rich.
在雅典和罗马，这些行业都被富人的奴隶占据，他们为了主人的利益而从事这些行业，而主人的财富、权力和保护，使得贫穷的自由民在与富人的奴隶竞争时几乎不可能为自己的工作找到市场。
Slaves, however, are very seldom inventive; and all the most important improvements, either in machinery, or in the arrangement and distribution of work, which facilitate and abridge labour have been the discoveries of freemen.
然而，奴隶很少有创造力。所有最重要的改进，无论是在机械方面，还是在工作安排和分配方面，促进和减少了劳动力，都是自由民的发现。
Should a slave propose any improvement of this kind, his master would be very apt to consider the proposal as the suggestion of laziness, and of a desire to save his own labour at the master’s expense.
如果一个奴隶提出任何此类改进，他的主人很容易认为这个提议是懒惰的暗示，是一种以牺牲主人的利益为代价来节省自己劳动的愿望。
The poor slave, instead of reward would probably meet with much abuse, perhaps with some punishment.
可怜的奴隶可能会受到很多虐待，而不是奖励，也许还会受到一些惩罚。
In the manufactures carried on by slaves, therefore, more labour must generally have been employed to execute the same quantity of work, than in those carried on by freemen.
因此，在奴隶从事的制造业中，与自由人从事的制造业相比，完成相同数量的工作通常必须使用更多的劳动力。
The work of the farmer must, upon that account, generally have been dearer than that of the latter.
因此，农民的工作通常比后者更昂贵。
The Hungarian mines, it is remarked by Mr Montesquieu, though not richer, have always been wrought with less expense, and therefore with more profit, than the Turkish mines in their neighbourhood.
孟德斯鸠先生指出，匈牙利的矿山虽然并不富裕，但与邻近的土耳其矿山相比，其开采成本始终较低，因此利润较高。
The Turkish mines are wrought by slaves; and the arms of those slaves are the only machines which the Turks have ever thought of employing.
土耳其的矿山是由奴隶开采的；这些奴隶的武器是土耳其人唯一想到使用的机器。
The Hungarian mines are wrought by freemen, who employ a great deal of machinery, by which they facilitate and abridge their own labour.
匈牙利的矿山是由自由民开采的，他们使用大量机械，通过这些机械来促进和减少自己的劳动力。
From the very little that is known about the price of manufactures in the times of the Greeks and Romans, it would appear that those of the finer sort were excessively dear.
从对希腊和罗马时代制成品价格知之甚少的情况来看，质量较好的产品似乎过于昂贵。
Silk sold for its weight in gold.
丝绸按其重量的黄金出售。
It was not, indeed, in those times an European manufacture; and as it was all brought from the East Indies, the distance of the carriage may in some measure account for the greatness of the price.
事实上，在那个时代，它并不是欧洲制造商。由于它们都是从东印度群岛运来的，因此运输距离可能在某种程度上解释了价格的高昂。
The price, however, which a lady, it is said, would sometimes pay for a piece of very fine linen, seems to have been equally extravagant; and as linen was always either an European, or at farthest, an Egyptian manufacture, this high price can be accounted for only by the great expense of the labour which must have been employed about It, and the expense of this labour again could arise from nothing but the awkwardness of the machinery which is made use of.
然而，据说一位女士有时会为一件非常精美的亚麻布支付的价格似乎也同样奢侈。由于亚麻总是欧洲制造，或者最多是埃及制造，所以如此高的价格只能由其所必须使用的巨大劳动力费用来解释，而这种劳动力费用又只能源于所使用的机器的笨拙。
The price of fine woollens, too, though not quite so extravagant, seems, however, to have been much above that of the present times.
优质毛织品的价格虽然没有那么昂贵，但似乎也远高于当今时代。
Some cloths, we are told by Pliny {Plin.
普林尼（Pliny）告诉我们一些布料。
1.
1.
ix.c.39.}, dyed in a particular manner, cost a hundred denarii, or £3:6s:8d.
ix.c.39.}，以特殊方式染色，花费一百第纳里，或£3:6s:8d。
the pound weight.
磅的重量。
Others, dyed in another manner, cost a thousand denarii the pound weight, or £33:6s:8d.
另一些则以另一种方式染色，每磅的售价为 1000 第纳里，即 33:6:8 英镑。
The Roman pound, it must be remembered, contained only twelve of our avoirdupois ounces.
必须记住，罗马镑仅包含十二盎司。
This high price, indeed, seems to have been principally owing to the dye.
事实上，如此高的价格似乎主要归功于染料。
But had not the cloths themselves been much dearer than any which are made in the present times, so very expensive a dye would not probably have been bestowed upon them.
但如果不是这些布料本身比当今制造的任何布料都贵得多，那么很可能不会用如此昂贵的染料来染色它们。
The disproportion would have been too great between the value of the accessory and that of the principal.
从属物的价值与主物的价值之间的差距太大了。
The price mentioned by the same author {Plin.
同一作者提到的价格{Plin。
1.
1.
viii.c.48.}, of some triclinaria, a sort of woollen pillows or cushions made use of to lean upon as they reclined upon their couches at table, passes all credibility; some of them being said to have cost more than £30,000, others more than £300,000.
viii.c.48.}，关于某些 triclinaria，一种羊毛枕头或垫子，人们在餐桌上斜靠在沙发上时用来倚靠，这种说法完全可信；据说其中一些花费超过30,000英镑，另一些则超过300,000英镑。
This high price, too, is not said to have arisen from the dye.
据说如此高的价格也不是由染料引起的。
In the dress of the people of fashion of both sexes, there seems to have been much less variety, it is observed by Dr Arbuthnot, in ancient than in modern times; and the very little variety which we find in that of the ancient statues, confirms his observation.
阿巴斯诺特博士指出，古代男女时尚人士的着装似乎比现代要少得多。我们在古代雕像中发现的很少的变化证实了他的观察。
He infers from this, that their dress must, upon the whole, have been cheaper than ours; but the conclusion does not seem to follow.
他由此推断，总体而言，他们的衣服肯定比我们的便宜。但结论似乎并不成立。
When the expense of fashionable dress is very great, the variety must be very small.
当时装的费用很大时，品种就必须很小。
But when, by the improvements in the productive powers of manufacturing art and industry, the expense of any one dress comes to be very moderate, the variety will naturally be very great.
但当随着制造艺术和工业生产力的提高，任何一件衣服的费用变得非常适中时，品种自然就会非常丰富。
The rich, not being able to distinguish themselves by the expense of any one dress, will naturally endeavour to do so by the multitude and variety of their dresses.
富人无法通过任何一件衣服的价格来使自己与众不同，他们自然会努力通过衣服的数量和种类来做到这一点。
The greatest and most important branch of the commerce of every nation, it has already been observed, is that which is carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country.
我们已经注意到，每个国家最大、最重要的商业部门是城镇居民与乡村居民之间进行的贸易。
The inhabitants of the town draw from the country the rude produce, which constitutes both the materials of their work and the fund of their subsistence; and they pay for this rude produce, by sending back to the country a certain portion of it manufactured and prepared for immediate use.
镇上的居民从乡村获取原始产品，这些产品既构成了他们的工作材料，也构成了他们的生活资金；他们通过将制造并准备立即使用的一部分运回该国来支付这种粗制产品的费用。
The trade which is carried on between these two different sets of people, consists ultimately in a certain quantity of rude produce exchanged for a certain quantity of manufactured produce.
这两类不同人群之间进行的贸易最终是以一定数量的粗加工产品交换一定数量的制成品。
The dearer the latter, therefore, the cheaper the former; and whatever tends in any country to raise the price of manufactured produce, tends to lower that of the rude produce of the land, and thereby to discourage agriculture.
因此，后者越贵，前者就越便宜；在任何一个国家，任何导致制成品价格上涨的因素，都会导致该国的原始产品价格下降，从而阻碍农业发展。
The smaller the quantity of manufactured produce, which any given quantity of rude produce, or, what comes to the same thing, which the price of any given quantity of rude produce, is capable of purchasing, the smaller the exchangeable value of that given quantity of rude produce; the smaller the encouragement which either the landlord has to increase its quantity by improving, or the farmer by cultivating the land.
任何给定数量的原石生产的制成品的数量越小，或者任何给定数量的原石产品的价格能够购买到的相同物品的数量越小，则该给定数量的原石产品的交换价值就越小；地主必须通过改善土地来增加其数量，或者农民必须通过耕种土地来增加其数量的激励越小。
Whatever, besides, tends to diminish in any country the number of artificers and manufacturers, tends to diminish the home market, the most important of all markets, for the rude produce of the land, and thereby still further to discourage agriculture.
此外，无论什么因素都会减少任何国家的技工和制造商的数量，从而减少国内市场，即所有市场中最重要的原始产品市场，从而进一步抑制农业。
Those systems, therefore, which preferring agriculture to all other employments, in order to promote it, impose restraints upon manufactures and foreign trade, act contrary to the very end which they propose, and indirectly discourage that very species of industry which they mean to promote.
因此，那些为了促进农业而优先发展农业而不是所有其他就业的制度，对制造业和对外贸易施加了限制，其行为与它们所提议的目的背道而驰，并间接阻碍了它们想要促进的工业种类。
They are so far, perhaps, more inconsistent than even the mercantile system.
到目前为止，它们或许比重商体系更加不一致。
That system, by encouraging manufactures and foreign trade more than agriculture, turns a certain portion of the capital of the society, from supporting a more advantageous, to support a less advantageous species of industry.
该体系通过鼓励制造业和对外贸易多于农业，将社会资本的一部分从支持较有利的工业种类转向支持较不有利的工业种类。
But still it really, and in the end, encourages that species of industry which it means to promote.
但它最终仍然确实鼓励了它所要促进的工业种类。
Those agricultural systems, on the contrary, really, and in the end, discourage their own favourite species of industry.
相反，这些农业系统实际上并最终阻碍了它们自己最喜欢的工业种类。
It is thus that every system which endeavours, either, by extraordinary encouragements to draw towards a particular species of industry a greater share of the capital of the society than what would naturally go to it, or, by extraordinary restraints, to force from a particular species of industry some share of the capital which would otherwise be employed in it, is, in reality, subversive of the great purpose which it means to promote.
因此，任何一种制度，如果试图通过特别的鼓励措施，吸引比自然流向该行业更多的社会资本，或者通过特别的限制，从特定的工业种类中强行夺走本应用于该行业的资本份额，那么，事实上，这种制度就破坏了它所要促进的伟大目的。
It retards, instead of accelerating the progress of the society towards real wealth and greatness; and diminishes, instead of increasing, the real value of the annual produce of its land and labour.
它阻碍而不是加速社会走向真正财富和伟大的进步；并且减少而不是增加其土地和劳动力年产品的实际价值。
All systems, either of preference or of restraint, therefore, being thus completely taken away, the obvious and simple system of natural liberty establishes itself of its own accord.
因此，所有制度，无论是优先制度还是限制制度，都被完全消除了，自然自由的明显而简单的制度自行建立起来。
Every man, as long as he does not violate the laws of justice, is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest his own way, and to bring both his industry and capital into competition with those of any other man, or order of men.
每个人，只要不违反正义法则，就可以完全自由地以自己的方式追求自己的利益，并使自己的工业和资本与任何其他人或人类秩序进行竞争。
The sovereign is completely discharged from a duty, in the attempting to perform which he must always be exposed to innumerable delusions, and for the proper performance of which, no human wisdom or knowledge could ever be sufficient; the duty of superintending the industry of private people, and of directing it towards the employments most suitable to the interests of the society.
君主完全被解除了一项义务，在试图履行这一职责时，他必须始终面临无数的幻想，而为了正确履行这一职责，人类的智慧或知识永远都不够；监督私人工业并引导其从事最适合社会利益的就业的责任。
According to the system of natural liberty, the sovereign has only three duties to attend to; three duties of great importance, indeed, but plain and intelligible to common understandings: first, the duty of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies; secondly, the duty of protecting, as far as possible, every member of the society from the injustice or oppression of every other member of it, or the duty of establishing an exact administration of justice; and, thirdly, the duty of erecting and maintaining certain public works, and certain public institutions, which it can never be for the interest of any individual, or small number of individuals to erect and maintain; because the profit could never repay the expense to any individual, or small number of individuals, though it may frequently do much more than repay it to a great society.
根据自然自由制度，主权者只有三项职责：事实上，三项义务非常重要，但又简单易懂，为共识所理解：第一，保护社会免受其他独立社会的暴力和入侵的义务；其次，有责任尽可能保护社会的每个成员免受其他成员的不公正或压迫，或者建立精确的司法行政的责任；第三，建立和维护某些公共工程和某些公共机构的义务，这些公共工程和公共机构的建立和维护决不能为了任何个人或少数人的利益；因为利润永远无法偿还任何个人或少数个人的费用，尽管它常常可能比偿还一个伟大的社会更多。
The proper performance of those several duties of the sovereign necessarily supposes a certain expense; and this expense again necessarily requires a certain revenue to support it.
主权者正确履行这几项职责必然需要一定的费用；而这笔支出又必然需要一定的收入来支撑。
In the following book, therefore, I shall endeavour to explain, first, what are the necessary expenses of the sovereign or commonwealth; and which of those expenses ought to be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society; and which of them, by that of some particular part only, or of some particular members of the society: secondly, what are the different methods in which the whole society may be made to contribute towards defraying the expenses incumbent on the whole society; and what are the principal advantages and inconveniencies of each of those methods: and thirdly, what are the reasons and causes which have induced almost all modern governments to mortgage some part of this revenue, or to contract debts; and what have been the effects of those debts upon the real wealth, the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.
因此，在接下来的书中，我将尽力解释，首先，主权或联邦的必要开支是什么；其中哪些费用应当由全社会的共同捐款来支付？以及其中哪些，仅由某个特定部分，或由社会的某些特定成员；第二，有哪些不同的方法可以使整个社会为支付整个社会应承担的费用做出贡献；每种方法的主要优点和缺点是什么？第三，促使几乎所有现代政府抵押部分收入或收缩债务的原因和原因是什么？这些债务对实际财富、土地年产值和社会劳动力有何影响？
The following book, therefore, will naturally be divided into three chapters.
因此，接下来的书自然会分为三章。
APPENDIX TO BOOK IV
第四册附录
The two following accounts are subjoined, in order to illustrate and confirm what is said in the fifth chapter of the fourth book, concerning the Tonnage Bounty to the Whit-herring Fishery.
为了说明和证实第四本书第五章中有关白鲱鱼渔业的吨位奖励的内容，附有以下两段叙述。
The reader, I believe, may depend upon the accuracy of both accounts.
我相信，读者可能会依赖这两种说法的准确性。
An account of Busses fitted out in Scotland for eleven Years, with the Number of empty Barrels carried out, and the Number of Barrels of Herrings caught; also the Bounty, at a Medium, on each Barrel of Sea-sricks, and on each Barrel when fully packed.
苏格兰十一年来的巴士记录，包括运出的空桶数量和捕获的鲱鱼桶数量；还有赏金，中等金额，每桶 Sea-sricks 以及每桶装满时的奖励。
Years Number of Empty Barrels Barrels of Her- Bounty paid on Busses carried out rings caught the Busses £.
年份 空桶数量 她的桶数 - 在公共汽车上支付的赏金 进行环捕获公共汽车 £。
s.
s。
d.
d.
1771 29 5,948 2,832 2,885 0 0 1772 168 41,316 22,237 11,055 7 6 1773 190 42,333 42,055 12,510 8 6 1774 240 59,303 56,365 26,932 2 6 1775 275 69,144 52,879 19,315 15 0 1776 294 76,329 51,863 21,290 7 6 1777 240 62,679 43,313 17,592 2 6 1778 220 56,390 40,958 16,316 2 6 1779 206 55,194 29,367 15,287 0 0 1780 181 48,315 19,885 13,445 12 6 1781 135 33,992 16,593 9,613 15 6
1771 29 5,948 2,832 2,885 0 0 1772 168 41,316 22,237 11,055 7 6 1773 190 42,333 42,055 12,510 8 6 1774 240 59,303 56,365 26,932 2 6 1775 275 69,144 52,879 19,315 15 0 1776 294 76,329 51,863 21,290 7 6 1777 240 62,679 43,313 17,592 2 6 1778 220 56,390 40,958 16,316 2 6 1779 206 55,194 29,367 15,287 0 0 1780 181 48,315 19,885 13,445 12 6 1781 135 33,992 16,593 9,613 15 6
Totals 2,186 550,943 378,347 £165,463 14 0
总计 2,186 550,943 378,347 £165,463 14 0
Sea-sticks 378,347 Bounty, at a medium, for each barrel of sea-sticks, £ 0 8 2¼ But a barrel of sea-sticks being only reckoned two thirds of a barrel fully packed, one third to be deducted, which ⅓ deducted 126,115 brings the bounty to £ 0 12 3¾ Barrels fully packed 252,231
海棒 378,347 中等水平，每桶海棒的赏金为 £ 0 8 2⁄4 但一桶海棒仅算满装的桶的三分之二，要扣除三分之一，扣除 ⅓ 126,115 后，赏金为 £ 0 12 3⁄4 满装的桶 252,231
And if the herrings are exported, there is besides a premium of £ 0 2 8 So the bounty paid by government in money for each barrel is £ 0 14 11¾
如果鲱鱼出口，除了 0 2 8 英镑的溢价外，政府为每桶支付的赏金为 0 14 11⁄4 英镑
But if to this, the duty of the salt usually taken credit for as expended in curing each barrel, which at a medium, is, of foreign, one bushel and one- fourth of a bushel, at 10s.
但如果对此，盐的责任通常被认为是在固化每桶中所花费的，在介质中，是外国的，一蒲式耳和四分之一蒲式耳，在 10 秒。
a-bushel, be added, viz 0 12 6 the bounty on each barrel would amount to £ 1 7 5¾
a-蒲式耳，添加，即 0 12 6 每桶的赏金将达到 £ 1 7 5⁄4
If the herrings are cured with British salt, it will stand thus, viz.
如果用英国盐腌制鲱鱼，它就会这样，即。
Bounty as before £ 0 14 11¾ But if to this bounty, the duty on two bushels of Scotch salt, at 1s.6d.
赏金与以前相同 £ 0 14 11⁄4 但如果达到此赏金，则需对两蒲式耳苏格兰盐征收 1s.6d 的关税。
per bushel, supposed to be the quantity, at a medium, used in curing each barrel is added, viz.
每蒲式耳，应该是在介质中用于固化每个桶的数量，即。
0 3 0 The bounty on each barrel will amount to £ 0 17 11¾
0 3 0 每桶赏金金额为 £ 0 17 11⁄4
And when buss herrings are entered for home consumption in Scotland, and pay the shilling a barrel of duty, the bounty stands thus, to wit, as before £ 0 12 3¾ From which the shilling a barrel is to be deducted 0 1 0 £ 0 11 3¾
当巴士鲱鱼进入苏格兰供家庭消费并缴纳每桶先令的关税时，赏金就这样，即与之前一样 £ 0 12 3⁄4 从中扣除每桶先令 0 1 0 £ 0 11 3⁄4
But to that there is to be added again, the duty of the foreign salt used curing a barrel of herring viz 0 12 6 So that the premium allowed for each barrel of her- rings entered for home consumption is £ 1 3 9¾
但需要再次补充的是，用于腌制一桶鲱鱼的外国盐的关税为 0 12 6 因此，每桶进入国内消费的鲱鱼允许的溢价为 1 3 9 3/4 英镑
If the herrings are cured in British salt, it will stand as follows viz.
如果鲱鱼用英国盐腌制，则情况如下：
Bounty on each barrel brought in by the busses, as above £ 0 12 3¾ From which deduct 1s.
巴士带来的每桶赏金，如上 £ 0 12 3⁄4 从中扣除 1 秒。
a-barrel, paid at the time they are entered for home consumption 0 1 0 £ 0 11 3¾
a-桶，在进入家庭消费时支付 0 1 0 £ 0 11 3⁄4
But if to the bounty, the the duty on two bushel of Scotch salt, at 1s.6d.
但如果要赏金，则需缴纳两蒲式耳苏格兰盐的关税，时间为 1 秒 6 天。
per bushel supposed to be the quantity, at a medium, used in curing each barrel, is added, viz 0 3 0 the premium for each barrel entered for home consumption will be £ 1 14 3¾
每蒲式耳应该是在介质中用于固化每个桶的数量，即 0 3 0 为家庭消费输入的每桶的溢价将为 £ 1 14 3⁄4
Though the loss of duties upon herrings exported cannot, perhaps, properly be considered as bounty, that upon herrings entered for home consumption certainly may.
尽管出口鲱鱼的关税损失也许不能被适当地视为赏金，但用于国内消费的鲱鱼的关税损失肯定可以被视为赏金。
An account of the Quantity of Foreign Salt imported into Scotland, and of Scotch Salt delivered Duty-free from the Works there, for the Fishery, from the 5th.
从 5 日起，统计了进口到苏格兰的外国盐的数量，以及从那里的工厂免税交付给渔业的苏格兰盐的数量。
of April 1771 to the 5th.
1771年4月至5日。
of April 1782 with the Medium of both for one Year.
1782 年 4 月，两者的媒介为期一年。
Foreign Salt Scotch Salt delivered PERIOD imported from the Works Bushels Bushels
外国盐 苏格兰盐 交付期限 从工厂进口 蒲式耳
From 5th.
从5号开始。
April 1771 to 5th.
1771年4月至5日。
April 1782 936,974 168,226 Medium for one year 85,159½ 15,293¼
1782 年 4 月 936,974 168,226 一年中等 85,159½ 15,293¼
It is to be observed, that the bushel of foreign salt weighs 48lbs., that of British weighs 56lbs.
值得注意的是，一蒲式耳外国盐重 48 磅，英国盐重 56 磅。
only.
仅有的。
BOOK V.
第五册
OF THE REVENUE OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH
主权或联邦的收入
CHAPTER I.
第一章
OF THE EXPENSES OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH.
主权或联邦的开支。
PART I.
第一部分。
Of the Expense of Defence.
国防费用。
The first duty of the sovereign, that of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies, can be performed only by means of a military force.
主权者的首要职责，即保护社会免受其他独立社会的暴力和入侵，只能通过军事力量来履行。
But the expense both of preparing this military force in time of peace, and of employing it in time of war, is very different in the different states of society, in the different periods of improvement.
但是，在不同的社会状态、不同的进步时期，和平时期准备这支军事力量和战时使用它的费用是非常不同的。
Among nations of hunters, the lowest and rudest state of society, such as we find it among the native tribes of North America, every man is a warrior, as well as a hunter.
在猎人的国家中，社会的最低级和最粗鲁的状态，例如我们在北美的土著部落中发现的那样，每个人都是战士，同时也是猎人。
When he goes to war, either to defend his society, or to revenge the injuries which have been done to it by other societies, he maintains himself by his own labour, in the same manner as when he lives at home.
当他参加战争时，无论是为了保卫自己的社会，还是为了报复其他社会对其造成的伤害，他都通过自己的劳动来维持自己的生活，就像他在家里生活一样。
His society (for in this state of things there is properly neither sovereign nor commonwealth) is at no sort of expense, either to prepare him for the field, or to maintain him while he is in it.
他的社会（因为在这种情况下，既不存在主权，也不存在共和国）不需要花费任何代价，无论是为他做好准备，还是在他身处其中时维持他的生活。
Among nations of shepherds, a more advanced state of society, such as we find it among the Tartars and Arabs, every man is, in the same manner, a warrior.
在牧羊人的民族中，社会处于更先进的状态，例如我们在鞑靼人和阿拉伯人中发现的那样，每个人都以同样的方式成为战士。
Such nations have commonly no fixed habitation, but live either in tents, or in a sort of covered waggons, which are easily transported from place to place.
这些民族通常没有固定的居住地，而是住在帐篷里，或者住在一种有篷马车里，这样很容易从一个地方运输到另一个地方。
The whole tribe, or nation, changes its situation according to the different seasons of the year, as well as according to other accidents.
整个部落或国家会根据一年中的不同季节以及其他意外情况而改变其情况。
When its herds and flocks have consumed the forage of one part of the country, it removes to another, and from that to a third.
当它的牛群和羊群消耗完该国一个地区的草料时，它就会转移到另一个地区，然后再转移到第三个地区。
In the dry season, it comes down to the banks of the rivers; in the wet season, it retires to the upper country.
旱季时，它会流到河岸边；在雨季，它退到上游地区。
When such a nation goes to war, the warriors will not trust their herds and flocks to the feeble defence of their old men, their women and children; and their old men, their women and children, will not be left behind without defence, and without subsistence.
当这样一个国家陷入战争时，战士们不会信任他们的牛群和羊群来保护他们的老人、妇女和儿童；他们的老人、妇女和儿童不会被抛在后面，失去防御，失去生计。
The whole nation, besides, being accustomed to a wandering life, even in time of peace, easily takes the field in time of war.
而且，整个民族都习惯了漂泊的生活，即使在和平时期，在战争时期也很容易上阵。
Whether it marches as an army, or moves about as a company of herdsmen, the way of life is nearly the same, though the object proposed by it be very different.
无论是作为军队行军，还是作为牧民连队行动，其生活方式几乎是一样的，尽管其提出的目标却大不相同。
They all go to war together, therefore, and everyone does as well as he can.
因此，他们都一起去打仗，每个人都尽力而为。
Among the Tartars, even the women have been frequently known to engage in battle.
在鞑靼人中，甚至连妇女也经常参与战斗。
If they conquer, whatever belongs to the hostile tribe is the recompence of the victory; but if they are vanquished, all is lost; and not only their herds and flocks, but their women and children become the booty of the conqueror.
如果他们胜利了，敌方部落的一切就是胜利的报应；但如果他们被打败了，一切就都完了。不仅他们的牛群、羊群，连他们的妇女和儿童都成为征服者的战利品。
Even the greater part of those who survive the action are obliged to submit to him for the sake of immediate subsistence.
即使是在这场行动中幸存下来的大部分人也为了眼前的生存而不得不屈服于他。
The rest are commonly dissipated and dispersed in the desert.
其余的通常消散并分散在沙漠中。
The ordinary life, the ordinary exercise of a Tartar or Arab, prepares him sufficiently for war.
鞑靼人或阿拉伯人的平凡生活、平凡锻炼，足以让他做好战争准备。
Running, wrestling, cudgel-playing, throwing the javelin, drawing the bow, etc. are the common pastimes of those who live in the open air, and are all of them the images of war.
奔跑、摔跤、打棍、投标枪、拉弓等等，都是露天生活的人们常见的消遣活动，都是战争的形象。
When a Tartar or Arab actually goes to war, he is maintained by his own herds and flocks, which he carries with him, in the same manner as in peace.
当鞑靼人或阿拉伯人真正参战时，他是靠自己随身携带的牛群和羊群维持生计的，就像在和平时期一样。
His chief or sovereign (for those nations have all chiefs or sovereigns) is at no sort of expense in preparing him for the field; and when he is in it, the chance of plunder is the only pay which he either expects or requires.
他的酋长或君主（因为那些国家都有所有的酋长或君主）不会为他的战场做好准备而付出任何代价；当他身处其中时，掠夺的机会就是他所期望或要求的唯一报酬。
An army of hunters can seldom exceed two or three hundred men.
一支狩猎大军很少会超过二三百人。
The precarious subsistence which the chace affords, could seldom allow a greater number to keep together for any considerable time.
机会所提供的不稳定的生存条件很少能让更多的人在相当长的时间内聚集在一起。
An army of shepherds, on the contrary, may sometimes amount to two or three hundred thousand.
相反，一支牧羊人的军队有时可能达到二三十万。
As long as nothing stops their progress, as long as they can go on from one district, of which they have consumed the forage, to another, which is yet entire; there seems to be scarce any limit to the number who can march on together.
只要没有什么能阻止他们的前进，只要他们能够从一个已经耗尽了粮草的地区继续前往另一个尚未完整的地区；能够一起前进的人数似乎没有任何限制。
A nation of hunters can never be formidable to the civilized nations in their neighbourhood; a nation of shepherds may.
一个狩猎民族永远无法令其邻国的文明国家感到畏惧。一个牧羊人的国家可能会。
Nothing can be more contemptible than an Indian war in North America; nothing, on the contrary, can be more dreadful than a Tartar invasion has frequently been in Asia.
没有什么比北美印第安人的战争更令人鄙视的了。相反，没有什么比鞑靼人频繁入侵亚洲更可怕的了。
The judgment of Thucydides, that both Europe and Asia could not resist the Scythians united, has been verified by the experience of all ages.
修昔底德关于欧洲和亚洲都无法抵抗斯基泰人联合的判断，已经为历代的经验所证实。
The inhabitants of the extensive, but defenceless plains of Scythia or Tartary, have been frequently united under the dominion of the chief of some conquering horde or clan; and the havock and devastation of Asia have always signalized their union.
斯基泰或鞑靼广阔但毫无防御能力的平原上的居民经常被统一在某个征服部落或氏族首领的统治之下。亚洲的破坏和破坏始终标志着他们的联合。
The inhabitants of the inhospitable deserts of Arabia, the other great nation of shepherds, have never been united but once, under Mahomet and his immediate successors.
另一个伟大的牧羊民族阿拉伯半岛荒凉的沙漠里的居民，在穆罕默德和他的直接继承者的统治下，从来没有团结过一次。
Their union, which was more the effect of religious enthusiasm than of conquest, was signalized in the same manner.
他们的结合更多地是宗教热情的结果，而不是征服的结果，也是以同样的方式表现出来的。
If the hunting nations of America should ever become shepherds, their neighbourhood would be much more dangerous to the European colonies than it is at present.
如果美洲的狩猎民族成为牧羊人，那么他们的邻居对欧洲殖民地来说将比现在更加危险。
In a yet more advanced state of society, among those nations of husbandmen who have little foreign commerce, and no other manufactures but those coarse and household ones, which almost every private family prepares for its own use, every man, in the same manner, either is a warrior, or easily becomes such.
在更先进的社会状态中，在那些几乎没有对外贸易的农耕国家中，除了那些几乎每个私人家庭都准备自用的粗制和家用产品外，没有其他制造品，每个人都以同样的方式要么是战士，要么很容易成为战士。
Those who live by agriculture generally pass the whole day in the open air, exposed to all the inclemencies of the seasons.
那些以农业为生的人通常整天都在露天度过，遭受四季的恶劣天气。
The hardiness of their ordinary life prepares them for the fatigues of war, to some of which their necessary occupations bear a great analogy.
他们日常生活的艰苦程度使他们做好了应对战争疲劳的准备，他们的某些必要职业与战争的疲劳有很大的相似之处。
The necessary occupation of a ditcher prepares him to work in the trenches, and to fortify a camp, as well as to inclose a field.
挖沟工的必要职业是让他做好在战壕中工作、加固营地以及围垦田地的准备。
The ordinary pastimes of such husbandmen are the same as those of shepherds, and are in the same manner the images of war.
这些农夫的日常消遣与牧羊人的消遣是一样的，同样也是战争的形象。
But as husbandmen have less leisure than shepherds, they are not so frequently employed in those pastimes.
但由于农夫的闲暇时间比牧羊人少，因此他们并不经常从事这些消遣活动。
They are soldiers but soldiers not quite so much masters of their exercise.
他们是士兵，但士兵并不是他们的训练大师。
Such as they are, however, it seldom costs the sovereign or commonwealth any expense to prepare them for the field.
然而，尽管如此，主权国家或联邦很少需要花费任何费用来为他们做好准备。
Agriculture, even in its rudest and lowest state, supposes a settlement, some sort of fixed habitation, which cannot be abandoned without great loss.
农业，即使在最原始和最低的状态下，也需要一个定居点，某种固定的居住地，如果放弃它，就会造成巨大损失。
When a nation of mere husbandmen, therefore, goes to war, the whole people cannot take the field together.
所以，一个农夫民族去打仗，就不能全体人民一起出战。
The old men, the women and children, at least, must remain at home, to take care of the habitation.
至少，老人、妇女和儿童必须留在家里，照顾住所。
All the men of the military age, however, may take the field, and in small nations of this kind, have frequently done so.
然而，所有处于军事年龄的男人都可以上战场，而且在这类小国家中，经常这样做。
In every nation, the men of the military age are supposed to amount to about a fourth or a fifth part of the whole body of the people.
在每个国家，参军年龄的男性大约占总人口的四分之一或五分之一。
If the campaign, too, should begin after seedtime, and end before harvest, both the husbandman and his principal labourers can be spared from the farm without much loss.
如果这场运动也应该在播种后开始，在收获前结束，那么农夫和他的主要劳动力都可以免受农场的影响，而不会造成太大损失。
He trusts that the work which must be done in the mean time, can be well enough executed by the old men, the women, and the children.
他相信，老人、妇女和儿童能够很好地完成同时必须完成的工作。
He is not unwilling, therefore, to serve without pay during a short campaign; and it frequently costs the sovereign or commonwealth as little to maintain him in the field as to prepare him for it.
因此，他并非不愿意在短暂的竞选期间无薪服役。君主或国家常常花费很少的费用来维持他在战场上，就像为他做好准备一样。
The citizens of all the different states of ancient Greece seem to have served in this manner till after the second Persian war; and the people of Peloponnesus till after the Peloponnesian war.
古希腊各个国家的公民似乎一直以这种方式服役，直到第二次波斯战争之后。以及伯罗奔尼撒半岛的人民，直到伯罗奔尼撒战争结束后。
The Peloponnesians, Thucydides observes, generally left the field in the summer, and returned home to reap the harvest.
修昔底德观察到，伯罗奔尼撒人通常在夏季离开田地，返回家乡收割庄稼。
The Roman people, under their kings, and during the first ages of the republic, served in the same manner.
罗马人民在他们的国王统治下，在共和国的最初时期，也以同样的方式服务。
It was not till the seige of Veii, that they who staid at home began to contribute something towards maintaining those who went to war.
直到维伊被围困之后，那些待在家里的人才开始为维持上阵的人做出一些贡献。
In the European monarchies, which were founded upon the ruins of the Roman empire, both before, and for some time after, the establishment of what is properly called the feudal law, the great lords, with all their immediate dependents, used to serve the crown at their own expense.
在建立在罗马帝国废墟上的欧洲君主政体中，无论是在所谓的封建法律建立之前还是之后的一段时间内，大领主及其所有直属附属者都习惯于自费为王室服务。
In the field, in the same manner as at home, they maintained themselves by their own revenue, and not by any stipend or pay which they received from the king upon that particular occasion.
在战场上，就像在家里一样，他们靠自己的收入维持生计，而不是靠当时从国王那里得到的任何津贴或报酬。
In a more advanced state of society, two different causes contribute to render it altogether impossible that they who take the field should maintain themselves at their own expense.
在一个更先进的社会状态中，有两个不同的原因导致那些进入这个领域的人完全不可能自费维持自己的生活。
Those two causes are, the progress of manufactures, and the improvement in the art of war.
这两个原因是，制造业的进步和战争艺术的改进。
Though a husbandman should be employed in an expedition, provided it begins after seedtime, and ends before harvest, the interruption of his business will not always occasion any considerable diminution of his revenue.
尽管农夫应该参加远征，只要远征在播种后开始，在收获前结束，但他的生意中断并不总是会导致他的收入大幅减少。
Without the intervention of his labour, Nature does herself the greater part of the work which remains to be done.
如果没有他的劳动干预，大自然会自己完成大部分有待完成的工作。
But the moment that an artificer, a smith, a carpenter, or a weaver, for example, quits his workhouse, the sole source of his revenue is completely dried up.
但是，当技工、铁匠、木匠或织布工离开他的工作室时，他唯一的收入来源就完全枯竭了。
Nature does nothing for him; he does all for himself.
大自然对他没有任何帮助；他所做的一切都是为了自己。
When he takes the field, therefore, in defence of the public, as he has no revenue to maintain himself, he must necessarily be maintained by the public.
因此，当他上场保卫公众时，由于他没有收入来维持自己，因此他必须由公众来维持。
But in a country, of which a great part of the inhabitants are artificers and manufacturers, a great part of the people who go to war must be drawn from those classes, and must, therefore, be maintained by the public as long as they are employed in its service.
但在一个大部分居民都是技工和制造商的国家里，参战的很大一部分人必须来自这些阶级，因此，只要他们受雇为公共服务，就必须由公共维持。
When the art of war, too, has gradually grown up to be a very intricate and complicated science; when the event of war ceases to be determined, as in the first ages of society, by a single irregular skirmish or battle; but when the contest is generally spun out through several different campaigns, each of which lasts during the greater part of the year; it becomes universally necessary that the public should maintain those who serve the public in war, at least while they are employed in that service.
当兵法也逐渐成长为一门非常复杂的科学时；当战争事件不再像社会早期那样由一次不规则的小规模冲突或战斗决定时；但是，当比赛通常通过几个不同的活动展开时，每个活动都会在一年的大部分时间里持续；普遍需要的是，公众应该留住那些在战争中为公众服务的人，至少在他们受雇从事该服务期间。
Whatever, in time of peace, might be the ordinary occupation of those who go to war, so very tedious and expensive a service would otherwise be by far too heavy a burden upon them.
不管怎样，在和平时期，这可能是那些参加战争的人的普通职业，如此繁琐和昂贵的服务否则对他们来说将是一个太沉重的负担。
After the second Persian war, accordingly, the armies of Athens seem to have been generally composed of mercenary troops, consisting, indeed, partly of citizens, but partly, too, of foreigners; and all of them equally hired and paid at the expense of the state.
因此，在第二次波斯战争之后，雅典的军队似乎基本上都是由雇佣军组成的，事实上，其中一部分由公民组成，但也有一部分由外国人组成。所有这些人的雇用和报酬均由国家承担。
From the time of the siege of Veii, the armies of Rome received pay for their service during the time which they remained in the field.
从围攻维伊开始，罗马军队在战场上服役期间就获得报酬。
Under the feudal governments, the military service, both of the great lords, and of their immediate dependents, was, after a certain period, universally exchanged for a payment in money, which was employed to maintain those who served in their stead.
在封建政府的统治下，大领主及其直系亲属的服兵役，在一定时期后，普遍会换取金钱报酬，用于维持那些代替他们服役的人。
The number of those who can go to war, in proportion to the whole number of the people, is necessarily much smaller in a civilized than in a rude state of society.
可以参加战争的人数占总人口的比例，在文明社会中必然比在粗鲁社会中少得多。
In a civilized society, as the soldiers are maintained altogether by the labour of those who are not soldiers, the number of the former can never exceed what the latter can maintain, over and above maintaining, in a manner suitable to their respective stations, both themselves and the other officers of government and law, whom they are obliged to maintain.
在文明社会中，由于士兵完全是由非士兵的劳动来维持的，因此前者的数量永远不会超过后者所能维持的数量，除了以适合其各自职位的方式维持自己以及他们有义务维持的其他政府和法律官员之外。
In the little agrarian states of ancient Greece, a fourth or a fifth part of the whole body of the people considered the themselves as soldiers, and would sometimes, it is said, take the field.
在古希腊的小农业国家中，全体人民的四分之一或五分之一的人认为自己是士兵，据说有时也会上战场。
Among the civilized nations of modern Europe, it is commonly computed, that not more than the one hundredth part of the inhabitants of any country can be employed as soldiers, without ruin to the country which pays the expense of their service.
在现代欧洲的文明国家中，人们普遍认为，任何国家只有百分之一的居民可以被雇用为士兵，而不会损害支付其服役费用的国家。
The expense of preparing the army for the field seems not to have become considerable in any nation, till long after that of maintaining it in the field had devolved entirely upon the sovereign or commonwealth.
在任何国家，为战场准备军队的费用似乎都没有变得相当大，直到维持军队在战场上的费用完全移交给主权国家或联邦很久之后。
In all the different republics of ancient Greece, to learn his military exercises, was a necessary part of education imposed by the state upon every free citizen.
在古希腊的各个共和国中，学习军事演习是国家对每个自由公民实行的教育的必要组成部分。
In every city there seems to have been a public field, in which, under the protection of the public magistrate, the young people were taught their different exercises by different masters.
每个城市似乎都有一个公共场域，在公共行政长官的保护下，不同的大师教导年轻人不同的功法。
In this very simple institution consisted the whole expense which any Grecian state seems ever to have been at, in preparing its citizens for war.
这个非常简单的机构包含了任何希腊国家为让其公民做好战争准备而花费的全部费用。
In ancient Rome, the exercises of the Campus Martius answered the same purpose with those of the Gymnasium in ancient Greece.
在古罗马，战神广场的练习与古希腊体育馆的练习达到了同样的目的。
Under the feudal governments, the many public ordinances, that the citizens of every district should practise archery, as well as several other military exercises, were intended for promoting the same purpose, but do not seem to have promoted it so well.
在封建政府统治下，许多公共法令要求每个地区的公民都必须练习射箭，以及其他一些军事演习，也是为了促进同样的目的，但似乎并没有那么好地促进它。
Either from want of interest in the officers entrusted with the execution of those ordinances, or from some other cause, they appear to have been universally neglected; and in the progress of all those governments, military exercises seem to have gone gradually into disuse among the great body of the people.
要么是因为对负责执行这些法令的官员缺乏兴趣，要么是出于其他原因，他们似乎普遍被忽视了。在所有这些政府的进步过程中，军事演习似乎在广大人民中逐渐不再使用。
In the republics of ancient Greece and Rome, during the whole period of their existence, and under the feudal governments, for a considerable time after their first establishment, the trade of a soldier was not a separate, distinct trade, which constituted the sole or principal occupation of a particular class of citizens; every subject of the state, whatever might be the ordinary trade or occupation by which he gained his livelihood, considered himself, upon all ordinary occasions, as fit likewise to exercise the trade of a soldier, and, upon many extraordinary occasions, as bound to exercise it.
在古希腊和罗马的共和国中，在它们存在的整个时期，以及在封建政府统治下，在它们最初建立后的相当长的一段时间内，士兵的职业并不是一个单独的、独特的职业，它构成了特定公民阶层的唯一或主要职业；国家的每一个臣民，无论他赖以谋生的普通行业或职业是什么，在所有普通场合都认为自己同样适合从事士兵的职业，并且在许多特殊场合，有义务从事这种职业。
The art of war, however, as it is certainly the noblest of all arts, so, in the progress of improvement, it necessarily becomes one of the most complicated among them.
然而，兵法无疑是所有艺术中最高尚的，因此，在改进的过程中，它必然成为其中最复杂的艺术之一。
The state of the mechanical, as well as some other arts, with which it is necessarily connected, determines the degree of perfection to which it is capable of being carried at any particular time.
机械的状态以及与之必然相关的其他一些艺术，决定了它在任何特定时间能够达到的完美程度。
But in order to carry it to this degree of perfection, it is necessary that it should become the sole or principal occupation of a particular class of citizens; and the division of labour is as necessary for the improvement of this, as of every other art.
但为了使其达到如此完美的程度，它必须成为特定公民阶层的唯一或主要职业；与其他艺术一样，分工对于改进这门艺术也是必要的。
Into other arts, the division of labour is naturally introduced by the prudence of individuals, who find that they promote their private interest better by confining themselves to a particular trade, than by exercising a great number.
在其他艺术中，分工自然是由个人的谨慎引入的，他们发现将自己限制在特定行业比从事大量工作更能促进他们的私人利益。
But it is the wisdom of the state only, which can render the trade of a soldier a particular trade, separate and distinct from all others.
但只有国家的智慧才能使士兵的职业成为一种特殊的职业，与其他职业区别开来。
A private citizen, who, in time of profound peace, and without any particular encouragement from the public, should spend the greater part of his time in military exercises, might, no doubt, both improve himself very much in them, and amuse himself very well; but he certainly would not promote his own interest.
一个普通公民，在太平时期，在没有公众特别鼓励的情况下，将大部分时间花在军事演习上，无疑可以在军事演习中提高自己，也可以很好地娱乐自己。但他肯定不会促进自己的利益。
It is the wisdom of the state only, which can render it for his interest to give up the greater part of his time to this peculiar occupation; and states have not always had this wisdom, even when their circumstances had become such, that the preservation of their existence required that they should have it.
只有国家的智慧才能使他为了自己的利益而放弃大部分时间从事这种特殊的职业。各国并不总是拥有这种智慧，即使它们的情况已经发展到为了维持其存在而需要它们拥有这种智慧。
A shepherd has a great deal of leisure; a husbandman, in the rude state of husbandry, has some; an artificer or manufacturer has none at all.
牧羊人有很多闲暇；一个农夫，在粗鲁的饲养状态下，有一些；工匠或制造商根本没有。
The first may, without any loss, employ a great deal of his time in martial exercises; the second may employ some part of it; but the last cannot employ a single hour in them without some loss, and his attention to his own interest naturally leads him to neglect them altogether.
前者可以将大量时间用于武术练习，而不会造成任何损失。第二个可能会使用其中的一部分；但最后一个人不可能在没有损失的情况下花一小时在这些事情上，而他对自己利益的关注自然会导致他完全忽视它们。
Those improvements in husbandry, too, which the progress of arts and manufactures necessarily introduces, leave the husbandman as little leisure as the artificer.
艺术和制造业的进步必然带来畜牧业的进步，但农民和技工一样没有闲暇。
Military exercises come to be as much neglected by the inhabitants of the country as by those of the town, and the great body of the people becomes altogether unwarlike.
乡村居民和城镇居民一样忽视了军事演习，广大民众变得完全不好战。
That wealth, at the same time, which always follows the improvements of agriculture and manufactures, and which, in reality, is no more than the accumulated produce of those improvements, provokes the invasion of all their neighbours.
与此同时，总是伴随着农业和制造业的进步而来的财富，实际上只不过是这些进步的积累产物，却引发了对其所有邻国的入侵。
An industrious, and, upon that account, a wealthy nation, is of all nations the most likely to be attacked; and unless the state takes some new measure for the public defence, the natural habits of the people render them altogether incapable of defending themselves.
一个勤劳的国家，因此也是一个富裕的国家，是所有国家中最有可能受到攻击的国家。除非国家采取一些新的公共防卫措施，否则人民的自然习惯使他们完全没有能力保卫自己。
In these circumstances, there seem to be but two methods by which the state can make any tolerable provision for the public defence.
在这种情况下，国家似乎只有两种方法可以为公共防卫提供可容忍的规定。
It may either, first, by means of a very rigorous police, and in spite of the whole bent of the interest, genius, and inclinations of the people, enforce the practice of military exercises, and oblige either all the citizens of the military age, or a certain number of them, to join in some measure the trade of a soldier to whatever other trade or profession they may happen to carry on.
首先，它可以通过非常严格的警察，不顾人民的整体兴趣、天赋和倾向，强制实行军事演习，并迫使所有处于军事年龄的公民或其中一定数量的公民在某种程度上将士兵的职业加入到他们可能从事的任何其他职业或职业中。
Or, secondly, by maintaining and employing a certain number of citizens in the constant practice of military exercises, it may render the trade of a soldier a particular trade, separate and distinct from all others.
或者，其次，通过在不断的军事演习中维持和雇用一定数量的公民，它可以使士兵的职业成为一种特殊的职业，与所有其他职业分开和不同。
If the state has recourse to the first of those two expedients, its military force is said to consist in a militia; if to the second, it is said to consist in a standing army.
如果国家采取这两种权宜之计中的第一种，那么其军事力量就可以说是由民兵组成；如果是第二个，据说是一支常备军。
The practice of military exercises is the sole or principal occupation of the soldiers of a standing army, and the maintenance or pay which the state affords them is the principal and ordinary fund of their subsistence.
军事演习是常备军士兵的唯一或主要职业，国家向他们提供的生活费或工资是他们的主要和普通生活资金。
The practice of military exercises is only the occasional occupation of the soldiers of a militia, and they derive the principal and ordinary fund of their subsistence from some other occupation.
军事演习只是民兵士兵的偶尔职业，他们的主要日常生活资金来自其他职业。
In a militia, the character of the labourer, artificer, or tradesman, predominates over that of the soldier; in a standing army, that of the soldier predominates over every other character; and in this distinction seems to consist the essential difference between those two different species of military force.
在民兵中，工人、技工或商人的性格比士兵的性格更重要。在常备军中，士兵的角色高于其他角色。这两种不同类型的军事力量之间的本质区别似乎就在这种区别之中。
Militias have been of several different kinds.
民兵有几种不同的类型。
In some countries, the citizens destined for defending the state seem to have been exercised only, without being, if I may say so, regimented; that is, without being divided into separate and distinct bodies of troops, each of which performed its exercises under its own proper and permanent officers.
在一些国家，注定要保卫国家的公民似乎只是受到锻炼，而不是（如果我可以这么说的话）受到管制。也就是说，不被分成单独和不同的部队，每个部队在其自己的适当和常任军官的领导下进行演习。
In the republics of ancient Greece and Rome, each citizen, as long as he remained at home, seems to have practised his exercises, either separately and independently, or with such of his equals as he liked best; and not to have been attached to any particular body of troops, till he was actually called upon to take the field.
在古希腊和古罗马的共和国里，每个公民只要待在家里，似乎都在练习自己的练习，或者单独独立地练习，或者与他最喜欢的同等人一起进行练习。在他真正被要求上战场之前，他并没有隶属于任何特定的部队。
In other countries, the militia has not only been exercised, but regimented.
在其他国家，民兵不仅经过训练，而且受到严格管制。
In England, in Switzerland, and, I believe, in every other country of modern Europe, where any imperfect military force of this kind has been established, every militiaman is, even in time of peace, attached to a particular body of troops, which performs its exercises under its own proper and permanent officers.
在英国、在瑞士，以及我相信在现代欧洲的所有其他国家，凡是建立了不完善的此类军事力量的国家，即使在和平时期，每名民兵都隶属于一个特定的部队，由其自己的适当和常任军官执行任务。
Before the invention of fire-arms, that army was superior in which the soldiers had, each individually, the greatest skill and dexterity in the use of their arms.
在火器发明之前，军队是优越的，其中的士兵在使用武器方面拥有最高的技能和灵活性。
Strength and agility of body were of the highest consequence, and commonly determined the fate of battles.
身体的力量和敏捷性至关重要，通常决定战斗的命运。
But this skill and dexterity in the use of their arms could be acquired only, in the same manner as fencing is at present, by practising, not in great bodies, but each man separately, in a particular school, under a particular master, or with his own particular equals and companions.
但是，这种使用手臂的技巧和灵巧性只能像现在的击剑一样，通过单独练习，而不是在巨大的身体中获得，而是每个人在特定的学校，在特定的老师的指导下，或者与他自己特定的平等者和同伴一起练习。
Since the invention of fire-arms, strength and agility of body, or even extraordinary dexterity and skill in the use of arms, though they are far from being of no consequence, are, however, of less consequence.
自从火器发明以来，身体的力量和敏捷性，甚至使用武器的非凡的灵巧性和技巧，虽然远非没有影响，但也不是那么重要。
The nature of the weapon, though it by no means puts the awkward upon a level with the skilful, puts him more nearly so than he ever was before.
武器的性质虽然绝不能让笨手笨脚的人与熟练的人处于同一水平上，但却使他比以往任何时候都更接近熟练者。
All the dexterity and skill, it is supposed, which are necessary for using it, can be well enough acquired by practising in great bodies.
据认为，使用它所必需的所有灵巧和技巧都可以通过在巨大的身体上练习来获得。
Regularity, order, and prompt obedience to command, are qualities which, in modern armies, are of more importance towards determining the fate of battles, than the dexterity and skill of the soldiers in the use of their arms.
在现代军队中，规律性、秩序性和对指挥的迅速服从比士兵使用武器的灵巧性和技巧更能决定战争的命运。
But the noise of fire-arms, the smoke, and the invisible death to which every man feels himself every moment exposed, as soon as he comes within cannon-shot, and frequently a long time before the battle can be well said to be engaged, must render it very difficult to maintain any considerable degree of this regularity, order, and prompt obedience, even in the beginning of a modern battle.
但是，枪声、硝烟和无形的死亡让每个人在进入炮火范围后，常常在可以说是交战之前很长一段时间内，都感到自己时刻暴露在无形的死亡之中，这必然使得即使在现代战争开始时，也很难保持相当程度的这种规律性、秩序和迅速服从。
In an ancient battle, there was no noise but what arose from the human voice; there was no smoke, there was no invisible cause of wounds or death.
古代的战争中，除了人声之外，没有任何喧闹。没有烟雾，没有看不见的受伤或死亡原因。
Every man, till some mortal weapon actually did approach him, saw clearly that no such weapon was near him.
每个人，直到有致命武器真正接近他之前，都清楚地看到他附近没有这样的武器。
In these circumstances, and among troops who had some confidence in their own skill and dexterity in the use of their arms, it must have been a good deal less difficult to preserve some degree of regularity and order, not only in the beginning, but through the whole progress of an ancient battle, and till one of the two armies was fairly defeated.
在这种情况下，对于那些对自己的技术和使用武器的灵巧性有一定信心的部队来说，保持一定程度的规律性和秩序一定要容易得多，不仅在开始时如此，而且在一场古代战争的整个过程中，直到两支军队中的一支被彻底击败。
But the habits of regularity, order, and prompt obedience to command, can be acquired only by troops which are exercised in great bodies.
但是，规律性、秩序性和迅速服从指挥的习惯，只有经过训练有素的军队才能养成。
A militia, however, in whatever manner it may be either disciplined or exercised, must always be much inferior to a well disciplined and well exercised standing army.
然而，无论以何种方式训练或训练民兵，它都一定远不如一支纪律严明、训练有素的常备军。
The soldiers who are exercised only once a week, or once a-month, can never be so expert in the use of their arms, as those who are exercised every day, or every other day; and though this circumstance may not be of so much consequence in modern, as it was in ancient times, yet the acknowledged superiority of the Prussian troops, owing, it is said, very much to their superior expertness in their exercise, may satisfy us that it is, even at this day, of very considerable consequence.
每周或每月只锻炼一次的士兵，永远不可能像每天或每隔一天锻炼的士兵那样熟练地使用武器；虽然这种情况在现代可能不像古代那么重要，但普鲁士军队公认的优势，据说很大程度上归功于他们在训练中的卓越专业性，可以让我们确信，即使在今天，它也具有非常重要的影响。
The soldiers, who are bound to obey their officer only once a-week, or once a-month, and who are at all other times at liberty to manage their own affairs their own way, without being, in any respect, accountable to him, can never be under the same awe in his presence, can never have the same disposition to ready obedience, with those whose whole life and conduct are every day directed by him, and who every day even rise and go to bed, or at least retire to their quarters, according to his orders.
士兵们每周只能服从一次长官，或者每月一次，而在其他任何时候都可以自由地按照自己的方式管理自己的事务，而不必在任何方面对他负责，他们在他面前永远不会有同样的敬畏，永远不可能有同样的准备服从的倾向，而那些每天的生活和行为都由他指挥的人，甚至每天起床和上床睡觉，或者至少退休到他们的宿舍，根据他的命令订单。
In what is called discipline, or in the habit of ready obedience, a militia must always be still more inferior to a standing army, than it may sometimes be in what is called the manual exercise, or in the management and use of its arms.
在所谓的纪律方面，或者在随时服从的习惯方面，民兵必须始终比常备军更逊色，有时在所谓的体力训练方面，或者在其武器的管理和使用方面，民兵肯定更逊色。
But, in modern war, the habit of ready and instant obedience is of much greater consequence than a considerable superiority in the management of arms.
但是，在现代战争中，立即服从的习惯比武器管理方面的相当大的优势更重要。
Those militias which, like the Tartar or Arab militia, go to war under the same chieftains whom they are accustomed to obey in peace, are by far the best.
那些民兵，如鞑靼民兵或阿拉伯民兵，在他们习惯于和平时期服从的同一个酋长的领导下参加战争，是迄今为止最好的。
In respect for their officers, in the habit of ready obedience, they approach nearest to standing armies.
出于对军官的尊重，出于随时服从的习惯，他们最接近常备军。
The Highland militia, when it served under its own chieftains, had some advantage of the same kind.
高地民兵在自己的酋长领导下服役时，也有一些同样的优势。
As the Highlanders, however, were not wandering, but stationary shepherds, as they had all a fixed habitation, and were not, in peaceable times, accustomed to follow their chieftain from place to place; so, in time of war, they were less willing to follow him to any considerable distance, or to continue for any long time in the field.
然而，高地人并不是流浪者，而是固定的牧羊人，因为他们都有固定的住所，在和平时期并不习惯跟随他们的酋长从一个地方到另一个地方；因此，在战争时期，他们不太愿意跟随他走很远的距离，或者在战场上继续很长时间。
When they had acquired any booty, they were eager to return home, and his authority was seldom sufficient to detain them.
当他们获得战利品后，他们急于回家，而他的权威很少足以留住他们。
In point of obedience, they were always much inferior to what is reported of the Tartars and Arabs.
在服从方面，他们总是比报道中的鞑靼人和阿拉伯人低得多。
As the Highlanders, too, from their stationary life, spend less of their time in the open air, they were always less accustomed to military exercises, and were less expert in the use of their arms than the Tartars and Arabs are said to be.
由于高地人的生活固定，在户外度过的时间也较少，他们总是不太习惯军事演习，而且在使用武器方面不如鞑靼人和阿拉伯人那么熟练。
A militia of any kind, it must be observed, however, which has served for several successive campaigns in the field, becomes in every respect a standing army.
然而，必须指出的是，任何类型的民兵，只要在战场上连续参加过几次战役，就在各方面都成为一支常备军。
The soldiers are every day exercised in the use of their arms, and, being constantly under the command of their officers, are habituated to the same prompt obedience which takes place in standing armies.
士兵们每天都在训练如何使用他们的武器，并且始终在军官的指挥下，习惯于像常备军一样立即服从。
What they were before they took the field, is of little importance.
他们在上场之前的表现并不重要。
They necessarily become in every respect a standing army, after they have passed a few campaigns in it.
在经历了几次战役之后，他们必然在各个方面都成为一支常备军。
Should the war in America drag out through another campaign, the American militia may become, in every respect, a match for that standing army, of which the valour appeared, in the last war at least, not inferior to that of the hardiest veterans of France and Spain.
如果美国的战争拖拖拉拉地再进行一场战役，那么美国民兵在各方面都可能成为常备军的对手，而常备军的英勇表现，至少在上一场战争中，并不逊色于法国和西班牙最顽强的退伍军人。
This distinction being well understood, the history of all ages, it will be found, hears testimony to the irresistible superiority which a well regulated standing army has over a militia.
这种区别是众所周知的，我们会发现，各个时代的历史都证明了一支管理良好的常备军比民兵具有不可抗拒的优越性。
One of the first standing armies, of which we have any distinct account in any well authenticated history, is that of Philip of Macedon.
马其顿腓力的军队是最早的常备军之一，在任何可靠的历史中我们都有明确的记载。
His frequent wars with the Thracians, Illyrians, Thessalians, and some of the Greek cities in the neighbourhood of Macedon, gradually formed his troops, which in the beginning were probably militia, to the exact discipline of a standing army.
他与色雷斯人、伊利里亚人、色萨利人和马其顿附近的一些希腊城市经常发生战争，逐渐形成了他的军队，最初可能是民兵，严格遵守常备军的纪律。
When he was at peace, which he was very seldom, and never for any long time together, he was careful not to disband that army.
当他处于和平状态时（他很少有这种情况，而且从来没有长时间在一起），他会小心翼翼地不解散那支军队。
It vanquished and subdued, after a long and violent struggle, indeed, the gallant and well exercised militias of the principal republics of ancient Greece; and afterwards, with very little struggle, the effeminate and ill exercised militia of the great Persian empire.
经过长期激烈的斗争，它确实征服并征服了古希腊主要共和国英勇且训练有素的民兵。后来，几乎没有经过什么斗争，伟大的波斯帝国的民兵就变得柔弱且缺乏训练。
The fall of the Greek republics, and of the Persian empire was the effect of the irresistible superiority which a standing arm has over every other sort of militia.
希腊共和国和波斯帝国的衰落是常备武装相对于其他类型的民兵具有不可抗拒的优势的结果。
It is the first great revolution in the affairs of mankind of which history has preserved any distinct and circumstantial account.
这是人类事务中的第一次伟大革命，历史对此有清晰的、详细的记录。
The fall of Carthage, and the consequent elevation of Rome, is the second.
迦太基的陷落以及随之而来的罗马的崛起是第二个。
All the varieties in the fortune of those two famous republics may very well be accounted for from the same cause.
这两个著名共和国的命运的所有变化很可能是出于同一个原因。
From the end of the first to the beginning of the second Carthaginian war, the armies of Carthage were continually in the field, and employed under three great generals, who succeeded one another in the command; Amilcar, his son-in-law Asdrubal, and his son Annibal: first in chastising their own rebellious slaves, afterwards in subduing the revolted nations of Africa; and lastly, in conquering the great kingdom of Spain.
从第一次迦太基战争结束到第二次迦太基战争开始，迦太基军队一直在战场上作战，并受雇于三位伟大的将军，他们相互接替指挥。阿米尔卡、他的女婿阿斯德鲁巴尔和他的儿子安尼巴尔：首先惩罚了他们自己的叛逆奴隶，后来又征服了非洲的叛乱国家；最后，征服了伟大的西班牙王国。
The army which Annibal led from Spain into Italy must necessarily, in those different wars, have been gradually formed to the exact discipline of a standing army.
安尼拔率领的军队从西班牙进入意大利，在这些不同的战争中，必然已经逐渐形成了一支常备军的严格纪律。
The Romans, in the meantime, though they had not been altogether at peace, yet they had not, during this period, been engaged in any war of very great consequence; and their military discipline, it is generally said, was a good deal relaxed.
与此同时，罗马人虽然并未完全处于和平状态，但在此期间他们并没有参与任何后果非常严重的战争。人们普遍认为，他们的军事纪律放松了很多。
The Roman armies which Annibal encountered at Trebi, Thrasymenus, and Cannae, were militia opposed to a standing army.
安尼拔在特雷比、特拉西米努斯和坎尼遭遇的罗马军队是与常备军相对的民兵。
This circumstance, it is probable, contributed more than any other to determine the fate of those battles.
这种情况很可能比其他任何情况都更能决定这些战斗的命运。
The standing army which Annibal left behind him in Spain had the like superiority over the militia which the Romans sent to oppose it; and, in a few years, under the command of his brother, the younger Asdrubal, expelled them almost entirely from that country.
安尼拔留在西班牙的常备军比罗马人派去对抗的民兵具有同样的优势。几年后，在他弟弟小阿斯德鲁巴尔的指挥下，他们几乎将他们全部驱逐出该国。
Annibal was ill supplied from home.
安尼巴尔家里的物资供应不足。
The Roman militia, being continually in the field, became, in the progress of the war, a well disciplined and well exercised standing army; and the superiority of Annibal grew every day less and less.
罗马民兵不断地在战场上作战，随着战争的进展，他们成为一支纪律严明、训练有素的常备军。安尼拔的优越感与日俱增。
Asdrubal judged it necessary to lead the whole, or almost the whole, of the standing army which he commanded in Spain, to the assistance of his brother in Italy.
阿斯德鲁巴尔认为有必要率领他在西班牙指挥的全部或几乎全部常备军去援助他在意大利的兄弟。
In this march, he is said to have been misled by his guides; and in a country which he did not know, was surprised and attacked, by another standing army, in every respect equal or superior to his own, and was entirely defeated.
据说，在这次行军中，他被向导误导了。在一个他不认识的国家，他遭到了另一支在各方面都等于或优于他自己的常备军的突然袭击，结果被彻底击败。
When Asdrubal had left Spain, the great Scipio found nothing to oppose him but a militia inferior to his own.
当阿斯德鲁巴尔离开西班牙时，伟大的西庇阿发现除了一支不如他自己的民兵之外，没有什么可以反对他。
He conquered and subdued that militia, and, in the course of the war, his own militia necessarily became a well disciplined and well exercised standing army.
他征服并制服了这支民兵，在战争过程中，他自己的民兵必然成为一支纪律严明、训练有素的常备军。
That standing army was afterwards carried to Africa, where it found nothing but a militia to oppose it.
这支常备军后来被运往非洲，在那里除了民兵之外什么也没有找到。
In order to defend Carthage, it became necessary to recal the standing army of Annibal.
为了保卫迦太基，有必要召回安尼拔的常备军。
The disheartened and frequently defeated African militia joined it, and, at the battle of Zama, composed the greater part of the troops of Annibal.
心灰意冷、屡战屡败的非洲民兵加入了它，并在扎马战役中组成了安尼拔军队的大部分。
The event of that day determined the fate of the two rival republics.
那天的事件决定了两个敌对共和国的命运。
From the end of the second Carthaginian war till the fall of the Roman republic, the armies of Rome were in every respect standing armies.
从第二次迦太基战争结束到罗马共和国垮台，罗马军队在各个方面都是常备军。
The standing army of Macedon made some resistance to their arms.
马其顿常备军对他们的武装进行了一些抵抗。
In the height of their grandeur, it cost them two great wars, and three great battles, to subdue that little kingdom, of which the conquest would probably have been still more difficult, had it not been for the cowardice of its last king.
在他们的鼎盛时期，他们付出了两次大战和三场大战的代价才征服了这个小王国，如果不是最后一位国王的懦弱，征服这个小王国可能会更加困难。
The militias of all the civilized nations of the ancient world, of Greece, of Syria, and of Egypt, made but a feeble resistance to the standing armies of Rome.
古代世界所有文明国家的民兵，希腊、叙利亚和埃及的民兵，对罗马的常备军来说，只是微弱的抵抗。
The militias of some barbarous nations defended themselves much better.
一些野蛮国家的民兵自卫能力要好得多。
The Scythian or Tartar militia, which Mithridates drew from the countries north of the Euxine and Caspian seas, were the most formidable enemies whom the Romans had to encounter after the second Carthaginian war.
米特里达梯从黑海和里海以北的国家征集的斯基泰或鞑靼民兵是第二次迦太基战争后罗马人必须面对的最可怕的敌人。
The Parthian and German militias, too, were always respectable, and upon several occasions, gained very considerable advantages over the Roman armies.
安息人和日耳曼民兵也一直很受人尊敬，并且多次比罗马军队获得了相当大的优势。
In general, however, and when the Roman armies were well commanded, they appear to have been very much superior; and if the Romans did not pursue the final conquest either of Parthia or Germany, it was probably because they judged that it was not worth while to add those two barbarous countries to an empire which was already too large.
然而，总的来说，当罗马军队指挥良好时，他们似乎要优越得多。如果罗马人没有最终征服帕提亚或日耳曼，那可能是因为他们认为不值得将这两个野蛮国家并入一个已经太大的帝国。
The ancient Parthians appear to have been a nation of Scythian or Tartar extraction, and to have always retained a good deal of the manners of their ancestors.
古代帕提亚人似乎是斯基泰人或鞑靼人的后裔，并且始终保留着他们祖先的大量礼仪。
The ancient Germans were, like the Scythians or Tartars, a nation of wandering shepherds, who went to war under the same chiefs whom they were accustomed to follow in peace.
古代日耳曼人就像斯基泰人或鞑靼人一样，是一个流浪牧羊人的民族，他们在和平时期跟随的同一个酋长的领导下参加战争。
‘Their militia was exactly of the same kind with that of the Scythians or Tartars, from whom, too, they were probably descended.’
“他们的民兵与斯基泰人或鞑靼人的民兵完全一样，他们也可能是他们的后裔。”
Many different causes contributed to relax the discipline of the Roman armies.
许多不同的原因导致罗马军队的纪律放松。
Its extreme severity was, perhaps, one of those causes.
其极端严重性也许是原因之一。
In the days of their grandeur, when no enemy appeared capable of opposing them, their heavy armour was laid aside as unnecessarily burdensome, their laborious exercises were neglected, as unnecessarily toilsome.
在他们辉煌的日子里，当没有敌人能够对抗他们时，他们的重型盔甲被视为不必要的负担，他们的艰苦训练被忽视，因为不必要的辛苦。
Under the Roman emperors, besides, the standing armies of Rome, those particularly which guarded the German and Pannonian frontiers, became dangerous to their masters, against whom they used frequently to set up their own generals.
此外，在罗马皇帝统治下，罗马的常备军，特别是那些守卫日耳曼和潘诺尼亚边境的常备军，对他们的主人来说变得危险，他们经常派出自己的将军来对抗他们。
In order to render them less formidable, according to some authors, Dioclesian, according to others, Constantine, first withdrew them from the frontier, where they had always before been encamped in great bodies, generally of two or three legions each, and dispersed them in small bodies through the different provincial towns, from whence they were scarce ever removed, but when it became necessary to repel an invasion.
根据一些作者的说法，为了使他们不那么可怕，戴克里先，根据另一些人的说法，君士坦丁首先将他们从边境撤出，他们以前一直在边境上扎营，通常每个军团有两到三个军团，然后将他们分散在不同的省城中，他们很少从那里撤走，除非有必要击退入侵。
Small bodies of soldiers, quartered in trading and manufacturing towns, and seldom removed from those quarters, became themselves trades men, artificers, and manufacturers.
一小群士兵驻扎在贸易和制造业城镇，很少离开这些地方，他们自己也成为了商人、技工和制造商。
The civil came to predominate over the military character; and the standing armies of Rome gradually degenerated into a corrupt, neglected, and undisciplined militia, incapable of resisting the attack of the German and Scythian militias, which soon afterwards invaded the western empire.
民事性质逐渐超过军事性质。罗马的常备军逐渐退化为一支腐败、被忽视、没有纪律的民兵，无力抵抗日耳曼和斯基泰民兵的进攻，后者很快就入侵了西罗马帝国。
It was only by hiring the militia of some of those nations to oppose to that of others, that the emperors were for some time able to defend themselves.
只有通过雇佣其中一些国家的民兵来对抗其他国家的民兵，皇帝们才能在一段时间内保卫自己。
The fall of the western empire is the third great revolution in the affairs of mankind, of which ancient history has preserved any distinct or circumstantial account.
西方帝国的衰落是人类事务中的第三次伟大革命，古代历史对此有明确的或间接的记载。
It was brought about by the irresistible superiority which the militia of a barbarous has over that of a civilized nation; which the militia of a nation of shepherds has over that of a nation of husbandmen, artificers, and manufacturers.
这是由于野蛮国家的民兵相对于文明国家的民兵具有不可抗拒的优越性造成的。牧羊人民族的民兵优于农夫、技工和制造商民族的民兵。
The victories which have been gained by militias have generally been, not over standing armies, but over other militias, in exercise and discipline inferior to themselves.
民兵所取得的胜利，一般不是战胜常备军，而是战胜其他在训练和纪律上不如他们自己的民兵。
Such were the victories which the Greek militia gained over that of the Persian empire; and such, too, were those which, in later times, the Swiss militia gained over that of the Austrians and Burgundians.
这就是希腊民兵对波斯帝国民兵所取得的胜利。这也是后来瑞士民兵战胜奥地利人和勃艮第人的原因。
The military force of the German and Scythian nations, who established themselves upon ruins of the western empire, continued for some time to be of the same kind in their new settlements, as it had been in their original country.
在西方帝国的废墟上建立起来的日耳曼和斯基泰民族的军事力量，在一段时间内在他们的新定居点上仍然保持着与在他们原来的国家一样的军事力量。
It was a militia of shepherds and husbandmen, which, in time of war, took the field under the command of the same chieftains whom it was accustomed to obey in peace.
这是一支由牧羊人和农夫组成的民兵，在战争时期，他们将战场置于平时服从的酋长的指挥之下。
It was, therefore, tolerably well exercised, and tolerably well disciplined.
因此，它的训练还算良好，纪律也还算良好。
As arts and industry advanced, however, the authority of the chieftains gradually decayed, and the great body of the people had less time to spare for military exercises.
然而，随着艺术和工业的进步，酋长的权威逐渐衰落，广大人民用于军事演习的时间越来越少。
Both the discipline and the exercise of the feudal militia, therefore, went gradually to ruin, and standing armies were gradually introduced to supply the place of it.
因此，封建民兵的纪律和训练都逐渐瓦解，常备军逐渐被引入以取代它。
When the expedient of a standing army, besides, had once been adopted by one civilized nation, it became necessary that all its neighbours should follow the example.
此外，当一个文明国家一旦采用常备军这一权宜之计时，它的所有邻国就必须效仿。
They soon found that their safety depended upon their doing so, and that their own militia was altogether incapable of resisting the attack of such an army.
他们很快就发现，自己的安全取决于他们的这样做，而他们自己的民兵根本没有能力抵挡这样一支军队的进攻。
The soldiers of a standing army, though they may never have seen an enemy, yet have frequently appeared to possess all the courage of veteran troops, and, the very moment that they took the field, to have been fit to face the hardiest and most experienced veterans.
常备军的士兵，虽然可能从未见过敌人，但往往表现出老兵的勇气，在上战场的那一刻，就足以面对最坚强、最有经验的老兵。
In 1756, when the Russian army marched into Poland, the valour of the Russian soldiers did not appear inferior to that of the Prussians, at that time supposed to be the hardiest and most experienced veterans in Europe.
1756年，当俄罗斯军队进军波兰时，俄罗斯士兵的英勇丝毫不逊于普鲁士人，他们被认为是当时欧洲最坚强、最有经验的老兵。
The Russian empire, however, had enjoyed a profound peace for near twenty years before, and could at that time have very few soldiers who had ever seen an enemy.
然而，俄罗斯帝国在此之前已经享受了近二十年的深刻和平，当时很少有见过敌人的士兵。
When the Spanish war broke out in 1739, England had enjoyed a profound peace for about eight-and-twenty years.
1739年西班牙战争爆发时，英国已经享受了大约八二十年的深刻和平。
The valour of her soldiers, however, far from being corrupted by that long peace, was never more distinguished than in the attempt upon Carthagena, the first unfortunate exploit of that unfortunate war.
然而，她的士兵的英勇远没有因为长期的和平而被腐蚀，反而在对卡塔赫纳的尝试中表现得更加突出，这是那场不幸的战争中的第一次不幸的战绩。
In a long peace, the generals, perhaps, may sometimes forget their skill; but where a well regulated standing army has been kept up, the soldiers seem never to forget their valour.
在长期的和平中，将军们也许有时会忘记他们的技能；但只要有一支纪律严明的常备军，士兵们似乎永远不会忘记他们的英勇。
When a civilized nation depends for its defence upon a militia, it is at all times exposed to be conquered by any barbarous nation which happens to be in its neighbourhood.
当一个文明国家依靠民兵进行防御时，它随时都有可能被邻国的任何野蛮国家征服。
The frequent conquests of all the civilized countries in Asia by the Tartars, sufficiently demonstrates the natural superiority which the militia of a barbarous has over that of a civilized nation.
鞑靼人对亚洲各文明国家的频繁征服，足以说明野蛮民族的民兵相对于文明民族的民兵具有天然的优越性。
A well regulated standing army is superior to every militia.
一支管理良好的常备军优于任何民兵。
Such an army, as it can best be maintained by an opulent and civilized nation, so it can alone defend such a nation against the invasion of a poor and barbarous neighbour.
这样一支军队，因为它最适合由一个富裕而文明的国家维持，所以它可以独自保卫这样一个国家免受贫穷和野蛮邻国的入侵。
It is only by means of a standing army, therefore, that the civilization of any country can be perpetuated, or even preserved, for any considerable time.
因此，只有依靠常备军，任何国家的文明才能在相当长的时间内得以延续，甚至得以保存。
As it is only by means of a well regulated standing army, that a civilized country can be defended, so it is only by means of it that a barbarous country can be suddenly and tolerably civilized.
正如只有有一支纪律严明的常备军，才能保卫一个文明的国家，同样，也只有有了一支纪律严明的常备军，才能使一个野蛮的国家突然变得文明起来。
A standing army establishes, with an irresistible force, the law of the sovereign through the remotest provinces of the empire, and maintains some degree of regular government in countries which could not otherwise admit of any.
常备军以不可抗拒的力量在帝国最偏远的省份建立主权法律，并在原本无法接纳任何国家的国家中维持一定程度的正规政府。
Whoever examines with attention, the improvements which Peter the Great introduced into the Russian empire, will find that they almost all resolve themselves into the establishment of a well regulated standing army.
凡是仔细研究彼得大帝对俄罗斯帝国的改进的人都会发现，它们几乎全都致力于建立一支管理良好的常备军。
It is the instrument which executes and maintains all his other regulations.
它是执行和维护所有其他规定的工具。
That degree of order and internal peace, which that empire has ever since enjoyed, is altogether owing to the influence of that army.
帝国至今所享有的秩序与内部和平，完全归功于那支军队的影响。
Men of republican principles have been jealous of a standing army, as dangerous to liberty.
奉行共和原则的人一直嫉妒常备军，因为这对自由来说是危险的。
It certainly is so, wherever the interest of the general, and that of the principal officers, are not necessarily connected with the support of the constitution of the state.
只要将军和主要官员的利益与国家宪法的支持不一定相关，情况当然如此。
The standing army of Caesar destroyed the Roman republic.
凯撒的常备军摧毁了罗马共和国。
The standing army of Cromwell turned the long parliament out of doors.
克伦威尔的常备军将漫长的议会赶出了门。
But where the sovereign is himself the general, and the principal nobility and gentry of the country the chief officers of the army; where the military force is placed under the command of those who have the greatest interest in the support of the civil authority, because they have themselves the greatest share of that authority, a standing army can never be dangerous to liberty.
但是，如果君主本人是将军，而国家的主要贵族和士绅则是军队的主要军官；如果军队由那些对民政当局的支持最感兴趣的人指挥，因为他们自己拥有最大的权力，那么常备军永远不会对自由构成危险。
On the contrary, it may, in some cases, be favourable to liberty.
相反，在某些情况下，它可能有利于自由。
The security which it gives to the sovereign renders unnecessary that troublesome jealousy, which, in some modern republics, seems to watch over the minutest actions, and to be at all times ready to disturb the peace of every citizen.
它给主权者带来的安全感使得麻烦的嫉妒变得不必要，在一些现代共和国中，这种嫉妒似乎监视着最微小的行为，并随时准备扰乱每个公民的安宁。
Where the security of the magistrate, though supported by the principal people of the country, is endangered by every popular discontent; where a small tumult is capable of bringing about in a few hours a great revolution, the whole authority of government must be employed to suppress and punish every murmur and complaint against it.
治安官的安全虽然得到国家主要人民的支持，但因民众的不满而受到威胁；如果一场小骚乱能够在几个小时内引发一场大革命，那么就必须动用政府的全部权力来镇压和惩罚针对它的每一个怨言和抱怨。
To a sovereign, on the contrary, who feels himself supported, not only by the natural aristocracy of the country, but by a well regulated standing army, the rudest, the most groundless, and the most licentious remonstrances, can give little disturbance.
相反，对于一个君主来说，他觉得自己不仅得到了国家天然贵族的支持，而且得到了一支训练有素的常备军的支持，最粗鲁、最毫无根据、最放肆的抗议也不会造成什么干扰。
He can safely pardon or neglect them, and his consciousness of his own superiority naturally disposes him to do so.
他可以安全地原谅或忽视他们，他对自己优越感的认识自然促使他这样做。
That degree of liberty which approaches to licentiousness, can be tolerated only in countries where the sovereign is secured by a well regulated standing army.
这种近乎放荡的自由只有在主权受到严格监管的常备军保障的国家才能被容忍。
It is in such countries only, that the public safety does not require that the sovereign should be trusted with any discretionary power, for suppressing even the impertinent wantonness of this licentious liberty.
只有在这些国家，公共安全才不需要赋予主权者任何自由裁量权，以压制这种放荡的自由，甚至是无礼的肆意行为。
The first duty of the sovereign, therefore, that of defending the society from the violence and injustice of other independent societies, grows gradually more and more expensive, as the society advances in civilization.
因此，随着社会文明的进步，主权者的首要职责是保护社会免受其他独立社会的暴力和不公正的侵害，其代价也逐渐变得越来越高。
The military force of the society, which originally cost the sovereign no expense, either in time of peace, or in time of war, must, in the progress of improvement, first be maintained by him in time of war, and afterwards even in time of peace.
社会的军事力量，本来是君主不花钱的，无论是在和平时期还是在战争时期，在进步的过程中，首先必须由君主在战时维持，然后甚至在和平时期也必须维持。
The great change introduced into the art of war by the invention of fire-arms, has enhanced still further both the expense of exercising and disciplining any particular number of soldiers in time of peace, and that of employing them in time of war.
火器的发明给战争艺术带来了巨大的变化，进一步增加了和平时期训练和训练一定数量士兵以及战时使用他们的费用。
Both their arms and their ammunition are become more expensive.
他们的武器和弹药都变得更加昂贵。
A musket is a more expensive machine than a javelin or a bow and arrows; a cannon or a mortar, than a balista or a catapulta.
步枪是一种比标枪或弓箭更昂贵的机器；大炮或迫击炮，而不是弩炮或弹射器。
The powder which is spent in a modern review is lost irrecoverably, and occasions a very considerable expense.
在现代审查中所花费的火药将无法挽回地丢失，并且造成非常可观的费用。
The javelins and arrows which were thrown or shot in an ancient one, could easily be picked up again, and were, besides, of very little value.
用古代的标枪和箭射出的标枪和箭很容易再次捡起来，而且价值很小。
The cannon and the mortar are not only much dearer, but much heavier machines than the balista or catapulta; and require a greater expense, not only to prepare them for the field, but to carry them to it.
大炮和迫击炮不仅比弩炮或弹射器贵得多，而且也重得多。并且需要更大的费用，不仅是为了让他们做好上战场的准备，而且是为了把他们带到战场上。
As the superiority of the modern artillery, too, over that of the ancients, is very great; it has become much more difficult, and consequently much more expensive, to fortify a town, so as to resist, even for a few weeks, the attack of that superior artillery.
现代火炮相对于古代火炮也有很大的优越性。加固一座城镇以抵御高级炮兵的攻击（即使是几周）已经变得更加困难，因此也更加昂贵。
In modern times, many different causes contribute to render the defence of the society more expensive.
在现代，许多不同的原因导致社会的防御变得更加昂贵。
The unavoidable effects of the natural progress of improvement have, in this respect, been a good deal enhanced by a great revolution in the art of war, to which a mere accident, the invention of gunpowder, seems to have given occasion.
在这方面，战争艺术的一场伟大革命大大增强了自然进步的不可避免的影响，而这场革命似乎只是一次偶然，即火药的发明。
In modern war, the great expense of firearms gives an evident advantage to the nation which can best afford that expense; and, consequently, to an opulent and civilized, over a poor and barbarous nation.
在现代战争中，火器的巨大开支给最能负担得起这笔开支的国家带来了明显的优势。因此，一个富裕而文明的国家取代了一个贫穷而野蛮的国家。
In ancient times, the opulent and civilized found it difficult to defend themselves against the poor and barbarous nations.
在古代，富裕和文明的国家发现很难抵御贫穷和野蛮的国家。
In modern times, the poor and barbarous find it difficult to defend themselves against the opulent and civilized.
在现代，贫穷和野蛮的人发现很难抵御富裕和文明的人。
The invention of fire-arms, an invention which at first sight appears to be so pernicious, is certainly favourable, both to the permanency and to the extension of civilization.
火器的发明，乍一看似乎是有害的，但对于文明的持久和扩展来说，无疑是有利的。
PART II.
第二部分。
Of the Expense of Justice
论正义的代价
The second duty of the sovereign, that of protecting, as far as possible, every member of the society from the injustice or oppression of every other member of it, or the duty of establishing an exact administration of justice, requires two very different degrees of expense in the different periods of society.
主权者的第二个职责，即尽可能保护社会的每个成员免受社会其他成员的不公正或压迫，或者建立精确的司法行政的职责，在社会的不同时期需要两种截然不同的费用。
Among nations of hunters, as there is scarce any property, or at least none that exceeds the value of two or three days labour; so there is seldom any established magistrate, or any regular administration of justice.
在狩猎国家中，几乎没有任何财产，或者至少没有超过两三天劳动价值的财产；因此，很少有固定的治安法官，也很少有正规的司法机构。
Men who have no property, can injure one another only in their persons or reputations.
没有财产的人只能在人身或名誉上互相伤害。
But when one man kills, wounds, beats, or defames another, though he to whom the injury is done suffers, he who does it receives no benefit.
但是，当一个人杀害、伤害、殴打或诽谤另一个人时，虽然受伤害的人受苦，但这样做的人却得不到任何好处。
It is otherwise with the injuries to property.
财产损失则不然。
The benefit of the person who does the injury is often equal to the loss of him who suffers it.
造成伤害的人的利益往往等于遭受伤害的人的损失。
Envy, malice, or resentment, are the only passions which can prompt one man to injure another in his person or reputation.
嫉妒、恶意或怨恨是唯一能够促使一个人伤害另一个人的人身或名誉的情感。
But the greater part of men are not very frequently under the influence of those passions; and the very worst men are so only occasionally.
但大多数人并不经常受到这些激情的影响。而最坏的人也只是偶尔如此。
As their gratification, too, how agreeable soever it may be to certain characters, is not attended with any real or permanent advantage, it is, in the greater part of men, commonly restrained by prudential considerations.
由于他们的满足，无论对某些人物来说多么令人愉快，并不会带来任何真正的或永久的利益，因此，在大多数人中，这种满足通常受到审慎考虑的限制。
Men may live together in society with some tolerable degree of security, though there is no civil magistrate to protect them from the injustice of those passions.
人们可以在一定程度的安全感下共同生活在社会中，尽管没有民事法官来保护他们免受这些激情的不公正侵害。
But avarice and ambition in the rich, in the poor the hatred of labour and the love of present ease and enjoyment, are the passions which prompt to invade property; passions much more steady in their operation, and much more universal in their influence.
但是，富人的贪婪和野心，穷人的对劳动的憎恨和对当前安逸和享乐的热爱，都是促使人们侵犯财产的激情。激情的运作更加稳定，其影响也更加普遍。
Wherever there is a great property, there is great inequality.
哪里有大量财产，哪里就有很大的不平等。
For one very rich man, there must be at least five hundred poor, and the affluence of the few supposes the indigence of the many.
对于一个非常富有的人来说，必须有至少五百个穷人，而少数人的富裕意味着许多人的贫困。
The affluence of the rich excites the indignation of the poor, who are often both driven by want, and prompted by envy to invade his possessions.
富人的富裕激起了穷人的愤慨，穷人往往既受到匮乏的驱使，又受到嫉妒的驱使，侵犯了富人的财产。
It is only under the shelter of the civil magistrate, that the owner of that valuable property, which is acquired by the labour of many years, or perhaps of many successive generations, can sleep a single night in security.
只有在民事法官的庇护下，经过多年甚至连续几代人的劳动才获得的宝贵财产的所有者才能安全地睡上一个晚上。
He is at all times surrounded by unknown enemies, whom, though he never provoked, he can never appease, and from whose injustice he can be protected only by the powerful arm of the civil magistrate, continually held up to chastise it.
他总是被未知的敌人包围着，尽管他从未激怒过他们，但他永远无法安抚他们，只有通过民事法官的强大手臂才能保护他免遭他们的不公正，并不断地对其进行惩罚。
The acquisition of valuable and extensive property, therefore, necessarily requires the establishment of civil government.
因此，获得宝贵而广泛的财产必然需要建立公民政府。
Where there is no property, or at least none that exceeds the value of two or three days labour, civil government is not so necessary.
如果没有财产，或者至少没有财产超过两三天劳动的价值，那么民事政府就没那么必要了。
Civil government supposes a certain subordination.
公民政府假定有一定的从属关系。
But as the necessity of civil government gradually grows up with the acquisition of valuable property; so the principal causes, which naturally introduce subordination, gradually grow up with the growth of that valuable property.
但随着有价值的财产的获得，公民政府的必要性逐渐增强；因此，自然引入从属地位的主要原因会随着该宝贵财产的增长而逐渐增长。
The causes or circumstances which naturally introduce subordination, or which naturally and antecedent to any civil institution, give some men some superiority over the greater part of their brethren, seem to be four in number.
自然地引入从属地位的原因或环境，或者自然而然地先于任何民事制度的原因或环境，使某些人比他们的大多数同胞具有某种优越性，似乎有四种。
The first of those causes or circumstances, is the superiority of personal qualifications, of strength, beauty, and agility of body; of wisdom and virtue; of prudence, justice, fortitude, and moderation of mind.
第一个原因或环境是个人素质、力量、美丽和身体敏捷性的优越性；智慧与美德；谨慎、正义、坚韧和节制的心态。
The qualifications of the body, unless supported by those of the mind, can give little authority in any period of society.
除非得到心灵的支持，否则身体的资格在任何社会时期都无法赋予什么权威。
He is a very strong man, who, by mere strength of body, can force two weak ones to obey him.
他是一个非常强大的人，仅仅凭借身体的力量，就可以迫使两个弱者服从他。
The qualifications of the mind can alone give very great authority.
仅心灵的资格就可以赋予非常大的权威。
They are however, invisible qualities; always disputable, and generally disputed.
然而，它们是看不见的品质；总是有争议的，而且普遍存在争议。
No society, whether barbarous or civilized, has ever found it convenient to settle the rules of precedency of rank and subordination, according to those invisible qualities; but according to something that is more plain and palpable.
没有一个社会，无论是野蛮的还是文明的，都无法根据这些无形的品质来方便地确定等级和从属的优先规则。但根据一些更明显、更明显的东西。
The second of those causes or circumstances, is the superiority of age.
第二个原因或情况是年龄的优势。
An old man, provided his age is not so far advanced as to give suspicion of dotage, is everywhere more respected than a young man of equal rank, fortune, and abilities.
一个老人，只要他的年龄还没有高到让人怀疑他已经老了，在任何地方都比一个同等地位、财富和能力的年轻人更受尊重。
Among nations of hunters, such as the native tribes of North America, age is the sole foundation of rank and precedency.
在狩猎民族中，例如北美的土著部落，年龄是等级和优先级的唯一基础。
Among them, father is the appellation of a superior; brother, of an equal; and son, of an inferior.
其中，父亲是对上级的称呼；兄弟，平等的；和一个下等人的儿子。
In the most opulent and civilized nations, age regulates rank among those who are in every other respect equal; and among whom, therefore, there is nothing else to regulate it.
在最富裕、最文明的国家，年龄决定着其他方面平等的人之间的等级。因此，在他们中间，没有其他任何东西可以规范它。
Among brothers and among sisters, the eldest always takes place; and in the succession of the paternal estate, every thing which cannot be divided, but must go entire to one person, such as a title of honour, is in most cases given to the eldest.
兄弟姐妹中，总是长辈居上；在继承父亲财产时，所有不能分割但必须全部归一个人的东西，例如荣誉称号，在大多数情况下都授予最年长的人。
Age is a plain and palpable quality, which admits of no dispute.
年龄是一种显而易见的品质，无可争议。
The third of those causes or circumstances, is the superiority of fortune.
第三个原因或环境是幸运的优势。
The authority of riches, however, though great in every age of society, is, perhaps, greatest in the rudest ages of society, which admits of any considerable inequality of fortune.
然而，虽然财富的权威在每个社会时代都很重要，但在社会最原始的时代也许是最大的，因为社会允许存在任何相当大的财富不平等。
A Tartar chief, the increase of whose flocks and herds is sufficient to maintain a thousand men, cannot well employ that increase in any other way than in maintaining a thousand men.
鞑靼酋长的牛羊数量足以养活一千人，但他除了养活一千人之外，不能将其用于其他任何用途。
The rude state of his society does not afford him any manufactured produce any trinkets or baubles of any kind, for which he can exchange that part of his rude produce which is over and above his own consumption.
他的社会的粗鲁状态无法为他提供任何制造产品、任何种类的小饰品或小玩意，他可以用这些产品来交换超出他自己消费的那部分粗鲁产品。
The thousand men whom he thus maintains, depending entirely upon him for their subsistence, must both obey his orders in war, and submit to his jurisdiction in peace.
他所养育的一千人完全依靠他来维持生计，他们必须在战争中服从他的命令，在和平时期服从他的管辖。
He is necessarily both their general and their judge, and his chieftainship is the necessary effect of the superiority of his fortune.
他必然既是他们的将军，又是他们的法官，而他的酋长地位是他的财富优越性的必然结果。
In an opulent and civilized society, a man may possess a much greater fortune, and yet not be able to command a dozen of people.
在一个富裕、文明的社会里，一个人可能拥有更大的财富，但却无法指挥十几个人。
Though the produce of his estate may be sufficient to maintain, and may, perhaps, actually maintain, more than a thousand people, yet, as those people pay for every thing which they get from him, as he gives scarce any thing to any body but in exchange for an equivalent, there is scarce anybody who considers himself as entirely dependent upon him, and his authority extends only over a few menial servants.
虽然他的财产的产出可能足以维持，也许实际上可以维持一千多人，然而，由于这些人为他们从他那里得到的每一件事都付出了代价，正如他除了换取等价物之外几乎不给任何人任何东西一样，几乎没有人认为自己完全依赖于他，他的权威只延伸到少数仆人。
The authority of fortune, however, is very great, even in an opulent and civilized society.
然而，即使在富裕和文明的社会中，财富的权威也是非常巨大的。
That it is much greater than that either of age or of personal qualities, has been the constant complaint of every period of society which admitted of any considerable inequality of fortune.
每一个承认财富不平等的社会时期都不断地抱怨说，它比年龄或个人素质的影响要大得多。
The first period of society, that of hunters, admits of no such inequality.
社会的第一个时期，即狩猎时期，不承认存在这种不平等。
Universal poverty establishes their universal equality; and the superiority, either of age or of personal qualities, are the feeble, but the sole foundations of authority and subordination.
普遍贫困确立了普遍平等；年龄或个人品质的优势虽然微弱，但却是权威和从属的唯一基础。
There is, therefore, little or no authority or subordination in this period of society.
因此，在这个社会时期，几乎没有权威或从属关系。
The second period of society, that of shepherds, admits of very great inequalities of fortune, and there is no period in which the superiority of fortune gives so great authority to those who possess it.
社会的第二个阶段，即牧羊人的社会阶段，承认财富存在着极大的不平等，而且从来没有一个时期，财富的优越性给予拥有它的人如此巨大的权力。
There is no period, accordingly, in which authority and subordination are more perfectly established.
因此，没有哪个时期可以更完美地确立权威和从属关系。
The authority of an Arabian scherif is very great; that of a Tartar khan altogether despotical.
阿拉伯谢里夫的权威是非常大的。完全专制的鞑靼可汗。
The fourth of those causes or circumstances, is the superiority of birth.
这些原因或环境中的第四个是出生的优越性。
Superiority of birth supposes an ancient superiority of fortune in the family of the person who claims it.
出身的优越性意味着自古以来，拥有这种优越性的人在家庭中就拥有优越的财富。
All families are equally ancient; and the ancestors of the prince, though they may be better known, cannot well be more numerous than those of the beggar.
所有的家族都同样古老；王子的祖先虽然更有名，但数量上不会比乞丐多。
Antiquity of family means everywhere the antiquity either of wealth, or of that greatness which is commonly either founded upon wealth, or accompanied with it.
家庭的古老在任何地方都意味着财富的古老，或者通常建立在财富之上或伴随着财富的伟大。
Upstart greatness is everywhere less respected than ancient greatness.
暴发户的伟大在任何地方都不像古代的伟大那样受到尊重。
The hatred of usurpers, the love of the family of an ancient monarch, are in a great measure founded upon the contempt which men naturally have for the former, and upon their veneration for the latter.
对篡夺者的仇恨，对古代君主家族的爱，在很大程度上是建立在人们对前者自然的蔑视和对后者的崇敬之上的。
As a military officer submits, without reluctance, to the authority of a superior by whom he has always been commanded, but cannot bear that his inferior should be set over his head; so men easily submit to a family to whom they and their ancestors have always submitted; but are fired with indignation when another family, in whom they had never acknowledged any such superiority, assumes a dominion over them.
正如一个军官，总是服从上级的权威，而不能忍受下级凌驾于他之上；因此，人们很容易屈服于他们和他们的祖先一直屈服的家庭。但当另一个他们从未承认过的家庭有任何这样的优越性时，他们就会义愤填膺。
The distinction of birth, being subsequent to the inequality of fortune, can have no place in nations of hunters, among whom all men, being equal in fortune, must likewise be very nearly equal in birth.
出身的区别是由于财富的不平等而产生的，因此在狩猎国家中不能有任何地位，在这个国家中，所有的人，在财富上是平等的，在出生上也必须几乎是平等的。
The son of a wise and brave man may, indeed, even among them, be somewhat more respected than a man of equal merit, who has the misfortune to be the son of a fool or a coward.
事实上，即使在他们中间，一个聪明而勇敢的人的儿子也可能比一个不幸成为傻瓜或胆小鬼的儿子的同等功绩的人更受尊重。
The difference, however will not be very great; and there never was, I believe, a great family in the world, whose illustration was entirely derived from the inheritance of wisdom and virtue.
不过，差异不会很大；我相信，世界上从来没有一个伟大的家族，其例证完全来自于智慧和美德的传承。
The distinction of birth not only may, but always does, take place among nations of shepherds.
出身的区别不仅可能而且总是发生在牧羊人的民族之间。
Such nations are always strangers to every sort of luxury, and great wealth can scarce ever be dissipated among them by improvident profusion.
这些国家对各种奢侈总是陌生的，巨额财富在他们中间几乎不可能因不顾一切的挥霍而挥霍殆尽。
There are no nations, accordingly, who abound more in families revered and honoured on account of their descent from a long race of great and illustrious ancestors; because there are no nations among whom wealth is likely to continue longer in the same families.
因此，没有哪个国家比我们拥有更多的家族，因为他们的祖先都是伟大而杰出的祖先，因此受到尊敬和尊敬。因为没有哪个国家的财富能够在同一个家庭中持续更长时间。
Birth and fortune are evidently the two circumstances which principally set one man above another.
出生和财富显然是使一个人高于另一个人的两个主要条件。
They are the two great sources of personal distinction, and are, therefore, the principal causes which naturally establish authority and subordination among men.
它们是个人区别的两大源泉，因此也是人们之间自然建立权威和从属关系的主要原因。
Among nations of shepherds, both those causes operate with their full force.
在牧羊人的国家中，这两个原因都在全力发挥作用。
The great shepherd or herdsman, respected on account of his great wealth, and of the great number of those who depend upon him for subsistence, and revered on account of the nobleness of his birth, and of the immemorial antiquity or his illustrious family, has a natural authority over all the inferior shepherds or herdsmen of his horde or clan.
伟大的牧羊人或牧民因其巨大的财富和众多依赖他生存的人而受到尊重，并因其出身的高贵、自古以来或其显赫的家族而受到尊重，因此对他的部落或氏族中的所有下等牧羊人或牧人拥有天然的权威。
He can command the united force of a greater number of people than any of them.
他可以指挥比任何人都多的人的联合力量。
His military power is greater than that of any of them.
他的军事力量比他们任何一个人都强大。
In time of war, they are all of them naturally disposed to muster themselves under his banner, rather than under that of any other person; and his birth and fortune thus naturally procure to him some sort of executive power.
在战争时期，他们都自然地愿意聚集在他的旗帜下，而不是在任何其他人的旗帜下；他的出生和财富自然而然地为他带来了某种行政权力。
By commanding, too, the united force of a greater number of people than any of them, he is best able to compel any one of them, who may have injured another, to compensate the wrong.
通过指挥比任何人都多的人的联合力量，他最有能力迫使可能伤害另一个人的任何一个人赔偿错误。
He is the person, therefore, to whom all those who are too weak to defend themselves naturally look up for protection.
因此，所有那些无力自卫的人都会自然而然地向他寻求保护。
It is to him that they naturally complain of the injuries which they imagine have been done to them; and his interposition, in such cases, is more easily submitted to, even by the person complained of, than that of any other person would be.
他们自然会向他抱怨他们想象中的伤害。在这种情况下，即使是被投诉的人，也比任何其他人更容易接受他的干预。
His birth and fortune thus naturally procure him some sort of judicial authority.
他的出身和财富自然使他获得了某种司法权威。
It is in the age of shepherds, in the second period of society, that the inequality of fortune first begins to take place, and introduces among men a degree of authority and subordination, which could not possibly exist before.
正是在牧羊人时代，即社会的第二个时期，财富的不平等首先开始出现，并在人们之间引入了一定程度的权威和从属关系，这在以前是不可能存在的。
It thereby introduces some degree of that civil government which is indispensably necessary for its own preservation; and it seems to do this naturally, and even independent of the consideration of that necessity.
因此，它引入了某种程度的公民政府，这对于其自身的保存是不可或缺的。这似乎是很自然的事，甚至与必要性的考虑无关。
The consideration of that necessity comes, no doubt, afterwards, to contribute very much to maintain and secure that authority and subordination.
毫无疑问，事后对这种必要性的考虑对于维持和确保这种权威和从属地位做出了很大贡献。
The rich, in particular, are necessarily interested to support that order of things, which can alone secure them in the possession of their own advantages.
尤其是富人，必然有兴趣支持这种秩序，只有这样才能确保他们拥有自己的优势。
Men of inferior wealth combine to defend those of superior wealth in the possession of their property, in order that men of superior wealth may combine to defend them in the possession of theirs.
财富较低的人联合起来保卫财富较高的人拥有自己的财产，以便财富较高的人联合起来保卫他们拥有自己的财产。
All the inferior shepherds and herdsmen feel, that the security of their own herds and flocks depends upon the security of those of the great shepherd or herdsman; that the maintenance of their lesser authority depends upon that of his greater authority; and that upon their subordination to him depends his power of keeping their inferiors in subordination to them.
所有的下级牧人和牧人都认为，他们自己的牛群和羊群的安全取决于大牧人或牧人的牛群和羊群的安全。他们的较小权威的维持取决于他较大权威的维持；他有能力让下属服从他们，而这取决于他们对他的服从。
They constitute a sort of little nobility, who feel themselves interested to defend the property, and to support the authority, of their own little sovereign, in order that he may be able to defend their property, and to support their authority.
他们构成了一种小贵族，他们觉得自己有兴趣保卫自己的小君主的财产并支持他们的权威，以便他能够保卫他们的财产并支持他们的权威。
Civil government, so far as it is instituted for the security of property, is, in reality, instituted for the defence of the rich against the poor, or of those who have some property against those who have none at all.
就其为财产安全而建立而言，实际上，民事政府的建立是为了保护富人对抗穷人，或者保护那些拥有一些财产的人对抗那些根本没有财产的人。
The judicial authority of such a sovereign, however, far from being a cause of expense, was, for a long time, a source of revenue to him.
然而，这样一位君主的司法权远非他的开支来源，而是在很长一段时间内成为他的收入来源。
The persons who applied to him for justice were always willing to pay for it, and a present never failed to accompany a petition.
那些向他请求伸张正义的人总是愿意付出代价，而且每次请愿都会附带一份礼物。
After the authority of the sovereign, too, was thoroughly established, the person found guilty, over and above the satisfaction which he was obliged to make to the party, was like-wise forced to pay an amercement to the sovereign.
在君主的权威也彻底确立之后，被判有罪的人除了必须向当事人作出的补偿之外，还被迫向君主支付罚金。
He had given trouble, he had disturbed, he had broke the peace of his lord the king, and for those offences an amercement was thought due.
他制造了麻烦，他扰乱了他，他破坏了他的主国王的安宁，对于这些罪行，人们认为应该受到惩罚。
In the Tartar governments of Asia, in the governments of Europe which were founded by the German and Scythian nations who overturned the Roman empire, the administration of justice was a considerable source of revenue, both to the sovereign, and to all the lesser chiefs or lords who exercised under him any particular jurisdiction, either over some particular tribe or clan, or over some particular territory or district.
在亚洲的鞑靼政府中，在由推翻罗马帝国的日耳曼和西徐亚民族建立的欧洲政府中，司法行政对于君主和所有在他之下行使任何特定管辖权的小酋长或领主来说都是一个可观的收入来源，无论是对某个特定的部落或氏族，还是对某个特定的领土或地区。
Originally, both the sovereign and the inferior chiefs used to exercise this jurisdiction in their own persons.
最初，君主和下级酋长都亲自行使这种管辖权。
Afterwards, they universally found it convenient to delegate it to some substitute, bailiff, or judge.
后来，他们普遍发现将其委托给替代者、法警或法官是很方便的。
This substitute, however, was still obliged to account to his principal or constituent for the profits of the jurisdiction.
然而，该替代者仍然有义务向其委托人或选民交代司法管辖区的利润。
Whoever reads the instructions (They are to be found in Tyrol’s History of England) which were given to the judges of the circuit in the time of Henry II will see clearly that those judges were a sort of itinerant factors, sent round the country for the purpose of levying certain branches of the king’s revenue.
凡读过亨利二世时期向巡回法官提供的指示（可在蒂罗尔的《英格兰史》中找到）的人都会清楚地看到，这些法官是一种流动因素，被派往全国各地，目的是征收国王的某些收入部门。
In those days, the administration of justice not only afforded a certain revenue to the sovereign, but, to procure this revenue, seems to have been one of the principal advantages which he proposed to obtain by the administration of justice.
在那些日子里，司法不仅为君主提供了一定的收入，而且获得这种收入似乎是他提出通过司法获得的主要利益之一。
This scheme of making the administration of justice subservient to the purposes of revenue, could scarce fail to be productive of several very gross abuses.
这种使司法服从于收入目的的计划，很可能会导致一些非常严重的滥用职权。
The person who applied for justice with a large present in his hand, was likely to get something more than justice; while he who applied for it with a small one was likely to get something less.
手上拿着大礼物去伸张正义的人，很可能会得到比正义更多的东西；而用小钱去申请的，很可能会得到更少的东西。
Justice, too, might frequently be delayed, in order that this present might be repeated.
正义也可能经常被推迟，以便重演这一事件。
The amercement, besides, of the person complained of, might frequently suggest a very strong reason for finding him in the wrong, even when he had not really been so.
此外，对被投诉者的惩罚可能经常表明有一个非常有力的理由认定他有错，即使他实际上并非如此。
That such abuses were far from being uncommon, the ancient history of every country in Europe bears witness.
这种虐待行为并不少见，欧洲各国的古代历史都证明了这一点。
When the sovereign or chief exercises his judicial authority in his own person, how much soever he might abuse it, it must have been scarce possible to get any redress; because there could seldom be any body powerful enough to call him to account.
当君主或酋长亲自行使司法权时，无论他滥用司法权的程度如何，都几乎不可能得到任何补救；因为很少有人有足够强大的力量来追究他的责任。
When he exercised it by a bailiff, indeed, redress might sometimes be had.
事实上，当他由执行官行使这项权利时，有时可能会得到补救。
If it was for his own benefit only, that the bailiff had been guilty of an act of injustice, the sovereign himself might not always be unwilling to punish him, or to oblige him to repair the wrong.
如果执达官犯下不公正行为只是为了他自己的利益，那么君主本人可能并不总是不愿意惩罚他，或者强迫他纠正错误。
But if it was for the benefit of his sovereign; if it was in order to make court to the person who appointed him, and who might prefer him, that he had committed any act of oppression; redress would, upon most occasions, be as impossible as if the sovereign had committed it himself.
但如果是为了他的君主的利益；如果他是为了讨好任命他的人并且可能更喜欢他，而他犯下了任何压迫行为；在大多数情况下，补救措施就像是君主亲自做出的一样不可能。
In all barbarous governments, accordingly, in all those ancient governments of Europe in particular, which were founded upon the ruins of the Roman empire, the administration of justice appears for a long time to have been extremely corrupt; far from being quite equal and impartial, even under the best monarchs, and altogether profligate under the worst.
因此，在所有野蛮的政府中，特别是在所有建立在罗马帝国废墟上的欧洲古代政府中，司法行政在很长一段时间内显得极其腐败。即使在最好的君主统治下，也远非完全平等和公正，而且在最坏的君主统治下，完全是挥霍无度。
Among nations of shepherds, where the sovereign or chief is only the greatest shepherd or herdsman of the horde or clan, he is maintained in the same manner as any of his vassals or subjects, by the increase of his own herds or flocks.
在牧羊人国家中，君主或酋长只是部落或氏族中最伟大的牧羊人或牧人，他与他的任何封臣或臣民一样，通过增加自己的牛群或羊群来维持生计。
Among those nations of husbandmen, who are but just come out of the shepherd state, and who are not much advanced beyond that state, such as the Greek tribes appear to have been about the time of the Trojan war, and our German and Scythian ancestors, when they first settled upon the ruins of the western empire; the sovereign or chief is, in the same manner, only the greatest landlord of the country, and is maintained in the same manner as any other landlord, by a revenue derived from his own private estate, or from what, in modern Europe, was called the demesne of the crown.
在那些刚从牧羊国家出来的农耕国家中，他们并没有比这个国家进步多少，例如希腊部落似乎大约在特洛伊战争时期，以及我们的德国和斯基泰祖先，当他们第一次在西方帝国的废墟上定居时；同样，君主或酋长只是国家最大的地主，并且与任何其他地主一样，通过从他自己的私人地产或现代欧洲所谓的王室领地中获得的收入来维持。
His subjects, upon ordinary occasions, contribute nothing to his support, except when, in order to protect them from the oppression of some of their fellow-subjects, they stand in need of his authority.
在一般情况下，他的臣民不会为他提供任何支持，除非为了保护他们免受某些同胞的压迫，他们需要他的权威。
The presents which they make him upon such occasions constitute the whole ordinary revenue, the whole of the emoluments which, except, perhaps, upon some very extraordinary emergencies, he derives from his dominion over them.
他们在这种情况下向他赠送的礼物构成了全部普通收入，即除了某些非常特殊的紧急情况之外，他从对他们的统治中获得的全部报酬。
When Agamemnon, in Homer, offers to Achilles, for his friendship, the sovereignty of seven Greek cities, the sole advantage which he mentions as likely to be derived from it was, that the people would honour him with presents.
当阿伽门农在荷马史诗中为了友谊而向阿喀琉斯提出七个希腊城市的主权时，他提到可能从中获得的唯一好处是，人们会向他赠送礼物。
As long as such presents, as long as the emoluments of justice, or what may be called the fees of court, constituted, in this manner, the whole ordinary revenue which the sovereign derived from his sovereignty, it could not well be expected, it could not even decently be proposed, that he should give them up altogether.
只要这些礼物，只要正义的报酬，或者所谓的法庭费用，以这种方式构成了主权者从其主权中获得的全部普通收入，就不能期望，甚至不能体面地建议他完全放弃它们。
It might, and it frequently was proposed, that he should regulate and ascertain them.
人们可能、而且经常有人提议，他应该对它们进行监管和确定。
But after they had been so regulated and ascertained, how to hinder a person who was all-powerful from extending them beyond those regulations, was still very difficult, not to say impossible.
但在如此规定和确定之后，如何阻止一个全能的人将其超出这些规定，仍然是非常困难的，甚至可以说是不可能的。
During the continuance of this state of things, therefore, the corruption of justice, naturally resulting from the arbitrary and uncertain nature of those presents, scarce admitted of any effectual remedy.
因此，在这种情况持续下去的过程中，司法腐败自然是由于这些礼物的任意性和不确定性而造成的，几乎没有任何有效的补救办法。
But when, from different causes, chiefly from the continually increasing expense of defending the nation against the invasion of other nations, the private estate of the sovereign had become altogether insufficient for defraying the expense of the sovereignty; and when it had become necessary that the people should, for their own security, contribute towards this expense by taxes of different kinds; it seems to have been very commonly stipulated, that no present for the administration of justice should, under any pretence, be accepted either by the sovereign, or by his bailiffs and substitutes, the judges.
但是，由于不同的原因，主要是由于保卫国家免受其他国家入侵的费用不断增加，主权者的私人财产已经完全不足以支付主权的费用；当人民为了自己的安全而有必要通过各种税收来支付这笔费用时；似乎有一个非常普遍的规定，即任何形式的司法礼物都不得以任何借口被君主或其执达员和代理法官接受。
Those presents, it seems to have been supposed, could more easily be abolished altogether, than effectually regulated and ascertained.
人们似乎认为，这些礼物可能更容易被完全废除，而不是有效地监管和确定。
Fixed salaries were appointed to the judges, which were supposed to compensate to them the loss of whatever might have been their share of the ancient emoluments of justice; as the taxes more than compensated to the sovereign the loss of his.
法官们的工资是固定的，这是为了补偿他们在古代司法报酬中所享有的份额的损失。因为税收足以补偿主权者的损失。
Justice was then said to be administered gratis.
据说当时的司法是免费的。
Justice, however, never was in reality administered gratis in any country.
然而，事实上，任何国家的司法从来都不是免费的。
Lawyers and attorneys, at least, must always be paid by the parties; and if they were not, they would perform their duty still worse than they actually perform it.
至少，律师和代理律师必须始终由当事人支付费用；如果他们不这样做，他们履行职责的情况就会比实际履行的还要糟糕。
The fees annually paid to lawyers and attorneys, amount, in every court, to a much greater sum than the salaries of the judges.
每个法院每年支付给律师和代理律师的费用远远高于法官的工资。
The circumstance of those salaries being paid by the crown, can nowhere much diminish the necessary expense of a law-suit.
这些工资是由国王支付的，这并不能减少诉讼所需的费用。
But it was not so much to diminish the expense, as to prevent the corruption of justice, that the judges were prohibited from receiving my present or fee from the parties.
但禁止法官接受我的礼物或当事人的费用，与其说是为了减少开支，不如说是为了防止司法腐败。
The office of judge is in itself so very honourable, that men are willing to accept of it, though accompanied with very small emoluments.
法官的职位本身是非常光荣的，人们愿意接受它，尽管报酬很少。
The inferior office of justice of peace, though attended with a good deal of trouble, and in most cases with no emoluments at all, is an object of ambition to the greater part of our country gentlemen.
治安法官的下级职位虽然麻烦重重，而且在大多数情况下根本没有任何报酬，但却是我国大部分绅士所追求的目标。
The salaries of all the different judges, high and low, together with the whole expense of the administration and execution of justice, even where it is not managed with very good economy, makes, in any civilized country, but a very inconsiderable part of the whole expense of government.
所有不同法官的工资，无论高低，加上行政和执行司法的全部费用，即使在没有很好的经济管理的情况下，在任何文明国家都只占政府全部费用的很小一部分。
The whole expense of justice, too, might easily be defrayed by the fees of court; and, without exposing the administration of justice to any real hazard of corruption, the public revenue might thus be entirely discharged from a certain, though perhaps but a small incumbrance.
司法的全部费用也可以很容易地通过法庭费用来支付。而且，在不使司法面临任何真正的腐败危险的情况下，公共收入可能会完全免除某种（尽管也许只是很小的）负担。
It is difficult to regulate the fees of court effectually, where a person so powerful as the sovereign is to share in them and to derive any considerable part of his revenue from them.
由于像主权者这样有权有势的人要分享法庭费用，并从中获取相当大一部分收入，因此很难有效地监管法庭费用。
It is very easy, where the judge is the principal person who can reap any benefit from them.
这很容易，法官是可以从他们那里获得任何利益的主要人。
The law can very easily oblige the judge to respect the regulation though it might not always be able to make the sovereign respect it.
法律可以很容易地迫使法官尊重法规，尽管它可能并不总是能够使主权者尊重它。
Where the fees of court are precisely regulated and ascertained where they are paid all at once, at a certain period of every process, into the hands of a cashier or receiver, to be by him distributed in certain known proportions among the different judges after the process is decided and not till it is decided; there seems to be no more danger of corruption than when such fees are prohibited altogether.
法院费用是经过精确管理和确定的，在每个程序的某个特定时期一次性支付给出纳员或接收人，由他在程序决定后而不是在程序决定之前按一定的已知比例分配给不同的法官；腐败的危险似乎并不比完全禁止此类费用更大。
Those fees, without occasioning any considerable increase in the expense of a law-suit, might be rendered fully sufficient for defraying the whole expense of justice.
这些费用，在不引起诉讼费用大幅增加的情况下，可能完全足以支付全部司法费用。
But not being paid to the judges till the process was determined, they might be some incitement to the diligence of the court in examining and deciding it.
但在程序确定之前不支付给法官，这可能会刺激法院在审查和裁决方面的勤奋。
In courts which consisted of a considerable number of judges, by proportioning the share of each judge to the number of hours and days which he had employed in examining the process, either in the court, or in a committee, by order of the court, those fees might give some encouragement to the diligence of each particular judge.
在由相当多的法官组成的法院中，通过将每位法官的份额与他在法院或根据法院命令在委员会中审查程序的时间和天数成比例，这些费用可能会在一定程度上鼓励每个特定法官的勤奋。
Public services are never better performed, than when their reward comes only in consequence of their being performed, and is proportioned to the diligence employed in performing them.
公共服务的回报只有在执行后才获得，并且与执行公共服务时所付出的努力成正比，这是最好的表现。
In the different parliaments of France, the fees of court (called epices and vacations) constitute the far greater part of the emoluments of the judges.
在法国不同的议会中，法院费用（称为史诗和假期）构成法官薪酬的大部分。
After all deductions are made, the neat salary paid by the crown to a counsellor or judge in the parliament of Thoulouse, in rank and dignity the second parliament of the kingdom, amounts only to 150 livres, about £6:11s.
扣除所有费用后，王室支付给图卢兹议会顾问或法官的纯工资仅为150里弗，约合6:11英镑。
sterling a-year.
一年英镑。
About seven years ago, that sum was in the same place the ordinary yearly wages of a common footman.
大约七年前，这笔钱相当于一个普通男仆的普通年工资。
The distribution of these epices, too, is according to the diligence of the judges.
这些史诗的分配也取决于法官的勤奋。
A diligent judge gains a comfortable, though moderate revenue, by his office; an idle one gets little more than his salary.
一个勤奋的法官通过他的职务获得了可观但适度的收入。游手好闲的人得到的只是他的薪水。
Those parliaments are, perhaps, in many respects, not very convenient courts of justice; but they have never been accused; they seem never even to have been suspected of corruption.
从很多方面来说，这些议会或许都不是非常方便的法庭。但他们从未被指控；他们似乎从未被怀疑有腐败行为。
The fees of court seem originally to have been the principal support of the different courts of justice in England.
法院费用似乎最初是英格兰各法院的主要支持。
Each court endeavoured to draw to itself as much business as it could, and was, upon that account, willing to take cognizance of many suits which were not originally intended to fall under its jurisdiction.
每个法院都尽力为自己争取尽可能多的业务，因此愿意受理许多原本不属于其管辖范围的诉讼。
The court of king’s bench, instituted for the trial of criminal causes only, took cognizance of civil suits; the plaintiff pretending that the defendant, in not doing him justice, had been guilty of some trespass or misdemeanour.
国王法庭专门审理刑事案件，也受理民事诉讼。原告假装被告没有为他伸张正义，而是犯有某种非法侵入罪或轻罪。
The court of exchequer, instituted for the levying of the king’s revenue, and for enforcing the payment of such debts only as were due to the king, took cognizance of all other contract debts; the planitiff alleging that he could not pay the king, because the defendant would not pay him.
为征收国王的收入和强制支付国王所欠债务而设立的财政法院，负责审理所有其他合同债务；原告声称他无法向国王付款，因为被告不会向他付款。
In consequence of such fictions, it came, in many cases, to depend altogether upon the parties, before what court they would choose to have their cause tried, and each court endeavoured, by superior dispatch and impartiality, to draw to itself as many causes as it could.
由于这种虚构，在许多情况下，完全取决于当事人选择在哪个法院审理其案件，并且每个法院都尽力以优越的速度和公正性，尽可能多地为自己争取案件。
The present admirable constitution of the courts of justice in England was, perhaps, originally, in a great measure, formed by this emulation, which anciently took place between their respective judges: each judge endeavouring to give, in his own court, the speediest and most effectual remedy which the law would admit, for every sort of injustice.
英国法院目前令人钦佩的宪法也许在很大程度上是由这种竞争形成的，这种竞争古代发生在各自的法官之间：每个法官都努力在自己的法庭上对各种不公正行为给予法律承认的最迅速和最有效的补救措施。
Originally, the courts of law gave damages only for breach of contract.
最初，法院仅对违约行为给予损害赔偿。
The court of chancery, as a court of conscience, first took upon it to enforce the specific performance of agreements.
衡平法院作为良心法院，首先承担起强制执行协议具体履行的责任。
When the breach of contract consisted in the non-payment of money, the damage sustained could be compensated in no other way than by ordering payment, which was equivalent to a specific performance of the agreement.
当违约行为为不付款时，所造成的损失只能通过命令付款来补偿，相当于具体履行协议。
In such cases, therefore, the remedy of the courts of law was sufficient.
因此，在这种情况下，法院的补救措施就足够了。
It was not so in others.
其他人则不然。
When the tenant sued his lord for having unjustly outed him of his lease, the damages which he recovered were by no means equivalent to the possession of the land.
当佃户起诉他的领主不公正地取消他的租约时，他所获得的损害赔偿绝不等同于对土地的占有。
Such causes, therefore, for some time, went all to the court of chancery, to the no small loss of the courts of law.
因此，在一段时间内，此类案件全部诉诸大法官法庭，给法院带来了不小的损失。
It was to draw back such causes to themselves, that the courts of law are said to have invented the artificial and fictitious writ of ejectment, the most effectual remedy for an unjust outer or dispossession of land.
据说，正是为了将这些原因归咎于自己，法院发明了人为的、虚构的驱逐令，这是对不公正的土地剥夺或剥夺的最有效的补救措施。
A stamp-duty upon the law proceedings of each particular court, to be levied by that court, and applied towards the maintenance of the judges, and other officers belonging to it, might in the same manner, afford a revenue sufficient for defraying the expense of the administration of justice, without bringing any burden upon the general revenue of the society.
每个特定法院对诉讼程序征收的印花税，用于支付法官和属于该法院的其他官员的生活费，可以以同样的方式提供足以支付司法费用的收入，而不会给社会的一般收入带来任何负担。
The judges, indeed, might in this case, be under the temptation of multiplying unnecessarily the proceedings upon every cause, in order to increase, as much as possible, the produce of such a stamp-duty.
事实上，在这种情况下，法官可能会受到诱惑，不必要地增加对每一个原因的诉讼程序，以便尽可能增加这种印花税的产生。
It has been the custom in modern Europe to regulate, upon most occasions, the payment of the attorneys and clerks of court according to the number of pages which they had occasion to write; the court, however, requiring that each page should contain so many lines, and each line so many words.
现代欧洲的惯例是，在大多数情况下，根据律师和法庭书记员需要撰写的页数来规定他们的报酬；然而，法院要求每页应包含这么多行，每行应包含这么多字。
In order to increase their payment, the attorneys and clerks have contrived to multiply words beyond all necessity, to the corruption of the law language of, I believe, every court of justice in Europe.
为了增加他们的报酬，律师和书记官们千方百计地增加了不必要的措辞，我相信，这导致了欧洲每个法院的法律语言的腐败。
A like temptation might, perhaps, occasion a like corruption in the form of law proceedings.
类似的诱惑也许会以法律诉讼的形式引发类似的腐败。
But whether the administration of justice be so contrived as to defray its own expense, or whether the judges be maintained by fixed salaries paid to them from some other fund, it does not seen necessary that the person or persons entrusted with the executive power should be charged with the management of that fund, or with the payment of those salaries.
但是，无论司法行政是否被设计为自己支付费用，或者法官是否通过其他基金支付给他们的固定工资来维持，我们认为没有必要让受托执行权力的人负责管理该基金或支付这些工资。
That fund might arise from the rent of landed estates, the management of each estate being entrusted to the particular court which was to be maintained by it.
该基金可能来自地产的租金，每个地产的管理都委托给由其维持的特定法院。
That fund might arise even from the interest of a sum of money, the lending out of which might, in the same manner, be entrusted to the court which was to be maintained by it.
该基金甚至可能来自一笔钱的利息，这笔钱的贷款可以以同样的方式委托给法院，由法院维持。
A part, though indeed but a small part of the salary of the judges of the court of session in Scotland, arises from the interest of a sum of money.
苏格兰法院法官的工资的一部分，尽管实际上只是一小部分，是由一笔钱的利息产生的。
The necessary instability of such a fund seems, however, to render it an improper one for the maintenance of an institution which ought to last for ever.
然而，这种基金必然存在的不稳定性似乎使它不适合维持一个应该永远持续下去的机构。
The separation of the judicial from the executive power, seems originally to have arisen from the increasing business of the society, in consequence of its increasing improvement.
司法权与行政权的分离，似乎最初是由于社会业务的不断增长和社会日益进步而产生的。
The administration of justice became so laborious and so complicated a duty, as to require the undivided attention of the person to whom it was entrusted.
司法工作变得如此费力和复杂，以至于需要受托人全神贯注。
The person entrusted with the executive power, not having leisure to attend to the decision of private causes himself, a deputy was appointed to decide them in his stead.
被赋予行政权力的人没有时间亲自处理私人事务的决定，于是任命一名代表来代替他做出决定。
In the progress of the Roman greatness, the consul was too much occupied with the political affairs of the state, to attend to the administration of justice.
在罗马帝国日渐强大的过程中，执政官过多地忙于国家政治事务，无暇顾及司法。
A praetor, therefore, was appointed to administer it in his stead.
因此，任命了一位执政官来代替他管理该事务。
In the progress of the European monarchies, which were founded upon the ruins of the Roman empire, the sovereigns and the great lords came universally to consider the administration of justice as an office both too laborious and too ignoble for them to execute in their own persons.
在罗马帝国废墟上建立的欧洲君主政体的发展过程中，君主和大领主普遍认为司法行政是一项既费力又不光彩的职务，无法由他们亲自执行。
They universally, therefore, discharged themselves of it, by appointing a deputy, bailiff or judge.
因此，他们普遍通过任命一名代表、法警或法官来履行自己的职责。
When the judicial is united to the executive power, it is scarce possible that justice should not frequently be sacrificed to what is vulgarly called politics.
当司法权与行政权合二为一时，正义几乎不可能不经常被通俗地称为政治的东西所牺牲。
The persons entrusted with the great interests of the state may even without any corrupt views, sometimes imagine it necessary to sacrifice to those interests the rights of a private man.
那些肩负国家重大利益的人，即使没有任何腐败观点，有时也会认为有必要为了这些利益而牺牲私人的权利。
But upon the impartial administration of justice depends the liberty of every individual, the sense which he has of his own security.
但每个人的自由以及他对自身安全的感觉都取决于公正的司法。
In order to make every individual feel himself perfectly secure in the possession of every right which belongs to him, it is not only necessary that the judicial should be separated from the executive power, but that it should be rendered as much as possible independent of that power.
为了使每个人都感到完全安全地拥有属于他的每一项权利，不仅有必要将司法权与行政权分开，而且还应尽可能使其独立于行政权。
The judge should not be liable to be removed from his office according to the caprice of that power.
法官不应因其权力的反复无常而被免职。
The regular payment of his salary should not depend upon the good will, or even upon the good economy of that power.
他的薪水的定期支付不应取决于善意，甚至也不应取决于该权力的良好节约。
PART III.
第三部分。
Of the Expense of public Works and public Institutions.
公共工程和公共机构的费用。
The third and last duty of the sovereign or commonwealth, is that of erecting and maintaining those public institutions and those public works, which though they may be in the highest degree advantageous to a great society, are, however, of such a nature, that the profit could never repay the expense to any individual, or small number of individuals; and which it, therefore, cannot be expected that any individual, or small number of individuals, should erect or maintain.
主权国家或联邦的第三个也是最后一个职责是建立和维持这些公共机构和公共工程，尽管它们可能在最大程度上有利于一个伟大的社会，但其本质是利润永远无法偿还任何个人或少数个人的费用；因此，不能指望任何个人或少数人应该建造或维护它。
The performance of this duty requires, too, very different degrees of expense in the different periods of society.
履行这一职责在社会的不同时期也需要不同程度的开支。
After the public institutions and public works necessary for the defence of the society, and for the administration of justice, both of which have already been mentioned, the other works and institutions of this kind are chiefly for facilitating the commerce of the society, and those for promoting the instruction of the people.
继前面提到的保卫社会和司法行政所必需的公共机构和公共工程之后，此类其他工程和机构主要是为了促进社会的商业和促进人民的教育。
The institutions for instruction are of two kinds: those for the education of the youth, and those for the instruction of people of all ages.
教育机构有两种：一种是针对青少年的教育机构，另一种是针对所有年龄段的人的教育机构。
The consideration of the manner in which the expense of those different sorts of public works and institutions may be most properly defrayed will divide this third part of the present chapter into three different articles.
考虑如何最恰当地支付这些不同类型的公共工程和机构的费用，本章的第三部分将分为三个不同的条款。
ARTICLE I.—Of the public Works and Institutions for facilitating the Commerce of the Society.
第 I 条——促进社会商业的公共工程和机构。
And, first, of those which are necessary for facilitating Commerce in general.
首先，是促进一般商务所必需的。
That the erection and maintenance of the public works which facilitate the commerce of any country, such as good roads, bridges, navigable canals, harbours, etc. must require very different degrees of expense in the different periods of society, is evident without any proof.
没有任何证据表明，建设和维护促进任何国家商业的公共工程，例如良好的道路、桥梁、通航运河、港口等，在社会的不同时期必然需要不同程度的费用。
The expense of making and maintaining the public roads of any country must evidently increase with the annual produce of the land and labour of that country, or with the quantity and weight of the goods which it becomes necessary to fetch and carry upon those roads.
任何国家修建和维护公共道路的费用显然都随着该国土地和劳动力的年产量的增加，或者随着在这些道路上运输和运输的货物的数量和重量的增加而增加。
The strength of a bridge must be suited to the number and weight of the carriages which are likely to pass over it.
桥梁的强度必须适合可能通过的车厢的数量和重量。
The depth and the supply of water for a navigable canal must be proportioned to the number and tonnage of the lighters which are likely to carry goods upon it; the extent of a harbour, to the number of the shipping which are likely to take shelter in it.
通航运河的深度和供水量必须与可能在其上运载货物的驳船的数量和吨位成比例；港口的范围，可能在其中避难的船只数量。
It does not seem necessary that the expense of those public works should be defrayed from that public revenue, as it is commonly called, of which the collection and application are in most countries, assigned to the executive power.
这些公共工程的费用似乎没有必要从通常所说的公共收入中支付，在大多数国家，公共收入的征收和使用都分配给行政权力。
The greater part of such public works may easily be so managed, as to afford a particular revenue, sufficient for defraying their own expense without bringing any burden upon the general revenue of the society.
大部分此类公共工程可以很容易地进行管理，以提供特定的收入，足以支付自己的费用，而不会给社会的总收入带来任何负担。
A highway, a bridge, a navigable canal, for example, may, in most cases, be both made add maintained by a small toll upon the carriages which make use of them; a harbour, by a moderate port-duty upon the tonnage of the shipping which load or unload in it.
例如，在大多数情况下，高速公路、桥梁、通航运河都可以通过对使用它们的车辆收取少量通行费来维持；港口，根据在港口装卸的船舶吨位征收适度的港口税。
The coinage, another institution for facilitating commerce, in many countries, not only defrays its own expense, but affords a small revenue or a seignorage to the sovereign.
在许多国家，铸币是促进商业发展的另一种制度，它不仅支付自己的开支，而且还为主权国家提供少量收入或铸币税。
The post-office, another institution for the same purpose, over and above defraying its own expense, affords, in almost all countries, a very considerable revenue to the sovereign.
邮局是出于同一目的的另一个机构，除了支付自己的费用外，几乎在所有国家都为主权国家提供了非常可观的收入。
When the carriages which pass over a highway or a bridge, and the lighters which sail upon a navigable canal, pay toll in proportion to their weight or their tonnage, they pay for the maintenance of those public works exactly in proportion to the wear and tear which they occasion of them.
当通过公路或桥梁的车辆和在通航运河上航行的驳船按照其重量或吨位支付通行费时，他们支付的维护费用与这些公共工程所造成的磨损完全成比例。
It seems scarce possible to invent a more equitable way of maintaining such works.
似乎几乎不可能发明一种更公平的方式来维护此类作品。
This tax or toll, too, though it is advanced by the carrier, is finally paid by the consumer, to whom it must always be charged in the price of the goods.
该税款或通行费虽然由承运人预付，但最终由消费者支付，必须始终计入商品价格中。
As the expense of carriage, however, is very much reduced by means of such public works, the goods, notwithstanding the toll, come cheaper to the consumer than they could otherwise have done, their price not being so much raised by the toll, as it is lowered by the cheapness of the carriage.
然而，由于运输费用通过此类公共工程而大大降低，因此，尽管有通行费，但对消费者来说，货物的价格比他们本来可以买到的要便宜，它们的价格并没有因为通行费而提高太多，而是因为运输的便宜而降低了。
The person who finally pays this tax, therefore, gains by the application more than he loses by the payment of it.
因此，最终缴纳该税款的人通过申请获得的收益多于因缴纳税款而遭受的损失。
His payment is exactly in proportion to his gain.
他的付出与他的收获完全成正比。
It is, in reality, no more than a part of that gain which he is obliged to give up, in order to get the rest.
事实上，这只不过是他为了获得其余部分而不得不放弃的一部分。
It seems impossible to imagine a more equitable method of raising a tax.
似乎不可能想象出更公平的增税方法。
When the toll upon carriages of luxury, upon coaches, post-chaises, etc. is made somewhat higher in proportion to their weight, than upon carriages of necessary use, such as carts, waggons, etc. the indolence and vanity of the rich is made to contribute, in a very easy manner, to the relief of the poor, by rendering cheaper the transportation of heavy goods to all the different parts of the country.
当豪华马车、马车、邮政马车等的通行费按其重量的比例定得比必要使用的马车，如手推车、马车等的通行费稍高时，富人的懒惰和虚荣心就很容易地通过使重型货物运输到全国各地的成本更便宜来为穷人的救济做出贡献。
When high-roads, bridges, canals, etc. are in this manner made and supported by the commerce which is carried on by means of them, they can be made only where that commerce requires them, and, consequently, where it is proper to make them.
当公路、桥梁、运河等以这种方式建造并由通过它们进行的商业支持时，它们只能在商业需要它们的地方建造，因此，在适合建造它们的地方建造它们。
Their expense, too, their grandeur and magnificence, must be suited to what that commerce can afford to pay.
它们的费用、它们的宏伟和辉煌也必须适合该商业的支付能力。
They must be made, consequently, as it is proper to make them.
因此，它们必须按照正确的方式来制作。
A magnificent high-road cannot be made through a desert country, where there is little or no commerce, or merely because it happens to lead to the country villa of the intendant of the province, or to that of some great lord, to whom the intendant finds it convenient to make his court.
一条宏伟的公路不可能穿过沙漠国家，因为那里几乎没有商业，或者仅仅因为它恰好通向该省总督的乡村别墅，或者通向某位大领主的别墅，总督觉得向他的朝廷很方便。
A great bridge cannot be thrown over a river at a place where nobody passes, or merely to embellish the view from the windows of a neighbouring palace; things which sometimes happen in countries, where works of this kind are carried on by any other revenue than that which they themselves are capable of affording.
一座大桥不能建在河上无人经过的地方，也不能仅仅为了美化邻近宫殿窗外的景色；这种情况有时会在一些国家发生，这些国家的此类工作是通过其本身无力支付的任何其他收入来进行的。
In several different parts of Europe, the toll or lock-duty upon a canal is the property of private persons, whose private interest obliges them to keep up the canal.
在欧洲的几个不同地区，运河的通行费或船闸税是私人的财产，他们的私人利益迫使他们维护运河。
If it is not kept in tolerable order, the navigation necessarily ceases altogether, and, along with it, the whole profit which they can make by the tolls.
如果不能保持可容忍的秩序，航行必然完全停止，随之而来的是他们通过通行费所能获得的全部利润。
If those tolls were put under the management of commissioners, who had themselves no interest in them, they might be less attentive to the maintenance of the works which produced them.
如果这些通行费由专员管理，而专员本身对这些通行费没有兴趣，那么他们可能不太关心对产生这些通行费的工程的维护。
The canal of Languedoc cost the king of France and the province upwards of thirteen millions of livres, which (at twenty-eight livres the mark of silver, the value of French money in the end of the last century) amounted to upwards of nine hundred thousand pounds sterling.
朗格多克运河花费了法国国王和该省超过一千三百万里弗，其中（二十八里弗为白银马克，是上世纪末法国货币的价值）总计超过九十万英镑。
When that great work was finished, the most likely method, it was found, of keeping it in constant repair, was to make a present of the tolls to Riquet, the engineer who planned and conducted the work.
当这项伟大的工程完成后，人们发现，保持其不断维修的最有可能的方法是将通行费赠送给规划和实施这项工程的工程师里凯。
Those tolls constitute, at present, a very large estate to the different branches of the family of that gentleman, who have, therefore, a great interest to keep the work in constant repair.
目前，这些通行费对这位先生的各个家族来说构成了一笔非常大的财产，因此，他们非常有兴趣保持这项工程的不断维修。
But had those tolls been put under the management of commissioners, who had no such interest, they might perhaps, have been dissipated in ornamental and unnecessary expenses, while the most essential parts of the works were allowed to go to ruin.
但是，如果这些通行费由没有这种兴趣的专员管理的话，它们可能会被浪费在装饰性和不必要的开支上，而工程最重要的部分却被毁掉了。
The tolls for the maintenance of a highroad cannot, with any safety, be made the property of private persons.
为了安全起见，高速公路的维护费用不能归私人所有。
A high-road, though entirely neglected, does not become altogether impassable, though a canal does.
公路尽管完全被忽视，但也不会变得完全无法通行，但运河却会变得完全无法通行。
The proprietors of the tolls upon a high-road, therefore, might neglect altogether the repair of the road, and yet continue to levy very nearly the same tolls.
因此，高速公路的通行费所有者可能会完全忽视道路的修复，但仍继续征收几乎相同的通行费。
It is proper, therefore, that the tolls for the maintenance of such a work should be put under the management of commissioners or trustees.
因此，维护此类工程的通行费应该由专员或受托人管理。
In Great Britain, the abuses which the trustees have committed in the management of those tolls, have, in many cases, been very justly complained of.
在英国，受托人在管理这些通行费时犯下的滥用职权，在许多情况下都受到了非常公正的抱怨。
At many turnpikes, it has been said, the money levied is more than double of what is necessary for executing, in the completest manner, the work, which is often executed in a very slovenly manner, and sometimes not executed at all.
据说，在许多收费公路上，征收的费用是完全执行工作所需费用的两倍多，而工作的执行方式往往非常马虎，有时甚至根本不执行。
The system of repairing the high-roads by tolls of this kind, it must be observed, is not of very long standing.
必须注意的是，通过这种收费方式修复高速公路的制度并不是历史悠久的。
We should not wonder, therefore, if it has not yet been brought to that degree of perfection of which it seems capable.
因此，我们不应该怀疑它是否还没有达到它看起来能够达到的完美程度。
If mean and improper persons are frequently appointed trustees; and if proper courts of inspection and account have not yet been established for controlling their conduct, and for reducing the tolls to what is barely sufficient for executing the work to be done by them; the recency of the institution both accounts and apologizes for those defects, of which, by the wisdom of parliament, the greater part may, in due time, be gradually remedied.
如果经常任命卑鄙和不正当的人为受托人；如果尚未建立适当的检查和问责法庭来控制他们的行为，并将通行费减少到勉强足以执行他们要做的工作；该机构的成立时间很短，既说明了这些缺陷，也对这些缺陷表示歉意，凭借议会的智慧，其中大部分可以在适当的时候逐步得到纠正。
The money levied at the different turnpikes in Great Britain, is supposed to exceed so much what is necessary for repairing the roads, that the savings which, with proper economy, might be made from it, have been considered, even by some ministers, as a very great resource, which might, at some time or another, be applied to the exigencies of the state.
在英国不同的收费公路上征收的资金应该超出了修路所需的资金，因此，在适当的节约下，可以从中节省下来的资金，甚至被一些部长认为是一种非常巨大的资源，可以在某个时间或其他时间用于国家的紧急情况。
Government, it has been said, by taking the management of the turnpikes into its own hands, and by employing the soldiers, who would work for a very small addition to their pay, could keep the roads in good order, at a much less expense than it can be done by trustees, who have no other workmen to employ, but such as derive their whole subsistence from their wages.
据说，政府通过将收费公路的管理权掌握在自己手中，并雇用士兵（他们的工资只需要很少的额外费用），就可以保持道路的良好秩序，而费用比受托人少得多，受托人没有其他工人可以雇用，但他们的全部生活都靠工资来维持。
A great revenue, half a million, perhaps {Since publishing the two first editions of this book, I have got good reasons to believe that all the turnpike tolls levied in Great Britain do not produce a neat revenue that amounts to half a million; a sum which, under the management of government, would not be sufficient to keep in repair five of the principal roads in the kingdom}, it has been pretended, might in this manner be gained, without laying any new burden upon the people; and the turnpike roads might be made to contribute to the general expense of the state, in the same manner as the post-office does at present.
一笔巨大的收入，五十万，也许{自从出版这本书的前两版以来，我有充分的理由相信，英国征收的所有收费公路通行费并不会产生相当于五十万的净收入;这笔钱，在政府的管理下，不足以维修王国的五条主要道路}，据说，可以通过这种方式获得，而不会给人民带来任何新的负担；收费公路可能会像目前邮局一样，为国家的一般开支做出贡献。
That a considerable revenue might be gained in this manner, I have no doubt, though probably not near so much as the projectors of this plan have supposed.
我毫不怀疑，以这种方式可以获得可观的收入，尽管可能没有该计划的预测者所想象的那么多。
The plan itself, however, seems liable to several very important objections.
然而，该计划本身似乎容易遭到一些非常重要的反对。
First, If the tolls which are levied at the turnpikes should ever be considered as one of the resources for supplying the exigencies of the state, they would certainly be augmented as those exigencies were supposed to require.
首先，如果收费公路征收的通行费应被视为满足国家紧急情况的资源之一，那么它们肯定会根据这些紧急情况的需要而增加。
According to the policy of Great Britain, therefore, they would probably he augmented very fast.
因此，根据英国的政策，他们的扩张速度可能会非常快。
The facility with which a great revenue could be drawn from them, would probably encourage administration to recur very frequently te this resource.
可以从它们那里获得大量收入的设施可能会鼓励管理部门非常频繁地重复使用这一资源。
Though it may, perhaps, be more than doubtful whether half a million could by any economy be saved out of the present tolls, it can scarcely be doubted, but that a million might be saved out of them, if they were doubled; and perhaps two millions, if they were tripled {I have now good reason to believe that all these conjectural sums are by much too large.}.
尽管可能更值得怀疑的是，任何经济体是否可以从目前的通行费中节省五十万，但几乎不能怀疑的是，如果通行费翻倍，则可以从中节省一百万。如果增加三倍的话，也许是两百万{我现在有充分的理由相信所有这些推测的数字太大了。}。
This great revenue, too, might be levied without the appointment of a single new officer to collect and receive it.
这笔巨额收入也可能在不任命任何新官员来收取和接收的情况下征收。
But the turnpike tolls, being continually augmented in this manner, instead of facilitating the inland commerce of the country, as at present, would soon become a very great incumbrance upon it.
但是，以这种方式不断增加的收费公路收费，不但不会像目前那样促进该国的内陆商业，而且很快就会成为该国的一个很大的障碍。
The expense of transporting all heavy goods from one part of the country to another, would soon be so much increased, the market for all such goods, consequently, would soon be so much narrowed, that their production would be in a great measure discouraged, and the most important branches of the domestic industry of the country annihilated altogether.
将所有重型货物从一个地方运输到另一个地方的费用很快就会大大增加，因此，所有这些货物的市场很快就会大大缩小，以致它们的生产将在很大程度上受到抑制，而该国国内工业最重要的部门将被彻底消灭。
Secondly, A tax upon carriages, in proportion to their weight, though a very equal tax when applied to the sole purpose of repairing the roads, is a very unequal one when applied to any other purpose, or to supply the common exigencies of the state.
其次，按车辆重量的比例对车辆征税，虽然当仅用于修复道路时这是一种非常平等的税收，但当应用于任何其他目的或满足国家的共同紧急情况时，这是一种非常不平等的税收。
When it is applied to the sole purpose above mentioned, each carriage is supposed to pay exactly for the wear and tear which that carriage occasions of the roads.
当它应用于上述唯一目的时，每趟运输都应该准确支付该运输造成的道路磨损。
But when it is applied to any other purpose, each carriage is supposed to pay for more than that wear and tear, and contributes to the supply of some other exigency of the state.
但当它用于任何其他目的时，每辆马车都应该支付比磨损更多的费用，并有助于国家其他一些紧急情况的供应。
But as the turnpike toll raises the price of goods in proportion to their weight and not to their value, it is chiefly paid by the consumers of coarse and bulky, not by those of precious and light commodities.
但是，由于收费公路通行费按照货物的重量而不是价值来提高商品的价格，因此主要是由粗糙和大件商品的消费者支付，而不是由贵重和轻质商品的消费者支付。
Whatever exigency of the state, therefore, this tax might be intended to supply, that exigency would be chiefly supplied at the expense of the poor, not of the rich; at the expense of those who are least able to supply it, not of those who are most able.
因此，无论国家有什么紧急情况，这种税收都可能是为了满足这种紧急情况，而这种紧急情况的供给主要是以穷人而不是富人的利益为代价的。以牺牲那些最无力提供援助的人为代价，而不是牺牲那些最有能力提供援助的人。
Thirdly, If government should at any time neglect the reparation of the high-roads, it would be still more difficult, than it is at present, to compel the proper application of any part of the turnpike tolls.
第三，如果政府在任何时候忽视高速公路的修复，那么强制征收收费公路任何部分的收费将比现在更加困难。
A large revenue might thus be levied upon the people, without any part of it being applied to the only purpose to which a revenue levied in this manner ought ever to be applied.
因此，可能会向人民征收大量收入，但其中的任何一部分都不会用于以这种方式征收的收入应该用于的唯一目的。
If the meanness and poverty of the trustees of turnpike roads render it sometimes difficult, at present, to oblige them to repair their wrong; their wealth and greatness would render it ten times more so in the case which is here supposed.
如果说收费公路托管人的卑鄙和贫穷，目前有时很难迫使他们纠正错误；他们的财富和伟大将使这里假设的情况增加十倍。
In France, the funds destined for the reparation of the high-roads are under the immediate direction of the executive power.
在法国，用于修复高速公路的资金由行政权力直接指挥。
Those funds consist, partly in a certain number of days labour, which the country people are in most parts of Europe obliged to give to the reparation of the highways; and partly in such a portion of the general revenue of the state as the king chooses to spare from his other expenses.
这些资金部分是由一定天数的劳动组成，欧洲大部分地区的乡下人民有义务用这些劳动来修复高速公路；一部分是国王选择从国家总收入中扣除其他开支的一部分。
By the ancient law of France, as well as by that of most other parts of Europe, the labour of the country people was under the direction of a local or provincial magistracy, which had no immediate dependency upon the king’s council.
根据法国以及欧洲大多数其他地区的古代法律，乡村人民的劳动受地方或省长官的指导，而长官并不直接依赖于国王的议会。
But, by the present practice, both the labour of the country people, and whatever other fund the king may choose to assign for the reparation of the high-roads in any particular province or generality, are entirely under the management of the intendant; an officer who is appointed and removed by the king’s council who receives his orders from it, and is in constant correspondence with it.
但是，根据目前的做法，乡下人民的劳动，以及国王可能选择分配用于修复任何特定省份或一般地区的公路的任何其他资金，都完全由总督管理。由国王议会任命和罢免的官员，国王议会接受国王的命令，并与其保持经常的通信。
In the progress of despotism, the authority of the executive power gradually absorbs that of every other power in the state, and assumes to itself the management of every branch of revenue which is destined for any public purpose.
在专制主义的发展过程中，行政权力的权威逐渐吸收了国家中所有其他权力的权威，并承担了对用于任何公共目的的每一个收入部门的管理。
In France, however, the great post-roads, the roads which make the communication between the principal towns of the kingdom, are in general kept in good order; and, in some provinces, are even a good deal superior to the greater part of the turnpike roads of England.
然而，在法国，主要的邮政道路，即连接王国主要城镇的道路，总体上都保持着良好的秩序。在某些省份，其性能甚至比英格兰大部分收费公路要优越得多。
But what we call the cross roads, that is, the far greater part of the roads in the country, are entirely neglected, and are in many places absolutely impassable for any heavy carriage.
但我们所说的十字路口，即该国大部分道路，却完全被忽视，而且在许多地方，任何重型车辆都绝对无法通行。
In some places it is even dangerous to travel on horseback, and mules are the only conveyance which can safely be trusted.
在某些地方，骑马旅行甚至很危险，而骡子是唯一可以安全信赖的交通工具。
The proud minister of an ostentatious court, may frequently take pleasure in executing a work of splendour and magnificence, such as a great highway, which is frequently seen by the principal nobility, whose applauses not only flatter his vanity, but even contribute to support his interest at court.
一个骄傲的大臣，在一个浮夸的宫廷里，常常会因为完成一件辉煌而宏伟的工程而感到高兴，比如一条大道，经常被主要贵族看到，他们的掌声不仅可以满足他的虚荣心，甚至有助于支持他在宫廷中的利益。
But to execute a great number of little works, in which nothing that can be done can make any great appearance, or excite the smallest degree of admiration in any traveller, and which, in short, have nothing to recommend them but their extreme utility, is a business which appears, in every respect, too mean and paltry to merit the attention of so great a magistrate.
但是，要完成大量的小工程，其中任何事情都不能引起任何伟大的外观，也不能激发任何旅行者的最小程度的钦佩，简而言之，除了它们的极端实用性之外，没有任何值得推荐的东西，这是一件从各方面来看都显得太卑鄙和微不足道的事情，不值得如此伟大的地方法官的关注。
Under such an administration therefore, such works are almost always entirely neglected.
因此，在这样的管理下，此类作品几乎总是被完全忽视。
In China, and in several other governments of Asia, the executive power charges itself both with the reparation of the high-roads, and with the maintenance of the navigable canals.
在中国和亚洲其他几个国家的政府中，行政权力既负责修复公路，又负责维护通航运河。
In the instructions which are given to the governor of each province, those objects, it is said, are constantly recommended to him, and the judgment which the court forms of his conduct is very much regulated by the attention which he appears to have paid to this part of his instructions.
据说，在向各省长官发出的指示中，这些目标不断地向他推荐，而法院对他的行为作出的判决在很大程度上取决于他似乎对这部分指示的关注程度。
This branch of public police, accordingly, is said to be very much attended to in all those countries, but particularly in China, where the high-roads, and still more the navigable canals, it is pretended, exceed very much every thing of the same kind which is known in Europe.
因此，据说在所有这些国家，公共警察部门都受到高度关注，特别是在中国，据称，中国的高速公路，尤其是可通航的运河，远远超过了欧洲已知的同类设施。
The accounts of those works, however, which have been transmitted to Europe, have generally been drawn up by weak and wondering travellers; frequently by stupid and lying missionaries.
然而，那些传到欧洲的作品的记述一般是由软弱而好奇的旅行者所写的。经常是愚蠢而撒谎的传教士所为。
If they had been examined by more intelligent eyes, and if the accounts of them had been reported by more faithful witnesses, they would not, perhaps, appear to be so wonderful.
如果用更聪明的眼睛来审视它们，如果用更忠实的目击者来报道它们的故事，它们或许就不会显得那么精彩了。
The account which Bernier gives of some works of this kind in Indostan, falls very short of what had been reported of them by other travellers, more disposed to the marvellous than he was.
伯尼尔对印度斯坦的一些此类作品的描述，与其他比他更热衷于奇妙事物的旅行者所报道的内容相差甚远。
It may too, perhaps, be in those countries, as it is in France, where the great roads, the great communications, which are likely to be the subjects of conversation at the court and in the capital, are attended to, and all the rest neglected.
或许，在那些国家也可能如此，就像在法国一样，那里的主要道路和交通很可能成为宫廷和首都谈话的主题，而其他一切都被忽视了。
In China, besides, in Indostan, and in several other governments of Asia, the revenue of the sovereign arises almost altogether from a land tax or land rent, which rises or falls with the rise and fall of the annual produce of the land.
此外，在中国、印度斯坦和亚洲其他几个国家的政府中，主权国家的收入几乎全部来自土地税或地租，而土地税或地租随着土地年产量的增减而增减。
The great interest of the sovereign, therefore, his revenue, is in such countries necessarily and immediately connected with the cultivation of the land, with the greatness of its produce, and with the value of its produce.
因此，在这些国家，主权者的巨大利益，即他的收入，必然和直接地与土地的耕种、其产品的丰富性及其产品的价值相关。
But in order to render that produce both as great and as valuable as possible, it is necessary to procure to it as extensive a market as possible, and consequently to establish the freest, the easiest, and the least expensive communication between all the different parts of the country; which can be done only by means of the best roads and the best navigable canals.
但是，为了使产品尽可能地丰富和有价值，就必须为其争取尽可能广阔的市场，从而在全国不同地区之间建立最自由、最容易和最便宜的交流；只有通过最好的道路和最好的通航运河才能做到这一点。
But the revenue of the sovereign does not, in any part of Europe, arise chiefly from a land tax or land rent.
但在欧洲任何地方，主权收入并非主要来自土地税或土地租金。
In all the great kingdoms of Europe, perhaps, the greater part of it may ultimately depend upon the produce of the land: but that dependency is neither so immediate nor so evident.
也许，在欧洲所有伟大的王国中，其大部分可能最终取决于土地的产品：但这种依赖性既不那么直接也不那么明显。
In Europe, therefore, the sovereign does not feel himself so directly called upon to promote the increase, both in quantity and value of the produce of the land, or, by maintaining good roads and canals, to provide the most extensive market for that produce.
因此，在欧洲，主权者并不觉得自己有如此直接的责任来促进土地产品数量和价值的增长，或者通过维护良好的道路和运河来为该产品提供最广泛的市场。
Though it should be true, therefore, what I apprehend is not a little doubtful, that in some parts of Asia this department of the public police is very properly managed by the executive power, there is not the least probability that, during the present state of things, it could be tolerably managed by that power in any part of Europe.
因此，我的理解是，尽管在亚洲的一些地区，公共警察部门确实是由行政权力部门妥善管理的，但在目前的情况下，在欧洲任何地方，它都不太可能受到行政权力部门的妥善管理。
Even those public works, which are of such a nature that they cannot afford any revenue for maintaining themselves, but of which the conveniency is nearly confined to some particular place or district, are always better maintained by a local or provincial revenue, under the management of a local and provincial administration, than by the general revenue of the state, of which the executive power must always have the management.
即使是那些无法承担任何收入来维持自身运转、但其便利性几乎仅限于某个特定地点或地区的公共工程，在地方和省级行政部门的管理下，也总是由地方或省级收入来维护，而不是由行政权力必须始终管理的国家总收入来维护。
Were the streets of London to be lighted and paved at the expense of the treasury, is there any probability that they would be so well lighted and paved as they are at present, or even at so small an expense?
如果伦敦的街道以财政为代价来进行照明和铺设，是否有可能像现在这样，甚至以如此小的费用来照明和铺设？
The expense, besides, instead of being raised by a local tax upon the inhabitants of each particular street, parish, or district in London, would, in this case, be defrayed out of the general revenue of the state, and would consequently be raised by a tax upon all the inhabitants of the kingdom, of whom the greater part derive no sort of benefit from the lighting and paving of the streets of London.
此外，在这种情况下，费用不是通过向伦敦每个特定街道、教区或地区的居民征收地方税来筹集的，而是从国家的一般收入中支付，因此将通过向王国的所有居民征税来支付，而其中大部分居民并没有从伦敦街道的照明和铺砌中获得任何好处。
The abuses which sometimes creep into the local and provincial administration of a local and provincial revenue, how enormous soever they may appear, are in reality, however, almost always very trifling in comparison of those which commonly take place in the administration and expenditure of the revenue of a great empire.
有时，地方和省政府对地方和省级收入的管理中存在的滥用行为，无论看上去多么巨大，但实际上，与一个大帝国的税收管理和支出中常见的情况相比，几乎总是微不足道的。
They are, besides, much more easily corrected.
此外，它们更容易纠正。
Under the local or provincial administration of the justices of the peace in Great Britain, the six days labour which the country people are obliged to give to the reparation of the highways, is not always, perhaps, very judiciously applied, but it is scarce ever exacted with any circumstance of cruelty or oppression.
在英国治安法官的地方或省政府的管理下，乡下人民必须付出六天的劳动来修复高速公路，也许并不总是非常明智地使用，但很少在任何残酷或压迫的情况下强制执行。
In France, under the administration of the intendants, the application is not always more judicious, and the exaction is frequently the most cruel and oppressive.
在法国，在总督的管理下，申请并不总是更加明智，而且勒索往往是最残酷和压迫性的。
Such corvees, as they are called, make one of the principal instruments of tyranny by which those officers chastise any parish or communeaute, which has had the misfortune to fall under their displeasure.
这种被称为“徭役”的人是暴政的主要工具之一，这些官员通过这些工具惩罚任何不幸遭到他们不满的教区或公社。
Of the public Works and Institution which are necessary for facilitating particular Branches of Commerce.
为特定商业部门提供便利所必需的公共工程和机构。
The object of the public works and institutions above mentioned, is to facilitate commerce in general.
上述公共工程和机构的目标是促进一般商业。
But in order to facilitate some particular branches of it, particular institutions are necessary, which again require a particular and extraordinary expense.
但为了促进其某些特定分支的发展，特定的机构是必要的，这又需要特殊且非凡的费用。
Some particular branches of commerce which are carried on with barbarous and uncivilized nations, require extraordinary protection.
一些与野蛮和不文明国家进行的特定商业部门需要特别保护。
An ordinary store or counting-house could give little security to the goods of the merchants who trade to the western coast of Africa.
普通的商店或账房无法为到非洲西海岸进行贸易的商人的货物提供任何保障。
To defend them from the barbarous natives, it is necessary that the place where they are deposited should be in some measure fortified.
为了保护它们免受野蛮土著的侵害，有必要在它们存放的地方进行某种程度的防御工事。
The disorders in the government of Indostan have been supposed to render a like precaution necessary, even among that mild and gentle people; and it was under pretence of securing their persons and property from violence, that both the English and French East India companies were allowed to erect the first forts which they possessed in that country.
印度斯坦政府的混乱被认为需要采取类似的预防措施，即使是在那些温和而温和的人民中也是如此。正是以保护其人身和财产免遭暴力为借口，英国和法国的东印度公司都被允许建造他们在该国拥有的第一座堡垒。
Among other nations, whose vigorous government will suffer no strangers to possess any fortified place within their territory, it may be necessary to maintain some ambassador, minister, or consul, who may both decide, according to their own customs, the differences arising among his own countrymen, and, in their disputes with the natives, may by means of his public character, interfere with more authority and afford them a more powerful protection than they could expect from any private man.
在其他国家中，其强有力的政府不会允许陌生人在其领土上拥有任何坚固的地方，因此可能有必要保留一些大使、公使或领事，他们既可以根据自己的习俗决定自己的同胞之间出现的分歧，又可以在与当地人的争端中，凭借其公共性格，干涉更多的权威，并为他们提供比任何私人所能期望的更强大的保护。
The interests of commerce have frequently made it necessary to maintain ministers in foreign countries, where the purposes either of war or alliance would not have required any.
商业利益常常使得有必要在外国保留部长，而战争或联盟的目的则不需要这样做。
The commerce of the Turkey company first occasioned the establishment of an ordinary ambassador at Constantinople.
土耳其公司的商业活动首先促成了在君士坦丁堡设立普通大使。
The first English embassies to Russia arose altogether from commercial interests.
第一批英国驻俄罗斯大使馆完全是出于商业利益。
The constant interference with those interests, necessarily occasioned between the subjects of the different states of Europe, has probably introduced the custom of keeping, in all neighbouring countries, ambassadors or ministers constantly resident, even in the time of peace.
欧洲不同国家的臣民之间必然会发生对这些利益的不断干涉，这可能导致了在所有邻国保留大使或部长常驻的习惯，即使在和平时期也是如此。
This custom, unknown to ancient times, seems not to be older than the end of the fifteenth, or beginning of the sixteenth century; that is, than the time when commerce first began to extend itself to the greater part of the nations of Europe, and when they first began to attend to its interests.
这种古代不为人知的习俗，似乎不早于十五世纪末十六世纪初；也就是说，与商业最初开始扩展到大部分欧洲国家以及他们最初开始关注商业利益的时候相比。
It seems not unreasonable, that the extraordinary expense which the protection of any particular branch of commerce may occasion, should be defrayed by a moderate tax upon that particular branch; by a moderate fine, for example, to be paid by the traders when they first enter into it; or, what is more equal, by a particular duty of so much per cent.
保护任何特定商业部门可能引起的额外费用应该通过对该特定部门征收适度的税收来支付，这似乎并非不合理。例如，交易者首次进入交易时需支付适度的罚款；或者，更平等的是，征收这么多百分比的特定关税。
upon the goods which they either import into, or export out of, the particular countries with which it is carried on.
根据其进口或出口的特定国家的货物。
The protection of trade, in general, from pirates and freebooters, is said to have given occasion to the first institution of the duties of customs.
据说，为了保护贸易免受海盗和强盗的侵害，海关关税得以建立。
But, if it was thought reasonable to lay a general tax upon trade, in order to defray the expense of protecting trade in general, it should seem equally reasonable to lay a particular tax upon a particular branch of trade, in order to defray the extraordinary expense of protecting that branch.
但是，如果认为对贸易征收一般税以支付保护一般贸易的费用是合理的，那么对特定贸易部门征收特定税以支付保护该部门的特殊费用似乎也同样合理。
The protection of trade, in general, has always been considered as essential to the defence of the commonwealth, and, upon that account, a necessary part of the duty of the executive power.
一般来说，贸易保护一直被认为对于保卫联邦至关重要，因此也是行政权力职责的必要组成部分。
The collection and application of the general duties of customs, therefore, have always been left to that power.
因此，一般海关关税的征收和适用始终由该权力机构负责。
But the protection of any particular branch of trade is a part of the general protection of trade; a part, therefore, of the duty of that power; and if nations always acted consistently, the particular duties levied for the purposes of such particular protection, should always have been left equally to its disposal.
但对任何特定贸易部门的保护都是一般贸易保护的一部分；因此，该权力的一部分；如果各国始终行动一致，那么为这种特殊保护而征收的特殊关税就应该始终由其平等处置。
But in this respect, as well as in many others, nations have not always acted consistently; and in the greater part of the commercial states of Europe, particular companies of merchants have had the address to persuade the legislature to entrust to them the performance of this part of the duty of the sovereign, together with all the powers which are necessarily connected with it.
但在这方面以及许多其他方面，各国的行动并不总是一致的。在欧洲大部分商业国家中，特定的商人公司拥有说服立法机关委托他们履行这部分主权职责以及与之必然相关的所有权力的能力。
These companies, though they may, perhaps, have been useful for the first introduction of some branches of commerce, by making, at their own expense, an experiment which the state might not think it prudent to make, have in the long-run proved, universally, either burdensome or useless, and have either mismanaged or confined the trade.
这些公司虽然自费进行了一项国家可能认为不明智的实验，可能对首次引入某些商业部门有所帮助，但从长远来看，普遍证明，它们要么是负担重，要么是无用的，并且要么管理不善，要么限制了贸易。
When those companies do not trade upon a joint stock, but are obliged to admit any person, properly qualified, upon paying a certain fine, and agreeing to submit to the regulations of the company, each member trading upon his own stock, and at his own risk, they are called regulated companies.
当这些公司不进行股份交易，但有义务接纳任何具有适当资格的人，并支付一定的罚款并同意遵守公司的法规时，每个成员都可以使用自己的股票进行交易，并自担风险，则这些公司被称为受监管公司。
When they trade upon a joint stock, each member sharing in the common profit or loss, in proportion to his share in this stock, they are called joint-stock companies.
当他们以股份进行交易时，每个成员按照其在该股票中的份额分享共同的利润或损失，他们被称为股份公司。
Such companies, whether regulated or joint-stock, sometimes have, and sometimes have not, exclusive privileges.
这些公司，无论是受监管的还是股份制的，有时拥有、有时不拥有专有特权。
Regulated companies resemble, in every respect, the corporation of trades, so common in the cities and towns of all the different countries of Europe; and are a sort of enlarged monopolies of the same kind.
受监管的公司在各个方面都类似于贸易公司，这在欧洲所有不同国家的城镇中都很常见；是同类扩大垄断的一种。
As no inhabitant of a town can exercise an incorporated trade, without first obtaining his freedom in the incorporation, so, in most cases, no subject of the state can lawfully carry on any branch of foreign trade, for which a regulated company is established, without first becoming a member of that company.
由于城镇居民在没有首先获得公司成立自由的情况下不得从事公司贸易，因此，在大多数情况下，国家主体在没有首先成为该公司成员的情况下，不能合法经营为受监管公司设立的任何对外贸易部门。
The monopoly is more or less strict, according as the terms of admission are more or less difficult, and according as the directors of the company have more or less authority, or have it more or less in their power to manage in such a manner as to confine the greater part of the trade to themselves and their particular friends.
垄断程度或多或少是严格的，这取决于准入条件或多或少的困难，以及公司董事拥有或多或少的权力，或者或多或少有权力以将大部分交易限制在他们自己和他们特定的朋友手中的方式进行管理。
In the most ancient regulated companies, the privileges of apprenticeship were the same as in other corporations, and entitled the person who had served his time to a member of the company, to become himself a member, either without paying any fine, or upon paying a much smaller one than what was exacted of other people.
在最古老的受监管的公司中，学徒期的特权与其他公司中的相同，并且赋予在公司任职期间的人成为公司成员的权利，他自己也可以成为公司的成员，要么无需支付任何罚款，要么只需支付比其他人少得多的罚款。
The usual corporation spirit, wherever the law does not restrain it, prevails in all regulated companies.
在法律没有限制的地方，通常的公司精神在所有受监管的公司中盛行。
When they have been allowed to act according to their natural genius, they have always, in order to confine the competition to as small a number of persons as possible, endeavoured to subject the trade to many burdensome regulations.
当他们被允许按照自己的天赋行事时，为了将竞争限制在尽可能少的人范围内，他们总是努力使贸易受到许多繁琐的监管。
When the law has restrained them from doing this, they have become altogether useless and insignificant.
当法律限制他们这样做时，他们就变得毫无用处和微不足道了。
The regulated companies for foreign commerce which at present subsist in Great Britain, are the ancient merchant-adventurers company, now commonly called the Hamburgh company, the Russia company, the Eastland company, the Turkey company, and the African company.
目前在英国存在的受监管的对外贸易公司是古代商人冒险家公司，现在通常称为汉堡公司、俄罗斯公司、伊斯特兰公司、土耳其公司和非洲公司。
The terms of admission into the Hamburgh company are now said to be quite easy; and the directors either have it not in their power to subject the trade to any troublesome restraint or regulations, or, at least, have not of late exercised that power.
据说现在进入汉堡公司的条件相当简单；董事要么无权使交易受到任何麻烦的限制或监管，要么至少最近没有行使该权力。
It has not always been so.
但情况并非总是如此。
About the middle of the last century, the fine for admission was fifty, and at one time one hundred pounds, and the conduct of the company was said to be extremely oppressive.
大约在上世纪中叶，入场罚款是五十英镑，一度是一百英镑，据说该公司的行为极其残酷。
In 1643, in 1645, and in 1661, the clothiers and free traders of the west of England complained of them to parliament, as of monopolists, who confined the trade, and oppressed the manufactures of the country.
1643年、1645年和1661年，英格兰西部的服装商和自由贸易商向议会抱怨他们是垄断者，他们限制了贸易，并压迫了该国的制造业。
Though those complaints produced no act of parliament, they had probably intimidated the company so far, as to oblige them to reform their conduct.
尽管这些投诉没有产生议会法案，但到目前为止，它们可能已经恐吓了该公司，迫使他们改变行为。
Since that time, at least, there have been no complaints against them.
至少从那时起，没有人对他们提出任何投诉。
By the 10th and 11th of William III.
到威廉三世十日和十一日。
c.6, the fine for admission into the Russia company was reduced to five pounds; and by the 25th of Charles II.
c.6、进入俄罗斯公司的罚款减少到五英镑；到查理二世25日。
c.7, that for admission into the Eastland company to forty shillings; while, at the same time, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, all the countries on the north side of the Baltic, were exempted from their exclusive charter.
c.7、加入伊斯特兰公司要四十先令；与此同时，波罗的海北岸的所有国家瑞典、丹麦和挪威都不受其专属宪章的约束。
The conduct of those companies had probably given occasion to those two acts of parliament.
这些公司的行为可能促成了议会的这两项法案。
Before that time, Sir Josiah Child had represented both these and the Hamburgh company as extremely oppressive, and imputed to their bad management the low state of the trade, which we at that time carried on to the countries comprehended within their respective charters.
在此之前，乔赛亚·柴尔德爵士曾将这些公司和汉堡公司描述为极度压迫性的，并将其归咎于他们管理不善导致贸易状况不佳，当时我们将这种情况延续到了各自章程所涵盖的国家。
But though such companies may not, in the present times, be very oppressive, they are certainly altogether useless.
但是，尽管这些公司在当今时代可能不会非常具有压迫性，但它们肯定是毫无用处的。
To be merely useless, indeed, is perhaps, the highest eulogy which can ever justly be bestowed upon a regulated company; and all the three companies above mentioned seem, in their present state, to deserve this eulogy.
事实上，对于一家受监管的公司来说，“毫无用处”也许是最高的褒奖。上述三家公司就目前的状况来看，似乎都值得这样的悼念。
The fine for admission into the Turkey company was formerly twenty-five pounds for all persons under twenty-six years of age, and fifty pounds for all persons above that age.
以前，所有 26 岁以下人员进入土耳其公司的罚款为 25 英镑，26 岁以上人员为 50 英镑。
Nobody but mere merchants could be admitted; a restriction which excluded all shop-keepers and retailers.
除了商人之外，任何人都不能进入；这项限制将所有店主和零售商排除在外。
By a bye-law, no British manufactures could be exported to Turkey but in the general ships of the company; and as those ships sailed always from the port of London, this restriction confined the trade to that expensive port, and the traders to those who lived in London and in its neighbourhood.
根据细则，除了公司的普通船舶外，任何英国制造品都不能出口到土耳其；由于这些船只总是从伦敦港出发，这一限制将贸易限制在那个昂贵的港口，并将贸易商限制在居住在伦敦及其周边地区的人们。
By another bye-law, no person living within twenty miles of London, and not free of the city, could be admitted a member; another restriction which, joined to the foregoing, necessarily excluded all but the freemen of London.
根据另一项附则，居住在距伦敦二十英里范围内且不脱离伦敦市的任何人都不得被接纳为会员；另一项限制与前述限制相结合，必然排除除伦敦自由民之外的所有人。
As the time for the loading and sailing of those general ships depended altogether upon the directors, they could easily fill them with their own goods, and those of their particular friends, to the exclusion of others, who, they might pretend, had made their proposals too late.
由于这些一般船只的装货和航行时间完全取决于董事们，他们可以轻松地装满自己的货物以及他们特定朋友的货物，而排除其他人，他们可能会假装他们提出建议的时间太晚了。
In this state of things, therefore, this company was, in every respect, a strict and oppressive monopoly.
因此，在这种情况下，这家公司在各个方面都是严格的、压迫性的垄断。
Those abuses gave occasion to the act of the 26th of George II.
这些虐待行为引发了乔治二世二十六日的法案。
c.
c.
18, reducing the fine for admission to twenty pounds for all persons, without any distinction of ages, or any restriction, either to mere merchants, or to the freemen of London; and granting to all such persons the liberty of exporting, from all the ports of Great Britain, to any port in Turkey, all British goods, of which the exportation was not prohibited, upon paying both the general duties of customs, and the particular duties assessed for defraying the necessary expenses of the company; and submitting, at the same time, to the lawful authority of the British ambassador and consuls resident in Turkey, and to the bye-laws of the company duly enacted.
18、将所有人的入场罚款减少到二十英镑，不分年龄，也没有任何限制，无论是对商人还是伦敦的自由民；并给予所有这些人从英国所有港口向土耳其任何港口出口所有不被禁止出口的英国货物的自由，但须缴纳一般关税和为支付公司必要费用而评估的特殊关税；同时服从英国驻土耳其大使和领事的合法授权以及正式颁布的公司细则。
To prevent any oppression by those bye-laws, it was by the same act ordained, that if any seven members of the company conceived themselves aggrieved by any bye-law which should be enacted after the passing of this act, they might appeal to the board of trade and plantations (to the authority of which a committee of the privy council has now succeeded), provided such appeal was brought within twelve months after the bye-law was enacted; and that, if any seven members conceived themselves aggrieved by any bye-law which had been enacted before the passing of this act, they might bring a like appeal, provided it was within twelve months after the day on which this act was to take place.
为了防止这些细则的任何压迫，同一法案规定，如果公司的任何七名成员认为自己对本法通过后应颁布的任何细则感到不满，他们可以向贸易和种植园委员会提出上诉（枢密院委员会现已接替其权力），前提是此类上诉是在细则颁布后十二个月内提出的；如果任何七名成员认为自己对本法通过之前颁布的任何细则感到不满，他们可以提出类似的上诉，但必须在本法通过之日后十二个月内提出。
The experience of one year, however, may not always be sufficient to discover to all the members of a great company the pernicious tendency of a particular bye-law; and if several of them should afterwards discover it, neither the board of trade, nor the committee of council, can afford them any redress.
然而，一年的经验可能并不总是足以让一家大公司的所有成员发现某项特定公司章程的有害倾向；如果他们中的几个人后来发现了这一点，无论是贸易委员会还是理事会委员会都无法向他们提供任何补救。
The object, besides, of the greater part of the bye-laws of all regulated companies, as well as of all other corporations, is not so much to oppress those who are already members, as to discourage others from becoming so; which may be done, not only by a high fine, but by many other contrivances.
此外，所有受监管公司以及所有其他公司的大部分细则的目的与其说是压迫那些已经是会员的人，不如说是阻止其他人成为会员；这不仅可以通过高额罚款来实现，还可以通过许多其他手段来实现。
The constant view of such companies is always to raise the rate of their own profit as high as they can; to keep the market, both for the goods which they export, and for those which they import, as much understocked as they can; which can be done only by restraining the competition, or by discouraging new adventurers from entering into the trade.
这些公司的一贯观点是尽可能提高自己的利润率；尽可能保持出口和进口商品的市场库存不足；这只能通过限制竞争或阻止新的冒险家进入该行业来实现。
A fine, even of twenty pounds, besides, though it may not, perhaps, be sufficient to discourage any man from entering into the Turkey trade, with an intention to continue in it, may be enough to discourage a speculative merchant from hazarding a single adventure in it.
此外，罚款，即使是二十英镑，也许不足以阻止任何人进入土耳其贸易，并打算继续从事该行业，但可能足以阻止投机商人冒险进行一次冒险。
In all trades, the regular established traders, even though not incorporated, naturally combine to raise profits, which are noway so likely to be kept, at all times, down to their proper level, as by the occasional competition of speculative adventurers.
在所有行业中，正规的交易商，即使没有注册，自然也会联合起来以提高利润，而利润不可能像投机冒险家偶尔的竞争那样始终保持在适当的水平。
The Turkey trade, though in some measure laid open by this act of parliament, is still considered by many people as very far from being altogether free.
尽管议会的这项法案在某种程度上开放了土耳其贸易，但许多人仍然认为土耳其贸易远未完全自由。
The Turkey company contribute to maintain an ambassador and two or three consuls, who, like other public ministers, ought to be maintained altogether by the state, and the trade laid open to all his majesty’s subjects.
土耳其公司出资维持一名大使和两到三名领事，他们和其他公共部长一样，应该完全由国家维持，并且贸易向所有国王陛下的臣民开放。
The different taxes levied by the company, for this and other corporation purposes, might afford a revenue much more than sufficient to enable a state to maintain such ministers.
公司出于此目的和其他公司目的征收的不同税收可能提供的收入足以使国家维持这样的部长。
Regulated companies, it was observed by Sir Josiah Child, though they had frequently supported public ministers, had never maintained any forts or garrisons in the countries to which they traded; whereas joint-stock companies frequently had.
乔赛亚·柴尔德爵士指出，受监管的公司虽然经常支持公共部长，但从未在其开展业务的国家维持任何堡垒或驻军；而股份公司经常这样做。
And, in reality, the former seem to be much more unfit for this sort of service than the latter.
事实上，前者似乎比后者更不适合这种服务。
First, the directors of a regulated company have no particular interest in the prosperity of the general trade of the company, for the sake of which such forts and garrisons are maintained.
首先，受监管公司的董事对公司一般贸易的繁荣没有特别的兴趣，为了维持这些堡垒和驻军。
The decay of that general trade may even frequently contribute to the advantage of their own private trade; as, by diminishing the number of their competitors, it may enable them both to buy cheaper, and to sell dearer.
一般贸易的衰落甚至可能常常有助于他们自己的私人贸易的优势。因为，通过减少竞争对手的数量，他们可以以更便宜的价格购买，并以更高的价格出售。
The directors of a joint-stock company, on the contrary, having only their share in the profits which are made upon the common stock committed to their management, have no private trade of their own, of which the interest can be separated from that of the general trade of the company.
相反，股份公司的董事只享有其管理的普通股所产生利润的份额，没有自己的私人贸易，其利益可以与公司的一般贸易利益分开。
Their private interest is connected with the prosperity of the general trade of the company, and with the maintenance of the forts and garrisons which are necessary for its defence.
他们的私人利益与公司一般贸易的繁荣以及防御所需的堡垒和驻军的维护有关。
They are more likely, therefore, to have that continual and careful attention which that maintenance necessarily requires.
因此，他们更有可能得到维护所必需的持续和仔细的关注。
Secondly, The directors of a joint-stock company have always the management of a large capital, the joint stock of the company, a part of which they may frequently employ, with propriety, in building, repairing, and maintaining such necessary forts and garrisons.
其次，股份公司的董事总是管理着大量的资本，即公司的股份，他们可以在适当的情况下经常使用其中的一部分来建造、修理和维护这些必要的堡垒和驻军。
But the directors of a regulated company, having the management of no common capital, have no other fund to employ in this way, but the casual revenue arising from the admission fines, and from the corporation duties imposed upon the trade of the company.
但是，受监管的公司的董事不管理任何共同资本，除了从入场罚款和对公司贸易征收的公司税中获得的临时收入之外，没有其他资金可用于这种方式。
Though they had the same interest, therefore, to attend to the maintenance of such forts and garrisons, they can seldom have the same ability to render that attention effectual.
因此，尽管他们有同样的兴趣去维护这些堡垒和驻军，但他们很少有能力使这种关注发挥作用。
The maintenance of a public minister, requiring scarce any attention, and but a moderate and limited expense, is a business much more suitable both to the temper and abilities of a regulated company.
维持一名公共部长几乎不需要任何关注，而且费用适中且有限，这是一项更适合受监管公司的脾气和能力的业务。
Long after the time of Sir Josiah Child, however, in 1750, a regulated company was established, the present company of merchants trading to Africa; which was expressly charged at first with the maintenance of all the British forts and garrisons that lie between Cape Blanc and the Cape of Good Hope, and afterwards with that of those only which lie between Cape Rouge and the Cape of Good Hope.
然而，在 Josiah Child 爵士时代很久之后，一家受监管的公司于 1750 年成立，即现在的向非洲进行贸易的商人公司；它首先明确负责维护布兰克角和好望角之间的所有英国堡垒和驻军，后来只负责维护红角和好望角之间的那些堡垒和驻军。
The act which establishes this company (the 23rd of George II.
成立该公司的法案（乔治二世 23 日）
c.51 ), seems to have had two distinct objects in view; first, to restrain effectually the oppressive and monopolizing spirit which is natural to the directors of a regulated company; and, secondly, to force them, as much as possible, to give an attention, which is not natural to them, towards the maintenance of forts and garrisons.
c.51），似乎看到了两个不同的物体；第一，有效遏制受监管公司董事固有的压迫性和垄断性精神；其次，尽可能地迫使他们关注要塞和驻军的维护，这对他们来说是不自然的。
For the first of these purposes, the fine for admission is limited to forty shillings.
对于第一个目的，入场罚款仅限于四十先令。
The company is prohibited from trading in their corporate capacity, or upon a joint stock; from borrowing money upon common seal, or from laying any restraints upon the trade, which may be carried on freely from all places, and by all persons being British subjects, and paying the fine.
禁止公司以其法人身份或股份进行交易；不得以公章借钱，或对可以从任何地方、由所有英国臣民自由进行的贸易施加任何限制，并缴纳罚款。
The government is in a committee of nine persons, who meet at London, but who are chosen annually by the freemen of the company at London, Bristol, and Liverpool; three from each place.
政府由九人组成的委员会组成，他们在伦敦举行会议，但每年由伦敦、布里斯托尔和利物浦公司的自由人选出；每个地方三个。
No committeeman can be continued in office for more than three years together.
任何委员的连任时间不得超过三年。
Any committee-man might be removed by the board of trade and plantations, now by a committee of council, after being heard in his own defence.
任何委员会成员在听取了自己的辩护意见后，都可能被贸易和种植园委员会（现在是一个理事会委员会）罢免。
The committee are forbid to export negroes from Africa, or to import any African goods into Great Britain.
该委员会禁止从非洲出口黑人，或将任何非洲商品进口到英国。
But as they are charged with the maintenance of forts and garrisons, they may, for that purpose export from Great Britain to Africa goods and stores of different kinds.
但由于他们负责维护要塞和驻军，因此他们可以为此目的从英国向非洲出口不同种类的货物和商店。
Out of the moneys which they shall receive from the company, they are allowed a sum, not exceeding eight hundred pounds, for the salaries of their clerks and agents at London, Bristol, and Liverpool, the house-rent of their offices at London, and all other expenses of management, commission, and agency, in England.
他们从公司收到的钱中，可以得到一笔不超过八百英镑的款项，用于支付伦敦、布里斯托尔和利物浦的职员和代理人的工资，伦敦办事处的房租，以及在英格兰的所有其他管理、佣金和代理费用。
What remains of this sum, after defraying these different expenses, they may divide among themselves, as compensation for their trouble, in what manner they think proper.
在支付了这些不同的费用之后，剩下的这笔钱，他们可以按照他们认为适当的方式在彼此之间分配，作为对他们的麻烦的补偿。
By this constitution, it might have been expected, that the spirit of monopoly would have been effectually restrained, and the first of these purposes sufficiently answered.
可以预期，通过这部宪法，垄断精神将得到有效抑制，第一个目的就得到了充分的满足。
It would seem, however, that it had not.
然而，事实似乎并非如此。
Though by the 4th of George III.
尽管到了乔治三世四世。
c.20, the fort of Senegal, with all its dependencies, had been invested in the company of merchants trading to Africa, yet, in the year following (by the 5th of George III.
大约20年，塞内加尔的堡垒及其所有附属地都被投资于与非洲进行贸易的商人公司，然而，在接下来的一年（乔治三世五世）
c.44), not only Senegal and its dependencies, but the whole coast, from the port of Sallee, in South Barbary, to Cape Rouge, was exempted from the jurisdiction of that company, was vested in the crown, and the trade to it declared free to all his majesty’s subjects.
c.44），不仅塞内加尔及其属地，而且整个海岸，从南巴巴里的萨利港到红角，都不受该公司的管辖，归属于王室，并且宣布对所有国王陛下的臣民进行自由贸易。
The company had been suspected of restraining the trade and of establishing some sort of improper monopoly.
该公司被怀疑限制贸易并建立某种不当垄断。
It is not, however, very easy to conceive how, under the regulations of the 23d George II.
然而，根据23世纪乔治二世的规定，这并不容易想象。
they could do so.
他们可以这样做。
In the printed debates of the house of commons, not always the most authentic records of truth, I observe, however, that they have been accused of this.
然而，在下议院的印刷辩论中，并不总是最真实的事实记录，但我观察到他们被指控这样做。
The members of the committee of nine being all merchants, and the governors and factors in their different forts and settlements being all dependent upon them, it is not unlikely that the latter might have given peculiar attention to the consignments and commissions of the former, which would establish a real monopoly.
九人委员会的成员都是商人，而各个要塞和定居点的总督和代理人都依赖他们，后者可能会特别关注前者的货物和佣金，这将建立真正的垄断。
For the second of these purposes, the maintenance of the forts and garrisons, an annual sum has been allotted to them by parliament, generally about £13,000.
对于第二个目的，即维护要塞和驻军，议会每年向其拨款，一般约为 13,000 英镑。
For the proper application of this sum, the committee is obliged to account annually to the cursitor baron of exchequer; which account is afterwards to be laid before parliament.
为了正确使用这笔款项，委员会有义务每年向财政大臣报告；随后将向议会提交该账目。
But parliament, which gives so little attention to the application of millions, is not likely to give much to that of £13,000 a-year; and the cursitor baron of exchequer, from his profession and education, is not likely to be profoundly skilled in the proper expense of forts and garrisons.
但议会很少关注数百万人的申请，因此不太可能对每年 13,000 英镑的申请给予太多关注；而财政大臣，从他的职业和教育来看，不太可能精通堡垒和驻军的适当开支。
The captains of his majesty’s navy, indeed, or any other commissioned officers, appointed by the board of admiralty, may inquire into the condition of the forts and garrisons, and report their observations to that board.
事实上，国王陛下的海军上尉或任何其他由海军部任命的军官，可以调查要塞和驻军的状况，并向海军部报告他们的观察结果。
But that board seems to have no direct jurisdiction over the committee, nor any authority to correct those whose conduct it may thus inquire into; and the captains of his majesty’s navy, besides, are not supposed to be always deeply learned in the science of fortification.
但该委员会似乎对委员会没有直接管辖权，也没有权力纠正那些可能受到调查的人的行为；此外，国王陛下的海军上尉们并不应该总是对防御科学有着深入的了解。
Removal from an office, which can be enjoyed only for the term of three years, and of which the lawful emoluments, even during that term, are so very small, seems to be the utmost punishment to which any committee-man is liable, for any fault, except direct malversation, or embezzlement, either of the public money, or of that of the company; and the fear of the punishment can never be a motive of sufficient weight to force a continual and careful attention to a business to which he has no other interest to attend.
任期只有三年，而且即使在任期内，合法的薪酬也非常少，除直接贪污或贪污公款或公司资金外，任何委员对于任何过失，都应受到最严厉的惩罚。对惩罚的恐惧永远不会成为一个足够重要的动机，迫使他持续而仔细地关注他没有其他兴趣去做的事情。
The committee are accused of having sent out bricks and stones from England for the reparation of Cape Coast Castle, on the coast of Guinea; a business for which parliament had several times granted an extraordinary sum of money.
该委员会被指控从英国运来砖块和石块，用于修复几内亚海岸的海岸角城堡；议会曾多次为这项业务拨款一笔巨款。
These bricks and stones, too, which had thus been sent upon so long a voyage, were said to have been of so bad a quality, that it was necessary to rebuild, from the foundation, the walls which had been repaired with them.
据说，这些砖块和石头也经过了这么长时间的航行，质量很差，以至于必须从地基上重建用它们修复的墙壁。
The forts and garrisons which lie north of Cape Rouge, are not only maintained at the expense of the state, but are under the immediate government of the executive power; and why those which lie south of that cape, and which, too, are, in part at least, maintained at the expense of the state, should be under a different government, it seems not very easy even to imagine a good reason.
位于红角以北的堡垒和驻军不仅由国家出资维持，而且受行政权力的直接管理；为什么那些位于海角以南的地区，以及至少部分由国家出资维持的地区，应该由不同的政府管辖，似乎很难想象一个好的理由。
The protection of the Mediterranean trade was the original purpose or pretence of the garrisons of Gibraltar and Minorca; and the maintenance and government of those garrisons have always been, very properly, committed, not to the Turkey company, but to the executive power.
保护地中海贸易是直布罗陀和梅诺卡岛驻军的最初目的或借口；这些驻军的维护和管理一直非常恰当地不是由土耳其公司负责，而是由行政权力负责。
In the extent of its dominion consists, in a great measure, the pride and dignity of that power; and it is not very likely to fail in attention to what is necessary for the defence of that dominion.
它的统治范围在很大程度上体现了该权力的骄傲和尊严。而且它不太可能不注意保卫该统治所必需的事项。
The garrisons at Gibraltar and Minorca, accordingly, have never been neglected.
因此，直布罗陀和梅诺卡岛的驻军从未被忽视。
Though Minorca has been twice taken, and is now probably lost for ever, that disaster has never been imputed to any neglect in the executive power.
尽管梅诺卡岛曾两次被占领，而且现在可能永远失去，但这场灾难从未被归咎于行政权力的任何疏忽。
I would not, however, be understood to insinuate, that either of those expensive garrisons was ever, even in the smallest degree, necessary for the purpose for which they were originally dismembered from the Spanish monarchy.
然而，我不会被理解为暗示，这些昂贵的驻军中的任何一个对于他们最初从西班牙君主政体中解体的目的来说都是必要的，即使是在最小的程度上。
That dismemberment, perhaps, never served any other real purpose than to alienate from England her natural ally the king of Spain, and to unite the two principal branches of the house of Bourbon in a much stricter and more permanent alliance than the ties of blood could ever have united them.
也许，这种肢解除了疏远她的天然盟友西班牙国王之外，从未有过任何其他真正的目的，并将波旁王朝的两个主要分支联合起来，形成比血缘关系更严格、更永久的联盟。
Joint-stock companies, established either by royal charter, or by act of parliament, are different in several respects, not only from regulated companies, but from private copartneries.
根据皇家宪章或议会法案设立的股份公司在几个方面都有所不同，不仅与受监管的公司不同，而且与私人合伙企业不同。
First, In a private copartnery, no partner without the consent of the company, can transfer his share to another person, or introduce a new member into the company.
首先，在私人合伙企业中，未经公司同意，任何合伙人不得将其股份转让给他人，或者引入新成员进入公司。
Each member, however, may, upon proper warning, withdraw from the copartnery, and demand payment from them of his share of the common stock.
然而，每个成员都可以在收到适当警告后退出合伙企业，并要求合伙人支付其所占的普通股份额。
In a joint-stock company, on the contrary, no member can demand payment of his share from the company; but each member can, without their consent, transfer his share to another person, and thereby introduce a new member.
相反，在股份公司中，任何成员都不能要求公司支付其股份；但每个会员可以在未经本人同意的情况下将其份额转让给他人，从而引入新会员。
The value of a share in a joint stock is always the price which it will bring in the market; and this may be either greater or less in any proportion, than the sum which its owner stands credited for in the stock of the company.
股份的价值始终是其在市场上带来的价格；这可以以任何比例大于或小于其所有者在公司股票中所占的总金额。
Secondly, In a private copartnery, each partner is bound for the debts contracted by the company, to the whole extent of his fortune.
其次，在私人合伙企业中，每个合伙人以其全部财产对公司所承担的债务承担责任。
In a joint-stock company, on the contrary, each partner is bound only to the extent of his share.
相反，在股份公司中，每个合伙人仅以其份额为限。
The trade of a joint-stock company is always managed by a court of directors.
股份公司的贸易始终由董事会管理。
This court, indeed, is frequently subject, in many respects, to the control of a general court of proprietors.
事实上，该法院在许多方面经常受到业主总法院的控制。
But the greater part of these proprietors seldom pretend to understand any thing of the business of the company; and when the spirit of faction happens not to prevail among them, give themselves no trouble about it, but receive contentedly such halfyearly or yearly dividend as the directors think proper to make to them.
但这些东主中的大部分人很少假装了解公司的业务。当派系精神在他们中间不盛行时，不要给自己添麻烦，而是心满意足地接受董事们认为适当的半年或每年的股息。
This total exemption front trouble and front risk, beyond a limited sum, encourages many people to become adventurers in joint-stock companies, who would, upon no account, hazard their fortunes in any private copartnery.
这种超越有限金额的完全免除前置麻烦和前置风险，鼓励许多人成为股份公司的冒险家，他们绝不会在任何私人合伙企业中冒险。
Such companies, therefore, commonly draw to themselves much greater stocks, than any private copartnery can boast of.
因此，这些公司通常会吸引比任何私人合伙企业都多得多的股票。
The trading stock of the South Sea company at one time amounted to upwards of thirty-three millions eight hundred thousand pounds.
南海公司的贸易库存一度达到三千三百八十万英镑以上。
The divided capital of the Bank of England amounts, at present, to ten millions seven hundred and eighty thousand pounds.
目前，英格兰银行的分割资本达一千七十八万英镑。
The directors of such companies, however, being the managers rather of other people’s money than of their own, it cannot well be expected that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the partners in a private copartnery frequently watch over their own.
然而，这些公司的董事是别人的钱而不是自己的钱的管理者，所以我们不能指望他们像私人合伙人中的合伙人经常监视自己的钱那样，以同样的焦急警惕来监视它。
Like the stewards of a rich man, they are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master’s honour, and very easily give themselves a dispensation from having it.
就像富人的管家一样，他们很容易认为对小事的关注不是为了主人的荣誉，而且很容易让自己免于关注这些小事。
Negligence and profusion, therefore, must always prevail, more or less, in the management of the affairs of such a company.
因此，在这样一家公司的事务管理中，或多或少总是会出现疏忽和过度的情况。
It is upon this account, that joint-stock companies for foreign trade have seldom been able to maintain the competition against private adventurers.
正是由于这个原因，股份制外贸公司很少能够维持与私人冒险家的竞争。
They have, accordingly, very seldom succeeded without an exclusive privilege; and frequently have not succeeded with one.
因此，如果没有专有特权，他们很少能取得成功。但常常没有成功。
Without an exclusive privilege, they have commonly mismanaged the trade.
由于没有独家特权，他们通常对贸易管理不善。
With an exclusive privilege, they have both mismanaged and confined it.
拥有独家特权，他们既管理不善又限制了它。
The Royal African company, the predecessors of the present African company, had an exclusive privilege by charter; but as that charter had not been confirmed by act of parliament, the trade, in consequence of the declaration of rights, was, soon after the Revolution, laid open to all his majesty’s subjects.
皇家非洲公司是现在非洲公司的前身，根据章程享有独家特权；但由于该宪章尚未得到议会法案的确认，因此，由于权利宣言，这项贸易在革命后不久就向国王陛下的所有臣民开放。
The Hudson’s Bay company are, as to their legal rights, in the same situation as the Royal African company.
哈德逊湾公司的合法权利与皇家非洲公司的情况相同。
Their exclusive charter has not been confirmed by act of parliament.
他们的专属宪章尚未得到议会法案的确认。
The South Sea company, as long as they continued to be a trading company, had an exclusive privilege confirmed by act of parliament; as have likewise the present united company of merchants trading to the East Indies.
南海公司只要继续是一家贸易公司，就拥有经议会法案确认的排他性特权；目前与东印度群岛进行贸易的联合商人公司也是如此。
The Royal African company soon found that they could not maintain the competition against private adventurers, whom, notwithstanding the declaration of rights, they continued for some time to call interlopers, and to persecute as such.
皇家非洲公司很快发现他们无法维持与私人冒险家的竞争，尽管他们宣布了权利，但他们在一段时间内仍继续称呼闯入者并对其进行迫害。
In 1698, however, the private adventurers were subjected to a duty of ten per cent.
然而，1698 年，私人冒险家需缴纳 10% 的税。
upon almost all the different branches of their trade, to be employed by the company in the maintenance of their forts and garrisons.
他们几乎所有不同的行业部门都受雇于该公司来维护他们的堡垒和驻军。
But, notwithstanding this heavy tax, the company were still unable to maintain the competition.
但是，尽管税收如此重，该公司仍然无法维持竞争。
Their stock and credit gradually declined.
他们的股票和信用逐渐下降。
In 1712, their debts had become so great, that a particular act of parliament was thought necessary, both for their security and for that of their creditors.
1712 年，他们的债务变得如此之大，以至于议会认为有必要采取一项特殊法案，以确保他们和债权人的安全。
It was enacted, that the resolution of two-thirds of these creditors in number and value should bind the rust, both with regard to the time which should be allowed to the company for the payment of their debts, and with regard to any other agreement which it might be thought proper to make with them concerning those debts.
根据规定，这些债权人的数量和价值的三分之二的决议应具有约束力，包括允许公司偿还债务的时间，以及可能被认为与他们就这些债务达成的任何其他协议。
In 1730, their affairs were in so great disorder, that they were altogether incapable of maintaining their forts and garrisons, the sole purpose and pretext of their institution.
1730年，他们的事务非常混乱，以至于他们完全无力维持他们的堡垒和驻军，而这正是他们建立这一机构的唯一目的和借口。
From that year till their final dissolution, the parliament judged it necessary to allow the annual sum of £10,000 for that purpose.
从当年到最终解散，议会认为有必要为此目的每年拨款 10,000 英镑。
In 1732, after having been for many years losers by the trade of carrying negroes to the West Indies, they at last resolved to give it up altogether; to sell to the private traders to America the negroes which they purchased upon the coast; and to employ their servants in a trade to the inland parts of Africa for gold dust, elephants teeth, dyeing drugs, etc. But their success in this more confined trade was not greater than in their former extensive one.
1732年，他们在向西印度群岛运送黑人的生意上连续多年失败后，最终决定完全放弃。将他们在沿海购买的黑人卖给美国的私人商人；但他们在这一较为有限的贸易中取得的成功并不比以前广泛的贸易更大。
Their affairs continued to go gradually to decline, till at last, being in every respect a bankrupt company, they were dissolved by act of parliament, and their forts and garrisons vested in the present regulated company of merchants trading to Africa.
他们的事务继续逐渐衰落，直到最后，他们在各个方面都破产了，被议会法案解散，他们的堡垒和驻军归属于目前受监管的与非洲进行贸易的商人公司。
Before the erection of the Royal African company, there had been three other joint-stock companies successively established, one after another, for the African trade.
在皇家非洲公司成立之前，还先后成立了另外三个股份公司，从事非洲贸易。
They were all equally unsuccessful.
他们都同样不成功。
They all, however, had exclusive charters, which, though not confirmed by act of parliament, were in those days supposed to convey a real exclusive privilege.
然而，它们都拥有排他性特许状，虽然没有得到议会法案的确认，但在当时应该传达真正的排他性特权。
The Hudson’s Bay company, before their misfortunes in the late war, had been much more fortunate than the Royal African company.
哈德逊湾公司在战争后期遭遇不幸之前，比皇家非洲公司幸运得多。
Their necessary expense is much smaller.
他们的必要开支要小得多。
The whole number of people whom they maintain in their different settlements and habitations, which they have honoured with the name of forts, is said not to exceed a hundred and twenty persons.
他们在不同的定居点和居住地（他们以堡垒之名来称呼这些居住地）中居住的总人数据说不超过一百二十人。
This number, however, is sufficient to prepare beforehand the cargo of furs and other goods necessary for loading their ships, which, on account of the ice, can seldom remain above six or eight weeks in those seas.
然而，这个数字足以预先准备装船所需的毛皮和其他货物，由于冰的原因，这些货物很少能在这些海域停留超过六或八周。
This advantage of having a cargo ready prepared, could not, for several years, be acquired by private adventurers; and without it there seems to be no possibility of trading to Hudson’s Bay.
多年来，私人冒险家都无法获得这种备好货物的优势。如果没有它，似乎就不可能交易到哈德逊湾。
The moderate capital of the company, which, it is said, does not exceed one hundred and ten thousand pounds, may, besides, be sufficient to enable them to engross the whole, or almost the whole trade and surplus produce, of the miserable though extensive country comprehended within their charter.
据说，该公司的适度资本不超过十一万英镑，但足以使他们能够吸收其章程所涵盖的这个虽然幅员辽阔但悲惨的国家的全部或几乎全部贸易和剩余产品。
No private adventurers, accordingly, have ever attempted to trade to that country in competition with them.
因此，没有任何私人冒险家曾试图与他们竞争，到那个国家进行贸易。
This company, therefore, have always enjoyed an exclusive trade, in fact, though they may have no right to it in law.
因此，该公司事实上一直享有独家贸易权，尽管他们在法律上可能没有这种权利。
Over and above all this, the moderate capital of this company is said to be divided among a very small number of proprietors.
除此之外，据说该公司的适度资本被分配给极少数所有者。
But a joint-stock company, consisting of a small number of proprietors, with a moderate capital, approaches very nearly to the nature of a private copartnery, and may be capable of nearly the same degree of vigilance and attention.
但由少数股东组成、资本适中的股份公司非常接近私人合伙企业的性质，并且可能受到几乎相同程度的警惕和关注。
It is not to be wondered at, therefore, if, in consequence of these different advantages, the Hudson’s Bay company had, before the late war, been able to carry on their trade with a considerable degree of success.
因此，如果由于这些不同的优势，哈德逊湾公司在最近的战争之前能够以相当大的成功开展其贸易，那就不足为奇了。
It does not seem probable, however, that their profits ever approached to what the late Mr Dobbs imagined them.
然而，他们的利润似乎不太可能达到已故多布斯先生的想象。
A much more sober and judicious writer, Mr Anderson, author of the Historical and Chronological Deduction of Commerce, very justly observes, that upon examining the accounts which Mr Dobbs himself has given for several years together, of their exports and imports, and upon making proper allowances for their extraordinary risk and expense, it does not appear that their profits deserve to be envied, or that they can much, if at all, exceed the ordinary profits of trade.
一位更加清醒和明智的作家安德森先生，《商业的历史和时间顺序演绎》一书的作者，非常公正地指出，在审查了多布斯先生本人多年来一起提供的进出口账目后，并在适当考虑到他们的非凡风险和费用后，他们的利润似乎并不值得羡慕，或者说，他们的利润可能远远超过（如果有的话）普通贸易利润。
The South Sea company never had any forts or garrisons to maintain, and therefore were entirely exempted from one great expense, to which other joint-stock companies for foreign trade are subject; but they had an immense capital divided among an immense number of proprietors.
南海公司从来没有任何要塞或驻军需要维护，因此完全免除了一项其他外贸股份公司需要承担的巨额费用；但他们拥有巨额资本，分配给众多的所有者。
It was naturally to be expected, therefore, that folly, negligence, and profusion, should prevail in the whole management of their affairs.
因此，在他们的整个事务管理中，愚蠢、疏忽和浪费盛行是理所当然的。
The knavery and extravagance of their stock-jobbing projects are sufficiently known, and the explication of them would be foreign to the present subject.
他们的股票交易计划的卑鄙和奢侈是众所周知的，对它们的解释对本主题来说是陌生的。
Their mercantile projects were not much better conducted.
他们的商业项目也没有进行得更好。
The first trade which they engaged in, was that of supplying the Spanish West Indies with negroes, of which (in consequence of what was called the Assiento Contract granted them by the treaty of Utrecht) they had the exclusive privilege.
他们从事的第一项贸易是向西班牙西印度群岛供应黑人，他们拥有黑人的专有特权（由于乌得勒支条约授予他们所谓的阿西恩托合同）。
But as it was not expected that much profit could be made by this trade, both the Portuguese and French companies, who had enjoyed it upon the same terms before them, having been ruined by it, they were allowed, as compensation, to send annually a ship of a certain burden, to trade directly to the Spanish West Indies.
但由于人们预计这种贸易不会带来多少利润，以前以同样的条件享受这种贸易的葡萄牙和法国公司都因此破产了，作为补偿，他们被允许每年派出一艘具有一定载重的船只，直接与西属西印度群岛进行贸易。
Of the ten voyages which this annual ship was allowed to make, they are said to have gained considerably by one, that of the Royal Caroline, in 1731; and to have been losers, more or less, by almost all the rest.
在这艘一年一度的船获准进行的十次航行中，据说其中一次收获颇丰，即 1731 年皇家卡罗琳号的航行；几乎所有其他人或多或少都是失败者。
Their ill success was imputed, by their factors and agents, to the extortion and oppression of the Spanish government; but was, perhaps, principally owing to the profusion and depredations of those very factors and agents; some of whom are said to have acquired great fortunes, even in one year.
他们的失败被他们的因素和代理人归咎于西班牙政府的勒索和压迫。但也许主要是由于这些因素和代理人的大量和掠夺造成的；据说其中一些人甚至在一年之内就获得了巨额财富。
In 1734, the company petitioned the king, that they might be allowed to dispose of the trade and tonnage of their annual ship, on account of the little profit which they made by it, and to accept of such equivalent as they could obtain from the king of Spain.
1734年，该公司请求国王允许他们处置其年度船舶的贸易和吨位，因为他们从中赚取的利润很少，并接受他们可以从西班牙国王那里获得的等价物。
In 1724, this company had undertaken the whale fishery.
1724年，该公司开始从事鲸鱼渔业。
Of this, indeed, they had no monopoly; but as long as they carried it on, no other British subjects appear to have engaged in it.
事实上，他们并没有垄断这一点。但只要他们继续这样做，其他英国臣民似乎就没有参与过这种活动。
Of the eight voyages which their ships made to Greenland, they were gainers by one, and losers by all the rest.
在他们的船只前往格陵兰岛的八次航行中，他们有一次是受益者，其余的都是失败者。
After their eighth and last voyage, when they had sold their ships, stores, and utensils, they found that their whole loss upon this branch, capital and interest included, amounted to upwards of £237,000.
在他们第八次也是最后一次航行之后，当他们卖掉了船只、物资和器具时，他们发现他们在这个部门的全部损失，包括资本和利息，总计超过 237,000 英镑。
In 1722, this company petitioned the parliament to be allowed to divide their immense capital of more than thirty-three millions eight hundred thousand pounds, the whole of which had been lent to government, into two equal parts; the one half, or upwards of £16,900,000, to be put upon the same footing with other government annuities, and not to be subject to the debts contracted, or losses incurred, by the directors of the company, in the prosecution of their mercantile projects; the other half to remain as before, a trading stock, and to be subject to those debts and losses.
1722年，这家公司向议会请求允许将其超过三千三百八十万英镑的巨额资本（全部借给政府）分成两等份；一半，即16,900,000英镑以上，与其他政府年金处于同等地位，并且不受公司董事在执行其商业项目时所承担的债务或所产生的损失的影响；另一半仍像以前一样，作为交易股票，并承受这些债务和损失。
The petition was too reasonable not to be granted.
请愿书太合理了，不能不予批准。
In 1733, they again petitioned the parliament, that three-fourths of their trading stock might be turned into annuity stock, and only one-fourth remain as trading stock, or exposed to the hazards arising from the bad management of their directors.
1733年，他们再次向议会请愿，将其四分之三的交易股票转为年金股票，只有四分之一保留为交易股票，否则将面临因董事管理不善而产生的风险。
Both their annuity and trading stocks had, by this time, been reduced more than two millions each, by several different payments from government; so that this fourth amounted only to £3,662,784:8:6.
此时，由于政府的几次不同支付，他们的年金和交易股票都已减少了超过两百万。因此，这第四笔金额仅为 3,662,784:8:6 英镑。
In 1748, all the demands of the company upon the king of Spain, in consequence of the assiento contract, were, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, given up for what was supposed an equivalent.
1748 年，根据《艾克斯拉夏贝尔条约》，公司因阿西恩托合同而向西班牙国王提出的所有要求都被放弃，换取了所谓的同等待遇。
An end was put to their trade with the Spanish West Indies; the remainder of their trading stock was turned into an annuity stock; and the company ceased, in every respect, to be a trading company.
他们与西属西印度群岛的贸易结束了；剩余的交易股票变成了年金股票；从各方面来看，该公司都不再是一家贸易公司。
It ought to be observed, that in the trade which the South Sea company carried on by means of their annual ship, the only trade by which it ever was expected that they could make any considerable profit, they were not without competitors, either in the foreign or in the home market.
应该指出的是，南海公司通过其常年轮船进行的贸易是他们唯一有望获得可观利润的贸易，但他们并非没有竞争对手，无论是在国外还是在国内市场。
At Carthagena, Porto Bello, and La Vera Cruz, they had to encounter the competition of the Spanish merchants, who brought from Cadiz to those markets European goods, of the same kind with the outward cargo of their ship; and in England they had to encounter that of the English merchants, who imported from Cadiz goods of the Spanish West Indies, of the same kind with the inward cargo.
在卡塔赫纳、贝洛港和拉韦拉克鲁斯，他们不得不面对西班牙商人的竞争，西班牙商人从加的斯向这些市场带来欧洲商品，与他们船上的出境货物相同；在英格兰，他们不得不遇到英国商人的情况，他们从加的斯进口西班牙西印度群岛的货物，与入境货物相同。
The goods, both of the Spanish and English merchants, indeed, were, perhaps, subject to higher duties.
事实上，西班牙和英国商人的货物也许要缴纳更高的关税。
But the loss occasioned by the negligence, profusion, and malversation of the servants of the company, had probably been a tax much heavier than all those duties.
但是，由于公司仆人的疏忽、挥霍和贪污所造成的损失，可能是比所有这些义务还要沉重得多的税收。
That a joint-stock company should be able to carry on successfully any branch of foreign trade, when private adventurers can come into any sort of open and fair competition with them, seems contrary to all experience.
当私人冒险家可以与股份公司进行任何形式的公开和公平竞争时，股份公司应该能够成功地开展任何对外贸易部门，这似乎与所有经验相悖。
The old English East India company was established in 1600, by a charter from Queen Elizabeth.
古老的英国东印度公司根据伊丽莎白女王的特许成立于 1600 年。
In the first twelve voyages which they fitted out for India, they appear to have traded as a regulated company, with separate stocks, though only in the general ships of the company.
在他们为印度进行的前十二次航行中，他们似乎是作为一家受监管的公司进行交易的，拥有单独的股票，尽管只在公司的普通船舶上进行。
In 1612, they united into a joint stock.
1612 年，他们合并为股份制公司。
Their charter was exclusive, and, though not confirmed by act of parliament, was in those days supposed to convey a real exclusive privilege.
他们的宪章是排他性的，虽然没有得到议会法案的确认，但在当时应该传达真正的排他性特权。
For many years, therefore, they were not much disturbed by interlopers.
因此，多年来，他们并没有受到闯入者的太多干扰。
Their capital, which never exceeded £744,000, and of which £50 was a share, was not so exorbitant, nor their dealings so extensive, as to afford either a pretext for gross negligence and profusion, or a cover to gross malversation.
他们的资本从未超过 744,000 英镑，其中每股 50 英镑，资本并没有那么高，他们的交易也没有那么广泛，以至于不能为严重疏忽和挥霍提供借口，也不能为严重贪污行为提供掩护。
Notwithstanding some extraordinary losses, occasioned partly by the malice of the Dutch East India company, and partly by other accidents, they carried on for many years a successful trade.
尽管部分由于荷兰东印度公司的恶意，部分由于其他事故造成了一些非同寻常的损失，但他们多年来仍然进行着成功的贸易。
But in process of time, when the principles of liberty were better understood, it became every day more and more doubtful, how far a royal charter, not confirmed by act of parliament, could convey an exclusive privilege.
但随着时间的推移，当人们更好地理解自由原则时，人们越来越怀疑，未经议会法案确认的皇家特许状能够在多大程度上传达排他性特权。
Upon this question the decisions of the courts of justice were not uniform, but varied with the authority of government, and the humours of the times.
在这个问题上，法院的判决并不统一，而是随着政府的权威和时代的幽默而变化。
Interlopers multiplied upon them; and towards the end of the reign of Charles II., through the whole of that of James II., and during a part of that of William III., reduced them to great distress.
闯入者在他们身上大量繁殖。在查理二世统治末期、詹姆斯二世统治时期以及威廉三世统治时期的一部分时期，他们陷入了极大的痛苦。
In 1698, a proposal was made to parliament, of advancing two millions to government, at eight per cent.
1698年，向议会提出了一项提议，即向政府预付200万美元，即百分之八。
provided the subscribers were erected into a new East India company, with exclusive privileges.
前提是认购者成立了一家新的东印度公司，并享有专有特权。
The old East India company offered seven hundred thousand pounds, nearly the amount of their capital, at four per cent.
老东印度公司以百分之四的价格出价七十万英镑，几乎是他们的资本总额。
upon the same conditions.
在同样的条件下。
But such was at that time the state of public credit, that it was more convenient for government to borrow two millions at eight per cent.
但当时的公共信用状况是这样的，政府以 8% 的利率借到 200 万是比较方便的。
than seven hundred thousand pounds at four.
四点钟超过七十万英镑。
The proposal of the new subscribers was accepted, and a new East India company established in consequence.
新订户的提议被接受，新的东印度公司随之成立。
The old East India company, however, had a right to continue their trade till 1701.
然而，老东印度公司有权继续其贸易直至 1701 年。
They had, at the same time, in the name of their treasurer, subscribed very artfully three hundred and fifteen thousand pounds into the stock of the new.
与此同时，他们以财务主管的名义，非常巧妙地认购了三十一万五千英镑的新库存。
By a negligence in the expression of the act of parliament, which vested the East India trade in the subscribers to this loan of two millions, it did not appear evident that they were all obliged to unite into a joint stock.
由于议会法案的表达疏忽，该法案将东印度贸易赋予了这笔两百万贷款的认购者，因此似乎并没有明显表明他们都有义务联合成股份。
A few private traders, whose subscriptions amounted only to seven thousand two hundred pounds, insisted upon the privilege of trading separately upon their own stocks, and at their own risks.
一些私人交易商的认购额仅为七千二百英镑，他们坚持享有单独交易自己股票的特权，并自担风险。
The old East India company had a right to a separate trade upon their own stock till 1701; and they had likewise, both before and after that period, a right, like that or other private traders, to a separate trade upon the £315,000, which they had subscribed into the stock of the new company.
直到 1701 年，老东印度公司才有权对其自己的股票进行单独交易；同样，在此期间之前和之后，他们都有权像其他私人商人一样，以他们认购的新公司股票的 315,000 英镑进行单独交易。
The competition of the two companies with the private traders, and with one another, is said to have well nigh ruined both.
据说，两家公司与私人贸易商以及彼此之间的竞争几乎导致了两家公司的破产。
Upon a subsequent occasion, in 1750, when a proposal was made to parliament for putting the trade under the management of a regulated company, and thereby laying it in some measure open, the East India company, in opposition to this proposal, represented, in very strong terms, what had been, at this time, the miserable effects, as they thought them, of this competition.
1750年，当有人向议会提出一项建议，要求将贸易置于受监管公司的管理之下，从而在某种程度上开放贸易时，东印度公司强烈反对这一建议，并以非常强烈的措辞表达了当时他们所认为的这种竞争所造成的悲惨后果。
In India, they said, it raised the price of goods so high, that they were not worth the buying; and in England, by overstocking the market, it sunk their price so low, that no profit could be made by them.
他们说，在印度，商品价格上涨得如此之高，以至于不值得购买；在英国，由于市场库存过剩，价格被压得很低，以至于他们无法赚取利润。
That by a more plentiful supply, to the great advantage and conveniency of the public, it must have reduced very much the price of India goods in the English market, cannot well be doubted; but that it should have raised very much their price in the Indian market, seems not very probable, as all the extraordinary demand which that competition could occasion must have been but as a drop of water in the immense ocean of Indian commerce.
毫无疑问，由于供应更加充足，给公众带来了巨大的利益和便利，印度商品在英国市场上的价格一定会大大降低。但它在印度市场上的价格应该大幅提高，这似乎不太可能，因为竞争可能引起的所有非凡需求必定只是印度商业浩瀚海洋中的一滴水。
The increase of demand, besides, though in the beginning it may sometimes raise the price of goods, never fails to lower it in the long-run.
此外，需求的增加虽然在一开始有时可能会提高商品价格，但从长远来看，它永远不会降低商品价格。
It encourages production, and thereby increases the competition of the producers, who, in order to undersell one another, have recourse to new divisions or labour and new improvements of art, which might never otherwise have been thought of.
它鼓励生产，从而增加了生产者的竞争，为了相互压价，生产者诉诸新的分工或劳动以及新的艺术改进，否则这些可能永远不会被想到。
The miserable effects of which the company complained, were the cheapness of consumption, and the encouragement given to production; precisely the two effects which it is the great business of political economy to promote.
公司抱怨的悲惨后果是消费的廉价和对生产的鼓励；政治经济学的伟大事业正是要促进这两种效果。
The competition, however, of which they gave this doleful account, had not been allowed to be of long continuance.
然而，他们所描述的这场竞争并没有被允许长期持续下去。
In 1702, the two companies were, in some measure, united by an indenture tripartite, to which the queen was the third party; and in 1708, they were by act of parliament, perfectly consolidated into one company, by their present name of the United Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies.
1702 年，这两家公司在某种程度上通过三方契约联合起来，女王是第三方。 1708 年，根据议会法案，它们完全合并为一家公司，并以现在的名称进行东印度群岛贸易联合商人公司。
Into this act it was thought worth while to insert a clause, allowing the separate traders to continue their trade till Michaelmas 1711; but at the same time empowering the directors, upon three years notice, to redeem their little capital of seven thousand two hundred pounds, and thereby to convert the whole stock of the company into a joint stock.
人们认为值得在该法案中插入一个条款，允许单独的商人继续他们的贸易，直到 1711 年米迦勒节；但同时授权董事在三年通知后赎回他们仅有的七千二百英镑资本，从而将公司的全部股票转换为股份。
By the same act, the capital of the company, in consequence of a new loan to government, was augmented from two millions to three millions two hundred thousand pounds.
根据同一法案，由于向政府提供新贷款，公司资本从 200 万英镑增加到 320 万英镑。
In 1743, the company advanced another million to government.
1743 年，公司又向政府预付了 100 万美元。
But this million being raised, not by a call upon the proprietors, but by selling annuities and contracting bond-debts, it did not augment the stock upon which the proprietors could claim a dividend.
但这100万美元不是通过向业主征集资金，而是通过出售年金和收缩债券债务筹集的，它并没有增加业主可以要求股息的股票数量。
It augmented, however, their trading stock, it being equally liable with the other three millions two hundred thousand pounds, to the losses sustained, and debts contracted by the company in prosecution of their mercantile projects.
然而，它增加了他们的贸易库存，与其他三百二十万英镑一样，对公司在执行其商业项目时所遭受的损失和债务承担责任。
From 1708, or at least from 1711, this company, being delivered from all competitors, and fully established in the monopoly of the English commerce to the East Indies, carried on a successful trade, and from their profits, made annually a moderate dividend to their proprietors.
从 1708 年，或者至少从 1711 年起，这家公司从所有竞争对手手中解放出来，并完全垄断了英国对东印度群岛的商业，进行了成功的贸易，并每年从其利润中向其所有者发放适度的股息。
During the French war, which began in 1741, the ambition of Mr Dupleix, the French governor of Pondicherry, involved them in the wars of the Carnatic, and in the politics of the Indian princes.
1741 年爆发的法国战争期间，法国本地治里总督杜普莱先生的野心让他们卷入了卡纳提克战争和印度诸侯的政治。
After many signal successes, and equally signal losses, they at last lost Madras, at that time their principal settlement in India.
在经历了许多明显的成功和同样明显的损失之后，他们最终失去了马德拉斯，这是当时他们在印度的主要定居点。
It was restored to them by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; and, about this time the spirit of war and conquest seems to have taken possession of their servants in India, and never since to have left them.
艾克斯拉夏贝尔条约将其归还给他们。大约在这个时候，战争和征服的精神似乎已经占据了他们在印度的仆人们的心，并且从那时起就再也没有离开过他们。
During the French war, which began in 1755, their arms partook of the general good fortune of those of Great Britain.
在 1755 年爆发的法国战争期间，他们的武器分享了英国军队的普遍好运。
They defended Madras, took Pondicherry, recovered Calcutta, and acquired the revenues of a rich and extensive territory, amounting, it was then said, to upwards of three millions a-year.
他们保卫了马德拉斯，占领了本地治里，收复了加尔各答，并获得了丰富而广阔的领土，据说每年的收入高达三百万以上。
They remained for several years in quiet possession of this revenue; but in 1767, administration laid claim to their territorial acquisitions, and the revenue arising from them, as of right belonging to the crown; and the company, in compensation for this claim, agreed to pay to government £400,000 a-year.
他们多年来一直默默地占有这笔收入。但在 1767 年，行政当局声称对他们所获得的领土以及由此产生的收入拥有所有权，视为属于王室的权利；为了赔偿这一索赔，该公司同意每年向政府支付 40 万英镑。
They had, before this, gradually augmented their dividend from about six to ten per cent.; that is, upon their capital of three millions two hundred thousand pounds, they had increased it by £128,000, or had raised it from one hundred and ninety-two thousand to three hundred and twenty thousand pounds a-year.
在此之前，他们已逐渐将股息从百分之六增加到百分之十。也就是说，他们在三百二十万英镑的资本基础上，增加了十二万八千英镑，或者说从每年十九万二千英镑增加到了三十二万英镑。
They were attempting about this time to raise it still further, to twelve and a-half per cent., which would have made their annual payments to their proprietors equal to what they had agreed to pay annually to government, or to £400,000 a-year.
大约在这个时候，他们正试图进一步提高税率，达到百分之十二半，这样他们每年向业主支付的费用就等于他们同意每年向政府支付的费用，即每年 40 万英镑。
But during the two years in which their agreement with government was to take place, they were restrained from any further increase of dividend by two successive acts of parliament, of which the object was to enable them to make a speedier progress in the payment of their debts, which were at this time estimated at upwards of six or seven millions sterling.
但在他们与政府达成协议的两年内，连续两项议会法案限制了他们进一步增加股息，其目的是使他们能够更快地偿还债务，当时估计债务高达六七百万英镑。
In 1769, they renewed their agreement with government for five years more, and stipulated, that during the course of that period, they should be allowed gradually to increase their dividend to twelve and a-half per cent; never increasing it, however, more than one per cent.
1769年，他们与政府续签了五年的协议，并规定在此期间，他们应该被允许逐步将股息增加到百分之十二半；然而，增加的幅度永远不会超过百分之一。
in one year.
一年内。
This increase of dividend, therefore, when it had risen to its utmost height, could augment their annual payments, to their proprietors and government together, but by £680,000, beyond what they had been before their late territorial acquisitions.
因此，当股息增加到最高点时，他们每年向业主和政府支付的款项可能会增加68万英镑，超出了他们最近收购领土之前的数额。
What the gross revenue of those territorial acquisitions was supposed to amount to, has already been mentioned; and by an account brought by the Cruttenden East Indiaman in 1769, the neat revenue, clear of all deductions and military charges, was stated at two millions forty-eight thousand seven hundred and forty-seven pounds.
这些领土收购的总收入应该达到多少，已经提到过；根据克鲁滕登东印度人 1769 年提交的一份账目，扣除所有扣除和军事费用后，净收入为 200 万四万八千七百四十七英镑。
They were said, at the same time, to possess another revenue, arising partly from lands, but chiefly from the customs established at their different settlements, amounting to £439,000.
据说，与此同时，他们还拥有另一笔收入，部分来自土地，但主要来自他们不同定居点建立的海关，总计 439,000 英镑。
The profits of their trade, too, according to the evidence of their chairman before the house of commons, amounted, at this time, to at least £400,000 a-year; according to that of their accountant, to at least £500,000; according to the lowest account, at least equal to the highest dividend that was to be paid to their proprietors.
根据他们的主席向下议院提供的证据，他们的贸易利润此时每年至少达到 40 万英镑；根据其会计师的说法，至少 500,000 英镑；根据最低账户，至少等于支付给所有者的最高股息。
So great a revenue might certainly have afforded an augmentation of £680,000 in their annual payments; and, at the same time, have left a large sinking fund, sufficient for the speedy reduction of their debt.
如此巨大的收入肯定可以让他们的年付款增加 68 万英镑；同时，还留下了大量的偿债基金，足以迅速减少债务。
In 1773, however, their debts, instead of being reduced, were augmented by an arrear to the treasury in the payment of the four hundred thousand pounds; by another to the custom-house for duties unpaid; by a large debt to the bank, for money borrowed; and by a fourth, for bills drawn upon them from India, and wantonly accepted, to the amount of upwards of twelve hundred thousand pounds.
然而，1773年，他们的债务非但没有减少，反而因拖欠国库四十万英镑而增加；由另一个人向海关收取未付关税；由于借钱而向银行欠下巨额债务；第四个是从印度开出并被肆意接受的汇票，金额高达一百二十万英镑。
The distress which these accumulated claims brought upon them, obliged them not only to reduce all at once their dividend to six per cent.
这些累积的债权给他们带来了痛苦，迫使他们不仅立即将股息减少到百分之六。
but to throw themselves upon the mercy of govermnent, and to supplicate, first, a release from the further payment of the stipulated £400,000 a-year; and, secondly, a loan of fourteen hundred thousand, to save them from immediate bankruptcy.
但他们却求助于政府，首先请求政府免除每年规定的 40 万英镑的进一步支付；其次，一笔一百四十万的贷款，使他们免于立即破产。
The great increase of their fortune had, it seems, only served to furnish their servants with a pretext for greater profusion, and a cover for greater malversation, than in proportion even to that increase of fortune.
他们财富的大幅增加，似乎只是为他们的仆人提供了更大的富裕的借口，以及更大的贪污行为的掩护，甚至与财富的增加成正比。
The conduct of their servants in India, and the general state of their affairs both in India and in Europe, became the subject of a parliamentary inquiry: in consequence of which, several very important alterations were made in the constitution of their government, both at home and abroad.
他们的仆人在印度的行为，以及他们在印度和欧洲的总体事务状况，成为议会调查的主题：其结果是，他们的政府宪法在国内外进行了几项非常重要的修改。
In India, their principal settlements or Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, which had before been altogether independent of one another, were subjected to a governor-general, assisted by a council of four assessors, parliament assuming to itself the first nomination of this governor and council, who were to reside at Calcutta; that city having now become, what Madras was before, the most important of the English settlements in India.
在印度，他们的主要定居点马德拉斯、孟买和加尔各答以前完全相互独立，现在受总督管辖，并由四名评估员组成的委员会协助，议会自行任命该总督和委员会的第一个提名人，他们将居住在加尔各答；那个城市现在已经成为英国在印度最重要的定居点，就像以前的马德拉斯一样。
The court of the Mayor of Calcutta, originally instituted for the trial of mercantile causes, which arose in the city and neighbourhood, had gradually extended its jurisdiction with the extension of the empire.
加尔各答市长法庭最初是为了审判城市和邻近地区出现的商业诉讼而设立的，随着帝国的扩张，其管辖范围也逐渐扩大。
It was now reduced and confined to the original purpose of its institution.
现在它已被缩减并仅限于其设立的最初目的。
Instead of it, a new supreme court of judicature was established, consisting of a chief justice and three judges, to be appointed by the crown.
取而代之的是，成立了一个新的最高法院，由一名首席法官和三名法官组成，由国王任命。
In Europe, the qualification necessary to entitle a proprietor to vote at their general courts was raised, from five hundred pounds, the original price of a share in the stock of the company, to a thousand pounds.
在欧洲，所有者在普通法院投票的资格要求从公司股票每股原价 500 英镑提高到 1000 英镑。
In order to vote upon this qualification, too, it was declared necessary, that he should have possessed it, if acquired by his own purchase, and not by inheritance, for at least one year, instead of six months, the term requisite before.
为了对这一资格进行投票，也宣布有必要，如果他通过自己购买而不是通过继承获得该资格，则必须拥有该资格至少一年，而不是之前规定的六个月。
The court of twenty-four directors had before been chosen annually; but it was now enacted, that each director should, for the future, be chosen for four years; six of them, however, to go out of office by rotation every year, and not be capable of being re-chosen at the election of the six new directors for the ensuing year.
此前，由二十四名董事组成的法庭每年都要选举一次；但现在已经规定，未来每位董事的任期应为四年；然而，其中六名董事每年轮流离任，并且在下一年选举六名新董事时不能连选连任。
In consequence of these alterations, the courts, both of the proprietors and directors, it was expected, would be likely to act with more dignity and steadiness than they had usually done before.
由于这些变化，预计法院，无论是业主还是董事，都可能会比以前更加有尊严和稳健地行事。
But it seems impossible, by any alterations, to render those courts, in any respect, fit to govern, or even to share in the government of a great empire; because the greater part of their members must always have too little interest in the prosperity of that empire, to give any serious attention to what may promote it.
但似乎不可能通过任何改变，使这些法院在任何方面都适合统治，甚至分享一个伟大帝国的政府。因为他们的大多数成员总是对这个帝国的繁荣兴趣太小，以至于无法认真关注可能促进帝国繁荣的事情。
Frequently a man of great, sometimes even a man of small fortune, is willing to purchase a thousand pounds share in India stock, merely for the influence which he expects to aquire by a vote in the court of proprietors.
通常，一个大人物，有时甚至是一个小财富的人，愿意购买一千英镑的印度股票，仅仅是为了他希望通过业主法庭的投票获得影响力。
It gives him a share, though not in the plunder, yet in the appointment of the plunderers of India; the court of directors, though they make that appointment, being necessarily more or less under the influence of the proprietors, who not only elect those directors, but sometimes over-rule the appointments of their servants in India.
它让他有一份份额，虽然不是掠夺，但却是印度掠夺者的任命。董事法院虽然做出了任命，但或多或少必然受到业主的影响，业主不仅选举这些董事，有时还推翻其在印度的仆人的任命。
Provided he can enjoy this influence for a few years, and thereby provide for a certain number of his friends, he frequently cares little about the dividend, or even about the value of the stock upon which his vote is founded.
只要他能在几年内享受这种影响力，从而养活一定数量的朋友，他常常很少关心股息，甚至不关心他投票所依据的股票的价值。
About the prosperity of the great empire, in the government of which that vote gives him a share, he seldom cares at all.
对于大帝国的繁荣，他在政府中的选票使他占有一席之地，他很少关心。
No other sovereigns ever were, or, from the nature of things, ever could be, so perfectly indifferent about the happiness or misery of their subjects, the improvement or waste of their dominions, the glory or disgrace of their administration, as, from irresistible moral causes, the greater part of the proprietors of such a mercantile company are, and necessarily must be.
没有任何其他主权国家曾经，或者从事物的本质来看，永远不会像这样一个商业公司的大部分所有者出于不可抗拒的道德原因，对其臣民的幸福或痛苦、其领土的改善或浪费、其管理的荣耀或耻辱如此完全漠不关心。
This indifference, too, was more likely to be increased than diminished by some of the new regulations which were made in consequence of the parliamentary inquiry.
议会调查后制定的一些新规定也更有可能加剧而不是减弱这种冷漠态度。
By a resolution of the house of commons, for example, it was declared, that when the £1,400,000 lent to the company by government, should be paid, and their bond-debts be reduced to £1,500,000, they might then, and not till then, divide eight per cent.
例如，下议院的一项决议宣布，当政府借给公司的 1,400,000 英镑应予偿还，并且他们的债券债务减少到 1,500,000 英镑时，他们可以（而且在此之前）分配 8%。
upon their capital; and that whatever remained of their revenues and neat profits at home should be divided into four parts; three of them to be paid into the exchequer for the use of the public, and the fourth to be reserved as a fund, either for the further reduction of their bond-debts, or for the discharge of other contingent exigencies which the company might labour under.
在他们的资本上；他们在国内剩下的收入和纯利润都应该分成四部分；其中三笔存入国库供公众使用，第四笔作为基金保留，要么用于进一步减少债券债务，要么用于解决公司可能面临的其他紧急情况。
But if the company were bad stewards and bad sovereigns, when the whole of their neat revenue and profits belonged to themselves, and were at their own disposal, they were surely not likely to be better when three-fourths of them were to belong to other people, and the other fourth, though to be laid out for the benefit of the company, yet to be so under the inspection and with the approbation of other people.
但是，如果公司是坏管理者和坏主权者，那么当他们的全部纯收入和利润都属于他们自己并由他们自己支配时，当其中四分之三属于其他人，而另外四分之一虽然是为了公司的利益而分配，但却是在其他人的检查和认可之下时，他们肯定不会做得更好。
It might be more agreeable to the company, that their own servants and dependants should have either the pleasure of wasting, or the profit of embezzling, whatever surplus might remain, after paying the proposed dividend of eight per cent.
对于公司来说，他们自己的仆人和家属应该享受挥霍的乐趣，或者贪污的利润，无论在支付了提议的百分之八的股息之后可能剩下什么盈余，这可能更容易被公司接受。
than that it should come into the hands of a set of people with whom those resolutions could scarce fail to set them in some measure at variance.
更重要的是，它应该落到一群人的手中，这些决议很可能会在某种程度上与他们产生分歧。
The interest of those servants and dependants might so far predominate in the court of proprietors, as sometimes to dispose it to support the authors of depredations which had been committed in direct violation of its own authority.
到目前为止，这些仆人和受抚养人的利益可能在业主法庭上占主导地位，有时会安排法庭支持直接侵犯其自身权威的掠夺行为的实施者。
With the majority of proprietors, the support even of the authority of their own court might sometimes be a matter of less consequence than the support of those who had set that authority at defiance.
对于大多数业主来说，即使是他们自己法院权威的支持，有时也可能比那些蔑视该权威的人的支持更重要。
The regulations of 1773, accordingly, did not put an end to the disorder of the company’s government in India.
因此，1773 年的法规并没有结束该公司在印度政府的混乱局面。
Notwithstanding that, during a momentary fit of good conduct, they had at one time collected into the treasury of Calcutta more than £3,000,000 sterling; notwithstanding that they had afterwards extended either their dominion or their depredations over a vast accession of some of the richest and most fertile countries in India, all was wasted and destroyed.
尽管如此，由于一时的良好行为，他们曾一度向加尔各答国库筹集了超过三百万英镑；尽管他们后来扩大了统治或掠夺了印度一些最富有和最肥沃的国家，但一切都被浪费和摧毁了。
They found themselves altogether unprepared to stop or resist the incursion of Hyder Ali; and in consequence of those disorders, the company is now (1784) in greater distress than ever; and, in order to prevent immediate bankruptcy, is once more reduced to supplicate the assistance of government.
他们发现自己完全没有准备好阻止或抵抗海德·阿里的入侵；由于这些混乱，公司现在（1784年）陷入了前所未有的困境。为了避免立即破产，再次恳求政府的援助。
Different plans have been proposed by the different parties in parliament for the better management of its affairs; and all those plans seem to agree in supposing, what was indeed always abundantly evident, that it is altogether unfit to govern its territorial possessions.
议会各党派为更好地管理议会事务提出了不同的计划；所有这些计划似乎都一致认为，它完全不适合管理其领土，这一点确实是非常明显的。
Even the company itself seems to be convinced of its own incapacity so far, and seems, upon that account willing to give them up to government.
就连该公司本身似乎也相信自己迄今为止的无能，并且似乎因此愿意将其交给政府。
With the right of possessing forts and garrisons in distant and barbarous countries is necessarily connected the right of making peace and war in those countries.
在遥远而野蛮的国家拥有堡垒和驻军的权利，必然与在这些国家缔造和平与战争的权利联系在一起。
The joint-stock companies, which have had the one right, have constantly exercised the other, and have frequently had it expressly conferred upon them.
拥有一项权利的股份公司不断地行使另一项权利，并且经常被明确授予。
How unjustly, how capriciously, how cruelly, they have commonly exercised it, is too well known from recent experience.
从最近的经验来看，他们普遍运用这种做法是多么不公正、多么反复无常、多么残酷。
When a company of merchants undertake, at their own risk and expense, to establish a new trade with some remote and barbarous nation, it may not be unreasonable to incorporate them into a joint-stock company, and to grant them, in case of their success, a monopoly of the trade for a certain number of years.
当一家商人公司自担风险和费用，与某个偏远而野蛮的国家建立新的贸易时，将他们合并为一家股份公司，并在他们成功的情况下，授予他们一定年限的贸易垄断权，这可能不是没有道理的。
It is the easiest and most natural way in which the state can recompense them for hazarding a dangerous and expensive experiment, of which the public is afterwards to reap the benefit.
这是国家对他们进行危险而昂贵的实验进行补偿的最简单、最自然的方式，公众随后将从中受益。
A temporary monopoly of this kind may be vindicated, upon the same principles upon which a like monopoly of a new machine is granted to its inventor, and that of a new book to its author.
这种暂时的垄断可能会得到证实，其依据与新机器的类似垄断被授予其发明者、新书的类似垄断被授予其作者的原则相同。
But upon the expiration of the term, the monopoly ought certainly to determine; the forts and garrisons, if it was found necessary to establish any, to be taken into the hands of government, their value to be paid to the company, and the trade to be laid open to all the subjects of the state.
但在期限届满后，垄断当然应该做出决定；如果发现有必要建立堡垒和驻军，则将其交由政府管理，其价值将支付给公司，贸易将向国家所有臣民开放。
By a perpetual monopoly, all the other subjects of the state are taxed very absurdly in two different ways: first, by the high price of goods, which, in the case of a free trade, they could buy much cheaper; and, secondly, by their total exclusion from a branch of business which it might be both convenient and profitable for many of them to carry on.
由于永久垄断，国家的所有其他主体都以两种不同的方式被非常荒谬地征税：首先，通过商品的高价格，在自由贸易的情况下，他们可以更便宜地购买商品；其次，他们完全被排除在对他们中的许多人来说可能既方便又有利可图的业务部门之外。
It is for the most worthless of all purposes, too, that they are taxed in this manner.
正是出于所有目的中最无价值的目的，他们才以这种方式征税。
It is merely to enable the company to support the negligence, profusion, and malversation of their own servants, whose disorderly conduct seldom allows the dividend of the company to exceed the ordinary rate of profit in trades which are altogether free, and very frequently makes a fall even a good deal short of that rate.
这只是为了让公司能够支持自己仆人的疏忽、挥霍和贪污，而他们的无序行为很少使公司的股息超过完全自由交易中的普通利润率，而且经常使利润率下降，甚至远远低于该水平。
Without a monopoly, however, a joint-stock company, it would appear from experience, cannot long carry on any branch of foreign trade.
然而，从经验来看，如果没有垄断，股份公司就无法长期经营任何对外贸易部门。
To buy in one market, in order to sell with profit in another, when there are many competitors in both; to watch over, not only the occasional variations in the demand, but the much greater and more frequent variations in the competition, or in the supply which that demand is likely to get from other people; and to suit with dexterity and judgment both the quantity and quality of each assortment of goods to all these circumstances, is a species of warfare, of which the operations are continually changing, and which can scarce ever be conducted successfully, without such an unremitting exertion of vigilance and attention as cannot long be expected from the directors of a joint-stock company.
当两个市场都有很多竞争者时，在一个市场购买，以便在另一个市场出售并获利；不仅要关注需求的偶尔变化，还要关注竞争中更大、更频繁的变化，或者该需求可能从其他人那里得到的供给；凭借灵巧和判断力，使每种商品的数量和质量适应所有这些情况，是一种战争，其运作方式不断变化，如果没有坚持不懈的警惕和关注，那么这种战争就不可能成功，而股份公司的董事们不可能长期保持这种警惕和关注。
The East India company, upon the redemption of their funds, and the expiration of their exclusive privilege, have a right, by act of parliament, to continue a corporation with a joint stock, and to trade in their corporate capacity to the East Indies, in common with the rest of their fellow subjects.
东印度公司在赎回其资金和其专有特权到期后，有权根据议会法案，继续以股份制形式成立公司，并与其他臣民一样以公司身份与东印度群岛进行贸易。
But in this situation, the superior vigilance and attention of a private adventurer would, in all probability, soon make them weary of the trade.
但在这种情况下，私人冒险家的高度警惕和注意力很可能很快就会让他们厌倦这项交易。
An eminent French author, of great knowledge in matters of political economy, the Abbe Morellet, gives a list of fifty-five joint-stock companies for foreign trade, which have been established in different parts of Europe since the year 1600, and which, according to him, have all failed from mismanagement, notwithstanding they had exclusive privileges.
一位精通政治经济学的著名法国作家阿贝·莫雷莱 (Abbe Morellet) 列出了 55 家外贸股份公司的名单，这些公司自 1600 年以来在欧洲不同地区成立，据他说，尽管它们拥有专有特权，但它们都因管理不善而失败。
He has been misinformed with regard to the history of two or three of them, which were not joint-stock companies and have not failed.
他对其中两三个公司的历史有误解，这些公司不是股份制公司，也没有倒闭。
But, in compensation, there have been several joint-stock companies which have failed, and which he has omitted.
但是，作为补偿，有几家股份公司倒闭了，而他却忽略了这些公司。
The only trades which it seems possible for a joint-stock company to carry on successfully, without an exclusive privilege, are those, of which all the operations are capable of being reduced to what is called a routine, or to such a uniformity of method as admits of little or no variation.
股份公司在没有排他性特权的情况下，唯一可能成功开展的行业是那些所有操作都能够简化为所谓的例行公事的行业，或者简化为允许很少或根本没有变化的方法统一的行业。
Of this kind is, first, the banking trade; secondly, the trade of insurance from fire and from sea risk, and capture in time of war; thirdly, the trade of making and maintaining a navigable cut or canal; and, fourthly, the similar trade of bringing water for the supply of a great city.
其中，第一是银行贸易；其次，火灾保险、海上保险以及战时捕获保险的贸易；第三，建造和维护通航切口或运河的贸易；第四，为大城市供水的类似贸易。
Though the principles of the banking trade may appear somewhat abstruse, the practice is capable of being reduced to strict rules.
尽管银行业的原理可能显得有些深奥，但实践可以简化为严格的规则。
To depart upon any occasion from those rules, in consequence of some flattering speculation of extraordinary gain, is almost always extremely dangerous and frequently fatal to the banking company which attempts it.
在任何情况下，由于某些对非凡收益的奉承投机而背离这些规则，对于尝试这样做的银行公司来说几乎总是极其危险的，而且往往是致命的。
But the constitution of joint-stock companies renders them in general, more tenacious of established rules than any private copartnery.
但股份公司的章程使它们总体上比任何私人合伙企业都更遵守既定规则。
Such companies, therefore, seem extremely well fitted for this trade.
因此，这些公司似乎非常适合这一行业。
The principal banking companies in Europe, accordingly, are joint-stock companies, many of which manage their trade very successfully without any exclusive privilege.
因此，欧洲的主要银行公司都是股份公司，其中许多银行在没有任何专有特权的情况下非常成功地管理其贸易。
The bank of England has no other exclusive privilege, except that no other banking company in England shall consist of more than six persons.
英格兰银行没有其他专有特权，但英格兰的任何其他银行公司的人员不得超过六人。
The two banks of Edinburgh are joint-stock companies, without any exclusive privilege.
爱丁堡的两家银行都是股份公司，没有任何排他性特权。
The value of the risk, either from fire, or from loss by sea, or by capture, though it cannot, perhaps, be calculated very exactly, admits, however, of such a gross estimation, as renders it, in some degree, reducible to strict rule and method.
风险的价值，无论是火灾、海上损失还是捕获，虽然可能无法非常精确地计算，但承认这种粗略估计，在某种程度上，可以将其简化为严格的规则和方法。
The trade of insurance, therefore, may be carried on successfully by a joint-stock company, without any exclusive privilege.
因此，保险业可以由股份公司成功经营，没有任何排他性特权。
Neither the London Assurance, nor the Royal Exchange Assurance companies have any such privilege.
伦敦保险公司和皇家交易所保险公司都没有任何此类特权。
When a navigable cut or canal has been once made, the management of it becomes quite simple and easy, and it is reducible to strict rule and method.
当一条可通航的切口或运河一旦建成后，其管理就变得相当简单和容易，并且可以简化为严格的规则和方法。
Even the making of it is so, as it may be contracted for with undertakers, at so much a mile, and so much a lock.
就连它的制作也是如此，因为它可能是与殡葬承办商签订合同的，有这么多的一英里，这么多的锁。
The same thing may be said of a canal, an aqueduct, or a great pipe for bringing water to supply a great city.
同样的情况也适用于运河、渡槽或为大城市供水的大管道。
Such under-takings, therefore, may be, and accordingly frequently are, very successfully managed by joint-stock companies, without any exclusive privilege.
因此，此类企业可能并且因此经常由股份公司非常成功地管理，没有任何排他性特权。
To establish a joint-stock company, however, for any undertaking, merely because such a company might be capable of managing it successfully; or, to exempt a particular set of dealers from some of the general laws which take place with regard to all their neighbours, merely because they might be capable of thriving, if they had such an exemption, would certainly not be reasonable.
然而，对于任何企业来说，仅仅因为这样的公司可能有能力成功地管理它，就建立一家股份公司；或者，仅仅因为一组特定的经销商可能能够繁荣发展，而将其排除在对其所有邻居适用的某些一般法律之外，如果他们获得了这样的豁免，那么这肯定是不合理的。
To render such an establishment perfectly reasonable, with the circumstance of being reducible to strict rule and method, two other circumstances ought to concur.
为了使这种建立完全合理，并且可以简化为严格的规则和方法，还应该同时满足另外两种情况。
First, it ought to appear with the clearest evidence, that the undertaking is of greater and more general utility than the greater part of common trades; and, secondly, that it requires a greater capital than can easily be collected into a private copartnery.
首先，应该有最明确的证据表明，这项事业比大部分普通行业具有更大、更普遍的效用；其次，它需要比私人合伙企业容易筹集到的更多的资本。
If a moderate capital were sufficient, the great utility of the undertaking would not be a sufficient reason for establishing a joint-stock company; because, in this case, the demand for what it was to produce, would readily and easily be supplied by private adventurers.
如果资本适中就足够了，事业的巨大效用就不足以成为设立股份公司的理由；因为在这种情况下，对所生产产品的需求很容易由私人冒险家满足。
In the four trades above mentioned, both those circumstances concur.
在上述四笔交易中，这两种情况同时存在。
The great and general utility of the banking trade, when prudently managed, has been fully explained in the second book of this Inquiry.
在谨慎管理的情况下，银行业的巨大而普遍的效用已在本调查的第二本书中得到充分解释。
But a public bank, which is to support public credit, and, upon particular emergencies, to advance to government the whole produce of a tax, to the amount, perhaps, of several millions, a year or two before it comes in, requires a greater capital than can easily be collected into any private copartnery.
但是，公共银行要支持公共信贷，并在特殊紧急情况下，在税收到位前一两年向政府预付全部税收，数额可能达到数百万美元，因此需要比任何私人合伙企业都能轻易筹集到的更多资本。
The trade of insurance gives great security to the fortunes of private people, and, by dividing among a great many that loss which would ruin an individual, makes it fall light and easy upon the whole society.
保险业为私人的财富提供了极大的保障，并且通过将可能毁掉个人的损失分摊给许多人，从而使整个社会的损失变得轻而易举。
In order to give this security, however, it is necessary that the insurers should have a very large capital.
然而，为了提供这种保障，保险公司必须拥有非常大的资本。
Before the establishment of the two joint-stock companies for insurance in London, a list, it is said, was laid before the attorney-general, of one hundred and fifty private usurers, who had failed in the course of a few years.
据说，在伦敦两家保险股份公司成立之前，总检察长收到了一份名单，其中有一百五十名私人高利贷者，这些人在几年内倒闭了。
That navigable cuts and canals, and the works which are sometimes necessary for supplying a great city with water, are of great and general utility, while, at the same time, they frequently require a greater expense than suits the fortunes of private people, is sufficiently obvious.
通航的切口和运河，以及有时为大城市供水所必需的工程，具有巨大而普遍的效用，但同时，它们往往需要比私人财富更大的费用，这是非常明显的。
Except the four trades above mentioned, I have not been able to recollect any other, in which all the three circumstances requisite for rendering reasonable the establishment of a joint-stock company concur.
除上述四项交易外，我已记不起有任何其他交易符合合理设立股份公司所需的三种必要条件。
The English copper company of London, the lead-smelting company, the glass-grinding company, have not even the pretext of any great or singular utility in the object which they pursue; nor does the pursuit of that object seem to require any expense unsuitable to the fortunes of many private men.
英国伦敦铜业公司、铅冶炼公司、玻璃研磨公司，甚至没有借口在他们所追求的目标上有任何伟大或独特的效用；追求这一目标似乎并不需要任何不适合许多私人财富的开支。
Whether the trade which those companies carry on, is reducible to such strict rule and method as to render it fit for the management of a joint-stock company, or whether they have any reason to boast of their extraordinary profits, I do not pretend to know.
这些公司所从事的贸易是否可以简化为适合股份公司管理的严格规则和方法，或者他们是否有任何理由吹嘘其非凡的利润，我不想假装知道。
The mine-adventurers company has been long ago bankrupt.
矿山冒险家公司早已破产。
A share in the stock of the British Linen company of Edinburgh sells, at present, very much below par, though less so than it did some years ago.
目前，爱丁堡英国亚麻公司的股票售价远低于面值，尽管低于几年前的水平。
The joint-stock companies, which are established for the public-spirited purpose of promoting some particular manufacture, over and above managing their own affairs ill, to the diminution of the general stock of the society, can, in other respects, scarce ever fail to do more harm than good.
股份公司的成立是为了促进某些特定制造业的公益目的，除了对自己的事务管理不善之外，还导致了社会总股本的减少，在其他方面，它们往往弊大于利。
Notwithstanding the most upright intentions, the unavoidable partiality of their directors to particular branches of the manufacture, of which the undertakers mislead and impose upon them, is a real discouragement to the rest, and necessarily breaks, more or less, that natural proportion which would otherwise establish itself between judicious industry and profit, and which, to the general industry of the country, is of all encouragements the greatest and the most effectual.
尽管他们的意图是最正直的，但他们的董事不可避免地偏爱特定的制造业部门，而承办商误导并强加给他们，这对其他部门来说是一种真正的挫败感，并且必然或多或少地破坏了明智工业和利润之间本来应建立的自然比例，而这种比例对于国家的一般工业来说是最大和最有效的鼓励。
ART.
艺术。
II.—Of the Expense of the Institution for the Education of Youth.
II.——关于青少年教育机构的费用。
The institutions for the education of the youth may, in the same manner, furnish a revenue sufficient for defraying their own expense.
青年教育机构也可以同样的方式提供足以支付其自身费用的收入。
The fee or honorary, which the scholar pays to the master, naturally constitutes a revenue of this kind.
学者向大师支付的费用或名誉，自然构成这种收入。
Even where the reward of the master does not arise altogether from this natural revenue, it still is not necessary that it should be derived from that general revenue of the society, of which the collection and application are, in most countries, assigned to the executive power.
即使主人的报酬并不完全来自于这种自然收入，它仍然没有必要来自于社会的一般收入，在大多数国家，社会一般收入的征收和使用都分配给行政权力。
Through the greater part of Europe, accordingly, the endowment of schools and colleges makes either no charge upon that general revenue, or but a very small one.
因此，在欧洲大部分地区，学校和学院的捐赠要么不对总收入收取费用，要么只收取很少的费用。
It everywhere arises chiefly from some local or provincial revenue, from the rent of some landed estate, or from the interest of some sum of money, allotted and put under the management of trustees for this particular purpose, sometimes by the sovereign himself, and sometimes by some private donor.
它在任何地方都主要来自一些地方或省级的收入，一些地产的租金，或者来自一些资金的利息，这些资金是为此特定目的而分配并置于受托人管理之下的，有时是由主权者本人，有时是由一些私人捐助者。
Have those public endowments contributed in general, to promote the end of their institution?
这些公共捐赠总体上是否为促进其机构的终结做出了贡献？
Have they contributed to encourage the diligence, and to improve the abilities, of the teachers?
是否为激励教师勤奋、提高教师能力做出了贡献？
Have they directed the course of education towards objects more useful, both to the individual and to the public, than those to which it would naturally have gone of its own accord?
他们是否将教育课程导向对个人和公众更有用的目标，而不是那些自然而然地走向的目标？
It should not seem very difficult to give at least a probable answer to each of those questions.
对每个问题至少给出一个可能的答案似乎并不困难。
In every profession, the exertion of the greater part of those who exercise it, is always in proportion to the necessity they are under of making that exertion.
在每一种职业中，大多数从事该职业的人的努力总是与他们做出这种努力的必要性成正比。
This necessity is greatest with those to whom the emoluments of their profession are the only source from which they expect their fortune, or even their ordinary revenue and subsistence.
对于那些将职业报酬作为他们的财富甚至普通收入和生活的唯一来源的人来说，这种必要性是最大的。
In order to acquire this fortune, or even to get this subsistence, they must, in the course of a year, execute a certain quantity of work of a known value; and, where the competition is free, the rivalship of competitors, who are all endeavouring to justle one another out of employment, obliges every man to endeavour to execute his work with a certain degree of exactness.
为了获得这笔财富，甚至为了获得这种生存，他们必须在一年内完成一定数量、已知价值的工作；而且，在自由竞争的情况下，竞争者之间的竞争，都在努力使彼此失业，迫使每个人都努力以一定程度的精确性来完成自己的工作。
The greatness of the objects which are to be acquired by success in some particular professions may, no doubt, sometimes animate the exertions of a few men of extraordinary spirit and ambition.
毫无疑问，在某些特定职业中取得成功所获得的伟大目标有时可能会激发少数具有非凡精神和野心的人的努力。
Great objects, however, are evidently not necessary, in order to occasion the greatest exertions.
然而，为了引起最大的努力，显然并不需要伟大的目标。
Rivalship and emulation render excellency, even in mean professions, an object of ambition, and frequently occasion the very greatest exertions.
即使在卑微的职业中，竞争和竞争也会使卓越成为人们雄心勃勃的目标，并且常常会引起最大的努力。
Great objects, on the contrary, alone and unsupported by the necessity of application, have seldom been sufficient to occasion any considerable exertion.
相反，伟大的目标，如果没有必要的应用，单独存在，很少足以引起任何可观的努力。
In England, success in the profession of the law leads to some very great objects of ambition; and yet how few men, born to easy fortunes, have ever in this country been eminent in that profession?
在英国，法律职业的成功会带来一些非常伟大的野心目标。然而，在这个国家，出身好运的人在这一行业中取得杰出成就的人有多少呢？
The endowments of schools and colleges have necessarily diminished, more or less, the necessity of application in the teachers.
学校和学院的捐赠或多或少必然减少了教师应用的必要性。
Their subsistence, so far as it arises from their salaries, is evidently derived from a fund, altogether independent of their success and reputation in their particular professions.
就他们的工资而言，他们的生存显然来自一笔基金，完全独立于他们在特定职业中的成功和声誉。
In some universities, the salary makes but a part, and frequently but a small part, of the emoluments of the teacher, of which the greater part arises from the honoraries or fees of his pupils.
在一些大学，薪水仅占教师薪酬的一部分，而且常常只是一小部分，其中大部分来自学生的荣誉或费用。
The necessity of application, though always more or less diminished, is not, in this case, entirely taken away.
应用的必要性虽然总是或多或少地减弱，但在这种情况下并没有完全消失。
Reputation in his profession is still of some importance to him, and he still has some dependency upon the affection, gratitude, and favourable report of those who have attended upon his instructions; and these favourable sentiments he is likely to gain in no way so well as by deserving them, that is, by the abilities and diligence with which he discharges every part of his duty.
在他的职业中的声誉对他来说仍然很重要，他仍然在一定程度上依赖那些听从他的指示的人的感情、感激和好评；他不可能获得这些好感，除非他配得上这些好感，即通过他履行职责的每一个部分的能力和勤奋。
In other universities, the teacher is prohibited from receiving any honorary or fee from his pupils, and his salary constitutes the whole of the revenue which he derives from his office.
在其他大学，教师不得从学生那里获得任何荣誉或费用，他的工资构成了他从办公室获得的全部收入。
His interest is, in this case, set as directly in opposition to his duty as it is possible to set it.
在这种情况下，他的利益被尽可能直接地与他的职责相对立。
It is the interest of every man to live as much at his ease as he can; and if his emoluments are to be precisely the same, whether he does or does not perform some very laborious duty, it is certainly his interest, at least as interest is vulgarly understood, either to neglect it altogether, or, if he is subject to some authority which will not suffer him to do this, to perform it in as careless and slovenly a manner as that authority will permit.
尽可能安逸地生活是每个人的利益。如果他的报酬完全一样，无论他履行或不履行某些非常辛苦的职责，至少按照通俗的理解，要么完全忽视它，要么完全忽视它，或者如果他受到某种权威的约束，而不允许他这样做，那么他就以该权威所允许的粗心和马虎的方式履行它，这肯定是他的利益。
If he is naturally active and a lover of labour, it is his interest to employ that activity in any way from which he can derive some advantage, rather than in the performance of his duty, from which he can derive none.
如果他生性活跃并且热爱劳动，那么他的利益就是以任何他能从中获得某种利益的方式从事这种活动，而不是履行他的职责，因为他不能从中获得任何好处。
If the authority to which he is subject resides in the body corporate, the college, or university, of which he himself is a member, and in which the greater part of the other members are, like himself, persons who either are, or ought to be teachers, they are likely to make a common cause, to be all very indulgent to one another, and every man to consent that his neighbour may neglect his duty, provided he himself is allowed to neglect his own.
如果他所服从的权威属于法人团体、学院或大学，而他自己是其中的一员，而其中的大部分其他成员和他一样，要么是教师，要么应该是教师，那么他们很可能会达成一个共同的目标，彼此非常宽容，每个人都同意他的邻居可以忽视他的职责，只要他自己被允许忽视自己的职责。
In the university of Oxford, the greater part of the public professors have, for these many years, given up altogether even the pretence of teaching.
在牛津大学，多年来，大部分公立教授甚至连教学的幌子都放弃了。
If the authority to which he is subject resides, not so much in the body corporate, of which he is a member, as in some other extraneous persons, in the bishop of the diocese, for example, in the governor of the province, or, perhaps, in some minister of state, it is not, indeed, in this case, very likely that he will be suffered to neglect his duty altogether.
如果他所服从的权威，与其说是在他所属的法人团体中，不如说是在其他一些无关的人身上，例如教区的主教，例如省长，或者也许是某个国务部长，那么在这种情况下，他确实不太可能完全忽视自己的职责。
All that such superiors, however, can force him to do, is to attend upon his pupils a certain number of hours, that is, to give a certain number of lectures in the week, or in the year.
然而，这些上司可以强迫他做的就是让他的学生听讲一定的时间，也就是说，在一周或一年内进行一定数量的讲座。
What those lectures shall be, must still depend upon the diligence of the teacher; and that diligence is likely to be proportioned to the motives which he has for exerting it.
讲什么，还得看老师的勤奋；而且，他的勤奋程度可能与他勤奋工作的动机成正比。
An extraneous jurisdiction of this kind, besides, is liable to be exercised both ignorantly and capriciously.
此外，这种无关的管辖权很可能在无知和反复无常的情况下行使。
In its nature, it is arbitrary and discretionary; and the persons who exercise it, neither attending upon the lectures of the teacher themselves, nor perhaps understanding the sciences which it is his business to teach, are seldom capable of exercising it with judgment.
就其性质而言，它是任意的和自由裁量的；而运用这种能力的人，既不听老师自己的讲课，也不理解他所负责教授的科学，因此很少能够有判断力地运用这种能力。
From the insolence of office, too, they are frequently indifferent how they exercise it, and are very apt to censure or deprive him of his office wantonly and without any just cause.
由于公职的傲慢，他们常常对自己如何行使公职漠不关心，并且很容易毫无正当理由地肆意指责或剥夺他的公职。
The person subject to such jurisdiction is necessarily degraded by it, and, instead of being one of the most respectable, is rendered one of the meanest and most contemptible persons in the society.
受这种管辖的人必然会受到这种管辖的贬低，并且不再是最受尊敬的人之一，而是成为社会上最卑鄙和最可鄙的人之一。
It is by powerful protection only, that he can effectually guard himself against the bad usage to which he is at all times exposed; and this protection he is most likely to gain, not by ability or diligence in his profession, but by obsequiousness to the will of his superiors, and by being ready, at all times, to sacrifice to that will the rights, the interest, and the honour of the body corporate, of which he is a member.
只有通过强大的保护，他才能有效地保护自己免受时时遭受的不良使用；他最有可能获得这种保护，不是通过他的职业能力或勤奋，而是通过服从上级的意愿，并随时准备为上级的意愿牺牲他所属的法人团体的权利、利益和荣誉。
Whoever has attended for any considerable time to the administration of a French university, must have had occasion to remark the effects which naturally result from an arbitrary and extraneous jurisdiction of this kind.
凡是长期参与法国大学管理的人，一定有机会注意到这种任意和无关的管辖权自然产生的影响。
Whatever forces a certain number of students to any college or university, independent of the merit or reputation of the teachers, tends more or less to diminish the necessity of that merit or reputation.
无论教师的优点或声誉如何，迫使一定数量的学生进入任何学院或大学，或多或少都会削弱这种优点或声誉的必要性。
The privileges of graduates in arts, in law, physic, and divinity, when they can be obtained only by residing a certain number of years in certain universities, necessarily force a certain number of students to such universities, independent of the merit or reputation of the teachers.
艺术、法律、物理学和神学毕业生的特权，当它们只能通过在某些大学居住一定年限才能获得时，必然会迫使一定数量的学生进入这些大学，而与教师的功绩或声誉无关。
The privileges of graduates are a sort of statutes of apprenticeship, which have contributed to the improvement of education just as the other statutes of apprenticeship have to that of arts and manufactures.
毕业生的特权是一种学徒制度，它有助于教育的改善，就像其他学徒制度对艺术和制造业的学徒制度所做的那样。
The charitable foundations of scholarships, exhibitions, bursaries, etc. necessarily attach a certain number of students to certain colleges, independent altogether of the merit of those particular colleges.
奖学金、展览、助学金等慈善基金会必然将一定数量的学生固定在某些学院，而与这些特定学院的优点完全无关。
Were the students upon such charitable foundations left free to choose what college they liked best, such liberty might perhaps contribute to excite some emulation among different colleges.
如果在这种慈善基金会的帮助下，学生可以自由选择他们最喜欢的大学，这种自由也许会有助于激发不同大学之间的竞争。
A regulation, on the contrary, which prohibited even the independent members of every particular college from leaving it, and going to any other, without leave first asked and obtained of that which they meant to abandon, would tend very much to extinguish that emulation.
相反，如果有一项规定，甚至禁止每一所特定学院的独立成员在未经许可的情况下离开该学院并前往任何其他学院，而没有事先询问并获得他们打算放弃的东西，那么很可能会消除这种竞争。
If in each college, the tutor or teacher, who was to instruct each student in all arts and sciences, should not be voluntarily chosen by the student, but appointed by the head of the college; and if, in case of neglect, inability, or bad usage, the student should not be allowed to change him for another, without leave first asked and obtained; such a regulation would not only tend very much to extinguish all emulation among the different tutors of the same college, but to diminish very much, in all of them, the necessity of diligence and of attention to their respective pupils.
如果在每个学院中，指导每个学生所有艺术和科学的导师或老师不应该由学生自愿选择，而是由学院院长任命；如果出现疏忽、无能力或使用不当的情况，未经事先请求并获得许可，不得允许学生将其更换为其他学生；这样的规定不仅会极大地消除同一所学院的不同导师之间的竞争，而且会大大减少他们所有人勤勉和关注各自学生的必要性。
Such teachers, though very well paid by their students, might be as much disposed to neglect them, as those who are not paid by them at all or who have no other recompense but their salary.
这些老师虽然学生的报酬很高，但可能会像那些根本没有得到学生报酬或除了工资之外没有其他报酬的老师一样倾向于忽视他们。
If the teacher happens to be a man of sense, it must be an unpleasant thing to him to be conscious, while he is lecturing to his students, that he is either speaking or reading nonsense, or what is very little better than nonsense.
如果老师碰巧是一个有理智的人，那么当他在给学生讲课时，意识到自己要么在说、要么在读废话，或者比废话好不了多少，对他来说一定是一件不愉快的事情。
It must, too, be unpleasant to him to observe, that the greater part of his students desert his lectures; or perhaps, attend upon them with plain enough marks of neglect, contempt, and derision.
看到他的大部分学生放弃他的讲课，他一定也会感到不愉快。或者，也许，他们会带着明显的忽视、蔑视和嘲笑的表情来对待他们。
If he is obliged, therefore, to give a certain number of lectures, these motives alone, without any other interest, might dispose him to take some pains to give tolerably good ones.
因此，如果他有义务做一定数量的讲座，那么仅仅这些动机，没有任何其他兴趣，可能会让他费尽心思去讲一些还算不错的讲座。
Several different expedients, however, may be fallen upon, which will effectually blunt the edge of all those incitements to diligence.
然而，可以采用几种不同的权宜之计，这将有效地削弱所有这些激励勤奋的力量。
The teacher, instead of explaining to his pupils himself the science in which he proposes to instruct them, may read some book upon it; and if this book is written in a foreign and dead language, by interpreting it to them into their own, or, what would give him still less trouble, by making them interpret it to him, and by now and then making an occasional remark upon it, he may flatter himself that he is giving a lecture.
教师可以阅读一些相关书籍，而不是亲自向学生解释他打算指导他们的科学知识。如果这本书是用一种外来的、死气沉沉的语言写成的，那么，通过将其解释为他们自己的语言，或者，让他们向他解释它，并且时不时地对此发表评论，这会给他带来更少的麻烦，他可能会自以为自己正在演讲。
The slightest degree of knowledge and application will enable him to do this, without exposing himself to contempt or derision, by saying any thing that is really foolish, absurd, or ridiculous.
只要有一点点的知识和应用，他就可以做到这一点，而不会因为说出任何真正愚蠢、荒谬或可笑的话而使自己受到轻蔑或嘲笑。
The discipline of the college, at the same time, may enable him to force all his pupils to the most regular attendance upon his sham lecture, and to maintain the most decent and respectful behaviour during the whole time of the performance.
同时，学院的纪律可能使他能够强迫所有学生最经常地参加他的假讲座，并在整个表演过程中保持最得体和尊重的行为。
The discipline of colleges and universities is in general contrived, not for the benefit of the students, but for the interest, or, more properly speaking, for the ease of the masters.
高等院校的学科设置，一般来说，不是为了学生的利益，而是为了兴趣，或者更准确地说，是为了大师的安逸。
Its object is, in all cases, to maintain the authority of the master, and, whether he neglects or performs his duty, to oblige the students in all cases to behave to him as if he performed it with the greatest diligence and ability.
其目的是，在任何情况下，维护老师的权威，并且无论他是否疏忽或履行其职责，都要求学生在任何情况下都对他表现得像他以最大的勤奋和能力来履行职责一样。
It seems to presume perfect wisdom and virtue in the one order, and the greatest weakness and folly in the other.
它似乎假定一种秩序具有完美的智慧和美德，而另一种秩序则具有最大的弱点和愚蠢。
Where the masters, however, really perform their duty, there are no examples, I believe, that the greater part of the students ever neglect theirs.
然而，我相信，在老师真正履行职责的地方，没有任何例子表明大多数学生忽视了他们的职责。
No discipline is ever requisite to force attendance upon lectures which are really worth the attending, as is well known wherever any such lectures are given.
无需任何纪律来强制参加真正值得参加的讲座，众所周知，无论在哪里举办此类讲座。
Force and restraint may, no doubt, be in some degree requisite, in order to oblige children, or very young boys, to attend to those parts of education, which it is thought necessary for them to acquire during that early period of life; but after twelve or thirteen years of age, provided the master does his duty, force or restraint can scarce ever be necessary to carry on any part of education.
毫无疑问，为了迫使儿童或非常年幼的男孩接受那些被认为是他们在生命早期需要接受的部分教育，强制和克制在某种程度上可能是必要的；但在十二岁或十三岁之后，只要主人履行其职责，就几乎不需要强制或约束来进行任何部分的教育。
Such is the generosity of the greater part of young men, that so far from being disposed to neglect or despise the instructions of their master, provided he shews some serious intention of being of use to them, they are generally inclined to pardon a great deal of incorrectness in the performance of his duty, and sometimes even to conceal from the public a good deal of gross negligence.
大多数年轻人都是如此慷慨，以至于只要主人表现出对他们有用的严肃意图，他们绝不会忽视或蔑视主人的指示，而是通常倾向于原谅他在履行职责时的许多不正确行为，有时甚至向公众隐瞒大量的严重疏忽。
Those parts of education, it is to be observed, for the teaching of which there are no public institutions, are generally the best taught.
值得注意的是，那些没有公共机构进行教学的教育部分通常是最好的。
When a young man goes to a fencing or a dancing school, he does not, indeed, always learn to fence or to dance very well; but he seldom fails of learning to fence or to dance.
事实上，当一个年轻人去击剑学校或舞蹈学校时，他并不总是能学得很好；但他很少在学习击剑或跳舞时失败。
The good effects of the riding school are not commonly so evident.
马术学校的良好效果通常并不那么明显。
The expense of a riding school is so great, that in most places it is a public institution.
马术学校的费用如此之大，以至于在大多数地方它都是公立机构。
The three most essential parts of literary education, to read, write, and account, it still continues to be more common to acquire in private than in public schools; and it very seldom happens, that anybody fails of acquiring them to the degree in which it is necessary to acquire them.
文学教育的三个最重要的部分，即阅读、写作和记述，在私立学校学习仍然比在公立学校更常见；很少有人无法将它们获得到需要获得的程度。
In England, the public schools are much less corrupted than the universities.
在英国，公立学校的腐败程度比大学要少得多。
In the schools, the youth are taught, or at least may be taught, Greek and Latin; that is, everything which the masters pretend to teach, or which it is expected they should teach.
在学校里，年轻人被教授，或者至少可以被教授希腊语和拉丁语；也就是说，大师假装教授的一切，或者期望他们应该教授的一切。
In the universities, the youth neither are taught, nor always can find any proper means of being taught the sciences, which it is the business of those incorporated bodies to teach.
在大学里，年轻人既没有受过教育，也总是找不到任何适当的方法来教授科学，而教授科学是这些法人团体的职责。
The reward of the schoolmaster, in most cases, depends principally, in some cases almost entirely, upon the fees or honoraries of his scholars.
在大多数情况下，校长的报酬主要取决于，在某些情况下几乎完全取决于他的学者的费用或荣誉。
Schools have no exclusive privileges.
学校没有专属特权。
In order to obtain the honours of graduation, it is not necessary that a person should bring a certificate of his having studied a certain number of years at a public school.
为了获得毕业荣誉，一个人不必携带在公立学校学习一定年限的证明。
If, upon examination, he appears to understand what is taught there, no questions are asked about the place where he learnt it.
如果经过检查，他似乎理解了那里所教授的内容，则不会询问他在哪里学习的问题。
The parts of education which are commonly taught in universities, it may perhaps be said, are not very well taught.
或许可以说，大学中通常教授的教育部分并没有得到很好的教授。
But had it not been for those institutions, they would not have been commonly taught at all; and both the individual and the public would have suffered a good deal from the want of those important parts of education.
但如果没有这些机构，他们根本就不会被普遍教授；如果缺乏教育的这些重要部分，个人和公众都会遭受很大的损失。
The present universities of Europe were originally, the greater part of them, ecclesiastical corporations, instituted for the education of churchmen.
欧洲现有的大学大部分最初是教会团体，是为教士教育而设立的。
They were founded by the authority of the pope; and were so entirely under his immediate protection, that their members, whether masters or students, had all of them what was then called the benefit of clergy, that is, were exempted from the civil jurisdiction of the countries in which their respective universities were situated, and were amenable only to the ecclesiastical tribunals.
它们是根据教皇的权威创立的；并且完全受到他的直接保护，以至于其成员，无论是大师还是学生，都享有当时所谓的神职人员的福利，即不受其各自大学所在国家的民事管辖，只接受教会法庭的管辖。
What was taught in the greater part of those universities was suitable to the end of their institution, either theology, or something that was merely preparatory to theology.
这些大学大部分所教授的内容都适合其机构的最终目的，要么是神学，要么只是神学的预备课程。
When Christianity was first established by law, a corrupted Latin had become the common language of all the western parts of Europe.
当基督教首次通过法律建立时，腐败的拉丁语已成为欧洲西部所有地区的通用语言。
The service of the church, accordingly, and the translation of the Bible which were read in churches, were both in that corrupted Latin; that is, in the common language of the country, After the irruption of the barbarous nations who overturned the Roman empire, Latin gradually ceased to be the language of any part of Europe.
因此，教堂的礼拜仪式以及教堂里朗读的《圣经》的翻译都是用被蹂躏的拉丁文翻译的。也就是说，在国家通用语言中，在推翻罗马帝国的野蛮民族的侵入之后，拉丁语逐渐不再是欧洲任何地区的语言。
But the reverence of the people naturally preserves the established forms and ceremonies of religion long after the circumstances which first introduced and rendered them reasonable, are no more.
但是，在最初引入并使其合理的环境消失很久之后，人民的崇敬自然地保留了既定的宗教形式和仪式。
Though Latin, therefore, was no longer understood anywhere by the great body of the people, the whole service of the church still continued to be performed in that language.
因此，虽然拉丁语不再被大多数人所理解，但教会的全部礼拜活动仍然继续用这种语言进行。
Two different languages were thus established in Europe, in the same manner as in ancient Egypt: a language of the priests, and a language of the people; a sacred and a profane, a learned and an unlearned language.
就这样，欧洲建立了两种不同的语言，就像古埃及一样：一种是祭司的语言，一种是人民的语言；一种是祭司的语言，另一种是民众的语言。一种神圣的和一种世俗的，一种有学问的和一种未学过的语言。
But it was necessary that the priests should understand something of that sacred and learned language in which they were to officiate; and the study of the Latin language therefore made, from the beginning, an essential part of university education.
但祭司们必须懂得一些他们主持仪式时所用的神圣而博学的语言。因此，拉丁语的学习从一开始就成为大学教育的重要组成部分。
It was not so with that either of the Greek or of the Hebrew language.
希腊语或希伯来语的情况并非如此。
The infallible decrees of the church had pronounced the Latin translation of the Bible, commonly called the Latin Vulgate, to have been equally dictated by divine inspiration, and therefore of equal authority with the Greek and Hebrew originals.
教会万无一失的法令宣布，《圣经》的拉丁译本（通常称为拉丁通俗圣经）同样是由神圣灵感所决定的，因此与希腊语和希伯来语原著具有同等的权威。
The knowledge of those two languages, therefore, not being indispensably requisite to a churchman, the study of them did not for a long time make a necessary part of the common course of university education.
因此，这两种语言的知识对于一名牧师来说并不是必不可少的，对它们的学习在很长一段时间内并没有成为大学教育公共课程的必要组成部分。
There are some Spanish universities, I am assured, in which the study of the Greek language has never yet made any part of that course.
我确信，有些西班牙大学的课程中从未有过希腊语的学习。
The first reformers found the Greek text of the New Testament, and even the Hebrew text of the Old, more favourable to their opinions than the vulgate translation, which, as might naturally be supposed, had been gradually accommodated to support the doctrines of the Catholic Church.
第一批改革者发现，新约的希腊文本，甚至旧约的希伯来文本，比通俗翻译更符合他们的观点，正如人们可能自然地认为的那样，通俗翻译已经逐渐被适应以支持天主教会的教义。
They set themselves, therefore, to expose the many errors of that translation, which the Roman catholic clergy were thus put under the necessity of defending or explaining.
因此，他们决心揭露该翻译的许多错误，罗马天主教神职人员因此必须捍卫或解释这些错误。
But this could not well be done without some knowledge of the original languages, of which the study was therefore gradually introduced into the greater part of universities; both of those which embraced, and of those which rejected, the doctrines of the reformation.
但是，如果没有对原始语言的一些了解，这是不可能很好地完成的，因此，对原始语言的研究逐渐被引入到大部分大学中。既有接受宗教改革教义的人，也有拒绝宗教改革教义的人。
The Greek language was connected with every part of that classical learning, which, though at first principally cultivated by catholics and Italians, happened to come into fashion much about the same time that the doctrines of the reformation were set on foot.
希腊语与古典学问的各个部分都有联系，虽然古典学问最初主要是由天主教徒和意大利人培育的，但它的流行几乎与宗教改革教义的兴起几乎同时发生。
In the greater part of universities, therefore, that language was taught previous to the study of philosophy, and as soon as the student had made some progress in the Latin.
因此，在大多数大学中，在学习哲学之前，一旦学生在拉丁语方面取得了一些进展，就开始教授拉丁语。
The Hebrew language having no connection with classical learning, and, except the Holy Scriptures, being the language of not a single book in any esteem the study of it did not commonly commence till after that of philosophy, and when the student had entered upon the study of theology.
希伯来语与古典学习没有任何联系，而且，除了《圣经》之外，它在任何方面都不是一本书的语言，对它的研究通常是在哲学学习之后，当学生开始学习神学时才开始的。
Originally, the first rudiments, both of the Greek and Latin languages, were taught in universities; and in some universities they still continue to be so.
最初，希腊语和拉丁语的第一批基础知识是在大学教授的。在一些大学里，情况仍然如此。
In others, it is expected that the student should have previously acquired, at least, the rudiments of one or both of those languages, of which the study continues to make everywhere a very considerable part of university education.
在其他情况下，学生应该至少已经掌握了其中一种或两种语言的基础知识，而这些语言的学习仍然在各地成为大学教育的重要组成部分。
The ancient Greek philosophy was divided into three great branches; physics, or natural philosophy; ethics, or moral philosophy; and logic.
古希腊哲学分为三大分支：物理学，或自然哲学；伦理学或道德哲学；和逻辑。
This general division seems perfectly agreeable to the nature of things.
这种普遍的划分似乎完全符合事物的本质。
The great phenomena of nature, the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, eclipses, comets; thunder and lightning, and other extraordinary meteors; the generation, the life, growth, and dissolution of plants and animals; are objects which, as they necessarily excite the wonder, so they naturally call forth the curiosity of mankind to inquire into their causes.
伟大的自然现象、天体公转、日食、彗星；雷电和其他非凡的流星；植物和动物的产生、生命、生长和消亡；这些物体必然会激发人们的好奇心，因此自然会激发人类的好奇心来探究其原因。
Superstition first attempted to satisfy this curiosity, by referring all those wonderful appearances to the immediate agency of the gods.
迷信首先试图满足这种好奇心，将所有这些奇妙的现象归咎于神的直接代理。
Philosophy afterwards endeavoured to account for them from more familiar causes, or from such as mankind were better acquainted with, than the agency of the gods.
后来的哲学试图从更熟悉的原因或人类更熟悉的原因来解释它们，而不是从诸神的力量来解释。
As those great phenomena are the first objects of human curiosity, so the science which pretends to explain them must naturally have been the first branch of philosophy that was cultivated.
由于这些伟大的现象是人类好奇的首要对象，因此，假装解释它们的科学自然必然是第一个被培育出来的哲学分支。
The first philosophers, accordingly, of whom history has preserved any account, appear to have been natural philosophers.
因此，历史上保存下来的第一批哲学家似乎都是自然哲学家。
In every age and country of the world, men must have attended to the characters, designs, and actions of one another; and many reputable rules and maxims for the conduct of human life must have been laid down and approved of by common consent.
在世界上的每一个时代、每一个国家，人们都必须关注彼此的性格、意图和行为。许多关于人类生活行为的著名规则和格言必须是经过共同同意制定和批准的。
As soon as writing came into fashion, wise men, or those who fancied themselves such, would naturally endeavour to increase the number of those established and respected maxims, and to express their own sense of what was either proper or improper conduct, sometimes in the more artificial form of apologues, like what are called the fables of Aesop; and sometimes in the more simple one of apophthegms or wise sayings, like the proverbs of Solomon, the verses of Theognis and Phocyllides, and some part of the works of Hesiod.
一旦文字开始流行，智者，或者那些自认为是智者的人，自然会努力增加那些既定的、受人尊敬的格言的数量，并表达他们自己对什么是正确或不正确行为的看法，有时以更人为的辩护形式，比如所谓的伊索寓言；有时是更简单的警句或智慧名言，如所罗门的谚语、泰奥格尼斯和福基里德斯的诗句，以及赫西奥德作品的某些部分。
They might continue in this manner, for a long time, merely to multiply the number of those maxims of prudence and morality, without even attempting to arrange them in any very distinct or methodical order, much less to connect them together by one or more general principles, from which they were all deducible, like effects from their natural causes.
他们可能会在很长一段时间内继续以这种方式，只是增加审慎和道德格言的数量，甚至不试图以任何非常独特或有条理的顺序排列它们，更不用说通过一个或多个一般原则将它们连接在一起，从中可以推断出它们，就像自然原因的结果一样。
The beauty of a systematical arrangement of different observations, connected by a few common principles, was first seen in the rude essays of those ancient times towards a system of natural philosophy.
将不同的观察结果系统地排列起来，并通过一些共同的原则联系起来，这种美感首先出现在古代关于自然哲学体系的粗俗文章中。
Something of the same kind was afterwards attempted in morals.
后来在道德领域也尝试过类似的事情。
The maxims of common life were arranged in some methodical order, and connected together by a few common principles, in the same manner as they had attempted to arrange and connect the phenomena of nature.
共同生活的格言是以某种有条理的顺序排列的，并通过一些共同的原则连接在一起，就像它们试图排列和连接自然现象一样。
The science which pretends to investigate and explain those connecting principles, is what is properly called Moral Philosophy.
假装研究和解释这些相互联系的原则的科学，正是所谓的道德哲学。
Different authors gave different systems, both of natural and moral philosophy.
不同的作者给出了不同的自然哲学体系和道德哲学体系。
But the arguments by which they supported those different systems, far from being always demonstrations, were frequently at best but very slender probabilities, and sometimes mere sophisms, which had no other foundation but the inaccuracy and ambiguity of common language.
但他们支持这些不同体系的论据并不总是论证，常常充其量只是非常渺茫的可能性，有时只是诡辩，除了共同语言的不准确和模糊之外没有其他基础。
Speculative systems, have, in all ages of the world, been adopted for reasons too frivolous to have determined the judgment of any man of common sense, in a matter of the smallest pecuniary interest.
世界各个时代都采用投机体系，其理由过于琐碎，无法决定任何有常识的人对最小的金钱利益的判断。
Gross sophistry has scarce ever had any influence upon the opinions of mankind, except in matters of philosophy and speculation; and in these it has frequently had the greatest.
除了哲学和思辨方面，粗俗的诡辩几乎从未对人类的观点产生过任何影响。在这些方面，它往往是最伟大的。
The patrons of each system of natural and moral philosophy, naturally endeavoured to expose the weakness of the arguments adduced to support the systems which were opposite to their own.
每个自然哲学和道德哲学体系的赞助者自然会努力揭露为支持与他们自己的体系相反的体系而提出的论据的弱点。
In examining those arguments, they were necessarily led to consider the difference between a probable and a demonstrative argument, between a fallacious and a conclusive one; and logic, or the science of the general principles of good and bad reasoning, necessarily arose out of the observations which a scrutiny of this kind gave occasion to; though, in its origin, posterior both to physics and to ethics, it was commonly taught, not indeed in all, but in the greater part of the ancient schools of philosophy, previously to either of those sciences.
在审查这些论证时，他们必然会考虑可能的论证与论证性的论证、谬误的论证与结论性的论证之间的区别。逻辑，或者关于好与坏推理的一般原则的科学，必然产生于这种审查所引起的观察。尽管它的起源晚于物理学和伦理学，但它通常在古代哲学流派的大部分中普遍教授，而不是在所有科学中，先于这些科学中的任何一种。
The student, it seems to have been thought, ought to understand well the difference between good and bad reasoning, before he was led to reason upon subjects of so great importance.
人们似乎认为，在引导学生对如此重要的主题进行推理之前，他应该很好地理解好推理和坏推理之间的区别。
This ancient division of philosophy into three parts was, in the greater part of the universities of Europe, changed for another into five.
这种古老的将哲学分为三部分的做法，在欧洲大部分大学中又改为五部分。
In the ancient philosophy, whatever was taught concerning the nature either of the human mind or of the Deity, made a part of the system of physics.
在古代哲学中，无论是关于人类心灵还是神的本质的教导，都成为物理学体系的一部分。
Those beings, in whatever their essence might be supposed to consist, were parts of the great system of the universe, and parts, too, productive of the most important effects.
这些生物，无论其本质是什么，都是宇宙伟大系统的一部分，也是产生最重要影响的部分。
Whatever human reason could either conclude or conjecture concerning them, made, as it were, two chapters, though no doubt two very important ones, of the science which pretended to give an account of the origin and revolutions of the great system of the universe.
无论人类理性能够对它们做出何种结论或推测，都可以说是科学的两章，尽管无疑是非常重要的两章，这门科学声称要解释宇宙伟大系统的起源和革命。
But in the universities of Europe, where philosophy was taught only as subservient to theology, it was natural to dwell longer upon these two chapters than upon any other of the science.
但在欧洲的大学里，哲学的教学只是从属于神学，所以自然而然地，对这两章的阐述时间比对任何其他科学的阐述时间都要长。
They were gradually more and more extended, and were divided into many inferior chapters; till at last the doctrine of spirits, of which so little can be known, came to take up as much room in the system of philosophy as the doctrine of bodies, of which so much can be known.
它们逐渐越来越扩展，并分为许多下级章节；直到最后，我们所知甚少的精神学说，在哲学体系中占据了与我们所知甚多的物体学说一样多的空间。
The doctrines concerning those two subjects were considered as making two distinct sciences.
关于这两个主题的学说被认为是两门不同的科学。
What are called metaphysics, or pneumatics, were set in opposition to physics, and were cultivated not only as the more sublime, but, for the purposes of a particular profession, as the more useful science of the two.
所谓的形而上学或气动学与物理学相对立，不仅被培养为更崇高的科学，而且为了特定职业的目的，被培养为两者中更有用的科学。
The proper subject of experiment and observation, a subject in which a careful attention is capable of making so many useful discoveries, was almost entirely neglected.
实验和观察这个适当的主题，只要仔细注意就能够做出许多有用的发现，但几乎完全被忽视了。
The subject in which, after a very few simple and almost obvious truths, the most careful attention can discover nothing but obscurity and uncertainty, and can consequently produce nothing but subtleties and sophisms, was greatly cultivated.
在这个主题中，在极少数简单且几乎显而易见的真理之后，最仔细的注意只能发现晦涩和不确定性，因此只能产生微妙和诡辩，因此得到了极大的培养。
When those two sciences had thus been set in opposition to one another, the comparison between them naturally gave birth to a third, to what was called ontology, or the science which treated of the qualities and attributes which were common to both the subjects of the other two sciences.
当这两种科学相互对立时，它们之间的比较自然地产生了第三种科学，即所谓的本体论，或者是研究另两种科学的主题共有的品质和属性的科学。
But if subtleties and sophisms composed the greater part of the metaphysics or pneumatics of the schools, they composed the whole of this cobweb science of ontology, which was likewise sometimes called metaphysics.
但是，如果微妙和诡辩构成了各学派形而上学或气动学的大部分，那么它们就构成了整个本体论的蜘蛛网科学，有时也被称为形而上学。
Wherein consisted the happiness and perfection of a man, considered not only as an individual, but as the member of a family, of a state, and of the great society of mankind, was the object which the ancient moral philosophy proposed to investigate.
其中包含一个人的幸福和完美，不仅被视为个人，而且被视为家庭、国家和人类伟大社会的成员，这是古代道德哲学提出研究的对象。
In that philosophy, the duties of human life were treated of as subservient to the happiness and perfection of human life, But when moral, as well as natural philosophy, came to be taught only as subservient to theology, the duties of human life were treated of as chiefly subservient to the happiness of a life to come.
在这种哲学中，人类生活的义务被视为服从于人类生活的幸福和完美。但是，当道德哲学以及自然哲学被教导为仅服从于神学时，人类生活的义务就被视为主要服从于来生的幸福。
In the ancient philosophy, the perfection of virtue was represented as necessarily productive, to the person who possessed it, of the most perfect happiness in this life.
在古代哲学中，美德的完美被认为对于拥有美德的人来说，必然会带来今生最完美的幸福。
In the modern philosophy, it was frequently represented as generally, or rather as almost always, inconsistent with any degree of happiness in this life; and heaven was to be earned only by penance and mortification, by the austerities and abasement of a monk, not by the liberal, generous, and spirited conduct of a man.
在现代哲学中，它经常被描述为一般地，或者更确切地说，几乎总是与今生的任何程度的幸福不一致。天堂只能通过修道士的苦修和苦行、苦行和谦卑来获得，而不是通过一个人的自由、慷慨和精神的行为来获得。
Casuistry, and an ascetic morality, made up, in most cases, the greater part of the moral philosophy of the schools.
在大多数情况下，诡辩和苦行道德构成了学校道德哲学的大部分。
By far the most important of all the different branches of philosophy became in this manner by far the most corrupted.
迄今为止，哲学的所有不同分支中最重要的分支以这种方式变成了迄今为止最腐败的。
Such, therefore, was the common course of philosophical education in the greater part of the universities in Europe.
因此，这就是欧洲大部分大学哲学教育的常见课程。
Logic was taught first; ontology came in the second place; pneumatology, comprehending the doctrine concerning the nature of the human soul and of the Deity, in the third; in the fourth followed a debased system of moral philosophy, which was considered as immediately connected with the doctrines of pneumatology, with the immortality of the human soul, and with the rewards and punishments which, from the justice of the Deity, were to be expected in a life to come: a short and superficial system of physics usually concluded the course.
首先教授的是逻辑；本体论位居第二；第三，圣灵论，理解关于人类灵魂和神性本质的教义；第四种是一种堕落的道德哲学体系，它被认为与灵气学的教义、人类灵魂的不朽以及来自神的正义而在来生中预期的奖赏和惩罚直接相关：通常是一个简短而肤浅的物理学体系来结束这一过程。
The alterations which the universities of Europe thus introduced into the ancient course of philosophy were all meant for the education of ecclesiastics, and to render it a more proper introduction to the study of theology.
欧洲大学对古代哲学课程所做的改变都是为了教会学的教育，并使其成为神学研究的更合适的入门课程。
But the additional quantity of subtlety and sophistry, the casuistry and ascetic morality which those alterations introduced into it, certainly did not render it more for the education of gentlemen or men of the world, or more likely either to improve the understanding or to mend the heart.
但是，这些改变所引入的额外数量的微妙和诡辩、诡辩和禁欲道德，当然并没有使它更适合绅士或世人的教育，或更可能提高理解力或治愈心灵。
This course of philosophy is what still continues to be taught in the greater part of the universities of Europe, with more or less diligence, according as the constitution of each particular university happens to render diligence more or less necessary to the teachers.
欧洲大部分大学仍在继续教授这门哲学课程，根据每所特定大学的章程，教师或多或少都需要勤奋。
In some of the richest and best endowed universities, the tutors content themselves with teaching a few unconnected shreds and parcels of this corrupted course; and even these they commonly teach very negligently and superficially.
在一些最富有、资金最雄厚的大学里，导师们满足于教授这门腐败课程中一些互不相关的碎片。即使是这些，他们通常也非常疏忽和肤浅地教授。
The improvements which, in modern times have been made in several different branches of philosophy, have not, the greater part of them, been made in universities, though some, no doubt, have.
现代哲学的几个不同分支所取得的进步，大部分并未在大学中实现，尽管毫无疑问，有些进步是在大学中实现的。
The greater part of universities have not even been very forward to adopt those improvements after they were made; and several of those learned societies have chosen to remain, for a long time, the sanctuaries in which exploded systems and obsolete prejudices found shelter and protection, after they had been hunted out of every other corner of the world.
大多数大学甚至在这些改进措施实施后都没有积极采用；其中一些学术团体选择在很长一段时间内继续成为避难所，在被从世界其他角落追杀之后，爆炸的制度和过时的偏见得到庇护和保护。
In general, the richest and best endowed universities have been slowest in adopting those improvements, and the most averse to permit any considerable change in the established plan of education.
总体而言，最富有和资金最雄厚的大学在采用这些改进方面进展最慢，并且最不愿意对既定的教育计划进行任何重大改变。
Those improvements were more easily introduced into some of the poorer universities, in which the teachers, depending upon their reputation for the greater part of their subsistence, were obliged to pay more attention to the current opinions of the world.
这些改进更容易引入一些较贫穷的大学，在这些大学中，教师们依靠自己的声誉来维持大部分的生计，不得不更多地关注世界上当前的观点。
But though the public schools and universities of Europe were originally intended only for the education of a particular profession, that of churchmen; and though they were not always very diligent in instructing their pupils, even in the sciences which were supposed necessary for that profession; yet they gradually drew to themselves the education of almost all other people, particularly of almost all gentlemen and men of fortune.
但是，尽管欧洲的公立学校和大学最初只是为了教育某一特定职业，即牧师；尽管他们并不总是非常勤奋地指导学生，即使是在被认为是该职业所必需的科学方面；然而，他们逐渐吸收了几乎所有其他人的教育，特别是几乎所有绅士和富人的教育。
No better method, it seems, could be fallen upon, of spending, with any advantage, the long interval between infancy and that period of life at which men begin to apply in good earnest to the real business of the world, the business which is to employ them during the remainder of their days.
似乎没有更好的方法能够有效地度过从婴儿期到人们开始认真从事世界上的真正事务的这段漫长的时期，而这段时间是在他们的余生中雇用他们的事务。
The greater part of what is taught in schools and universities, however, does not seem to be the most proper preparation for that business.
然而，学校和大学所教授的大部分内容似乎并不是该行业最合适的准备。
In England, it becomes every day more and more the custom to send young people to travel in foreign countries immediately upon their leaving school, and without sending them to any university.
在英国，年轻人一离开学校就立即送去国外旅行，而不送他们去任何大学，这已成为一种越来越普遍的习俗。
Our young people, it is said, generally return home much improved by their travels.
据说，我们的年轻人通常因旅行而回国后精神焕发。
A young man, who goes abroad at seventeen or eighteen, and returns home at one-and-twenty, returns three or four years older than he was when he went abroad; and at that age it is very difficult not to improve a good deal in three or four years.
一个年轻人，十七十八岁出国，一二十岁回国，回国时比出国时年长三四岁；在那个年纪，三四年内不进步是很困难的。
In the course of his travels, he generally acquires some knowledge of one or two foreign languages; a knowledge, however, which is seldom sufficient to enable him either to speak or write them with propriety.
在旅行过程中，他一般都会掌握一两门外语的知识；然而，这种知识很少足以使他能够以适当的方式说出或写出这些内容。
In other respects, he commonly returns home more conceited, more unprincipled, more dissipated, and more incapable of any serious application, either to study or to business, than he could well have become in so short a time had he lived at home.
在其他方面，他回家后通常会更加自负、更加无原则、更加放荡、更加无法认真地应用，无论是学习还是做生意，而如果他住在家里，那么他在这么短的时间内很可能会变得如此。
By travelling so very young, by spending in the most frivolous dissipation the most precious years of his life, at a distance from the inspection and control of his parents and relations, every useful habit, which the earlier parts of his education might have had some tendency to form in him, instead of being riveted and confirmed, is almost necessarily either weakened or effaced.
由于在很小的时候就开始旅行，在最轻浮的放荡中度过了一生中最宝贵的岁月，远离了父母和亲戚的监督和控制，他早期教育可能在他身上形成的每一个有用的习惯，而不是被牢牢地固定和巩固，几乎必然会被削弱或消失。
Nothing but the discredit into which the universities are allowing themselves to fall, could ever have brought into repute so very absurd a practice as that of travelling at this early period of life.
除了大学让自己陷入名誉扫地之外，没有什么比在生命的早期阶段旅行这种非常荒谬的做法更能名声大噪的了。
By sending his son abroad, a father delivers himself, at least for some time, from so disagreeable an object as that of a son unemployed, neglected, and going to ruin before his eyes.
通过将儿子送出国，至少在一段时间内，父亲可以摆脱儿子失业、被忽视、濒临破产等令人不快的境地。
Such have been the effects of some of the modern institutions for education.
这就是一些现代教育机构的影响。
Different plans and different institutions for education seem to have taken place in other ages and nations.
其他时代和国家似乎也有不同的教育计划和不同的教育机构。
In the republics of ancient Greece, every free citizen was instructed, under the direction of the public magistrate, in gymnastic exercises and in music.
在古希腊的共和国中，每个自由公民都在公共行政长官的指导下接受体操和音乐方面的指导。
By gymnastic exercises, it was intended to harden his body, to sharpen his courage, and to prepare him for the fatigues and dangers of war; and as the Greek militia was, by all accounts, one of the best that ever was in the world, this part of their public education must have answered completely the purpose for which it was intended.
通过体操锻炼，目的是锻炼他的身体，磨练他的勇气，让他做好应对战争的疲劳和危险的准备。众所周知，希腊民兵是世界上最好的民兵之一，他们的这部分公共教育一定完全达到了其预期目的。
By the other part, music, it was proposed, at least by the philosophers and historians, who have given us an account of those institutions, to humanize the mind, to soften the temper, and to dispose it for performing all the social and moral duties of public and private life.
另一方面，音乐，至少是哲学家和历史学家提出的，他们为我们提供了对这些制度的描述，使思想人性化，软化脾气，并让它履行公共和私人生活的所有社会和道德义务。
In ancient Rome, the exercises of the Campus Martius answered the same purpose as those of the Gymnasium in ancient Greece, and they seem to have answered it equally well.
在古罗马，战神广场的练习与古希腊的体育馆的练习达到了相同的目的，而且他们似乎也同样很好地回答了这个问题。
But among the Romans there was nothing which corresponded to the musical education of the Greeks.
但罗马人的音乐教育却没有与希腊人相媲美的。
The morals of the Romans, however, both in private and public life, seem to have been, not only equal, but, upon the whole, a good deal superior to those of the Greeks.
然而，罗马人的道德，无论是在私人生活还是公共生活中，似乎不仅与希腊人平等，而且总体上比希腊人优越得多。
That they were superior in private life, we have the express testimony of Polybius, and of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, two authors well acquainted with both nations; and the whole tenor of the Greek and Roman history bears witness to the superiority of the public morals of the Romans.
我们有波利比乌斯和哈利卡纳苏斯的狄奥尼修斯的明确证词，他们是对这两个国家都很熟悉的两位作家。希腊和罗马历史的整个基调都证明了罗马人公共道德的优越性。
The good temper and moderation of contending factions seem to be the most essential circumstances in the public morals of a free people.
各派争斗的温和和温和似乎是自由人民公共道德中最重要的条件。
But the factions of the Greeks were almost always violent and sanguinary; whereas, till the time of the Gracchi, no blood had ever been shed in any Roman faction; and from the time of the Gracchi, the Roman republic may be considered as in reality dissolved.
但希腊人的派系几乎总是充满暴力和血腥。然而，直到格拉古王朝时代，罗马派系中还没有发生过流血事件。从格拉古时代起，罗马共和国可以被认为实际上已解体。
Notwithstanding, therefore, the very respectable authority of Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius, and notwithstanding the very ingenious reasons by which Mr Montesquieu endeavours to support that authority, it seems probable that the musical education of the Greeks had no great effect in mending their morals, since, without any such education, those of the Romans were, upon the whole, superior.
因此，尽管柏拉图、亚里士多德和波利比乌斯拥有非常令人尊敬的权威，尽管孟德斯鸠先生用非常巧妙的理由来努力支持这一权威，但希腊人的音乐教育似乎对改善他们的道德没有多大作用，因为没有任何这样的教育，罗马人的音乐总体上来说是优越的。
The respect of those ancient sages for the institutions of their ancestors had probably disposed them to find much political wisdom in what was, perhaps, merely an ancient custom, continued, without interruption, from the earliest period of those societies, to the times in which they had arrived at a considerable degree of refinement.
那些古代圣贤对他们祖先的制度的尊重可能使他们在也许只是一种古老的习俗中找到了很多政治智慧，这种习俗从这些社会的最早时期一直延续到他们已经达到相当程度的完善的时代，从未间断过。
Music and dancing are the great amusements of almost all barbarous nations, and the great accomplishments which are supposed to fit any man for entertaining his society.
音乐和舞蹈是几乎所有野蛮民族的伟大娱乐，也是任何人用来娱乐社会的伟大成就。
It is so at this day among the negroes on the coast of Africa.
今天非洲海岸的黑人也是如此。
It was so among the ancient Celtes, among the ancient Scandinavians, and, as we may learn from Homer, among the ancient Greeks, in the times preceding the Trojan war.
古代凯尔特人、古代斯堪的纳维亚人、古希腊人、特洛伊战争之前的时代都是如此。
When the Greek tribes had formed themselves into little republics, it was natural that the study of those accomplishments should for a long time make a part of the public and common education of the people.
当希腊各部落组成了小共和国时，对这些成就的研究很自然地应该长期成为人民公共和共同教育的一部分。
The masters who instructed the young people, either in music or in military exercises, do not seem to have been paid, or even appointed by the state, either in Rome or even at Athens, the Greek republic of whose laws and customs we are the best informed.
无论是在罗马，还是在雅典，在希腊共和国，我们对希腊共和国的法律和习俗最了解。
The state required that every free citizen should fit himself for defending it in war, and should upon that account, learn his military exercises.
国家要求每一个自由公民都应该做好在战争中保卫国家的准备，并应该因此学习军事演习。
But it left him to learn them of such masters as he could find; and it seems to have advanced nothing for this purpose, but a public field or place of exercise, in which he should practise and perform them.
但这让他不得不向他能找到的大师学习这些知识。为了这个目的，它似乎没有任何进展，只是提供了一个公共场所或练习场所，供他练习和表演。
In the early ages, both of the Greek and Roman republics, the other parts of education seem to have consisted in learning to read, write, and account, according to the arithmetic of the times.
在早期，无论是希腊共和国还是罗马共和国，教育的其他部分似乎都包括根据当时的算术学习阅读、写作和算术。
These accomplishments the richer citizens seem frequently to have acquired at home, by the assistance of some domestic pedagogue, who was, generally, either a slave or a freedman; and the poorer citizens in the schools of such masters as made a trade of teaching for hire.
这些成就似乎是富裕公民在国内获得的，是在一些家庭教师的帮助下获得的，而这些教师通常要么是奴隶，要么是自由民。那些在大师开办的学校里的贫困公民也以受雇教学为职业。
Such parts of education, however, were abandoned altogether to the care of the parents or guardians of each individual.
然而，教育的这些部分完全被放弃给每个人的父母或监护人照顾。
It does not appear that the state ever assumed any inspection or direction of them.
国家似乎从未对它们进行过任何检查或指导。
By a law of Solon, indeed, the children were acquitted from maintaining those parents who had neglected to instruct them in some profitable trade or business.
事实上，根据梭伦的一项法律，孩子们可以免除赡养那些忽视指导他们从事某些有利可图的贸易或生意的父母的责任。
In the progress of refinement, when philosophy and rhetoric came into fashion, the better sort of people used to send their children to the schools of philosophers and rhetoricians, in order to be instructed in these fashionable sciences.
在精炼的过程中，当哲学和修辞学开始流行时，较好的人常常把孩子送到哲学家和修辞学家的学校，以便接受这些流行科学的指导。
But those schools were not supported by the public.
但这些学校并没有得到公众的支持。
They were, for a long time, barely tolerated by it.
很长一段时间，他们几乎无法忍受。
The demand for philosophy and rhetoric was, for a long time, so small, that the first professed teachers of either could not find constant employment in any one city, but were obliged to travel about from place to place.
长期以来，对哲学和修辞学的需求很小，以至于第一批自称的哲学和修辞学教师无法在任何一个城市找到稳定的工作，而不得不从一个地方到另一个地方。
In this manner lived Zeno of Elea, Protagoras, Gorgias, Hippias, and many others.
埃利亚的芝诺、普罗泰戈拉、高尔吉亚、希庇亚斯和许多其他人都是以这种方式生活的。
As the demand increased, the school, both of philosophy and rhetoric, became stationary, first in Athens, and afterwards in several other cities.
随着需求的增加，哲学和修辞学学校首先在雅典，然后在其他几个城市变得固定。
The state, however, seems never to have encouraged them further, than by assigning to some of them a particular place to teach in, which was sometimes done, too, by private donors.
然而，国家似乎从来没有比为其中一些人分配一个特定的教学场所来进一步鼓励他们，有时这也是由私人捐助者完成的。
The state seems to have assigned the Academy to Plato, the Lyceum to Aristotle, and the Portico to Zeno of Citta, the founder of the Stoics.
国家似乎把学院分配给了柏拉图，把学园分配给了亚里士多德，把门廊分配给了斯多葛派创始人西塔的芝诺。
But Epicurus bequeathed his gardens to his own school.
但伊壁鸠鲁把他的花园遗赠给了他自己的学校。
Till about the time of Marcus Antoninus, however, no teacher appears to have had any salary from the public, or to have had any other emoluments, but what arose from the honoraries or fees of his scholars.
然而，直到马库斯·安东尼努斯时代，除了从他的学者的荣誉或费用中获得的报酬之外，似乎没有任何教师从公众那里领取过任何薪水，或者有任何其他报酬。
The bounty which that philosophical emperor, as we learn from Lucian, bestowed upon one of the teachers of philosophy, probably lasted no longer than his own life.
正如我们从卢西恩那里得知的那样，这位哲学皇帝给予一位哲学教师的恩惠可能不会比他自己的生命还要长。
There was nothing equivalent to the privileges of graduation; and to have attended any of those schools was not necessary, in order to be permitted to practise any particular trade or profession.
没有什么比毕业的特权更重要的了。为了被允许从事任何特定的行业或职业，并不需要就读过任何一所学校。
If the opinion of their own utility could not draw scholars to them, the law neither forced anybody to go to them, nor rewarded anybody for having gone to them.
如果他们对自己的功利的看法不能吸引学者到他们那里去，那么法律既不会强迫任何人去他们那里，也不会奖励任何去他们那里的人。
The teachers had no jurisdiction over their pupils, nor any other authority besides that natural authority which superior virtue and abilities never fail to procure from young people towards those who are entrusted with any part of their education.
教师对他们的学生没有管辖权，除了自然权威之外，也没有任何其他权威，这种天生的权威永远不会从年轻人身上获得，而优越的美德和能力总是可以从年轻人身上获得给那些被委托接受教育的人。
At Rome, the study of the civil law made a part of the education, not of the greater part of the citizens, but of some particular families.
在罗马，民法的学习成为教育的一部分，但不是对大多数公民，而是对某些特定的家庭。
The young people, however, who wished to acquire knowledge in the law, had no public school to go to, and had no other method of studying it, than by frequenting the company of such of their relations and friends as were supposed to understand it.
然而，那些希望获得法律知识的年轻人却没有公立学校可以去，也没有其他学习法律的方法，只能经常与他们应该了解法律的亲戚和朋友在一起。
It is, perhaps, worth while to remark, that though the laws of the twelve tables were many of them copied from those of some ancient Greek republics, yet law never seems to have grown up to be a science in any republic of ancient Greece.
也许值得一提的是，尽管十二法典的法律很多是从一些古希腊共和国的法律抄袭而来的，但在古希腊的任何一个共和国中，法律似乎从未成长为一门科学。
In Rome it became a science very early, and gave a considerable degree of illustration to those citizens who had the reputation of understanding it.
在罗马，它很早就成为一门科学，并为那些享有理解它的声誉的公民提供了相当程度的说明。
In the republics of ancient Greece, particularly in Athens, the ordinary courts of justice consisted of numerous, and therefore disorderly, bodies of people, who frequently decided almost at random, or as clamour, faction, and party-spirit, happened to determine.
在古希腊各共和国，特别是在雅典，普通法院由人数众多、因而混乱的人民团体组成，他们常常几乎是随机地做出裁决，或者是根据喧嚣、派系和党派精神碰巧做出裁决。
The ignominy of an unjust decision, when it was to be divided among five hundred, a thousand, or fifteen hundred people (for some of their courts were so very numerous), could not fall very heavy upon any individual.
当一个不公正的决定被分配给五百、一千或一千五百人时（因为他们的一些法庭人数非常多），这种耻辱不会对任何个人造成太大的影响。
At Rome, on the contrary, the principal courts of justice consisted either of a single judge, or of a small number of judges, whose characters, especially as they deliberated always in public, could not fail to be very much affected by any rash or unjust decision.
相反，在罗马，主要法院要么由一名法官组成，要么由少数法官组成，这些法官的性格，尤其是当他们总是在公开场合审议时，不可能不受到任何鲁莽或不公正决定的很大影响。
In doubtful cases such courts, from their anxiety to avoid blame, would naturally endeavour to shelter themselves under the example or precedent of the judges who had sat before them, either in the same or in some other court.
在有疑问的案件中，这些法院出于避免受到指责的焦虑，自然会努力以前任法官的榜样或先例来保护自己，无论是在同一法院还是在其他法院。
This attention to practice and precedent, necessarily formed the Roman law into that regular and orderly system in which it has been delivered down to us; and the like attention has had the like effects upon the laws of every other country where such attention has taken place.
这种对实践和先例的关注，必然使罗马法成为一种规则而有序的体系，并在其中传递给我们。同样的关注也对其他所有国家的法律产生了类似的影响。
The superiority of character in the Romans over that of the Greeks, so much remarked by Polybius and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, was probably more owing to the better constitution of their courts of justice, than to any of the circumstances to which those authors ascribe it.
哈利卡纳苏斯的波利比乌斯和狄奥尼修斯曾多次指出，罗马人的品格优于希腊人，这可能更多地归因于他们的法院的更好的构成，而不是这些作者所归因的任何情况。
The Romans are said to have been particularly distinguished for their superior respect to an oath.
据说罗马人因其对誓言的高度尊重而特别出名。
But the people who were accustomed to make oath only before some diligent and well informed court of justice, would naturally be much more attentive to what they swore, than they who were accustomed to do the same thing before mobbish and disorderly assemblies.
但是，那些习惯于只在某个勤勉且消息灵通的法庭面前宣誓的人，自然会比那些习惯于在暴民和无秩序的集会前宣誓的人更加注意自己的誓言。
The abilities, both civil and military, of the Greeks and Romans, will readily be allowed to have been at least equal to those of any modern nation.
希腊人和罗马人的民事和军事能力很容易被认为至少与任何现代国家的能力相同。
Our prejudice is perhaps rather to overrate them.
我们的偏见也许是高估了它们。
But except in what related to military exercises, the state seems to have been at no pains to form those great abilities; for I cannot be induced to believe that the musical education of the Greeks could be of much consequence in forming them.
但除了与军事演习相关的领域外，国家似乎不费吹灰之力来形成这些强大的能力；因为我无法相信希腊人的音乐教育对他们的形成有很大影响。
Masters, however, had been found, it seems, for instructing the better sort of people among those nations, in every art and science in which the circumstances of their society rendered it necessary or convenient for them to be instructed.
然而，大师似乎是为了在这些国家中指导更好的人，在他们的社会环境使他们有必要或方便接受教育的每一种艺术和科学方面找到的。
The demand for such instruction produced, what it always produces, the talent for giving it; and the emulation which an unrestrained competition never fails to excite, appears to have brought that talent to a very high degree of perfection.
对这种指导的需求产生了，它总是产生什么，以及提供这种指导的才能；无限制的竞争总是会激发人们的竞争，似乎已经使这种才能达到了非常高的完美程度。
In the attention which the ancient philosophers excited, in the empire which they acquired over the opinions and principles of their auditors, in the faculty which they possessed of giving a certain tone and character to the conduct and conversation of those auditors, they appear to have been much superior to any modern teachers.
古代哲学家所引起的关注，他们对听众的意见和原则所获得的帝国，他们所拥有的为听众的行为和谈话赋予一定语气和特征的能力，他们似乎比任何现代教师都要优越。
In modern times, the diligence of public teachers is more or less corrupted by the circumstances which render them more or less independent of their success and reputation in their particular professions.
在现代，公立教师的勤奋或多或少受到环境的腐蚀，使他们或多或少地独立于他们在特定职业中的成功和声誉。
Their salaries, too, put the private teacher, who would pretend to come into competition with them, in the same state with a merchant who attempts to trade without a bounty, in competition with those who trade with a considerable one.
他们的薪水也使假装与他们竞争的私人教师与试图在没有赏金的情况下进行贸易的商人处于同样的状态，而与那些与大量赏金进行贸易的商人竞争。
If he sells his goods at nearly the same price, he cannot have the same profit; and poverty and beggary at least, if not bankruptcy and ruin, will infallibly be his lot.
如果他以几乎相同的价格出售商品，他就不可能获得相同的利润；至少贫穷和乞讨，即使不是破产和破产，也必然是他的命运。
If he attempts to sell them much dearer, he is likely to have so few customers, that his circumstances will not be much mended.
如果他试图以更高的价格出售它们，他的顾客可能会很少，他的情况也不会得到太大改善。
The privileges of graduation, besides, are in many countries necessary, or at least extremely convenient, to most men of learned professions, that is, to the far greater part of those who have occasion for a learned education.
此外，在许多国家，毕业的特权对于大多数从事学术职业的人来说是必要的，或者至少是极其方便的，也就是说，对于大多数有机会接受学术教育的人来说，毕业的特权是必要的，或者至少是极其方便的。
But those privileges can be obtained only by attending the lectures of the public teachers.
但这些特权只有通过参加公立教师的讲座才能获得。
The most careful attendance upon the ablest instructions of any private teacher cannot always give any title to demand them.
即使最仔细地听从任何私人教师最有能力的指导，也并不总能给予任何要求。
It is from these different causes that the private teacher of any of the sciences, which are commonly taught in universities, is, in modern times, generally considered as in the very lowest order of men of letters.
正是由于这些不同的原因，在现代大学中普遍教授的任何一门科学的私人教师通常被认为是处于最低阶层的文人。
A man of real abilities can scarce find out a more humiliating or a more unprofitable employment to turn them to.
一个真正有能力的人很难找到比这更丢脸或更无利可图的工作来让他从事。
The endowments of schools and colleges have in this manner not only corrupted the diligence of public teachers, but have rendered it almost impossible to have any good private ones.
学校和学院的捐赠不仅腐蚀了公立教师的勤奋，而且使私立教师几乎不可能出现。
Were there no public institutions for education, no system, no science, would be taught, for which there was not some demand, or which the circumstances of the times did not render it either necessary or convenient, or at least fashionable to learn.
如果没有公共教育机构，就不会教授任何系统、任何科学，因为这些系统和科学没有任何需求，或者时代环境没有使学习变得必要或方便，或者至少不流行学习。
A private teacher could never find his account in teaching either an exploded and antiquated system of a science acknowledged to be useful, or a science universally believed to be a mere useless and pedantic heap of sophistry and nonsense.
一位私人教师永远无法在教授一门公认有用的科学体系时找到自己的解释，或者在教授一门被普遍认为无用且迂腐的诡辩和废话的科学时。
Such systems, such sciences, can subsist nowhere but in those incorporated societies for education, whose prosperity and revenue are in a great measure independent of their industry.
这样的系统，这样的科学，只能在那些教育联合体中存在，它们的繁荣和收入在很大程度上独立于其行业。
Were there no public institutions for education, a gentleman, after going through, with application and abilities, the most complete course of education which the circumstances of the times were supposed to afford, could not come into the world completely ignorant of everything which is the common subject of conversation among gentlemen and men of the world.
如果没有公共教育机构，一位绅士在通过应用和能力接受了当时环境所应提供的最完整的教育课程之后，不可能在出生时对绅士和世人之间的共同话题一无所知。
There are no public institutions for the education of women, and there is accordingly nothing useless, absurd, or fantastical, in the common course of their education.
没有专门为妇女提供教育的公共机构，因此，在她们的普通教育过程中，没有任何无用的、荒谬的或异想天开的东西。
They are taught what their parents or guardians judge it necessary or useful for them to learn, and they are taught nothing else.
他们所学的知识是父母或监护人认为有必要或有用的知识，除此之外别无其他。
Every part of their education tends evidently to some useful purpose; either to improve the natural attractions of their person, or to form their mind to reserve, to modesty, to chastity, and to economy; to render them both likely to became the mistresses of a family, and to behave properly when they have become such.
他们所接受的教育的每一部分显然都倾向于某种有用的目的。要么提高他们的自然吸引力，要么形成他们的思想保守，谦虚，贞洁和节约；使她们都有可能成为一个家庭的女主人，并在她们成为这样的情况下表现得得体。
In every part of her life, a woman feels some conveniency or advantage from every part of her education.
在生活的每个部分，女性都会从教育的各个部分中感受到一些便利或优势。
It seldom happens that a man, in any part of his life, derives any conveniency or advantage from some of the most laborious and troublesome parts of his education.
一个人在一生中的任何阶段，都很少能从他的教育中最辛苦、最麻烦的部分中获得任何便利或好处。
Ought the public, therefore, to give no attention, it may be asked, to the education of the people?
因此，有人可能会问，公众是否应该不关注人民的教育呢？
Or, if it ought to give any, what are the different parts of education which it ought to attend to in the different orders of the people?
或者，如果它应该提供任何教育，那么它应该针对人民的不同阶层进行哪些不同的教育？
and in what manner ought it to attend to them?
应该以什么方式来照顾他们呢？
In some cases, the state of society necessarily places the greater part of individuals in such situations as naturally form in them, without any attention of government, almost all the abilities and virtues which that state requires, or perhaps can admit of.
在某些情况下，社会状态必然将大部分个人置于自然形成的境遇中，而不受政府的任何关注，几乎拥有该国家所要求或可能承认的所有能力和美德。
In other cases, the state of the society does not place the greater part of individuals in such situations; and some attention of government is necessary, in order to prevent the almost entire corruption and degeneracy of the great body of the people.
在其他情况下，社会状况并没有将大部分个人置于这种境地；为了防止广大人民几乎全部腐败和堕落，政府的一些关注是必要的。
In the progress of the division of labour, the employment of the far greater part of those who live by labour, that is, of the great body of the people, comes to be confined to a few very simple operations; frequently to one or two.
随着分工的进步，绝大多数靠劳动为生的人，即广大人民的就业，逐渐局限于一些非常简单的作业；经常到一两个。
But the understandings of the greater part of men are necessarily formed by their ordinary employments.
但大多数人的理解必然是由他们的日常工作形成的。
The man whose whole life is spent in performing a few simple operations, of which the effects, too, are perhaps always the same, or very nearly the same, has no occasion to exert his understanding, or to exercise his invention, in finding out expedients for removing difficulties which never occur.
一个人一生都花在执行一些简单的操作上，而这些操作的效果也许总是相同的，或非常接近相同的，他没有机会运用他的理解力或运用他的发明来寻找解决从未发生过的困难的权宜之计。
He naturally loses, therefore, the habit of such exertion, and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become.
因此，他自然会失去这种努力的习惯，并且通常会变得像人类一样愚蠢和无知。
The torpor of his mind renders him not only incapable of relishing or bearing a part in any rational conversation, but of conceiving any generous, noble, or tender sentiment, and consequently of forming any just judgment concerning many even of the ordinary duties of private life.
他的思想迟钝，不仅使他无法享受或参与任何理性的谈话，而且无法构想任何慷慨、高尚或温柔的情感，从而对许多甚至私人生活的普通职责形成任何公正的判断。
Of the great and extensive interests of his country he is altogether incapable of judging; and unless very particular pains have been taken to render him otherwise, he is equally incapable of defending his country in war.
对于国家的伟大而广泛的利益，他完全没有能力判断。除非采取了非常特别的努力使他无法做到这一点，否则他同样没有能力在战争中保卫自己的国家。
The uniformity of his stationary life naturally corrupts the courage of his mind, and makes him regard, with abhorrence, the irregular, uncertain, and adventurous life of a soldier.
千篇一律的生活自然腐蚀了他心灵的勇气，使他憎恶士兵的无规律、不确定和冒险的生活。
It corrupts even the activity of his body, and renders him incapable of exerting his strength with vigour and perseverance in any other employment, than that to which he has been bred.
它甚至腐蚀了他身体的活动能力，使他无法在他生来从事的工作以外的任何其他工作中充满活力和毅力地发挥自己的力量。
His dexterity at his own particular trade seems, in this manner, to be acquired at the expense of his intellectual, social, and martial virtues.
以这种方式，他在自己的特定行业中的灵巧似乎是以牺牲他的智力、社会和军事美德为代价的。
But in every improved and civilized society, this is the state into which the labouring poor, that is, the great body of the people, must necessarily fall, unless government takes some pains to prevent it.
但在每一个进步和文明的社会中，劳动穷人，即广大人民，都必然陷入这种状态，除非政府采取一些努力来防止这种情况发生。
It is otherwise in the barbarous societies, as they are commonly called, of hunters, of shepherds, and even of husbandmen in that rude state of husbandry which precedes the improvement of manufactures, and the extension of foreign commerce.
在人们通常所说的野蛮社会中，猎人、牧羊人、甚至农夫的情况则不同，他们的畜牧业状态先于制造业的进步和对外贸易的扩展。
In such societies, the varied occupations of every man oblige every man to exert his capacity, and to invent expedients for removing difficulties which are continually occurring.
在这样的社会中，每个人的不同职业迫使每个人发挥自己的能力，并发明权宜之计来消除不断发生的困难。
Invention is kept alive, and the mind is not suffered to fall into that drowsy stupidity, which, in a civilized society, seems to benumb the understanding of almost all the inferior ranks of people.
发明得以保持活力，头脑也不会陷入昏昏欲睡的愚蠢之中，在文明社会中，这种愚蠢似乎麻木了几乎所有低等阶层的人的理解力。
In those barbarous societies, as they are called, every man, it has already been observed, is a warrior.
人们已经观察到，在那些所谓的野蛮社会中，每个人都是战士。
Every man, too, is in some measure a statesman, and can form a tolerable judgment concerning the interest of the society, and the conduct of those who govern it.
每个人在某种程度上也是政治家，能够对社会的利益和统治者的行为形成可以接受的判断。
How far their chiefs are good judges in peace, or good leaders in war, is obvious to the observation of almost every single man among them.
他们的首领在和平时期是优秀的法官，还是在战争时期是优秀的领导者，这一点对于他们中的几乎每个人来说都是显而易见的。
In such a society, indeed, no man can well acquire that improved and refined understanding which a few men sometimes possess in a more civilized state.
事实上，在这样一个社会中，没有人能够很好地获得在更文明的国家中少数人有时拥有的那种改进和精炼的理解力。
Though in a rude society there is a good deal of variety in the occupations of every individual, there is not a great deal in those of the whole society.
尽管在一个粗鲁的社会里，每个人的职业都有很大的多样性，但整个社会的职业却没有太多的多样性。
Every man does, or is capable of doing, almost every thing which any other man does, or is capable of being.
每个人都会做或有能力做其他人所做或有能力做的几乎所有事情。
Every man has a considerable degree of knowledge, ingenuity, and invention but scarce any man has a great degree.
每个人都拥有相当程度的知识、聪明才智和发明，但很少有人拥有很高的程度。
The degree, however, which is commonly possessed, is generally sufficient for conducting the whole simple business of the society.
然而，普遍拥有的学位通常足以进行社会上的全部简单事务。
In a civilized state, on the contrary, though there is little variety in the occupations of the greater part of individuals, there is an almost infinite variety in those of the whole society.
相反，在文明国家，虽然大多数人的职业几乎没有什么变化，但整个社会的职业却几乎有无限的变化。
These varied occupations present an almost infinite variety of objects to the contemplation of those few, who, being attached to no particular occupation themselves, have leisure and inclination to examine the occupations of other people.
这些不同的职业为那些少数人的沉思提供了几乎无限多的对象，他们本身不从事任何特定的职业，有闲暇和兴趣去审视其他人的职业。
The contemplation of so great a variety of objects necessarily exercises their minds in endless comparisons and combinations, and renders their understandings, in an extraordinary degree, both acute and comprehensive.
对如此众多的物体的思考必然会在无休止的比较和组合中锻炼他们的头脑，并使他们的理解在非凡的程度上变得既敏锐又全面。
Unless those few, however, happen to be placed in some very particular situations, their great abilities, though honourable to themselves, may contribute very little to the good government or happiness of their society.
然而，除非这些少数人碰巧处于某些非常特殊的情况，否则他们的伟大能力尽管对他们自己来说是光荣的，但对良好的政府或社会的幸福可能贡献甚少。
Notwithstanding the great abilities of those few, all the nobler parts of the human character may be, in a great measure, obliterated and extinguished in the great body of the people.
尽管这些少数人具有伟大的能力，但人类性格中所有高贵的部分可能在很大程度上被人民的伟大身体所抹杀和消灭。
The education of the common people requires, perhaps, in a civilized and commercial society, the attention of the public, more than that of people of some rank and fortune.
在文明和商业社会中，对普通民众的教育也许需要公众的关注，而不是某些阶层和财富的人的关注。
People of some rank and fortune are generally eighteen or nineteen years of age before they enter upon that particular business, profession, or trade, by which they propose to distinguish themselves in the world.
具有一定地位和财富的人通常在十八岁或十九岁时才开始从事特定的业务、职业或贸易，他们希望通过这些业务、职业或贸易使自己在世界上脱颖而出。
They have, before that, full time to acquire, or at least to fit themselves for afterwards acquiring, every accomplishment which can recommend them to the public esteem, or render them worthy of it.
在此之前，他们有充分的时间来获得，或者至少让自己适合以后获得每一项能够使他们受到公众尊重的成就，或者使他们值得获得公众的尊重。
Their parents or guardians are generally sufficiently anxious that they should be so accomplished, and are in most cases, willing enough to lay out the expense which is necessary for that purpose.
他们的父母或监护人通常非常渴望他们能够实现这一目标，并且在大多数情况下，愿意为此目的支付必要的费用。
If they are not always properly educated, it is seldom from the want of expense laid out upon their education, but from the improper application of that expense.
如果他们并不总是受到适当的教育，那么这很少是因为他们的教育费用不足，而是因为该费用的使用不当。
It is seldom from the want of masters, but from the negligence and incapacity of the masters who are to be had, and from the difficulty, or rather from the impossibility, which there is, in the present state of things, of finding any better.
这很少是因为缺少主人，而是因为现有主人的疏忽和无能，以及在目前的情况下找到更好的办法很困难，或者更确切地说是不可能。
The employments, too, in which people of some rank or fortune spend the greater part of their lives, are not, like those of the common people, simple and uniform.
具有一定地位或财富的人一生中大部分时间从事的工作也不像普通人那样简单和统一。
They are almost all of them extremely complicated, and such as exercise the head more than the hands.
它们几乎全都极其复杂，比如锻炼头部多于锻炼手。
The understandings of those who are engaged in such employments, can seldom grow torpid for want of exercise.
从事这种工作的人的悟性很少会因为缺乏锻炼而变得迟钝。
The employments of people of some rank and fortune, besides, are seldom such as harass them from morning to night.
此外，具有一定地位和财富的人的工作很少会像从早到晚那样困扰他们。
They generally have a good deal of leisure, during which they may perfect themselves in every branch, either of useful or ornamental knowledge, of which they may have laid the foundation, or for which they may have acquired some taste in the earlier part of life.
他们通常有大量的闲暇时间，在此期间他们可以在各个领域完善自己，无论是有用的还是装饰性的知识，他们可能已经为这些知识奠定了基础，或者他们可能在生命的早期阶段获得了一些品味。
It is otherwise with the common people.
对于普通人来说则不然。
They have little time to spare for education.
他们几乎没有时间用于教育。
Their parents can scarce afford to maintain them, even in infancy.
他们的父母几乎无力抚养他们，即使在婴儿时期也是如此。
As soon as they are able to work, they must apply to some trade, by which they can earn their subsistence.
一旦他们能够工作，他们就必须申请某种行业，以此来维持生计。
That trade, too, is generally so simple and uniform, as to give little exercise to the understanding; while, at the same time, their labour is both so constant and so severe, that it leaves them little leisure and less inclination to apply to, or even to think of any thing else.
这种贸易通常也是如此简单和统一，以至于几乎不需要锻炼理解力。与此同时，他们的劳动又如此持续又如此繁重，以至于他们几乎没有闲暇，也不太愿意去从事、甚至去思考任何其他事情。
But though the common people cannot, in any civilized society, be so well instructed as people of some rank and fortune; the most essential parts of education, however, to read, write, and account, can be acquired at so early a period of life, that the greater part, even of those who are to be bred to the lowest occupations, have time to acquire them before they can be employed in those occupations.
但是，尽管在任何文明社会中，普通民众都无法像有一定地位和财富的人那样受到良好的教育；然而，最重要的教育部分，即阅读、写作和会计，可以在生命的早期阶段获得，因此，大多数人，即使是那些将要从事最低职业的人，也有时间在从事这些职业之前获得这些知识。
For a very small expense, the public can facilitate, can encourage and can even impose upon almost the whole body of the people, the necessity of acquiring those most essential parts of education.
公众只需花费很少的费用，就可以促进、鼓励甚至可以强加给几乎所有人接受教育的这些最重要部分的必要性。
The public can facilitate this acquisition, by establishing in every parish or district a little school, where children maybe taught for a reward so moderate, that even a common labourer may afford it; the master being partly, but not wholly, paid by the public; because, if he was wholly, or even principally, paid by it, he would soon learn to neglect his business.
公众可以通过在每个教区或地区建立一所小学校来促进这种获得，在那里，孩子们可以接受教育，但报酬相当适中，即使是普通劳动者也能负担得起；船长部分但非全部由公众支付报酬；因为，如果他全部、甚至主要是靠它支付工资，他很快就会学会忽视他的生意。
In Scotland, the establishment of such parish schools has taught almost the whole common people to read, and a very great proportion of them to write and account.
在苏格兰，此类教区学校的建立几乎教会了所有普通民众阅读，并教会了很大一部分人写作和会计。
In England, the establishment of charity schools has had an effect of the same kind, though not so universally, because the establishment is not so universal.
在英国，慈善学校的建立也产生了同样的效果，尽管不是那么普遍，因为慈善学校的建立并不那么普遍。
If, in those little schools, the books by which the children are taught to read, were a little more instructive than they commonly are; and if, instead of a little smattering in Latin, which the children of the common people are sometimes taught there, and which can scarce ever be of any use to them, they were instructed in the elementary parts of geometry and mechanics; the literary education of this rank of people would, perhaps, be as complete as can be.
如果在那些小学校里，教孩子们读书的书比平常更有教育意义的话；如果他们不学习一点点拉丁语（普通人的孩子有时在那里教这些拉丁语，但对他们几乎没有任何用处），而是学习几何学和力学的基本部分。对这一阶层的人来说，文学教育也许是尽可能完整的。
There is scarce a common trade, which does not afford some opportunities of applying to it the principles of geometry and mechanics, and which would not, therefore, gradually exercise and improve the common people in those principles, the necessary introduction to the most sublime, as well as to the most useful sciences.
几乎没有一种公共行业不提供应用几何和力学原理的机会，因此不会逐渐锻炼和提高普通人的这些原理，即对最崇高和最有用的科学的必要介绍。
The public can encourage the acquisition of those most essential parts of education, by giving small premiums, and little badges of distinction, to the children of the common people who excel in them.
公众可以通过向在这些方面表现出色的普通人的孩子提供少量的奖金和少量的荣誉徽章来鼓励获得这些最重要的教育部分。
The public can impose upon almost the whole body of the people the necessity of acquiring the most essential parts of education, by obliging every man to undergo an examination or probation in them, before he can obtain the freedom in any corporation, or be allowed to set up any trade, either in a village or town corporate.
公众可以要求几乎全体人民接受最基本的教育，要求每个人在获得任何公司的自由或被允许在乡村或城镇的公司中建立任何行业之前，必须接受考试或试用。
It was in this manner, by facilitating the acquisition of their military and gymnastic exercises, by encouraging it, and even by imposing upon the whole body of the people the necessity of learning those exercises, that the Greek and Roman republics maintained the martial spirit of their respective citizens.
正是通过这种方式，通过促进军事和体操练习的获得，通过鼓励它们，甚至通过向全体人民强加学习这些练习的必要性，希腊和罗马共和国保持了各自公民的尚武精神。
They facilitated the acquisition of those exercises, by appointing a certain place for learning and practising them, and by granting to certain masters the privilege of teaching in that place.
他们通过指定一个特定的地方来学习和练习这些功法，并授予某些大师在该地方教授的特权，从而促进了这些功法的获得。
Those masters do not appear to have had either salaries or exclusive privileges of any kind.
这些大师似乎没有薪水或任何形式的专有特权。
Their reward consisted altogether in what they got from their scholars; and a citizen, who had learnt his exercises in the public gymnasia, had no sort of legal advantage over one who had learnt them privately, provided the latter had learned them equally well.
他们的报酬完全在于他们从学者那里得到的东西。一个在公共体育馆学习练习的公民并不比在私下学习的公民拥有任何法律上的优势，只要后者学得同样好。
Those republics encouraged the acquisition of those exercises, by bestowing little premiums and badges of distinction upon those who excelled in them.
这些共和国鼓励人们进行这些练习，对那些在这些练习中表现出色的人给予很少的奖金和荣誉徽章。
To have gained a prize in the Olympic, Isthmian, or Nemaean games, gave illustration, not only to the person who gained it, but to his whole family and kindred.
在奥林匹克运动会、地峡运动会或内迈亚运动会中获得奖品，不仅对获奖者本人，而且对他的整个家庭和亲属都有启发。
The obligation which every citizen was under, to serve a certain number of years, if called upon, in the armies of the republic, sufficiently imposed the necessity of learning those exercises, without which he could not be fit for that service.
每个公民都有义务在共和国军队服役一定年限，如果需要的话，这充分说明了学习这些练习的必要性，没有这些练习，他就无法胜任这项服务。
That in the progress of improvement, the practice of military exercises, unless government takes proper pains to support it, goes gradually to decay, and, together with it, the martial spirit of the great body of the people, the example of modern Europe sufficiently demonstrates.
在进步的过程中，军事演习的实践，除非政府给予适当的努力支持，否则就会逐渐走向衰落，而随之而来的是广大人民群众的尚武精神，现代欧洲的例子就充分说明了这一点。
But the security of every society must always depend, more or less, upon the martial spirit of the great body of the people.
但每个社会的安全始终或多或少取决于广大人民群众的尚武精神。
In the present times, indeed, that martial spirit alone, and unsupported by a well-disciplined standing army, would not, perhaps, be sufficient for the defence and security of any society.
事实上，在当今时代，仅靠尚武精神，如果没有训练有素的常备军的支持，也许不足以保卫任何社会的防御和安全。
But where every citizen had the spirit of a soldier, a smaller standing army would surely be requisite.
但如果每个公民都具有军人精神，那么肯定需要一支规模较小的常备军。
That spirit, besides, would necessarily diminish very much the dangers to liberty, whether real or imaginary, which are commonly apprehended from a standing army.
此外，这种精神必然会大大减少常备军通常面临的自由危险，无论是真实的还是想象的。
As it would very much facilitate the operations of that army against a foreign invader; so it would obstruct them as much, if unfortunately they should ever be directed against the constitution of the state.
因为这将非常有利于该军队对抗外国入侵者的行动；因此，如果不幸的是，他们的目标是反对国家宪法，那么这也会同样阻碍他们。
The ancient institutions of Greece and Rome seem to have been much more effectual for maintaining the martial spirit of the great body of the people, than the establishment of what are called the militias of modern times.
希腊和罗马的古代机构对于维持广大人民的尚武精神似乎比建立现代所谓的民兵更为有效。
They were much more simple.
它们要简单得多。
When they were once established, they executed themselves, and it required little or no attention from government to maintain them in the most perfect vigour.
当它们成立后，它们就处决了自己，几乎不需要或不需要政府的关注来维持它们最完美的活力。
Whereas to maintain, even in tolerable execution, the complex regulations of any modern militia, requires the continual and painful attention of government, without which they are constantly falling into total neglect and disuse.
然而，即使在执行力还算可以的情况下，维持任何现代民兵的复杂规定，都需要政府持续而痛苦的关注，如果没有这种关注，他们就会不断地被完全忽视和废弃。
The influence, besides, of the ancient institutions, was much more universal.
此外，古代机构的影响更为普遍。
By means of them, the whole body of the people was completely instructed in the use of arms; whereas it is but a very small part of them who can ever be so instructed by the regulations of any modern militia, except, perhaps, that of Switzerland.
通过他们，全体人民都完全学会了如何使用武器。然而，只有极少数人能够受到任何现代民兵的规定的如此指导，也许瑞士的民兵除外。
But a coward, a man incapable either of defending or of revenging himself, evidently wants one of the most essential parts of the character of a man.
但一个懦夫，一个既无法自卫又无法为自己复仇的人，显然想要一个人性格中最本质的部分之一。
He is as much mutilated and deformed in his mind as another is in his body, who is either deprived of some of its most essential members, or has lost the use of them.
他的心灵就像另一个人的身体一样被残缺不全和畸形，他的身体要么被剥夺了一些最重要的成员，要么失去了它们的用途。
He is evidently the more wretched and miserable of the two; because happiness and misery, which reside altogether in the mind, must necessarily depend more upon the healthful or unhealthful, the mutilated or entire state of the mind, than upon that of the body.
显然，他是两人中更不幸、更悲惨的一个。因为快乐和痛苦全都存在于心灵之中，必然更多地取决于心灵的健康或不健康、残缺或完整的状态，而不是身体的状态。
Even though the martial spirit of the people were of no use towards the defence of the society, yet, to prevent that sort of mental mutilation, deformity, and wretchedness, which cowardice necessarily involves in it, from spreading themselves through the great body of the people, would still deserve the most serious attention of government; in the same manner as it would deserve its most serious attention to prevent a leprosy, or any other loathsome and offensive disease, though neither mortal nor dangerous, from spreading itself among them; though, perhaps, no other public good might result from such attention, besides the prevention of so great a public evil.
尽管人民的尚武精神对于保卫社会没有任何作用，但是，为了防止懦弱所必然涉及的精神残害、畸形和不幸在广大人民中蔓延，仍然值得政府高度重视；同样，值得给予最认真的关注，以防止麻风病或任何其他令人厌恶和攻击性的疾病（尽管既不致命也不危险）在他们中间传播；不过，除了防止如此巨大的公共罪恶之外，这种关注也许不会带来其他任何公共利益。
The same thing may be said of the gross ignorance and stupidity which, in a civilized society, seem so frequently to benumb the understandings of all the inferior ranks of people.
同样的情况也适用于严重的无知和愚蠢，在文明社会中，它们似乎经常麻痹所有下层人民的理解力。
A man without the proper use of the intellectual faculties of a man, is, if possible, more contemptible than even a coward, and seems to be mutilated and deformed in a still more essential part of the character of human nature.
一个人若不能正确运用人的智力，如果可能的话，他甚至比胆小鬼还要可鄙，而且人性的一个更本质的部分似乎遭到了残害和畸形。
Though the state was to derive no advantage from the instruction of the inferior ranks of people, it would still deserve its attention that they should not be altogether uninstructed.
尽管国家不会从对下层人民的教育中获得任何好处，但仍然值得关注的是，他们不应该完全不受教育。
The state, however, derives no inconsiderable advantage from their instruction.
然而，国家从他们的指导中获得了不小的好处。
The more they are instructed, the less liable they are to the delusions of enthusiasm and superstition, which, among ignorant nations frequently occasion the most dreadful disorders.
他们受的教育越多，就越不容易受到狂热和迷信的欺骗，而这些在无知的民族中常常引起最可怕的混乱。
An instructed and intelligent people, besides, are always more decent and orderly than an ignorant and stupid one.
此外，一个受过教育、聪明的人总是比一个无知、愚蠢的人更正派、更有秩序。
They feel themselves, each individually, more respectable, and more likely to obtain the respect of their lawful superiors, and they are, therefore, more disposed to respect those superiors.
他们觉得自己，每个人，都更受尊重，更有可能获得合法上级的尊重，因此，他们更倾向于尊重这些上级。
They are more disposed to examine, and more capable of seeing through, the interested complaints of faction and sedition; and they are, upon that account, less apt to be misled into any wanton or unnecessary opposition to the measures of government.
他们更倾向于审查，也更有能力看穿有关派系和煽动叛乱的感兴趣的抱怨；因此，他们不太容易被误导而肆意或不必要地反对政府措施。
In free countries, where the safety of government depends very much upon the favourable judgment which the people may form of its conduct, it must surely be of the highest importance, that they should not be disposed to judge rashly or capriciously concerning it.
在自由国家，政府的安全在很大程度上取决于人民对其行为的有利判断，因此最重要的是，他们不应该对政府做出轻率或反复无常的判断。
Art.
艺术。
III.—Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Instruction of People of all Ages.
III.——关于各年龄段人民教育机构的费用。
The institutions for the instruction of people of all ages, are chiefly those for religious instruction.
对各个年龄段的人进行教育的机构主要是宗教教育机构。
This is a species of instruction, of which the object is not so much to render the people good citizens in this world, as to prepare them for another and a better world in the life to come.
这是一种教育，其目的并不是让人们成为这个世界上的好公民，而是让他们为来世的另一个更美好的世界做好准备。
The teachers of the doctrine which contains this instruction, in the same manner as other teachers, may either depend altogether for their subsistence upon the voluntary contributions of their hearers; or they may derive it from some other fund, to which the law of their country may entitle them; such as a landed estate, a tythe or land tax, an established salary or stipend.
包含这一教导的教义的教师，以与其他教师相同的方式，可以完全依靠听众的自愿贡献来维持生计；或者完全依靠听众的自愿贡献来维持生计。或者他们可以从本国法律有权获得的其他基金中获得；例如地产、什一税或土地税、既定工资或津贴。
Their exertion, their zeal and industry, are likely to be much greater in the former situation than in the latter.
在前一种情况下，他们的努力、热情和勤奋可能比在后一种情况下要大得多。
In this respect, the teachers of a new religion have always had a considerable advantage in attacking those ancient and established systems, of which the clergy, reposing themselves upon their benefices, had neglected to keep up the fervour of faith and devotion in the great body of the people; and having given themselves up to indolence, were become altogether incapable of making any vigorous exertion in defence even of their own establishment.
在这方面，新宗教的教师在攻击那些古老的既定体系时总是具有相当大的优势，在这些体系中，神职人员依靠自己的恩赐而忽视了在广大人民中保持信仰和奉献的热情；由于他们变得懒惰，他们完全无法做出任何积极的努力来保卫自己的国家。
The clergy of an established and well endowed religion frequently become men of learning and elegance, who possess all the virtues of gentlemen, or which can recommend them to the esteem of gentlemen; but they are apt gradually to lose the qualities, both good and bad, which gave them authority and influence with the inferior ranks of people, and which had perhaps been the original causes of the success and establishment of their religion.
一个既定的、天赋良好的宗教的神职人员常常成为有学问和优雅的人，他们具备君子的一切美德，或者可以使他们受到君子的尊敬。但他们很容易逐渐失去一些品质，无论是好的还是坏的，正是这些品质赋予了他们在下层民众中的权威和影响力，而这或许也是他们的宗教成功和建立的最初原因。
Such a clergy, when attacked by a set of popular and bold, though perhaps stupid and ignorant enthusiasts, feel themselves as perfectly defenceless as the indolent, effeminate, and full fed nations of the southern parts of Asia, when they were invaded by the active, hardy, and hungry Tartars of the north.
这样的神职人员，当受到一群受欢迎的、大胆的、尽管也许是愚蠢和无知的热衷者的攻击时，他们会感到自己完全没有防御能力，就像亚洲南部地区的懒惰、女性化和充分联邦的国家，当他们受到活跃的、顽强的和饥饿的北方鞑靼人的入侵时一样。
Such a clergy, upon such an emergency, have commonly no other resource than to call upon the civil magistrate to persecute, destroy, or drive out their adversaries, as disturbers of the public peace.
在这种紧急情况下，这样的神职人员通常没有其他资源，只能呼吁民事法官迫害、消灭或驱逐他们的对手，因为他们是公共和平的扰乱者。
It was thus that the Roman catholic clergy called upon the civil magistrate to persecute the protestants, and the church of England to persecute the dissenters; and that in general every religious sect, when it has once enjoyed, for a century or two, the security of a legal establishment, has found itself incapable of making any vigorous defence against any new sect which chose to attack its doctrine or discipline.
因此，罗马天主教神职人员呼吁民事法官迫害新教徒，并呼吁英国教会迫害持不同政见者。总的来说，每个宗教派别一旦享有合法机构的保障一两个世纪后，就会发现自己无法对任何选择攻击其教义或纪律的新教派做出任何强有力的防御。
Upon such occasions, the advantage, in point of learning and good writing, may sometimes be on the side of the established church.
在这种情况下，在学识和良好写作方面的优势有时可能会站在已建立的教会一边。
But the arts of popularity, all the arts of gaining proselytes, are constantly on the side of its adversaries.
但受欢迎的艺术，所有吸引皈依者的艺术，总是站在对手一边。
In England, those arts have been long neglected by the well endowed clergy of the established church, and are at present chiefly cultivated by the dissenters and by the methodists.
在英国，这些艺术长期以来一直被国教中才华横溢的神职人员所忽视，目前主要由持不同政见者和卫理公会教徒来培育。
The independent provisions, however, which in many places have been made for dissenting teachers, by means of voluntary subscriptions, of trust rights, and other evasions of the law, seem very much to have abated the zeal and activity of those teachers.
然而，许多地方通过自愿认捐、信托权和其他规避法律的方式为持不同意见的教师制定了独立规定，似乎极大地削弱了这些教师的热情和积极性。
They have many of them become very learned, ingenious, and respectable men; but they have in general ceased to be very popular preachers.
他们中的许多人成为了学识渊博、聪明才智、受人尊敬的人。但总的来说，他们不再是很受欢迎的传教士了。
The methodists, without half the learning of the dissenters, are much more in vogue.
卫理公会教徒不像持不同政见者那样有学问，但却更受欢迎。
In the church of Rome the industry and zeal of the inferior clergy are kept more alive by the powerful motive of self-interest, than perhaps in any established protestant church.
在罗马教会中，低等神职人员的勤奋和热情由于自身利益的强大动机而比任何已建立的新教教会更加活跃。
The parochial clergy derive many of them, a very considerable part of their subsistence from the voluntary oblations of the people; a source of revenue, which confession gives them many opportunities of improving.
教区神职人员的收入有很多，其中很大一部分来自人民的自愿奉献。收入来源，这给了他们很多改进的机会。
The mendicant orders derive their whole subsistence from such oblations.
托钵修会的全部生计都来自于这种供奉。
It is with them as with the hussars and light infantry of some armies; no plunder, no pay.
他们就像某些军队的骠骑兵和轻步兵一样。没有掠夺，没有报酬。
The parochial clergy are like those teachers whose reward depends partly upon their salary, and partly upon the fees or honoraries which they get from their pupils; and these must always depend, more or less, upon their industry and reputation.
教区神职人员就像那些教师，他们的报酬部分取决于他们的薪水，部分取决于他们从学生那里得到的费用或荣誉。而这些或多或少总是取决于他们的勤奋和声誉。
The mendicant orders are like those teachers whose subsistence depends altogether upon their industry.
托钵僧就像那些老师，他们的生活完全依赖于他们的勤劳。
They are obliged, therefore, to use every art which can animate the devotion of the common people.
因此，他们有义务利用一切能够激发普通民众奉献精神的艺术。
The establishment of the two great mendicant orders of St Dominic and St. Francis, it is observed by Machiavel, revived, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the languishing faith and devotion of the catholic church.
马基雅维利观察到，圣多米尼克和圣方济各两大托钵修会的建立，在十三和十四世纪复兴了天主教会日渐衰弱的信仰和奉献精神。
In Roman catholic countries, the spirit of devotion is supported altogether by the monks, and by the poorer parochial clergy.
在罗马天主教国家，修道士和较贫穷的教区神职人员完全支持奉献精神。
The great dignitaries of the church, with all the accomplishments of gentlemen and men of the world, and sometimes with those of men of learning, are careful to maintain the necessary discipline over their inferiors, but seldom give themselves any trouble about the instruction of the people.
教会中的伟大显贵，拥有绅士和世人的一切成就，有时甚至是有学问的人的成就，他们都小心翼翼地对下属保持必要的纪律，但很少为人民的指导而烦恼。
“Most of the arts and professions in a state,” says by far the most illustrious philosopher and historian of the present age, “are of such a nature, that, while they promote the interests of the society, they are also useful or agreeable to some individuals; and, in that case, the constant rule of the magistrate, except, perhaps, on the first introduction of any art, is, to leave the profession to itself, and trust its encouragement to the individuals who reap the benefit of it.
当今时代最杰出的哲学家和历史学家说：“一个国家的大多数艺术和职业都具有这样的性质，即它们在促进社会利益的同时，对某些个人也是有用的或令人愉快的；在这种情况下，治安法官的一贯规则是，除了任何艺术的首次引入之外，将职业留给自己，并相信它对从中受益的个人的鼓励。
The artizans, finding their profits to rise by the favour of their customers, increase, as much as possible, their skill and industry; and as matters are not disturbed by any injudicious tampering, the commodity is always sure to be at all times nearly proportioned to the demand.
工匠们发现他们的利润因顾客的青睐而增加，因此尽可能地提高他们的技能和勤奋；由于事情不会受到任何不明智的篡改的干扰，因此商品始终肯定几乎与需求成比例。
“But there are also some callings which, though useful and even necessary in a state, bring no advantage or pleasure to any individual; and the supreme power is obliged to alter its conduct with regard to the retainers of those professions.
“但也有一些职业，虽然在一个国家是有用的，甚至是必要的，但不会给任何个人带来好处或快乐；最高权力有义务改变其对这些职业从业者的行为。
It must give them public encouragement in order to their subsistence; and it must provide against that negligence to which they will naturally be subject, either by annexing particular honours to profession, by establishing a long subordination of ranks, and a strict dependence, or by some other expedient.
为了他们的生存，必须给予他们公众鼓励；它必须防止他们自然会受到的疏忽，要么通过将特殊的荣誉附加到职业上，要么通过建立长期的等级从属关系和严格的依赖，要么通过其他权宜之计。
The persons employed in the finances, fleets, and magistracy, are instances of this order of men.
受雇于财政、舰队和行政部门的人员，就是这一阶层的例子。
“It may naturally be thought, at first sight, that the ecclesiastics belong to the first class, and that their encouragement, as well as that of lawyers and physicians, may safely be entrusted to the liberality of individuals, who are attached to their doctrines, and who find benefit or consolation from their spiritual ministry and assistance.
“乍一看，人们自然会认为神职人员属于第一类，他们的鼓励以及律师和医生的鼓励可以安全地委托给个人的慷慨，这些人执着于他们的教义，并从他们的精神事工和援助中找到利益或安慰。
Their industry and vigilance will, no doubt, be whetted by such an additional motive; and their skill in the profession, as well as their address in governing the minds of the people, must receive daily increase, from their increasing practice, study, and attention.
毫无疑问，这种额外的动机会激发他们的勤奋和警惕。他们的专业技能和管理人心的能力必须通过他们不断的实践、学习和关注而日益提高。
“But if we consider the matter more closely, we shall find that this interested diligence of the clergy is what every wise legislator will study to prevent; because, in every religion except the true, it is highly pernicious, and it has even a natural tendency to pervert the truth, by infusing into it a strong mixture of superstition, folly, and delusion.
“但是，如果我们更仔细地考虑这个问题，我们就会发现，每一位明智的立法者都会研究阻止神职人员的这种有兴趣的勤奋；因为，除了真理之外的每一种宗教，它都是极其有害的，甚至有一种自然的倾向，通过在真理中注入迷信、愚蠢和错觉的强烈混合物来歪曲真理。
Each ghostly practitioner, in order to render himself more precious and sacred in the eyes of his retainers, will inspire them with the most violent abhorrence of all other sects, and continually endeavour, by some novelty, to excite the languid devotion of his audience.
每一个鬼修行者，为了让自己在门下眼中显得更加珍贵和神圣，他们会用所有其他教派中最强烈的憎恶来激发他们，并不断地努力用一些新奇的东西来激发他的听众的慵懒的虔诚。
No regard will be paid to truth, morals, or decency, in the doctrines inculcated.
所灌输的教义不会考虑真理、道德或正派。
Every tenet will be adopted that best suits the disorderly affections of the human frame.
每一条最适合人体无序情感的原则都会被采用。
Customers will be drawn to each conventicle by new industry and address, in practising on the passions and credulity of the populace.
客户将被新的行业和地址吸引到每个集会，以实践民众的热情和轻信。
And, in the end, the civil magistrate will find that he has dearly paid for his intended frugality, in saving a fixed establishment for the priests; and that, in reality, the most decent and advantageous composition, which he can make with the spiritual guides, is to bribe their indolence, by assigning stated salaries to their profession, and rendering it superfluous for them to be farther active, than merely to prevent their flock from straying in quest of new pastors.
最后，民事法官会发现，他为自己的节俭行为付出了高昂的代价，因为他为牧师保留了固定的机构。事实上，他能与精神导师们达成的最体面和最有利的组合，就是贿赂他们的懒惰，通过为他们的职业分配规定的薪水，使他们变得多余，而不是仅仅阻止他们的羊群迷失寻找新的牧师。
And in this manner ecclesiastical establishments, though commonly they arose at first from religious views, prove in the end advantageous to the political interests of society.”
通过这种方式，教会机构虽然通常最初是出于宗教观点而产生的，但最终证明有利于社会的政治利益。”
But whatever may have been the good or bad effects of the independent provision of the clergy, it has, perhaps, been very seldom bestowed upon them from any view to those effects.
但是，无论神职人员独立提供的影响可能是好还是坏，从任何角度来看，这种影响也许都很少给予他们。
Times of violent religious controversy have generally been times of equally violent political faction.
暴力宗教争议的时代通常也是同样暴力的政治派系的时代。
Upon such occasions, each political party has either found it, or imagined it, for his interest, to league itself with some one or other of the contending religious sects.
在这种情况下，每个政党要么发现，要么想象，为了自己的利益，与某个或另一个相互竞争的宗教派别结盟。
But this could be done only by adopting, or, at least, by favouring the tenets of that particular sect.
但这只能通过采纳或至少支持该特定教派的教义来实现。
The sect which had the good fortune to be leagued with the conquering party necessarily shared in the victory of its ally, by whose favour and protection it was soon enabled, in some degree, to silence and subdue all its adversaries.
有幸与征服方结盟的教派必然分享其盟友的胜利，在其盟友的支持和保护下，该教派很快就能够在某种程度上压制和征服所有对手。
Those adversaries had generally leagued themselves with the enemies of the conquering party, and were, therefore the enemies of that party.
这些对手通常与征服方的敌人结盟，因此也是该方的敌人。
The clergy of this particular sect having thus become complete masters of the field, and their influence and authority with the great body of the people being in its highest vigour, they were powerful enough to overawe the chiefs and leaders of their own party, and to oblige the civil magistrate to respect their opinions and inclinations.
这个教派的神职人员因此成为这个领域的完全主人，他们在广大人民中的影响力和权威处于最高的活力，他们的力量足以威慑本党的首领和领导人，并迫使民事法官尊重他们的意见和倾向。
Their first demand was generally that he should silence and subdue all their adversaries; and their second, that he should bestow an independent provision on themselves.
他们的首要要求通常是让他压制并制服他们所有的对手。第二，他应该给予他们独立的供给。
As they had generally contributed a good deal to the victory, it seemed not unreasonable that they should have some share in the spoil.
既然他们总体上为这场胜利做出了很大的贡献，那么他们应该分享一些战利品似乎也不是没有道理的。
They were weary, besides, of humouring the people, and of depending upon their caprice for a subsistence.
此外，他们厌倦了迁就人民，也厌倦了依靠人民的任性来维持生计。
In making this demand, therefore, they consulted their own ease and comfort, without troubling themselves about the effect which it might have, in future times, upon the influence and authority of their order.
因此，在提出这一要求时，他们考虑的是自己的安逸和舒适，而没有担心这可能在未来对他们的秩序的影响和权威产生的影响。
The civil magistrate, who could comply with their demand only by giving them something which he would have chosen much rather to take, or to keep to himself, was seldom very forward to grant it.
民事治安法官只能通过给予他们一些他宁愿接受或保留的东西来满足他们的要求，但很少愿意批准。
Necessity, however, always forced him to submit at last, though frequently not till after many delays, evasions, and affected excuses.
然而，迫不得已总是迫使他最终屈服，尽管常常是在多次拖延、逃避和做作的借口之后才屈服。
But if politics had never called in the aid of religion, had the conquering party never adopted the tenets of one sect more than those of another, when it had gained the victory, it would probably have dealt equally and impartially with all the different sects, and have allowed every man to choose his own priest, and his own religion, as he thought proper.
但是，如果政治从来没有求助于宗教，如果征服方从来没有比另一个教派更多地采用一个教派的教义，那么当它取得胜利时，它可能会平等和公正地对待所有不同的教派，并允许每个人选择自己认为合适的牧师和宗教。
There would, and, in this case, no doubt, have been, a great multitude of religious sects.
在这种情况下，毫无疑问，将会有大量的宗教派别。
Almost every different congregation might probably have had a little sect by itself, or have entertained some peculiar tenets of its own.
几乎每一个不同的教会都可能有自己的一个小教派，或者有一些自己独特的教义。
Each teacher, would, no doubt, have felt himself under the necessity of making the utmost exertion, and of using every art, both to preserve and to increase the number of his disciples.
毫无疑问，每一位老师都会感到自己有必要付出最大的努力，并使用一切技巧，以保留和增加弟子的数量。
But as every other teacher would have felt himself under the same necessity, the success of no one teacher, or sect of teachers, could have been very great.
但是，正如所有其他老师都会感到自己处于同样的必要性之下一样，没有任何一位老师或老师派别能够取得巨大的成功。
The interested and active zeal of religious teachers can be dangerous and troublesome only where there is either but one sect tolerated in the society, or where the whole of a large society is divided into two or three great sects; the teachers of each acting by concert, and under a regular discipline and subordination.
只有当社会中只有一个教派被容忍，或者整个大社会分为两三个大教派时，宗教导师的兴趣和积极热情才可能是危险和麻烦的。每个老师都协调一致地行动，并受到定期的纪律和服从。
But that zeal must be altogether innocent, where the society is divided into two or three hundred, or, perhaps, into as many thousand small sects, of which no one could be considerable enough to disturb the public tranquillity.
但这种热情一定是完全无辜的，因为社会分为两三百个，甚至数千个小派别，其中没有一个大到足以扰乱公众的安宁。
The teachers of each sect, seeing themselves surrounded on all sides with more adversaries than friends, would be obliged to learn that candour and moderation which are so seldom to be found among the teachers of those great sects, whose tenets, being supported by the civil magistrate, are held in veneration by almost all the inhabitants of extensive kingdoms and empires, and who, therefore, see nothing round them but followers, disciples, and humble admirers.
每个教派的老师们，看到自己四面八方都是敌人多于朋友，就不得不学会坦率和克制，这在那些伟大教派的老师中是很少见的，这些教派的教义得到了民事行政长官的支持，受到广大王国和帝国的几乎所有居民的尊敬，因此，他们在他们周围除了追随者、门徒和卑微的崇拜者之外什么也没有。
The teachers of each little sect, finding themselves almost alone, would be obliged to respect those of almost every other sect; and the concessions which they would mutually find it both convenient and agreeable to make one to another, might in time, probably reduce the doctrine of the greater part of them to that pure and rational religion, free from every mixture of absurdity, imposture, or fanaticism, such as wise men have, in all ages of the world, wished to see established; but such as positive law has, perhaps, never yet established, and probably never will establish in any country; because, with regard to religion, positive law always has been, and probably always will be, more or less influenced by popular superstition and enthusiasm.
每个小教派的老师都发现自己几乎是孤独的，因此必须尊重几乎所有其他教派的老师。他们彼此认为既方便又令人愉快的让步，最终可能会将他们中的大多数人的教义还原为纯粹而理性的宗教，没有任何荒谬、欺骗或狂热的混合，就像世界上各个时代的智者所希望看到的那样。但这种实在法或许尚未在任何国家建立，也可能永远不会在任何国家建立；因为，就宗教而言，实在法一直并且可能永远都会或多或少地受到大众迷信和热情的影响。
This plan of ecclesiastical government, or, more properly, of no ecclesiastical government, was what the sect called Independents (a sect, no doubt, of very wild enthusiasts), proposed to establish in England towards the end of the civil war.
这种教会政府的计划，或者更准确地说，没有教会政府的计划，就是该教派所谓的独立派（毫无疑问，一个由非常狂热的狂热分子组成的教派）在内战即将结束时提议在英格兰建立的计划。
If it had been established, though of a very unphilosophical origin, it would probably, by this time, have been productive of the most philosophical good temper and moderation with regard to every sort of religious principle.
如果它已经建立，尽管它的起源非常非哲学，但到了这个时候，它可能已经对各种宗教原则产生了最具哲学性的良好脾气和节制。
It has been established in Pennsylvania, where, though the quakers happen to be the most numerous, the law, in reality, favours no one sect more than another; and it is there said to have been productive of this philosophical good temper and moderation.
它是在宾夕法尼亚州建立的，尽管那里的贵格会人数最多，但事实上，法律对任何一个教派都没有比另一个教派更有利的。据说正是这种心态产生了这种哲学上的好脾气和节制。
But though this equality of treatment should not be productive of this good temper and moderation in all, or even in the greater part of the religious sects of a particular country; yet, provided those sects were sufficiently numerous, and each of them consequently too small to disturb the public tranquillity, the excessive zeal of each for its particular tenets could not well be productive of any very hurtful effects, but, on the contrary, of several good ones; and if the government was perfectly decided, both to let them all alone, and to oblige them all to let alone one another, there is little danger that they would not of their own accord, subdivide themselves fast enough, so as soon to become sufficiently numerous.
但是，尽管这种平等待遇不应该在所有人中，甚至在一个特定国家的大部分宗教派别中产生这种良好的脾气和节制；然而，只要这些教派数量足够多，而且每个教派都太小，不足以扰乱公众的安宁，那么每个教派对其特定教义的过度热心就不会产生任何非常有害的影响，相反，反而会产生一些好的影响。如果政府做出了完美的决定，既不干涉他们，又强迫他们相互不干涉，那么他们不会自发地以足够快的速度分裂自己，以便尽快达到足够多的数量，这是几乎没有危险的。
In every civilized society, in every society where the distinction of ranks has once been completely established, there have been always two different schemes or systems of morality current at the same time; of which the one may be called the strict or austere; the other the liberal, or, if you will, the loose system.
在每一个文明社会中，在每一个等级区分完全确立的社会中，总是同时存在着两种不同的道德体系或体系。其中的一个可以被称为严格的或严峻的；另一个是自由主义，或者，如果你愿意的话，是松散的体系。
The former is generally admired and revered by the common people; the latter is commonly more esteemed and adopted by what are called the people of fashion.
前者普遍受到老百姓的景仰和崇敬；后者通常更受所谓时尚人士的尊重和采用。
The degree of disapprobation with which we ought to mark the vices of levity, the vices which are apt to arise from great prosperity, and from the excess of gaiety and good humour, seems to constitute the principal distinction between those two opposite schemes or systems.
我们应该对轻率的恶习（那些容易因繁荣而产生的恶习，以及因过度的欢乐和幽默而产生的恶习）的不赞成程度，似乎构成了这两种相反的计划或体系之间的主要区别。
In the liberal or loose system, luxury, wanton, and even disorderly mirth, the pursuit of pleasure to some degree of intemperance, the breach of chastity, at least in one of the two sexes, etc. provided they are not accompanied with gross indecency, and do not lead to falsehood and injustice, are generally treated with a good deal of indulgence, and are easily either excused or pardoned altogether.
在自由或宽松的制度中，奢侈、肆意甚至无序的欢乐、对某种程度的不节制的享乐的追求、至少在两性之一的破坏贞洁等，只要它们不伴有严重的猥亵行为，并且不会导致谎言和不公正，通常都会受到很大的放纵，并且很容易被原谅或完全赦免。
In the austere system, on the contrary, those excesses are regarded with the utmost abhorrence and detestation.
相反，在严厉的制度下，这些过度行为会受到极大的憎恶和厌恶。
The vices of levity are always ruinous to the common people, and a single week’s thoughtlessness and dissipation is often sufficient to undo a poor workman for ever, and to drive him, through despair, upon committing the most enormous crimes.
轻率的恶习对于普通人来说总是毁灭性的，一个星期的轻率和放荡常常足以让一个可怜的工人永远毁灭，并驱使他在绝望中犯下最严重的罪行。
The wiser and better sort of the common people, therefore, have always the utmost abhorrence and detestation of such excesses, which their experience tells them are so immediately fatal to people of their condition.
因此，较聪明、较好的普通民众总是对这种过激行为抱有极大的憎恶和厌恶，他们的经验告诉他们，这种行为对于他们的处境来说是立即致命的。
The disorder and extravagance of several years, on the contrary, will not always ruin a man of fashion; and people of that rank are very apt to consider the power of indulging in some degree of excess, as one of the advantages of their fortune; and the liberty of doing so without censure or reproach, as one of the privileges which belong to their station.
相反，几年的混乱和奢侈并不总是会毁掉一个时尚男人；这类人很容易认为，放纵某种程度的放纵是他们财富的优势之一。以及不受谴责或责备地这样做的自由，这是属于他们地位的特权之一。
In people of their own station, therefore, they regard such excesses with but a small degree of disapprobation, and censure them either very slightly or not at all.
因此，对于与他们地位相同的人来说，他们对这种过激行为只有轻微的不满，或者很少谴责，或者根本不谴责。
Almost all religious sects have begun among the common people, from whom they have generally drawn their earliest, as well as their most numerous proselytes.
几乎所有的宗教派别都是从普通民众中兴起的，他们一般都是从普通民众中吸纳最早的、数量最多的皈依者。
The austere system of morality has, accordingly, been adopted by those sects almost constantly, or with very few exceptions; for there have been some.
因此，严格的道德体系几乎一直被这些教派所采用，或者几乎没有例外。因为已经有一些了。
It was the system by which they could best recommend themselves to that order of people, to whom they first proposed their plan of reformation upon what had been before established.
通过这种制度，他们可以最好地向那些人推荐自己，他们首先向这些人提出了他们在之前制定的基础上的改革计划。
Many of them, perhaps the greater part of them, have even endeavoured to gain credit by refining upon this austere system, and by carrying it to some degree of folly and extravagance; and this excessive rigour has frequently recommended them, more than any thing else, to the respect and veneration of the common people.
他们中的许多人，也许是他们中的大部分人，甚至试图通过改进这种严厉的制度，并通过使其达到某种程度的愚蠢和奢侈来获得信誉。这种过度的严格常常使他们比其他任何事情都更受到普通民众的尊重和崇拜。
A man of rank and fortune is, by his station, the distinguished member of a great society, who attend to every part of his conduct, and who thereby oblige him to attend to every part of it himself.
一个有地位、有财富的人，就其地位而言，是一个伟大社会的杰出成员，社会关注他行为的每一个部分，从而迫使他亲自关注社会的每一个部分。
His authority and consideration depend very much upon the respect which this society bears to him.
他的权威和考虑很大程度上取决于这个社会对他的尊重。
He dares not do anything which would disgrace or discredit him in it; and he is obliged to a very strict observation of that species of morals, whether liberal or austere, which the general consent of this society prescribes to persons of his rank and fortune.
他不敢做任何有损他名誉的事情；他有义务非常严格地遵守这个社会普遍同意为他的地位和财富所规定的那种道德，无论是自由的还是严厉的。
A man of low condition, on the contrary, is far from being a distinguished member of any great society.
相反，一个出身卑微的人，远不是任何伟大社会的杰出成员。
While he remains in a country village, his conduct may be attended to, and he may be obliged to attend to it himself.
当他留在乡村时，他的行为可能会受到注意，而且他可能有义务亲自注意。
In this situation, and in this situation only, he may have what is called a character to lose.
在这种情况下，也只有在这种情况下，他才可能失去所谓的品格。
But as soon as he comes into a great city, he is sunk in obscurity and darkness.
但一进入大城市，他就陷入了默默无闻和黑暗之中。
His conduct is observed and attended to by nobody; and he is, therefore, very likely to neglect it himself, and to abandon himself to every sort of low profligacy and vice.
他的行为没有人观察和关注；因此，他自己很可能会忽视这一点，而沉迷于各种低级的挥霍和恶行。
He never emerges so effectually from this obscurity, his conduct never excites so much the attention of any respectable society, as by his becoming the member of a small religious sect.
他从默默无闻中脱颖而出，他的行为从未像他成为一个小教派的成员那样引起任何受人尊敬的社会的关注。
He from that moment acquires a degree of consideration which he never had before.
从那一刻起，他获得了前所未有的程度的关注。
All his brother sectaries are, for the credit of the sect, interested to observe his conduct; and, if he gives occasion to any scandal, if he deviates very much from those austere morals which they almost always require of one another, to punish him by what is always a very severe punishment, even where no evil effects attend it, expulsion or excommunication from the sect.
为了教派的声誉，他的所有兄弟教派都有兴趣观察他的行为。如果他引起了任何丑闻，如果他严重偏离了他们几乎总是要求彼此的那些严格的道德，那么对他的惩罚总是非常严厉的，即使没有产生任何邪恶的影响，将他从教派中驱逐或逐出教会。
In little religious sects, accordingly, the morals of the common people have been almost always remarkably regular and orderly; generally much more so than in the established church.
因此，在小教派中，普通民众的道德几乎总是非常规范和有序。一般来说，这种情况比在已建立的教会中要多得多。
The morals of those little sects, indeed, have frequently been rather disagreeably rigorous and unsocial.
事实上，这些小教派的道德常常是相当严格和不合群的，令人不快。
There are two very easy and effectual remedies, however, by whose joint operation the state might, without violence, correct whatever was unsocial or disagreeably rigorous in the morals of all the little sects into which the country was divided.
然而，有两种非常简单而有效的补救措施，通过它们的共同运作，国家可以在不使用暴力的情况下纠正国家所分裂的所有小派别的不合社会性或道德严格性。
The first of those remedies is the study of science and philosophy, which the state might render almost universal among all people of middling or more than middling rank and fortune; not by giving salaries to teachers in order to make them negligent and idle, but by instituting some sort of probation, even in the higher and more difficult sciences, to be undergone by every person before he was permitted to exercise any liberal profession, or before he could be received as a candidate for any honourable office, of trust or profit.
第一个补救措施是学习科学和哲学，国家可以让所有中等或中等以上地位和财富的人几乎普及这些知识。不是通过给教师发薪水来使他们疏忽和懒惰，而是通过建立某种试用期，即使是在更高和更困难的科学中，每个人在被允许从事任何自由职业之前，或者在他被接纳为任何光荣职位的候选人之前，信任或利润。
If the state imposed upon this order of men the necessity of learning, it would have no occasion to give itself any trouble about providing them with proper teachers.
如果国家把学习的必要性强加给这个阶层的人，那么它就没有必要为他们提供合适的教师而费尽心机。
They would soon find better teachers for themselves, than any whom the state could provide for them.
他们很快就会为自己找到比国家为他们提供的任何老师更好的老师。
Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition; and where all the superior ranks of people were secured from it, the inferior ranks could not be much exposed to it.
科学是消除热情和迷信毒药的良药。当所有上层人士都受到保护时，下层人士就不会受到太多影响。
The second of those remedies is the frequency and gaiety of public diversions.
第二个补救措施是公共活动的频率和欢乐程度。
The state, by encouraging, that is, by giving entire liberty to all those who, from their own interest, would attempt, without scandal or indecency, to amuse and divert the people by painting, poetry, music, dancing; by all sorts of dramatic representations and exhibitions; would easily dissipate, in the greater part of them, that melancholy and gloomy humour which is almost always the nurse of popular superstition and enthusiasm.
国家通过鼓励，即给予所有那些出于自身利益而试图在没有丑闻或不雅的情况下通过绘画、诗歌、音乐、舞蹈来娱乐和娱乐人民的人完全的自由；通过各种戏剧表演和展览；在他们的大部分人中，这种忧郁和阴郁的幽默感很容易消散，而这种幽默感几乎总是大众迷信和热情的养料。
Public diversions have always been the objects of dread and hatred to all the fanatical promoters of those popular frenzies.
公共消遣一直是那些狂热的狂热推动者恐惧和仇恨的对象。
The gaiety and good humour which those diversions inspire, were altogether inconsistent with that temper of mind which was fittest for their purpose, or which they could best work upon.
这些消遣所激发的欢乐和幽默感，与最适合他们的目的或他们最能努力的心态完全不一致。
Dramatic representations, besides, frequently exposing their artifices to public ridicule, and sometimes even to public execration, were, upon that account, more than all other diversions, the objects of their peculiar abhorrence.
此外，戏剧表演常常使他们的诡计受到公众的嘲笑，有时甚至受到公众的咒骂，因此，比所有其他消遣活动更成为他们特别憎恶的对象。
In a country where the law favoured the teachers of no one religion more than those of another, it would not be necessary that any of them should have any particular or immediate dependency upon the sovereign or executive power; or that he should have anything to do either in appointing or in dismissing them from their offices.
在一个国家，法律对任何一种宗教的教师的支持都不超过另一种宗教的教师，因此他们中的任何一个人都没有必要对主权或行政权力有任何特定或直接的依赖；或者他应该有权任命或解雇他们。
In such a situation, he would have no occasion to give himself any concern about them, further than to keep the peace among them, in the same manner as among the rest of his subjects, that is, to hinder them from persecuting, abusing, or oppressing one another.
在这种情况下，他没有理由对他们有任何关心，除了维持他们之间的和平，就像对待他的其他臣民一样，即阻止他们互相迫害、虐待或压迫。
But it is quite otherwise in countries where there is an established or governing religion.
但在有既定宗教或统治宗教的国家，情况就完全不同了。
The sovereign can in this case never be secure, unless he has the means of influencing in a considerable degree the greater part of the teachers of that religion.
在这种情况下，君主永远不可能安全，除非他有办法在相当程度上影响该宗教的大部分教师。
The clergy of every established church constitute a great incorporation.
每个已建立的教会的神职人员都构成了一个伟大的团体。
They can act in concert, and pursue their interest upon one plan, and with one spirit as much as if they were under the direction of one man; and they are frequently, too, under such direction.
他们可以一致行动，按照同一个计划、同一种精神追求自己的利益，就像在一个人的指导下一样；他们也经常受到这样的指导。
Their interest as an incorporated body is never the same with that of the sovereign, and is sometimes directly opposite to it.
他们作为一个法人团体的利益与主权者的利益从来不同，有时甚至是直接相反的。
Their great interest is to maintain their authority with the people, and this authority depends upon the supposed certainty and importance of the whole doctrine which they inculcate, and upon the supposed necessity of adopting every part of it with the most implicit faith, in order to avoid eternal misery.
他们最大的兴趣是维护他们在人民中的权威，而这种权威取决于他们所灌输的整个教义的假定的确定性和重要性，以及以最明确的信仰接受它的每一部分的假定的必要性，以避免永恒的痛苦。
Should the sovereign have the imprudence to appear either to deride, or doubt himself of the most trifling part of their doctrine, or from humanity, attempt to protect those who did either the one or the other, the punctilious honour of a clergy, who have no sort of dependency upon him, is immediately provoked to proscribe him as a profane person, and to employ all the terrors of religion, in order to oblige the people to transfer their allegiance to some more orthodox and obedient prince.
如果君主轻率地表现出嘲笑或怀疑其教义中最微不足道的部分，或对人性的怀疑，试图保护那些做出上述任何一种或另一种行为的人，那么，与他没有任何依赖关系的神职人员的一丝不苟的荣誉感，就会立即被激怒，将他视为亵渎者，并利用宗教的所有恐怖手段，迫使人民将他们的忠诚转移到一些更正统和更正统的宗教上。听话的王子。
Should he oppose any of their pretensions or usurpations, the danger is equally great.
如果他反对他们的任何主张或篡夺，危险同样巨大。
The princes who have dared in this manner to rebel against the church, over and above this crime of rebellion, have generally been charged, too, with the additional crime of heresy, notwithstanding their solemn protestations of their faith, and humble submission to every tenet which she thought proper to prescribe to them.
敢于以这种方式反抗教会的王子们，除了叛乱罪之外，通常还被指控犯有异端罪，尽管他们庄严地声明了自己的信仰，并谦卑地服从了她认为适合向他们规定的每一条信条。
But the authority of religion is superior to every other authority.
但宗教的权威高于其他一切权威。
The fears which it suggests conquer all other fears.
它所暗示的恐惧战胜了所有其他恐惧。
When the authorized teachers of religion propagate through the great body of the people, doctrines subversive of the authority of the sovereign, it is by violence only, or by the force of a standing army, that he can maintain his authority.
当被授权的宗教导师通过广大人民传播颠覆君主权威的教义时，只有通过暴力，或者通过常备军的力量，他才能维持自己的权威。
Even a standing army cannot in this case give him any lasting security; because if the soldiers are not foreigners, which can seldom be the case, but drawn from the great body of the people, which must almost always be the case, they are likely to be soon corrupted by those very doctrines.
在这种情况下，即使是常备军也无法给他带来任何持久的安全。因为如果士兵不是外国人（这种情况很少发生），而是从广大人民群众中抽调出来（这种情况几乎总是如此），那么他们很可能很快就会被这些学说所腐蚀。
The revolutions which the turbulence of the Greek clergy was continually occasioning at Constantinople, as long as the eastern empire subsisted; the convulsions which, during the course of several centuries, the turbulence of the Roman clergy was continually occasioning in every part of Europe, sufficiently demonstrate how precarious and insecure must always be the situation of the sovereign, who has no proper means of influencing the clergy of the established and governing religion of his country.
只要东方帝国存在，希腊神职人员的骚乱就不断在君士坦丁堡引发革命。几个世纪以来，罗马神职人员的骚乱在欧洲各地不断引起的动荡，充分表明君主的处境总是多么不稳定和不安全，因为他没有适当的手段影响其国家既定和统治宗教的神职人员。
Articles of faith, as well as all other spiritual matters, it is evident enough, are not within the proper department of a temporal sovereign, who, though he may be very well qualified for protecting, is seldom supposed to be so for instructing the people.
很明显，信仰条款以及所有其他精神事务都不属于世俗君主的适当部门，尽管他可能非常有资格保护人民，但很少有人认为他有能力指导人民。
With regard to such matters, therefore, his authority can seldom be sufficient to counterbalance the united authority of the clergy of the established church.
因此，在这些问题上，他的权威很少足以抗衡国教神职人员的联合权威。
The public tranquillity, however, and his own security, may frequently depend upon the doctrines which they may think proper to propagate concerning such matters.
然而，公众的安宁和他自己的安全，可能常常取决于他们认为适当传播的有关此类问题的学说。
As he can seldom directly oppose their decision, therefore, with proper weight and authority, it is necessary that he should be able to influence it; and he can influence it only by the fears and expectations which he may excite in the greater part of the individuals of the order.
由于他很少能直接反对他们的决定，因此，凭借适当的分量和权威，他有必要能够影响他们的决定；他只能通过他可能激起的大部分骑士团成员的恐惧和期望来影响它。
Those fears and expectations may consist in the fear of deprivation or other punishment, and in the expectation of further preferment.
这些恐惧和期望可能包括对剥夺或其他惩罚的恐惧，以及对进一步晋升的期望。
In all Christian churches, the benefices of the clergy are a sort of freeholds, which they enjoy, not during pleasure, but during life or good behaviour.
在所有的基督教教堂中，神职人员的俸禄是一种永久业权，他们不是在享乐时，而是在生活或良好行为期间享有这种权利。
If they held them by a more precarious tenure, and were liable to be turned out upon every slight disobligation either of the sovereign or of his ministers, it would perhaps be impossible for them to maintain their authority with the people, who would then consider them as mercenary dependents upon the court, in the sincerity of whose instructions they could no longer have any confidence.
如果他们对他们的任期更加不稳定，并且可能因为君主或大臣的任何轻微失职而被驱逐，那么他们也许就不可能在人民中维持自己的权威，人民就会认为他们是宫廷的雇佣兵依赖者，他们对宫廷指示的诚意不再有任何信心。
But should the sovereign attempt irregularly, and by violence, to deprive any number of clergymen of their freeholds, on account, perhaps, of their having propagated, with more than ordinary zeal, some factious or seditious doctrine, he would only render, by such persecution, both them and their doctrine ten times more popular, and therefore ten times more troublesome and dangerous, than they had been before.
但是，如果君主试图不规则地、通过暴力，剥夺任何数量的神职人员的自由保有，也许是因为他们以超出平常的热情传播了一些派别或煽动性的教义，他只会通过这种迫害，使他们和他们的教义比以前更受欢迎十倍，因此也比以前更加麻烦和危险。
Fear is in almost all cases a wretched instrument of govermnent, and ought in particular never to be employed against any order of men who have the smallest pretensions to independency.
几乎在所有情况下，恐惧都是一种可怜的政府工具，尤其不应该用来对付任何有哪怕一丝独立主张的人。
To attempt to terrify them, serves only to irritate their bad humour, and to confirm them in an opposition, which more gentle usage, perhaps, might easily induce them either to soften, or to lay aside altogether.
试图恐吓他们，只会激怒他们的坏脾气，并强化他们的对立态度，而更温和的用法，也许很容易使他们软化，或完全放弃。
The violence which the French government usually employed in order to oblige all their parliaments, or sovereign courts of justice, to enregister any unpopular edict, very seldom succeeded.
法国政府通常使用暴力来迫使所有议会或主权法院登记任何不受欢迎的法令，但很少成功。
The means commonly employed, however, the imprisonment of all the refractory members, one would think, were forcible enough.
然而，人们认为，通常采用的手段，即监禁所有顽固分子，已经足够强制了。
The princes of the house of Stuart sometimes employed the like means in order to influence some of the members of the parliament of England, and they generally found them equally intractable.
斯图亚特王朝的王子有时会采用类似的手段来影响英格兰议会的一些议员，但他们普遍认为这些手段同样难以对付。
The parliament of England is now managed in another manner; and a very small experiment, which the duke of Choiseul made, about twelve years ago, upon the parliament of Paris, demonstrated sufficiently that all the parliaments of France might have been managed still more easily in the same manner.
英国议会现在以另一种方式管理；大约十二年前，舒瓦瑟尔公爵在巴黎议会上进行了一项非常小的实验，该实验充分证明，法国所有议会都可以用同样的方式更容易地管理。
That experiment was not pursued.
该实验没有继续进行。
For though management and persuasion are always the easiest and safest instruments of government as force and violence are the worst and the most dangerous; yet such, it seems, is the natural insolence of man, that he almost always disdains to use the good instrument, except when he cannot or dare not use the bad one.
因为尽管管理和说服始终是政府最简单和最安全的工具，而武力和暴力是最糟糕和最危险的；然而，人类的傲慢似乎就是如此，以至于他几乎总是不屑于使用好的工具，除非他不能或不敢使用坏的工具。
The French government could and durst use force, and therefore disdained to use management and persuasion.
法国政府可以而且敢于使用武力，因此不屑于使用管理和说服。
But there is no order of men, it appears I believe, from the experience of all ages, upon whom it is so dangerous or rather so perfectly ruinous, to employ force and violence, as upon the respected clergy of an established church.
但我相信，从各个时代的经验来看，没有哪个人类秩序比对一个既定教会中受人尊敬的神职人员使用武力和暴力对他们来说是那么危险，或者说是完全毁灭性的。
The rights, the privileges, the personal liberty of every individual ecclesiastic, who is upon good terms with his own order, are, even in the most despotic governments, more respected than those of any other person of nearly equal rank and fortune.
即使在最专制的政府中，每个与自己的教派保持良好关系的神职人员的权利、特权和个人自由也比任何其他地位和财富几乎相同的人更受尊重。
It is so in every gradation of despotism, from that of the gentle and mild government of Paris, to that of the violent and furious government of Constantinople.
从温和温和的巴黎政府到君士坦丁堡的暴力狂暴政府，每一个等级的专制制度都是如此。
But though this order of men can scarce ever be forced, they may be managed as easily as any other; and the security of the sovereign, as well as the public tranquillity, seems to depend very much upon the means which he has of managing them; and those means seem to consist altogether in the preferment which he has to bestow upon them.
尽管这种人的秩序很难被强迫，但他们可以像其他任何秩序一样容易管理。君主的安全以及公众的安宁似乎在很大程度上取决于他所拥有的管理手段。这些手段似乎完全在于他必须给予他们的晋升。
In the ancient constitution of the Christian church, the bishop of each diocese was elected by the joint votes of the clergy and of the people of the episcopal city.
在古代基督教会章程中，每个教区的主教是由神职人员和主教城市的人民共同投票选出的。
The people did not long retain their right of election; and while they did retain it, they almost always acted under the influence of the clergy, who, in such spiritual matters, appeared to be their natural guides.
人民并没有长期保留选举权；虽然他们确实保留了这一点，但他们几乎总是在神职人员的影响下行事，在这些精神问题上，神职人员似乎是他们天然的向导。
The clergy, however, soon grew weary of the trouble of managing them, and found it easier to elect their own bishops themselves.
然而，神职人员很快就厌倦了管理他们的麻烦，并发现自己选举自己的主教更容易。
The abbot, in the same manner, was elected by the monks of the monastery, at least in the greater part of abbacies.
修道院院长以同样的方式由修道院的僧侣选举产生，至少在大部分修道院中是这样。
All the inferior ecclesiastical benefices comprehended within the diocese were collated by the bishop, who bestowed them upon such ecclesiastics as he thought proper.
教区范围内的所有下级教会圣职均由主教整理，并授予他认为合适的神职人员。
All church preferments were in this manner in the disposal of the church.
所有教会的晋升都是以这种方式由教会处置。
The sovereign, though he might have some indirect influence in those elections, and though it was sometimes usual to ask both his consent to elect, and his approbation of the election, yet had no direct or sufficient means of managing the clergy.
君主虽然可能对这些选举有一些间接影响，而且有时通常会征求他对选举的同意和对选举的批准，但他没有直接或充分的手段来管理神职人员。
The ambition of every clergyman naturally led him to pay court, not so much to his sovereign as to his own order, from which only he could expect preferment.
每个牧师的野心自然会导致他向自己的君主致敬，而不是向他的君主致敬，只有他才能期望从中获得晋升。
Through the greater part of Europe, the pope gradually drew to himself, first the collation of almost all bishoprics and abbacies, or of what were called consistorial benefices, and afterwards, by various machinations and pretences, of the greater part of inferior benefices comprehended within each diocese, little more being left to the bishop than what was barely necessary to give him a decent authority with his own clergy.
在欧洲的大部分地区，教皇逐渐吸引了自己，首先是对几乎所有的主教职位和修道院，或者所谓的主教圣职进行了整理，然后，通过各种阴谋和借口，对每个教区内的大部分较低的圣职进行了整理，留给主教的只是为他自己的神职人员提供了一个体面的权威所必需的。
By this arrangement the condition of the sovereign was still worse than it had been before.
按照这种安排，君主的处境比以前更加糟糕。
The clergy of all the different countries of Europe were thus formed into a sort of spiritual army, dispersed in different quarters indeed, but of which all the movements and operations could now be directed by one head, and conducted upon one uniform plan.
欧洲各国的神职人员就这样组成了一支精神军队，实际上分散在不同的地区，但现在这支军队的所有行动和行动都可以由一个首脑指挥，并按照一个统一的计划进行。
The clergy of each particular country might be considered as a particular detachment of that army, of which the operations could easily be supported and seconded by all the other detachments quartered in the different countries round about.
每个特定国家的神职人员可以被视为该军队的一个特定分遣队，其行动可以很容易地得到驻扎在周围不同国家的所有其他分遣队的支持和借调。
Each detachment was not only independent of the sovereign of the country in which it was quartered, and by which it was maintained, but dependent upon a foreign sovereign, who could at any time turn its arms against the sovereign of that particular country, and support them by the arms of all the other detachments.
每个分遣队不仅独立于其驻扎地和维持支队的国家的主权，而且依赖于外国主权，该外国主权可以随时将其武器转向该特定国家的主权，并通过所有其他分遣队的武器来支持他们。
Those arms were the most formidable that can well be imagined.
那双手臂，是可想而知的最强大的。
In the ancient state of Europe, before the establishment of arts and manufactures, the wealth of the clergy gave them the same sort of influence over the common people which that of the great barons gave them over their respective vassals, tenants, and retainers.
在古代欧洲国家，在艺术和手工业建立之前，神职人员的财富赋予他们对普通民众的影响力，就像大贵族对他们各自的封臣、佃农和家臣的影响力一样。
In the great landed estates, which the mistaken piety both of princes and private persons had bestowed upon the church, jurisdictions were established, of the same kind with those of the great barons, and for the same reason.
在大地产中，由于王子和私人的错误虔诚而赋予教会，建立了与大贵族相同的司法管辖权，并且出于同样的原因。
In those great landed estates, the clergy, or their bailiffs, could easily keep the peace, without the support or assistance either of the king or of any other person; and neither the king nor any other person could keep the peace there without the support and assistance of the clergy.
在那些大地产中，神职人员或他们的执达员可以轻松维持和平，无需国王或任何其他人的支持或协助。如果没有神职人员的支持和帮助，国王或任何其他人都无法维持那里的和平。
The jurisdictions of the clergy, therefore, in their particular baronies or manors, were equally independent, and equally exclusive of the authority of the king’s courts, as those of the great temporal lords.
因此，神职人员的管辖权在其特定的男爵领地或庄园中，与世俗领主的管辖权一样独立，同样不受国王法庭的管辖。
The tenants of the clergy were, like those of the great barons, almost all tenants at will, entirely dependent upon their immediate lords, and, therefore, liable to be called out at pleasure, in order to fight in any quarrel in which the clergy might think proper to engage them.
神职人员的佃农，就像大贵族的佃农一样，几乎都是随意的佃农，完全依赖于他们的直系领主，因此，很容易被随意召唤，以便在神职人员认为适当的任何争吵中进行战斗。
Over and above the rents of those estates, the clergy possessed in the tithes a very large portion of the rents of all the other estates in every kingdom of Europe.
除了这些庄园的租金之外，神职人员在什一税中拥有欧洲每个王国所有其他庄园租金的很大一部分。
The revenues arising from both those species of rents were, the greater part of them, paid in kind, in corn, wine, cattle, poultry, etc. The quantity exceeded greatly what the clergy could themselves consume; and there were neither arts nor manufactures, for the produce of which they could exchange the surplus.
这两种租金所产生的收入，大部分都是以实物形式支付的，如玉米、葡萄酒、牛、家禽等。其数量大大超过了神职人员自己的消费量。既没有艺术，也没有制造业，他们可以用其剩余产品来交换。
The clergy could derive advantage from this immense surplus in no other way than by employing it, as the great barons employed the like surplus of their revenues, in the most profuse hospitality, and in the most extensive charity.
教士们要想从这笔巨额盈余中获取利益，除了使用它之外，别无他法，就像大贵族们将其收入的类似盈余用于最慷慨的款待和最广泛的慈善事业一样。
Both the hospitality and the charity of the ancient clergy, accordingly, are said to have been very great.
因此，据说古代神职人员的热情好客和慈善事业都是非常伟大的。
They not only maintained almost the whole poor of every kingdom, but many knights and gentlemen had frequently no other means of subsistence than by travelling about from monastery to monastery, under pretence of devotion, but in reality to enjoy the hospitality of the clergy.
他们不仅养活了每个王国的几乎所有穷人，而且许多骑士和绅士往往没有其他谋生手段，只能假装虔诚地从一个修道院旅行到另一个修道院，但实际上却享受神职人员的热情款待。
The retainers of some particular prelates were often as numerous as those of the greatest lay-lords; and the retainers of all the clergy taken together were, perhaps, more numerous than those of all the lay-lords.
某些特定高级教士的随从数量往往与最伟大的世俗领主的数量一样多。所有神职人员的随从总数也许比所有世俗领主的数量还要多。
There was always much more union among the clergy than among the lay-lords.
神职人员之间的团结总是比世俗领主之间的团结要多得多。
The former were under a regular discipline and subordination to the papal authority.
前者受到定期纪律约束并服从教皇权威。
The latter were under no regular discipline or subordination, but almost always equally jealous of one another, and of the king.
后者不受正规纪律或服从，但几乎总是互相嫉妒，也同样嫉妒国王。
Though the tenants and retainers of the clergy, therefore, had both together been less numerous than those of the great lay-lords, and their tenants were probably much less numerous, yet their union would have rendered them more formidable.
因此，尽管神职人员的佃农和扈从人数加起来都比那些伟大的世俗领主少，而且他们的佃农人数可能也少得多，但他们的联合将使他们更加强大。
The hospitality and charity of the clergy, too, not only gave them the command of a great temporal force, but increased very much the weight of their spiritual weapons.
神职人员的热情好客和慈善事业不仅使他们掌握了强大的世俗力量，而且大大增加了他们的精神武器的重量。
Those virtues procured them the highest respect and veneration among all the inferior ranks of people, of whom many were constantly, and almost all occasionally, fed by them.
这些美德使他们在所有下层人民中获得了最高的尊重和崇敬，其中许多人经常（而且几乎都是偶尔）受到这些美德的喂养。
Everything belonging or related to so popular an order, its possessions, its privileges, its doctrines, necessarily appeared sacred in the eyes of the common people; and every violation of them, whether real or pretended, the highest act of sacrilegious wickedness and profaneness.
属于或与如此受欢迎的一个秩序相关的一切，它的财产、它的特权、它的教义，在普通民众的眼中必然显得神圣。每一次违反这些规定的行为，无论是真实的还是假装的，都是最高程度的亵渎和亵渎行为。
In this state of things, if the sovereign frequently found it difficult to resist the confederacy of a few of the great nobility, we cannot wonder that he should find it still more so to resist the united force of the clergy of his own dominions, supported by that of the clergy of all the neighbouring dominions.
在这种情况下，如果君主经常发现难以抵抗少数几个大贵族的联盟，那么我们毫不奇怪，他会发现抵抗自己领地的神职人员的联合力量，并得到所有邻近领地的神职人员的支持，会更加困难。
In such circumstances, the wonder is, not that he was sometimes obliged to yield, but that he ever was able to resist.
在这种情况下，令人惊奇的不是他有时不得不屈服，而是他曾经能够反抗。
The privileges of the clergy in those ancient times (which to us, who live in the present times, appear the most absurd), their total exemption from the secular jurisdiction, for example, or what in England was called the benefit of clergy, were the natural, or rather the necessary, consequences of this state of things.
古代神职人员的特权（对于生活在当今时代的我们来说，这是最荒谬的），例如，他们完全不受世俗管辖，或者在英国所谓的神职人员的利益，是这种情况的自然后果，或者更确切地说是必然后果。
How dangerous must it have been for the sovereign to attempt to punish a clergyman for any crime whatever, if his order were disposed to protect him, and to represent either the proof as insufficient for convicting so holy a man, or the punishment as too severe to be inflicted upon one whose person had been rendered sacred by religion?
如果君主的命令是为了保护神职人员，并认为证据不足以对如此神圣的人定罪，或者对一个被宗教视为神圣的人施加的惩罚过于严厉，那么试图以任何罪行惩罚他，对君主来说会有多危险？
The sovereign could, in such circumstances, do no better than leave him to be tried by the ecclesiastical courts, who, for the honour of their own order, were interested to restrain, as much as possible, every member of it from committing enormous crimes, or even from giving occasion to such gross scandal as might disgust the minds of the people.
在这种情况下，君主最好的办法就是让他接受教会法庭的审判，而教会为了维护自身秩序的荣誉，希望尽可能地限制教会的每一个成员犯下巨大的罪行，甚至避免制造可能令人厌恶的严重丑闻。
In the state in which things were, through the greater part of Europe, during the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, and for some time both before and after that period, the constitution of the church of Rome may be considered as the most formidable combination that ever was formed against the authority and security of civil government, as well as against the liberty, reason, and happiness of mankind, which can flourish only where civil government is able to protect them.
在整个欧洲大部分地区，在第十、十一、十二和十三世纪期间，以及该时期之前和之后的一段时间内，罗马教会的宪法可以被认为是有史以来反对公民政府的权威和安全，以及反对人类的自由、理性和幸福的最强大的联合体，而人类的自由、理性和幸福只有在公民政府能够保护它们的情况下才能蓬勃发展。
In that constitution, the grossest delusions of superstition were supported in such a manner by the private interests of so great a number of people, as put them out of all danger from any assault of human reason; because, though human reason might, perhaps, have been able to unveil, even to the eyes of the common people, some of the delusions of superstition, it could never have dissolved the ties of private interest.
在这部宪法中，最严重的迷信妄想得到了如此多的人的私人利益的支持，使他们免受人类理性的任何攻击的所有危险。因为，尽管人类理性也许能够在普通民众看来揭露一些迷信的错觉，但它永远无法消除私人利益的联系。
Had this constitution been attacked by no other enemies but the feeble efforts of human reason, it must have endured for ever.
如果这部宪法没有受到其他敌人的攻击，而只是人类理性的微弱努力，那么它一定会永远存在。
But that immense and well-built fabric, which all the wisdom and virtue of man could never have shaken, much less have overturned, was, by the natural course of things, first weakened, and afterwards in part destroyed; and is now likely, in the course of a few centuries more, perhaps, to crumble into ruins altogether.
但是，人类所有的智慧和美德都无法动摇这一巨大而坚固的结构，更不用说推翻它了，但由于事物的自然进程，它首先被削弱，然后部分被摧毁；现在，也许再过几个世纪，就会彻底化为废墟。
The gradual improvements of arts, manufactures, and commerce, the same causes which destroyed the power of the great barons, destroyed, in the same manner, through the greater part of Europe, the whole temporal power of the clergy.
艺术、制造业和商业的逐渐进步，正是摧毁大贵族权力的原因，同样，在欧洲大部分地区，也摧毁了神职人员的整个世俗权力。
In the produce of arts, manufactures, and commerce, the clergy, like the great barons, found something for which they could exchange their rude produce, and thereby discovered the means of spending their whole revenues upon their own persons, without giving any considerable share of them to other people.
在艺术、制造业和商业的产品中，神职人员像大贵族一样，找到了可以用他们的粗产品交换的东西，从而找到了将全部收入花在自己身上的方法，而不把任何相当大的一部分分给别人。
Their charity became gradually less extensive, their hospitality less liberal, or less profuse.
他们的慈善事业逐渐变得不那么广泛，他们的热情好客也变得越来越不慷慨或不那么慷慨。
Their retainers became consequently less numerous, and, by degrees, dwindled away altogether.
因此，他们的家臣数量越来越少，并且逐渐减少。
The clergy, too, like the great barons, wished to get a better rent from their landed estates, in order to spend it, in the same manner, upon the gratification of their own private vanity and folly.
神职人员也像大贵族一样，希望从他们的地产中获得更好的租金，以便以同样的方式将其花在满足他们自己的个人虚荣和愚蠢上。
But this increase of rent could be got only by granting leases to their tenants, who thereby became, in a great measure, independent of them.
但租金的增加只能通过向租户授予租约来实现，从而在很大程度上使租户独立于他们。
The ties of interest, which bound the inferior ranks of people to the clergy, were in this manner gradually broken and dissolved.
下层人民与教士之间的利益纽带就这样逐渐断裂和瓦解。
They were even broken and dissolved sooner than those which bound the same ranks of people to the great barons; because the benefices of the church being, the greater part of them, much smaller than the estates of the great barons, the possessor of each benefice was much sooner able to spend the whole of its revenue upon his own person.
它们甚至比那些将同一阶级的人民与大贵族联系在一起的制度更早被打破和瓦解。因为教会的封地，其中大部分，比大贵族的庄园小得多，所以每个封地的拥有者能够更快地将其全部收入花在自己身上。
During the greater part of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the power of the great barons was, through the greater part of Europe, in full vigour.
在十四世纪和十五世纪的大部分时间里，大贵族的权力在欧洲大部分地区都十分活跃。
But the temporal power of the clergy, the absolute command which they had once had over the great body of the people was very much decayed.
但是，神职人员的世俗权力，即他们曾经对广大人民拥有的绝对指挥权，已经大大削弱了。
The power of the church was, by that time, very nearly reduced, through the greater part of Europe, to what arose from their spiritual authority; and even that spiritual authority was much weakened, when it ceased to be supported by the charity and hospitality of the clergy.
到那时，在欧洲大部分地区，教会的权力几乎被削弱到了他们的精神权威。当神职人员的慈善和热情不再支持时，甚至这种精神权威也被大大削弱了。
The inferior ranks of people no longer looked upon that order as they had done before; as the comforters of their distress, and the relievers of their indigence.
下层人民不再像以前那样看待这个秩序。作为他们痛苦的安慰者，以及他们贫困的救济者。
On the contrary, they were provoked and disgusted by the vanity, luxury, and expense of the richer clergy, who appeared to spend upon their own pleasures what had always before been regarded as the patrimony of the poor.
相反，他们对富有的神职人员的虚荣、奢侈和开支感到愤怒和厌恶，这些神职人员似乎把以前一直被视为穷人遗产的东西花在了自己的享乐上。
In this situation of things, the sovereigns in the different states of Europe endeavoured to recover the influence which they had once had in the disposal of the great benefices of the church; by procuring to the deans and chapters of each diocese the restoration of their ancient right of electing the bishop; and to the monks of each abbacy that of electing the abbot.
在这种情况下，欧洲各国的君主都在努力恢复他们在教会巨额善款的处置方面曾经拥有的影响力。促使各教区的院长和分会恢复其古老的选举主教的权利；以及每个修道院的僧侣选举修道院院长的事宜。
The re-establishing this ancient order was the object of several statutes enacted in England during the course of the fourteenth century, particularly of what is called the statute of provisors; and of the pragmatic sanction, established in France in the fifteenth century.
重建这一古老的秩序是英国在十四世纪颁布的几项法规的目标，特别是所谓的监察员法规。以及十五世纪法国建立的务实制裁。
In order to render the election valid, it was necessary that the sovereign should both consent to it before hand, and afterwards approve of the person elected; and though the election was still supposed to be free, he had, however all the indirect means which his situation necessarily afforded him, of influencing the clergy in his own dominions.
为了使选举有效，必须事先得到主权者的同意，并在事后批准当选者；尽管选举仍被认为是自由的，但他的处境必然为他提供了各种间接手段来影响他自己领土上的神职人员。
Other regulations, of a similar tendency, were established in other parts of Europe.
欧洲其他地区也制定了具有类似趋势的其他法规。
But the power of the pope, in the collation of the great benefices of the church, seems, before the reformation, to have been nowhere so effectually and so universally restrained as in France and England.
但是，在宗教改革之前，教皇的权力在教会的重大圣职中的权力似乎没有像法国和英国那样受到如此有效和普遍的限制。
The concordat afterwards, in the sixteenth century, gave to the kings of France the absolute right of presenting to all the great, or what are called the consistorial, benefices of the Gallican church.
后来在十六世纪签订的协约赋予法国国王向所有伟大的高卢教会或所谓的教会主教授予圣职的绝对权利。
Since the establishment of the pragmatic sanction and of the concordat, the clergy of France have in general shewn less respect to the decrees of the papal court, than the clergy of any other catholic country.
自从实用制裁和协约建立以来，法国神职人员总体上比任何其他天主教国家的神职人员都不太尊重教皇法庭的法令。
In all the disputes which their sovereign has had with the pope, they have almost constantly taken part with the former.
在他们的君主与教皇发生的所有争端中，他们几乎总是站在前者一边。
This independency of the clergy of France upon the court of Rome seems to be principally founded upon the pragmatic sanction and the concordat.
法国神职人员对罗马宫廷的这种独立性似乎主要建立在务实的制裁和协约的基础上。
In the earlier periods of the monarchy, the clergy of France appear to have been as much devoted to the pope as those of any other country.
在君主制的早期，法国的神职人员似乎和其他国家的神职人员一样对教皇忠诚。
When Robert, the second prince of the Capetian race, was most unjustly excommunicated by the court of Rome, his own servants, it is said, threw the victuals which came from his table to the dogs, and refused to taste any thing themselves which had been polluted by the contact of a person in his situation.
据说，当卡佩家族的第二王子罗伯特被罗马宫廷最不公正地逐出教会时，据说他自己的仆人将他餐桌上的食物扔给了狗，并且拒绝品尝任何因与他处境相同的人接触而被污染的东西。
They were taught to do so, it may very safely be presumed, by the clergy of his own dominions.
可以非常有把握地推测，他们是由他自己领地的神职人员教导他们这样做的。
The claim of collating to the great benefices of the church, a claim in defence of which the court of Rome had frequently shaken, and sometimes overturned, the thrones of some of the greatest sovereigns in Christendom, was in this manner either restrained or modified, or given up altogether, in many different parts of Europe, even before the time of the reformation.
罗马宫廷经常动摇、有时甚至推翻基督教世界一些最伟大君主的王位，以这种方式，在欧洲许多不同地区，甚至在宗教改革之前，就以这种方式限制或修改或完全放弃了核对教会伟大圣善的主张。
As the clergy had now less influence over the people, so the state had more influence over the clergy.
由于神职人员现在对人民的影响力较小，因此国家对神职人员的影响力较大。
The clergy, therefore, had both less power, and less inclination, to disturb the state.
因此，神职人员扰乱国家的权力和倾向都较小。
The authority of the church of Rome was in this state of declension, when the disputes which gave birth to the reformation began in Germany, and soon spread themselves through every part of Europe.
当引发宗教改革的争论在德国开始并很快蔓延到欧洲各地时，罗马教会的权威正处于这种衰落的状态。
The new doctrines were everywhere received with a high degree of popular favour.
新学说在各地都受到了民众的高度欢迎。
They were propagated with all that enthusiastic zeal which commonly animates the spirit of party, when it attacks established authority.
当党派攻击既定权威时，他们以极大的热情进行传播，这种热情通常会激发党派的精神。
The teachers of those doctrines, though perhaps, in other respects, not more learned than many of the divines who defended the established church, seem in general to have been better acquainted with ecclesiastical history, and with the origin and progress of that system of opinions upon which the authority of the church was established; and they had thereby the advantage in almost every dispute.
这些教义的教师，虽然在其他方面也许并不比许多捍卫国教的神职人员更有学问，但总的来说，他们似乎更熟悉教会的历史，以及教会权威赖以建立的观点体系的起源和进展。因此，他们几乎在所有争端中都占据优势。
The austerity of their manners gave them authority with the common people, who contrasted the strict regularity of their conduct with the disorderly lives of the greater part of their own clergy.
他们的举止简朴，使他们在普通民众中享有权威，民众将他们严格的行为举止与大部分神职人员的无序生活形成鲜明对比。
They possessed, too, in a much higher degree than their adversaries, all the arts of popularity and of gaining proselytes; arts which the lofty and dignified sons of the church had long neglected, as being to them in a great measure useless.
他们还拥有比他们的对手高得多的所有受欢迎和吸引皈依者的艺术。那些崇高而有尊严的教会之子们长期以来一直忽视这些艺术，因为它们对他们来说在很大程度上毫无用处。
The reason of the new doctrines recommended them to some, their novelty to many; the hatred and contempt of the established clergy to a still greater number: but the zealous, passionate, and fanatical, though frequently coarse and rustic eloquence, with which they were almost everywhere inculcated, recommended them to by far the greatest number.
新教义的原因是一些人推荐它们，许多人觉得新奇。尽管他们的口才常常粗俗而质朴，但他们几乎到处都在灌输他们的口才，但热情、热情和狂热的人却向最多的人推荐了他们。
The success of the new doctrines was almost everywhere so great, that the princes, who at that time happened to be on bad terms with the court of Rome, were, by means of them, easily enabled, in their own dominions, to overturn the church, which having lost the respect and veneration of the inferior ranks of people, could make scarce any resistance.
新教义几乎在所有地方都取得了巨大的成功，以至于当时与罗马宫廷关系不睦的诸侯们，可以利用这些教义轻易地在自己的领土上推翻教会，而教会已经失去了下层人民的尊重和崇拜，几乎无法做出任何抵抗。
The court of Rome had disobliged some of the smaller princes in the northern parts of Germany, whom it had probably considered as too insignificant to be worth the managing.
罗马宫廷拒绝了德国北部地区的一些小王子的要求，因为罗马宫廷可能认为这些小王子太微不足道，不值得管理。
They universally, therefore, established the reformation in their own dominions.
因此，他们普遍在自己的领土上进行了宗教改革。
The tyranny of Christiern II., and of Troll archbishop of Upsal, enabled Gustavus Vasa to expel them both from Sweden.
克里斯蒂恩二世和乌普萨尔巨魔大主教的暴政使得古斯塔夫·瓦萨将他们两人驱逐出瑞典。
The pope favoured the tyrant and the archbishop, and Gustavus Vasa found no difficulty in establishing the reformation in Sweden.
教皇偏爱暴君和大主教，古斯塔夫·瓦萨在瑞典推行宗教改革并不困难。
Christiern II.
克里斯汀二世.
was afterwards deposed from the throne of Denmark, where his conduct had rendered him as odious as in Sweden.
后来他被丹麦王位废黜，他的行为使他在丹麦像在瑞典一样令人憎恶。
The pope, however, was still disposed to favour him; and Frederic of Holstein, who had mounted the throne in his stead, revenged himself, by following the example of Gustavus Vasa.
然而，教皇仍然倾向于支持他。取代他登上王位的荷尔斯泰因的腓特烈也效仿古斯塔夫·瓦萨为自己报仇。
The magistrates of Berne and Zurich, who had no particular quarrel with the pope, established with great ease the reformation in their respective cantons, where just before some of the clergy had, by an imposture somewhat grosser than ordinary, rendered the whole order both odious and contemptible.
伯尔尼和苏黎世的地方法官与教皇并没有什么特别的争执，他们轻而易举地在各自的州推行了宗教改革，而就在之前，一些神职人员通过一种比平常更粗暴的欺骗手段，使整个秩序变得既可憎又可鄙。
In this critical situation of its affairs the papal court was at sufficient pains to cultivate the friendship of the powerful sovereigns of France and Spain, of whom the latter was at that time emperor of Germany.
在其事务的这种危急情况下，教皇法庭不遗余力地培养法国和西班牙强大君主的友谊，后者是当时的德国皇帝。
With their assistance, it was enabled, though not without great difficulty, and much bloodshed, either to suppress altogether, or to obstruct very much, the progress of the reformation in their dominions.
在他们的协助下，尽管并非没有很大的困难和大量的流血，但还是能够完全镇压或极大地阻碍他们领土上的改革进程。
It was well enough inclined, too, to be complaisant to the king of England.
它也很愿意向英国国王表示恭维。
But from the circumstances of the times, it could not be so without giving offence to a still greater sovereign, Charles V., king of Spain and emperor of Germany.
但从当时的情况来看，这样做不可能不冒犯更伟大的君主——西班牙国王和德国皇帝查理五世。
Henry VIII., accordingly, though he did not embrace himself the greater part of the doctrines of the reformation, was yet enabled, by their general prevalence, to suppress all the monasteries, and to abolish the authority of the church of Rome in his dominions.
因此，亨利八世虽然没有接受宗教改革教义的大部分，但由于宗教改革教义的普遍盛行，他仍然能够镇压所有修道院，并废除罗马教会在他的领土上的权威。
That he should go so far, though he went no further, gave some satisfaction to the patrons of the reformation, who, having got possession of the government in the reign of his son and successor completed, without any difficulty, the work which Henry VIII.
尽管他没有走得更远，但他竟然走得这么远，这让宗教改革的赞助者们感到满意，他们在他的儿子和继任者的统治下掌握了政府，毫无困难地完成了亨利八世的工作。
had begun.
已经开始了。
In some countries, as in Scotland, where the government was weak, unpopular, and not very firmly established, the reformation was strong enough to overturn, not only the church, but the state likewise, for attempting to support the church.
在一些国家，如苏格兰，政府软弱、不受欢迎、地位不稳固，宗教改革的力量足以推翻教会，甚至推翻试图支持教会的国家。
Among the followers of the reformation, dispersed in all the different countries of Europe, there was no general tribunal, which, like that of the court of Rome, or an oecumenical council, could settle all disputes among them, and, with irresistible authority, prescribe to all of them the precise limits of orthodoxy.
在分散在欧洲各国的宗教改革追随者中，没有一个像罗马法庭或普世议会那样的普通法庭，可以解决他们之间的所有争端，并以不可抗拒的权威，为他们所有人规定正统教义的精确界限。
When the followers of the reformation in one country, therefore, happened to differ from their brethren in another, as they had no common judge to appeal to, the dispute could never be decided; and many such disputes arose among them.
因此，当一个国家的宗教改革追随者碰巧与另一个国家的教友意见不同时，因为他们没有共同的法官可以上诉，那么争端永远无法得到解决；他们之间发生了很多这样的争论。
Those concerning the government of the church, and the right of conferring ecclesiastical benefices, were perhaps the most interesting to the peace and welfare of civil society.
那些涉及教会治理和授予教会圣职的权利的问题也许对公民社会的和平与福祉最有意义。
They gave birth, accordingly, to the two principal parties or sects among the followers of the reformation, the Lutheran and Calvinistic sects, the only sects among them, of which the doctrine and discipline have ever yet been established by law in any part of Europe.
因此，他们在宗教改革的追随者中诞生了两个主要党派或教派，即路德教派和加尔文教派，这是其中唯一的教义和纪律在欧洲任何地方都尚未通过法律确立的教派。
The followers of Luther, together with what is called the church of England, preserved more or less of the episcopal government, established subordination among the clergy, gave the sovereign the disposal of all the bishoprics, and other consistorial benefices within his dominions, and thereby rendered him the real head of the church; and without depriving the bishop of the right of collating to the smaller benefices within his diocese, they, even to those benefices, not only admitted, but favoured the right of presentation, both in the sovereign and in all other lay patrons.
路德的追随者与所谓的英国教会一起，或多或少地保留了主教政府，在神职人员之间建立了从属地位，赋予君主在其管辖范围内处置所有主教职位和其他教会圣职的权力，从而使他成为教会的真正领袖。在不剥夺主教在其教区内核对较小圣职的权利的情况下，他们，甚至对这些圣职，不仅承认，而且赞成在君主和所有其他世俗赞助人中的介绍权。
This system of church government was, from the beginning, favourable to peace and good order, and to submission to the civil sovereign.
这种教会政府制度从一开始就有利于和平与良好秩序，并有利于服从公民主权。
It has never, accordingly, been the occasion of any tumult or civil commotion in any country in which it has once been established.
因此，在它成立的任何国家中，从来没有发生过任何动乱或内乱。
The church of England, in particular, has always valued herself, with great reason, upon the unexceptionable loyalty of her principles.
尤其是英国教会，一直有充分理由以对原则的无懈可击的忠诚来评价自己。
Under such a government, the clergy naturally endeavour to recommend themselves to the sovereign, to the court, and to the nobility and gentry of the country, by whose influence they chiefly expect to obtain preferment.
在这样的政府下，神职人员自然会努力向君主、朝廷、贵族和士绅推荐自己，他们主要希望通过他们的影响力获得晋升。
They pay court to those patrons, sometimes, no doubt, by the vilest flattery and assentation; but frequently, too, by cultivating all those arts which best deserve, and which are therefore most likely to gain them, the esteem of people of rank and fortune; by their knowledge in all the different branches of useful and ornamental learning, by the decent liberality of their manners, by the social good humour of their conversation, and by their avowed contempt of those absurd and hypocritical austerities which fanatics inculcate and pretend to practise, in order to draw upon themselves the veneration, and upon the greater part of men of rank and fortune, who avow that they do not practise them, the abhorrence of the common people.
毫无疑问，他们有时会通过最卑鄙的奉承和赞同来向这些顾客示好。但也常常是通过培养所有最值得并因此最有可能赢得有地位和财富的人的尊重的艺术；他们在有用和装饰性的学问的各个不同领域都有知识，他们的举止得体自由，他们的谈话具有社交幽默感，他们公开蔑视狂热分子灌输和假装实行的那些荒唐和虚伪的苦行，这些苦行是为了博取他们对自己的尊敬，而大多数有地位和财富的人却承认自己不实行这些苦行，这引起了普通民众的憎恶。
Such a clergy, however, while they pay their court in this manner to the higher ranks of life, are very apt to neglect altogether the means of maintaining their influence and authority with the lower.
然而，这样的神职人员在以这种方式向上层人士求爱的同时，却很容易完全忽视维持他们对下层人士的影响和权威的手段。
They are listened to, esteemed, and respected by their superiors; but before their inferiors they are frequently incapable of defending, effectually, and to the conviction of such hearers, their own sober and moderate doctrines, against the most ignorant enthusiast who chooses to attack them.
他们受到上级的倾听、尊敬和尊重；但在他们的下级面前，他们往往无法有效地、让听众相信他们自己的清醒而温和的学说，以对抗那些选择攻击他们的最无知的狂热分子。
The followers of Zuinglius, or more properly those of Calvin, on the contrary, bestowed upon the people of each parish, whenever the church became vacant, the right of electing their own pastor; and established, at the same time, the most perfect equality among the clergy.
相反，祖因留斯（Zuinglius）的追随者，或者更准确地说是加尔文的追随者，每当教堂出现空缺时，就赋予每个教区的人民选举自己牧师的权利。同时，在神职人员之间建立了最完美的平等。
The former part of this institution, as long as it remained in vigour, seems to have been productive of nothing but disorder and confusion, and to have tended equally to corrupt the morals both of the clergy and of the people.
这个机构的前半部分，只要它仍然充满活力，似乎只会造成混乱和混乱，并且同样会腐蚀神职人员和人民的道德。
The latter part seems never to have had any effects but what were perfectly agreeable.
后一部分似乎从来没有产生任何效果，但完全令人愉快。
As long as the people of each parish preserved the right of electing their own pastors, they acted almost always under the influence of the clergy, and generally of the most factious and fanatical of the order.
只要每个教区的人民保留选举自己牧师的权利，他们的行为几乎总是受到神职人员的影响，而且通常是该教团中最有派系和最狂热的神职人员的影响。
The clergy, in order to preserve their influence in those popular elections, became, or affected to become, many of them, fanatics themselves, encouraged fanaticism among the people, and gave the preference almost always to the most fanatical candidate.
神职人员为了保持他们在民众选举中的影响力，他们中的许多人自己成为狂热分子，或者被影响成为狂热分子，鼓励人民的狂热，并且几乎总是优先考虑最狂热的候选人。
So small a matter as the appointment of a parish priest, occasioned almost always a violent contest, not only in one parish, but in all the neighbouring parishes who seldom failed to take part in the quarrel.
像教区牧师的任命这样的小事，几乎总是引起激烈的竞争，不仅在一个教区，而且在所有邻近的教区，他们很少不参加争吵。
When the parish happened to be situated in a great city, it divided all the inhabitants into two parties; and when that city happened, either to constitute itself a little republic, or to be the head and capital of a little republic, as in the case with many of the considerable cities in Switzerland and Holland, every paltry dispute of this kind, over and above exasperating the animosity of all their other factions, threatened to leave behind it, both a new schism in the church, and a new faction in the state.
当教区碰巧位于一座大城市时，它就把所有居民分成两派：当那个城市发生时，要么自己组成一个小共和国，要么成为一个小共和国的首府和首都，就像瑞士和荷兰的许多大城市一样，每一次此类微不足道的争端，除了激怒所有其他派系的敌意之外，都有可能在教会中留下新的分裂，并在国家中留下新的派系。
In those small republics, therefore, the magistrate very soon found it necessary, for the sake of preserving the public peace, to assume to himself the right of presenting to all vacant benefices.
因此，在这些小共和国中，地方法官很快发现，为了维护公共和平，有必要承担向所有空缺的圣职授予自己的权利。
In Scotland, the most extensive country in which this presbyterian form of church government has ever been established, the rights of patronage were in effect abolished by the act which established presbytery in the beginning of the reign of William III.
苏格兰是建立这种长老会形式的教会政府的最广泛的国家，但威廉三世统治初期建立长老会的法案实际上废除了赞助权。
That act, at least, put in the power of certain classes of people in each parish to purchase, for a very small price, the right of electing their own pastor.
该法案至少赋予了每个教区某些阶层的人以极低的价格购买选举自己牧师的权利。
The constitution which this act established, was allowed to subsist for about two-and-twenty years, but was abolished by the 10th of queen Anne, ch.12, on account of the confusions and disorders which this more popular mode of election had almost everywhere occasioned.
该法案所制定的宪法被允许保留大约两年二十年，但由于这种更受欢迎的选举方式几乎在各地造成混乱和混乱，被安妮女王第十代废除，第12章。
In so extensive a country as Scotland, however, a tumult in a remote parish was not so likely to give disturbance to government as in a smaller state.
然而，在苏格兰这样一个幅员辽阔的国家，偏远教区的骚乱不太可能像小州那样对政府造成干扰。
The 10th of queen Anne restored the rights of patronage.
安妮女王十世恢复了赞助权。
But though, in Scotland, the law gives the benefice, without any exception to the person presented by the patron; yet the church requires sometimes (for she has not in this respect been very uniform in her decisions) a certain concurrence of the people, before she will confer upon the presentee what is called the cure of souls, or the ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the parish.
但是，尽管在苏格兰，法律给予赞助人介绍的人无一例外的好处；然而，教会有时会要求（因为她在这方面的决定并不十分一致）人民的一定程度的同意，然后她才会向出席者授予所谓的灵魂治愈或教区的教会管辖权。
She sometimes, at least, from an affected concern for the peace of the parish, delays the settlement till this concurrence can be procured.
有时，至少出于对教区和平的担忧，她会推迟解决方案，直到获得同意为止。
The private tampering of some of the neighbouring clergy, sometimes to procure, but more frequently to prevent this concurrence, and the popular arts which they cultivate, in order to enable them upon such occasions to tamper more effectually, are perhaps the causes which principally keep up whatever remains of the old fanatical spirit, either in the clergy or in the people of Scotland.
一些邻近神职人员的私下篡改，有时是为了促成，但更常见的是为了阻止这种一致，以及他们所培养的流行艺术，以便使他们能够在这种情况下更有效地篡改，也许是在神职人员或苏格兰人民中保留旧狂热精神的主要原因。
The equality which the presbyterian form of church government establishes among the clergy, consists, first, in the equality of authority or ecclesiastical jurisdiction; and, secondly, in the equality of benefice.
长老会形式的教会政府在神职人员之间建立的平等，首先在于权力或教会管辖权的平等；其次，利益平等。
In all presbyterian churches, the equality of authority is perfect; that of benefice is not so.
在所有的长老会教会中，权力的平等是完美的；善行则不然。
The difference, however, between one benefice and another, is seldom so considerable, as commonly to tempt the possessor even of the small one to pay court to his patron, by the vile arts of flattery and assentation, in order to get a better.
然而，一种封邑与另一种封邑之间的差别很少如此之大，以至于通常会诱使小封邑的拥有者通过奉承和赞同的卑鄙艺术向他的赞助人示好，以获得更好的利益。
In all the presbyterian churches, where the rights of patronage are thoroughly established, it is by nobler and better arts, that the established clergy in general endeavour to gain the favour of their superiors; by their learning, by the irreproachable regularity of their life, and by the faithful and diligent discharge of their duty.
在所有长老会教堂中，赞助权都得到了彻底的确立，神职人员一般都通过更高尚和更好的艺术来努力赢得上级的青睐。通过他们的学习，通过他们无可挑剔的规律性生活，通过他们忠实而勤奋地履行自己的职责。
Their patrons even frequently complain of the independency of their spirit, which they are apt to construe into ingratitude for past favours, but which, at worse, perhaps, is seldom anymore than that indifference which naturally arises from the consciousness that no further favours of the kind are ever to be expected.
他们的赞助人甚至经常抱怨他们精神上的独立，他们很容易将其解释为对过去恩惠的忘恩负义，但更糟糕的是，也许，这只不过是一种冷漠，这种冷漠是自然产生的，这种冷漠是由于意识到不再指望得到更多的恩惠而自然产生的。
There is scarce, perhaps, to be found anywhere in Europe, a more learned, decent, independent, and respectable set of men, than the greater part of the presbyterian clergy of Holland, Geneva, Switzerland, and Scotland.
在欧洲的任何地方，也许很难找到比荷兰、日内瓦、瑞士和苏格兰的大部分长老会神职人员更有学识、正派、独立和受人尊敬的人了。
Where the church benefices are all nearly equal, none of them can be very great; and this mediocrity of benefice, though it may be, no doubt, carried too far, has, however, some very agreeable effects.
如果教会的圣俸几乎都是平等的，那么没有一个可以很大。这种平庸的善行，虽然毫无疑问可能太过分了，但却产生了一些非常令人愉快的效果。
Nothing but exemplary morals can give dignity to a man of small fortune.
只有模范的道德才能给小财主带来尊严。
The vices of levity and vanity necessarily render him ridiculous, and are, besides, almost as ruinous to him as they are to the common people.
轻浮和虚荣的恶习必然使他变得可笑，而且对他来说几乎和对普通人一样具有毁灭性。
In his own conduct, therefore, he is obliged to follow that system of morals which the common people respect the most.
因此，他的行为必须遵循老百姓最尊重的道德体系。
He gains their esteem and affection, by that plan of life which his own interest and situation would lead him to follow.
他通过自己的兴趣和处境引导他遵循的生活计划，赢得了他们的尊重和喜爱。
The common people look upon him with that kindness with which we naturally regard one who approaches somewhat to our own condition, but who, we think, ought to be in a higher.
普通人以一种善意的眼光看待他，就像我们自然地对待一个与我们的处境有些接近的人一样，但我们认为他应该处于更高的地位。
Their kindness naturally provokes his kindness.
他们的善意自然会激起他的善意。
He becomes careful to instruct them, and attentive to assist and relieve them.
他变得细心地指导他们，并细心地帮助和减轻他们的负担。
He does not even despise the prejudices of people who are disposed to be so favourable to him, and never treats them with those contemptuous and arrogant airs, which we so often meet with in the proud dignitaries of opulent and well endowed churches.
他甚至不蔑视那些对他如此有利的人的偏见，也从不以那种轻蔑和傲慢的态度对待他们，而我们经常在富裕和资金雄厚的教堂里骄傲的权贵身上看到这种态度。
The presbyterian clergy, accordingly, have more influence over the minds of the common people, than perhaps the clergy of any other established church.
因此，长老会神职人员对普通民众思想的影响可能比任何其他已建立教会的神职人员更大。
It is, accordingly, in presbyterian countries only, that we ever find the common people converted, without persecution completely, and almost to a man, to the established church.
因此，只有在长老会国家，我们才发现普通民众在没有受到迫害的情况下完全皈依了国教，而且几乎是个人皈依了国教。
In countries where church benefices are, the greater part of them, very moderate, a chair in a university is generally a better establishment than a church benefice.
在有教会圣职的国家，大部分都是非常温和的，大学教席通常比教会圣职更好。
The universities have, in this case, the picking and chusing of their members from all the churchmen of the country, who, in every country, constitute by far the most numerous class of men of letters.
在这种情况下，大学从全国所有的教士中挑选和筛选其成员，这些教士在每个国家都是迄今为止数量最多的文人阶层。
Where church benefices, on the contrary, are many of them very considerable, the church naturally draws from the universities the greater part of their eminent men of letters; who generally find some patron, who does himself honour by procuring them church preferment.
相反，在教会的圣俸数额非常可观的地方，教会自然会从大学中汲取大部分杰出的文学家。他们通常会找到一些赞助人，而赞助人会通过为他们提供教堂晋升来为自己赢得荣誉。
In the former situation, we are likely to find the universities filled with the most eminent men of letters that are to be found in the country.
在前一种情况下，我们很可能会发现大学里挤满了国内最杰出的文人。
In the latter, we are likely to find few eminent men among them, and those few among the youngest members of the society, who are likely, too, to be drained away from it, before they can have acquired experience and knowledge enough to be of much use to it.
在后者中，我们可能会发现其中很少有杰出人士，以及社会上最年轻的成员中的少数人，他们也可能在获得足以对社会有很大用处的经验和知识之前就从社会中流失。
It is observed by Mr de Voltaire, that father Porée, a jesuit of no great eminence in the republic of letters, was the only professor they had ever had in France, whose works were worth the reading.
伏尔泰先生指出，波雷神父是一位在文学共和国中不起眼的耶稣会士，但却是法国唯一一位著作值得一读的教授。
In a country which has produced so many eminent men of letters, it must appear somewhat singular, that scarce one of them should have been a professor in a university.
在一个产生了如此多杰出文人的国家里，其中很少有人是大学教授，这一定显得有些奇怪。
The famous Cassendi was, in the beginning of his life, a professor in the university of Aix.
著名的卡森迪早年是艾克斯大学的教授。
Upon the first dawning of his genius, it was represented to him, that by going into the church he could easily find a much more quiet and comfortable subsistence, as well as a better situation for pursuing his studies; and he immediately followed the advice.
当他的天才初现端倪时，他就被告知，通过进入教堂，他可以轻松地找到更安静、更舒适的生活，以及更好的学习环境；他立即听从了建议。
The observation of Mr de Voltaire may be applied, I believe, not only to France, but to all other Roman Catholic countries.
我相信，伏尔泰先生的观察不仅适用于法国，也适用于所有其他罗马天主教国家。
We very rarely find in any of them an eminent man of letters, who is a professor in a university, except, perhaps, in the professions of law and physic; professions from which the church is not so likely to draw them.
我们很少在他们中找到一位杰出的文学家，他是大学的教授，也许法律和物理学专业除外；教会不太可能吸引他们从事的职业。
After the church of Rome, that of England is by far the richest and best endowed church in Christendom.
英国教会是继罗马教会之后基督教世界中最富有、捐赠最多的教会。
In England, accordingly, the church is continually draining the universities of all their best and ablest members; and an old college tutor who is known and distinguished in Europe as an eminent man of letters, is as rarely to be found there as in any Roman catholic country.
因此，在英国，教会不断地从大学中流失最优秀、最有能力的成员。在欧洲，像在任何罗马天主教国家一样，很少能找到一位在欧洲享有盛名和杰出文学家的老大学导师。
In Geneva, on the contrary, in the protestant cantons of Switzerland, in the protestant countries of Germany, in Holland, in Scotland, in Sweden, and Denmark, the most eminent men of letters whom those countries have produced, have, not all indeed, but the far greater part of them, been professors in universities.
相反，在日内瓦、在瑞士的新教州、在德国的新教国家、在荷兰、在苏格兰、在瑞典和丹麦，这些国家所产生的最杰出的文人虽然并非全部，但其中大部分是大学教授。
In those countries, the universities are continually draining the church of all its most eminent men of letters.
在这些国家，大学不断地流失教会中所有最杰出的文人。
It may, perhaps, be worth while to remark, that, if we except the poets, a few orators, and a few historians, the far greater part of the other eminent men of letters, both of Greece and Rome, appear to have been either public or private teachers; generally either of philosophy or of rhetoric.
也许值得一提的是，如果我们除去诗人、少数演说家和少数历史学家，那么希腊和罗马的其他杰出文人中的大部分似乎都是公立或私立教师；一般来说，要么是哲学的，要么是修辞学的。
This remark will be found to hold true, from the days of Lysias and Isocrates, of Plato and Aristotle, down to those of Plutarch and Epictetus, Suetonius, and Quintilian.
从吕西亚斯和伊索克拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德的时代，一直到普鲁塔克和爱比克泰德、苏托尼乌斯和昆体良的时代，我们都会发现这句话是正确的。
To impose upon any man the necessity of teaching, year after year, in any particular branch of science seems in reality to be the most effectual method for rendering him completely master of it himself.
强加给任何人年复一年地在任何特定的科学分支中进行教学的必要性，实际上似乎是使他自己完全掌握它的最有效的方法。
By being obliged to go every year over the same ground, if he is good for any thing, he necessarily becomes, in a few years, well acquainted with every part of it, and if, upon any particular point, he should form too hasty an opinion one year, when he comes, in the course of his lectures to reconsider the same subject the year thereafter, he is very likely to correct it.
由于每年都必须在同一个基础上进行研究，如果他对任何事情有好处，那么他必然会在几年内变得熟悉它的每个部分，并且如果在任何特定问题上，他在某一年形成了过于仓促的观点，那么当他在下一年的演讲过程中重新考虑同一主题时，他很可能会纠正它。
As to be a teacher of science is certainly the natural employment of a mere man of letters; so is it likewise, perhaps, the education which is most likely to render him a man of solid learning and knowledge.
作为一名科学教师当然是一个文人的自然职业。同样，也许教育最有可能使他成为一个学识渊博、知识渊博的人。
The mediocrity of church benefices naturally tends to draw the greater part of men of letters in the country where it takes place, to the employment in which they can be the most useful to the public, and at the same time to give them the best education, perhaps, they are capable of receiving.
平庸的教会福利自然会吸引所在国家的大部分文人从事对公众最有用的工作，同时给予他们也许他们能够接受的最好的教育。
It tends to render their learning both as solid as possible, and as useful as possible.
它往往会使他们的学习尽可能扎实、尽可能有用。
The revenue of every established church, such parts of it excepted as may arise from particular lands or manors, is a branch, it ought to be observed, of the general revenue of the state, which is thus diverted to a purpose very different from the defence of the state.
应该注意的是，每个已建立的教会的收入，除了可能来自特定土地或庄园的部分外，都是国家总收入的一个分支，因此被转移到与保卫国家截然不同的目的。
The tithe, for example, is a real land tax, which puts it out of the power of the proprietors of land to contribute so largely towards the defence of the state as they otherwise might be able to do.
例如，什一税是一种真正的土地税，它使土地所有者无法为保卫国家做出如此大的贡献，否则他们可能会这样做。
The rent of land, however, is, according to some, the sole fund; and, according to others, the principal fund, from which, in all great monarchies, the exigencies of the state must be ultimately supplied.
然而，有些人认为，土地租金是唯一的资金；根据其他人的说法，这是主要基金，在所有伟大的君主制国家中，最终都必须通过该基金来满足国家的紧急需要。
The more of this fund that is given to the church, the less, it is evident, can be spared to the state.
显然，给予教会的资金越多，留给国家的资金就越少。
It may be laid down as a certain maxim, that all other things being supposed equal, the richer the church, the poorer must necessarily be, either the sovereign on the one hand, or the people on the other; and, in all cases, the less able must the state be to defend itself.
可以将其定为某种格言，即假设所有其他条件都相同，教会越富有，必然越贫穷，要么是主权者，要么是人民；而且，在所有情况下，国家保卫自己的能力都必须减弱。
In several protestant countries, particularly in all the protestant cantons of Switzerland, the revenue which anciently belonged to the Roman catholic church, the tithes and church lands, has been found a fund sufficient, not only to afford competent salaries to the established clergy, but to defray, with little or no addition, all the other expenses of the state.
在一些新教国家，特别是在瑞士的所有新教州，古代属于罗马天主教会的收入、什一税和教会土地，已成为一种足够的基金，不仅可以支付现有神职人员的适当工资，而且可以在很少或根本不增加的情况下支付国家的所有其他开支。
The magistrates of the powerful canton of Berne, in particular, have accumulated, out of the savings from this fund, a very large sum, supposed to amount to several millions; part of which is deposited in a public treasure, and part is placed at interest in what are called the public funds of the different indebted nations of Europe; chiefly in those of France and Great Britain.
尤其是权力强大的伯尔尼州的地方官员，从该基金的储蓄中积累了一大笔款项，据说达到数百万；其中一部分存入公共财富，一部分存入欧洲不同负债国家所谓的公共基金中；主要是法国和英国。
What may be the amount of the whole expense which the church, either of Berne, or of any other protestant canton, costs the state, I do not pretend to know.
伯尔尼或任何其他新教州的教会花费国家的全部费用可能是多少，我不想假装知道。
By a very exact account it appears, that, in 1755, the whole revenue of the clergy of the church of Scotland, including their glebe or church lands, and the rent of their manses or dwelling-houses, estimated according to a reasonable valuation, amounted only to £68,514:1:5 ¹⁄₁₂d.
根据一项非常精确的统计，1755年，苏格兰教会神职人员的全部收入，包括他们的土地或教堂土地，以及他们的宅邸或住宅的租金，根据合理的估价估计，仅为68,514:1:5 1⁄12d。
This very moderate revenue affords a decent subsistence to nine hundred and forty-four ministers.
这笔非常微薄的收入为九百四十四名部长提供了体面的生活。
The whole expense of the church, including what is occasionally laid out for the building and reparation of churches, and of the manses of ministers, cannot well be supposed to exceed eighty or eighty-five thousand pounds a-year.
教会的全部开支，包括偶尔用于建造和修复教堂以及牧师住宅的费用，每年不应超过八十或八万五千英镑。
The most opulent church in Christendom does not maintain better the uniformity of faith, the fervour of devotion, the spirit of order, regularity, and austere morals, in the great body of the people, than this very poorly endowed church of Scotland.
基督教世界中最富丽堂皇的教会，在广大民众中保持信仰的一致性、虔诚的热情、秩序精神、规律性和严肃的道德方面，并不比这个苏格兰的这个资源非常匮乏的教会更好。
All the good effects, both civil and religious, which an established church can be supposed to produce, are produced by it as completely as by any other.
一个已建立的教会应该产生的所有良好影响，无论是公民的还是宗教的，都是由它产生的，就像任何其他教会一样。
The greater part of the protestant churches of Switzerland, which, in general, are not better endowed than the church of Scotland, produce those effects in a still higher degree.
瑞士的大部分新教教会总体上并不比苏格兰教会拥有更多的天赋，但它们却在更大程度上产生了这些影响。
In the greater part of the protestant cantons, there is not a single person to be found, who does not profess himself to be of the established church.
在大部分新教州，没有一个人不自称属于国教。
If he professes himself to be of any other, indeed, the law obliges him to leave the canton.
事实上，如果他自称属于任何其他人，法律就会迫使他离开该州。
But so severe, or, rather, indeed, so oppressive a law, could never have been executed in such free countries, had not the diligence of the clergy beforehand converted to the established church the whole body of the people, with the exception of, perhaps, a few individuals only.
但是，如果没有神职人员的辛勤努力，事先使全体人民（也许只有少数人除外）皈依国教，那么如此严厉的，或者说实际上是如此压迫性的法律，永远不可能在这样的自由国家中执行。
In some parts of Switzerland, accordingly, where, from the accidental union of a protestant and Roman catholic country, the conversion has not been so complete, both religions are not only tolerated, but established by law.
因此，在瑞士的一些地区，由于新教国家和罗马天主教国家的偶然结合，皈依还没有那么彻底，两种宗教不仅得到容忍，而且都得到了法律的确立。
The proper performance of every service seems to require, that its pay or recompence should be, as exactly as possible, proportioned to the nature of the service.
每项服务的正确履行似乎都要求其报酬或报酬应尽可能与服务的性质成比例。
If any service is very much underpaid, it is very apt to suffer by the meanness and incapacity of the greater part of those who are employed in it.
如果任何服务的报酬非常低，那么该服务很容易因大部分受雇人员的卑鄙和无能而受到损害。
If it is very much overpaid, it is apt to suffer, perhaps still more, by their negligence and idleness.
如果薪酬过高，很容易因他们的疏忽和懒惰而遭受损失，甚至可能遭受更大的损失。
A man of a large revenue, whatever may be his profession, thinks he ought to live like other men of large revenues; and to spend a great part of his time in festivity, in vanity, and in dissipation.
一个收入丰厚的人，无论他从事什么职业，都认为他应该像其他收入丰厚的人一样生活。他的大部分时间都花在欢乐、虚荣和放荡上。
But in a clergyman, this train of life not only consumes the time which ought to be employed in the duties of his function, but in the eyes of the common people, destroys almost entirely that sanctity of character, which can alone enable him to perform those duties with proper weight and authority.
但对于一名牧师来说，这种生活节奏不仅消耗了他应该用于履行职责的时间，而且在普通民众看来，几乎完全摧毁了他神圣的品格，只有这种品格才能使他以适当的分量和权威履行这些职责。
PART IV.
第四部分。
Of the Expense of supporting the Dignity of the Sovereign.
支持君主尊严的费用。
Over and above the expenses necessary for enabling the sovereign to perform his several duties, a certain expense is requisite for the support of his dignity.
除了君主履行其多项职责所需的开支之外，维护其尊严也需要一定的开支。
This expense varies, both with the different periods of improvement, and with the different forms of government.
这项费用随着改进时期的不同以及政府形式的不同而变化。
In an opulent and improved society, where all the different orders of people are growing every day more expensive in their houses, in their furniture, in their tables, in their dress, and in their equipage; it cannot well be expected that the sovereign should alone hold out against the fashion.
在一个富裕和进步的社会里，所有不同阶层的人的房子、家具、桌子、衣服和装备每天都在变得更加昂贵；不能指望君主独自抵制这种时尚。
He naturally, therefore, or rather necessarily, becomes more expensive in all those different articles too.
因此，他自然地，或者说必然地，在所有这些不同的物品中也变得更加昂贵。
His dignity even seems to require that he should become so.
他的尊严甚至似乎要求他必须如此。
As, in point of dignity, a monarch is more raised above his subjects than the chief magistrate of any republic is ever supposed to be above his fellow-citizens; so a greater expense is necessary for supporting that higher dignity.
就尊严而言，君主比任何共和国的首席行政长官都高于其同胞。因此，需要更大的费用来支持更高的尊严。
We naturally expect more splendour in the court of a king, than in the mansion-house of a doge or burgo-master.
我们自然期望国王的宫廷比总督或市长的宅邸更加辉煌。
CONCLUSION.
结论。
The expense of defending the society, and that of supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate, are both laid out for the general benefit of the whole society.
保卫社会的费用，维护首席法官尊严的费用，都是为了整个社会的共同利益。
It is reasonable, therefore, that they should be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society; all the different members contributing, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities.
因此，由全社会的共同捐款来支付它们是合理的；所有不同的成员都根据各自的能力尽可能地做出贡献。
The expense of the administration of justice, too, may no doubt be considered as laid out for the benefit of the whole society.
毫无疑问，司法行政费用也可以被视为是为了整个社会的利益而安排的。
There is no impropriety, therefore, in its being defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society.
因此，由全社会的共同捐款来支付并无不当之处。
The persons, however, who give occasion to this expense, are those who, by their injustice in one way or another, make it necessary to seek redress or protection from the courts of justice.
然而，造成这种费用的人是那些由于某种方式的不公正而必须向法院寻求补救或保护的人。
The persons, again, most immediately benefited by this expense, are those whom the courts of justice either restore to their rights, or maintain in their rights.
同样，最直接受益于这一费用的人是那些被法院恢复或维持其权利的人。
The expense of the administration of justice, therefore, may very properly be defrayed by the particular contribution of one or other, or both, of those two different sets of persons, according as different occasions may require, that is, by the fees of court.
因此，根据不同情况的需要，司法行政费用可以非常适当地由这两类不同的人中的一个或另一个或两者的特定贡献来支付，即通过法院的费用来支付。
It cannot be necessary to have recourse to the general contribution of the whole society, except for the conviction of those criminals who have not themselves any estate or fund sufficient for paying those fees.
没有必要求助于整个社会的普遍贡献，除非对那些本身没有任何财产或资金足以支付这些费用的罪犯进行定罪。
Those local or provincial expenses, of which the benefit is local or provincial (what is laid out, for example, upon the police of a particular town or district), ought to be defrayed by a local or provincial revenue, and ought to be no burden upon the general revenue of the society.
那些地方或省级开支，其中的利益是地方或省级的（例如，支付给特定城镇或地区的警察的费用），应由地方或省级收入支付，并且不应成为社会总收入的负担。
It is unjust that the whole society should contribute towards an expense, of which the benefit is confined to a part of the society.
由整个社会共同承担费用，而受益者却仅限于社会的一部分，这是不公平的。
The expense of maintaining good roads and communications is, no doubt, beneficial to the whole society, and may, therefore, without any injustice, be defrayed by the general contributions of the whole society.
维护良好的道路和通讯的费用无疑是对整个社会有益的，因此可以由全社会的共同捐款来支付，这没有任何不公平。
This expense, however, is most immediately and directly beneficial to those who travel or carry goods from one place to another, and to those who consume such goods.
然而，这项费用对于那些从一个地方旅行或携带货物到另一个地方的人以及消费这些货物的人来说是最直接和最直接的利益。
The turnpike tolls in England, and the duties called peages in other countries, lay it altogether upon those two different sets of people, and thereby discharge the general revenue of the society from a very considerable burden.
英国的收费公路收费，而其他国家的收费税则完全由这两类不同的人承担，从而使社会的总收入摆脱了相当大的负担。
The expense of the institutions for education and religious instruction, is likewise, no doubt, beneficial to the whole society, and may, therefore, without injustice, be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society.
毫无疑问，教育和宗教教育机构的费用同样对整个社会有益，因此，可以由整个社会的共同捐款来支付，这并不不公平。
This expense, however, might, perhaps, with equal propriety, and even with some advantage, be defrayed altogether by those who receive the immediate benefit of such education and instruction, or by the voluntary contribution of those who think they have occasion for either the one or the other.
然而，这笔费用也许可以同样适当地、甚至有一些好处，完全由那些直接从这种教育和指导中受益的人来支付，或者由那些认为自己有机会获得其中一种或另一种的人的自愿捐款来支付。
When the institutions, or public works, which are beneficial to the whole society, either cannot be maintained altogether, or are not maintained altogether, by the contribution of such particular members of the society as are most immediately benefited by them; the deficiency must, in most cases, be made up by the general contribution of the whole society.
当对整个社会有利的机构或公共工程要么不能完全维持，要么不能完全靠最直接受益的社会特定成员的贡献维持时；在大多数情况下，这一不足必须由全社会的共同努力来弥补。
The general revenue of the society, over and above defraying the expense of defending the society, and of supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate, must make up for the deficiency of many particular branches of revenue.
社会的一般收入，除了支付保卫社会和维护首席行政官尊严的费用外，还必须弥补许多特定收入部门的不足。
The sources of this general or public revenue, I shall endeavour to explain in the following chapter.
我将在下一章中尽力解释这种一般收入或公共收入的来源。
CHAPTER II.
第二章。
OF THE SOURCES OF THE GENERAL OR PUBLIC REVENUE OF THE SOCIETY.
社会一般或公共收入的来源。
The revenue which must defray, not only the expense of defending the society and of supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate, but all the other necessary expenses of government, for which the constitution of the state has not provided any particular revenue may be drawn, either, first, from some fund which peculiarly belongs to the sovereign or commonwealth, and which is independent of the revenue of the people; or, secondly, from the revenue of the people.
必须支付的收入，不仅是保卫社会和维护首席行政官尊严的费用，而且是国家宪法没有规定任何特定收入的所有其他必要的政府开支，可以首先从专门属于主权或联邦、独立于人民收入的某种基金中提取；或者，第二，来自人民的收入。
PART I.
第一部分。
Of the Funds, or Sources, of Revenue, which may peculiarly belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealth.
收入的资金或来源，可能特别属于主权或联邦。
The funds, or sources, of revenue, which may peculiarly belong to the sovereign or commonwealth, must consist, either in stock, or in land.
收入的资金或来源可能特别属于主权国家或联邦，必须由股票或土地组成。
The sovereign, like, any other owner of stock, may derive a revenue from it, either by employing it himself, or by lending it.
与任何其他股票所有者一样，主权者可以通过自己使用股票或借出股票来从中获得收入。
His revenue is, in the one case, profit, in the other interest.
在一种情况下，他的收入是利润，在另一种情况下是利息。
The revenue of a Tartar or Arabian chief consists in profit.
鞑靼人或阿拉伯酋长的收入就是利润。
It arises principally from the milk and increase of his own herds and flocks, of which he himself superintends the management, and is the principal shepherd or herdsman of his own horde or tribe.
它主要来自他自己的牛群和羊群的牛奶和繁殖，他亲自监督管理这些牛群和羊群，并且是他自己的部落或部落的主要牧羊人或牧人。
It is, however, in this earliest and rudest state of civil government only, that profit has ever made the principal part of the public revenue of a monarchical state.
然而，只有在这种最早、最原始的文官政府状态下，利润才成为君主制国家公共收入的主要部分。
Small republics have sometimes derived a considerable revenue from the profit of mercantile projects.
小共和国有时从商业项目的利润中获得可观的收入。
The republic of Hamburgh is said to do so from the profits of a public wine-cellar and apothecary’s shop.
据说汉堡共和国的这样做来自于公共酒窖和药店的利润。
{See Memoires concernant les Droits et Impositions en Europe, tome i.
{参见《欧洲权利与征收回忆录》，第一卷。
page 73.
第 73 页。
This work was compiled by the order of the court, for the use of a commission employed for some years past in considering the proper means for reforming the finances of France.
这部作品是根据法院的命令编写的，供过去几年雇用的一个委员会考虑改革法国财政的适当方法。
The account of the French taxes, which takes up three volumes in quarto, may be regarded as perfectly authentic.
法国税收的记述共三卷，四开本，可以被认为是完全真实的。
That of those of other European nations was compiled from such information as the French ministers at the different courts could procure.
其他欧洲国家的信息是根据法国各法院部长可以获得的信息汇编而成的。
It is much shorter, and probably not quite so exact as that of the French taxes.} That state cannot be very great, of which the sovereign has leisure to carry on the trade of a wine-merchant or an apothecary.
它要短得多，而且可能不如法国税收那么精确。}那个国家不可能很大，其主权者有闲暇进行酒商或药剂师的贸易。
The profit of a public bank has been a source of revenue to more considerable states.
公共银行的利润一直是更多州的收入来源。
It has been so, not only to Hamburgh, but to Venice and Amsterdam.
不仅汉堡如此，威尼斯和阿姆斯特丹也是如此。
A revenue of this kind has even by some people been thought not below the attention of so great an empire as that of Great Britain.
甚至有些人认为，这种收入不会引起大不列颠这样一个伟大帝国的关注。
Reckoning the ordinary dividend of the bank of England at five and a-half per cent., and its capital at ten millions seven hundred and eighty thousand pounds, the neat annual profit, after paying the expense of management, must amount, it is said, to five hundred and ninety-two thousand nine hundred pounds.
考虑到英格兰银行的普通股息为百分之五半，其资本为千万英镑，七十八万英镑，扣除管理费用后，据说每年的净利润必须达到五十九万二千九百英镑。
Government, it is pretended, could borrow this capital at three per cent.
据称，政府可以以百分之三的价格借入这笔资金。
interest, and, by taking the management of the bank into its own hands, might make a clear profit of two hundred and sixty-nine thousand five hundred pounds a-year.
利息，并且通过将银行的管理权掌握在自己手中，每年可以赚取二十六万九千五百英镑的明确利润。
The orderly, vigilant, and parsimonious administration of such aristocracies as those of Venice and Amsterdam, is extremely proper, it appears from experience, for the management of a mercantile project of this kind.
从经验来看，威尼斯和阿姆斯特丹等贵族的有序、警惕和节俭的管理对于管理此类商业项目来说是极其合适的。
But whether such a government as that of England, which, whatever may be its virtues, has never been famous for good economy; which, in time of peace, has generally conducted itself with the slothful and negligent profusion that is, perhaps, natural to monarchies; and, in time of war, has constantly acted with all the thoughtless extravagance that democracies are apt to fall into, could be safely trusted with the management of such a project, must at least be a good deal more doubtful.
但是，像英国这样的政府，无论其优点如何，是否从来没有以良好的经济而闻名？在和平时期，它通常表现出懒惰和疏忽的过度行为，这也许是君主制的自然现象。而且，在战争时期，它不断地表现出民主国家容易陷入的所有轻率的奢侈行为，可以安全地信任管理这样一个项目，但至少必须更加值得怀疑。
The post-office is properly a mercantile project.
邮局实际上是一个商业项目。
The government advances the expense of establishing the different offices, and of buying or hiring the necessary horses or carriages, and is repaid, with a large profit, by the duties upon what is carried.
政府预付设立不同办事处的费用，以及购买或租用必要的马匹或马车的费用，并通过对所运货物征收关税来偿还巨额利润。
It is, perhaps, the only mercantile project which has been successfully managed by, I believe, every sort of government.
我相信，这也许是唯一一个由各种政府成功管理的商业项目。
The capital to be advanced is not very considerable.
预付的资金并不是很多。
There is no mystery in the business.
生意上并没有什么神秘之处。
The returns are not only certain but immediate.
回报不仅是确定的，而且是立竿见影的。
Princes, however, have frequently engaged in many other mercantile projects, and have been willing, like private persons, to mend their fortunes, by becoming adventurers in the common branches of trade.
然而，王子们经常参与许多其他商业项目，并且像私人一样，愿意通过成为共同贸易部门的冒险家来扭转自己的命运。
They have scarce ever succeeded.
他们很少成功。
The profusion with which the affairs of princes are always managed, renders it almost impossible that they should.
王子们的事务总是处理得如此繁杂，这使得他们几乎不可能这样做。
The agents of a prince regard the wealth of their master as inexhaustible; are careless at what price they buy, are careless at what price they sell, are careless at what expense they transport his goods from one place to another.
君主的臣子们视主人的财富是取之不尽用之不竭的。他们购买的价格粗心，销售的价格粗心，货物从一个地方运到另一个地方的费用粗心。
Those agents frequently live with the profusion of princes; and sometimes, too, in spite of that profusion, and by a proper method of making up their accounts, acquire the fortunes of princes.
这些代理人经常与众多的王子住在一起。有时，尽管财富如此丰富，但通过适当的记账方法，也能获得王子的财富。
It was thus, as we are told by Machiavel, that the agents of Lorenzo of Medicis, not a prince of mean abilities, carried on his trade.
因此，正如马基雅维利告诉我们的那样，美第奇的洛伦佐的代理人，而不是一个能力卑微的王子，进行了他的贸易。
The republic of Florence was several times obliged to pay the debt into which their extravagance had involved him.
佛罗伦萨共和国多次被迫偿还其挥霍无度所欠下的债务。
He found it convenient, accordingly to give up the business of merchant, the business to which his family had originally owed their fortune, and, in the latter part of his life, to employ both what remained of that fortune, and the revenue of the state, of which he had the disposal, in projects and expenses more suitable to his station.
因此，他发现放弃商人生意是很方便的，因为他的家人最初靠这个生意而获得了财富，而在他的后半生，他可以将剩余的财富和他可以支配的国家收入用于更适合他地位的项目和开支。
No two characters seem more inconsistent than those of trader and sovereign.
没有哪两个角色比交易者和主权者的角色更矛盾了。
If the trading spirit of the English East India company renders them very bad sovereigns, the spirit of sovereignty seems to have rendered them equally bad traders.
如果说英国东印度公司的贸易精神使他们成为非常糟糕的主权者，那么主权精神似乎也使他们成为同样糟糕的交易者。
While they were traders only, they managed their trade successfully, and were able to pay from their profits a moderate dividend to the proprietors of their stock.
虽然他们只是交易员，但他们成功地管理了自己的交易，并能够从利润中向股票所有者支付适度的股息。
Since they became sovereigns, with a revenue which, it is said, was originally more than three millions sterling, they have been obliged to beg the ordinary assistance of government, in order to avoid immediate bankruptcy.
自从他们成为主权国家以来，据说最初的收入超过三百万英镑，他们不得不乞求政府的普通援助，以避免立即破产。
In their former situation, their servants in India considered themselves as the clerks of merchants; in their present situation, those servants consider themselves as the ministers of sovereigns.
在以前的情况下，他们在印度的仆人认为自己是商人的职员；在目前的情况下，这些仆人认为自己是君主的大臣。
A state may sometimes derive some part of its public revenue from the interest of money, as well as from the profits of stock.
国家有时可能从货币利息和股票利润中获得部分公共收入。
If it has amassed a treasure, it may lend a part of that treasure, either to foreign states, or to its own subjects.
如果它积累了财富，它可能会将部分财富借给外国或本国臣民。
The canton of Berne derives a considerable revenue by lending a part of its treasure to foreign states, that is, by placing it in the public funds of the different indebted nations of Europe, chiefly in those of France and England.
伯尔尼州通过将其部分财富借给外国，即将其放入欧洲不同负债国家（主要是法国和英国）的公共基金中，获得了可观的收入。
The security of this revenue must depend, first, upon the security of the funds in which it is placed, or upon the good faith of the government which has the management of them; and, secondly, upon the certainty or probability of the continuance of peace with the debtor nation.
这种收入的安全首先必须取决于其所存资金的安全，或者取决于管理这些资金的政府的诚信；其次，取决于与债务国继续保持和平的确定性或可能性。
In the case of a war, the very first act of hostility on the part of the debtor nation might be the forfeiture of the funds of its credit.
在发生战争的情况下，债务国的第一个敌对行为可能就是没收其信贷资金。
This policy of lending money to foreign states is, so far as I know peculiar to the canton of Berne.
据我所知，这种向外国贷款的政策是伯尔尼州所特有的。
The city of Hamburgh {See Memoire concernant les Droites et Impositions en Europe tome i p.
汉堡市{参见 Memoire contactant les Droites et Impositions en Europe tome i p.
73.}has established a sort of public pawn-shop, which lends money to the subjects of the state, upon pledges, at six per cent.
73.}建立了一种公共当铺，根据承诺以百分之六的利率向国家臣民借钱。
interest.
兴趣。
This pawn-shop, or lombard, as it is called, affords a revenue, it is pretended, to the state, of a hundred and fifty thousand crowns, which, at four and sixpence the crown, amounts to £33,750 sterling.
这家当铺，或者说伦巴第，据称为国家提供了十五万克朗的收入，按克朗四先令六便士计算，相当于三万三千七百五十英镑。
The government of Pennsylvania, without amassing any treasure, invented a method of lending, not money, indeed, but what is equivalent to money, to its subjects.
宾夕法尼亚州政府在没有积累任何财富的情况下，发明了一种向其臣民发放贷款的方法，实际上，贷款不是金钱，而是相当于金钱的东西。
By advancing to private people, at interest, and upon land security to double the value, paper bills of credit, to be redeemed fifteen years after their date; and, in the mean time, made transferable from hand to hand, like banknotes, and declared by act of assembly to be a legal tender in all payments from one inhabitant of the province to another, it raised a moderate revenue, which went a considerable way towards defraying an annual expense of about £4,500, the whole ordinary expense of that frugal and orderly government.
通过以利息和土地担保为基础向私人预付价值双倍的纸质信用证，并在其日期十五年后赎回；与此同时，它像纸币一样可以从一个人手中转移到另一个人身上，并通过议会法案宣布为该省一个居民向另一个居民支付的所有付款的法定货币，它筹集了一笔适度的收入，这在很大程度上可以支付每年约 4,500 英镑的开支，这是那个节俭而有序的政府的全部日常开支。
The success of an expedient of this kind must have depended upon three different circumstances: first, upon the demand for some other instrument of commerce, besides gold and silver money, or upon the demand for such a quantity of consumable stock as could not be had without sending abroad the greater part of their gold and silver money, in order to purchase it; secondly, upon the good credit of the government which made use of this expedient; and, thirdly, upon the moderation with which it was used, the whole value of the paper bills of credit never exceeding that of the gold and silver money which would have been necessary for carrying on their circulation, had there been no paper bills of credit.
这种权宜之计的成功必定取决于三种不同的情况：第一，除了金银货币之外，对某种其他商业工具的需求，或者是对一定数量的消费品库存的需求，而如果不将大部分金银货币送往国外购买，就无法获得这种数量的消费品；其次，依靠使用这一权宜之计的政府的良好信誉；第三，在适度使用的情况下，如果没有纸质信用证，纸质信用证的总价值永远不会超过其流通所需的金银货币的价值。
The same expedient was, upon different occasions, adopted by several other American colonies; but, from want of this moderation, it produced, in the greater part of them, much more disorder than conveniency.
其他几个美洲殖民地在不同场合也采取了同样的权宜之计。但是，由于缺乏这种节制，在大多数人中，它造成的混乱多于便利。
The unstable and perishable nature of stock and credit, however, renders them unfit to be trusted to as the principal funds of that sure, steady, and permanent revenue, which can alone give security and dignity to government.
然而，股票和信贷的不稳定和易腐烂的性质使得它们不适合被信任为可靠、稳定和永久收入的主要资金，而只有这些收入才能给政府带来安全和尊严。
The government of no great nation, that was advanced beyond the shepherd state, seems ever to have derived the greater part of its public revenue from such sources.
没有任何一个伟大国家的政府，能够超越牧羊人国家，其公共收入的大部分似乎都来自于这些来源。
Land is a fund of more stable and permanent nature; and the rent of public lands, accordingly, has been the principal source of the public revenue of many a great nation that was much advanced beyond the shepherd state.
土地是一种更加稳定、永久的资金；因此，公共土地的租金一直是许多比牧羊国家先进得多的伟大国家的公共收入的主要来源。
From the produce or rent of the public lands, the ancient republics of Greece and Italy derived for a long time the greater part of that revenue which defrayed the necessary expenses of the commonwealth.
希腊和意大利古代共和国长期以来从公共土地的产品或租金中获得了大部分收入，用于支付联邦的必要开支。
The rent of the crown lands constituted for a long time the greater part of the revenue of the ancient sovereigns of Europe.
王室土地的租金在很长一段时间内构成了欧洲古代君主收入的大部分。
War, and the preparation for war, are the two circumstances which, in modern times, occasion the greater part of the necessary expense or all great states.
战争和战争准备是现代所有伟大国家造成大部分必要开支的两种情况。
But in the ancient republics of Greece and Italy, every citizen was a soldier, and both served, and prepared himself for service, at his own expense.
但在希腊和意大利的古代共和国中，每个公民都是士兵，并且都自费服役并准备服役。
Neither of those two circumstances, therefore, could occasion any very considerable expense to the state.
因此，这两种情况都不会给国家带来任何非常大的开支。
The rent of a very moderate landed estate might be fully sufficient for defraying all the other necessary expenses of government.
一个非常适中的地产的租金可能完全足以支付政府所有其他必要的开支。
In the ancient monarchies of Europe, the manners and customs of the time sufficiently prepared the great body of the people for war; and when they took the field, they were, by the condition of their feudal tenures, to be maintained either at their own expense, or at that of their immediate lords, without bringing any new charge upon the sovereign.
在欧洲古代君主国，当时的风俗习惯足以让广大人民为战争做好准备。当他们占领战场时，根据他们的封建保有权条件，他们的生活费用要么由他们自己承担，要么由他们的直系领主承担，而不会对君主提出任何新的指控。
The other expenses of government were, the greater part of them, very moderate.
政府的其他开支大部分都非常适度。
The administration of justice, it has been shewn, instead of being a cause of expense was a source of revenue.
事实证明，司法行政不是支出的原因，而是收入的来源。
The labour of the country people, for three days before, and for three days after, harvest, was thought a fund sufficient for making and maintaining all the bridges, highways, and other public works, which the commerce of the country was supposed to require.
乡下人民在收割前三天和收割后三天的劳动被认为足以建造和维护国家商业所需的所有桥梁、公路和其他公共工程。
In those days the principal expense of the sovereign seems to have consisted in the maintenance of his own family and household.
在那些日子里，君主的主要开支似乎是维持他自己的家庭和家庭。
The officers of his household, accordingly, were then the great officers of state.
因此，他的家庭官员是当时的国家大官员。
The lord treasurer received his rents.
财务总长收到了他的租金。
The lord steward and lord chamberlain looked after the expense of his family.
管家大人和内务大臣负责照顾他家人的开支。
The care of his stables was committed to the lord constable and the lord marshal.
他的马厩由警官勋爵和元帅勋爵负责管理。
His houses were all built in the form of castles, and seem to have been the principal fortresses which he possessed.
他的房屋全部以城堡的形式建造，似乎是他拥有的主要堡垒。
The keepers of those houses or castles might be considered as a sort of military governors.
这些房屋或城堡的守护者可能被视为某种军事统治者。
They seem to have been the only military officers whom it was necessary to maintain in time of peace.
他们似乎是和平时期唯一需要保留的军官。
In these circumstances, the rent of a great landed estate might, upon ordinary occasions, very well defray all the necessary expenses of government.
在这种情况下，在一般情况下，大地产的租金很可能足以支付政府的所有必要开支。
In the present state of the greater part of the civilized monarchies of Europe, the rent of all the lands in the country, managed as they probably would be, if they all belonged to one proprietor, would scarce, perhaps, amount to the ordinary revenue which they levy upon the people even in peaceable times.
在欧洲大部分文明君主国的现状下，该国所有土地的租金，如果它们都属于一个所有者的话，按其可能的管理方式，也许很难达到他们即使在和平时期向人民征收的普通收入。
The ordinary revenue of Great Britain, for example, including not only what is necessary for defraying the current expense of the year, but for paying the interest of the public debts, and for sinking a part of the capital of those debts, amounts to upwards of ten millions a-year.
例如，英国的普通收入，不仅包括支付当年的经常开支，还包括支付公共债务的利息以及偿还这些债务的部分资本，每年达千万以上。
But the land tax, at four shillings in the pound, falls short of two millions a-year.
但土地税为每英镑四先令，每年还不到两百万。
This land tax, as it is called however, is supposed to be one-fifth, not only of the rent of all the land, but of that of all the houses, and of the interest of all the capital stock of Great Britain, that part of it only excepted which is either lent to the public, or employed as farming stock in the cultivation of land.
然而，这种所谓的土地税，不仅是所有土地租金的五分之一，而且是所有房屋租金的五分之一，也是英国所有资本存量利息的五分之一，其中只有借给公众或用作耕种土地的牲畜资本的部分除外。
A very considerable part of the produce of this tax arises from the rent of houses and the interest of capital stock.
这种税收的很大一部分来自房屋租金和资本存量利息。
The land tax of the city of London, for example, at four shillings in the pound, amounts to £123,399: 6: 7; that of the city of Westminster to £63,092: 1: 5; that of the palaces of Whitehall and St. James’s, to £30,754: 6: 3.
例如，伦敦市的土地税按每英镑四先令计算，相当于 123,399 英镑：6:7；威斯敏斯特市为 63,092 英镑：1：5；白厅宫和圣詹姆斯宫的价格为 30,754 英镑: 6: 3。
A certain proportion of the land tax is, in the same manner, assessed upon all the other cities and towns corporate in the kingdom; and arises almost altogether, either from the rent of houses, or from what is supposed to be the interest of trading and capital stock.
以同样的方式，向王国内所有其他法人城镇征收一定比例的土地税；几乎全部产生，要么来自房屋租金，要么来自所谓的贸易利息和资本存量。
According to the estimation, therefore, by which Great Britain is rated to the land tax, the whole mass of revenue arising from the rent of all the lands, from that of all the houses, and from the interest of all the capital stock, that part of it only excepted which is either lent to the public, or employed in the cultivation of land, does not exceed ten millions sterling a-year, the ordinary revenue which government levies upon the people, even in peaceable times.
因此，根据英国土地税的估计，来自所有土地的租金、所有房屋的租金以及所有资本存量的利息（仅除去借给公众或用于耕种土地的部分）的全部收入每年不超过一千万英镑，这是政府向人民征收的普通收入，即使在和平时期也是如此。
The estimation by which Great Britain is rated to the land tax is, no doubt, taking the whole kingdom at an average, very much below the real value; though in several particular counties and districts it is said to be nearly equal to that value.
毫无疑问，英国土地税的估算是整个王国的平均水平，远低于实际价值；尽管在一些特定的县和地区据说几乎等于这个值。
The rent of the lands alone, exclusive of that of houses and of the interest of stock, has by many people been estimated at twenty millions; an estimation made in a great measure at random, and which, I apprehend, is as likely to be above as below the truth.
许多人估计，仅地租（不包括房屋租金和股票利息）就达两千万。很大程度上是随机做出的估计，我认为，该估计可能高于或低于事实。
But if the lands of Great Britain, in the present state of their cultivation, do not afford a rent of more than twenty millions a-year, they could not well afford the half, most probably not the fourth part of that rent, if they all belonged to a single proprietor, and were put under the negligent, expensive, and oppressive management of his factors and agents.
但是，如果大不列颠的土地，在目前的耕种状况下，每年不能负担超过两千万的租金，如果它们都属于一个单一的土地所有者，并且受到他的因素和代理人的疏忽、昂贵和压迫性的管理，那么他们也负担不起一半的租金，很可能也负担不起四分之一的租金。
The crown lands of Great Britain do not at present afford the fourth part of the rent which could probably be drawn from them if they were the property of private persons.
如果英国王室土地是私人财产，那么英国王室土地目前无法承担可能从中提取的租金的四分之一。
If the crown lands were more extensive, it is probable, they would be still worse managed.
如果王室的土地更加广阔，它们的管理很可能会更差。
The revenue which the great body of the people derives from land is, in proportion, not to the rent, but to the produce of the land.
广大人民从土地中获得的收入，不是与地租成正比，而是与土地的出产成正比。
The whole annual produce of the land of every country, if we except what is reserved for seed, is either annually consumed by the great body of the people, or exchanged for something else that is consumed by them.
每个国家土地的全部年产出，如果我们除去保留用于种子的部分的话，要么每年被广大人民消费掉，要么交换为他们消费的其他东西。
Whatever keeps down the produce of the land below what it would otherwise rise to, keeps down the revenue of the great body of the people, still more than it does that of the proprietors of land.
任何使土地产出低于其本来水平的因素，都会使广大人民的收入下降，甚至比土地所有者的收入下降还要严重。
The rent of land, that portion of the produce which belongs to the proprietors, is scarce anywhere in Great Britain supposed to be more than a third part of the whole produce.
土地租金，即属于所有者的产品的一部分，在英国任何地方都很少见，据说超过了全部产品的三分之一。
If the land which, in one state of cultivation, affords a revenue of ten millions sterling a-year, would in another afford a rent of twenty millions; the rent being, in both cases, supposed a third part of the produce, the revenue of the proprietors would be less than it otherwise might be, by ten millions a-year only; but the revenue of the great body of the people would be less than it otherwise might be, by thirty millions a-year, deducting only what would be necessary for seed.
如果这块土地在一种耕种状态下每年可提供一千万英镑的收入，那么在另一种耕种状态下可提供两千万英镑的租金；在这两种情况下，租金都占产品的三分之一，业主的收入将比原本可能的收入少，每年仅少一千万；但是，仅扣除种子所需的收入，广大人民的收入将比原本可能的收入少，每年三千万。
The population of the country would be less by the number of people which thirty millions a-year, deducting always the seed, could maintain, according to the particular mode of living, and expense which might take place in the different ranks of men, among whom the remainder was distributed.
国家的人口将减少每年三千万人，扣除种子后，根据特定的生活方式和不同阶层的人可能发生的费用，剩余的人在他们之间分配。
Though there is not at present in Europe, any civilized state of any kind which derives the greater part of its public revenue from the rent of lands which are the property of the state; yet, in all the great monarchies of Europe, there are still many large tracts of land which belong to the crown.
尽管目前欧洲还没有任何一种文明国家的公共收入的大部分来自于国家财产的土地租金；然而，在欧洲所有伟大的君主国中，仍然有许多大片土地属于王室。
They are generally forest, and sometimes forests where, after travelling several miles, you will scarce find a single tree; a mere waste and loss of country, in respect both of produce and population.
一般是森林，有时是森林，走了几里路，连一棵树都找不到；就产品和人口而言，这只是国家的浪费和损失。
In every great monarchy of Europe, the sale of the crown lands would produce a very large sum of money, which, if applied to the payment of the public debts, would deliver from mortgage a much greater revenue than any which those lands have ever afforded to the crown.
在欧洲每一个伟大的君主国，出售王室土地都会产生一大笔钱，如果将这笔钱用于支付公共债务，那么抵押贷款所带来的收入将比这些土地曾经提供给王室的收入大得多。
In countries where lands, improved and cultivated very highly, and yielding, at the time of sale, as great a rent as can easily be got from them, commonly sell at thirty years purchase; the unimproved, uncultivated, and low-rented crown lands, might well be expected to sell at forty, fifty, or sixty years purchase.
在那些土地经过高度改良和耕种的国家，在出售时可以轻松地从土地上获得尽可能高的租金，通常以三十年的购买价格出售；未经改良、未开垦且租金低廉的王室土地很可能会以四十年、五十年或六十年的价格出售。
The crown might immediately enjoy the revenue which this great price would redeem from mortgage.
国王可能会立即享受到这笔巨大的价格从抵押贷款中赎回的收入。
In the course of a few years, it would probably enjoy another revenue.
几年后，它可能会获得另一笔收入。
When the crown lands had become private property, they would, in the course of a few years, become well improved and well cultivated.
当王室土地成为私有财产时，几年之内，它们就会得到很好的改善和耕种。
The increase of their produce would increase the population of the country, by augmenting the revenue and consumption of the people.
他们的产品的增加将增加人民的收入和消费，从而增加国家的人口。
But the revenue which the crown derives from the duties or custom and excise, would necessarily increase with the revenue and consumption of the people.
但国王从关税或关税和消费税中获得的收入必然会随着人民的收入和消费而增加。
The revenue which, in any civilized monarchy, the crown derives from the crown lands, though it appears to cost nothing to individuals, in reality costs more to the society than perhaps any other equal revenue which the crown enjoys.
在任何文明的君主政体中，王室从王室土地中获得的收入，尽管对个人来说似乎没有任何成本，但实际上对社会来说，其成本可能比王室享有的任何其他同等收入都要高。
It would, in all cases, be for the interest of the society, to replace this revenue to the crown by some other equal revenue, and to divide the lands among the people, which could not well be done better, perhaps, than by exposing them to public sale.
在任何情况下，为了社会的利益，用其他同等的收入来取代王室的这种收入，并在人民之间分配土地，也许没有比公开出售土地更好的办法了。
Lands, for the purposes of pleasure and magnificence, parks, gardens, public walks, etc. possessions which are everywhere considered as causes of expense, not as sources of revenue, seem to be the only lands which, in a great and civilized monarchy, ought to belong to the crown.
以享乐和富丽堂皇为目的的土地、公园、花园、公共步道等财产，在任何地方都被认为是支出的原因，而不是收入的来源，似乎是在一个伟大而文明的君主国中唯一应该属于王室的土地。
Public stock and public lands, therefore, the two sources of revenue which may peculiarly belong to the sovereign or commonwealth, being both improper and insufficient funds for defraying the necessary expense of any great and civilized state; it remains that this expense must, the greater part of it, be defrayed by taxes of one kind or another; the people contributing a part of their own private revenue, in order to make up a public revenue to the sovereign or commonwealth.
因此，公共股票和公共土地这两种可能特别属于主权国家或联邦的收入来源，对于支付任何伟大而文明的国家的必要开支而言，既不适当又不足。仍然是，这笔费用的大部分必须通过某种税收来支付；人们贡献一部分自己的私人收入，以弥补主权或联邦的公共收入。
PART II.
第二部分。
Of Taxes.
税收。
The private revenue of individuals, it has been shown in the first book of this Inquiry, arises, ultimately from three different sources; rent, profit, and wages.
本调查的第一本书表明，个人的私人收入最终来自三个不同的来源：租金、利润和工资。
Every tax must finally be paid from some one or other of those three different sources of revenue, or from all of them indifferently.
每一项税款最终都必须从这三种不同收入来源中的某个或其他来源支付，或者无差别地从所有来源支付。
I shall endeavour to give the best account I can, first, of those taxes which, it is intended should fall upon rent; secondly, of those which, it is intended should fall upon profit; thirdly, of those which, it is intended should fall upon wages; and fourthly, of those which, it is intended should fall indifferently upon all those three different sources of private revenue.
我将尽我所能，首先对那些应归于租金的税种进行最好的说明；其次，那些旨在获利的事物；第三，那些应该属于工资的因素；第四，在那些目标中，应该对所有这三种不同的私人收入来源漠不关心。
The particular consideration of each of these four different sorts of taxes will divide the second part of the present chapter into four articles, three of which will require several other subdivisions.
对这四种不同税种中每一种的具体考虑将本章的第二部分分为四篇文章，其中三篇将需要其他几个细分。
Many of these taxes, it will appear from the following review, are not finally paid from the fund, or source of revenue, upon which it is intended they should fall.
从下面的审查中可以看出，许多这些税款最终并不是从基金或收入来源中支付的，而这些税款本来应该由基金或收入来源支付。
Before I enter upon the examination of particular taxes, it is necessary to premise the four following maxims with regard to taxes in general.
在我开始研究特定税收之前，有必要以以下四个关于一般税收的格言为前提。
1.
1.
The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
每个国家的臣民都应该根据自己的能力，尽可能地为政府的支持做出贡献；也就是说，按照他们各自在国家保护下享有的收入的比例。
The expense of government to the individuals of a great nation, is like the expense of management to the joint tenants of a great estate, who are all obliged to contribute in proportion to their respective interests in the estate.
政府对一个伟大国家的个人的开支，就像对一个大庄园的共同共有人的管理费用一样，他们都有义务按照各自在庄园中的利益比例做出贡献。
In the observation or neglect of this maxim, consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation.
观察或忽视这一格言，就会产生所谓的税收平等或不平等。
Every tax, it must be observed once for all, which falls finally upon one only of the three sorts of revenue above mentioned, is necessarily unequal, in so far as it does not affect the other two.
必须一劳永逸地遵守的每一种税收，只要它不影响其他两种收入，最终只落在上述三种收入中的一种上，就必然是不平等的。
In the following examination of different taxes, I shall seldom take much farther notice of this sort of inequality; but shall, in most cases, confine my observations to that inequality which is occasioned by a particular tax falling unequally upon that particular sort of private revenue which is affected by it.
在接下来对不同税收的考察中，我很少会进一步关注这种不平等。但在大多数情况下，我的观察仅限于因特定税收不平等地落在受其影响的特定类型私人收入上而引起的不平等。
2.
2.
The tax which each individual is bound to pay, ought to be certain and not arbitrary.
每个人必须缴纳的税款应该是确定的，而不是任意的。
The time of payment, the manner of payment, the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor, and to every other person.
付款的时间、付款的方式、付款的数量都应该对贡献者和其他所有人来说是清楚和明白的。
Where it is otherwise, every person subject to the tax is put more or less in the power of the tax-gatherer, who can either aggravate the tax upon any obnoxious contributor, or extort, by the terror of such aggravation, some present or perquisite to himself.
否则，每个纳税人都或多或少地处于收税人的权力之下，收税人可以加重对任何令人讨厌的贡献者的税收，或者通过对这种加重的恐惧来勒索一些礼物或额外津贴。
The uncertainty of taxation encourages the insolence, and favours the corruption, of an order of men who are naturally unpopular, even where they are neither insolent nor corrupt.
税收的不确定性助长了一群天生不受欢迎的人的傲慢和腐败，即使他们既不傲慢也不腐败。
The certainty of what each individual ought to pay is, in taxation, a matter of so great importance, that a very considerable degree of inequality, it appears, I believe, from the experience of all nations, is not near so great an evil as a very small degree of uncertainty.
在税收方面，每个人应缴纳的金额的确定性是一个非常重要的问题，我相信，从所有国家的经验来看，相当大程度的不平等并不像很小程度的不确定性那么严重。
3.
3.
Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner, in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it.
每项税款都应在缴款人最方便缴纳的时间或方式征收。
A tax upon the rent of land or of houses, payable at the same term at which such rents are usually paid, is levied at the time when it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay; or when he is most likely to have wherewithall to pay.
土地或房屋租金税应与通常支付租金的期限相同，在缴款人最有可能方便支付时征收；或者当他最有可能有足够的资金来支付时。
Taxes upon such consumable goods as are articles of luxury, are all finally paid by the consumer, and generally in a manner that is very convenient for him.
对奢侈品等消费品的征税最终都是由消费者支付的，而且通常是以对他来说非常方便的方式支付的。
He pays them by little and little, as he has occasion to buy the goods.
他一点一点地付钱给他们，因为他有机会购买这些货物。
As he is at liberty too, either to buy or not to buy, as he pleases, it must be his own fault if he ever suffers any considerable inconveniency from such taxes.
由于他也有自由，可以随心所欲地购买或不购买，所以如果他因此类税收而遭受任何相当大的不便，那一定是他自己的过错。
4.
4.
Every tax ought to be so contrived, as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as little as possible, over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the state.
每一项税收都应该精心设计，除了为国家公共财政带来的收入之外，还应尽可能少地从人民的口袋中取出和保留。
A tax may either take out or keep out of the pockets of the people a great deal more than it brings into the public treasury, in the four following ways.
税收可能通过以下四种方式从人民的口袋中扣除或扣留远多于其进入公共财政的金额。
First, the levying of it may require a great number of officers, whose salaries may eat up the greater part of the produce of the tax, and whose perquisites may impose another additional tax upon the people.
首先，征税可能需要大量官员，他们的工资可能会吃掉税收产品的大部分，而他们的额外津贴可能会向人民征收另一笔附加税。
Secondly, it may obstruct the industry of the people, and discourage them from applying to certain branches of business which might give maintenance and employment to great multitudes.
其次，它可能会阻碍人们的工业，并阻止他们申请某些可以为大量群众提供维持和就业的商业部门。
While it obliges the people to pay, it may thus diminish, or perhaps destroy, some of the funds which might enable them more easily to do so.
虽然它迫使人们付款，但它可能会减少甚至毁掉一些本来可以让人们更容易这样做的资金。
Thirdly, by the forfeitures and other penalties which those unfortunate individuals incur, who attempt unsuccessfully to evade the tax, it may frequently ruin them, and thereby put an end to the benefit which the community might have received from the employment of their capitals.
第三，那些试图逃税失败的不幸的个人遭受没收和其他处罚，这常常可能使他们破产，从而结束社会可能从其资本的使用中获得的利益。
An injudicious tax offers a great temptation to smuggling.
不明智的税收给走私带来了巨大的诱惑。
But the penalties of smuggling must arise in proportion to the temptation.
但对走私的处罚必须与诱惑成正比。
The law, contrary to all the ordinary principles of justice, first creates the temptation, and then punishes those who yield to it; and it commonly enhances the punishment, too, in proportion to the very circumstance which ought certainly to alleviate it, the temptation to commit the crime.
法律与所有一般的正义原则相反，它首先创造诱惑，然后惩罚屈服于它的人；而且它通常也会加重惩罚，与确实应该减轻惩罚的情况（犯罪的诱惑）成比例。
{See Sketches of the History of Man page 474, and Seq.} Fourthly, by subjecting the people to the frequent visits and the odious examination of the tax-gatherers, it may expose them to much unnecessary trouble, vexation, and oppression; and though vexation is not, strictly speaking, expense, it is certainly equivalent to the expense at which every man would be willing to redeem himself from it.
{参见《人类简史》第474页及其下页。}第四，通过让人民经常接受收税者的频繁拜访和令人厌恶的检查，可能会使他们遭受许多不必要的麻烦、烦恼和压迫；虽然严格来说，烦恼并不是一种开支，但它肯定相当于每个人都愿意为摆脱烦恼而付出的代价。
It is in some one or other of these four different ways, that taxes are frequently so much more burdensome to the people than they are beneficial to the sovereign.
正是通过这四种不同方式中的某种方式，税收对人民的负担往往比对主权者的好处大得多。
The evident justice and utility of the foregoing maxims have recommended them, more or less, to the attention of all nations.
上述格言明显的正义性和实用性或多或少地引起了所有国家的注意。
All nations have endeavoured, to the best of their judgment, to render their taxes as equal as they could contrive; as certain, as convenient to the contributor, both the time and the mode of payment, and in proportion to the revenue which they brought to the prince, as little burdensome to the people.
所有国家都尽其所能地努力使税收尽可能平等。缴款的时间和方式，以及与他们给君主带来的收入的比例，对缴款人来说都是确定的、方便的，对人民来说也不是什么负担。
The following short review of some of the principal taxes which have taken place in different ages and countries, will show, that the endeavours of all nations have not in this respect been equally successful.
下面对不同时代和国家实行的一些主要税收的简短回顾将表明，所有国家在这方面的努力并非同样成功。
ARTICLE I.—Taxes upon Rent—Taxes upon the Rent of Land.
第一条——租金税——土地租金税。
A tax upon the rent of land may either be imposed according to a certain canon, every district being valued at a curtain rent, which valuation is not afterwards to be altered; or it may be imposed in such a manner, as to vary with every variation in the real rent of the land, and to rise or fall with the improvement or declension of its cultivation.
土地租金税可以按照一定的规范征收，每个地区都按帷幕租金估价，估价之后不得改变；或者它可以以这样一种方式征收，即随着土地实际地租的每一次变化而变化，并随着土地耕种的改善或衰退而上升或下降。
A land tax which, like that of Great Britain, is assessed upon each district according to a certain invariable canon, though it should be equal at the time of its first establishment, necessarily becomes unequal in process of time, according to the unequal degrees of improvement or neglect in the cultivation of the different parts of the country.
像英国的土地税一样，按照某种不变的规范对每个地区征收土地税，尽管它在最初建立时应该是平等的，但随着时间的推移，根据该国不同地区耕种的改善或忽视程度的不同，必然会变得不平等。
In England, the valuation, according to which the different counties and parishes were assessed to the land tax by the 4th of William and Mary, was very unequal even at its first establishment.
在英格兰，威廉和玛丽四世根据不同县和教区的土地税评估标准，即使在其最初建立时，也非常不平等。
This tax, therefore, so far offends against the first of the four maxims above mentioned.
因此，到目前为止，这项税收违反了上述四项格言中的第一条。
It is perfectly agreeable to the other three.
其他三人也完全同意。
It is perfectly certain.
这是完全确定的。
The time of payment for the tax, being the same as that for the rent, is as convenient as it can be to the contributor.
税款的缴纳时间与房租的缴纳时间相同，对于缴款人来说是最方便的。
Though the landlord is, in all cases, the real contributor, the tax is commonly advanced by the tenant, to whom the landlord is obliged to allow it in the payment of the rent.
尽管在所有情况下，房东都是真正的缴款人，但税款通常由租户预缴，房东有义务允许租户支付租金。
This tax is levied by a much smaller number of officers than any other which affords nearly the same revenue.
与提供几乎相同收入的任何其他税收相比，征收该税的官员数量要少得多。
As the tax upon each district does not rise with the rise of the rent, the sovereign does not share in the profits of the landlord’s improvements.
由于每个地区的税收并不随着租金的上涨而增加，因此主权者不会分享地主改良的利润。
Those improvements sometimes contribute, indeed, to the discharge of the other landlords of the district.
这些改进有时确实有助于该地区其他房东的解职。
But the aggravation of the tax, which this may sometimes occasion upon a particular estate, is always so very small, that it never can discourage those improvements, nor keep down the produce of the land below what it would otherwise rise to.
但是，有时这可能对某一特定庄园造成税收的加重，但这种加重总是很小，以至于它永远不会阻碍这些改进，也不会降低土地的产量低于其本来应有的水平。
As it has no tendency to diminish the quantity, it can have none to raise the price of that produce.
由于它没有减少数量的倾向，因此也不会提高该产品的价格。
It does not obstruct the industry of the people; it subjects the landlord to no other inconveniency besides the unavoidable one of paying the tax.
它不妨碍人民的勤劳；除了不可避免的缴税之外，它不会给房东带来任何其他不便。
The advantage, however, which the land-lord has derived from the invariable constancy of the valuation, by which all the lands of Great Britain are rated to the land-tax, has been principally owing to some circumstances altogether extraneous to the nature of the tax.
然而，地主从估价的不变性中获得的优势，即英国所有土地都被评定为土地税，主要是由于某些与税收性质完全无关的情况。
It has been owing in part, to the great prosperity of almost every part of the country, the rents of almost all the estates of Great Britain having, since the time when this valuation was first established, been continually rising, and scarce any of them having fallen.
部分原因在于，英国几乎所有地区的繁荣，自这种估价首次确定以来，几乎所有庄园的租金都在不断上涨，而且几乎没有下降。
The landlords, therefore, have almost all gained the difference between the tax which they would have paid, according to the present rent of their estates, and that which they actually pay according to the ancient valuation.
因此，地主们几乎都获得了根据其地产当前租金应缴纳的税款与根据古代估价实际缴纳的税款之间的差额。
Had the state of the country been different, had rents been gradually falling in consequence of the declension of cultivation, the landlords would almost all have lost this difference.
如果国家情况不同，如果地租因耕种减少而逐渐下降，那么地主们几乎都会失去这种差别。
In the state of things which has happened to take place since the revolution, the constancy of the valuation has been advantageous to the landlord and hurtful to the sovereign.
从革命以来发生的情况来看，估价的恒定对地主有利，但对君主不利。
In a different state of things it might have been advantageous to the sovereign and hurtful to the landlord.
在不同的情况下，它可能对君主有利，但对地主有害。
As the tax is made payable in money, so the valuation of the land is expressed in money.
由于税款以货币形式缴纳，因此土地的估价也以货币表示。
Since the establishment of this valuation, the value of silver has been pretty uniform, and there has been no alteration in the standard of the coin, either as to weight or fineness.
自建立这一估价以来，白银的价值一直相当统一，硬币的标准，无论是重量还是成色都没有改变。
Had silver risen considerably in its value, as it seems to have done in the course of the two centuries which preceded the discovery of the mines of America, the constancy of the valuation might have proved very oppressive to the landlord.
如果白银的价值大幅上涨，就像在美洲发现矿藏之前的两个世纪中那样，那么持续的价值可能会对地主造成很大的压力。
Had silver fallen considerably in its value, as it certainly did for about a century at least after the discovery of those mines, the same constancy of valuation would have reduced very much this branch of the revenue of the sovereign.
如果白银的价值大幅下跌，至少在发现这些矿之后的一个世纪里，白银的价值确实如此，同样稳定的估价将会大大减少主权收入的这一部门。
Had any considerable alteration been made in the standard of the money, either by sinking the same quantity of silver to a lower denomination, or by raising it to a higher; had an ounce of silver, for example, instead of being coined into five shillings and two pence, been coined either into pieces which bore so low a denomination as two shillings and seven pence, or into pieces which bore so high a one as ten shillings and four pence, it would, in the one case, have hurt the revenue of the proprietor, in the other that of the sovereign.
货币标准是否发生过重大变化，或者将相同数量的白银降低到较低的面额，或者提高到较高的面额？例如，如果一盎司白银不被铸造成五先令两便士，而是被铸造成面值低至两先令七便士的银币，或者被铸造成面值高至十先令四便士的银币，那么，在一种情况下，它会损害所有者的收入，而在另一种情况下，则会损害主权者的收入。
In circumstances, therefore, somewhat different from those which have actually taken place, this constancy of valuation might have been a very great inconveniency, either to the contributors or to the commonwealth.
因此，在与实际发生的情况有些不同的情况下，这种估价的恒定性可能会给捐助者或联邦带来很大的不便。
In the course of ages, such circumstances, however, must at some time or other happen.
然而，随着时间的推移，这样的情况必定会在某个时候或某个时候发生。
But though empires, like all the other works of men, have all hitherto proved mortal, yet every empire aims at immortality.
然而，尽管帝国和人类所有其他作品一样，迄今为止都被证明是短暂的，但每个帝国的目标都是不朽。
Every constitution, therefore, which it is meant should be as permanent as the empire itself, ought to be convenient, not in certain circumstances only, but in all circumstances; or ought to be suited, not to those circumstances which are transitory, occasional, or accidental, but to those which are necessary, and therefore always the same.
因此，每部宪法都应该像帝国本身一样永久存在，并且应该是方便的，不仅在某些情况下，而且在所有情况下；或应该适合的不是那些短暂的、偶然的或偶然的情况，而是那些必要的情况，因此总是相同的。
A tax upon the rent of land, which varies with every variation of the rent, or which rises and falls according to the improvement or neglect of cultivation, is recommended by that sect of men of letters in France, who call themselves the economists, as the most equitable of all taxes.
法国那群自称为经济学家的文人学派建议对土地征收一种税，这种税随着地租的每一次变化而变化，或者根据耕种的改善或忽视而增减，这是所有税种中最公平的一种。
All taxes, they pretend, fall ultimately upon the rent of land, and ought, therefore, to be imposed equally upon the fund which must finally pay them.
他们声称，所有的税收最终都落在土地租金上，因此，应该平等地征收到最终必须支付他们的基金上。
That all taxes ought to fall as equally as possible upon the fund which must finally pay them, is certainly true.
所有税收都应尽可能平等地落在最终必须支付这些税收的基金上，这当然是正确的。
But without entering into the disagreeable discussion of the metaphysical arguments by which they support their very ingenious theory, it will sufficiently appear, from the following review, what are the taxes which fall finally upon the rent of the land, and what are those which fall finally upon some other fund.
但是，我们不必对他们支持其非常巧妙的理论的形而上学论据进行令人不快的讨论，从下面的回顾中，就可以充分地看出，最终落在地租上的税是什么，以及最终落在其他基金上的税是什么。
In the Venetian territory, all the arable lands which are given in lease to farmers are taxed at a tenth of the rent.
在威尼斯境内，所有出租给农民的耕地均按租金的十分之一征税。
{Memoires concernant les Droits, p.
{有关权利的回忆录，第 14 页
240, 241.} The leases are recorded in a public register, which is kept by the officers of revenue in each province or district.
240, 241.} 租赁记录在公共登记册中，由各省或地区的税务官员保存。
When the proprietor cultivates his own lands, they are valued according to an equitable estimation, and he is allowed a deduction of one-fifth of the tax; so that for such land he pays only eight instead of ten per cent.
业主耕种自己的土地时，按公平估价计价，并可扣除五分之一的税款；因此，对于这些土地，他只需支付百分之八而不是百分之十。
of the supposed rent.
所谓的租金。
A land-tax of this kind is certainly more equal than the land-tax of England.
这种土地税肯定比英国的土地税更平等。
It might not, perhaps, be altogether so certain, and the assessment of the tax might frequently occasion a good deal more trouble to the landlord.
或许，事情可能并不完全那么确定，而且税收的评估可能经常会给房东带来更多的麻烦。
It might, too, be a good deal more expensive in the levying.
征收费用也可能要贵得多。
Such a system of administration, however, might, perhaps, be contrived, as would in a great measure both prevent this uncertainty, and moderate this expense.
然而，也许可以设计这样一个管理系统，因为它可以在很大程度上防止这种不确定性，并减轻这种费用。
The landlord and tenant, for example, might jointly be obliged to record their lease in a public register.
例如，房东和租客可能有共同义务将其租约记录在公共登记册中。
Proper penalties might be enacted against concealing or misrepresenting any of the conditions; and if part of those penalties were to be paid to either of the two parties who informed against and convicted the other of such concealment or misrepresentation, it would effectually deter them from combining together in order to defraud the public revenue.
对于隐瞒或歪曲任何条件的行为，可能会受到适当的处罚；如果将部分处罚支付给举报并定罪另一方隐瞒或失实陈述的两方中的任何一方，这将有效阻止他们联合起来骗取公共收入。
All the conditions of the lease might be sufficiently known from such a record.
从这样的记录中可以充分了解租赁的所有条件。
Some landlords, instead of raising the rent, take a fine for the renewal of the lease.
有些房东不提高租金，而是在续租时处以罚款。
This practice is, in most cases, the expedient of a spendthrift, who, for a sum of ready money sells a future revenue of much greater value.
在大多数情况下，这种做法是挥霍者的权宜之计，他们为了一笔现钱而出售价值更大的未来收入。
It is, in most cases, therefore, hurtful to the landlord; it is frequently hurtful to the tenant; and it is always hurtful to the community.
因此，在大多数情况下，这对房东是有害的；这常常对租客造成伤害；这总是对社区造成伤害。
It frequently takes from the tenant so great a part of his capital, and thereby diminishes so much his ability to cultivate the land, that he finds it more difficult to pay a small rent than it would otherwise have been to pay a great one.
它常常从佃户身上夺走很大一部分资本，从而大大削弱他耕种土地的能力，以至于他发现支付小额租金比支付大额租金更困难。
Whatever diminishes his ability to cultivate, necessarily keeps down, below what it would otherwise have been, the most important part of the revenue of the community.
无论什么削弱了他的耕种能力，都必然会降低社区收入中最重要的部分，使其低于本来应有的水平。
By rendering the tax upon such fines a good deal heavier than upon the ordinary rent, this hurtful practice might be discouraged, to the no small advantage of all the different parties concerned, of the landlord, of the tenant, of the sovereign, and of the whole community.
通过对此类罚款征收比普通租金重得多的税，这种有害的做法可能会被阻止，这对所有有关各方、房东、租户、主权者和整个社会都有不小的好处。
Some leases prescribe to the tenant a certain mode of cultivation, and a certain succession of crops, during the whole continuance of the lease.
有些租约规定承租人在整个租约持续期间采用某种耕作方式和某种作物连续种植。
This condition, which is generally the effect of the landlord’s conceit of his own superior knowledge (a conceit in most cases very ill-founded), ought always to be considered as an additional rent, as a rent in service, instead of a rent in money.
这种情况通常是地主自以为自己知识渊博的结果（这种自负在大多数情况下是毫无根据的），应该始终被视为额外租金，服务租金，而不是货币租金。
In order to discourage the practice, which is generally a foolish one, this species of rent might be valued rather high, and consequently taxed somewhat higher than common money-rents.
为了阻止这种通常是愚蠢的做法，这种租金可能被估价相当高，因此征税比普通货币租金要高一些。
Some landlords, instead of a rent in money, require a rent in kind, in corn, cattle, poultry, wine, oil, etc.; others, again, require a rent in service.
有些地主不需要货币租金，而是要求实物租金，如玉米、牛、家禽、酒、石油等；其他的则再次需要服务租金。
Such rents are always more hurtful to the tenant than beneficial to the landlord.
这样的租金对租客的伤害总是大于对房东的好处。
They either take more, or keep more out of the pocket of the former, than they put into that of the latter.
他们要么从前者的口袋里拿走更多，要么从前者的口袋里保留更多，而不是投入到后者的口袋里。
In every country where they take place, the tenants are poor and beggarly, pretty much according to the degree in which they take place.
在举办这种活动的每个国家，住户都是贫穷和乞讨的，这很大程度上取决于举办的程度。
By valuing, in the same manner, such rents rather high, and consequently taxing them somewhat higher than common money-rents, a practice which is hurtful to the whole community, might, perhaps, be sufficiently discouraged.
以同样的方式，对这种租金估价相当高，并因此对它们征税比普通货币租金稍高，这种对整个社会有害的做法也许可以充分阻止。
When the landlord chose to occupy himself a part of his own lands, the rent might be valued according to an equitable arbitration of the farmers and landlords in the neighbourhood, and a moderate abatement of the tax might be granted to him, in the same manner as in the Venetian territory, provided the rent of the lands which he occupied did not exceed a certain sum.
当地主选择占有自己的一部分土地时，地租可以根据附近农民和地主的公平仲裁来估价，并且可以像在威尼斯领土上一样，给予他适度的税收减免，前提是他所占有的土地的租金不超过一定数额。
It is of importance that the landlord should be encouraged to cultivate a part of his own land.
重要的是，应该鼓励地主耕种自己的一部分土地。
His capital is generally greater than that of the tenant, and, with less skill, he can frequently raise a greater produce.
他的资本通常比佃户的资本多，而且，尽管他的技能较少，但他常常可以收获更多的农产品。
The landlord can afford to try experiments, and is generally disposed to do so.
房东有能力进行实验，并且通常愿意这样做。
His unsuccessful experiments occasion only a moderate loss to himself.
他不成功的实验只给他自己带来了一定程度的损失。
His successful ones contribute to the improvement and better cultivation of the whole country.
他的成功，为整个国家的进步、更好的培育做出了贡献。
It might be of importance, however, that the abatement of the tax should encourage him to cultivate to a certain extent only.
然而，重要的是，税收减免只会在一定程度上鼓励他耕种。
If the landlords should, the greater part of them, be tempted to farm the whole of their own lands, the country (instead of sober and industrious tenants, who are bound by their own interest to cultivate as well as their capital and skill will allow them) would be filled with idle and profligate bailiffs, whose abusive management would soon degrade the cultivation, and reduce the annual produce of the land, to the diminution, not only of the revenue of their masters, but of the most important part of that of the whole society.
如果地主中的大多数人试图耕种自己的全部土地，那么国家（而不是清醒而勤奋的佃农，他们受自身利益的约束而进行耕作，而且他们的资本和技能也允许他们进行耕作）就会充满游手好闲和挥霍无度的法警，他们的滥用管理很快就会破坏耕作，减少土地的年产量，不仅减少他们主人的收入，而且减少大多数人的收入。是整个社会的重要组成部分。
Such a system of administration might, perhaps, free a tax of this kind from any degree of uncertainty, which could occasion either oppression or inconveniency to the contributor; and might, at the same time, serve to introduce into the common management of land such a plan of policy as might contribute a good deal to the general improvement and good cultivation of the country.
这样的管理制度也许可以使此类税收免受任何程度的不确定性的影响，这种不确定性可能会给纳税人带来压迫或不便；同时，可能有助于在土地的共同管理中引入这样一项政策计划，该计划可能对国家的总体改善和良好耕种做出很大贡献。
The expense of levying a land-tax, which varied with every variation of the rent, would, no doubt, be somewhat greater than that of levying one which was always rated according to a fixed valuation.
征收土地税的费用随地租的每次变化而变化，毫无疑问，征收土地税的费用会比征收总是按照固定估价估价的土地税要高一些。
Some additional expense would necessarily be incurred, both by the different register-offices which it would be proper to establish in the different districts of the country, and by the different valuations which might occasionally be made of the lands which the proprietor chose to occupy himself.
必然会产生一些额外费用，一方面是由于在该国不同地区适当设立不同的登记处，另一方面是由于有时可能对业主选择自己占用的土地进行不同的估价。
The expense of all this, however, might be very moderate, and much below what is incurred in the levying of many other taxes, which afford a very inconsiderable revenue in comparison of what might easily be drawn from a tax of this kind.
然而，所有这些费用可能非常适中，远低于征收许多其他税收所产生的费用，与从此类税收中轻松获得的收入相比，这些税收所提供的收入非常微不足道。
The discouragement which a variable land-tax of this kind might give to the improvement of land, seems to be the most important objection which can be made to it.
这种可变土地税可能会阻碍土地的改良，这似乎是可以提出的最重要的反对意见。
The landlord would certainly be less disposed to improve, when the sovereign, who contributed nothing to the expense, was to share in the profit of the improvement.
当君主不支付任何费用却要分享改善的利润时，地主肯定不太愿意改善。
Even this objection might, perhaps, be obviated, by allowing the landlord, before he began his improvement, to ascertain, in conjunction with the officers of revenue, the actual value of his lands, according to the equitable arbitration of a certain number of landlords and farmers in the neighbourhood, equally chosen by both parties: and by rating him, according to this valuation, for such a number of years as might be fully sufficient for his complete indemnification.
即使这种反对意见也可能被消除，方法是允许地主在开始改良之前，与税务官员一起，根据双方平等选择的附近一定数量的地主和农民的公平仲裁，确定他的土地的实际价值；并根据这一估价，对他的土地进行评级，以使其获得完全的赔偿。
To draw the attention of the sovereign towards the improvement of the land, from a regard to the increase of his own revenue, is one or the principal advantages proposed by this species of land-tax.
吸引主权者从增加自身收入的角度关注土地的改良，是这种土地税提出的一个或主要优点。
The term, therefore, allowed, for the indemnification of the landlord, ought not to be a great deal longer than what was necessary for that purpose, lest the remoteness of the interest should discourage too much this attention.
因此，为房东提供赔偿所允许的期限不应比为此目的所需的期限长很多，以免利益的遥远性会过多地阻碍这种关注。
It had better, however, be somewhat too long, than in any respect too short.
然而，它最好是有点长，而不是太短。
No incitement to the attention of the sovereign can ever counterbalance the smallest discouragement to that of the landlord.
任何引起君主注意的行为都无法抵消对地主的最小的挫败感。
The attention of the sovereign can be, at best, but a very general and vague consideration of what is likely to contribute to the better cultivation of the greater part of his dominions.
君主的注意力最多只能是非常笼统和模糊的考虑，考虑什么可能有助于更好地耕种他的大部分领土。
The attention of the landlord is a particular and minute consideration of what is likely to be the most advantageous application of every inch of ground upon his estate.
房东的注意力是对他的地产上的每一寸土地最有利的利用进行特别和细致的考虑。
The principal attention of the sovereign ought to be, to encourage, by every means in his power, the attention both of the landlord and of the farmer, by allowing both to pursue their own interest in their own way, and according to their own judgment; by giving to both the most perfect security that they shall enjoy the full recompence of their own industry; and by procuring to both the most extensive market for every part of their produce, in consequence of establishing the easiest and safest communications, both by land and by water, through every part of his own dominions, as well as the most unbounded freedom of exportation to the dominions of all other princes.
君主的主要关注点应该是，尽其所能，鼓励地主和农民都关注，允许他们按照自己的方式、根据自己的判断追求自己的利益。给予双方最完美的保障，使他们能够在自己的辛勤劳动中获得充分的报酬；并通过建立最简单和最安全的陆路和水路交通，通过自己领土的每一部分，将其产品的每一部分采购到最广泛的市场，以及向所有其他王子的领土进行最不受限制的出口自由。
If, by such a system of administration, a tax of this kind could be so managed as to give, not only no discouragement, but, on the contrary, some encouragement to the improvement or land, it does not appear likely to occasion any other inconveniency to the landlord, except always the unavoidable one of being obliged to pay the tax.
如果通过这样一种管理制度，对这种税收的管理不仅不会阻碍，反而会鼓励土地的改良，那么它似乎不会给地主带来任何其他不便，除了不可避免的必须缴税之外。
In all the variations of the state of the society, in the improvement and in the declension of agriculture; in all the variations in the value of silver, and in all those in the standard of the coin, a tax of this kind would, of its own accord, and without any attention of government, readily suit itself to the actual situation of things, and would be equally just and equitable in all those different changes.
在社会状况的所有变化中，在农业的进步和衰退中；在白银价值的所有变化中，以及在钱币标准中的所有变化中，这种税收会自动地、无需政府的任何关注，很容易地适合事物的实际情况，并且在所有这些不同的变化中同样是公正和公平的。
It would, therefore, be much more proper to be established as a perpetual and unalterable regulation, or as what is called a fundamental law of the commonwealth, than any tax which was always to be levied according to a certain valuation.
因此，将其制定为一项永久且不可改变的法规，或者作为所谓的联邦基本法，比任何始终按照一定估价征收的税收更为合适。
Some states, instead of the simple and obvious expedient of a register of leases, have had recourse to the laborious and expensive one of an actual survey and valuation of all the lands in the country.
一些州没有采取简单明了的权宜之计，即进行租赁登记，而是采用了费力且昂贵的方法，即对该国所有土地进行实际调查和估价。
They have suspected, probably, that the lessor and lessee, in order to defraud the public revenue, might combine to conceal the real terms of the lease.
他们可能怀疑出租人和承租人可能会联合起来隐瞒租赁的实际条款，以骗取公共收入。
Doomsday-book seems to have been the result of a very accurate survey of this kind.
世界末日书似乎是此类非常准确的调查的结果。
In the ancient dominions of the king of Prussia, the land-tax is assessed according to an actual survey and valuation, which is reviewed and altered from time to time.
在普鲁士国王的古代领地上，土地税是根据实际调查和估价来评估的，并且会不时地进行审查和修改。
{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. tom, i.
{关于 les Droits 等的回忆录，汤姆，i。
p.
p。
114, 115, 116, etc.} According to that valuation, the lay proprietors pay from twenty to twenty-five per cent.
114、115、116 等}根据该估价，非专业业主支付百分之二十到百分之二十五的费用。
of their revenue; ecclesiastics from forty to forty-five per cent.
他们的收入；神职人员从百分之四十到百分之四十五。
The survey and valuation of Silesia was made by order of the present king, it is said, with great accuracy.
据说，西里西亚的勘测和估价是根据现任国王的命令进行的，非常准确。
According to that valuation, the lands belonging to the bishop of Breslaw are taxed at twenty-five per cent.
根据该估价，属于布雷斯瓦夫主教的土地的税率为百分之二十五。
of their rent.
他们的租金。
The other revenues of the ecclesiastics of both religions at fifty per cent.
两种宗教的神职人员的其他收入均为百分之五十。
The commanderies of the Teutonic order, and of that of Malta, at forty per cent.
条顿骑士团的郡县和马耳他的郡县占百分之四十。
Lands held by a noble tenure, at thirty-eight and one-third per cent.
土地由贵族保有，占百分之三十八又三分之一。
Lands held by a base tenure, at thirty-five and one-third per cent.
土地按基本保有权持有，占百分之三十五又三分之一。
The survey and valuation of Bohemia is said to have been the work of more than a hundred years.
据说对波西米亚的调查和估价工作已经持续了一百多年。
It was not perfected till after the peace of 1748, by the orders of the present empress queen.
直到 1748 年和约之后，根据现任皇后的命令，它才得以完善。
{Id.
{ID。
tom i.
汤姆岛
p.85, 84.} The survey of the duchy of Milan, which was begun in the time of Charles VI., was not perfected till after 1760.
p.85, 84.} 对米兰公国的勘察始于查理六世时期，直到 1760 年之后才得以完善。
It is esteemed one of the most accurate that has ever been made.
它被认为是有史以来最准确的之一。
The survey of Savoy and Piedmont was executed under the orders of the late king of Sardinia.
对萨瓦和皮埃蒙特的勘察是在已故撒丁岛国王的命令下进行的。
{Id.
{ID。
p.
p。
280, etc.; also p, 287.
280等；另见第 287 页。
etc. to 316.}
等等到316。}
In the dominions of the king of Prussia, the revenue of the church is taxed much higher than that of lay proprietors.
在普鲁士国王的领地上，教会的税收比世俗业主的税收高得多。
The revenue of the church is, the greater part of it, a burden upon the rent of land.
教会的收入大部分是地租的负担。
It seldom happens that any part of it is applied towards the improvement of land; or is so employed as to contribute, in any respect, towards increasing the revenue of the great body of the people.
很少有将其任何一部分用于土地改良的情况；或被雇用以在任何方面为增加广大人民的收入做出贡献。
His Prussian majesty had probably, upon that account, thought it reasonable that it should contribute a good deal more towards relieving the exigencies of the state.
因此，普鲁士国王陛下可能认为，它应该为缓解国家的紧急情况做出更多贡献，这是合理的。
In some countries, the lands of the church are exempted from all taxes.
在一些国家，教会的土地免税。
In others, they are taxed more lightly than other lands.
在其他国家，他们的税收比其他土地更轻。
In the duchy of Milan, the lands which the church possessed before 1575, are rated to the tax at a third only or their value.
在米兰公国，教会在 1575 年之前拥有的土地仅按其价值的三分之一纳税。
In Silesia, lands held by a noble tenure are taxed three per cent.
在西里西亚，贵族保有权持有的土地需缴纳百分之三的税。
higher than those held by a base tenure.
高于基本任期所持有的人。
The honours and privileges of different kinds annexed to the former, his Prussian majesty had probably imagined, would sufficiently compensate to the proprietor a small aggravation of the tax; while, at the same time, the humiliating inferiority of the latter would be in some measure alleviated, by being taxed somewhat more lightly.
普鲁士陛下可能想象到，前者所附加的各种荣誉和特权足以补偿所有者稍微加重的税收；与此同时，通过减轻税收，可以在一定程度上减轻后者令人屈辱的劣势。
In other countries, the system of taxation, instead of alleviating, aggravates this inequality.
在其他国家，税收制度非但没有缓解这种不平等，反而加剧了这种不平等。
In the dominions of the king of Sardinia, and in those provinces of France which are subject to what is called the real or predial taille, the tax falls altogether upon the lands held by a base tenure.
在撒丁岛国王的领土上，以及在法国那些受所谓“真实税”或“预税税”管辖的省份，税收全部落在由基本保有权持有的土地上。
Those held by a noble one are exempted.
贵族持有者除外。
A land tax assessed according to a general survey and valuation, how equal soever it may be at first, must, in the course of a very moderate period of time, become unequal.
根据一般调查和估价评估的土地税，无论一开始多么平等，在一段非常温和的时期内，必定会变得不平等。
To prevent its becoming so would require the continual and painful attention of government to all the variations in the state and produce of every different farm in the country.
为了防止这种情况发生，政府需要持续不断地、痛苦地关注该国每个不同农场的状况和农产品的所有变化。
The governments of Prussia, of Bohemia, of Sardinia, and of the duchy of Milan, actually exert an attention of this kind; an attention so unsuitable to the nature of government, that it is not likely to be of long continuance, and which, if it is continued, will probably, in the long-run, occasion much more trouble and vexation than it can possibly bring relief to the contributors.
普鲁士政府、波西米亚政府、撒丁岛政府和米兰公国政府实际上都在关注这种问题。这种关注与政府的性质如此不相称，不可能长期持续，而且如果持续下去，从长远来看，可能会带来更多的麻烦和烦恼，而不是给捐助者带来安慰。
In 1666, the generality of Montauban was assessed to the real or predial taille, according, it is said, to a very exact survey and valuation.
据说，1666 年，根据非常精确的调查和评估，蒙托邦的普遍性被评估为真实尾数或预尾数。
{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. tom.
{有关 les Droits 的回忆录等汤姆。
ii p.
二页
139, etc.} By 1727, this assessment had become altogether unequal.
139 等}到 1727 年，这种评估已经变得完全不平等。
In order to remedy this inconveniency, government has found no better expedient, than to impose upon the whole generality an additional tax of a hundred and twenty thousand livres.
为了弥补这种不便，政府没有找到更好的权宜之计，就是向全体人民征收十二万里弗的额外税。
This additional tax is rated upon all the different districts subject to the taille according to the old assessment.
根据旧的评估，该附加税适用于所有不同的地区。
But it is levied only upon those which, in the actual state of things, are by that assessment under-taxed; and it is applied to the relief of those which, by the same assessment, are over-taxed.
但它只对那些根据实际情况评估税负过低的国家征收。它适用于那些根据同样的评估被过度征税的人的减免。
Two districts, for example, one of which ought, in the actual state of things, to be taxed at nine hundred, the other at eleven hundred livres, are, by the old assessment, both taxed at a thousand livres.
例如，两个地区，其中一个在实际情况下应课税九百里弗，另一个应课税一千里弗，而根据旧的评估，两者的课税均为一千里弗。
Both these districts are, by the additional tax, rated at eleven hundred livres each.
按附加税计算，这两个地区的税率均为 1100 里弗。
But this additional tax is levied only upon the district under-charged, and it is applied altogether to the relief of that overcharged, which consequently pays only nine hundred livres.
但这项附加税仅对收费不足的地区征收，并且完全用于减轻收费过高的地区，因此该地区仅支付九百里弗。
The government neither gains nor loses by the additional tax, which is applied altogether to remedy the inequalities arising from the old assessment.
额外税收对政府既没有好处也没有损失，它完全是为了弥补旧评估所造成的不平等。
The application is pretty much regulated according to the discretion of the intendant of the generality, and must, therefore, be in a great measure arbitrary.
该申请几乎是根据一般性管理者的自由裁量权来监管的，因此在很大程度上必须是任意的。
Taxes which are proportioned, not in the Rent, but to the Produce of Land.
税收不是按照地租的比例，而是按照土地的出产比例。
Taxes upon the produce of land are, in reality, taxes upon the rent; and though they may be originally advanced by the farmer, are finally paid by the landlord.
对土地产品征税实际上就是对地租征税。虽然最初是农民垫付的，但最终还是由地主支付的。
When a certain portion of the produce is to be paid away for a tax, the farmer computes as well as he can, what the value of this portion is, one year with another, likely to amount to, and he makes a proportionable abatement in the rent which he agrees to pay to the landlord.
当某部分产品要交税时，农民会尽其所能地计算这部分产品的价值，一年一年后可能达到多少，然后他同意按比例减少租金，并同意支付给地主。
There is no farmer who does not compute beforehand what the church tythe, which is a land tax of this kind, is, one year with another, likely to amount to.
没有一个农民不事先计算过教会的什一税，即这种土地税，一年一年可能达到多少。
The tythe, and every other land tax of this kind, under the appearance of perfect equality, are very unequal taxes; a certain portion of the produce being in different situations, equivalent to a very different portion of the rent.
什一税和所有其他类似的土地税，在完全平等的外表下，实际上是非常不平等的税收。某一部分的产品处于不同的情况，相当于租金的非常不同的部分。
In some very rich lands, the produce is so great, that the one half of it is fully sufficient to replace to the farmer his capital employed in cultivation, together with the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighbourhood.
在一些非常肥沃的土地上，出产如此之多，以至于一半就足以替代农民用于耕种的资本，以及附近畜牧业的普通利润。
The other half, or, what comes to the same thing, the value of the other half, he could afford to pay as rent to the landlord, if there was no tythe.
另一半，或者说，同样的事情，另一半的价值，如果没有什一税，他有能力向房东支付租金。
But if a tenth of the produce is taken from him in the way of tythe, he must require an abatement of the fifth part of his rent, otherwise he cannot get back his capital with the ordinary profit.
但是，如果以什一税的方式从他那里拿走了十分之一的产品，他就必须要求减免他的地租的五分之一，否则他就不能用普通利润取回他的资本。
In this case, the rent of the landlord, instead of amounting to a half, or five-tenths of the whole produce, will amount only to four-tenths of it.
在这种情况下，地主的租金不会达到全部产品的一半或十分之五，而只会达到其十分之四。
In poorer lands, on the contrary, the produce is sometimes so small, and the expense of cultivation so great, that it requires four-fifths of the whole produce, to replace to the farmer his capital with the ordinary profit.
相反，在较贫穷的土地上，有时农产品很少，而耕种费用又很大，以至于需要全部农产品的五分之四才能用普通利润代替农民的资本。
In this case, though there was no tythe, the rent of the landlord could amount to no more than one-fifth or two-tenths of the whole produce.
在这种情况下，虽然没有什一税，但地主的租金最多只能达到全部农产品的五分之一或十分之二。
But if the farmer pays one-tenth of the produce in the way of tythe, he must require an equal abatement of the rent of the landlord, which will thus be reduced to one-tenth only of the whole produce.
但是，如果农民以什一税的方式缴纳十分之一的产品，他就必须要求地主同等地减免地租，这样地租就只能减少到全部产品的十分之一。
Upon the rent of rich lands the tythe may sometimes be a tax of no more than one-fifth part, or four shillings in the pound; whereas upon that of poorer lands, it may sometimes be a tax of one half, or of ten shillings in the pound.
对肥沃土地的租金，什一税有时可能不超过五分之一，即每英镑四先令；而对于较贫穷的土地，有时可能征收二分之一的税，或者每磅十先令的税。
The tythe, as it is frequently a very unequal tax upon the rent, so it is always a great discouragement, both to the improvements of the landlord, and to the cultivation of the farmer.
什一税通常是对地租征收的一种非常不平等的税，因此它总是对地主的改善和农民的耕作产生极大的阻碍。
The one cannot venture to make the most important, which are generally the most expensive improvements; nor the other to raise the most valuable, which are generally, too, the most expensive crops; when the church, which lays out no part of the expense, is to share so very largely in the profit.
人们无法冒险做出最重要的改进，而这些改进通常也是最昂贵的；另一个也不是种植最有价值的作物，这些作物通常也是最昂贵的作物；当教会不承担任何费用时，却要分享很大一部分利润。
The cultivation of madder was, for a long time, confined by the tythe to the United Provinces, which, being presbyterian countries, and upon that account exempted from this destructive tax, enjoyed a sort of monopoly of that useful dyeing drug against the rest of Europe.
很长一段时间以来，茜草的种植都受到税收的限制，这些国家是长老会国家，因此免于缴纳这种破坏性的税收，对欧洲其他国家享有这种有用的染色药物的某种垄断。
The late attempts to introduce the culture of this plant into England, have been made only in consequence of the statute, which enacted that five shillings an acre should be received in lieu of all manner of tythe upon madder.
最近将这种植物的栽培引入英国的尝试只是由于该法规的结果，该法规规定每英亩应收取五先令，以代替对茜草的各种形式的什一税。
As through the greater part of Europe, the church, so in many different countries of Asia, the state, is principally supported by a land tax, proportioned not to the rent, but to the produce of the land.
正如欧洲大部分地区的教会一样，亚洲许多不同国家的国家也主要靠土地税来维持，土地税的比例不是与地租成正比，而是与土地的产出成正比。
In China, the principal revenue of the sovereign consists in a tenth part of the produce of all the lands of the empire.
在中国，君主的主要收入占帝国所有土地的十分之一。
This tenth part, however, is estimated so very moderately, that, in many provinces, it is said not to exceed a thirtieth part of the ordinary produce.
然而，这十分之一的估计非常适度，以至于在许多省份，据说不超过普通农产品的三十分之一。
The land tax or land rent which used to be paid to the Mahometan government of Bengal, before that country fell into the hands of the English East India company, is said to have amounted to about a fifth part of the produce.
在孟加拉国落入英国东印度公司手中之前，向孟加拉伊斯兰教政府缴纳的土地税或土地租金据说约占农产品的五分之一。
The land tax of ancient Egypt is said likewise to have amounted to a fifth part.
据说古埃及的土地税同样达到了五分之一。
In Asia, this sort of land tax is said to interest the sovereign in the improvement and cultivation of land.
在亚洲，据说这种土地税会引起主权者对土地改良和耕种的兴趣。
The sovereigns of China, those of Bengal while under the Mahometan govermnent, and those of ancient Egypt, are said, accordingly, to have been extremely attentive to the making and maintaining of good roads and navigable canals, in order to increase, as much as possible, both the quantity and value of every part of the produce of the land, by procuring to every part of it the most extensive market which their own dominions could afford.
因此，据说中国、穆罕默德政府统治下的孟加拉和古埃及的君主都非常注重修建和维护良好的道路和通航运河，以便通过为土地的每一部分提供他们自己的领土所能提供的最广泛的市场，尽可能地增加土地上每一部分产品的数量和价值。
The tythe of the church is divided into such small portions that no one of its proprietors can have any interest of this kind.
教会的什一税被分成如此小的部分，以至于教会的所有者没有人可以拥有任何此类利益。
The parson of a parish could never find his account, in making a road or canal to a distant part of the country, in order to extend the market for the produce of his own particular parish.
一个教区的牧师永远找不到他的帐户，为了扩大他自己教区产品的市场，修建一条通往该国遥远地区的道路或运河。
Such taxes, when destined for the maintenance of the state, have some advantages, which may serve in some measure to balance their inconveniency.
当这些税收用于维持国家时，有一些优点，可以在某种程度上弥补其带来的不便。
When destined for the maintenance of the church, they are attended with nothing but inconveniency.
当他们注定要维护教堂时，除了带来不便之外什么也没有。
Taxes upon the produce of land may be levied, either in kind, or, according to a certain valuation in money.
对土地产品征税可以以实物形式征收，也可以按照一定的货币估价征收。
The parson of a parish, or a gentleman of small fortune who lives upon his estate, may sometimes, perhaps find some advantage in receiving, the one his tythe, and the other his rent, in kind.
一个教区的牧师，或者一个靠自己的庄园为生的小财主，有时可能会发现一些好处，一方面收取他的什一税，另一方面收取他的租金，以实物形式。
The quantity to be collected, and the district within which it is to be collected, are so small, that they both can oversee, with their own eyes, the collection and disposal of every part of what is due to them.
征收的数量和征收的地区都很小，以至于他们都可以亲眼监督应得的每一部分的征收和处置。
A gentleman of great fortune, who lived in the capital, would be in danger of suffering much by the neglect, and more by the fraud, of his factors and agents, if the rents of an estate in a distant province were to be paid to him in this manner.
一位居住在京城的富有的绅士，如果以这种方式向他支付远省地产的租金，他将面临因他的经纪人和代理人的疏忽，尤其是欺诈而遭受巨大损失的危险。
The loss of the sovereign, from the abuse and depredation of his tax-gatherers, would necessarily be much greater.
由于征税者的虐待和掠夺而造成的主权损失必然要大得多。
The servants of the most careless private person are, perhaps, more under the eye of their master than those of the most careful prince; and a public revenue, which was paid in kind, would suffer so much from the mismanagement of the collectors, that a very small part of what was levied upon the people would ever arrive at the treasury of the prince.
最粗心的私人的仆人也许比最谨慎的王子的仆人更受主人的监视。以实物支付的公共收入会因收税人管理不善而受到严重影响，以致向人民征收的税收中只有极小一部分会流入王子的国库。
Some part of the public revenue of China, however, is said to be paid in this manner.
然而，据说中国的部分公共收入就是以这种方式支付的。
The mandarins and other tax-gatherers will, no doubt, find their advantage in continuing the practice of a payment, which is so much more liable to abuse than any payment in money.
毫无疑问，官僚和其他收税者会发现继续实行付款的做法是有利的，因为付款比任何金钱付款更容易被滥用。
A tax upon the produce of land, which is levied in money, may be levied, either according to a valuation, which varies with all the variations of the market price; or according to a fixed valuation, a bushel of wheat, for example, being always valued at one and the same money price, whatever may be the state of the market.
对土地产品征税，以货币形式征收，可以根据估价征收，估价随市场价格的变化而变化；或者根据固定估价，例如，无论市场状况如何，一蒲式耳小麦总是以相同的货币价格估价。
The produce of a tax levied in the former way will vary only according to the variations in the real produce of the land, according to the improvement or neglect of cultivation.
以前一种方式征收的税的产量只会随着土地实际产量的变化、耕种的改进或忽视而变化。
The produce of a tax levied in the latter way will vary, not only according to the variations in the produce of the land, but according both to those in the value of the precious metals, and those in the quantity of those metals which is at different times contained in coin of the same denomination.
以后一种方式征收的税的产量将有所不同，不仅根据土地生产的变化，而且根据贵金属的价值以及不同时期相同面值的硬币中所含这些金属的数量而变化。
The produce of the former will always bear the same proportion to the value of the real produce of the land.
前者的产品总是与土地实际产品的价值具有相同的比例。
The produce of the latter may, at different times, bear very different proportions to that value.
后者的产品在不同时期所占的价值比例可能截然不同。
When, instead either of a certain portion of the produce of land, or of the price of a certain portion, a certain sum of money is to be paid in full compensation for all tax or tythe; the tax becomes, in this case, exactly of the same nature with the land tax of England.
当用一定数额的金钱代替土地产品的某一部分或某一部分的价格来全额补偿所有税款或什一税时；在这种情况下，该税的性质与英国的土地税完全相同。
It neither rises nor falls with the rent of the land.
它既不随地租的上涨也不随地租的下降而上升。
It neither encourages nor discourages improvement.
它既不鼓励也不阻碍改进。
The tythe in the greater part of those parishes which pay what is called a modus, in lieu of all other tythe is a tax of this kind.
大多数教区的什一税都缴纳所谓的“modus”，以代替所有其他什一税，就是这种税。
During the Mahometan government of Bengal, instead of the payment in kind of the fifth part of the produce, a modus, and, it is said, a very moderate one, was established in the greater part of the districts or zemindaries of the country.
在孟加拉伊斯兰教政府期间，该国大部分地区或地方制定了一种据说非常温和的方式，而不是用实物支付五分之一的农产品。
Some of the servants of the East India company, under pretence of restoring the public revenue to its proper value, have, in some provinces, exchanged this modus for a payment in kind.
东印度公司的一些仆人以恢复公共收入应有的价值为借口，在一些省份用这种方式换取实物支付。
Under their management, this change is likely both to discourage cultivation, and to give new opportunities for abuse in the collection of the public revenue, which has fallen very much below what it was said to have been when it first fell under the management of the company.
在他们的管理下，这一变化可能既会阻碍种植，也会为滥用公共收入提供新的机会，而公共收入已大大低于最初归公司管理时所说的水平。
The servants of the company may, perhaps, have profited by the change, but at the expense, it is probable, both of their masters and of the country.
公司的仆人也许会从这种变化中获益，但很可能会以牺牲他们的主人和国家的利益为代价。
Taxes upon the Rent of Houses.
房屋租金税。
The rent of a house may be distinguished into two parts, of which the one may very properly be called the building-rent; the other is commonly called the ground-rent.
房屋的租金可以分为两部分，其中的一部分可以非常恰当地称为建筑租金；另一个通常称为地租。
The building-rent is the interest or profit of the capital expended in building the house.
建筑租金是建造房屋所花费的资金的利息或利润。
In order to put the trade of a builder upon a level with other trades, it is necessary that this rent should be sufficient, first, to pay him the same interest which he would have got for his capital, if he had lent it upon good security; and, secondly, to keep the house in constant repair, or, what comes to the same thing, to replace, within a certain term of years, the capital which had been employed in building it.
为了使建筑商的行业与其他行业处于同一水平，首先，这种租金必须足以支付他与他以良好的担保借出资本时所获得的利息相同的利息；其次，不断维修房屋，或者说，在一定期限内更换用于建造房屋的资本。
The building-rent, or the ordinary profit of building, is, therefore, everywhere regulated by the ordinary interest of money.
因此，建筑租金，或者说建筑的普通利润，到处都受到普通货币利息的调节。
Where the market rate of interest is four per cent.
其中市场利率为百分之四。
the rent of a house, which, over and above paying the ground-rent, affords six or six and a-half per cent.
房子的租金，除了支付地租外，还可以支付百分之六或百分之六半的租金。
upon the whole expense of building, may, perhaps, afford a sufficient profit to the builder.
建造者的全部费用也许可以为建造者提供足够的利润。
Where the market rate of interest is five per cent.
其中市场利率为百分之五。
it may perhaps require seven or seven and a half per cent.
也许需要百分之七或百分之七半。
If, in proportion to the interest of money, the trade of the builders affords at any time much greater profit than this, it will soon draw so much capital from other trades as will reduce the profit to its proper level.
如果按照货币利息的比例，建筑商的行业在任何时候都能提供比这大得多的利润，那么它很快就会从其他行业吸取大量的资本，从而将利润降低到适当的水平。
If it affords at any time much less than this, other trades will soon draw so much capital from it as will again raise that profit.
如果它在任何时候提供的资金远远低于这个水平，其他交易很快就会从中吸取大量资金，从而再次提高利润。
Whatever part of the whole rent of a house is over and above what is sufficient for affording this reasonable profit, naturally goes to the ground-rent; and, where the owner of the ground and the owner of the building are two different persons, is, in most cases, completely paid to the former.
房屋总租金中超出足以支付这一合理利润的部分，自然会转为地租；并且，如果土地所有者和建筑物所有者是两个不同的人，则在大多数情况下，完全支付给前者。
This surplus rent is the price which the inhabitant of the house pays for some real or supposed advantage of the situation.
剩余租金是房屋居住者为获得某种实际的或假定的情况优势而支付的价格。
In country houses, at a distance from any great town, where there is plenty of ground to chuse upon, the ground-rent is scarce anything, or no more than what the ground which the house stands upon would pay, if employed in agriculture.
乡间别墅远离大城市，有充足的土地可供选择，地租几乎不值一提，或者不超过房屋所在土地用于农业时所支付的价格。
In country villas, in the neighbourhood of some great town, it is sometimes a good deal higher; and the peculiar conveniency or beauty of situation is there frequently very well paid for.
在一些大城市附近的乡村别墅里，有时要高得多。那里的特殊便利或美丽的环境往往是值得付出代价的。
Ground-rents are generally highest in the capital, and in those particular parts of it where there happens to be the greatest demand for houses, whatever be the reason of that demand, whether for trade and business, for pleasure and society, or for mere vanity and fashion.
首都的地租通常最高，而且在那些恰好对房屋需求最大的特定地区，无论这种需求的原因是什么，无论是为了贸易和商业，为了娱乐和社交，还是仅仅为了虚荣和时尚。
A tax upon house-rent, payable by the tenant, and proportioned to the whole rent of each house, could not, for any considerable time at least, affect the building-rent.
房租税由租户支付，并按每间房屋的全部租金比例征收，至少在相当长的一段时间内不会影响建筑物租金。
If the builder did not get his reasonable profit, he would be obliged to quit the trade; which, by raising the demand for building, would, in a short time, bring back his profit to its proper level with that of other trades.
如果建筑商没有获得合理的利润，他将被迫退出行业；通过提高建筑需求，他的利润将在短时间内恢复到与其他行业的适当水平。
Neither would such a tax fall altogether upon the ground-rent; but it would divide itself in such a manner, as to fall partly upon the inhabitant of the house, and partly upon the owner of the ground.
这种税也不会完全落在地租上；但它会以这样一种方式分裂，一部分落在房子的居住者身上，一部分落在土地的所有者身上。
Let us suppose, for example, that a particular person judges that he can afford for house-rent all expense of sixty pounds a-year; and let us suppose, too, that a tax of four shillings in the pound, or of one-fifth, payable by the inhabitant, is laid upon house-rent.
例如，假设一个人判断他有能力支付每年六十英镑的房租所有费用；我们还假设，居民应缴纳每磅四先令的税，即五先令的税，该税是针对房租征收的。
A house of sixty pounds rent will, in that case, cost him seventy-two pounds a-year, which is twelve pounds more than he thinks he can afford.
在这种情况下，一套六十英镑的房子的租金将花费他每年七十二英镑，这比他认为自己能负担得起的多十二英镑。
He will, therefore, content himself with a worse house, or a house of fifty pounds rent, which, with the additional ten pounds that he must pay for the tax, will make up the sum of sixty pounds a-year, the expense which he judges he can afford, and, in order to pay the tax, he will give up a part of the additional conveniency which he might have had from a house of ten pounds a-year more rent.
因此，他会满足于一套更差的房子，或者一套租金五十英镑的房子，再加上他必须支付的额外十英镑税款，每年将构成他认为自己能负担得起的六十英镑的费用，并且，为了支付税款，他将放弃他可能从每年租金多十英镑的房子中获得的额外便利的一部分。
He will give up, I say, a part of this additional conveniency; for he will seldom be obliged to give up the whole, but will, in consequence of the tax, get a better house for fifty pounds a-year, than he could have got if there had been no tax for as a tax of this kind, by taking away this particular competitor, must diminish the competition for houses of sixty pounds rent, so it must likewise diminish it for those of fifty pounds rent, and in the same manner for those of all other rents, except the lowest rent, for which it would for some time increase the competition.
我说，他将放弃部分额外的便利；因为他很少被迫放弃全部，但由于税收，他每年花五十英镑就能得到一所比没有税收更好的房子，因为这种税收，通过取消这个特定的竞争者，一定会减少六十英镑租金房屋的竞争，因此它也一定会减少五十英镑租金房屋的竞争，同样，对于所有其他租金的房屋，除了最低租金，它会在一段时间内增加竞争。
But the rents of every class of houses for which the competition was diminished, would necessarily be more or less reduced.
但竞争减弱的各类房屋的租金必然会或多或少地减少。
As no part of this reduction, however, could for any considerable time at least, affect the building-rent, the whole of it must, in the long-run, necessarily fall upon the ground-rent.
然而，由于这种减少的任何一部分至少在相当长的时间内不会影响建筑租金，所以从长远来看，全部减少必然会落在地租上。
The final payment of this tax, therefore, would fall partly upon the inhabitant of the house, who, in order to pay his share, would be obliged to give up a part of his conveniency; and partly upon the owner of the ground, who, in order to pay his share, would be obliged to give up a part of his revenue.
The final payment of this tax, therefore, would fall partly upon the inhabitant of the house, who, in order to pay his share, would be obliged to give up a part of his conveniency;部分由土地所有者承担，为了支付他的份额，他必须放弃部分收入。
In what proportion this final payment would be divided between them, it is not, perhaps, very easy to ascertain.
这笔最终付款将在他们之间分配多少比例，也许不太容易确定。
The division would probably be very different in different circumstances, and a tax of this kind might, according to those different circumstances, affect very unequally, both the inhabitant of the house and the owner of the ground.
The division would probably be very different in different circumstances, and a tax of this kind might, according to those different circumstances, affect very unequally, both the inhabitant of the house and the owner of the ground.
The inequality with which a tax of this kind might fall upon the owners of different ground-rents, would arise altogether from the accidental inequality of this division.
这种税收可能落在不同地租所有者身上的不平等，完全是由于这种分配的偶然不平等而产生的。
But the inequality with which it might fall upon the inhabitants of different houses, would arise, not only from this, but from another cause.
但是，它可能落在不同房屋的居民身上的不平等，不仅是由于这个原因，而且是由于另一个原因。
The proportion of the expense of house-rent to the whole expense of living, is different in the different degrees of fortune.
房租费用占全部生活费用的比例，随着富裕程度的不同而不同。
It is, perhaps, highest in the highest degree, and it diminishes gradually through the inferior degrees, so as in general to be lowest in the lowest degree.
It is, perhaps, highest in the highest degree, and it diminishes gradually through the inferior degrees, so as in general to be lowest in the lowest degree.
The necessaries of life occasion the great expense of the poor.
穷人为生活必需品付出了巨大的开支。
They find it difficult to get food, and the greater part of their little revenue is spent in getting it.
他们发现很难获得食物，而他们微薄的收入中的很大一部分都花在了获得食物上。
The luxuries and vanities of life occasion the principal expense of the rich; and a magnificent house embellishes and sets off to the best advantage all the other luxuries and vanities which they possess.
生活的奢侈和虚荣引起了富人的主要开支。一座宏伟的房子装饰并衬托出他们所拥有的所有其他奢侈品和虚荣心。
A tax upon house-rents, therefore, would in general fall heaviest upon the rich; and in this sort of inequality there would not, perhaps, be any thing very unreasonable.
因此，房租税通常对富人征收最重的税。在这种不平等中，也许并没有什么非常不合理的事情。
It is not very unreasonable that the rich should contribute to the public expense, not only in proportion to their revenue, but something more than in that proportion.
富人应该为公共开支做出贡献，不仅按照其收入的比例，而且还要高于这个比例，这并不是很不合理。
The rent of houses, though it in some respects resembles the rent of land, is in one respect essentially different from it.
房屋租金虽然在某些方面类似于土地租金，但在某一方面与土地租金有本质的不同。
The rent of land is paid for the use of a productive subject.
土地租金是为使用生产性主体而支付的。
The land which pays it produces it.
支付它的土地生产它。
The rent of houses is paid for the use of an unproductive subject.
房屋租金是为非生产性主体的使用而支付的。
Neither the house, nor the ground which it stands upon, produce anything.
房子和它所在的土地都不会产生任何东西。
The person who pays the rent, therefore, must draw it from some other source of revenue, distinct from and independent of this subject.
因此，支付租金的人必须从与该主体不同且独立的其他收入来源中获取租金。
A tax upon the rent of houses, so far as it falls upon the inhabitants, must be drawn from the same source as the rent itself, and must be paid from their revenue, whether derived from the wages of labour, the profits of stock, or the rent of land.
A tax upon the rent of houses, so far as it falls upon the inhabitants, must be drawn from the same source as the rent itself, and must be paid from their revenue, whether derived from the wages of labour, the profits of stock, or the rent of land.
So far as it falls upon the inhabitants, it is one of those taxes which fall, not upon one only, but indifferently upon all the three different sources of revenue; and is, in every respect, of the same nature as a tax upon any other sort of consumable commodities.
就它落在居民身上而言，它是一种税收，不仅落在一种税收上，而且毫不关心地落在所有三种不同的收入来源上。并且在各方面都与对任何其他种类的消费品征税具有相同的性质。
In general, there is not perhaps, any one article of expense or consumption by which the liberality or narrowness of a man’s whole expense can be better judged of than by his house-rent.
一般来说，也许没有任何一项开支或消费项目比他的房租更能用来判断一个人的全部开支的慷慨或狭隘。
A proportional tax upon this particular article of expense might, perhaps, produce a more considerable revenue than any which has hitherto been drawn from it in any part of Europe.
A proportional tax upon this particular article of expense might, perhaps, produce a more considerable revenue than any which has hitherto been drawn from it in any part of Europe.
If the tax, indeed, was very high, the greater part of people would endeavour to evade it as much as they could, by contenting themselves with smaller houses, and by turning the greater part of their expense into some other channel.
If the tax, indeed, was very high, the greater part of people would endeavour to evade it as much as they could, by contenting themselves with smaller houses, and by turning the greater part of their expense into some other channel.
The rent of houses might easily be ascertained with sufficient accuracy, by a policy of the same kind with that which would be necessary for ascertaining the ordinary rent of land.
通过与确定普通土地租金所需政策相同的政策，可以很容易地、足够准确地确定房屋租金。
Houses not inhabited ought to pay no tax.
无人居住的房屋不应纳税。
A tax upon them would fall altogether upon the proprietor, who would thus be taxed for a subject which afforded him neither conveniency nor revenue.
A tax upon them would fall altogether upon the proprietor, who would thus be taxed for a subject which afforded him neither conveniency nor revenue.
Houses inhabited by the proprietor ought to be rated, not according to the expense which they might have cost in building, but according to the rent which an equitable arbitration might judge them likely to bring if leased to a tenant.
业主居住的房屋的评级不应根据其建造时可能花费的费用，而是根据公平仲裁可能判断的租金，如果将其出租给租户，则该租金可能会带来。
If rated according to the expense which they might have cost in building, a tax of three or four shillings in the pound, joined with other taxes, would ruin almost all the rich and great families of this, and, I believe, of every other civilized country.
如果按照建筑费用计算，每磅三到四先令的税收加上其他税收，将毁掉这个国家以及我相信所有其他文明国家的几乎所有富裕和大家庭。
Whoever will examine with attention the different town and country houses of some of the richest and greatest families in this country, will find that, at the rate of only six and a-half, or seven per cent.
无论谁仔细检查这个国家一些最富有和最伟大的家庭的不同城镇和乡村的房屋，都会发现，这一比率只有六分半，即百分之七。
upon the original expense of building, their house-rent is nearly equal to the whole neat rent of their estates.
按原来的建筑费用计算，他们的房屋租金几乎等于他们庄园的全部净租金。
It is the accumulated expense of several successive generations, laid out upon objects of great beauty and magnificence, indeed, but, in proportion to what they cost, of very small exchangeable value.
它是连续几代人的累积开支，用于购买非常美丽和宏伟的物品，但与它们的成本成比例，交换价值非常小。
{Since the first publication of this book, a tax nearly upon the above-mentioned principles has been imposed.}
{自本书首次出版以来，几乎就对上述原则征收了税。}
Ground-rents are a still more proper subject of taxation than the rent of houses.
地租是比房屋租金更合适的征税对象。
A tax upon ground-rents would not raise the rent of houses; it would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent, who acts always as a monopolist, and exacts the greatest rent which can be got for the use of his ground.
对地租征税不会提高房屋租金；它将完全落在地租所有者身上，他总是充当垄断者，并索取使用其土地所能获得的最大租金。
More or less can be got for it, according as the competitors happen to be richer or poorer, or can afford to gratify their fancy for a particular spot of ground at a greater or smaller expense.
或多或少可以得到它，根据竞争者碰巧更富有或更贫穷，或者有能力以或多或少的费用满足他们对特定场地的喜好。
In every country, the greatest number of rich competitors is in the capital, and it is there accordingly that the highest ground-rents are always to be found.
在每个国家，最有钱的竞争者都在首都，因此那里总是可以找到最高的地租。
As the wealth of those competitors would in no respect be increased by a tax upon ground-rents, they would not probably be disposed to pay more for the use of the ground.
由于这些竞争者的财富绝不会因地租税而增加，因此他们可能不会愿意为使用土地支付更多费用。
Whether the tax was to be advanced by the inhabitant or by the owner of the ground, would be of little importance.
税收是由居民还是由土地所有者预缴并不重要。
The more the inhabitant was obliged to pay for the tax, the less he would incline to pay for the ground; so that the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent.
居民缴纳的税款越多，他就越不愿意支付土地费用；这样，税款的最终缴纳就全部落在地租所有者身上。
The ground-rents of uninhabited houses ought to pay no tax.
无人居住房屋的地租不应纳税。
Both ground-rents, and the ordinary rent of land, are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own.
地租和普通土地租金都是一种收入，所有者在许多情况下无需自己关心或关注即可享有。
Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the state, no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry.
虽然应该从他那里拿走一部分收入来支付国家开支，但不会因此而阻碍任何行业。
The annual produce of the land and labour of the society, the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people, might be the same after such a tax as before.
社会的土地和劳动的年产值，广大人民的实际财富和收入，在这样的税收之后可能会和以前一样。
Ground-rents, and the ordinary rent of land, are therefore, perhaps, the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them.
因此，地租和普通土地租金也许是最能承受对其征收特殊税的收入。
Ground-rents seem, in this respect, a more proper subject of peculiar taxation, than even the ordinary rent of land.
在这方面，地租似乎比普通的土地租金更适合征收特殊税。
The ordinary rent of land is, in many cases, owing partly, at least, to the attention and good management of the landlord.
在许多情况下，普通的土地租金至少部分归功于地主的关注和良好管理。
A very heavy tax might discourage, too much, this attention and good management.
非常重的税收可能会过多地阻碍这种关注和良好的管理。
Ground-rents, so far as they exceed the ordinary rent of land, are altogether owing to the good government of the sovereign, which, by protecting the industry either of the whole people or of the inhabitants of some particular place, enables them to pay so much more than its real value for the ground which they build their houses upon; or to make to its owner so much more than compensation for the loss which he might sustain by this use of it.
地租，只要它们超过了普通的土地租金，就完全归功于君主的良好政府，通过保护全体人民或某个特定地方的居民的工业，使他们能够为他们建造房屋的土地支付远远超过其实际价值的费用。或者向其所有者提供的补偿远远超出了他因使用该物品而可能遭受的损失的补偿。
Nothing can be more reasonable, than that a fund, which owes its existence to the good government of the state, should be taxed peculiarly, or should contribute something more than the greater part of other funds, towards the support of that government.
没有什么比一个基金的存在更合理的了，它的存在归功于国家的良好政府，应该特别征税，或者应该比其他基金的大部分贡献更多的东西来支持该政府。
Though, in many different countries of Europe, taxes have been imposed upon the rent of houses, I do not know of any in which ground-rents have been considered as a separate subject of taxation.
尽管欧洲许多国家都对房屋租金征税，但我不知道有哪个国家将地租视为单独的征税对象。
The contrivers of taxes have, probably, found some difficulty in ascertaining what part of the rent ought to be considered as ground-rent, and what part ought to be considered as building-rent.
税收的设计者可能发现，在确定租金的哪一部分应被视为地租、哪部分应被视为建筑租金时遇到了一些困难。
It should not, however, seem very difficult to distinguish those two parts of the rent from one another.
然而，区分租金的这两部分似乎并不困难。
In Great Britain the rent of houses is supposed to be taxed in the same proportion as the rent of land, by what is called the annual land tax.
在英国，房屋租金应按与土地租金相同的比例征税，即所谓的年度土地税。
The valuation, according to which each different parish and district is assessed to this tax, is always the same.
每个不同教区和地区评估该税的估价始终是相同的。
It was originally extremely unequal, and it still continues to be so.
原本是极其不平等的，现在仍然如此。
Through the greater part of the kingdom this tax falls still more lightly upon the rent of houses than upon that of land.
在王国大部分地区，房屋租金税比土地税更轻。
In some few districts only, which were originally rated high, and in which the rents of houses have fallen considerably, the land tax of three or four shillings in the pound is said to amount to an equal proportion of the real rent of houses.
仅在少数原本评级较高、房租大幅下降的地区，据说每英镑三、四先令的土地税相当于实际房租的同等比例。
Untenanted houses, though by law subject to the tax, are, in most districts, exempted from it by the favour of the assessors; and this exemption sometimes occasions some little variation in the rate of particular houses, though that of the district is always the same.
无人居住的房屋虽然根据法律须缴税，但在大多数地区，经评估员同意可以免税；这种豁免有时会导致特定房屋的价格略有变化，尽管该地区的价格总是相同的。
Improvements of rent, by new buildings, repairs, etc. go to the discharge of the district, which occasions still further variations in the rate of particular houses.
通过新建建筑、维修等措施提高的租金将用于该地区的排放，这会导致特定房屋的租金进一步变化。
In the province of Holland, {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. p.
在荷兰省，{有关 les Droits 的回忆录等。
223.} every house is taxed at two and a-half per cent.
223.} 每栋房屋的税率为百分之二半。
of its value, without any regard, either to the rent which it actually pays, or to the circumstance of its being tenanted or untenanted.
其价值，不考虑其实际支付的租金，或出租或无人出租的情况。
There seems to be a hardship in obliging the proprietor to pay a tax for an untenanted house, from which he can derive no revenue, especially so very heavy a tax.
迫使业主为无人居住的房屋缴税似乎很困难，因为他无法从中获得任何收入，尤其是如此沉重的税收。
In Holland, where the market rate of interest does not exceed three per cent., two and a-half per cent.
在荷兰，市场利率不超过百分之三、百分之二半。
upon the whole value of the house must, in most cases, amount to more than a third of the building-rent, perhaps of the whole rent.
在大多数情况下，房屋的总价值必须达到建筑租金的三分之一以上，也许是全部租金的三分之一以上。
The valuation, indeed, according to which the houses are rated, though very unequal, is said to be always below the real value.
事实上，对房屋进行评级的估价虽然非常不平等，但据说总是低于实际价值。
When a house is rebuilt, improved, or enlarged, there is a new valuation, and the tax is rated accordingly.
当房屋被重建、改进或扩建时，就会有新的估价，税收也会相应地被评定。
The contrivers of the several taxes which in England have, at different times, been imposed upon houses, seem to have imagined that there was some great difficulty in ascertaining, with tolerable exactness, what was the real rent of every house.
英国在不同时期对房屋征收的几种税收的设计者似乎认为，要以可容忍的准确性确定每栋房屋的实际租金是有很大困难的。
They have regulated their taxes, therefore, according to some more obvious circumstance, such as they had probably imagined would, in most cases, bear some proportion to the rent.
因此，他们根据一些更明显的情况调整了税收，例如他们可能想象的，在大多数情况下，税收按一定比例承担租金。
The first tax of this kind was hearth-money; or a tax of two shillings upon every hearth.
第一种税收是炉钱税。或者对每个壁炉征收两先令的税。
In order to ascertain how many hearths were in the house, it was necessary that the tax-gatherer should enter every room in it.
为了确定房子里有多少个壁炉，收税员必须进入房子里的每个房间。
This odious visit rendered the tax odious.
这次令人厌恶的访问使税收变得令人厌恶。
Soon after the Revolution, therefore, it was abolished as a badge of slavery.
因此，革命后不久，它作为奴隶制的标志就被废除了。
The next tax of this kind was a tax of two shillings upon every dwelling-house inhabited.
下一个此类税是对每栋住宅征收两先令的税。
A house with ten windows to pay four shillings more.
一套有十扇窗户的房子要多付四先令。
A house with twenty windows and upwards to pay eight shillings.
一套有二十个窗户及以上的房子要付八先令。
This tax was afterwards so far altered, that houses with twenty windows, and with less than thirty, were ordered to pay ten shillings, and those with thirty windows and upwards to pay twenty shillings.
此税后来发生了变化，有二十个窗户和少于三十个窗户的房屋被勒令缴纳十先令，而有三十个窗户及以上的房屋则缴纳二十先令。
The number of windows can, in most cases, be counted from the outside, and, in all cases, without entering every room in the house.
在大多数情况下，窗户的数量可以从外面计算，并且在所有情况下都不需要进入房屋的每个房间。
The visit of the tax-gatherer, therefore, was less offensive in this tax than in the hearth-money.
因此，收税员的来访在税收方面比在壁炉钱方面更不令人反感。
This tax was afterwards repealed, and in the room of it was established the window-tax, which has undergone two several alterations and augmentations.
这种税后来被废除，取而代之的是窗口税，它经历了两次修改和增加。
The window tax, as it stands at present (January 1775), over and above the duty of three shillings upon every house in England, and of one shilling upon every house in Scotland, lays a duty upon every window, which in England augments gradually from twopence, the lowest rate upon houses with not more than seven windows, to two shillings, the highest rate upon houses with twenty-five windows and upwards.
目前的窗户税（1775年1月），除了英格兰每栋房屋征收三先令、苏格兰每栋房屋征收一先令之外，还对每扇窗户征收关税，在英格兰，窗户税逐渐从两便士（对不超过七扇窗户的房屋征收的最低税率）增加到两先令（对二十五扇及以上窗户的房屋征收的最高税率）。
The principal objection to all such taxes is their inequality; an inequality of the worst kind, as they must frequently fall much heavier upon the poor than upon the rich.
对所有此类税收的主要反对意见是它们的不平等。这是最严重的不平等，因为穷人的不平等往往比富人承受的要严重得多。
A house of ten pounds rent in a country town, may sometimes have more windows than a house of five hundred pounds rent in London; and though the inhabitant of the former is likely to be a much poorer man than that of the latter, yet, so far as his contribution is regulated by the window tax, he must contribute more to the support of the state.
在乡村小镇租用 10 英镑的房子，有时可能比在伦敦租用 500 英镑的房子拥有更多的窗户；尽管前者的居民可能比后者的居民穷得多，但是，只要他的缴款受到窗户税的管制，他就必须为国家的支持做出更多的贡献。
Such taxes are, therefore, directly contrary to the first of the four maxims above mentioned.
因此，此类税收直接违背了上述四项格言中的第一条。
They do not seem to offend much against any of the other three.
他们似乎并没有冒犯其他三个人。
The natural tendency of the window tax, and of all other taxes upon houses, is to lower rents.
窗户税以及所有其他房屋税的自然趋势是降低租金。
The more a man pays for the tax, the less, it is evident, he can afford to pay for the rent.
显然，一个人缴纳的税款越多，他能支付的房租就越少。
Since the imposition of the window tax, however, the rents of houses have, upon the whole, risen more or less, in almost every town and village of Great Britain, with which I am acquainted.
然而，自从征收窗户税以来，我所熟悉的英国几乎每个城镇和村庄的房屋租金总体上都或多或少地上涨了。
Such has been, almost everywhere, the increase of the demand for houses, that it has raised the rents more than the window tax could sink them; one of the many proofs of the great prosperity of the country, and of the increasing revenue of its inhabitants.
几乎在所有地方，对房屋的需求都在增加，导致租金的上涨超过了窗户税所能降低的租金。这是该国繁荣昌盛以及居民收入不断增加的众多证据之一。
Had it not been for the tax, rents would probably have risen still higher.
如果没有税收，租金可能会上涨得更高。
ARTICLE II.—Taxes upon Profit, or upon the Revenue arising from Stock.
第二条——对利润或股票产生的收入征税。
The revenue or profit arising from stock naturally divides itself into two parts; that which pays the interest, and which belongs to the owner of the stock; and that surplus part which is over and above what is necessary for paying the interest.
股票产生的收入或利润自然分为两部分：支付利息并属于股票所有者的；以及超出支付利息所需的剩余部分。
This latter part of profit is evidently a subject not taxable directly.
后一部分利润显然不属于直接征税对象。
It is the compensation, and, in most cases, it is no more than a very moderate compensation for the risk and trouble of employing the stock.
这是补偿，在大多数情况下，这只不过是对使用股票的风险和麻烦的非常适度的补偿。
The employer must have this compensation, otherwise he cannot, consistently with his own interest, continue the employment.
雇主必须得到这种补偿，否则他就不能为了符合自己的利益而继续雇用。
If he was taxed directly, therefore, in proportion to the whole profit, he would be obliged either to raise the rate of his profit, or to charge the tax upon the interest of money; that is, to pay less interest.
因此，如果他按照全部利润的比例直接征税，他就必须要么提高他的利润率，要么按货币利息征税。也就是说，支付更少的利息。
If he raised the rate of his profit in proportion to the tax, the whole tax, though it might be advanced by him, would be finally paid by one or other of two different sets of people, according to the different ways in which he might employ the stock of which he had the management.
如果他按照税收的比例提高利润率，那么全部税收尽管可能由他预付，但最终将由两类不同的人中的一类或另一类人支付，这取决于他可能使用他所管理的股票的不同方式。
If he employed it as a farming stock, in the cultivation of land, he could raise the rate of his profit only by retaining a greater portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of a greater portion, of the produce of the land; and as this could be done only by a reduction of rent, the final payment of the tax would fall upon the landlord.
如果他将其用作耕种土地的牲畜，他只能通过保留土地产品的较大部分，或者，同样的情况，通过保留较大部分土地产品的价格来提高他的利润率。由于这只能通过减少租金来实现，因此最终的税款将由房东承担。
If he employed it as a mercantile or manufacturing stock, he could raise the rate of his profit only by raising the price of his goods; in which case, the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the consumers of those goods.
如果他将其用作商业或制造业股票，他只能通过提高商品价格来提高利润率；在这种情况下，最终缴纳的税款将全部由这些商品的消费者承担。
If he did not raise the rate of his profit, he would be obliged to charge the whole tax upon that part of it which was allotted for the interest of money.
如果他不提高利润率，他就必须对分配给货币利息的部分征收全部税款。
He could afford less interest for whatever stock he borrowed, and the whole weight of the tax would, in this case, fall ultimately upon the interest of money.
无论他借入什么股票，他都能支付较少的利息，在这种情况下，税收的全部比重最终将落在货币利息上。
So far as he could not relieve himself from the tax in the one way, he would be obliged to relieve himself in the other.
既然他无法以一种方式免除税款，他就不得不以另一种方式免除税款。
The interest of money seems, at first sight, a subject equally capable of being taxed directly as the rent of land.
乍一看，货币利息似乎与土地租金一样可以直接征税。
Like the rent of land, it is a neat produce, which remains, after completely compensating the whole risk and trouble of employing the stock.
就像地租一样，它是一种完美的产品，在完全补偿了使用股票的全部风险和麻烦之后仍然存在。
As a tax upon the rent of land cannot raise rents, because the neat produce which remains, after replacing the stock of the farmer, together with his reasonable profit, cannot be greater after the tax than before it, so, for the same reason, a tax upon the interest of money could not raise the rate of interest; the quantity of stock or money in the country, like the quantity of land, being supposed to remain the same after the tax as before it.
正如对土地地租征税不能提高地租一样，因为在替代农民的存货之后剩下的纯产品连同他的合理利润，在征税后不可能比征税前更多，同样，出于同样的原因，对货币利息征税也不能提高利率。国家的股票或货币数量，就像土地数量一样，税后应该与税前保持不变。
The ordinary rate of profit, it has been shewn, in the first book, is everywhere regulated by the quantity of stock to be employed, in proportion to the quantity of the employment, or of the business which must be done by it.
第一本书中已经表明，普通利润率到处都是由所使用的股票数量来调节的，与就业数量或必须由其完成的业务数量成比例。
But the quantity of the employment, or of the business to be done by stock, could neither be increased nor diminished by any tax upon the interest of money.
但是，对货币利息征税既不能增加也不能减少通过股票进行的就业或生意的数量。
If the quantity of the stock to be employed, therefore, was neither increased nor diminished by it, the ordinary rate of profit would necessarily remain the same.
因此，如果所使用的股票数量既不增加也不减少，那么普通利润率必然保持不变。
But the portion of this profit, necessary for compensating the risk and trouble of the employer, would likewise remain the same; that risk and trouble being in no respect altered.
但是，补偿雇主的风险和麻烦所必需的利润部分同样保持不变；这种风险和麻烦丝毫没有改变。
The residue, therefore, that portion which belongs to the owner of the stock, and which pays the interest of money, would necessarily remain the same too.
因此，剩余部分，即属于股票所有者并支付货币利息的部分，也必然保持不变。
At first sight, therefore, the interest of money seems to be a subject as fit to be taxed directly as the rent of land.
因此，乍一看，货币利息似乎与土地租金一样适合直接征税。
There are, however, two different circumstances, which render the interest of money a much less proper subject of direct taxation than the rent of land.
然而，有两种不同的情况使得货币利息比土地租金更不适合直接征税。
First, the quantity and value of the land which any man possesses, can never be a secret, and can always be ascertained with great exactness.
首先，任何人拥有的土地的数量和价值永远不能成为秘密，并且总是可以非常准确地确定。
But the whole amount of the capital stock which he possesses is almost always a secret, and can scarce ever be ascertained with tolerable exactness.
但他所拥有的全部资本存量几乎始终是一个秘密，而且几乎无法以可容忍的精确度确定。
It is liable, besides, to almost continual variations.
此外，它还容易发生几乎持续不断的变化。
A year seldom passes away, frequently not a month, sometimes scarce a single day, in which it does not rise or fall more or less.
一年很少过去，常常不是一个月，有时甚至连一天都没有或多或少地涨落。
An inquisition into every man’s private circumstances, and an inquisition which, in order to accommodate the tax to them, watched over all the fluctuations of his fortune, would be a source of such continual and endless vexation as no person could support.
对每个人的私人情况进行调查，并为了向他们提供税收而进行调查，监视他的财产的所有波动，这将是任何人都无法忍受的持续不断的烦恼的根源。
Secondly, land is a subject which cannot be removed; whereas stock easily may.
其次，土地是一个不能移走的主体；而库存很容易可能。
The proprietor of land is necessarily a citizen of the particular country in which his estate lies.
土地所有者必然是其财产所在特定国家的公民。
The proprietor of stock is properly a citizen of the world, and is not necessarily attached to any particular country.
股票的所有者实际上是世界公民，不一定隶属于任何特定国家。
He would be apt to abandon the country in which he was exposed to a vexatious inquisition, in order to be assessed to a burdensome tax; and would remove his stock to some other country, where he could either carry on his business, or enjoy his fortune more at his ease.
他很可能会放弃自己遭受无理调查的国家，以便被征收繁重的税款。他会把他的股票转移到其他国家，在那里他可以继续他的生意，或者更轻松地享受他的财富。
By removing his stock, he would put an end to all the industry which it had maintained in the country which he left.
通过撤走他的股票，他将结束他离开的国家所维持的所有工业。
Stock cultivates land; stock employs labour.
牲畜耕种土地；股票雇用劳动力。
A tax which tended to drive away stock from any particular country, would so far tend to dry up every source of revenue, both to the sovereign and to the society.
迄今为止，一种倾向于从任何特定国家赶走股票的税收往往会耗尽主权和社会的所有收入来源。
Not only the profits of stock, but the rent of land, and the wages of labour, would necessarily be more or less diminished by its removal.
不仅是股票的利润，而且是地租和劳动力的工资，都必然会因股票的消失而或多或少地减少。
The nations, accordingly, who have attempted to tax the revenue arising from stock, instead of any severe inquisition of this kind, have been obliged to content themselves with some very loose, and, therefore, more or less arbitrary estimation.
因此，那些试图对股票收入征税而不是进行任何此类严厉调查的国家，不得不满足于一些非常宽松的、因此或多或少任意的估计。
The extreme inequality and uncertainty of a tax assessed in this manner, can be compensated only by its extreme moderation; in consequence of which, every man finds himself rated so very much below his real revenue, that he gives himself little disturbance though his neighbour should be rated somewhat lower.
以这种方式评估的税收的极端不平等和不确定性只能通过其极端适度来弥补；结果，每个人都发现自己的收入远低于他的实际收入，尽管他的邻居的收入应该低一些，但他却很少给自己带来干扰。
By what is called the land tax in England, it was intended that the stock should be taxed in the same proportion as land.
英国所谓的土地税的目的是对股票按与土地相同的比例征税。
When the tax upon land was at four shillings in the pound, or at one-fifth of the supposed rent, it was intended that stock should be taxed at one-fifth of the supposed interest.
当土地税为每磅四先令，或假定租金的五分之一时，就打算按假定利息的五分之一对股票征税。
When the present annual land tax was first imposed, the legal rate of interest was six per cent.
当现行的年度土地税首次征收时，法定利率为百分之六。
Every hundred pounds stock, accordingly, was supposed to be taxed at twenty-four shillings, the fifth part of six pounds.
因此，每百磅股票应缴纳二十四先令的税，即六磅的五分之一。
Since the legal rate of interest has been reduced to five per cent.
由于法定利率已降至百分之五。
every hundred pounds stock is supposed to be taxed at twenty shillings only.
每一百磅的股票只应缴纳二十先令的税。
The sum to be raised, by what is called the land tax, was divided between the country and the principal towns.
通过所谓的土地税筹集的资金由乡村和主要城镇分配。
The greater part of it was laid upon the country; and of what was laid upon the towns, the greater part was assessed upon the houses.
大部分资金都交给了国家。城镇的税收中，大部分用于房屋。
What remained to be assessed upon the stock or trade of the towns (for the stock upon the land was not meant to be taxed) was very much below the real value of that stock or trade.
城镇的存量或贸易的剩余评估（因为土地上的存量并不意味着要征税）远低于该存量或贸易的实际价值。
Whatever inequalities, therefore, there might be in the original assessment, gave little disturbance.
因此，无论最初的评估中存在什么不平等，都不会造成什么干扰。
Every parish and district still continues to be rated for its land, its houses, and its stock, according to the original assessment; and the almost universal prosperity of the country, which, in most places, has raised very much the value of all these, has rendered those inequalities of still less importance now.
每个教区和地区仍继续根据最初的评估对其土地、房屋和库存进行评级；国家几乎普遍繁荣，在大多数地方，大大提高了所有这些的价值，使这些不平等现在变得更加不那么重要。
The rate, too, upon each district, continuing always the same, the uncertainty of this tax, so far as it might he assessed upon the stock of any individual, has been very much diminished, as well as rendered of much less consequence.
每个地区的税率也始终保持不变，就其对任何个人的股票评估而言，这种税收的不确定性已经大大减少，并且其影响也小得多。
If the greater part of the lands of England are not rated to the land tax at half their actual value, the greater part of the stock of England is, perhaps, scarce rated at the fiftieth part of its actual value.
如果英格兰的大部分土地没有按其实际价值的一半缴纳土地税，那么英格兰的大部分存量也许就按其实际价值的五十分之一缴纳了稀缺税。
In some towns, the whole land tax is assessed upon houses; as in Westminster, where stock and trade are free.
在一些城镇，全部土地税是根据房屋征收的；就像威斯敏斯特一样，那里的股票和贸易都是自由的。
It is otherwise in London.
伦敦则不然。
In all countries, a severe inquisition into the circumstances of private persons has been carefully avoided.
在所有国家，都小心翼翼地避免对私人情况进行严格调查。
At Hamburg, {Memoires concernant les Droits, tom.
在汉堡，{有关权利的回忆录，汤姆。
i, p.74} every inhabitant is obliged to pay to the state one fourth per cent.
i，第 74 页}每个居民都有义务向国家缴纳四分之一的费用。
of all that he possesses; and as the wealth of the people of Hamburg consists principally in stock, this tax maybe considered as a tax upon stock.
他所拥有的一切；由于汉堡人民的财富主要由股票组成，因此该税可以被视为对股票征税。
Every man assesses himself, and, in the presence of the magistrate, puts annually into the public coffer a certain sum of money, which he declares upon oath, to be one fourth per cent.
每个人都会对自己进行评估，并在地方法官在场的情况下，每年向国库存入一定数额的资金，他宣誓后将其数额确定为四分之一。
of all that he possesses, but without declaring what it amounts to, or being liable to any examination upon that subject.
他所拥有的一切，但没有声明其具体内容，或接受有关该主题的任何检查。
This tax is generally supposed to be paid with great fidelity.
通常应该非常忠实地缴纳这项税款。
In a small republic, where the people have entire confidence in their magistrates, are convinced of the necessity of the tax for the support of the state, and believe that it will be faithfully applied to that purpose, such conscientious and voluntary payment may sometimes be expected.
在一个小共和国里，人民对他们的行政长官充满信心，相信税收对于支持国家的必要性，并相信税收将忠实地用于这一目的，有时可以期望这种认真和自愿的缴纳。
It is not peculiar to the people of Hamburg.
这对汉堡人来说并不奇怪。
The canton of Underwald, in Switzerland, is frequently ravaged by storms and inundations, and it is thereby exposed to extraordinary expenses.
瑞士安德瓦尔德州经常遭受风暴和洪水的破坏，因此面临着巨大的开支。
Upon such occasions the people assemble, and every one is said to declare with the greatest frankness what he is worth, in order to be taxed accordingly.
在这种场合，人们聚集在一起，据说每个人都以最坦率的方式宣布自己的身价，以便缴纳相应的税。
At Zurich, the law orders, that in cases of necessity, every one should be taxed in proportion to his revenue; the amount of which he is obliged to declare upon oath.
在苏黎世，法律规定，在必要的情况下，每个人都应按照其收入的比例纳税；他必须宣誓申报的金额。
They have no suspicion, it is said, that any of their fellow citizens will deceive them.
据说，他们并不怀疑任何同胞会欺骗他们。
At Basil, the principal revenue of the state arises from a small custom upon goods exported.
在巴兹尔，国家的主要收入来自出口货物的小额关税。
All the citizens make oath, that they will pay every three months all the taxes imposed by law.
全体公民宣誓，每三个月缴纳一次依法征收的所有税款。
All merchants, and even all inn-keepers, are trusted with keeping themselves the account of the goods which they sell, either within or without the territory.
所有的商人，甚至所有的旅店老板，都被信任要对他们所销售的商品进行记账，无论是在领土内还是在领土外。
At the end of every three months, they send this account to the treasurer, with the amount of the tax computed at the bottom of it.
每三个月结束时，他们将此账目发送给财务主管，并在账目底部计算出税额。
It is not suspected that the revenue suffers by this confidence.
毫无疑问，收入会受到这种信心的影响。
{Memoires concernant les Droits, tom.
{有关权利的回忆录，汤姆。
i p.
i p.
163, 167,171.}
163, 167,171.}
To oblige every citizen to declare publicly upon oath, the amount of his fortune, must not, it seems, in those Swiss cantons, be reckoned a hardship.
要求每个公民宣誓公开宣布自己的财产数额，在瑞士的那些州看来，决不应该被视为一种困难。
At Hamburg it would be reckoned the greatest.
在汉堡，这将被认为是最伟大的。
Merchants engaged in the hazardous projects of trade, all tremble at the thoughts of being obliged, at all times, to expose the real state of their circumstances.
从事危险贸易项目的商人，一想到必须随时暴露自己的真实情况，就浑身颤抖。
The ruin of their credit, and the miscarriage of their projects, they foresee, would too often be the consequence.
他们预见到，结果往往是他们的信用被毁，项目流产。
A sober and parsimonious people, who are strangers to all such projects, do not feel that they have occasion for any such concealment.
一个清醒而节俭的人对所有这些项目都陌生，他们认为他们没有必要进行任何此类隐瞒。
In Holland, soon after the exaltation of the late prince of Orange to the stadtholdership, a tax of two per cent.
在荷兰，已故奥兰治亲王晋升为总督后不久，税率为百分之二。
or the fiftieth penny, as it was called, was imposed upon the whole substance of every citizen.
或者所谓的五十便士，是强加给每个公民的全部财产的。
Every citizen assesed himself, and paid his tax, in the same manner as at Hamburg, and it was in general supposed to have been paid with great fidelity.
每个公民都以与汉堡相同的方式评估自己并缴纳税款，而且一般认为纳税是非常忠实的。
The people had at that time the greatest affection for their new government, which they had just established by a general insurrection.
当时，人民对他们刚刚通过普遍起义建立的新政府怀有最深的感情。
The tax was to be paid but once, in order to relieve the state in a particular exigency.
税收只能缴纳一次，以便在特殊紧急情况下缓解国家压力。
It was, indeed, too heavy to be permanent.
事实上，它太重了，无法永久保存。
In a country where the market rate of interest seldom exceeds three per cent., a tax of two per cent.
在市场利率很少超过百分之三的国家，税率为百分之二。
amounts to thirteen shillings and four pence in the pound, upon the highest neat revenue which is commonly drawn from stock.
根据通常从库存中提取的最高净收入，每磅相当于十三先令和四便士。
It is a tax which very few people could pay, without encroaching more or less upon their capitals.
这是一种很少有人能够缴纳的税，而不会或多或少地侵占他们的资本。
In a particular exigency, the people may, from great public zeal, make a great effort, and give up even a part of their capital, in order to relieve the state.
在特殊的紧急时刻，人民可以出于极大的公众热情，做出巨大的努力，甚至放弃一部分资本，以救济国家。
But it is impossible that they should continue to do so for any considerable time; and if they did, the tax would soon ruin them so completely, as to render them altogether incapable of supporting the state.
但他们不可能在相当长的时间内继续这样做；如果他们这样做了，税收很快就会彻底摧毁他们，使他们完全没有能力支持国家。
The tax upon stock, imposed by the land tax bill in England, though it is proportioned to the capital, is not intended to diminish or, take away any part of that capital.
英国土地税法案征收的股票税虽然与资本成比例，但无意减少或剥夺资本的任何部分。
It is meant only to be a tax upon the interest of money, proportioned to that upon the rent of land; so that when the latter is at four shillings in the pound, the former may be at four shillings in the pound too.
它只是对货币利息征税，与地租税成比例；因此，当后者为每英镑四先令时，前者也可能为每英镑四先令。
The tax at Hamburg, and the still more moderate taxes of Underwald and Zurich, are meant, in the same manner, to be taxes, not upon the capital, but upon the interest or neat revenue of stock.
汉堡的税，以及安德瓦尔德和苏黎世的更温和的税，都以同样的方式，不是对资本征税，而是对利息或纯股票收入征税。
That of Holland was meant to be a tax upon the capital.
荷兰的税是对首都征税。
Taxes upon the Profit of particular Employments.
对特定就业利润征税。
In some countries, extraordinary taxes are imposed upon the profits of stock; sometimes when employed in particular branches of trade, and sometimes when employed in agriculture.
在一些国家，对股票利润征收特别税；有时受雇于特定的贸易部门，有时受雇于农业。
Of the former kind, are in England, the tax upon hawkers and pedlars, that upon hackney-coaches and chairs, and that which the keepers of ale-houses pay for a licence to retail ale and spiritous liquors.
前一种税种是在英国，对小贩和小贩征税，对出租马车和椅子征税，以及啤酒店老板为获得零售啤酒和烈性酒的许可证而缴纳的税。
During the late war, another tax of the same kind was proposed upon shops.
战争后期，有人提议对商店征收另一项同类税。
The war having been undertaken, it was said, in defence of the trade of the country, the merchants, who were to profit by it, ought to contribute towards the support of it.
据说，战争是为了保卫国家的贸易而进行的，想要从中获利的商人应该为支持它做出贡献。
A tax, however, upon the profits of stock employed in any particular branch of trade, can never fall finally upon the dealers (who must in all ordinary cases have their reasonable profit, and, where the competition is free, can seldom have more than that profit), but always upon the consumers, who must be obliged to pay in the price of the goods the tax which the dealer advances; and generally with some overcharge.
然而，对任何特定贸易部门所使用的股票利润征收的税，永远不会最终落到经销商身上（在所有普通情况下，经销商都必须有合理的利润，并且在自由竞争的情况下，很少能获得超过这一利润），而总是落在消费者身上，消费者必须以商品价格支付经销商预付的税款；并且通常会出现一些过度充电。
A tax of this kind, when it is proportioned to the trade of the dealer, is finally paid by the consumer, and occasions no oppression to the dealer.
这种税收，当它与经销商的交易成比例时，最终由消费者支付，不会对经销商造成压迫。
When it is not so proportioned, but is the same upon all dealers, though in this case, too, it is finally paid by the consumer, yet it favours the great, and occasions some oppression to the small dealer.
如果不是按比例分配，而是对所有经销商都一样，虽然在这种情况下，最终也是由消费者支付的，但它对大经销商有利，对小经销商造成一些压迫。
The tax of five shillings a-week upon every hackney coach, and that of ten shillings a-year upon every hackney chair, so far as it is advanced by the different keepers of such coaches and chairs, is exactly enough proportioned to the extent of their respective dealings.
每辆出租马车每周征收五先令，每辆出租椅每年征收十先令，就这些马车和出租椅的不同管理者预缴的税而言，与他们各自的交易范围完全成比例。
It neither favours the great, nor oppresses the smaller dealer.
它既不偏袒大商，也不压迫小商。
The tax of twenty shillings a-year for a licence to sell ale; of forty shillings for a licence to sell spiritous liquors; and of forty shillings more for a licence to sell wine, being the same upon all retailers, must necessarily give some advantage to the great, and occasion some oppression to the small dealers.
每年二十先令的啤酒销售许可证税；四十先令以获得销售烈性酒的许可证；卖酒的许可证要多付四十先令，对所有零售商来说都是一样的，必然会给大商人带来一些好处，而对小商人造成一些压迫。
The former must find it more easy to get back the tax in the price of their goods than the latter.
前者肯定比后者更容易收回其商品价格中的税款。
The moderation of the tax, however, renders this inequality of less importance; and it may to many people appear not improper to give some discouragement to the multiplication of little ale-houses.
然而，税收的适度减少使这种不平等变得不那么重要。对许多人来说，阻止小啤酒店的扩张似乎并无不当。
The tax upon shops, it was intended, should be the same upon all shops.
本来，所有商店的商店税都应该是相同的。
It could not well have been otherwise.
事情不可能不是这样。
It would have been impossible to proportion, with tolerable exactness, the tax upon a shop to the extent of the trade carried on in it, without such an inquisition as would have been altogether insupportable in a free country.
如果没有这样的调查，就不可能以可容忍的精确度将商店的税收与其所进行的贸易范围相匹配，而这种调查在一个自由国家是完全无法忍受的。
If the tax had been considerable, it would have oppressed the small, and forced almost the whole retail trade into the hands of the great dealers.
如果税收相当高，就会压迫小企业，并迫使几乎整个零售业落入大经销商的手中。
The competition of the former being taken away, the latter would have enjoyed a monopoly of the trade; and, like all other monopolists, would soon have combined to raise their profits much beyond what was necessary for the payment of the tax.
前者的竞争被剥夺，后者将享有行业垄断；而且，像所有其他垄断者一样，他们很快就会联合起来，将利润提高到远远超出缴税所需的水平。
The final payment, instead of falling upon the shop-keeper, would have fallen upon the consumer, with a considerable overcharge to the profit of the shop-keeper.
最后的付款不是由店主承担，而是由消费者承担，这对店主的利润造成了相当大的多收费用。
For these reasons, the project of a tax upon shops was laid aside, and in the room of it was substituted the subsidy, 1759.
由于这些原因，对商店征税的计划被搁置了，取而代之的是补贴，1759年。
What in France is called the personal taille, is perhaps, the most important tax upon the profits of stock employed in agriculture, that is levied in any part of Europe.
在法国，所谓的个人尾税也许是欧洲任何地方都对农业资本利润征收的最重要的税。
In the disorderly state of Europe, during the prevalence of the feudal government, the sovereign was obliged to content himself with taxing those who were too weak to refuse to pay taxes.
在欧洲混乱的国家，封建政府盛行的时期，君主只能满足于向那些无力拒绝纳税的人征税。
The great lords, though willing to assist him upon particular emergencies, refused to subject themselves to any constant tax, and he was not strong enough to force them.
虽然大领主们愿意在特殊紧急情况下协助他，但拒绝向他们征收任何持续的税收，而他也没有强大到足以强迫他们。
The occupiers of land all over Europe were, the greater part of them, originally bond-men.
整个欧洲的土地占有者，其中大部分最初是奴隶。
Through the greater part of Europe, they were gradually emancipated.
在欧洲大部分地区，他们逐渐获得了解放。
Some of them acquired the property of landed estates, which they held by some base or ignoble tenure, sometimes under the king, and sometimes under some other great lord, like the ancient copy-holders of England.
他们中的一些人获得了地产，并以某种卑鄙或不光彩的保有权持有这些地产，有时是在国王的统治下，有时是在其他大领主的统治下，就像英格兰古代的抄本持有者一样。
Others, without acquiring the property, obtained leases for terms of years, of the lands which they occupied under their lord, and thus became less dependent upon him.
其他人在没有获得财产的情况下，获得了他们在领主统治下占据的土地的多年租约，从而减少了对领主的依赖。
The great lords seem to have beheld the degree of prosperity and independency, which this inferior order of men had thus come to enjoy, with a malignant and contemptuous indignation, and willingly consented that the sovereign should tax them.
伟大的领主们似乎已经看到了这个下等阶层所享受的繁荣和独立，怀着恶毒和轻蔑的愤慨，心甘情愿地同意君主向他们征税。
In some countries, this tax was confined to the lands which were held in property by an ignoble tenure; and, in this case, the taille was said to be real.
在一些国家，这种税收仅限于那些以不光彩的保有权持有的土地。在这种情况下，尾巴被认为是真实的。
The land tax established by the late king of Sardinia, and the taille in the provinces of Languedoc, Provence, Dauphine, and Britanny; in the generality of Montauban, and in the elections of Agen and Condom, as well as in some other districts of France; are taxes upon lands held in property by an ignoble tenure.
撒丁岛已故国王设立的土地税，以及朗格多克、普罗旺斯、多芬和布列塔尼等省的尾税；在蒙托邦的一般情况下，在阿让和孔东的选举中，以及在法国的其他一些地区；是对以不光彩的保有权持有的土地征税。
In other countries, the tax was laid upon the supposed profits of all those who held, in farm or lease, lands belonging to other people, whatever might be the tenure by which the proprietor held them; and in this case, the taille was said to be personal.
在其他国家，税收是对所有拥有属于他人的农场或租赁土地的人的假定利润征收的，无论所有者持有这些土地的保有权是什么；在这种情况下，尾巴被认为是私人的。
In the greater part of those provinces of France, which are called the countries of elections, the taille is of this kind.
在法国的大部分省份，即所谓的选举国，都是这样的。
The real taille, as it is imposed only upon a part of the lands of the country, is necessarily an unequal, but it is not always an arbitrary tax, though it is so upon some occasions.
真正的尾税，因为它只对国家的一部分土地征收，所以必然是不平等的，但它并不总是一种任意的税收，尽管在某些情况下确实如此。
The personal taille, as it is intended to be proportioned to the profits of a certain class of people, which can only be guessed at, is necessarily both arbitrary and unequal.
个人尾气，因为它的目的是与某一类人的利润成比例，而这只能猜测，因此必然是任意的和不平等的。
In France, the personal taille at present (1775) annually imposed upon the twenty generalities, called the countries of elections, amounts to 40,107,239 livres, 16 sous.
在法国，目前（1775 年）每年对 20 个一般性国家（称为选举国）征收的个人税额达到 40,107,239 里弗（16 苏）。
{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc tom.
{有关 les Droits 的回忆录等汤姆。
ii, p.17.} the proportion in which this sum is assessed upon those different provinces, varies from year to year, according to the reports which are made to the king’s council concerning the goodness or badness of the crops, as well as other circumstances, which may either increase or diminish their respective abilities to pay.
ii, p.17.}根据向国王议会提交的关于农作物好坏以及其他情况的报告，这些不同省份的这笔款项的分摊比例每年都有所不同，这些报告可能会增加或减少各自的支付能力。
Each generality is divided into a certain number of elections; and the proportion in which the sum imposed upon the whole generality is divided among those different elections, varies likewise from year to year, according to the reports made to the council concerning their respective abilities.
每个概括又分为一定数量的选举；根据向理事会提交的关于各自能力的报告，这些不同的选举所分配的总金额的比例每年也有所不同。
It seems impossible, that the council, with the best intentions, can ever proportion, with tolerable exactness, either of these two assessments to the real abilities of the province or district upon which they are respectively laid.
委员会似乎不可能怀着最好的意图，以可容忍的精确度将这两项评估中的任何一项与它们各自所依据的省或地区的实际能力进行比较。
Ignorance and misinformation must always, more or less, mislead the most upright council.
无知和错误信息总是或多或少地误导最正直的议会。
The proportion which each parish ought to support of what is assessed upon the whole election, and that which each individual ought to support of what is assessed upon his particular parish, are both in the same manner varied from year to year, according as circumstances are supposed to require.
每个教区应支持整个选举评估的比例，以及每个人应支持其特定教区评估的比例，每年都以同样的方式根据情况需要而变化。
These circumstances are judged of, in the one case, by the officers of the election, in the other, by those of the parish; and both the one and the other are, more or less, under the direction and influence of the intendant.
在一种情况下，这些情况由选举官员来判断，而在另一种情况下，则由教区的官员来判断。两者或多或少都受到总督的指导和影响。
Not only ignorance and misinformation, but friendship, party animosity, and private resentment, are said frequently to mislead such assessors.
据说，不仅无知和错误信息，而且友谊、政党仇恨和私人怨恨也经常误导这些评估者。
No man subject to such a tax, it is evident, can ever be certain, before he is assessed, of what he is to pay.
显然，任何缴纳此类税款的人在被评估之前都无法确定自己应缴纳的税款。
He cannot even be certain after he is assessed.
他甚至在评估后都无法确定。
If any person has been taxed who ought to have been exempted, or if any person has been taxed beyond his proportion, though both must pay in the mean time, yet if they complain, and make good their complaints, the whole parish is reimposed next year, in order to reimburse them.
若本应免税的人被征税，或超出其比例的人被征税，虽然两者必须同时缴纳，但如果他们抱怨并提出申诉，明年整个教区将重新征税，以便偿还他们。
If any of the contributors become bankrupt or insolvent, the collector is obliged to advance his tax; and the whole parish is reimposed next year, in order to reimburse the collector.
如果任何出资人破产或无力偿债，征税人有义务预缴税款；明年整个教区将被重新征用，以偿还征税员的费用。
If the collector himself should become bankrupt, the parish which elects him must answer for his conduct to the receiver-general of the election.
如果收税人本人破产，选举他的教区必须就他的行为向选举的接管人负责。
But, as it might be troublesome for the receiver to prosecute the whole parish, he takes at his choice five or six of the richest contributors, and obliges them to make good what had been lost by the insolvency of the collector.
但是，由于收款人起诉整个教区可能会很麻烦，因此他选择了五六个最富有的捐助者，并迫使他们弥补收款人破产所造成的损失。
The parish is afterwards reimposed, in order to reimburse those five or six.
教区后来被重新征用，以偿还那五六个人的费用。
Such reimpositions are always over and above the taille of the particular year in which they are laid on.
此类重新征收总是超出其实施年份的尾数。
When a tax is imposed upon the profits of stock in a particular branch of trade, the traders are all careful to bring no more goods to market than what they can sell at a price sufficient to reimburse them from advancing the tax.
当对特定贸易部门的股票利润征税时，贸易商都小心翼翼地向市场投放的商品不超过他们能够以足以偿还预缴税款的价格出售的商品。
Some of them withdraw a part of their stocks from the trade, and the market is more sparingly supplied than before.
他们中的一些人从交易中撤回了部分库存，市场供应比以前更加稀少。
The price of the goods rises, and the final payment of the tax falls upon the consumer.
商品价格上涨，最终缴纳的税款落在消费者身上。
But when a tax is imposed upon the profits of stock employed in agriculture, it is not the interest of the farmers to withdraw any part of their stock from that employment.
但是，当对农业中使用的股票的利润征税时，从农业中撤回其股票的任何部分都不符合农民的利益。
Each farmer occupies a certain quantity of land, for which he pays rent.
每个农民占有一定数量的土地，并为此支付租金。
For the proper cultivation of this land, a certain quantity of stock is necessary; and by withdrawing any part of this necessary quantity, the farmer is not likely to be more able to pay either the rent or the tax.
为了正确耕种这片土地，需要一定数量的牲畜；通过提取这一必要数量的任何部分，农民不太可能更有能力支付租金或税款。
In order to pay the tax, it can never be his interest to diminish the quantity of his produce, nor consequently to supply the market more sparingly than before.
为了缴纳税款，减少产品数量绝不符合他的利益，也不会因此比以前更加节约地供应市场。
The tax, therefore, will never enable him to raise the price of his produce, so as to reimburse himself, by throwing the final payment upon the consumer.
因此，税收永远不会使他能够提高其产品的价格，从而通过将最后的付款转嫁给消费者来补偿自己。
The farmer, however, must have his reasonable profit as well as every other dealer, otherwise he must give up the trade.
然而，农民必须像其他经销商一样获得合理的利润，否则他必须放弃贸易。
After the imposition of a tax of this kind, he can get this reasonable profit only by paying less rent to the landlord.
征收这种税后，他只要少付给房东租金，就能获得这笔合理的利润。
The more he is obliged to pay in the way of tax, the less he can afford to pay in the way of rent.
他必须缴纳的税款越多，他能够支付的租金就越少。
A tax of this kind, imposed during the currency of a lease, may, no doubt, distress or ruin the farmer.
毫无疑问，在租赁期间征收的这种税收可能会给农民带来困扰或破产。
Upon the renewal of the lease, it must always fall upon the landlord.
续租时，责任必须始终由房东承担。
In the countries where the personal taille takes place, the farmer is commonly assessed in proportion to the stock which he appears to employ in cultivation.
在实行个人尾税的国家，农民通常按照他在耕种中使用的牲畜的比例进行评估。
He is, upon this account, frequently afraid to have a good team of horses or oxen, but endeavours to cultivate with the meanest and most wretched instruments of husbandry that he can.
因此，他经常害怕拥有一支好的马匹或牛队，而是尽力用他所能使用的最简陋、最简陋的畜牧工具耕种。
Such is his distrust in the justice of his assessors, that he counterfeits poverty, and wishes to appear scarce able to pay anything, for fear of being obliged to pay too much.
他对评估者的公正性如此不信任，以至于他假装贫穷，并希望表现出几乎无力支付任何费用，因为担心被迫支付太多。
By this miserable policy, he does not, perhaps, always consult his own interest in the most effectual manner; and he probably loses more by the diminution of his produce, than he saves by that of his tax.
由于这种悲惨的政策，他也许并不总是以最有效的方式考虑自己的利益；他因产品减少而损失的可能比他因税收节省而节省的还要多。
Though, in consequence of this wretched cultivation, the market is, no doubt, somewhat worse supplied; yet the small rise of price which this may occasion, as it is not likely even to indemnify the farmer for the diminution of his produce, it is still less likely to enable him to pay more rent to the landlord.
然而，由于这种糟糕的种植，市场的供应无疑会有所恶化。然而，这可能引起的价格小幅上涨，因为它甚至不可能补偿农民产量的减少，更不可能使他向地主支付更多的租金。
The public, the farmer, the landlord, all suffer more or less by this degraded cultivation.
公众、农民、地主都或多或少地受到这种退化耕作的影响。
That the personal taille tends, in many different ways, to discourage cultivation, and consequently to dry up the principal source of the wealth of every great country, I have already had occasion to observe in the third book of this Inquiry.
我在本调查的第三本书中已经注意到，个人的尾巴往往会以多种不同的方式阻碍耕种，从而使每个大国的主要财富来源枯竭。
What are called poll-taxes in the southern provinces of North America, and the West India islands, annual taxes of so much a-head upon every negro, are properly taxes upon the profits of a certain species of stock employed in agriculture.
北美南部省份和西印度群岛的所谓人头税，即每年对每个黑人征收的预缴税，实际上是对农业中某种牲畜的利润征税。
As the planters, are the greater part of them, both farmers and landlords, the final payment of the tax falls upon them in their quality of landlords, without any retribution.
作为种植园主，他们中的大多数，既是农民，又是地主，最终的税款落在他们作为地主的身上，没有任何报应。
Taxes of so much a head upon the bondmen employed in cultivation, seem anciently to have been common all over Europe.
对从事耕种的奴隶征收如此高额的税收，在古代欧洲似乎很常见。
There subsists at present a tax of this kind in the empire of Russia.
目前俄罗斯帝国存在这种税收。
It is probably upon this account that poll-taxes of all kinds have often been represented as badges of slavery.
可能正是由于这个原因，各种人头税常常被视为奴隶制的标志。
Every tax, however, is, to the person who pays it, a badge, not of slavery, but of liberty.
然而，对于纳税人来说，每一项税都是一个徽章，不是奴隶制的徽章，而是自由的徽章。
It denotes that he is subject to government, indeed; but that, as he has some property, he cannot himself be the property of a master.
这确实表明他受政府管辖；但是，由于他拥有一些财产，他自己不能成为主人的财产。
A poll tax upon slaves is altogether different from a poll-tax upon freemen.
对奴隶征收的人头税与对自由民征收的人头税完全不同。
The latter is paid by the persons upon whom it is imposed; the former, by a different set of persons.
后者由被征收者缴纳；前者是由不同的人进行的。
The latter is either altogether arbitrary, or altogether unequal, and, in most cases, is both the one and the other; the former, though in some respects unequal, different slaves being of different values, is in no respect arbitrary.
后者要么是完全任意的，要么是完全不平等的，并且在大多数情况下，既是其中之一，又是另一个。前者虽然在某些方面不平等，不同的奴隶具有不同的价值观，但绝不是任意的。
Every master, who knows the number of his own slaves, knows exactly what he has to pay.
每个主人都知道自己奴隶的数量，也清楚地知道自己要付出什么代价。
Those different taxes, however, being called by the same name, have been considered as of the same nature.
然而，这些不同的税种虽然名称相同，却被认为具有相同的性质。
The taxes which in Holland are imposed upon men and maid servants, are taxes, not upon stock, but upon expense; and so far resemble the taxes upon consumable commodities.
在荷兰，对男人和女仆征收的税不是对股票的税，而是对费用的税。到目前为止，与消费品税类似。
The tax of a guinea a-head for every man-servant, which has lately been imposed in Great Britain, is of the same kind.
英国最近对每名男仆征收一几尼的税，也是同样的税种。
It falls heaviest upon the middling rank.
它对中等等级的影响最为严重。
A man of two hundred a-year may keep a single man-servant.
一个年薪两百的男人，可以只养一个男仆。
A man of ten thousand a-year will not keep fifty.
人年万万，不保五十。
It does not affect the poor.
它不会影响穷人。
Taxes upon the profits of stock, in particular employments, can never affect the interest of money.
对股票利润征税，特别是就业税，永远不会影响货币的利息。
Nobody will lend his money for less interest to those who exercise the taxed, than to those who exercise the untaxed employments.
没有人会以比那些从事免税工作的人更低的利息借钱给那些从事纳税工作的人。
Taxes upon the revenue arising from stock in all employments, where the government attempts to levy them with any degree of exactness, will, in many cases, fall upon the interest of money.
政府试图以任何程度的精确性对所有就业岗位的股票收入征税，但在许多情况下，这些税收将取决于货币的利息。
The vingtieme, or twentieth penny, in France, is a tax of the same kind with what is called the land tax in England, and is assessed, in the same manner, upon the revenue arising upon land, houses, and stock.
法国的 vingtieme，即二十便士，与英国的土地税是同类税，并以同样的方式根据土地、房屋和股票产生的收入进行评估。
So far as it affects stock, it is assessed, though not with great rigour, yet with much more exactness than that part of the land tax in England which is imposed upon the same fund.
就它影响股票而言，它的评估虽然不是很严格，但比英国对同一基金征收的那部分土地税要精确得多。
It, in many cases, falls altogether upon the interest of money.
在许多情况下，它完全取决于金钱的利益。
Money is frequently sunk in France, upon what are called contracts for the constitution of a rent; that is, perpetual annuities, redeemable at any time by the debtor, upon payment of the sum originally advanced, but of which this redemption is not exigible by the creditor except in particular cases.
在法国，金钱经常沉没在所谓的租金构成合同上。即，债务人在支付最初预付的金额后可随时赎回的永久年金，但除特殊情况外，债权人不得赎回。
The vingtieme seems not to have raised the rate of those annuities, though it is exactly levied upon them all.
vingtieme 似乎没有提高这些年金的利率，尽管它是对所有年金征收的。
APPENDIX TO ARTICLES I.
第 I 条附录
AND II.—Taxes upon the Capital Value of Lands, Houses, and Stock.
II.——对土地、房屋和股票资本价值征税。
While property remains in the possession of the same person, whatever permanent taxes may have been imposed upon it, they have never been intended to diminish or take away any part of its capital value, but only some part of the revenue arising from it.
虽然财产仍然由同一个人拥有，但无论对其征收何种永久税收，它们从来都不是为了减少或剥夺其资本价值的任何部分，而只是为了减少或剥夺由此产生的收入的一部分。
But when property changes hands, when it is transmitted either from the dead to the living, or from the living to the living, such taxes have frequently been imposed upon it as necessarily take away some part of its capital value.
但是，当财产易手时，当它从死者转移到生者，或从生者转移到生者时，通常会对其征收此类税收，从而必然会带走其部分资本价值。
The transference of all sorts of property from the dead to the living, and that of immoveable property of land and houses from the living to the living, are transactions which are in their nature either public and notorious, or such as cannot be long concealed.
各种财产从死者到生者的转移，以及土地和房屋等不动产从生者到生者的转移，这些交易本质上要么是公开的、臭名昭著的，要么是无法长期隐藏的交易。
Such transactions, therefore, may be taxed directly.
因此，此类交易可能会直接征税。
The transference of stock or moveable property, from the living to the living, by the lending of money, is frequently a secret transaction, and may always be made so.
通过借钱将股票或动产从一个活人转移到另一个活人通常是秘密交易，而且可能总是如此。
It cannot easily, therefore, be taxed directly.
因此，不能轻易地直接对其征税。
It has been taxed indirectly in two different ways; first, by requiring that the deed, containing the obligation to repay, should be written upon paper or parchment which had paid a certain stamp duty, otherwise not to be valid; secondly, by requiring, under the like penalty of invalidity, that it should be recorded either in a public or secret register, and by imposing certain duties upon such registration.
它以两种不同的方式间接征税；首先，要求包含还款义务的契约应写在已缴纳一定印花税的纸质或羊皮纸上，否则无效；其次，在同样的无效处罚下，要求将其记录在公开或秘密登记册中，并对这种登记施加某些义务。
Stamp duties, and duties of registration, have frequently been imposed likewise upon the deeds transferring property of all kinds from the dead to the living, and upon those transferring immoveable property from the living to the living; transactions which might easily have been taxed directly.
印花税和登记税通常同样适用于将各种财产从死者转移到生者的契约，以及将不动产从生者转移到生者的契约；很容易直接征税的交易。
The vicesima hereditatum, or the twentieth penny of inheritances, imposed by Augustus upon the ancient Romans, was a tax upon the transference of property from the dead to the living.
奥古斯都向古罗马人征收的“vicesima hereditatum”，即第二十便士遗产税，是对死者向生者转移财产的征税。
Dion Cassius, { Lib.
迪翁·卡修斯，{ Lib.
55.
55.
See also Burman.
另见缅甸语。
de Vectigalibus Pop.
de Vectigalibus 流行音乐。
Rom.
只读存储器。
cap.
帽。
xi.
xi.
and Bouchaud de l’impot du vingtieme sur les successions.} the author who writes concerning it the least indistinctly, says, that it was imposed upon all successions, legacies and donations, in case of death, except upon those to the nearest relations, and to the poor.
和Bouchaud de l’impot du vingtieme sur les successions。}作者对此写得最含糊不清，他说，它适用于所有继承、遗产和捐赠，如果死亡，除了那些最亲近的亲戚和穷人。
Of the same kind is the Dutch tax upon successions.
类似的还有荷兰的继承税。
{See Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. tom i, p.
{参见有关 les Droits 的回忆录等，tom i，第 14 页。
225.} Collateral successions are taxed according to the degree of relation, from five to thirty per cent.
225.} 抵押继承根据关系程度征税，从百分之五到百分之三十不等。
upon the whole value of the succession.
取决于继承的整体价值。
Testamentary donations, or legacies to collaterals, are subject to the like duties.
遗嘱捐赠或抵押品遗产也须承担类似义务。
Those from husband to wife, or from wife to husband, to the fiftieth penny.
那些从丈夫到妻子，或从妻子到丈夫，到五十便士。
The luctuosa hereditas, the mournful succession of ascendants to descendants, to the twentieth penny only.
luctuosa 遗传，即从祖先到后代的悲伤继承，只到第二十便士。
Direct successions, or those of descendants to ascendants, pay no tax.
直接继承，或后代对长辈的继承，不纳税。
The death of a father, to such of his children as live in the same house with him, is seldom attended with any increase, and frequently with a considerable diminution of revenue; by the loss of his industry, of his office, or of some life-rent estate, of which he may have been in possession.
父亲去世后，对于与他住在同一所房子里的孩子来说，收入很少会增加，而且常常会导致收入大幅减少；由于失去了他的工业、办公室或他可能拥有的一些终生租金财产。
That tax would be cruel and oppressive, which aggravated their loss, by taking from them any part of his succession.
这种税收将是残酷和压迫性的，会剥夺他们的继承权，从而加剧他们的损失。
It may, however, sometimes be otherwise with those children, who, in the language of the Roman law, are said to be emancipated; in that of the Scotch law, to be foris-familiated; that is, who have received their portion, have got families of their own, and are supported by funds separate and independent of those of their father.
然而，有时对于那些用罗马法的语言来说，被称为“被解放”的孩子来说，情况可能并非如此。在苏格兰法律中，“foris-familia”；也就是说，那些得到了自己的份额的人，有了自己的家庭，并得到了独立于其父亲的资金的支持。
Whatever part of his succession might come to such children, would be a real addition to their fortune, and might, therefore, perhaps, without more inconveniency than what attends all duties of this kind, be liable to some tax.
无论他的继承权的任何一部分可能落到这些孩子身上，都将是他们财富的真正增加，因此，也许，与承担所有此类职责相比，可能不会有更多的不便，需要缴纳一些税。
The casualties of the feudal law were taxes upon the transference of land, both from the dead to the living, and from the living to the living.
封建法律的牺牲品是对土地转让的征税，无论是从死者到生者，还是从生者到生者。
In ancient times, they constituted, in every part of Europe, one of the principal branches of the revenue of the crown.
在古代，它们在欧洲各地构成了王室收入的主要部门之一。
The heir of every immediate vassal of the crown paid a certain duty, generally a year’s rent, upon receiving the investiture of the estate.
每个王室直属封臣的继承人在获得遗产授予后都要缴纳一定的税款，通常是一年的租金。
If the heir was a minor, the whole rents of the estate, during the continuance of the minority, devolved to the superior, without any other charge besides the maintenance of the minor, and the payment of the widow’s dower, when there happened to be a dowager upon the land.
如果继承人是未成年人，则在未成年人存续期间，遗产的全部租金都移交给上级，除了未成年人的赡养费以及寡妇的嫁妆（当土地上碰巧有寡妇时）之外，不收取任何其他费用。
When the minor came to be of age, another tax, called relief, was still due to the superior, which generally amounted likewise to a year’s rent.
当未成年人成年后，上级仍需缴纳另一项税款，称为减免，通常相当于一年的租金。
A long minority, which, in the present times, so frequently disburdens a great estate of all its incumbrances, and restores the family to their ancient splendour, could in those times have no such effect.
在当今时代，少数族裔频繁地解除了一大笔财产的所有负担，并使家族恢复了古老的辉煌，但在当时却无法产生这样的效果。
The waste, and not the disincumbrance of the estate, was the common effect of a long minority.
浪费，而不是财产的清偿，是长期以来少数人的共同结果。
By a feudal law, the vassal could not alienate without the consent of his superior, who generally extorted a fine or composition on granting it.
根据封建法律，未经上级同意，封臣不得转让，上级通常会在批准后勒索罚款或罚金。
This fine, which was at first arbitrary, came, in many countries, to be regulated at a certain portion of the price of the land.
这种罚款最初是任意的，后来在许多国家，按照土地价格的一定比例进行监管。
In some countries, where the greater part of the other feudal customs have gone into disuse, this tax upon the alienation of land still continues to make a very considerable branch of the revenue of the sovereign.
在一些国家，大部分其他封建习俗已经废弃，这种土地转让税仍然在主权收入中占据相当大的比例。
In the canton of Berne it is so high as a sixth part of the price of all noble fiefs, and a tenth part of that of all ignoble ones.
在伯尔尼州，它的价格高达所有贵族封地价格的六分之一，是所有卑鄙封地价格的十分之一。
{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc, tom.i p.154} In the canton of Lucern, the tax upon the sale of land is not universal, and takes place only in certain districts.
{有关权利等的回忆录，tom.i p.154} 在卢塞恩州，土地出售税并不普遍，仅在某些地区征收。
But if any person sells his land in order to remove out of the territory, he pays ten per cent.
但如果任何人为了迁出该领土而出售其土地，则需支付百分之十的费用。
upon the whole price of the sale.
以销售总价为准。
{id.
{ID。
p.157.} Taxes of the same kind, upon the sale either of all lands, or of lands held by certain tenures, take place in many other countries, and make a more or less considerable branch of the revenue of the sovereign.
p.157.} 在许多其他国家，出售所有土地或出售某些保有权所持有的土地时，也会征收类似的税收，并或多或少地占主权收入的相当大的一部分。
Such transactions may be taxed indirectly, by means either of stamp duties, or of duties upon registration; and those duties either may, or may not, be proportioned to the value of the subject which is transferred.
此类交易可通过印花税或登记税间接征税；这些义务可能与所转让标的的价值成比例，也可能不成比例。
In Great Britain, the stamp duties are higher or lower, not so much according to the value of the property transferred (an eighteen-penny or half-crown stamp being sufficient upon a bond for the largest sum of money), as according to the nature of the deed.
在英国，印花税的高低，与其说是根据转让财产的价值（一张十八便士或半克朗的邮票足以支付最大金额的保证金），不如说是根据契约的性质。
The highest do not exceed six pounds upon every sheet of paper, or skin of parchment; and these high duties fall chiefly upon grants from the crown, and upon certain law proceedings, without any regard to the value of the subject.
每张纸或每张羊皮纸上的最高重量不超过六磅；这些崇高的职责主要取决于国王的授予和某些法律程序，而不考虑主题的价值。
There are, in Great Britain, no duties on the registration of deeds or writings, except the fees of the officers who keep the register; and these are seldom more than a reasonable recompence for their labour.
在英国，除了保存登记册的官员的费用外，登记契约或书面文件不收取任何义务；这些只不过是对他们劳动的合理报酬。
The crown derives no revenue from them.
王室没有从他们身上获得任何收入。
In Holland {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. tom.
在荷兰{有关权利的回忆录等汤姆。
i.
我。
p 223, 224, 225.} there are both stamp duties and duties upon registration; which in some cases are, and in some are not, proportioned to the value of the property transferred.
p 223, 224, 225.} 印花税和注册税均需缴纳；在某些情况下与所转让财产的价值成比例，在某些情况下则不成比例。
All testaments must be written upon stamped paper, of which the price is proportioned to the property disposed of; so that there are stamps which cost from three pence or three stivers a-sheet, to three hundred florins, equal to about twenty-seven pounds ten shillings of our money.
所有遗嘱必须写在盖有邮票的纸上，其价格与所处置的财产成比例；因此，邮票的价格从一张三便士或三史提夫到三百弗罗林不等，大约相当于我们的二十七英镑十先令。
If the stamp is of an inferior price to what the testator ought to have made use of, his succession is confiscated.
如果邮票的价格低于立遗嘱人应使用的价格，他的继承权将被没收。
This is over and above all their other taxes on succession.
这是高于所有其他继承税的。
Except bills of exchange, and some other mercantile bills, all other deeds, bonds, and contracts, are subject to a stamp duty.
除汇票和其他一些商业票据外，所有其他契约、债券和合同均需缴纳印花税。
This duty, however, does not rise in proportion to the value of the subject.
然而，这项义务并不与主体的价值成正比。
All sales of land and of houses, and all mortgages upon either, must be registered, and, upon registration, pay a duty to the state of two and a-half per cent.
所有土地和房屋的出售，以及两者的所有抵押，都必须进行登记，并在登记后向国家缴纳百分之二半的税。
upon the amount of the price or of the mortgage.
取决于价格或抵押贷款的金额。
This duty is extended to the sale of all ships and vessels of more than two tons burden, whether decked or undecked.
该税适用于所有船舶和重量超过两吨的船舶的销售，无论有甲板还是无甲板。
These, it seems, are considered as a sort of houses upon the water.
这些似乎被认为是一种水上房屋。
The sale of moveables, when it is ordered by a court of justice, is subject to the like duty of two and a-half per cent.
当法院下令出售动产时，需缴纳百分之二半的类似义务。
In France, there are both stamp duties and duties upon registration.
在法国，既有印花税，也有注册税。
The former are considered as a branch of the aids of excise, and, in the provinces where those duties take place, are levied by the excise officers.
前者被视为消费税辅助措施的一个分支，在履行这些职责的省份，由消费税官员征收。
The latter are considered as a branch of the domain of the crown and are levied by a different set of officers.
后者被视为王权领域的一个分支，由不同的官员负责征召。
Those modes of taxation by stamp duties and by duties upon registration, are of very modern invention.
这些通过印花税和登记税征税的模式是非常现代的发明。
In the course of little more than a century, however, stamp duties have, in Europe, become almost universal, and duties upon registration extremely common.
然而，在一个多世纪的时间里，印花税在欧洲几乎变得普遍，而且登记税也极其普遍。
There is no art which one government sooner learns of another, than that of draining money from the pockets of the people.
没有什么艺术比从人民口袋里榨取钱财更容易让一个政府学到另一个政府的了。
Taxes upon the transference of property from the dead to the living, fall finally, as well as immediately, upon the persons to whom the property is transferred.
将财产从死者转移到生者的税收最终并立即落在财产转移对象身上。
Taxes upon the sale of land fall altogether upon the seller.
出售土地的税款全部由卖方承担。
The seller is almost always under the necessity of selling, and must, therefore, take such a price as he can get.
卖方几乎总是处于出售的必要性之下，因此必须采取他能得到的价格。
The buyer is scarce ever under the necessity of buying, and will, therefore, only give such a price as he likes.
买家总是缺乏购买的必要性，因此只会给出他喜欢的价格。
He considers what the land will cost him, in tax and price together.
他考虑了土地的成本，包括税收和价格。
The more he is obliged to pay in the way of tax, the less he will be disposed to give in the way of price.
他必须缴纳的税款越多，他愿意支付的价格就越少。
Such taxes, therefore, fall almost always upon a necessitous person, and must, therefore, be frequently very cruel and oppressive.
因此，这种税收几乎总是落在有需要的人身上，因此往往是非常残酷和压迫性的。
Taxes upon the sale of new-built houses, where the building is sold without the ground, fall generally upon the buyer, because the builder must generally have his profit; otherwise he must give up the trade.
新建房屋的销售税（建筑物在没有土地的情况下出售）通常由买方承担，因为建筑商通常必须获得利润；否则他必须放弃生意。
If he advances the tax, therefore, the buyer must generally repay it to him.
因此，如果他预缴税款，买方通常必须向他偿还。
Taxes upon the sale of old houses, for the same reason as those upon the sale of land, fall generally upon the seller; whom, in most cases, either conveniency or necessity obliges to sell.
出于与出售土地相同的原因，出售旧房屋的税款通常由卖方承担；在大多数情况下，出于方便或必要性，他们不得不出售。
The number of new-built houses that are annually brought to market, is more or less regulated by the demand.
每年投放市场的新建房屋数量或多或少受到需求的调节。
Unless the demand is such as to afford the builder his profit, after paying all expenses, he will build no more houses.
除非需求足以让建筑商获得利润，否则在支付所有费用后，他将不再建造房屋。
The number of old houses which happen at any time to come to market, is regulated by accidents, of which the greater part have no relation to the demand.
任何时候上市的老房子的数量都是由意外事件决定的，其中大部分与需求无关。
Two or three great bankruptcies in a mercantile town, will bring many houses to sale, which must be sold for what can be got for them.
一个商业城镇发生两三次严重破产，就会导致许多房屋出售，而这些房屋必须以能买到的价格出售。
Taxes upon the sale of ground-rents fall altogether upon the seller, for the same reason as those upon the sale of lands.
出售地租的税款全部由卖方承担，原因与出售土地的税款相同。
Stamp duties, and duties upon the registration of bonds and contracts for borrowed money, fall altogether upon the borrower, and, in fact, are always paid by him.
印花税以及债券和借款合同登记税全部由借款人承担，而且事实上总是由借款人支付。
Duties of the same kind upon law proceedings fall upon the suitors.
诉讼者也承担同样的法律诉讼义务。
They reduce to both the capital value of the subject in dispute.
它们减少了争议主题的资本价值。
The more it costs to acquire any property, the less must be the neat value of it when acquired.
购买任何财产的成本越高，购买时其净价值就越少。
All taxes upon the transference of property of every kind, so far as they diminish the capital value of that property, tend to diminish the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour.
对各种财产转让征收的所有税款，只要它们减少了该财产的资本价值，就会减少用于维持生产性劳动的资金。
They are all more or less unthrifty taxes that increase the revenue of the sovereign, which seldom maintains any but unproductive labourers, at the expense of the capital of the people, which maintains none but productive.
它们或多或少都是不节俭的税收，它们增加了主权者的收入，而主权者很少维持除了非生产性劳动者之外的任何人，而牺牲了人民的资本，而人民的资本只维持生产性。
Such taxes, even when they are proportioned to the value of the property transferred, are still unequal; the frequency of transference not being always equal in property of equal value.
这些税收即使与转让财产的价值成比例，仍然是不平等的；在同等价值的属性中，转移的频率并不总是相等的。
When they are not proportioned to this value, which is the case with the greater part of the stamp duties and duties of registration, they are still more so.
当它们与这个值不成比例时（大部分印花税和登记税就是这种情况），它们的比例就更大了。
They are in no respect arbitrary, but are, or may be, in all cases, perfectly clear and certain.
它们绝不是任意的，但在所有情况下都是或可能是完全清楚和确定的。
Though they sometimes fall upon the person who is not very able to pay, the time of payment is, in most cases, sufficiently convenient for him.
尽管它们有时会落在那些不太有能力付款的人身上，但在大多数情况下，付款时间对他来说是足够方便的。
When the payment becomes due, he must, in most cases, have the more to pay.
当付款到期时，在大多数情况下，他必须支付更多。
They are levied at very little expense, and in general subject the contributors to no other inconveniency, besides always the unavoidable one of paying the tax.
它们的征收费用非常低，而且一般来说，除了不可避免的缴税之外，缴费者不会遇到其他不便。
In France, the stamp duties are not much complained of.
在法国，印花税并没有受到太多抱怨。
Those of registration, which they call the Controle, are.
那些被他们称为 Controle 的注册是。
They give occasion, it is pretended, to much extortion in the officers of the farmers-general who collect the tax, which is in a great measure arbitrary and uncertain.
他们假装给负责征税的农民总长官们带来了很多勒索的机会，而这种勒索在很大程度上是任意的和不确定的。
In the greater part of the libels which have been written against the present system of finances in France, the abuses of the controle make a principal article.
在针对法国现行财政制度的大部分诽谤中，滥用控制权是主要内容。
Uncertainty, however, does not seem to be necessarily inherent in the nature of such taxes.
然而，不确定性似乎并不一定是此类税收性质所固有的。
If the popular complaints are well founded, the abuse must arise, not so much from the nature of the tax as from the want of precision and distinctness in the words of the edicts or laws which impose it.
如果民众的抱怨有充分的根据，那么滥用行为一定会出现，与其说是由于税收的性质，不如说是因为征收该税的法令或法律的措辞缺乏精确性和明确性。
The registration of mortgages, and in general of all rights upon immoveable property, as it gives great security both to creditors and purchasers, is extremely advantageous to the public.
抵押登记以及不动产上的所有权利的登记，为债权人和购买者提供了极大的保障，对公众极为有利。
That of the greater part of deeds of other kinds, is frequently inconvenient and even dangerous to individuals, without any advantage to the public.
大多数其他类型的行为常常给个人带来不便甚至危险，而对公众没有任何好处。
All registers which, it is acknowledged, ought to be kept secret, ought certainly never to exist.
众所周知，所有应该保密的登记册当然不应该存在。
The credit of individuals ought certainly never to depend upon so very slender a security, as the probity and religion of the inferior officers of revenue.
个人的信用当然不应该依赖于像下级税务官员的正直和宗教信仰那样微薄的保障。
But where the fees of registration have been made a source of revenue to the sovereign, register-offices have commonly been multiplied without end, both for the deeds which ought to be registered, and for those which ought not.
但是，当登记费成为主权者的收入来源时，登记处通常会无休无止地增加，无论是对于应该登记的契约还是对于不应该登记的契约。
In France there are several different sorts of secret registers.
在法国，有几种不同类型的秘密登记册。
This abuse, though not perhaps a necessary, it must be acknowledged, is a very natural effect of such taxes.
必须承认，这种滥用虽然可能不是必要的，但却是此类税收的非常自然的结果。
Such stamp duties as those in England upon cards and dice, upon newspapers and periodical pamphlets, etc. are properly taxes upon consumption; the final payment falls upon the persons who use or consume such commodities.
英国对纸牌和骰子、报纸和期刊小册子等征收的印花税实际上是对消费征收的税。最终付款由使用或消费此类商品的人承担。
Such stamp duties as those upon licences to retail ale, wine, and spiritous liquors, though intended, perhaps, to fall upon the profits of the retailers, are likewise finally paid by the consumers of those liquors.
诸如啤酒、葡萄酒和烈酒零售许可证之类的印花税，虽然可能是打算由零售商的利润承担，但最终同样是由这些酒类的消费者支付的。
Such taxes, though called by the same name, and levied by the same officers, and in the same manner with the stamp duties above mentioned upon the transference of property, are, however, of a quite different nature, and fall upon quite different funds.
这些税虽然名称相同，由同一官员征收，征收方式与上述财产转让印花税相同，但性质截然不同，资金来源也截然不同。
ARTICLE III.—Taxes upon the Wages of Labour.
第三条——劳动工资税。
The wages of the inferior classes of work men, I have endeavoured to show in the first book are everywhere necessarily regulated by two different circumstances; the demand for labour, and the ordinary or average price of provisions.
我在第一本书中竭力表明，下等工人阶级的工资在任何地方都必然受到两种不同情况的调节：对劳动力的需求，以及粮食的普通或平均价格。
The demand for labour, according as it happens to be either increasing, stationary, or declining; or to require an increasing, stationary, or declining population, regulates the subsistence of the labourer, and determines in what degree it shall be either liberal, moderate, or scanty.
对劳动力的需求，根据其发生的情况，要么增加，要么稳定，要么减少；或要求人口增加、静止或减少，调节劳动者的生存，并决定其在何种程度上是自由的、温和的或匮乏的。
The ordinary average price of provisions determines the quantity of money which must be paid to the workman, in order to enable him, one year with another, to purchase this liberal, moderate, or scanty subsistence.
粮食的平均平均价格决定了必须支付给工人的货币数量，以便使工人能够年复一年地购买这种慷慨的、中等的或微薄的生活品。
While the demand for the labour and the price of provisions, therefore, remain the same, a direct tax upon the wages of labour can have no other effect, than to raise them somewhat higher than the tax.
因此，虽然对劳动力的需求和供给品的价格保持不变，但对劳动力工资征收直接税除了将工资提高到略高于税收之外，没有其他效果。
Let us suppose, for example, that, in a particular place, the demand for labour and the price of provisions were such as to render ten shillings a-week the ordinary wages of labour; and that a tax of one-fifth, or four shillings in the pound, was imposed upon wages.
例如，让我们假设，在一个特定的地方，对劳动力的需求和食品的价格使得每周十先令的普通劳动力工资；对工资征收五分之一的税，即每英镑四先令。
If the demand for labour and the price of provisions remained the same, it would still be necessary that the labourer should, in that place, earn such a subsistence as could be bought only for ten shillings a-week; so that, after paying the tax, he should have ten shillings a-week free wages.
如果对劳动力的需求和食品的价格保持不变，那么，在那个地方，劳动者仍然有必要赚取每周只需要十先令就能买到的生活费；这样，在缴纳税款后，他每周应该有十先令的免费工资。
But, in order to leave him such free wages, after paying such a tax, the price of labour must, in that place, soon rise, not to twelve shillings a week only, but to twelve and sixpence; that is, in order to enable him to pay a tax of one-fifth, his wages must necessarily soon rise, not one-fifth part only, but one-fourth.
但是，为了给他留下这样的自由工资，在缴纳了这样的税之后，那个地方的劳动力价格必须很快上涨，不仅仅是每周十二先令，而是十二先令；也就是说，为了使他能够缴纳五分之一的税，他的工资必须很快上涨，不是只涨五分之一，而是四分之一。
Whatever was the proportion of the tax, the wages of labour must, in all cases rise, not only in that proportion, but in a higher proportion.
无论税收的比例是多少，在任何情况下，劳动工资都必须上涨，不仅是按这个比例，而且是更高的比例。
If the tax for example, was one-tenth, the wages of labour must necessarily soon rise, not one-tenth part only, but one-eighth.
例如，如果税收是十分之一，那么劳动工资必然很快就会上涨，不仅仅是十分之一，而是八分之一。
A direct tax upon the wages of labour, therefore, though the labourer might, perhaps, pay it out of his hand, could not properly be said to be even advanced by him; at least if the demand for labour and the average price of provisions remained the same after the tax as before it.
因此，对劳动工资的直接税，尽管劳动者也许可以自己支付，但甚至不能说是由他预付的。至少在税后劳动力需求和粮食平均价格保持与税前相同的情况下是这样。
In all such cases, not only the tax, but something more than the tax, would in reality be advanced by the person who immediately employed him.
在所有这些情况下，直接雇用他的人实际上不仅预付了税款，而且还预付了比税款更多的东西。
The final payment would, in different cases, fall upon different persons.
在不同的情况下，最终付款将落在不同的人身上。
The rise which such a tax might occasion in the wages of manufacturing labour would be advanced by the master manufacturer, who would both be entitled and obliged to charge it, with a profit, upon the price of his goods.
这种税收可能引起制造业劳动力工资的上涨，将由大制造商预付，他们有权也有义务根据其产品的价格收取这种税，并从中获得利润。
The final payment of this rise of wages, therefore, together with the additional profit of the master manufacturer would fall upon the consumer.
因此，工资上涨的最终支付额以及主制造商的额外利润将由消费者承担。
The rise which such a tax might occasion in the wages of country labour would be advanced by the farmer, who, in order to maintain the same number of labourers as before, would be obliged to employ a greater capital.
这种税收可能引起的乡村劳动力工资的上涨将由农民预付，为了维持与以前相同数量的劳动力，农民将不得不使用更多的资本。
In order to get back this greater capital, together with the ordinary profits of stock, it would be necessary that he should retain a larger portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of a larger portion, of the produce of the land, and, consequently, that he should pay less rent to the landlord.
为了取回更多的资本和普通的资本利润，他就必须保留土地产品的较大部分，或者说，同样的，保留较大部分的土地产品的价格，因此，他应该向地主支付较少的地租。
The final payment of this rise of wages, therefore, would, in this case, fall upon the landlord, together with the additional profit of the farmer who had advanced it.
因此，在这种情况下，这次工资上涨的最终支付将由地主连同预付工资的农民的额外利润一起承担。
In all cases, a direct tax upon the wages of labour must, in the long-run, occasion both a greater reduction in the rent of land, and a greater rise in the price of manufactured goods than would have followed from the proper assessment of a sum equal to the produce of the tax, partly upon the rent of land, and partly upon consumable commodities.
在所有情况下，从长远来看，对劳动工资征收的直接税必定会导致土地租金的更大程度的减少和制成品价格的更大上涨，而这要比根据适当评估的相当于税收产出的数额（部分是土地租金，部分是消费品）所产生的结果更大。
If direct taxes upon the wages of labour have not always occasioned a proportionable rise in those wages, it is because they have generally occasioned a considerable fall in the demand of labour.
如果对劳动工资征收的直接税并不总是导致这些工资成比例的上涨，那是因为它们通常会导致劳动力需求的大幅下降。
The declension of industry, the decrease of employment for the poor, the diminution of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, have generally been the effects of such taxes.
工业的衰落、穷人就业的减少、国家土地和劳动力年产量的减少，通常都是这种税收的后果。
In consequence of them, however, the price of labour must always be higher than it otherwise would have been in the actual state of the demand; and this enhancement of price, together with the profit of those who advance it, must always be finally paid by the landlords and consumers.
然而，由于这些因素，劳动力价格必定总是高于实际需求状态下的劳动力价格。这种价格的上涨，连同那些提高价格的人的利润，最终必须由地主和消费者来支付。
A tax upon the wages of country labour does not raise the price of the rude produce of land in proportion to the tax; for the same reason that a tax upon the farmer’s profit does not raise that price in that proportion.
对乡村劳动力的工资征税不会使土地粗产品的价格与税收成比例地提高；出于同样的原因，对农民利润征税不会按比例提高价格。
Absurd and destructive as such taxes are, however, they take place in many countries.
然而，尽管这种税收是荒谬且具有破坏性的，但许多国家都存在这种税收。
In France, that part of the taille which is charged upon the industry of workmen and day-labourers in country villages, is properly a tax of this kind.
在法国，向乡村工人和日工征收的那部分尾税实际上就是这种税。
Their wages are computed according to the common rate of the district in which they reside; and, that they may be as little liable as possible to any overcharge, their yearly gains are estimated at no more than two hundred working days in the year.
其工资按照所在地区统一工资标准计算；而且，为了尽可能少地承担多收费用，他们的年收入估计不超过 200 个工作日。
{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. tom.
{有关 les Droits 的回忆录等汤姆。
ii.
二.
p.
p。
108.} The tax of each individual is varied from year to year, according to different circumstances, of which the collector or the commissary, whom intendant appoints to assist him, are the judges.
108.} 每个人的税收根据不同的情况每年都有所不同，其中的法官是总督指定协助他的税收官或小卖部。
In Bohemia, in consequence of the alteration in the system of finances which was begun in 1748, a very heavy tax is imposed upon the industry of artificers.
在波希米亚，由于 1748 年开始的财政制度改革，对技工行业征收了非常重的税。
They are divided into four classes.
他们分为四个班级。
The highest class pay a hundred florins a year, which, at two-and-twenty pence half penny a-florin, amounts to £9:7:6.
最高阶层每年支付一百弗罗林，按二又二十便士半便士一弗罗林计算，相当于 9:7:6 英镑。
The second class are taxed at seventy; the third at fifty; and the fourth, comprehending artificers in villages, and the lowest class of those in towns, at twenty-five florins.
第二类的税率为七十；第三个是五十岁；第四种，包括村庄里的技工，以及城镇中最低阶层的技工，价格为二十五弗罗林。
{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. tom.
{有关 les Droits 的回忆录等汤姆。
iii.
三.
p.
p。
87.}
87.}
The recompence of ingenious artists, and of men of liberal professions, I have endeavoured to show in the first book, necessarily keeps a certain proportion to the emoluments of inferior trades.
我在第一本书中竭力表明，才华横溢的艺术家和自由职业人士的报酬必然与低级行业的报酬保持一定比例。
A tax upon this recompence, therefore, could have no other effect than to raise it somewhat higher than in proportion to the tax.
因此，对这种补偿征税除了将其提高到比税收比例高一些之外，不会有任何其他效果。
If it did not rise in this manner, the ingenious arts and the liberal professions, being no longer upon a level with other trades, would be so much deserted, that they would soon return to that level.
如果它不以这种方式崛起，精巧的艺术和自由职业，不再处于与其他行业相同的水平，就会被抛弃，很快就会恢复到原来的水平。
The emoluments of offices are not, like those of trades and professions, regulated by the free competition of the market, and do not, therefore, always bear a just proportion to what the nature of the employment requires.
与行业和专业的薪酬一样，办公室的薪酬不受市场自由竞争的调节，因此并不总是与就业性质所要求的比例成正比。
They are, perhaps, in most countries, higher than it requires; the persons who have the administration of government being generally disposed to regard both themselves and their immediate dependents, rather more than enough.
也许在大多数国家，它们都高于要求；担任政府行政职务的人通常倾向于考虑自己及其直系亲属，这已经足够了。
The emoluments of offices, therefore, can, in most cases, very well bear to be taxed.
因此，在大多数情况下，官员的薪酬完全可以承受征税。
The persons, besides, who enjoy public offices, especially the more lucrative, are, in all countries, the objects of general envy; and a tax upon their emoluments, even though it should be somewhat higher than upon any other sort of revenue, is always a very popular tax.
此外，担任公职的人，尤其是那些收入较高的人，在所有国家都是普遍羡慕的对象。对他们的报酬征税，尽管比任何其他收入都要高一些，但始终是一种很受欢迎的税。
In England, for example, when, by the land-tax, every other sort of revenue was supposed to be assessed at four shillings in the pound, it was very popular to lay a real tax of five shillings and sixpence in the pound upon the salaries of offices which exceeded a hundred pounds a-year; the pensions of the younger branches of the royal family, the pay of the officers of the army and navy, and a few others less obnoxious to envy, excepted.
例如，在英国，当按照土地税，其他种类的收入应按每英镑四先令评估时，对年薪超过一百英镑的官员征收每英镑五先令六便士的实际税是很流行的。王室年轻分支的养老金、陆军和海军军官的工资以及其他一些不那么令人嫉妒的人的工资除外。
There are in England no other direct taxes upon the wages of labour.
在英格兰，没有其他针对劳动工资的直接税。
ARTICLE IV.—Taxes which it is intended should fall indifferently upon every different Species of Revenue.
第四条——所规定的税收应无差别地适用于每种不同的收入种类。
The taxes which it is intended should fall indifferently upon every different species of revenue, are capitation taxes, and taxes upon consumable commodities.
它所规定的税收应该无差别地适用于各种不同的收入，即人头税和消费品税。
Those must be paid indifferently, from whatever revenue the contributors may possess; from the rent of their land, from the profits of their stock, or from the wages of their labour.
无论贡献者拥有多少收入，这些费用都必须无差别地支付；来自他们的土地租金，来自他们的股票利润，或者来自他们的劳动工资。
Capitation Taxes.
人头税。
Capitation taxes, if it is attempted to proportion them to the fortune or revenue of each contributor, become altogether arbitrary.
如果试图将人头税与每个贡献者的财富或收入进行比例分配，那么人头税就变得完全任意了。
The state of a man’s fortune varies from day to day; and, without an inquisition, more intolerable than any tax, and renewed at least once every year, can only be guessed at.
一个人的财富状况每天都在变化；而且，如果没有调查，比任何税收更难以忍受，并且每年至少更新一次，只能猜测。
His assessment, therefore, must, in most cases, depend upon the good or bad humour of his assessors, and must, therefore, be altogether arbitrary and uncertain.
因此，在大多数情况下，他的评估必须取决于评估者的好坏心情，因此必须是完全任意的和不确定的。
Capitation taxes, if they are proportioned, not to the supposed fortune, but to the rank of each contributor, become altogether unequal; the degrees of fortune being frequently unequal in the same degree of rank.
如果人头税不按假定的财富，而是按每个贡献者的等级来按比例，那么，人头税就会变得完全不平等。在同一等级中，财富的等级常常是不平等的。
Such taxes, therefore, if it is attempted to render them equal, become altogether arbitrary and uncertain; and if it is attempted to render them certain and not arbitrary, become altogether unequal.
因此，如果试图使这些税收变得平等，那么这些税收就会变得完全任意和不确定。如果试图使它们确定而不是任意，就会变得完全不平等。
Let the tax be light or heavy, uncertainty is always a great grievance.
无论税收是轻还是重，不确定性永远是一大苦恼。
In a light tax, a considerable degree of inequality may be supported; in a heavy one, it is altogether intolerable.
轻税可以支持相当程度的不平等；如果是重的，那是完全无法忍受的。
In the different poll-taxes which took place in England during the reign of William III.
威廉三世统治时期英国实行不同的人头税。
the contributors were, the greater part of them, assessed according to the degree of their rank; as dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, barons, esquires, gentlemen, the eldest and youngest sons of peers, etc. All shop-keepers and tradesmen worth more than three hundred pounds, that is, the better sort of them, were subject to the same assessment, how great soever might be the difference in their fortunes.
贡献者中的大部分是根据其级别的等级进行评估的；公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子爵、男爵、乡绅、绅士、贵族的长子和小子等。所有身价超过三百英镑的店主和商人，即其中较好的一类，无论他们的财富差异有多大，都要受到同样的评估。
Their rank was more considered than their fortune.
他们的地位比他们的财富更受重视。
Several of those who, in the first poll-tax, were rated according to their supposed fortune were afterwards rated according to their rank.
在第一次人头税中，有几个人是根据他们所谓的财富进行评级的，后来又根据他们的等级进行了评级。
Serjeants, attorneys, and proctors at law, who, in the first poll-tax, were assessed at three shillings in the pound of their supposed income, were afterwards assessed as gentlemen.
警官、律师和检察官在第一次人头税中，按其假定收入每磅三先令的税率评定，后来被评定为绅士。
In the assessment of a tax which was not very heavy, a considerable degree of inequality had been found less insupportable than any degree of uncertainty.
在评估不是很重的税收时，人们发现相当程度的不平等比任何程度的不确定性都更令人难以忍受。
In the capitation which has been levied in France, without-any interruption, since the beginning of the present century, the highest orders of people are rated according to their rank, by an invariable tariff; the lower orders of people, according to what is supposed to be their fortune, by an assessment which varies from year to year.
自本世纪初以来，法国一直实行按人头征收的人头税，最高等级的人按照他们的等级，按不变的关税进行评定。下层阶级的人，根据他们的财富，每年都有不同的评估。
The officers of the king’s court, the judges, and other officers in the superior courts of justice, the officers of the troops, etc are assessed in the first manner.
国王法庭的官员、法官、高级法院的其他官员、军队的军官等均按第一级评定。
The inferior ranks of people in the provinces are assessed in the second.
各省的下等人，按第二次评定。
In France, the great easily submit to a considerable degree of inequality in a tax which, so far as it affects them, is not a very heavy one; but could not brook the arbitrary assessment of an intendant.
在法国，权贵们很容易承受相当大程度的税收不平等，就其影响而言，这种不平等并不是很严重。但不能容忍总督的武断评价。
The inferior ranks of people must, in that country, suffer patiently the usage which their superiors think proper to give them.
在那个国家，下层人民必须耐心地接受上级认为适当的使用。
In England, the different poll-taxes never produced the sum which had been expected from them, or which it was supposed they might have produced, had they been exactly levied.
在英格兰，不同的人头税从来没有产生过人们所期望的数额，或者如果它们被准确地征收的话，它们可能会产生的数额。
In France, the capitation always produces the sum expected from it.
在法国，按人头付费的结果总是符合预期。
The mild government of England, when it assessed the different ranks of people to the poll-tax, contented itself with what that assessment happened to produce, and required no compensation for the loss which the state might sustain, either by those who could not pay, or by those who would not pay (for there were many such), and who, by the indulgent execution of the law, were not forced to pay.
温和的英格兰政府在向不同阶层的人征收人头税时，满足于这种征收所产生的结果，并且不要求对国家可能承受的损失进行补偿，无论是那些无力支付的人，还是不愿支付的人（因为有很多这样的人），而且由于法律的宽容执行，他们没有被迫支付。
The more severe government of France assesses upon each generality a certain sum, which the intendant must find as he can.
法国较为严厉的政府对每项一般性规定了一定的数额，总督必须尽其所能找到这笔数额。
If any province complains of being assessed too high, it may, in the assessment of next year, obtain an abatement proportioned to the overcharge of the year before; but it must pay in the mean time.
如有省份抱怨征收过高的，可在下一年的征收中，按照上一年多征收的比例进行减免；但同时必须付出代价。
The intendant, in order to be sure of finding the sum assessed upon his generality, was empowered to assess it in a larger sum, that the failure or inability of some of the contributors might be compensated by the overcharge of the rest; and till 1765, the fixation of this surplus assessment was left altogether to his discretion.
为了确保找到根据其一般性评估的金额，总督有权评估更大的金额，以便某些贡献者的失败或无能力可以通过对其余贡献者的多收费来补偿；直到 1765 年，这笔盈余摊款的确定完全由他自行决定。
In that year, indeed, the council assumed this power to itself.
事实上，该委员会在那一年就获得了这一权力。
In the capitation of the provinces, it is observed by the perfectly well informed author of the Memoirs upon the Impositions in France, the proportion which falls upon the nobility, and upon those whose privileges exempt them from the taille, is the least considerable.
《法国征税回忆录》的一位消息灵通的作者指出，在各省的人头征收中，贵族和那些享有免缴税金特权的人所占的比例是最小的。
The largest falls upon those subject to the taille, who are assessed to the capitation at so much a-pound of what they pay to that other tax.
最大的负担落在那些缴纳尾税的人身上，他们按人头缴纳的税款相当于他们缴纳的其他税款的一磅。
Capitation taxes, so far as they are levied upon the lower ranks of people, are direct taxes upon the wages of labour, and are attended with all the inconveniencies of such taxes.
就人头税而言，就其对下层人民征收而言，是对劳动工资的直接税，并伴随着此类税的所有不便。
Capitation taxes are levied at little expense; and, where they are rigorously exacted, afford a very sure revenue to the state.
人头税的征收费用很低；而且，在严格执行的情况下，它们可以为国家提供非常可靠的收入。
It is upon this account that, in countries where the case, comfort, and security of the inferior ranks of people are little attended to, capitation taxes are very common.
正是由于这个原因，在那些很少关心底层人民的生活、舒适和安全的国家，人头税非常普遍。
It is in general, however, but a small part of the public revenue, which, in a great empire, has ever been drawn from such taxes; and the greatest sum which they have ever afforded, might always have been found in some other way much more convenient to the people.
然而，总的来说，这只是公共收入的一小部分，在一个伟大的帝国中，公共收入都是从此类税收中提取的。他们所提供的最大一笔资金，也许总是可以通过其他对人民更方便的方式找到。
Taxes upon Consumable Commodities.
对消费品征税。
The impossibility of taxing the people, in proportion to their revenue, by any capitation, seems to have given occasion to the invention of taxes upon consumable commodities.
不可能按照人头收入按比例向人民征税，这似乎为消费品税的发明提供了机会。
The state not knowing how to tax, directly and proportionably, the revenue of its subjects, endeavours to tax it indirectly by taxing their expense, which, it is supposed, will, in most cases, be nearly in proportion to their revenue.
国家不知道如何直接和按比例地对其臣民的收入征税，因此试图通过对他们的支出征税来间接征税，人们认为，在大多数情况下，支出几乎与他们的收入成比例。
Their expense is taxed, by taxing the consumable commodities upon which it is laid out.
他们的开支是通过对其所依赖的消费品征税来征税的。
Consumable commodities are either necessaries or luxuries.
消费品要么是必需品，要么是奢侈品。
By necessaries I understand, not only the commodities which are indispensibly necessary for the support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without.
我所理解的必需品不仅指维持生命所必需的商品，而且还指无论该国的风俗习惯如何，对于有信誉的人来说，即使是最底层的人，如果没有这些东西，也是不体面的。
A linen shirt, for example, is, strictly speaking, not a necessary of life.
例如，严格来说，亚麻衬衫并不是生活必需品。
The Greeks and Romans lived, I suppose, very comfortably, though they had no linen.
我想，希腊人和罗马人的生活非常舒适，尽管他们没有亚麻布。
But in the present times, through the greater part of Europe, a creditable day-labourer would be ashamed to appear in public without a linen shirt, the want of which would be supposed to denote that disgraceful degree of poverty, which, it is presumed, nobody can well fall into without extreme bad conduct.
但在当今时代，在欧洲大部分地区，一个值得信赖的日工会因不穿亚麻衬衫出现在公共场合而感到羞耻，因为缺乏亚麻衬衫将被认为表明了可耻的贫困程度，据推测，如果没有极端恶劣的行为，任何人都不会陷入这种贫困。
Custom, in the same manner, has rendered leather shoes a necessary of life in England.
同样，风俗习惯使皮鞋成为英国生活的必需品。
The poorest creditable person, of either sex, would be ashamed to appear in public without them.
最贫穷、最有信誉的人，无论性别，如果没有它们就出现在公共场合都会感到羞愧。
In Scotland, custom has rendered them a necessary of life to the lowest order of men; but not to the same order of women, who may, without any discredit, walk about barefooted.
在苏格兰，习俗使它们成为最低等阶层的生活必需品。但对同一阶层的女性来说则不然，她们可以赤脚行走，而不会受到任何耻辱。
In France, they are necessaries neither to men nor to women; the lowest rank of both sexes appearing there publicly, without any discredit, sometimes in wooden shoes, and sometimes barefooted.
在法国，它们对于男性和女性来说都不是必需品；公开出现的男女地位最低，没有任何耻辱，有时穿着木鞋，有时赤脚。
Under necessaries, therefore, I comprehend, not only those things which nature, but those things which the established rules of decency have rendered necessary to the lowest rank of people.
因此，我所理解的必需品不仅是那些自然的东西，而且是那些既定的正派规则使最低阶层的人所必需的东西。
All other things I call luxuries, without meaning, by this appellation, to throw the smallest degree of reproach upon the temperate use of them.
我把所有其他东西称为奢侈品，但这个称谓毫无意义，是为了对它们的节制使用提出最小程度的谴责。
Beer and ale, for example, in Great Britain, and wine, even in the wine countries, I call luxuries.
例如，在英国，啤酒和麦芽酒，以及葡萄酒，即使在葡萄酒国家，我也称之为奢侈品。
A man of any rank may, without any reproach, abstain totally from tasting such liquors.
任何等级的人都可以完全不喝这种酒，不会受到任何责备。
Nature does not render them necessary for the support of life; and custom nowhere renders it indecent to live without them.
大自然并不使它们成为维持生命所必需的；没有它们的生活并不会因为风俗而变得不雅。
As the wages of labour are everywhere regulated, partly by the demand for it, and partly by the average price of the necessary articles of subsistence; whatever raises this average price must necessarily raise those wages; so that the labourer may still be able to purchase that quantity of those necessary articles which the state of the demand for labour, whether increasing, stationary, or declining, requires that he should have.
由于劳动工资在任何地方都受到调节，部分取决于对劳动的需求，部分取决于必需的生活用品的平均价格；任何提高平均价格的因素都必然会提高工资；这样，劳动者仍然能够购买劳动需求状况（无论是增长、稳定还是下降）所要求的数量的必需品。
{See book i.chap.
{参见本书第一章。
8} A tax upon those articles necessarily raises their price somewhat higher than the amount of the tax, because the dealer, who advances the tax, must generally get it back, with a profit.
8} 对这些物品征税必然会使它们的价格略高于税额，因为预缴税款的经销商通常必须收回税款并获得利润。
Such a tax must, therefore, occasion a rise in the wages of labour, proportionable to this rise of price.
因此，这种税收必须引起劳动工资的上涨，并与物价的上涨成比例。
It is thus that a tax upon the necessaries of life operates exactly in the same manner as a direct tax upon the wages of labour.
因此，对生活必需品征税的运作方式与对劳动工资直接征税的方式完全相同。
The labourer, though he may pay it out of his hand, cannot, for any considerable time at least, be properly said even to advance it.
劳动者虽然可以自己支付这笔钱，但至少在相当长的一段时间内，甚至不能正确地说是预付这笔钱。
It must always, in the long-run, be advanced to him by his immediate employer, in the advanced state of wages.
从长远来看，他的直接雇主必须以预支工资的形式预支给他。
His employer, if he is a manufacturer, will charge upon the price of his goods the rise of wages, together with a profit, so that the final payment of the tax, together with this overcharge, will fall upon the consumer.
如果他是制造商，他的雇主将在其商品价格上收取工资上涨和利润，这样最终的税款连同多收的费用将由消费者承担。
If his employer is a farmer, the final payment, together with a like overcharge, will fall upon the rent of the landlord.
如果他的雇主是农民，最后的付款以及类似的多收费用将由房东支付租金。
It is otherwise with taxes upon what I call luxuries, even upon those of the poor.
对我所说的奢侈品，甚至对穷人的奢侈品征税，情况就不同了。
The rise in the price of the taxed commodities, will not necessarily occasion any rise in the wages of labour.
征税商品价格的上涨并不一定会导致劳动力工资的上涨。
A tax upon tobacco, for example, though a luxury of the poor, as well as of the rich, will not raise wages.
例如，烟草税虽然对穷人和富人来说都是奢侈品，但不会提高工资。
Though it is taxed in England at three times, and in France at fifteen times its original price, those high duties seem to have no effect upon the wages of labour.
尽管英国的税收是原价的三倍，法国的税收是原价的十五倍，但这些高关税似乎对劳动工资没有影响。
The same thing maybe said of the taxes upon tea and sugar, which, in England and Holland, have become luxuries of the lowest ranks of people; and of those upon chocolate, which, in Spain, is said to have become so.
同样的情况也适用于对茶和糖征税，在英国和荷兰，茶和糖已成为最底层人民的奢侈品。还有那些巧克力，据说在西班牙已经变成这样了。
The different taxes which, in Great Britain, have, in the course of the present century, been imposed upon spiritous liquors, are not supposed to have had any effect upon the wages of labour.
在本世纪中，英国对烈性酒征收的各种税款不应该对劳动工资产生任何影响。
The rise in the price of porter, occasioned by an additional tax of three shillings upon the barrel of strong beer, has not raised the wages of common labour in London.
由于对每桶烈性啤酒征收三先令的额外税，波特啤酒的价格上涨，但并没有提高伦敦普通工人的工资。
These were about eighteen pence or twenty pence a-day before the tax, and they are not more now.
税前每天大约是十八便士或二十便士，现在也不再多了。
The high price of such commodities does not necessarily diminish the ability of the inferior ranks of people to bring up families.
这些商品的高价格并不一定会削弱底层人民养家糊口的能力。
Upon the sober and industrious poor, taxes upon such commodities act as sumptuary laws, and dispose them either to moderate, or to refrain altogether from the use of superfluities which they can no longer easily afford.
对于清醒而勤劳的穷人来说，对这些商品征税就像奢侈法一样，使他们要么节制，要么完全避免使用他们不再轻易负担的多余物品。
Their ability to bring up families, in consequence of this forced frugality, instead of being diminished, is frequently, perhaps, increased by the tax.
由于这种被迫的节俭，他们养家糊口的能力不但没有被削弱，反而常常因为税收而增加。
It is the sober and industrious poor who generally bring up the most numerous families, and who principally supply the demand for useful labour.
清醒而勤劳的穷人通常养育着最多的家庭，并主要满足有用劳动力的需求。
All the poor, indeed, are not sober and industrious; and the dissolute and disorderly might continue to indulge themselves in the use of such commodities, after this rise of price, in the same manner as before, without regarding the distress which this indulgence might bring upon their families.
事实上，所有的穷人都不是清醒和勤奋的；在价格上涨之后，那些放荡不羁的人可能会像以前一样继续沉溺于使用这些商品，而不考虑这种沉迷可能给他们的家庭带来的痛苦。
Such disorderly persons, however, seldom rear up numerous families, their children generally perishing from neglect, mismanagement, and the scantiness or unwholesomeness of their food.
然而，这些无序的人很少能养育许多家庭，他们的孩子通常会因疏忽、管理不善、食物不足或不卫生而死亡。
If by the strength of their constitution, they survive the hardships to which the bad conduct of their parents exposes them, yet the example of that bad conduct commonly corrupts their morals; so that, instead of being useful to society by their industry, they become public nuisances by their vices and disorders.
如果说，凭借他们的体质，他们能够挺过父母的不良行为所带来的苦难，但这种不良行为的榜样通常会腐蚀他们的道德。因此，他们的勤奋不但没有对社会有用，反而因其恶习和混乱而成为公害。
Through the advanced price of the luxuries of the poor, therefore, might increase somewhat the distress of such disorderly families, and thereby diminish somewhat their ability to bring up children, it would not probably diminish much the useful population of the country.
因此，虽然穷人的奢侈品价格上涨，可能会在一定程度上增加这些无序家庭的痛苦，从而在一定程度上削弱他们抚养孩子的能力，但它可能不会减少国家有用的人口。
Any rise in the average price of necessaries, unless it be compensated by a proportionable rise in the wages of labour, must necessarily diminish, more or less, the ability of the poor to bring up numerous families, and, consequently, to supply the demand for useful labour; whatever may be the state of that demand, whether increasing, stationary, or declining; or such as requires an increasing, stationary, or declining population.
生活必需品平均价格的任何上涨，除非通过劳动工资的相应上涨来补偿，都必然或多或少地削弱穷人养育众多家庭的能力，从而满足有用劳动力的需求；无论该需求的状态如何，无论是增加、稳定还是下降；或者例如需要增加、固定或减少人口。
Taxes upon luxuries have no tendency to raise the price of any other commodities, except that of the commodities taxed.
除征税商品外，对奢侈品征税不会导致任何其他商品价格上涨。
Taxes upon necessaries, by raising the wages of labour, necessarily tend to raise the price of all manufactures, and consequently to diminish the extent of their sale and consumption.
通过提高劳动工资，对必需品征税必然会提高所有制成品的价格，从而减少其销售和消费的程度。
Taxes upon luxuries are finally paid by the consumers of the commodities taxed, without any retribution.
奢侈品税最终由征税商品的消费者缴纳，没有任何回报。
They fall indifferently upon every species of revenue, the wages of labour, the profits of stock, and the rent of land.
它们漠不关心地涉及每一种收入、劳动工资、股票利润和地租。
Taxes upon necessaries, so far as they affect the labouring poor, are finally paid, partly by landlords, in the diminished rent of their lands, and partly by rich consumers, whether landlords or others, in the advanced price of manufactured goods; and always with a considerable overcharge.
就生活必需品税而言，只要影响到劳动穷人，最终部分是由地主以减少的土地地租的形式支付的，部分是由富有的消费者（无论是地主还是其他人）以制成品的预付价格支付的。并且总是收取相当多的费用。
The advanced price of such manufactures as are real necessaries of life, and are destined for the consumption of the poor, of coarse woollens, for example, must be compensated to the poor by a farther advancement of their wages.
生活必需品、供穷人消费的制成品，例如粗毛织品，其价格的上涨必须通过进一步提高穷人的工资来补偿。
The middling and superior ranks of people, if they understood their own interest, ought always to oppose all taxes upon the necessaries of life, as well as all taxes upon the wages of labour.
中层和上层人民如果了解自己的利益，就应该始终反对对生活必需品征税，以及对劳动工资征税。
The final payment of both the one and the other falls altogether upon themselves, and always with a considerable overcharge.
一方和另一方的最后付款完全由他们自己承担，而且总是多收相当大的费用。
They fall heaviest upon the landlords, who always pay in a double capacity; in that of landlords, by the reduction, of their rent; and in that of rich consumers, by the increase of their expense.
房东的负担最重，他们总是以双倍的身份付款。对于房东来说，通过减少租金；对于富裕消费者来说，则是由于他们的开支增加。
The observation of Sir Matthew Decker, that certain taxes are, in the price of certain goods, sometimes repeated and accumulated four or five times, is perfectly just with regard to taxes upon the necessaries of life.
马修·德克尔爵士的观察是，某些商品的价格中的某些税收有时会重复并累积四五次，这对于对生活必需品征税来说是完全公正的。
In the price of leather, for example, you must pay not only for the tax upon the leather of your own shoes, but for a part of that upon those of the shoemaker and the tanner.
例如，在皮革价格中，您不仅必须为自己的鞋子缴纳皮革税，还必须为鞋匠和制革商缴纳一部分皮革税。
You must pay, too, for the tax upon the salt, upon the soap, and upon the candles which those workmen consume while employed in your service; and for the tax upon the leather, which the saltmaker, the soap-maker, and the candle-maker consume, while employed in their service.
你还必须缴纳那些工人在为你服务时消耗的盐、肥皂和蜡烛的税；以及对制盐者、肥皂制造者和蜡烛制造者在服务期间消耗的皮革征税。
In Great Britain, the principal taxes upon the necessaries of life, are those upon the four commodities just now mentioned, salt, leather, soap, and candles.
在英国，对生活必需品征收的主要税种是对刚才提到的四种商品征收的税，即盐、皮革、肥皂和蜡烛。
Salt is a very ancient and a very universal subject of taxation.
盐是一个非常古老且非常普遍的税收科目。
It was taxed among the Romans, and it is so at present in, I believe, every part of Europe.
罗马人曾对它征税，我相信目前欧洲各地也是如此。
The quantity annually consumed by any individual is so small, and may be purchased so gradually, that nobody, it seems to have been thought, could feel very sensibly even a pretty heavy tax upon it.
任何个人每年消费的数量是如此之少，而且可以如此逐渐地购买，以至于人们似乎认为，即使对它征收相当重的税，也没有人会感到非常明智。
It is in England taxed at three shillings and fourpence a bushel; about three times the original price of the commodity.
在英国，税收为每蒲式耳三先令四便士；大约是商品原价的三倍。
In some other countries, the tax is still higher.
在其他一些国家，税收仍然更高。
Leather is a real necessary of life.
皮革是真正的生活必需品。
The use of linen renders soap such.
亚麻布的使用使肥皂变得如此。
In countries where the winter nights are long, candles are a necessary instrument of trade.
在冬夜漫长的国家，蜡烛是必要的贸易工具。
Leather and soap are in Great Britain taxed at three halfpence a-pound; candles at a penny; taxes which, upon the original price of leather, may amount to about eight or ten per cent.; upon that of soap, to about twenty or five-and-twenty per cent.; and upon that of candles to about fourteen or fifteen per cent.; taxes which, though lighter than that upon salt, are still very heavy.
在英国，皮革和肥皂的税率为每磅三便士；蜡烛一分钱；根据皮革的原价计算，税收可能达到百分之八或百分之十左右。与肥皂相比，达到大约百分之二十或五百分之二十。蜡烛的亮度约为百分之十四或十五。这些税虽然比盐税轻，但仍然很重。
As all those four commodities are real necessaries of life, such heavy taxes upon them must increase somewhat the expense of the sober and industrious poor, and must consequently raise more or less the wages of their labour.
由于所有这四种商品都是真正的生活必需品，对它们征收如此重的税必然会在一定程度上增加清醒而勤劳的穷人的开支，从而或多或少地提高他们的劳动工资。
In a country where the winters are so cold as in Great Britain, fuel is, during that season, in the strictest sense of the word, a necessary of life, not only for the purpose of dressing victuals, but for the comfortable subsistence of many different sorts of workmen who work within doors; and coals are the cheapest of all fuel.
在英国这样一个冬天非常寒冷的国家，燃料在这个季节里，从严格意义上讲，是生活必需品，不仅是为了穿衣，也是为了让许多不同类型的在室内工作的工人过上舒适的生活；燃料是生活必需品。煤炭是所有燃料中最便宜的。
The price of fuel has so important an influence upon that of labour, that all over Great Britain, manufactures have confined themselves principally to the coal counties; other parts of the country, on account of the high price of this necessary article, not being able to work so cheap.
燃料价格对劳动力价格有着如此重要的影响，以至于在英国各地，制造业主要集中在产煤县。该国其他地区，由于这种必需品的价格很高，无法如此便宜地工作。
In some manufactures, besides, coal is a necessary instrument of trade; as in those of glass, iron, and all other metals.
此外，在一些制造业中，煤炭是必要的贸易工具。就像玻璃、铁和所有其他金属一样。
If a bounty could in any case be reasonable, it might perhaps be so upon the transportation of coals from those parts of the country in which they abound, to those in which they are wanted.
如果在任何情况下赏金都是合理的，那么将煤炭从该国盛产煤炭的地区运输到需要煤炭的地区也许就合理了。
But the legislature, instead of a bounty, has imposed a tax of three shillings and threepence a-ton upon coals carried coastways; which, upon most sorts of coal, is more than sixty per cent.
但立法机关并没有给予赏金，而是对沿海运输的煤炭征收每吨三先令三便士的税；对于大多数种类的煤炭来说，这一比例超过百分之六十。
of the original price at the coal pit.
是煤坑原价的。
Coals carried, either by land or by inland navigation, pay no duty.
通过陆路或内河运输运输的煤炭无需缴纳关税。
Where they are naturally cheap, they are consumed duty free; where they are naturally dear, they are loaded with a heavy duty.
如果它们天然便宜，则可以免税消费；如果它们天然便宜，则可以免税消费；在他们自然亲爱的地方，他们就担负着沉重的责任。
Such taxes, though they raise the price of subsistence, and consequently the wages of labour, yet they afford a considerable revenue to government, which it might not be easy to find in any other way.
这些税收虽然提高了生活价格，从而提高了劳动工资，但它们却为政府提供了可观的收入，而以任何其他方式可能不容易找到这种收入。
There may, therefore, be good reasons for continuing them.
因此，继续这些活动可能有充分的理由。
The bounty upon the exportation of corn, so far as it tends, in the actual state of tillage, to raise the price of that necessary article, produces all the like bad effects; and instead of affording any revenue, frequently occasions a very great expense to government.
就实际耕种情况而言，对谷物出口的奖励往往会提高必需品的价格，因此会产生所有类似的不良影响。政府不但没有获得任何收入，反而经常造成巨额开支。
The high duties upon the importation of foreign corn, which, in years of moderate plenty, amount to a prohibition; and the absolute prohibition of the importation, either of live cattle, or of salt provisions, which takes place in the ordinary state of the law, and which, on account of the scarcity, is at present suspended for a limited time with regard to Ireland and the British plantations, have all had the bad effects of taxes upon the necessaries of life, and produce no revenue to government.
对进口外国玉米征收高额关税，在丰收的年份，相当于禁止进口；绝对禁止进口活牛或盐的规定，在法律的普通状态下实行，由于稀缺，目前在爱尔兰和英国种植园中暂停了一段有限的时间，所有这些都对生活必需品征税产生了不良影响，并且没有给政府带来任何收入。
Nothing seems necessary for the repeal of such regulations, but to convince the public of the futility of that system in consequence of which they have been established.
废除这些规定似乎没有什么必要，但要让公众相信，由于这些规定而建立的制度是徒劳的。
Taxes upon the necessaries of life are much higher in many other countries than in Great Britain.
许多其他国家的生活必需品税比英国高得多。
Duties upon flour and meal when ground at the mill, and upon bread when baked at the oven, take place in many countries.
许多国家对在磨坊磨碎的面粉和粗粉以及在烤箱烘烤的面包征收关税。
In Holland the money-price of the bread consumed in towns is supposed to be doubled by means of such taxes.
在荷兰，通过这种税收，城镇中消费的面包的货币价格应该翻倍。
In lieu of a part of them, the people who live in the country, pay every year so much a-head, according to the sort of bread they are supposed to consume.
生活在乡下的人们根据他们应该消费的面包种类，每年预付这么多钱，而不是他们的一部分。
Those who consume wheaten bread pay three guilders fifteen stivers; about six shillings and ninepence halfpenny.
吃小麦面包的人要付三荷兰盾十五斯蒂弗；大约六先令九便士半便士。
Those, and some other taxes of the same kind, by raising the price of labour, are said to have ruined the greater part of the manufactures of Holland {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. p.
据说，这些税收以及其他一些同类税收，通过提高劳动力价格，毁掉了荷兰的大部分制造业。
210, 211.}.
210、211.}。
Similar taxes, though not quite so heavy, take place in the Milanese, in the states of Genoa, in the duchy of Modena, in the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla, and the Ecclesiastical state.
类似的税收虽然没有那么重，但在米兰、热那亚各州、摩德纳公国、帕尔马、普拉森蒂亚和瓜斯塔拉公国以及教会国家也有。
A French author {Le Reformateur} of some note, has proposed to reform the finances of his country, by substituting in the room of the greater part of other taxes, this most ruinous of all taxes.
一位颇有名气的法国作家{Le Reformateur}提议改革他的国家的财政，用所有税收中最具破坏性的税收来取代大部分其他税收。
There is nothing so absurd, says Cicero, which has not sometimes been asserted by some philosophers.
西塞罗说，没有什么比这更荒谬的了，但一些哲学家有时并不这么认为。
Taxes upon butcher’s meat are still more common than those upon bread.
对屠宰肉征税仍然比对面包征税更为普遍。
It may indeed be doubted, whether butcher’s meat is any where a necessary of life.
屠宰的肉是否是生活必需品，确实值得怀疑。
Grain and other vegetables, with the help of milk, cheese, and butter, or oil, where butter is not to be had, it is known from experience, can, without any butcher’s meat, afford the most plentiful, the most wholesome, the most nourishing, and the most invigorating diet.
经验证明，谷物和其他蔬菜，加上牛奶、奶酪和黄油，或者没有黄油的地方的油，无需任何屠宰的肉，就可以提供最丰富、最健康、最营养、最有活力的饮食。
Decency nowhere requires that any man should eat butcher’s meat, as it in most places requires that he should wear a linen shirt or a pair of leather shoes.
正派在任何地方都不要求任何人应该吃肉，就像在大多数地方要求他应该穿亚麻衬衫或一双皮鞋一样。
Consumable commodities, whether necessaries or luxuries, may be taxed in two different ways.
消费品，无论是必需品还是奢侈品，都可以通过两种不同的方式征税。
The consumer may either pay an annual sum on account of his using or consuming goods of a certain kind; or the goods may be taxed while they remain in the hands of the dealer, and before they are delivered to the consumer.
消费者可以因使用或消费某种商品而每年支付一笔费用；或者，货物在经销商手中、交付给消费者之前可能会被征税。
The consumable goods which last a considerable time before they are consumed altogether, are most properly taxed in the one way; those of which the consumption is either immediate or more speedy, in the other.
对于在完全消费之前可以使用相当长一段时间的消费品，最适合以一种方式征税；那些消耗要么是立即的，要么是更快的，而另一种则是消耗得更快。
The coach-tax and plate tax are examples of the former method of imposing; the greater part of the other duties of excise and customs, of the latter.
客车税和车牌税是前一种征收方法的例子；后者的大部分其他关税和关税。
A coach may, with good management, last ten or twelve years.
一个教练如果管理得当，可以干十年、十二年。
It might be taxed, once for all, before it comes out of the hands of the coach-maker.
在它脱离教练制造商的手中之前，它可能会被一次性征税。
But it is certainly more convenient for the buyer to pay four pounds a-year for the privilege of keeping a coach, than to pay all at once forty or forty-eight pounds additional price to the coach-maker; or a sum equivalent to what the tax is likely to cost him during the time he uses the same coach.
但对于购买者来说，每年支付四英镑以获得拥有一辆马车的特权肯定比一次性向马车制造商支付四十或四十八英镑的额外价格更方便；或者相当于他在使用同一辆教练期间可能花费的税收金额。
A service of plate in the same manner, may last more than a century.
以同样方式服役的盘子，可能会持续一个多世纪。
It is certainly-easier for the consumer to pay five shillings a-year for every hundred ounces of plate, near one per cent.
对于消费者来说，每年为每百盎司的盘子支付五先令（接近百分之一）无疑是更容易的。
of the value, than to redeem this long annuity at five-and-twenty or thirty years purchase, which would enhance the price at least five-and-twenty or thirty per cent.
的价值，而不是在五年二十或三十年的购买中赎回长期年金，这将使价格至少提高百分之五二十或三十。
The different taxes which affect houses, are certainly more conveniently paid by moderate annual payments, than by a heavy tax of equal value upon the first building or sale of the house.
与在首次建造或出售房屋时征收同等价值的重税相比，影响房屋的不同税种通过适度的年度缴纳当然更方便。
It was the well-known proposal of Sir Matthew Decker, that all commodities, even those of which the consumption is either immediate or speedy, should be taxed in this manner; the dealer advancing nothing, but the consumer paying a certain annual sum for the licence to consume certain goods.
马修·德克尔爵士提出了著名的建议，即所有商品，即使是那些立即或快速消费的商品，都应以这种方式征税；经销商没有预付任何费用，但消费者每年支付一定的费用以获得消费某些商品的许可。
The object of his scheme was to promote all the different branches of foreign trade, particularly the carrying trade, by taking away all duties upon importation and exportation, and thereby enabling the merchant to employ his whole capital and credit in the purchase of goods and the freight of ships, no part of either being diverted towards the advancing of taxes, The project, however, of taxing, in this manner, goods of immediate or speedy consumption, seems liable to the four following very important objections.
他的计划的目的是通过取消进口和出口的所有关税来促进对外贸易的所有不同部门，特别是转口贸易，从而使商人能够将其全部资本和信贷用于购买货物和船舶货运，其中任何一个都不会被用于预缴税款。然而，以这种方式对立即或快速消费的货物征税的计划似乎容易受到以下四个非常重要的反对。
First, the tax would be more unequal, or not so well proportioned to the expense and consumption of the different contributors, as in the way in which it is commonly imposed.
首先，税收将更加不平等，或者不像通常征收的方式那样与不同贡献者的支出和消费成比例。
The taxes upon ale, wine, and spiritous liquors, which are advanced by the dealers, are finally paid by the different consumers, exactly in proportion to their respective consumption.
麦芽酒、葡萄酒和烈性酒的税款由经销商预付，最终由不同的消费者按照各自的消费量按比例缴纳。
But if the tax were to be paid by purchasing a licence to drink those liquors, the sober would, in proportion to his consumption, be taxed much more heavily than the drunken consumer.
但如果通过购买饮用这些酒类的许可证来缴纳税款，那么清醒的消费者按照其消费量的比例，将比醉酒的消费者缴纳更重的税。
A family which exercised great hospitality, would be taxed much more lightly than one who entertained fewer guests.
一个热情好客的家庭，所缴纳的税款要比招待较少客人的家庭轻得多。
Secondly, this mode of taxation, by paying for an annual, half-yearly, or quarterly licence to consume certain goods, would diminish very much one of the principal conveniences of taxes upon goods of speedy consumption; the piece-meal payment.
其次，这种税收模式，通过支付年度、半年或季度消费某些商品的许可证，将大大削弱对快速消费商品征税的主要便利之一；计件付款。
In the price of threepence halfpenny, which is at present paid for a pot of porter, the different taxes upon malt, hops, and beer, together with the extraordinary profit which the brewer charges for having advanced than, may perhaps amount to about three halfpence.
目前购买一罐波特酒的价格是三便士半便士，对麦芽、啤酒花和啤酒的不同税收，加上酿酒商预付的超额利润，可能约为三便士半便士。
If a workman can conveniently spare those three halfpence, he buys a pot of porter.
如果一个工人能方便地节省这三个半便士，他就会买一罐黑啤酒。
If he cannot, he contents himself with a pint; and, as a penny saved is a penny got, he thus gains a farthing by his temperance.
如果做不到，他就喝一品脱啤酒就满足了；如果做不到，他就喝一品脱啤酒。正如节省一分钱就是得到一分钱一样，他通过节制也获得了一分钱。
He pays the tax piece-meal, as he can afford to pay it, and when he can afford to pay it, and every act of payment is perfectly voluntary, and what he can avoid if he chuses to do so.
他在有能力支付的时候、在有能力支付的时候分阶段缴纳税款，并且每一次支付行为都是完全自愿的，如果他选择这样做，他可以避免什么。
Thirdly, such taxes would operate less as sumptuary laws.
第三，此类税收将不再像奢侈税法那样运作。
When the licence was once purchased, whether the purchaser drunk much or drunk little, his tax would be the same.
一旦购买了许可证，无论购买者喝多还是喝少，他的税都是一样的。
Fourthly, if a workman were to pay all at once, by yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly payments, a tax equal to what he at present pays, with little or no inconveniency, upon all the different pots and pints of porter which he drinks in any such period of time, the sum might frequently distress him very much.
第四，如果一个工人按年、半年或按季度一次性缴纳与他目前所缴纳的税款相同的税款，而几乎没有或没有任何不便，他对他在任何这样的时间段内喝的所有不同罐装和品脱的波特酒都缴纳了税款，那么这个数额常常会让他感到非常痛苦。
This mode of taxation, therefore, it seems evident, could never, without the most grievous oppression, produce a revenue nearly equal to what is derived from the present mode without any oppression.
因此，显然，如果没有最严重的压迫，这种税收模式永远不可能产生几乎等于没有任何压迫的现有税收模式所获得的收入。
In several countries, however, commodities of an immediate or very speedy consumption are taxed in this manner.
然而，在一些国家，立即或非常快速消费的商品以这种方式征税。
In Holland, people pay so much a-head for a licence to drink tea.
在荷兰，人们要为喝茶执照支付很多费用。
I have already mentioned a tax upon bread, which, so far as it is consumed in farm houses and country villages, is there levied in the same manner.
我已经提到过对面包征税，只要面包是在农舍和乡村消费的，那里也是以同样的方式征收的。
The duties of excise are imposed chiefly upon goods of home produce, destined for home consumption.
消费税主要针对供国内消费的本国农产品征收。
They are imposed only upon a few sorts of goods of the most general use.
它们仅适用于几种最通用的商品。
There can never be any doubt, either concerning the goods which are subject to those duties, or concerning the particular duty which each species of goods is subject to.
无论是关于须缴纳这些关税的货物，还是关于每种货物须缴纳的特定关税，都不会有任何疑问。
They fall almost altogether upon what I call luxuries, excepting always the four duties above mentioned, upon salt, soap, leather, candles, and perhaps that upon green glass.
它们几乎完全落在我所说的奢侈品上，除了上面提到的四种职责，即盐、肥皂、皮革、蜡烛，或许还有绿色玻璃。
The duties of customs are much more ancient than those of excise.
海关义务比消费税古老得多。
They seem to have been called customs, as denoting customary payments, which had been in use for time immemorial.
它们似乎被称为海关，表示习惯性付款，自古以来一直在使用。
They appear to have been originally considered as taxes upon the profits of merchants.
它们最初似乎被认为是对商人利润征税。
During the barbarous times of feudal anarchy, merchants, like all the other inhabitants of burghs, were considered as little better than emancipated bondmen, whose persons were despised, and whose gains were envied.
在封建无政府状态的野蛮时代，商人和所有其他市民一样，被认为比解放的奴隶好不了多少，他们的人身受到蔑视，他们的收益受到嫉妒。
The great nobility, who had consented that the king should tallage the profits of their own tenants, were not unwilling that he should tallage likewise those of an order of men whom it was much less their interest to protect.
大贵族们同意国王应该计算他们自己佃户的利润，他们也不愿意国王同样计算那些他们根本不关心保护的人的利益。
In those ignorant times, it was not understood, that the profits of merchants are a subject not taxable directly; or that the final payment of all such taxes must fall, with a considerable overcharge, upon the consumers.
在那些无知的时代，人们不明白商人的利润是不直接征税的对象；或者所有这些税款的最终支付必须由消费者承担，而且要收取相当多的费用。
The gains of alien merchants were looked upon more unfavourably than those of English merchants.
人们对外国商人的收益的看法比英国商人的收益更不利。
It was natural, therefore, that those of the former should be taxed more heavily than those of the latter.
因此，很自然地，前者应比后者征收更重的税。
This distinction between the duties upon aliens and those upon English merchants, which was begun from ignorance, has been continued front the spirit of monopoly, or in order to give our own merchants an advantage, both in the home and in the foreign market.
对外国人的关税和对英国商人的关税之间的这种区别是从无知开始的，一直是为了垄断精神而继续存在的，或者是为了让我们自己的商人在国内和国外市场上都获得优势。
With this distinction, the ancient duties of customs were imposed equally upon all sorts of goods, necessaries as well its luxuries, goods exported as well as goods imported.
由于这种区别，古代的关税对各种商品、必需品及其奢侈品、出口商品和进口商品都同样征收。
Why should the dealers in one sort of goods, it seems to have been thought, be more favoured than those in another?
人们似乎认为，为什么某种商品的经销商比另一种商品的经销商更受青睐？
or why should the merchant exporter be more favoured than the merchant importer?
或者为什么商业出口商比商业进口商更受青睐？
The ancient customs were divided into three branches.
古代习俗分为三个分支。
The first, and, perhaps, the most ancient of all those duties, was that upon wool and leather.
第一个，也许也是所有这些职责中最古老的，是对羊毛和皮革的职责。
It seems to have been chiefly or altogether an exportation duty.
它似乎主要或全部是出口税。
When the woollen manufacture came to be established in England, lest the king should lose any part of his customs upon wool by the exportation of woollen cloths, a like duty was imposed upon them.
当羊毛制造在英格兰建立时，为了避免国王因羊毛布料的出口而失去任何部分羊毛关税，对他们征收了类似的关税。
The other two branches were, first, a duty upon wine, which being imposed at so much a-ton, was called a tonnage; and, secondly, a duty upon all other goods, which being imposed at so much a-pound of their supposed value, was called a poundage.
另外两个分支是，第一，对葡萄酒征收的税，征收的税额为一吨，称为吨位；第二，对葡萄酒征收的税。其次，对所有其他商品征收的关税，按其假定价值的一磅征收，称为“英镑”。
In the forty-seventh year of Edward III., a duty of sixpence in the pound was imposed upon all goods exported and imported, except wools, wool-felts, leather, and wines which were subject to particular duties.
爱德华三世四十七年，对所有进出口商品征收每磅六便士的关税，但羊毛、毛毡、皮革和葡萄酒除外，这些货物需缴纳特殊关税。
In the fourteenth of Richard II., this duty was raised to one shilling in the pound; but, three years afterwards, it was again reduced to sixpence.
在理查二世统治时期，这一税收提高到每英镑一先令。但是，三年后，它再次降至六便士。
It was raised to eightpence in the second year of Henry IV.; and, in the fourth of the same prince, to one shilling.
亨利四世第二年，它被提高到八便士。并且，在同一个王子的四分之一中，为一先令。
From this time to the ninth year of William III., this duty continued at one shilling in the pound.
从此时到威廉三世第九年，这项义务继续以每英镑一先令为单位。
The duties of tonnage and poundage were generally granted to the king by one and the same act of parliament, and were called the subsidy of tonnage and poundage.
吨位和磅数的职责通常由同一议会法案授予国王，称为吨位和磅数补贴。
The subsidy of poundage having continued for so long a time at one shilling in the pound, or at five per cent., a subsidy came, in the language of the customs, to denote a general duty of this kind of five per cent.
英镑补贴已经持续了很长一段时间，每英镑一先令，即百分之五。用海关语言来说，补贴是指这种百分之五的一般关税。
This subsidy, which is now called the old subsidy, still continues to be levied, according to the book of rates established by the twelfth of Charles II.
根据查理二世十二世制定的费率手册，这项补贴现在被称为旧补贴，仍然继续征收。
The method of ascertaining, by a book of rates, the value of goods subject to this duty, is said to be older than the time of James I.
据说，通过费率表确定受此税影响的商品价值的方法早于詹姆斯一世时代。
The new subsidy, imposed by the ninth and tenth of William III., was an additional five per cent.
威廉三世第九任和第十任国王征收的新补贴额外增加了百分之五。
upon the greater part of goods.
大部分货物。
The one-third and the two-third subsidy made up between them another five per cent.
三分之一和三分之二的补贴加起来还有百分之五。
of which they were proportionable parts.
它们是其中相应的部分。
The subsidy of 1747 made a fourth five per cent.
1747年的补贴占了第四个百分之五。
upon the greater part of goods; and that of 1759, a fifth upon some particular sorts of goods.
大部分货物； 1759 年，第五次针对某些特定种类的商品。
Besides those five subsidies, a great variety of other duties have occasionally been imposed upon particular sorts of goods, in order sometimes to relieve the exigencies of the state, and sometimes to regulate the trade of the country, according to the principles of the mercantile system.
除了这五种补贴之外，有时还会对特定种类的商品征收各种各样的其他关税，有时是为了缓解国家的紧急情况，有时是为了根据重商制度的原则规范国家的贸易。
That system has come gradually more and more into fashion.
该系统已逐渐变得越来越流行。
The old subsidy was imposed indifferently upon exportation, as well as importation.
旧的补贴对出口和进口都无差别。
The four subsequent subsidies, as well as the other duties which have since been occasionally imposed upon particular sorts of goods, have, with a few exceptions, been laid altogether upon importation.
随后的四项补贴，以及此后偶尔对特定种类的商品征收的其他关税，除了少数例外，都完全针对进口征收。
The greater part of the ancient duties which had been imposed upon the exportation of the goods of home produce and manufacture, have either been lightened or taken away altogether.
古代对本国产品和制成品的出口征收的大部分关税要么被减轻，要么被完全取消。
In most cases, they have been taken away.
在大多数情况下，它们已被带走。
Bounties have even been given upon the exportation of some of them.
其中一些产品的出口甚至获得了奖励。
Drawbacks, too, sometimes of the whole, and, in most cases, of a part of the duties which are paid upon the importation of foreign goods, have been granted upon their exportation.
有时，外国货物进口时缴纳的全部关税、大多数情况下是部分关税的退税，在出口时也已给予退税。
Only half the duties imposed by the old subsidy upon importation, are drawn back upon exportation; but the whole of those imposed by the latter subsidies and other imposts are, upon the greater parts of the goods, drawn back in the same manner.
旧补贴在进口时征收的关税只有一半在出口时被退回；但后者对大部分商品征收的补贴和其他进口税全部以同样的方式收回。
This growing favour of exportation, and discouragement of importation, have suffered only a few exceptions, which chiefly concern the materials of some manufactures.
这种日益增长的有利于出口和阻碍进口的现象只出现了少数例外，主要涉及某些制造商的材料。
These our merchants and manufacturers are willing should come as cheap as possible to themselves, and as dear as possible to their rivals and competitors in other countries.
我们的商人和制造商愿意的这些产品应该对自己来说尽可能便宜，对其他国家的竞争对手和竞争者来说则尽可能昂贵。
Foreign materials are, upon this account, sometimes allowed to be imported duty-free; spanish wool, for example, flax, and raw linen yarn.
因此，有时允许免税进口外国材料；西班牙羊毛，例如亚麻和亚麻原纱。
The exportation of the materials of home produce, and of those which are the particular produce of our colonies, has sometimes been prohibited, and sometimes subjected to higher duties.
国内产品材料以及我们殖民地特有产品的出口有时被禁止，有时则被征收更高的关税。
The exportation of English wool has been prohibited.
英国羊毛的出口已被禁止。
That of beaver skins, of beaver wool, and of gum-senega, has been subjected to higher duties; Great Britain, by the conquests of Canada and Senegal, having got almost the monopoly of those commodities.
海狸皮、海狸毛和塞内加胶的关税更高。英国通过征服加拿大和塞内加尔，几乎垄断了这些商品。
That the mercantile system has not been very favourable to the revenue of the great body of the people, to the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, I have endeavoured to show in the fourth book of this Inquiry.
我在本调查的第四本书中竭力表明，重商制度对于广大人民的收入、国家土地和劳动力的年产来说并不是很有利。
It seems not to have been more favourable to the revenue of the sovereign; so far, at least, as that revenue depends upon the duties of customs.
这似乎并没有对主权国家的收入更加有利。至少到目前为止，该收入取决于海关关税。
In consequence of that system, the importation of several sorts of goods has been prohibited altogether.
由于该制度，几种商品的进口被完全禁止。
This prohibition has, in some cases, entirely prevented, and in others has very much diminished, the importation of those commodities, by reducing the importers to the necessity of smuggling.
这项禁令在某些情况下完全阻止了这些商品的进口，而在另一些情况下则通过减少进口商走私的必要性而大大减少了这些商品的进口。
It has entirely prevented the importation of foreign wollens; and it has very much diminished that of foreign silks and velvets, In both cases, it has entirely annihilated the revenue of customs which might have been levied upon such importation.
它完全阻止了外国羊毛的进口；它大大减少了外国丝绸和天鹅绒的进口。在这两种情况下，它完全消除了可能对此类进口征收的关税收入。
The high duties which have been imposed upon the importation of many different sorts of foreign goods in order to discourage their consumption in Great Britain, have, in many cases, served only to encourage smuggling, and, in all cases, have reduced the revenues of the customs below what more moderate duties would have afforded.
对许多不同种类的外国商品的进口征收高关税，以抑制这些商品在英国的消费，在许多情况下，只会鼓励走私，并且在所有情况下，都将海关的收入减少到低于较温和的关税所能提供的水平。
The saying of Dr Swift, that in the arithmetic of the customs, two and two, instead of making four, make sometimes only one, holds perfectly true with regard to such heavy duties, which never could have been imposed, had not the mercantile system taught us, in many cases, to employ taxation as an instrument, not of revenue, but of monopoly.
斯威夫特博士的说法是，在海关的算术中，二加二，而不是四，有时只等于一，这对于如此沉重的关税来说是完全正确的，如果不是重商制度在许多情况下教导我们将税收作为一种工具，而不是收入，而是垄断，那么这种重税是不可能征收的。
The bounties which are sometimes given upon the exportation of home produce and manufactures, and the drawbacks which are paid upon the re-exportation of the greater part of foreign goods, have given occasion to many frauds, and to a species of smuggling, more destructive of the public revenue than any other.
有时对出口本国产品和制成品给予奖励，以及对大部分外国货物再出口征收关税，导致了许多欺诈和走私活动，对公共收入的破坏比其他任何活动都大。
In order to obtain the bounty or drawback, the goods, it is well known, are sometimes shipped, and sent to sea, but soon afterwards clandestinely re-landed in some other part of the country.
众所周知，为了获得赏金或退税，货物有时会被装运并送往海上，但不久之后又秘密地重新登陆该国的其他地方。
The defalcation of the revenue of customs occasioned by bounties and drawbacks, of which a great part are obtained fraudulently, is very great.
由于赏金和退税而造成的海关收入的减少是非常严重的，其中很大一部分是通过欺骗手段获得的。
The gross produce of the customs, in the year which ended on the 5th of January 1755, amounted to £5,068,000.
截至 1755 年 1 月 5 日的这一年，海关总产值达 5,068,000 英镑。
The bounties which were paid out of this revenue, though in that year there was no bounty upon corn, amounted to £167,806.
尽管当年没有对玉米进行赏金，但从这笔收入中支付的赏金达到了 167,806 英镑。
The drawbacks which were paid upon debentures and certificates, to £2,156,800.
债券和证书的退税额为 2,156,800 英镑。
Bounties and drawbacks together amounted to £2,324,600.
赏金和退税总额总计 2,324,600 英镑。
In consequence of these deductions, the revenue of the customs amounted only to £2,743,400; from which deducting £287,900 for the expense of management, in salaries and other incidents, the neat revenue of the customs for that year comes out to be £2,455,500.
扣除这些费用后，海关收入仅为 2,743,400 英镑；从中扣除管理费用、工资和其他费用287,900英镑，当年海关的净收入为2,455,500英镑。
The expense of management, amounts, in this manner, to between five and six per cent.
这样一来，管理费用就达到了百分之五到百分之六。
upon the gross revenue of the customs; and to something more than ten per cent.
根据海关总收入；并达到百分之十以上。
upon what remains of that revenue, after deducting what is paid away in bounties and drawbacks.
扣除奖金和退税后剩余的收入。
Heavy duties being imposed upon almost all goods imported, our merchant importers smuggle as much, and make entry of as little as they can.
几乎所有进口商品都被征收重税，我们的商业进口商尽可能多地走私，并尽可能少地入境。
Our merchant exporters, on the contrary, make entry of more than they export; sometimes out of vanity, and to pass for great dealers in goods which pay no duty gain a bounty back.
相反，我们的商业出口商的进口量多于出口量；有时是出于虚荣心，并假装是大经销商，出售不缴纳关税的商品，从而获得赏金。
Our exports, in consequence of these different frauds, appear upon the custom-house books greatly to overbalance our imports, to the unspeakable comfort of those politicians, who measure the national prosperity by what they call the balance of trade.
由于这些不同的欺诈行为，我们的出口在海关账簿上的出现大大超过了我们的进口，这让那些用所谓的贸易平衡来衡量国家繁荣的政客们感到难以言喻的安慰。
All goods imported, unless particularly exempted, and such exemptions are not very numerous, are liable to some duties of customs.
所有进口货物，除非特别豁免且此类豁免数量不是很多，否则均须缴纳某些关税。
If any goods are imported, not mentioned in the book of rates, they are taxed at 4s:9¾d.
如果有任何进口货物未在税率表中提及，则按 4s:9⁄d 征税。
for every twenty shillings value, according to the oath of the importer, that is, nearly at five subsidies, or five poundage duties.
根据进口商的誓言，每二十先令的价值，即近五种补贴，或五种磅税。
The book of rates is extremely comprehensive, and enumerates a great variety of articles, many of them little used, and, therefore, not well known.
这本费率书非常全面，列举了各种各样的文章，其中许多很少被使用，因此并不为人所知。
It is, upon this account, frequently uncertain under what article a particular sort of goods ought to be classed, and, consequently what duty they ought to pay.
因此，经常不确定某种特定类型的商品应该根据什么条款进行分类，因此它们应该缴纳什么关税。
Mistakes with regard to this sometimes ruin the custom-house officer, and frequently occasion much trouble, expense, and vexation to the importer.
这方面的错误有时会毁掉海关官员，并经常给进口商带来很多麻烦、费用和烦恼。
In point of perspicuity, precision, and distinctness, therefore, the duties of customs are much inferior to those of excise.
因此，就明确性、精确性和明确性而言，海关关税远不如消费税。
In order that the greater part of the members of any society should contribute to the public revenue, in proportion to their respective expense, it does not seem necessary that every single article of that expense should be taxed.
为了使任何社会的大部分成员都按照各自的支出比例为公共收入做出贡献，似乎没有必要对该支出的每一项都征税。
The revenue which is levied by the duties of excise is supposed to fall as equally upon the contributors as that which is levied by the duties of customs; and the duties of excise are imposed upon a few articles only of the most general used and consumption.
消费税征收的收入应与关税征收的收入同等地归于纳税人；消费税仅对最常用和消费的少数物品征收。
It has been the opinion of many people, that, by proper management, the duties of customs might likewise, without any loss to the public revenue, and with great advantage to foreign trade, be confined to a few articles only.
许多人认为，通过适当的管理，海关的关税同样可以仅限于少数物品，而不会对公共收入造成任何损失，而且对对外贸易也有很大的好处。
The foreign articles, of the most general use and consumption in Great Britain, seem at present to consist chiefly in foreign wines and brandies; in some of the productions of America and the West Indies, sugar, rum, tobacco, cocoa-nuts, etc. and in some of those of the East Indies, tea, coffee, china-ware, spiceries of all kinds, several sorts of piece-goods, etc. These different articles afford, the greater part of the perhaps, at present, revenue which is drawn from the duties of customs.
目前在英国最普遍使用和消费的外国物品似乎主要是外国葡萄酒和白兰地。在美洲和西印度群岛的一些产品中，有糖、朗姆酒、烟草、可可果等，在东印度群岛的一些产品中，有茶、咖啡、瓷器、各种香料、几种零散物品等。目前，这些不同的物品提供的收入可能有很大一部分来自关税。
The taxes which at present subsist upon foreign manufactures, if you except those upon the few contained in the foregoing enumeration, have, the greater part of them, been imposed for the purpose, not of revenue, but of monopoly, or to give our own merchants an advantage in the home market.
目前对外国制造商征收的税款，如果你把上述列举的少数人的税款除外的话，那么，大部分税款的征收目的不是为了收入，而是为了垄断，或者是为了让我们自己的商人在国内市场上获得优势。
By removing all prohibitions, and by subjecting all foreign manufactures to such moderate taxes, as it was found from experience, afforded upon each article the greatest revenue to the public, our own workmen might still have a considerable advantage in the home market; and many articles, some of which at present afford no revenue to government, and others a very inconsiderable one, might afford a very great one.
通过取消所有禁令，并对所有外国制造商征收适度的税收（根据经验，每件产品都可以为公众带来最大的收入），我们自己的工人可能在国内市场上仍具有相当大的优势；许多物品，其中一些目前没有给政府带来任何收入，而另一些则微不足道，但可能会带来很大的收入。
High taxes, sometimes by diminishing the consumption of the taxed commodities, and sometimes by encouraging smuggling frequently afford a smaller revenue to government than what might be drawn from more moderate taxes.
高税收，有时是通过减少征税商品的消费，有时是通过鼓励走私，通常为政府提供的收入比从较温和的税收中获得的收入要少。
When the diminution of revenue is the effect of the diminution of consumption, there can be but one remedy, and that is the lowering of the tax.
当收入减少是消费减少的结果时，补救办法只有一种，那就是降低税收。
When the diminution of revenue is the effect of the encouragement given to smuggling, it may, perhaps, be remedied in two ways; either by diminishing the temptation to smuggle, or by increasing the difficulty of smuggling.
如果收入减少是由于鼓励走私造成的，也许可以通过两种方式来补救：要么减少走私的诱惑，要么增加走私的难度。
The temptation to smuggle can be diminished only by the lowering of the tax; and the difficulty of smuggling can be increased only by establishing that system of administration which is most proper for preventing it.
只有降低税收才能减少走私的诱惑；只有建立最适合防止走私的管理制度，才能增加走私的难度。
The excise laws, it appears, I believe, from experience, obstruct and embarrass the operations of the smuggler much more effectually than those of the customs.
我认为，根据经验，消费税法比海关法更能有效地阻碍和阻碍走私者的活动。
By introducing into the customs a system of administration as similar to that of the excise as the nature of the different duties will admit, the difficulty of smuggling might be very much increased.
由于不同关税的性质所承认，通过在海关引入与消费税类似的管理制度，走私的难度可能会大大增加。
This alteration, it has been supposed by many people, might very easily be brought about.
许多人认为这种改变很容易实现。
The importer of commodities liable to any duties of customs, it has been said, might, at his option, be allowed either to carry them to his own private warehouse; or to lodge them in a warehouse, provided either at his own expense or at that of the public, but under the key of the custom-house officer, and never to be opened but in his presence.
据称，需缴纳任何关税的商品进口商可以选择将其运至自己的私人仓库；或者将其运至自己的私人仓库。或者将它们存放在仓库中，该仓库由他自费或由公众提供，但由海关官员保管，除非他在场，否则不得打开。
If the merchant carried them to his own private warehouse, the duties to be immediately paid, and never afterwards to be drawn back; and that warehouse to be at all times subject to the visit and examination of the custom-house officer, in order to ascertain how far the quantity contained in it corresponded with that for which the duty had been paid.
如果商人将它们运送到自己的私人仓库，则应立即支付关税，并且之后不得撤回；该仓库应随时接受海关官员的访问和检查，以确定其中的数量与已缴纳关税的数量相符。
If he carried them to the public warehouse, no duty to be paid till they were taken out for home consumption.
如果他把它们带到公共仓库，则在取出供家庭消费之前无需缴纳关税。
If taken out for exportation, to be duty-free; proper security being always given that they should be so exported.
如果带出去出口，是免税的；始终给予它们适当的安全保障，以确保它们的出口。
The dealers in those particular commodities, either by wholesale or retail, to be at all times subject to the visit and examination of the custom-house officer; and to be obliged to justify, by proper certificates, the payment of the duty upon the whole quantity contained in their shops or warehouses.
这些特定商品的经销商，无论是批发还是零售，都应始终接受海关官员的访问和检查；并有义务通过适当的证书证明其商店或仓库中所含全部数量的关税的缴纳是合理的。
What are called the excise duties upon rum imported, are at present levied in this manner; and the same system of administration might, perhaps, be extended to all duties upon goods imported; provided always that those duties were, like the duties of excise, confined to a few sorts of goods of the most general use and consumption.
所谓的进口朗姆酒消费税目前就是以这种方式征收的。同样的管理制度也许可以扩展到所有进口货物的关税；前提是这些关税与消费税一样，仅限于几种最普遍使用和消费的商品。
If they were extended to almost all sorts of goods, as at present, public warehouses of sufficient extent could not easily be provided; and goods of a very delicate nature, or of which the preservation required much care and attention, could not safely be trusted by the merchant in any warehouse but his own.
如果扩展到几乎所有种类的货物，像目前这样，提供足够规模的公共仓库并不容易；那些性质非常脆弱的货物，或者需要非常小心和注意保存的货物，除了他自己的仓库外，商人不能放心地信任任何仓库。
If, by such a system of administration, smuggling to any considerable extent could be prevented, even under pretty high duties; and if every duty was occasionally either heightened or lowered according as it was most likely, either the one way or the other, to afford the greatest revenue to the state; taxation being always employed as an instrument of revenue, and never of monopoly; it seems not improbable that a revenue, at least equal to the present neat revenue of the customs, might be drawn from duties upon the importation of only a few sorts of goods of the most general use and consumption; and that the duties of customs might thus be brought to the same degree of simplicity, certainty, and precision, as those of excise.
如果通过这样的管理制度，即使在关税相当高的情况下也能在很大程度上防止走私；如果每项关税偶尔会根据最有可能的情况（无论是一种方式还是另一种方式）提高或降低，从而为国家提供最大的收入；税收始终被用作收入工具，而非垄断；看来，从进口几种最普遍使用和消费的商品的关税中提取收入，至少等于目前海关的纯收入，似乎并非不可能。这样，海关税就可以达到与消费税相同的简单性、确定性和精确性。
What the revenue at present loses by drawbacks upon the re-exportation of foreign goods, which are afterwards re-landed and consumed at home, would, under this system, be saved altogether.
在这种制度下，目前因外国商品再出口而在国内重新登陆并消费时的关税所造成的收入损失将被完全节省下来。
If to this saving, which would alone be very considerable, were added the abolition of all bounties upon the exportation of home produce; in all cases in which those bounties were not in reality drawbacks of some duties of excise which had before been advanced; it cannot well be doubted, but that the neat revenue of customs might, after an alteration of this kind, be fully equal to what it had ever been before.
如果在节省开支的基础上，再加上取消对本国农产品出口的所有奖励，这本身就非常可观了；在所有情况下，这些赏金实际上并不是之前提出的某些消费税的缺点；毫无疑问，经过这种改变之后，海关的净收入可能会完全等于以前的水平。
If, by such a change of system, the public revenue suffered no loss, the trade and manufactures of the country would certainly gain a very considerable advantage.
如果通过这样的制度变革，公共收入没有受到损失，那么该国的贸易和制造业肯定会获得非常可观的优势。
The trade in the commodities not taxed, by far the greatest number would be perfectly free, and might be carried on to and from all parts of the world with every possible advantage.
迄今为止，最大数量的未征税商品贸易将完全自由，并且可以以一切可能的优势在世界各地进行。
Among those commodities would be comprehended all the necessaries of life, and all the materials of manufacture.
这些商品包括所有生活必需品和所有制造材料。
So far as the free importation of the necessaries of life reduced their average money price in the home market, it would reduce the money price of labour, but without reducing in any respect its real recompence.
只要生活必需品的自由进口降低了国内市场的平均货币价格，就会降低劳动力的货币价格，但丝毫不会降低其真正的报酬。
The value of money is in proportion to the quantity of the necessaries of life which it will purchase.
货币的价值与其购买的生活必需品的数量成正比。
That of the necessaries of life is altogether independent of the quantity of money which can be had for them.
生活必需品的数量完全与可以获得的金钱数量无关。
The reduction in the money price of labour would necessarily be attended with a proportionable one in that of all home manufactures, which would thereby gain some advantage in all foreign markets.
劳动力货币价格的下降必然会导致所有国内制造业的货币价格相应下降，从而在所有外国市场上获得一些优势。
The price of some manufactures would be reduced, in a still greater proportion, by the free importation of the raw materials.
由于原材料的自由进口，某些制成品的价格将在更大程度上降低。
If raw silk could be imported from China and Indostan, duty-free, the silk manufacturers in England could greatly undersell those of both France and Italy.
如果可以从中国和印度斯坦免税进口生丝，那么英国的丝绸制造商就可以大大低于法国和意大利的价格。
There would be no occasion to prohibit the importation of foreign silks and velvets.
没有理由禁止进口外国丝绸和天鹅绒。
The cheapness of their goods would secure to our own workmen, not only the possession of a home, but a very great command of the foreign market.
他们的商品价格低廉，不仅可以保证我们自己的工人拥有住房，而且可以极大地控制国外市场。
Even the trade in the commodities taxed, would be carried on with much more advantage than at present.
即使是征税商品的贸易，也将比现在更加有利。
If those commodities were delivered out of the public warehouse for foreign exportation, being in this case exempted from all taxes, the trade in them would be perfectly free.
如果这些商品从公共仓库运出供国外出口，在这种情况下免除所有税收，那么它们的贸易将完全自由。
The carrying trade, in all sorts of goods, would, under this system, enjoy every possible advantage.
在这一体系下，各种货物的转口贸易将享有一切可能的优势。
If these commodities were delivered out for home consumption, the importer not being obliged to advance the tax till he had an opportunity of selling his goods, either to some dealer, or to some consumer, he could always afford to sell them cheaper than if he had been obliged to advance it at the moment of importation.
如果这些商品被交付给国内消费，进口商没有义务预缴税款，直到他有机会将其商品出售给某个经销商或某个消费者，他总是能够以比进口时必须预缴税款更便宜的价格出售这些商品。
Under the same taxes, the foreign trade of consumption, even in the taxed commodities, might in this manner be carried on with much more advantage than it is at present.
在同样的税收条件下，消费的对外贸易，即使是征税商品，以这种方式进行也可能比现在更加有利。
It was the object of the famous excise scheme of Sir Robert Walpole, to establish, with regard to wine and tobacco, a system not very unlike that which is here proposed.
罗伯特·沃波尔爵士著名的消费税计划的目标是在葡萄酒和烟草方面建立一个与这里所提议的不太相似的制度。
But though the bill which was then brought into Parliament, comprehended those two commodities only, it was generally supposed to be meant as an introduction to a more extensive scheme of the same kind.
但是，尽管随后提交议会的法案仅涵盖这两种商品，但它通常被认为是对更广泛的同类计划的介绍。
Faction, combined with the interest of smuggling merchants, raised so violent, though so unjust a clamour, against that bill, that the minister thought proper to drop it; and, from a dread of exciting a clamour of the same kind, none of his successors have dared to resume the project.
派系与走私商人的利益相结合，对这项法案提出了如此暴力但不公正的抗议，以至于部长认为应该放弃它。由于担心激起类似的喧嚣，他的继任者都不敢恢复这个项目。
The duties upon foreign luxuries, imported for home consumption, though they sometimes fall upon the poor, fall principally upon people of middling or more than middling fortune.
对进口用于国内消费的外国奢侈品征收的关税虽然有时落在穷人身上，但主要落在中等或中等以上财富的人身上。
Such are, for example, the duties upon foreign wines, upon coffee, chocolate, tea, sugar, etc.
例如，对外国葡萄酒、咖啡、巧克力、茶、糖等征收的关税。
The duties upon the cheaper luxuries of home produce, destined for home consumption, fall pretty equally upon people of all ranks, in proportion to their respective expense.
对供家庭消费的廉价奢侈品的关税，根据其各自的支出比例，几乎平等地落在各个阶层的人身上。
The poor pay the duties upon malt, hops, beer, and ale, upon their own consumption; the rich, upon both their own consumption and that of their servants.
穷人根据自己的消费情况缴纳麦芽、啤酒花、啤酒和麦芽酒的关税；富人，既依靠自己的消费，又依靠仆人的消费。
The whole consumption of the inferior ranks of people, or of those below the middling rank, it must be observed, is, in every country, much greater, not only in quantity, but in value, than that of the middling, and of those above the middling rank.
必须指出的是，在每个国家，下层人民或中层以下人民的全部消费，不仅在数量上，而且在价值上，都比中层人民和中层以上人民的消费要大得多。
The whole expense of the inferior is much greater titan that of the superior ranks.
下等人的全部开支比上等人的花费要大得多。
In the first place, almost the whole capital of every country is annually distributed among the inferior ranks of people, as the wages of productive labour.
首先，几乎每个国家的全部资本每年都作为生产劳动的工资分配给下层人民。
Secondly, a great part of the revenue, arising from both the rent of land and the profits of stock, is annually distributed among the same rank, in the wages and maintenance of menial servants, and other unproductive labourers.
其次，来自地租和股票利润的收入的很大一部分每年都分配给同一阶层，用于支付仆人和其他非生产性劳动者的工资和生活费。
Thirdly, some part of the profits of stock belongs to the same rank, as a revenue arising from the employment of their small capitals.
第三，股票利润的一部分属于同一等级，作为使用其小资本所产生的收入。
The amount of the profits annually made by small shopkeepers, tradesmen, and retailers of all kinds, is everywhere very considerable, and makes a very considerable portion of the annual produce.
各种小店主、商人和零售商每年赚取的利润在各地都非常可观，并且占年产品的很大一部分。
Fourthly and lastly, some part even of the rent of land belongs to the same rank; a considerable part to those who are somewhat below the middling rank, and a small part even to the lowest rank; common labourers sometimes possessing in property an acre or two of land.
第四，也是最后一点，甚至部分地租也属于同一等级。相当一部分是中级以下的，还有一小部分是最低级的。普通劳动者有时拥有一两英亩的土地。
Though the expense of those inferior ranks of people, therefore, taking them individually, is very small, yet the whole mass of it, taking them collectively, amounts always to by much the largest portion of the whole expense of the society; what remains of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, for the consumption of the superior ranks, being always much less, not only in quantity, but in value.
因此，尽管这些下层人民的开支，就他们个人而言，是很小的，但就他们的整体而言，其总体开支却总是占社会全部开支的最大部分。国家土地和劳动力的年产出中，供上层消费的剩余部分，不仅在数量上，而且在价值上，总是少得多。
The taxes upon expense, therefore, which fall chiefly upon that of the superior ranks of people, upon the smaller portion of the annual produce, are likely to be much less productive than either those which fall indifferently upon the expense of all ranks, or even those which fall chiefly upon that of the inferior ranks, than either those which fall indifferently upon the whole annual produce, or those which fall chiefly upon the larger portion of it.
因此，主要对上层人民征收的、对年产品的较小部分征收的费用税，很可能比对所有阶层的费用无差别征收的税，甚至比主要对下层人民征收的税收，也比对全部年产品征收的税收或主要对其中较大部分征收的税收要低得多。
The excise upon the materials and manufacture of home-made fermented and spirituous liquors, is, accordingly, of all the different taxes upon expense, by far the most productive; and this branch of the excise falls very much, perhaps principally, upon the expense of the common people.
因此，对自制发酵酒和烈性酒的材料和制造征收的消费税是所有不同的费用税中迄今为止最富有成效的；消费税的这一部分很大程度上（也许主要）是由普通民众承担的。
In the year which ended on the 5th of July 1775, the gross produce of this branch of the excise amounted to £3,341,837:9:9.
截至 1775 年 7 月 5 日的这一年，该消费税部门的总产值达 3,341,837:9:9 英镑。
It must always be remembered, however, that it is the luxuries, and not the necessary expense of the inferior ranks of people, that ought ever to be taxed.
然而，我们必须永远记住，应该对奢侈品征税，而不是下层人民的必要开支。
The final payment of any tax upon their necessary expense, would fall altogether upon the superior ranks of people; upon the smaller portion of the annual produce, and not upon the greater.
任何必要费用的最终缴税将完全由上层人士承担。只在年产量的较小部分上，而不是在较大部分上。
Such a tax must, in all cases, either raise the wages of labour, or lessen the demand for it.
在任何情况下，这种税收都必须要么提高劳动工资，要么减少对劳动的需求。
It could not raise the wages of labour, without throwing the final payment of the tax upon the superior ranks of people.
如果不将最后的税收负担交给上层人士，它就不可能提高劳动工资。
It could not lessen the demand for labour, without lessening the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, the fund upon which all taxes must be finally paid.
它不可能减少对劳动力的需求，同时又不会减少国家土地和劳动力的年产出，而土地和劳动力是最终支付所有税款的资金。
Whatever might be the state to which a tax of this kind reduced the demand for labour, it must always raise wages higher than they otherwise would be in that state; and the final payment of this enhancement of wages must, in all cases, fall upon the superior ranks of people.
无论在哪个国家，此类税收减少了对劳动力的需求，它都必须始终将工资提高到高于该州其他水平的水平。在任何情况下，这种工资增长的最终支付都必须由上层人士承担。
Fermented liquors brewed, and spiritous liquors distilled, not for sale, but for private use, are not in Great Britain liable to any duties of excise.
在英国，酿造的发酵酒和蒸馏的烈性酒不用于销售，而是供私人使用，无需缴纳任何消费税。
This exemption, of which the object is to save private families from the odious visit and examination of the tax-gatherer, occasions the burden of those duties to fall frequently much lighter upon the rich than upon the poor.
这种豁免的目的是使私人家庭免受收税员可恶的查访和检查，从而使富人承担的这些义务的负担往往比穷人轻得多。
It is not, indeed, very common to distil for private use, though it is done sometimes.
事实上，蒸馏供私人使用并不常见，尽管有时也会这样做。
But in the country, many middling and almost all rich and great families, brew their own beer.
但在国内，许多中等收入家庭和几乎所有富裕和显赫的家庭都自己酿造啤酒。
Their strong beer, therefore, costs them eight shillings a-barrel less than it costs the common brewer, who must have his profit upon the tax, as well as upon all the other expense which he advances.
因此，他们的烈性啤酒每桶的成本比普通啤酒厂的成本低八先令，而普通啤酒厂的利润必须来自税收以及他预付的所有其他费用。
Such families, therefore, must drink their beer at least nine or ten shillings a-barrel cheaper than any liquor of the same quality can be drank by the common people, to whom it is everywhere more convenient to buy their beer, by little and little, from the brewery or the ale-house.
因此，这些家庭喝的啤酒每桶必须比普通民众饮用的任何同等质量的酒至少便宜九或十先令，对普通民众来说，从啤酒厂或啤酒屋一点一点地购买啤酒更方便。
Malt, in the same manner, that is made for the use of a private family, is not liable to the visit or examination of the tax-gatherer but, in this case the family must compound at seven shillings and sixpence a-head for the tax.
以同样的方式，供私人家庭使用的麦芽酒不受税务员的访问或检查，但在这种情况下，家庭必须预先缴纳七先令六便士的税款。
Seven shillings and sixpence are equal to the excise upon ten bushels of malt; a quantity fully equal to what all the different members of any sober family, men, women, and children, are, at an average, likely to consume.
七先令六便士相当于十蒲式耳麦芽的消费税；这一数量完全等于任何清醒家庭中所有不同成员（男人、女人和儿童）平均可能消费的数量。
But in rich and great families, where country hospitality is much practised, the malt liquors consumed by the members of the family make but a small part of the consumption of the house.
但在富有而显赫的家庭中，乡村待客之道却很盛行，家庭成员消费的麦芽酒只占家庭消费的一小部分。
Either on account of this composition, however, or for other reasons, it is not near so common to malt as to brew for private use.
然而，由于这种成分，或者由于其他原因，麦芽并不像私人酿造那样普遍。
It is difficult to imagine any equitable reason, why those who either brew or distil for private use should not be subject to a composition of the same kind.
很难想象有任何公平的理由，为什么那些为私人用途酿造或蒸馏的人不应该受到同类成分的影响。
A greater revenue than what is at present drawn from all the heavy taxes upon malt, beer, and ale, might be raised, it has frequently been said, by a much lighter tax upon malt; the opportunities of defrauding the revenue being much greater in a brewery than in a malt-house; and those who brew for private use being exempted from all duties or composition for duties, which is not the case with those who malt for private use.
人们经常说，通过对麦芽征收更轻的税收，可以筹集比目前对麦芽、啤酒和麦芽酒征收的所有重税更多的收入。啤酒厂骗取收入的机会比麦芽厂大得多；那些为私人用途酿造的人被免除所有关税或关税成分，而那些为私人用途酿造麦芽的人则不然。
In the porter brewery of London, a quarter of malt is commonly brewed into more than two barrels and a-half, sometimes into three barrels of porter.
在伦敦的波特啤酒厂，四分之一的麦芽通常被酿造成两桶半以上，有时甚至是三桶波特啤酒。
The different taxes upon malt amount to six shillings a-quarter; those upon strong ale and beer to eight shillings a-barrel.
对麦芽征收的不同税额为每四分之一六先令；烈性麦芽酒和啤酒每桶八先令。
In the porter brewery, therefore, the different taxes upon malt, beer, and ale, amount to between twenty-six and thirty shillings upon the produce of a quarter of malt.
因此，在波特啤酒厂，每生产四分之一麦芽，对麦芽、啤酒和麦芽酒征收的不同税就达到二十六到三十先令之间。
In the country brewery for common country sale, a quarter of malt is seldom brewed into less than two barrels of strong, and one barrel of small beer; frequently into two barrels and a-half of strong beer.
在普通乡村销售的乡村啤酒厂中，四分之一的麦芽很少酿造成两桶以下的烈性啤酒和一桶小型啤酒；经常倒入两桶半的浓啤酒中。
The different taxes upon small beer amount to one shilling and fourpence a-barrel.
小啤酒的不同税额为每桶一先令四便士。
In the country brewery, therefore, the different taxes upon malt, beer, and ale, seldom amount to less than twenty-three shillings and fourpence, frequently to twenty-six shillings, upon the produce of a quarter of malt.
因此，在乡村啤酒厂，对麦芽、啤酒和麦芽酒征收的不同税很少低于二十三先令四便士，每生产四分之一麦芽，通常达到二十六先令。
Taking the whole kingdom at an average, therefore, the whole amount of the duties upon malt, beer, and ale, cannot be estimated at less than twenty-four or twenty-five shillings upon the produce of a quarter of malt.
因此，以整个王国的平均水平计算，麦芽、啤酒和麦芽酒的关税总额不能少于四分之一麦芽产品的二十四或二十五先令。
But by taking off all the different duties upon beer and ale, and by trebling the malt tax, or by raising it from six to eighteen shillings upon the quarter of malt, a greater revenue, it is said, might be raised by this single tax, than what is at present drawn from all those heavier taxes.
但是，通过取消对啤酒和麦芽酒的所有不同关税，并将麦芽税增加三倍，或者将每四分之一麦芽的税收从六先令提高到十八先令，据说，这种单一税收可能会比目前从所有这些更重的税收中获得的收入更多。
In 1772, the old malt tax produced.........
1772年，老麦芽税产生了……
£722,023: 11: 11 The additional...
£722,023: 11: 11 额外的...
£356,776: 7: 9¾ In 1773, the old tax produced...............
£356,776: 7: 9 3/4 1773 年，旧税产生了…………
£561,627: 3: 7½ The additional...
£561,627: 3: 7½ 额外的...
£278,650: 15: 3¾ In 1774, the old tax produced .............
£278,650: 15: 3⁄4 1774 年，旧税产生............
£624,614: 17: 5¾ The additional....£310,745: 2: 8½ In 1775, the old tax produced ..............£657,357: 0: 8¼ The additional....£323,785: 12: 6¼ 4)£3,835,580: 12: 0¾ Average of these four years ...............
£624,614: 17: 5⁄4 附加.... £310,745: 2: 8½ 1775 年，旧税产生...................... £657,357: 0: 8⁄4 附加...£323,785: 12: 6⁄4) £3,835,580: 12: 0⁄4 这四年的平均值........................
£958,895: 3: 0
958,895英镑：3：0
In 1772, the country excise produced.......£1,243,120: 5: 3 The London brewery 408,260: 7: 2¾ In 1773, the country excise................£1,245,808: 3: 3 The London brewery 405,406: 17: 10½ In 1774, the country excise................£1,246,373: 14: 5½ The London brewery 320,601: 18: 0¼ In 1775, the country excise................£1,214,583: 6: 1¼ The London brewery 463,670: 7: 0¼ 4)£6,547,832 19: 2¼ Average of these four years ...............£1,636,958: 4: 9½ To which adding the average malt tax........
1772 年，国家消费税产生......1,243,120 英镑：5:3 伦敦啤酒厂 408,260:7:2 3/4 1773 年，国家消费税......1,245,808 英镑：3:3 伦敦啤酒厂 405,406：17：10½ 1774 年，国家消费税消费税...... £1,246,373: 14: 5½ 伦敦啤酒厂 320,601: 18: 0¼ 1775 年，国家消费税......£1,214,583: 6: 1¼ 伦敦啤酒厂 463,670: 7: 0¼ 4) £6,547,832 19: 2¼ 这四年的平均值........................£1,636,958: 4: 9½ 其中加上平均麦芽税........................
958,895: 3: 0¼
958,895: 3: 0¼
The whole amount of those different taxes comes out to be........£2,595,835: 7: 10
这些不同税收的总金额为......£2,595,835: 7: 10
But, by trebling the malt tax, or by raising it from six to eighteen shillings upon the quarter of malt, that single tax would produce.....£2,876,685: 9: 0 A sum which exceeds the foregoing by....
但是，通过将麦芽税增加三倍，或者将每四分之一麦芽的税额从六先令提高到十八先令，单一税将产生......£2,876,685: 9: 0 一笔超出前述金额的金额......
280,832: 1: 3
280,832：1：3
Under the old malt tax, indeed, is comprehended a tax of four shillings upon the hogshead of cyder, and another of ten shillings upon the barrel of mum.
事实上，在旧的麦芽税下，对大桶啤酒征收四先令的税，对一桶妈妈征收十先令的税。
In 1774, the tax upon cyder produced only £3,083:6:8.
1774 年，对赛德征收的税只产生了 3,083:6:8 英镑。
It probably fell somewhat short of its usual amount; all the different taxes upon cyder, having, that year, produced less than ordinary.
它可能比平时的数量有所下降；赛德当年的产量低于平常，因此征收了所有不同的税。
The tax upon mum, though much heavier, is still less productive, on account of the smaller consumption of that liquor.
妈妈身上的税虽然要重得多，但由于酒类消费量较少，其生产力仍然较低。
But to balance whatever may be the ordinary amount of those two taxes, there is comprehended under what is called the country excise, first, the old excise of six shillings and eightpence upon the hogshead of cyder; secondly, a like tax of six shillings and eightpence upon the hogshead of verjuice; thirdly, another of eight shillings and ninepence upon the hogshead of vinegar; and, lastly, a fourth tax of elevenpence upon the gallon of mead or metheglin.
但是，为了平衡这两种税的普通金额，所谓的国家消费税包括：首先，对大桶啤酒征收六先令和八便士的旧消费税；其次，对大桶果汁征收六先令八便士的类似税。第三，另一桶八先令九便士的醋。最后，对每加仑蜂蜜酒或美他林征收十一便士的第四税。
The produce of those different taxes will probably much more than counterbalance that of the duties imposed, by what is called the annual malt tax, upon cyder and mum.
这些不同税收的产生可能远远抵消了对赛德和妈妈征收的关税，即所谓的年度麦芽税。
Malt is consumed, not only in the brewery of beer and ale, but in the manufacture of low wines and spirits.
麦芽不仅在啤酒和麦芽酒的酿酒厂中被消耗，而且在低度葡萄酒和烈酒的生产中也被消耗。
If the malt tax were to be raised to eighteen shillings upon the quarter, it might be necessary to make some abatement in the different excises which are imposed upon those particular sorts of low wines and spirits, of which malt makes any part of the materials.
如果麦芽税提高到每季度十八先令，那么可能有必要对某些特定种类的低度葡萄酒和烈酒征收的不同消费税进行一定程度的削减，其中麦芽是这些酒和烈酒的原料之一。
In what are called malt spirits, it makes commonly but a third part of the materials; the other two-thirds being either raw barley, or one-third barley and one-third wheat.
在所谓的麦芽酒中，它通常仅占原料的三分之一；另外三分之二要么是生大麦，要么是三分之一大麦和三分之一小麦。
In the distillery of malt spirits, both the opportunity and the temptation to smuggle are much greater than either in a brewery or in a malt-house; the opportunity, on account of the smaller bulk and greater value of the commodity, and the temptation, on account of the superior height of the duties, which amounted to 3s.
在麦芽酒酿酒厂中，走私的机会和诱惑都比啤酒厂或麦芽厂大得多；由于商品的体积较小且价值较高，因此具有机会；由于关税较高，因此具有诱惑力，总计为3秒。
10 ⅔d.
10⅔d。
upon the gallon of spirits.
在加仑的烈酒上。
{Though the duties directly imposed upon proof spirits amount only to 2s.
{虽然直接施加给证明之灵的职责只有2秒。
6d per gallon, these, added to the duties upon the low wines, from which they are distilled, amount to 3s 10 ⅔d.
每加仑 6d，加上蒸馏出的低度葡萄酒的关税，总计 3s 10 ⅔d。
Both low wines and proof spirits are, to prevent frauds, now rated according to what they gauge in the wash.}
为了防止欺诈，低度葡萄酒和烈酒现在都根据其在洗涤中的测量值进行评级。}
By increasing the duties upon malt, and reducing those upon the distillery, both the opportunities and the temptation to smuggle would be diminished, which might occasion a still further augmentation of revenue.
通过增加对麦芽的关税，并减少对酿酒厂的关税，走私的机会和诱惑都会减少，这可能会导致收入进一步增加。
It has for some time past been the policy of Great Britain to discourage the consumption of spiritous liquors, on account of their supposed tendency to ruin the health and to corrupt the morals of the common people.
一段时间以来，英国的政策一直是阻止烈性酒的消费，因为人们认为烈性酒会破坏健康并败坏普通民众的道德。
According to this policy, the abatement of the taxes upon the distillery ought not to be so great as to reduce, in any respect, the price of those liquors.
根据这项政策，对酿酒厂的税收减免幅度不应太大，以免在任何方面降低这些酒的价格。
Spiritous liquors might remain as dear as ever; while, at the same time, the wholesome and invigorating liquors of beer and ale might be considerably reduced in their price.
烈性酒可能会像以前一样昂贵。与此同时，有益健康、提神醒脑的啤酒和麦芽酒的价格可能会大幅下降。
The people might thus be in part relieved from one of the burdens of which they at present complain the most; while, at the same time, the revenue might be considerably augmented.
这样，人民可能会部分地摆脱他们目前抱怨最多的负担之一。与此同时，收入可能会大大增加。
The objections of Dr Davenant to this alteration in the present system of excise duties, seem to be without foundation.
达维南特博士对现行消费税制度的这种改变的反对似乎没有根据。
Those objections are, that the tax, instead of dividing itself, as at present, pretty equally upon the profit of the maltster, upon that of the brewer and upon that of the retailer, would so far as it affected profit, fall altogether upon that of the maltster; that the maltster could not so easily get back the amount of the tax in the advanced price of his malt, as the brewer and retailer in the advanced price of their liquor; and that so heavy a tax upon malt might reduce the rent and profit of barley land.
这些反对意见是，税收不会像目前那样，相当平等地分配给麦芽制造商、啤酒制造商和零售商的利润，只要它影响利润，就会完全落在麦芽制造商的利润上。麦芽商无法像酿酒商和零售商以酒类预付价格那样轻松地收回其麦芽预付价格中的税额；对麦芽征收如此重的税可能会减少大麦田的租金和利润。
No tax can ever reduce, for any considerable time, the rate of profit in any particular trade, which must always keep its level with other trades in the neighbourhood.
在相当长的时间内，任何税收都不会降低任何特定行业的利润率，该行业必须始终与邻近的其他行业保持水平。
The present duties upon malt, beer, and ale, do not affect the profits of the dealers in those commodities, who all get back the tax with an additional profit, in the enhanced price of their goods.
目前对麦芽、啤酒和麦芽酒征收的关税不会影响这些商品经销商的利润，他们都可以通过提高商品价格来收回税收并获得额外利润。
A tax, indeed, may render the goods upon which it is imposed so dear, as to diminish the consumption of them.
事实上，税收可能会使征税的商品变得如此昂贵，以致减少它们的消费。
But the consumption of malt is in malt liquors; and a tax of eighteen shillings upon the quarter of malt could not well render those liquors dearer than the different taxes, amounting to twenty-four or twenty-five shillings, do at present.
但麦芽的消费是在麦芽酒中；对四分之一麦芽征收十八先令的税，并不能使这些酒比目前征收二十四或二十五先令的其他税更贵。
Those liquors, on the contrary, would probably become cheaper, and the consumption of them would be more likely to increase than to diminish.
相反，这些酒可能会变得更便宜，而且它们的消费更有可能增加而不是减少。
It is not very easy to understand why it should be more difficult for the maltster to get back eighteen shillings in the advanced price of his malt, than it is at present for the brewer to get back twenty-four or twenty-five, sometimes thirty shillings, in that of his liquor.
很难理解为什么麦芽商要收回十八先令的麦芽预付款比目前酿酒商要收回二十四或二十五先令，有时是三十先令的酒要困难。
The maltster, indeed, instead of a tax of six shillings, would be obliged to advance one of eighteen shilling upon every quarter of malt.
事实上，麦芽商不必向每四分之一麦芽预缴 18 先令，而不是 6 先令。
But the brewer is at present obliged to advance a tax of twenty-four or twenty-five, sometimes thirty shillings, upon every quarter of malt which he brews.
但目前酿酒商必须对他酿造的每四分之一麦芽预缴二十四或二十五先令，有时是三十先令。
It could not be more inconvenient for the maltster to advance a lighter tax, than it is at present for the brewer to advance a heavier one.
对于麦芽商来说，征收较轻的税比目前对啤酒商征收较重的税更不方便。
The maltster does not always keep in his granaries a stock of malt, which it will require a longer time to dispose of than the stock of beer and ale which the brewer frequently keeps in his cellars.
麦芽商并不总是在他的粮仓中保留大量麦芽，与酿酒商经常在地窖中存放的啤酒和麦芽酒相比，麦芽的处理需要更长的时间。
The former, therefore, may frequently get the returns of his money as soon as the latter.
因此，前者通常可以和后者一样尽快收回资金。
But whatever inconveniency might arise to the maltster from being obliged to advance a heavier tax, it could easily be remedied, by granting him a few months longer credit than is at present commonly given to the brewer.
但是，无论麦芽商因被迫预缴更重的税收而可能带来什么不便，都可以很容易地解决，只要给予他比目前通常给予啤酒商的信贷时间多几个月的时间。
Nothing could reduce the rent and profit of barley land, which did not reduce the demand for barley.
没有什么可以减少大麦地的租金和利润，但这并没有减少对大麦的需求。
But a change of system, which reduced the duties upon a quarter of malt brewed into beer and ale, from twenty-four and twenty-five shillings to eighteen shillings, would be more likely to increase than diminish that demand.
但制度的改变，将四分之一麦芽酿造成啤酒和麦芽酒的关税从二十四先令和二十五先令降低到十八先令，更有可能增加而不是减少这一需求。
The rent and profit of barley land, besides, must always be nearly equal to those of other equally fertile and equally well cultivated land.
此外，大麦地的地租和利润必须始终几乎等于其他同样肥沃、同样耕种良好的土地的地租和利润。
If they were less, some part of the barley land would soon be turned to some other purpose; and if they were greater, more land would soon be turned to the raising of barley.
如果减少，部分大麦田很快就会被转作其他用途；如果它们更大，很快就会有更多的土地用于种植大麦。
When the ordinary price of any particular produce of land is at what may be called a monopoly price, a tax upon it necessarily reduces the rent and profit of the land which grows it.
当任何特定土地产品的普通价格处于所谓的垄断价格时，对其征税必然会减少种植该土地的土地的租金和利润。
A tax upon the produce of those precious vineyards, of which the wine falls so much short of the effectual demand, that its price is always above the natural proportion to that of the produce of other equally fertile and equally well cultivated land, would necessarily reduce the rent and profit of those vineyards.
对这些珍贵葡萄园的产品征税，必然会减少这些葡萄园的租金和利润，因为这些葡萄园的葡萄酒远远低于有效需求，其价格总是高于其他同样肥沃、同样耕种良好的土地的产品的自然比例。
The price of the wines being already the highest that could be got for the quantity commonly sent to market, it could not be raised higher without diminishing that quantity; and the quantity could not be diminished without still greater loss, because the lands could not be turned to any other equally valuable produce.
葡萄酒的价格已经是通常投放市场的数量所能达到的最高价格，在不减少数量的情况下不可能提高价格；数量的减少不会造成更大的损失，因为土地无法用来生产任何其他同等价值的产品。
The whole weight of the tax, therefore, would fall upon the rent and profit; properly upon the rent of the vineyard.
因此，税收的全部重心将落在租金和利润上。适当地收取葡萄园的租金。
When it has been proposed to lay any new tax upon sugar, our sugar planters have frequently complained that the whole weight of such taxes fell not upon the consumer, but upon the producer; they never having been able to raise the price of their sugar after the tax higher than it was before.
当有人提议对糖征收新税时，我们的糖种植者经常抱怨说，这种税收的全部负担不是落在消费者身上，而是落在生产者身上；税收之后他们再也无法将糖的价格提高到比之前更高的水平。
The price had, it seems, before the tax, been a monopoly price; and the arguments adduced to show that sugar was an improper subject of taxation, demonstrated perhaps that it was a proper one; the gains of monopolists, whenever they can be come at, being certainly of all subjects the most proper.
税前价格似乎是垄断价格；所提出的论点表明糖是不适当的征税对象，也许证明它是一个适当的征税对象；垄断者的收益，只要能够获得，无疑是所有主题中最合适的。
But the ordinary price of barley has never been a monopoly price; and the rent and profit of barley land have never been above their natural proportion to those of other equally fertile and equally well cultivated land.
但大麦的普通价格从来都不是垄断价格；大麦地的地租和利润从来没有超过其与其他同样肥沃、同样耕种的土地的自然比例。
The different taxes which have been imposed upon malt, beer, and ale, have never lowered the price of barley; have never reduced the rent and profit of barley land.
对麦芽、啤酒和麦芽酒征收的不同税收从未降低过大麦的价格。从未减少过大麦地的租金和利润。
The price of malt to the brewer has constantly risen in proportion to the taxes imposed upon it; and those taxes, together with the different duties upon beer and ale, have constantly either raised the price, or, what comes to the same thing, reduced the quality of those commodities to the consumer.
啤酒厂的麦芽价格随着对其征收的税收的增加而不断上涨。这些税收，加上对啤酒和麦芽酒征收的不同关税，不断地提高了价格，或者，同样的结果，降低了消费者购买的这些商品的质量。
The final payment of those taxes has fallen constantly upon the consumer, and not upon the producer.
这些税款的最终支付始终落在消费者身上，而不是生产者身上。
The only people likely to suffer by the change of system here proposed, are those who brew for their own private use.
唯一可能受到此处提议的系统变革影响的人是那些为自己私人使用而酿造的人。
But the exemption, which this superior rank of people at present enjoy, from very heavy taxes which are paid by the poor labourer and artificer, is surely most unjust and unequal, and ought to be taken away, even though this change was never to take place.
但是，目前这些上层人士所享有的对贫穷劳动者和技工所缴纳的重税的豁免，无疑是非常不公正和不平等的，应该取消，尽管这种改变永远不会发生。
It has probably been the interest of this superior order of people, however, which has hitherto prevented a change of system that could not well fail both to increase the revenue and to relieve the people.
然而，迄今为止，可能正是出于人民上层阶级的利益，才阻止了制度的变革，而这种变革很可能既能增加收入，又能减轻人民的负担。
Besides such duties as those of custom and excise above mentioned, there are several others which affect the price of goods more unequally and more indirectly.
除了上述关税和消费税等关税之外，还有其他一些关税对商品价格的影响更加不平等和更加间接。
Of this kind are the duties, which, in French, are called peages, which in old Saxon times were called the duties of passage, and which seem to have been originally established for the same purpose as our turnpike tolls, or the tolls upon our canals and navigable rivers, for the maintenance of the road or of the navigation.
这类义务在法语中被称为peages，在古老的撒克逊时代被称为通行义务，最初设立的目的似乎与我们的收费公路通行费或我们的运河和通航河流的通行费相同，目的是维护道路或航行。
Those duties, when applied to such purposes, are most properly imposed according to the bulk or weight of the goods.
当适用于此类目的时，最适当的是根据货物的体积或重量征收这些关税。
As they were originally local and provincial duties, applicable to local and provincial purposes, the administration of them was, in most cases, entrusted to the particular town, parish, or lordship, in which they were levied; such communities being, in some way or other, supposed to be accountable for the application.
由于它们最初是地方和省级职责，适用于地方和省级目的，因此在大多数情况下，它们的管理被委托给征收它们的特定城镇、教区或领地；这些社区应该以某种方式对应用程序负责。
The sovereign, who is altogether unaccountable, has in many countries assumed to himself the administration of those duties; and though he has in most cases enhanced very much the duty, he has in many entirely neglected the application.
在许多国家，完全不负责任的主权者自行承担了这些职责的管理。尽管他在大多数情况下都加强了这一职责，但在许多情况下他完全忽视了应用。
If the turnpike tolls of Great Britain should ever become one of the resources of government, we may learn, by the example of many other nations, what would probably be the consequence.
如果英国的收费公路通行费成为政府的资源之一，我们可以通过许多其他国家的例子了解到可能会产生什么后果。
Such tolls, no doubt, are finally paid by the consumer; but the consumer is not taxed in proportion to his expense, when he pays, not according to the value, but according to the bulk or weight of what he consumes.
毫无疑问，这些费用最终都是由消费者支付的。但是，消费者在付款时，并不是按照其费用按比例征税，不是按照价值，而是按照他所消费的商品的体积或重量。
When such duties are imposed, not according to the bulk or weight, but according to the supposed value of the goods, they become properly a sort of inland customs or excise, which obstruct very much the most important of all branches of commerce, the interior commerce of the country.
当这些关税不是根据货物的体积或重量，而是根据货物的假定价值征收时，它们就适当地成为一种内陆关税或消费税，这阻碍了所有商业部门中最重要的部门，即该国的内部贸易。
In some small states, duties similar to those passage duties are imposed upon goods carried across the territory, either by land or by water, from one foreign country to another.
在一些小国，对通过陆路或水路从一个国家运往另一个国家的货物征收类似于通行税的关税。
These are in some countries called transit-duties.
这些在一些国家称为过境税。
Some of the little Italian states which are situated upon the Po, and the rivers which run into it, derive some revenue from duties of this kind, which are paid altogether by foreigners, and which, perhaps, are the only duties that one state can impose upon the subjects of another, without obstruction in any respect, the industry or commerce of its own.
位于波河及其注入河流的一些意大利小国，从此类关税中获得了一些收入，这些关税完全由外国人缴纳，这也许是一个国家可以在不妨碍其本国工商业的情况下对另一国家的臣民征收的唯一关税。
The most important transit-duty in the world, is that levied by the king of Denmark upon all merchant ships which pass through the Sound.
世界上最重要的过境税是丹麦国王对所有经过海峡的商船征收的过境税。
Such taxes upon luxuries, as the greater part of the duties of customs and excise, though they all fall indifferently upon every different species of revenue, and are paid finally, or without any retribution, by whoever consumes the commodities upon which they are imposed; yet they do not always fall equally or proportionally upon the revenue of every individual.
对奢侈品征收的这种税，就像关税和消费税的大部分一样，尽管它们都无差别地落在每一种不同的收入上，并且最终由消费其所征收商品的人支付，或者没有任何报复；然而，它们并不总是平等或按比例地落在每个人的收入上。
As every man’s humour regulates the degree of his consumption, every man contributes rather according to his humour, than proportion to his revenue: the profuse contribute more, the parsimonious less, than their proper proportion.
正如每个人的幽默感调节他的消费程度一样，每个人的贡献也取决于他的幽默感，而不是与他的收入的比例：慷慨的人贡献多，吝啬的人贡献少，超出了他们适当的比例。
During the minority of a man of great fortune, he contributes commonly very little, by his consumption, towards the support of that state from whose protection he derives a great revenue.
在一个富有的人的未成年时期，他通常通过消费很少为国家的支持做出贡献，而他从国家的保护中获得了巨额收入。
Those who live in another country, contribute nothing by their consumption towards the support of the government of that country, in which is situated the source of their revenue.
那些生活在另一个国家的人，他们的消费并没有为支持他们的收入来源的那个国家的政府做出任何贡献。
If in this latter country there should be no land tax, nor any considerable duty upon the transference either of moveable or immoveable property, as is the case in Ireland, such absentees may derive a great revenue from the protection of a government, to the support of which they do not contribute a single shilling.
如果在后一个国家不征收土地税，也不对动产或不动产的转让征收任何相当大的税，就像爱尔兰的情况一样，那么这些缺席者可能会从政府的保护中获得巨额收入，而他们却没有为政府的支持贡献一先令。
This inequality is likely to be greatest in a country of which the government is, in some respects, subordinate and dependant upon that of some other.
在一个政府在某些方面从属并依赖于其他政府的国家中，这种不平等可能最为严重。
The people who possess the most extensive property in the dependant, will, in this case, generally chuse to live in the governing country.
在这种情况下，在受抚养人中拥有最广泛财产的人通常会选择居住在管理国。
Ireland is precisely in this situation; and we cannot therefore wonder, that the proposal of a tax upon absentees should be so very popular in that country.
爱尔兰正是处于这种情况；因此，我们毫不奇怪对缺席者征税的提议在该国如此受欢迎。
It might, perhaps, be a little difficult to ascertain either what sort, or what degree of absence, would subject a man to be taxed as an absentee, or at what precise time the tax should either begin or end.
也许，确定什么类型或什么程度的缺席会使一个人作为缺席者被征税，或者税收应该在什么确切时间开始或结束，可能有点困难。
If you except, however, this very peculiar situation, any inequality in the contribution of individuals which can arise from such taxes, is much more than compensated by the very circumstance which occasions that inequality; the circumstance that every man’s contribution is altogether voluntary; it being altogether in his power, either to consume, or not to consume, the commodity taxed.
然而，如果你排除这种非常特殊的情况，那么这种税收可能引起的个人贡献的任何不平等，都远远超出了造成这种不平等的环境所得到的补偿。每个人的贡献完全是自愿的；消费或不消费征税商品完全在他的权力范围内。
Where such taxes, therefore, are properly assessed, and upon proper commodities, they are paid with less grumbling than any other.
因此，如果这些税款得到适当评估，并且针对适当的商品，那么缴纳这些税款的抱怨就会比其他任何税款都少。
When they are advanced by the merchant or manufacturer, the consumer, who finally pays them, soon comes to confound them with the price of the commodities, and almost forgets that he pays any tax.
当商人或制造商预付这些费用时，最终支付这些费用的消费者很快就会将它们与商品的价格混为一谈，并且几乎忘记了他缴纳了任何税款。
Such taxes are, or may be, perfectly certain; or may be assessed, so as to leave no doubt concerning either what ought to be paid, or when it ought to be paid; concerning either the quantity or the time of payment.
此类税收是或可能是完全确定的；或可进行评估，以便明确应支付什么或何时应支付；关于数量或付款时间。
What ever uncertainty there may sometimes be, either in the duties of customs in Great Britain, or in other duties of the same kind in other countries, it cannot arise from the nature of those duties, but from the inaccurate or unskilful manner in which the law that imposes them is expressed.
无论是在英国的海关义务，还是在其他国家的其他同类义务，有时可能存在任何不确定性，它不可能源于这些义务的性质，而是源于施加这些义务的法律表达的不准确或不熟练的方式。
Taxes upon luxuries generally are, and always may be, paid piece-meal, or in proportion as the contributors have occasion to purchase the goods upon which they are imposed.
对奢侈品征税通常是而且总是可以分批支付，或者按照贡献者有机会购买所征税的商品的比例支付。
In the time and mode of payment, they are, or may be, of all taxes the most convenient.
就缴纳时间和方式而言，它们是或可能是所有税费中最方便的。
Upon the whole, such taxes, therefore, are perhaps as agreeable to the three first of the four general maxims concerning taxation, as any other.
因此，总体而言，此类税收可能与其他税收一样符合有关税收的四个一般准则中的前三个准则。
They offend in every respect against the fourth.
他们在各方面都冒犯了第四种。
Such taxes, in proportion to what they bring into the public treasury of the state, always take out, or keep out, of the pockets of the people, more than almost any other taxes.
这些税收，按照其进入国家公共金库的比例，总是比几乎任何其他税收都更多地从人民的口袋里掏钱或拒之门外。
They seem to do this in all the four different ways in which it is possible to do it.
他们似乎以所有四种不同的方式来做到这一点。
First, the levying of such taxes, even when imposed in the most judicious manner, requires a great number of custom-house and excise officers, whose salaries and perquisites are a real tax upon the people, which brings nothing into the treasury of the state.
首先，即使以最明智的方式征收此类税款，也需要大量的海关和税务官员，他们的工资和津贴是对人民的真正税收，不会给国库带来任何好处。
This expense, however, it must be acknowledged, is more moderate in Great Britain than in most other countries.
然而，必须承认，英国的这项费用比大多数其他国家更为温和。
In the year which ended on the 5th of July, 1775, the gross produce of the different duties, under the management of the commissioners of excise in England, amounted to £5,507,308:18:8¼, which was levied at an expense of little more than five and a-half per cent.
截至 1775 年 7 月 5 日的这一年，在英格兰消费税专员的管理下，各种关税的总产出达到了 5,507,308:18:81/4 英镑，征收费用略高于百分之五半。
From this gross produce, however, there must be deducted what was paid away in bounties and drawbacks upon the exportation of exciseable goods, which will reduce the neat produce below five millions.
然而，必须从这一总生产中扣除应税货物出口时所支付的奖金和关税，这将使净生产减少到五百万以下。
{The neat produce of that year, after deducting all expenses and allowances, amounted to £4,975,652:19:6.} The levying of the salt duty, and excise duty, but under a different management, is much more expensive.
{扣除所有费用和津贴后，当年的纯农产品达到£4,975,652:19:6。}征收盐税和消费税，但在不同的管理下，要昂贵得多。
The neat revenue of the customs does not amount to two millions and a-half, which is levied at an expense of more than ten per cent., in the salaries of officers and other incidents.
海关的净收入不及两百万半，是在官员俸禄和其他事件中征收百分之十以上的费用。
But the perquisites of custom-house officers are everywhere much greater than their salaries; at some ports more than double or triple those salaries.
但各地海关官员的津贴都比他们的工资高得多。在一些港口，工资是这些工资的两倍或三倍以上。
If the salaries of officers, and other incidents, therefore, amount to more than ten per cent.
因此，如果官员的工资和其他事件达到百分之十以上。
upon the neat revenue of the customs, the whole expense of levying that revenue may amount, in salaries and perquisites together, to more than twenty or thirty per cent.
根据海关的纯收入，征收该收入的全部费用（工资和津贴加在一起）可能达到百分之二十或三十以上。
The officers of excise receive few or no perquisites; and the administration of that branch of the revenue being of more recent establishment, is in general less corrupted than that of the customs, into which length of time has introduced and authorised many abuses.
税务官员很少或根本没有津贴；而且该税收部门的管理是较新设立的，一般来说不如海关腐败，因为时间长了，海关已经引入并允许了许多滥用职权的行为。
By charging upon malt the whole revenue which is at present levied by the different duties upon malt and malt liquors, a saving, it is supposed, of more than £50,000, might be made in the annual expense of the excise.
通过对麦芽征收目前对麦芽和麦芽酒征收的不同关税的全部收入，预计可以在每年的消费税开支中节省超过 50,000 英镑。
By confining the duties of customs to a few sorts of goods, and by levying those duties according to the excise laws, a much greater saving might probably be made in the annual expense of the customs.
通过将海关关税限制在少数几种商品上，并根据消费税法征收这些关税，海关每年的开支可能会节省更多。
Secondly, such taxes necessarily occasion some obstruction or discouragement to certain branches of industry.
其次，此类税收必然会对某些工业部门造成一定的阻碍或阻碍。
As they always raise the price of the commodity taxed, they so far discourage its consumption, and consequently its production.
由于他们总是提高征税商品的价格，因此到目前为止，他们抑制了其消费，从而抑制了其生产。
If it is a commodity of home growth or manufacture, less labour comes to be employed in raising and producing it.
如果它是一种本土种植或制造的商品，那么在种植和生产它时就会使用更少的劳动力。
If it is a foreign commodity of which the tax increases in this manner the price, the commodities of the same kind which are made at home may thereby, indeed, gain some advantage in the home market, and a greater quantity of domestic industry may thereby be turned toward preparing them.
如果一种外国商品的税收以这种方式提高其价格，那么国内生产的同类商品确实可以在国内市场上获得一些优势，从而可以将更多的国内工业用于生产这些商品。
But though this rise of price in a foreign commodity, may encourage domestic industry in one particular branch, it necessarily discourages that industry in almost every other.
但是，尽管外国商品价格的上涨可能会鼓励某个特定行业的国内产业，但它必然会阻碍几乎所有其他行业的国内产业。
The dearer the Birmingham manufacturer buys his foreign wine, the cheaper he necessarily sells that part of his hardware with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which, he buys it.
伯明翰制造商购买外国葡萄酒的价格越高，他就越便宜地出售他购买的那部分硬件，或者，同样的东西，用它的价格。
That part of his hardware, therefore, becomes of less value to him, and he has less encouragement to work at it.
因此，他的那部分硬件对他来说变得不那么有价值，而且他也没有那么积极地去做这件事。
The dearer the consumers in one country pay for the surplus produce of another, the cheaper they necessarily sell that part of their own surplus produce with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which, they buy it.
一国的消费者为另一国的剩余产品支付的价格越高，他们出售自己购买的那部分剩余产品的价格就必然越低，或者说，以同样的价格购买它。
That part of their own surplus produce becomes of less value to them, and they have less encouragement to increase its quantity.
他们自己的那部分剩余产品对他们来说变得没有价值，他们也没有动力增加其数量。
All taxes upon consumable commodities, therefore, tend to reduce the quantity of productive labour below what it otherwise would be, either in preparing the commodities taxed, if they are home commodities, or in preparing those with which they are purchased, if they are foreign commodities.
因此，对消费品征税的所有税收都倾向于将生产劳动数量减少到低于本来应有的水平，无论是在准备征税的商品（如果这些商品是本国商品）时，还是在准备用于购买的商品（如果这些商品是外国商品）时。
Such taxes, too, always alter, more or less, the natural direction of national industry, and turn it into a channel always different from, and generally less advantageous, than that in which it would have run of its own accord.
这些税收也总是或多或少地改变民族工业的自然方向，并将其转变为一种始终不同于其自行运行的渠道，而且通常不如其自身有利的渠道。
Thirdly, the hope of evading such taxes by smuggling, gives frequent occasion to forfeitures and other penalties, which entirely ruin the smuggler; a person who, though no doubt highly blameable for violating the laws of his country, is frequently incapable of violating those of natural justice, and would have been, in every respect, an excellent citizen, had not the laws of his country made that a crime which nature never meant to be so.
第三，通过走私逃税的希望经常导致没收和其他处罚，这使走私者彻底破产；尽管毫无疑问，一个人因违反其国家的法律而应受到高度谴责，但他常常无法违反自然正义的法律，如果他的国家的法律没有将这种行为定为自然不应该如此的罪行，那么他在各方面都会是一个优秀的公民。
In those corrupted governments, where there is at least a general suspicion of much unnecessary expense, and great misapplication of the public revenue, the laws which guard it are little respected.
在那些腐败的政府中，人们至少普遍怀疑存在大量不必要的开支和公共收入的严重滥用，保护公共收入的法律很少受到尊重。
Not many people are scrupulous about smuggling, when, without perjury, they can find an easy and safe opportunity of doing so.
没有多少人会对走私持谨慎态度，因为他们可以在不做伪证的情况下找到一个简单而安全的机会进行走私。
To pretend to have any scruple about buying smuggled goods, though a manifest encouragement to the violation of the revenue laws, and to the perjury which almost always attends it, would, in most countries, be regarded as one of those pedantic pieces of hypocrisy which, instead of gaining credit with anybody, serve only to expose the person who affects to practise them to the suspicion of being a greater knave than most of his neighbours.
假装对购买走私货物有任何顾忌，虽然明显鼓励违反税收法和几乎总是随之而来的伪证，但在大多数国家，会被视为一种迂腐的虚伪行为，这种虚伪行为不但不会赢得任何人的信任，只会让假装这样做的人被怀疑比大多数邻居更无赖。
By this indulgence of the public, the smuggler is often encouraged to continue a trade, which he is thus taught to consider as in some measure innocent; and when the severity of the revenue laws is ready to fall upon him, he is frequently disposed to defend with violence, what he has been accustomed to regard as his just property.
由于公众的这种纵容，走私者常常被鼓励继续进行贸易，因此他被教导要认为这种贸易在某种程度上是无辜的；当严厉的税收法律即将降临到他身上时，他常常倾向于用暴力来捍卫他习惯于视为自己正当财产的东西。
From being at first, perhaps, rather imprudent than criminal, he at last too often becomes one of the hardiest and most determined violators of the laws of society.
从一开始他可能相当轻率而不是犯罪，他最终常常成为最顽固和最坚决的社会法律违反者之一。
By the ruin of the smuggler, his capital, which had before been employed in maintaining productive labour, is absorbed either in the revenue of the state, or in that of the revenue officer; and is employed in maintaining unproductive, to the diminution of the general capital of the society, and of the useful industry which it might otherwise have maintained.
由于走私者的破产，他以前用于维持生产劳动的资本要么被国家的收入所吸收，要么被税务官员的收入所吸收。并被用于维持非生产性，从而减少社会的总资本以及本来可以维持的有用产业。
Fourthly, such taxes, by subjecting at least the dealers in the taxed commodities, to the frequent visits and odious examination of the tax-gatherers, expose them sometimes, no doubt, to some degree of oppression, and always to much trouble and vexation; and though vexation, as has already been said, is not strictly speaking expense, it is certainly equivalent to the expense at which every man would be willing to redeem himself from it.
第四，这种税收至少使征税商品的经销商受到收税人员的频繁巡视和令人厌恶的检查，毫无疑问，这些税收有时使他们遭受某种程度的压迫，而且总是遭受很多麻烦和烦恼；虽然烦恼，正如我们已经说过的，严格来说并不是一种开支，但它肯定相当于每个人都愿意为摆脱烦恼而付出的代价。
The laws of excise, though more effectual for the purpose for which they were instituted, are, in this respect, more vexatious than those of the customs.
消费税法虽然就其制定目的而言更有效，但在这方面比海关法更令人烦恼。
When a merchant has imported goods subject to certain duties of customs; when he has paid those duties, and lodged the goods in his warehouse; he is not, in most cases, liable to any further trouble or vexation from the custom-house officer.
当商人进口需缴纳某些关税的货物时；当他支付了这些关税并将货物存放在他的仓库时；在大多数情况下，他不会受到海关官员的任何进一步的麻烦或烦恼。
It is otherwise with goods subject to duties of excise.
需缴纳消费税的货物则不然。
The dealers have no respite from the continual visits and examination of the excise officers.
经销商们在税务官员的不断巡查和检查中没有喘息的机会。
The duties of excise are, upon this account, more unpopular than those of the customs; and so are the officers who levy them.
因此，消费税比关税更不受欢迎。征税的官员也是如此。
Those officers, it is pretended, though in general, perhaps, they do their duty fully as well as those of the customs; yet, as that duty obliges them to be frequently very troublesome to some of their neighbours, commonly contract a certain hardness of character, which the others frequently have not.
这些官员是假装的，但总的来说，也许他们和海关一样充分履行了自己的职责。然而，由于这种义务迫使他们常常给一些邻居带来很大的麻烦，因此他们通常会表现出某种冷酷的性格，而其他人则常常没有。
This observation, however, may very probably be the mere suggestion of fraudulent dealers, whose smuggling is either prevented or detected by their diligence.
然而，这一观察结果很可能只是欺诈性经销商的建议，他们的走私活动要么被阻止，要么因他们的勤奋而被发现。
The inconveniencies, however, which are, perhaps, in some degree inseparable from taxes upon consumable communities, fall as light upon the people of Great Britain as upon those of any other country of which the government is nearly as expensive.
然而，这些不便也许在某种程度上与对消费群体征税密不可分，这些不便对英国人民来说就像对任何其他政府几乎同样昂贵的国家的人民一样轻。
Our state is not perfect, and might be mended; but it is as good, or better, than that of most of our neighbours.
我们的状况并不完美，还可以得到改善；但它与我们大多数邻国的情况一样好，甚至更好。
In consequence of the notion, that duties upon consumable goods were taxes upon the profits of merchants, those duties have, in some countries, been repeated upon every successive sale of the goods.
由于对消费品征收的关税是对商人利润征税的观念，在一些国家，这些关税在每次连续销售货物时都会重复征收。
If the profits of the merchant-importer or merchant-manufacturer were taxed, equality seemed to require that those of all the middle buyers, who intervened between either of them and the consumer, should likewise be taxed.
如果对商业进口商或商业制造商的利润征税，平等似乎要求所有介入他们和消费者之间的中间购买者的利润也应同样征税。
The famous alcavala of Spain seems to have been established upon this principle.
西班牙著名的阿尔卡瓦拉似乎就是根据这一原则建立的。
It was at first a tax of ten per cent.
起初是百分之十的税。
afterwards of fourteen per cent.
之后是百分之十四。
and it is at present only six per cent.
目前只有百分之六。
upon the sale of every sort of property whether moveable or immoveable; and it is repeated every time the property is sold.
出售各种财产，无论是动产还是不动产；每次出售房产时都会重复此操作。
{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. tom.
{有关 les Droits 的回忆录等汤姆。
i, p.
i，p。
15} The levying of this tax requires a multitude of revenue officers, sufficient to guard the transportation of goods, not only from one province to another, but from one shop to another.
15} 征收这项税需要大量的税务官员，足以保护货物的运输，不仅从一个省到另一个省，而且从一个商店到另一个商店。
It subjects, not only the dealers in some sorts of goods, but those in all sorts, every farmer, every manufacturer, every merchant and shopkeeper, to the continual visit and examination of the tax-gatherers.
它不仅使某些商品的经销商，而且使各种商品的经销商，即每个农民、每个制造商、每个商人和店主，都受到税务人员的持续访问和检查。
Through the greater part of the country in which a tax of this kind is established, nothing can be produced for distant sale.
在征收此类税的国家大部分地区，无法生产任何产品用于远距离销售。
The produce of every part of the country must be proportioned to the consumption of the neighbourhood.
国家各地的生产必须与邻近地区的消费成比例。
It is to the alcavala, accordingly, that Ustaritz imputes the ruin of the manufactures of Spain.
因此，乌斯塔里茨将西班牙制造业的毁灭归咎于阿尔卡瓦拉。
He might have imputed to it, likewise, the declension of agriculture, it being imposed not only upon manufactures, but upon the rude produce of the land.
同样，他也可能将其归咎于农业的衰落，因为它不仅强加于制造业，而且强加于土地的原始产品。
In the kingdom of Naples, there is a similar tax of three per cent.
那不勒斯王国也有类似的百分之三的税收。
upon the value of all contracts, and consequently upon that of all contracts of sale.
根据所有合同的价值，进而根据所有销售合同的价值。
It is both lighter than the Spanish tax, and the greater part of towns and parishes are allowed to pay a composition in lieu of it.
它比西班牙税收要轻，而且大部分城镇和教区都可以缴纳组合税来代替它。
They levy this composition in what manner they please, generally in a way that gives no interruption to the interior commerce of the place.
他们以他们喜欢的方式征收这种成分，通常是以不干扰该地方内部商业的方式。
The Neapolitan tax, therefore, is not near so ruinous as the Spanish one.
因此，那不勒斯的税收并不像西班牙的税收那么具有破坏性。
The uniform system of taxation, which, with a few exception of no great consequence, takes place in all the different parts of the united kingdom of Great Britain, leaves the interior commerce of the country, the inland and coasting trade, almost entirely free.
大不列颠联合王国的所有不同地区都实行统一的税收制度，除了少数例外，影响不大，使得该国的内陆商业、内陆和沿海贸易几乎完全自由。
The inland trade is almost perfectly free; and the greater part of goods may be carried from one end of the kingdom to the other, without requiring any permit or let-pass, without being subject to question, visit or examination, from the revenue officers.
内陆贸易几乎完全自由；大部分货物可以从王国的一端运往另一端，无需任何许可或通行证，也无需接受税务官员的询问、访问或检查。
There are a few exceptions, but they are such as can give no interruption to any important branch of inland commerce of the country.
有一些例外，但它们不会干扰该国内陆商业的任何重要部门。
Goods carried coastwise, indeed, require certificates or coast-cockets.
事实上，沿海运输的货物需要证书或海岸证书。
If you except coals, however, the rest are almost all duty-free.
然而，如果除了煤炭之外，其余的几乎都是免税的。
This freedom of interior commerce, the effect of the uniformity of the system of taxation, is perhaps one of the principal causes of the prosperity of Great Britain; every great country being necessarily the best and most extensive market for the greater part of the productions of its own industry.
这种内部贸易的自由，以及税收制度统一的影响，也许是英国繁荣的主要原因之一。每个伟大的国家都必然是其本国工业大部分产品的最佳和最广泛的市场。
If the same freedom in consequence of the same uniformity, could be extended to Ireland and the plantations, both the grandeur of the state, and the prosperity of every part of the empire, would probably be still greater than at present.
如果同样的统一所带来的同样的自由能够扩展到爱尔兰和种植园，那么国家的宏伟和帝国各地的繁荣可能会比现在更加伟大。
In France, the different revenue laws which take place in the different provinces, require a multitude of revenue officers to surround, not only the frontiers of the kingdom, but those of almost each particular province, in order either to prevent the importation of certain goods, or to subject it to the payment of certain duties, to the no small interruption of the interior commerce of the country.
在法国，不同省份实行不同的税收法，要求大量税务官员不仅包围王国的边界，而且包围几乎每个特定省份的边界，以防止某些货物的进口，或使其缴纳某些关税，从而对该国的内部商业造成不小的干扰。
Some provinces are allowed to compound for the gabelle, or salt tax; others are exempted from it altogether.
一些省份允许征收盐税；其他人则完全豁免。
Some provinces are exempted from the exclusive sale of tobacco, which the farmers-general enjoy through the greater part of the kingdom.
一些省份免于独家销售烟草，全国大部分地区的农民都享有这种权利。
The aides, which correspond to the excise in England, are very different in different provinces.
与英国的消费税相对应的助手在不同的省份有很大不同。
Some provinces are exempted from them, and pay a composition or equivalent.
有些省份可以免除这些费用，并支付一定的费用或同等费用。
In those in which they take place, and are in farm, there are many local duties which do not extend beyond a particular town or district.
在这些活动发生的地方和农场中，有许多地方职责不超出特定的城镇或地区。
The traites, which correspond to our customs, divide the kingdom into three great parts; first, the provinces subject to the tariff of 1664, which are called the provinces of the five great farms, and under which are comprehended Picardy, Normandy, and the greater part of the interior provinces of the kingdom; secondly, the provinces subject to the tariff of 1667, which are called the provinces reckoned foreign, and under which are comprehended the greater part of the frontier provinces; and, thirdly, those provinces which are said to be treated as foreign, or which, because they are allowed a free commerce with foreign countries, are, in their commerce with the other provinces of France, subjected to the same duties as other foreign countries.
符合我们习俗的特征将王国分为三个部分：第一，实行1664年关税的省份，称为五大农场省份，包括皮卡第、诺曼底和王国大部分内陆省份；其次，实行1667年关税的省份，这些省份被称为外国省份，其中包括大部分边境省份；第三，那些据说被视为外国的省份，或者因为允许与外国进行自由贸易而在与法国其他省份的贸易中受到与其他外国国家相同的关税的省份。
These are Alsace, the three bishoprics of Mentz, Toul, and Verdun, and the three cities of Dunkirk, Bayonne, and Marseilles.
它们是阿尔萨斯、门茨、图尔和凡尔登三个主教区，以及敦刻尔克、巴约讷和马赛三个城市。
Both in the provinces of the five great farms (called so on account of an ancient division of the duties of customs into five great branches, each of which was originally the subject of a particular farm, though they are now all united into one), and in those which are said to be reckoned foreign, there are many local duties which do not extend beyond a particular town or district.
在五个大农场的省份（之所以这样称呼，是因为古代将关税分为五个大部门，每个部门最初是一个特定农场的主体，尽管现在它们都合并为一个），而且在那些据说被认为是外国的地方，都有许多不超出特定城镇或地区的地方税。
There are some such even in the provinces which are said to be treated as foreign, particularly in the city of Marseilles.
甚至在据说被视为外国人的省份也有一些这样的人，特别是在马赛市。
It is unnecessary to observe how much both the restraints upon the interior commerce of the country, and the number of the revenue officers, must be multiplied, in order to guard the frontiers of those different provinces and districts which are subject to such different systems of taxation.
不必说，为了保卫实行不同税收制度的不同省份和地区的边境，必须增加对国内商业的限制和税务官员的数量。
Over and above the general restraints arising from this complicated system of revenue laws, the commerce of wine (after corn, perhaps, the most important production of France) is, in the greater part of the provinces, subject to particular restraints arising from the favour which has been shown to the vineyards of particular provinces and districts above those of others.
除了这种复杂的税收法律体系所产生的一般限制之外，在大部分省份，葡萄酒（也许是法国最重要的产品，仅次于玉米）的贸易受到了特殊的限制，因为某些省份和地区的葡萄园比其他省份和地区的葡萄园受到了特别的青睐。
The provinces most famous for their wines, it will be found, I believe, are those in which the trade in that article is subject to the fewest restraints of this kind.
我相信，在那些以葡萄酒闻名的省份中，该文章中的贸易受到的此类限制最少。
The extensive market which such provinces enjoy, encourages good management both in the cultivation of their vineyards, and in the subsequent preparation of their wines.
这些省份拥有广阔的市场，鼓励在葡萄园种植和随后的葡萄酒酿造过程中进行良好的管理。
Such various and complicated revenue laws are not peculiar to France.
如此多样且复杂的税收法并非法国所独有。
The little duchy of Milan is divided into six provinces, in each of which there is a different system of taxation, with regard to several different sorts of consumable goods.
米兰小公国分为六个省，每个省针对几种不同种类的消费品有不同的税收制度。
The still smaller territories of the duke of Parma are divided into three or four, each of which has, in the same manner, a system of its own.
帕尔马公爵的更小的领地被分为三到四个，每个领地都以同样的方式有自己的系统。
Under such absurd management, nothing but the great fertility of the soil, and happiness of the climate, could preserve such countries from soon relapsing into the lowest state of poverty and barbarism.
在这种荒谬的管理下，只有肥沃的土壤和宜人的气候才能使这些国家免于很快陷入贫困和野蛮的最低状态。
Taxes upon consumable commodities may either be levied by an administration, of which the officers are appointed by govermnent, and are immediately accountable to government, of which the revenue must, in this case, vary from year to year, according to the occasional variations in the produce of the tax; or they may be let in farm for a rent certain, the farmer being allowed to appoint his own officers, who, though obliged to levy the tax in the manner directed by the law, are under his immediate inspection, and are immediately accountable to him.
对消费品征收的税可以由政府征收，其官员由政府任命，并立即对政府负责，在这种情况下，政府的收入必须根据税收产生的偶尔变化而每年有所不同；或者他们可以以一定的租金租入农场，允许农民任命自己的官员，这些官员虽然有义务按照法律规定的方式征税，但要立即接受他的检查，并立即对他负责。
The best and most frugal way of levying a tax can never be by farm.
最好、最节俭的征税方式永远不可能是通过农场。
Over and above what is necessary for paying the stipulated rent, the salaries of the officers, and the whole expense of administration, the farmer must always draw from the produce of the tax a certain profit, proportioned at least to the advance which he makes, to the risk which he runs, to the trouble which he is at, and to the knowledge and skill which it requires to manage so very complicated a concern.
除了支付规定的租金、官员的薪水和全部管理费用之外，农民还必须从税收产品中提取一定的利润，该利润至少与他预缴的费用、他所承担的风险、他所遇到的麻烦以及管理如此复杂的事务所需的知识和技能成比例。
Government, by establishing an administration under their own immediate inspection, of the same kind with that which the farmer establishes, might at least save this profit, which is almost always exorbitant.
政府通过建立一个由自己直接监督的行政机构，与农民建立的行政机构相同，至少可以节省这种利润，而这种利润几乎总是过高的。
To farm any considerable branch of the public revenue requires either a great capital, or a great credit; circumstances which would alone restrain the competition for such an undertaking to a very small number of people.
要想获得相当大的公共收入，要么需要大量的资本，要么需要大量的信用。仅在这种情况下，这种事业的竞争就会限制在极少数人手中。
Of the few who have this capital or credit, a still smaller number have the necessary knowledge or experience; another circumstance which restrains the competition still further.
在少数拥有这种资本或信用的人中，拥有必要的知识或经验的人就更少了。另一种情况进一步限制了竞争。
The very few who are in condition to become competitors, find it more for their interest to combine together; to become copartners, instead of competitors; and, when the farm is set up to auction, to offer no rent but what is much below the real value.
极少数有条件成为竞争对手的人，发现他们的利益结合在一起更有利；成为合作伙伴，而不是竞争对手；当农场被拍卖时，不提供租金，但租金远低于实际价值。
In countries where the public revenues are in farm, the farmers are generally the most opulent people.
在公共收入来自农业的国家，农民通常是最富有的人。
Their wealth would alone excite the public indignation; and the vanity which almost always accompanies such upstart fortunes, the foolish ostentation with which they commonly display that wealth, excite that indignation still more.
仅他们的财富就会激起公众的愤慨；而这些暴发户几乎总是伴随着虚荣心，他们通常用愚蠢的炫耀来炫耀财富，这更激起了人们的愤慨。
The farmers of the public revenue never find the laws too severe, which punish any attempt to evade the payment of a tax.
公共收入的农民永远不会觉得法律太严厉，法律会惩罚任何逃税的企图。
They have no bowels for the contributors, who are not their subjects, and whose universal bankruptcy, if it should happen the day after the farm is expired, would not much affect their interest.
他们对贡献者没有肠子，贡献者不是他们的臣民，如果农场到期后的第二天发生全面破产，也不会太大影响他们的利益。
In the greatest exigencies of the state, when the anxiety of the sovereign for the exact payment of his revenue is necessarily the greatest, they seldom fail to complain, that without laws more rigorous than those which actually took place, it will be impossible for them to pay even the usual rent.
在国家最紧急的情况下，当君主对准确支付其收入的焦虑必然是最大的时候，他们很少不抱怨，如果没有比实际发生的法律更严格的法律，他们甚至不可能支付通常的租金。
In those moments of public distress, their commands cannot be disputed.
在公众陷入困境的时刻，他们的命令是无可争议的。
The revenue laws, therefore, become gradually more and more severe.
因此，税收法逐渐变得越来越严厉。
The most sanguinary are always to be found in countries where the greater part of the public revenue is in farm; the mildest, in countries where it is levied under the immediate inspection of the sovereign.
最血腥的总是发生在公共收入大部分来自农业的国家。最温和的，是在主权者直接检查下征收的国家。
Even a bad sovereign feels more compassion for his people than can ever be expected from the farmers of his revenue.
即使是一个糟糕的君主，对他的人民也会产生比他的收入的农民所期望的更多的同情心。
He knows that the permanent grandeur of his family depends upon the prosperity of his people, and he will never knowingly ruin that prosperity for the sake of any momentary interest of his own.
他知道，家族的永久辉煌取决于人民的繁荣，他绝不会为了一时的利益而故意破坏人民的繁荣。
It is otherwise with the farmers of his revenue, whose grandeur may frequently be the effect of the ruin, and not of the prosperity, of his people.
为他的收入而耕耘的农民则不然，他们的辉煌常常是由于他的人民的毁灭而不是繁荣而产生的。
A tax is sometimes not only farmed for a certain rent, but the farmer has, besides, the monopoly of the commodity taxed.
有时，税收不仅是为了获得一定的租金，而且农民还拥有征税商品的垄断权。
In France, the duties upon tobacco and salt are levied in this manner.
在法国，烟草和盐的关税就是这样征收的。
In such cases, the farmer, instead of one, levies two exorbitant profits upon the people; the profit of the farmer, and the still more exorbitant one of the monopolist.
在这种情况下，农民向人民征收的不是一份，而是两项过高的利润；农民的利润，以及垄断者的利润更高。
Tobacco being a luxury, every man is allowed to buy or not to buy as he chuses; but salt being a necessary, every man is obliged to buy of the farmer a certain quantity of it; because, if he did not buy this quantity of the farmer, he would, it is presumed, buy it of some smuggler.
烟草是一种奢侈品，每个人都可以自由选择购买或不购买；但盐是必需品，每个人都有义务向农民购买一定数量的盐。因为，如果他不从农民那里购买这么多数量的东西，据推测，他会从某个走私者那里购买。
The taxes upon both commodities are exorbitant.
这两种商品的税收都很高。
The temptation to smuggle, consequently, is to many people irresistible; while, at the same time, the rigour of the law, and the vigilance of the farmer’s officers, render the yielding to the temptation almost certainly ruinous.
因此，走私的诱惑对许多人来说是难以抗拒的。与此同时，法律的严格性和农民官员的警惕性，使得屈服于诱惑几乎肯定是毁灭性的。
The smuggling of salt and tobacco sends every year several hundred people to the galleys, besides a very considerable number whom it sends to the gibbet.
盐和烟草的走私每年都会将数百人送进厨房，此外还有相当多的人被送上绞刑架。
Those taxes, levied in this manner, yield a very considerable revenue to government.
以这种方式征收的这些税款为政府带来了非常可观的收入。
In 1767, the farm of tobacco was let for twenty-two millions five hundred and forty-one thousand two hundred and seventy-eight livres a-year; that of salt for thirty-six millions four hundred and ninety-two thousand four hundred and four livres.
1767年，烟草农场的租金为每年2254万1278里弗；盐价值三千六百四十九万二千四百零四里弗。
The farm, in both cases, was to commence in 1768, and to last for six years.
这两个农场均于 1768 年开始运营，持续了六年。
Those who consider the blood of the people as nothing, in comparison with the revenue of the prince, may, perhaps, approve of this method of levying taxes.
那些认为人民的鲜血与君主的收入相比微不足道的人也许会赞同这种征税方法。
Similar taxes and monopolies of salt and tobacco have been established in many other countries, particularly in the Austrian and Prussian dominions, and in the greater part of the states of Italy.
许多其他国家也对盐和烟草实行了类似的税收和垄断，特别是在奥地利和普鲁士的领土以及意大利的大部分地区。
In France, the greater part of the actual revenue of the crown is derived from eight different sources; the taille, the capitation, the two vingtiemes, the gabelles, the aides, the traites, the domaine, and the farm of tobacco.
在法国，王室实际收入的大部分来自八个不同的来源；塔伊勒（taille）、按人头计费、两个维提梅斯（Vingtiemes）、加贝勒（gabelles）、助手、特雷特斯（trates）、庄园和烟草农场。
The five last are, in the greater part of the provinces, under farm.
最后五个省份的大部分地区都属于农业。
The three first are everywhere levied by an administration, under the immediate inspection and direction of government; and it is universally acknowledged, that in proportion to what they take out of the pockets of the people, they bring more into the treasury of the prince than the other five, of which the administration is much more wasteful and expensive.
前三项在各地均由行政部门征收，并接受政府的直接检查和指导；众所周知，他们从人民口袋中掏出的钱，进入君主国库的数额比其他五个国家要多，而其他五个国家的行政管理则更加浪费和昂贵。
The finances of France seem, in their present state, to admit of three very obvious reformations.
就目前的状况来看，法国的财政似乎允许进行三项非常明显的改革。
First, by abolishing the taille and the capitation, and by increasing the number of the vingtiemes, so as to produce an additional revenue equal to the amount of those other taxes, the revenue of the crown might be preserved; the expense of collection might be much diminished; the vexation of the inferior ranks of people, which the taille and capitation occasion, might be entirely prevented; and the superior ranks might not be more burdened than the greater part of them are at present.
首先，通过废除尾税和人头税，并增加Vingtiemes的数量，从而产生与其他税收相等的额外收入，王室的收入可能会得到保留；收集费用可能会大大减少；下层人民的烦恼是完全可以避免的，而这种烦恼是由尾随和人头征收引起的。上级的负担可能并不比他们目前的大部分人承受的负担更大。
The vingtieme, I have already observed, is a tax very nearly of the same kind with what is called the land tax of England.
我已经说过，Vingtieme 是一种与英格兰的土地税非常相似的税种。
The burden of the taille, it is acknowledged, falls finally upon the proprietors of land; and as the greater part of the capitation is assessed upon those who are subject to the taille, at so much a-pound of that other tax, the final payment of the greater part of it must likewise fall upon the same order of people.
人们承认，尾款的负担最终落在了土地所有者身上。由于大部分的人头税是由那些缴纳尾税的人征收的，而其他税的数额却高出一磅，因此，这大部分的最终支付也必须同样落在同一阶层的人身上。
Though the number of the vingtiemes, therefore, was increased, so as to produce an additional revenue equal to the amount of both those taxes, the superior ranks of people might not be more burdened than they are at present; many individuals, no doubt, would, on account of the great inequalities with which the taille is commonly assessed upon the estates and tenants of different individuals.
因此，尽管增加了赋税的数量，以产生与这两种税额相等的额外收入，但上层人士的负担可能不会比现在更重。毫无疑问，许多人会这样做，因为不同个人的地产和佃户的尾税通常存在巨大的不平等。
The interest and opposition of such favoured subjects, are the obstacles most likely to prevent this, or any other reformation of the same kind.
这些受青睐的主体的兴趣和反对，是最有可能阻止这一改革或任何其他同类改革的障碍。
Secondly, by rendering the gabelle, the aides, the traites, the taxes upon tobacco, all the different customs and excises, uniform in all the different parts of the kingdom, those taxes might be levied at much less expense, and the interior commerce of the kingdom might be rendered as free as that of England.
其次，通过使王国各地的加贝尔税、助手税、特卖税、烟草税、所有不同的关税和消费税统一起来，征收这些税的费用就可以少得多，王国的内部商业也可以像英格兰一样自由。
Thirdly, and lastly, by subjecting all those taxes to an administration under the immediate inspection and direction or government, the exorbitant profits of the farmers-general might be added to the revenue of the state.
第三，也是最后一点，通过将所有这些税收置于直接检查和指导下的行政部门或政府之下，农民的过高利润可能会增加到国家收入中。
The opposition arising from the private interest of individuals, is likely to be as effectual for preventing the two last as the first-mentioned scheme of reformation.
出于个人私人利益而产生的反对可能与首先提到的改革方案一样有效地防止后两者。
The French system of taxation seems, in every respect, inferior to the British.
法国的税收制度在各个方面似乎都不如英国。
In Great Britain, ten millions sterling are annually levied upon less than eight millions of people, without its being possible to say that any particular order is oppressed.
在英国，每年向不到八百万人征收一千万英镑的税，但不可能说任何特定秩序受到压迫。
From the Collections of the Abbé Expilly, and the observations of the author of the Essay upon the Legislation and Commerce of Corn, it appears probable that France, including the provinces of Lorraine and Bar, contains about twenty-three or twenty-four millions of people; three times the number, perhaps, contained in Great Britain.
根据埃皮利神父的收藏以及《玉米立法和贸易论文》作者的观察，法国，包括洛林省和巴尔省在内，可能约有二十三或两千四百万人口；也许是英国境内数量的三倍。
The soil and climate of France are better than those of Great Britain.
法国的土壤和气候比英国好。
The country has been much longer in a state of improvement and cultivation, and is, upon that account, better stocked with all those things which it requires a long time to raise up and accumulate; such as great towns, and convenient and well-built houses, both in town and country.
这个国家处于改良和耕种状态的时间要长得多，因此，拥有更多需要长期培养和积累的东西。例如伟大的城镇，以及城镇和乡村方便且建造良好的房屋。
With these advantages, it might be expected, that in France a revenue of thirty millions might be levied for the support of the state, with as little inconvenience as a revenue of ten millions is in Great Britain.
有了这些优势，可以预见的是，在法国，可以征收三千万的税收来支持国家，而与英国征收一千万的税收相比，不会有什么不便。
In 1765 and 1766, the whole revenue paid into the treasury of France, according to the best, though, I acknowledge, very imperfect accounts which I could get of it, usually run between 308 and 325 millions of livres; that is, it did not amount to fifteen millions sterling; not the half of what might have been expected, had the people contributed in the same proportion to their numbers as the people of Great Britain.
1765年和1766年，全部收入都上缴了法国国库，但我承认，根据我能得到的最不完善的账目，通常在308到3.25亿里弗之间；也就是说，它的金额还没有达到一千五百万英镑；如果人民的贡献与英国人民的人数比例相同的话，这还不到预期的一半。
The people of France, however, it is generally acknowledged, are much more oppressed by taxes than the people of Great Britain.
然而，众所周知，法国人民比英国人民受到税收的压迫要严重得多。
France, however, is certainly the great empire in Europe, which, after that of Great Britain, enjoys the mildest and most indulgent government.
然而，法国无疑是欧洲最大的帝国，是继英国之后拥有最温和、最宽容的政府的帝国。
In Holland, the heavy taxes upon the necessaries of life have ruined, it is said, their principal manufacturers, and are likely to discourage, gradually, even their fisheries and their trade in ship-building.
据说，在荷兰，对生活必需品征收的重税已经毁掉了他们的主要制造商，甚至可能逐渐阻碍他们的渔业和造船贸易。
The taxes upon the necessaries of life are inconsiderable in Great Britain, and no manufacture has hitherto been ruined by them.
在英国，对生活必需品征收的税是微不足道的，迄今为止还没有任何制造业被这些税毁掉。
The British taxes which bear hardest on manufactures, are some duties upon the importation of raw materials, particularly upon that of raw silk.
英国对制造业影响最严重的税收是对原材料进口的一些关税，特别是对生丝的关税。
The revenue of the States-General and of the different cities, however, is said to amount to more than five millions two hundred and fifty thousand pounds sterling; and as the inhabitants of the United Provinces cannot well be supposed to amount to more than a third part of those of Great Britain, they must, in proportion to their number, be much more heavily taxed.
然而，据说议会和各城市的收入超过五百二十五万英镑；由于联合省的居民不可能超过英国人口的三分之一，因此，按照其人数比例，他们必须缴纳更重的税。
After all the proper subjects of taxation have been exhausted, if the exigencies of the state still continue to require new taxes, they must be imposed upon improper ones.
当所有适当的税收对象都用尽之后，如果国家仍需要新的税收，就必须对不适当的税收对象征收新的税收。
The taxes upon the necessaries of life, therefore, may be no impeachment of the wisdom of that republic, which, in order to acquire and to maintain its independency, has, in spite of its great frugality, been involved in such expensive wars as have obliged it to contract great debts.
因此，对生活必需品征税也许并不是对这个共和国智慧的弹劾，这个共和国为了获得和维持其独立性，尽管非常节俭，却卷入了如此昂贵的战争，以致被迫承担巨额债务。
The singular countries of Holland and Zealand, besides, require a considerable expense even to preserve their existence, or to prevent their being swallowed up by the sea, which must have contributed to increase considerably the load of taxes in those two provinces.
此外，荷兰和西兰这两个单一国家甚至需要相当大的开支来维持它们的存在，或者防止它们被海洋吞没，这必然导致这两个省份的税收负担大大增加。
The republican form of government seems to be the principal support of the present grandeur of Holland.
共和政体似乎是荷兰目前辉煌的主要支撑。
The owners of great capitals, the great mercantile families, have generally either some direct share, or some indirect influence, in the administration of that government.
大资本的所有者、大商业家族通常在政府的管理中拥有某种直接的份额或某种间接的影响力。
For the sake of the respect and authority which they derive from this situation, they are willing to live in a country where their capital, if they employ it themselves, will bring them less profit, and if they lend it to another, less interest; and where the very moderate revenue which they can draw from it will purchase less of the necessaries and conveniencies of life than in any other part of Europe.
为了从这种情况中获得尊重和权威，他们愿意生活在一个国家，如果他们自己使用他们的资本，会给他们带来更少的利润，而如果他们把资本借给别人，他们的利息就会减少；他们从中获得的收入非常有限，购买的生活必需品和便利设施比欧洲任何其他地方都少。
The residence of such wealthy people necessarily keeps alive, in spite of all disadvantages, a certain degree of industry in the country.
尽管存在种种不利条件，但这些富人的居住必然使该国一定程度的工业保持活力。
Any public calamity which should destroy the republican form of government, which should throw the whole administration into the hands of nobles and of soldiers, which should annihilate altogether the importance of those wealthy merchants, would soon render it disagreeable to them to live in a country where they were no longer likely to be much respected.
任何公共灾难都会摧毁共和政体，将整个行政权交到贵族和士兵手中，彻底消除那些富商的重要性，很快就会使他们不愿意生活在一个他们不再受到太多尊重的国家。
They would remove both their residence and their capital to some other country, and the industry and commerce of Holland would soon follow the capitals which supported them.
他们将把他们的住所和首都迁往其他国家，荷兰的工商业很快就会追随支持他们的首都。
CHAPTER III.
第三章。
OF PUBLIC DEBTS.
公共债务。
In that rude state of society which precedes the extension of commerce and the improvement of manufactures; when those expensive luxuries, which commerce and manufactures can alone introduce, are altogether unknown; the person who possesses a large revenue, I have endeavoured to show in the third book of this Inquiry, can spend or enjoy that revenue in no other way than by maintaining nearly as many people as it can maintain.
在商业扩张和制造业进步之前的那种原始社会状态中；当那些仅靠商业和制造业才能引进的昂贵奢侈品完全不为人知的时候；我在本调查的第三本书中竭力表明，拥有大量收入的人除了维持尽可能多的人口外，只能通过其他方式花费或享受这笔收入。
A large revenue may at all times be said to consist in the command of a large quantity of the necessaries of life.
巨额收入在任何时候都可以说在于掌握大量的生活必需品。
In that rude state of things, it is commonly paid in a large quantity of those necessaries, in the materials of plain food and coarse clothing, in corn and cattle, in wool and raw hides.
在这种简陋的情况下，人们通常用大量的必需品来支付，比如简单的食物和粗布的衣服、玉米和牲畜、羊毛和生皮。
When neither commerce nor manufactures furnish any thing for which the owner can exchange the greater part of those materials which are over and above his own consumption, he can do nothing with the surplus, but feed and clothe nearly as many people as it will feed and clothe.
当商业和制造业都无法提供所有者可以交换的大部分超出其自身消费的材料时，他就无法利用剩余物做任何事，只能为几乎与它所需要的人一样多的人提供食物和衣服。
A hospitality in which there is no luxury, and a liberality in which there is no ostentation, occasion, in this situation of things, the principal expenses of the rich and the great.
一种不奢侈的款待，一种不炫耀的慷慨，在这种情况下，这是富人和权贵的主要开支。
But these I have likewise endeavoured to show, in the same book, are expenses by which people are not very apt to ruin themselves.
但我在同一本书中同样努力表明，这些支出是人们不太容易毁掉自己的支出。
There is not, perhaps, any selfish pleasure so frivolous, of which the pursuit has not sometimes ruined even sensible men.
也许，没有任何一种如此轻浮的自私快乐，即使是明智的人，对这种快乐的追求有时也不会毁掉它。
A passion for cock-fighting has ruined many.
对斗鸡的热情毁掉了许多人。
But the instances, I believe, are not very numerous, of people who have been ruined by a hospitality or liberality of this kind; though the hospitality of luxury, and the liberality of ostentation have ruined many.
但我相信，因这种热情好客或慷慨而毁掉的人的例子并不多。尽管奢华的款待和慷慨的炫耀已经毁掉了许多人。
Among our feudal ancestors, the long time during which estates used to continue in the same family, sufficiently demonstrates the general disposition of people to live within their income.
在我们的封建祖先中，庄园在同一家庭中延续的时间很长，足以表明人们在收入范围内生活的普遍倾向。
Though the rustic hospitality, constantly exercised by the great landholders, may not, to us in the present times, seem consistent with that order which we are apt to consider as inseparably connected with good economy; yet we must certainly allow them to have been at least so far frugal, as not commonly to have spent their whole income.
尽管大地主们不断表现出的质朴的热情好客，对于当今时代的我们来说，似乎与我们倾向于认为与良好经济密不可分的秩序相一致；但然而，我们当然必须允许他们至少到目前为止保持节俭，而不是通常花掉他们的全部收入。
A part of their wool and raw hides, they had generally an opportunity of selling for money.
他们通常有机会出售部分羊毛和生皮以换取金钱。
Some part of this money, perhaps, they spent in purchasing the few objects of vanity and luxury, with which the circumstances of the times could furnish them; but some part of it they seem commonly to have hoarded.
也许，这些钱的一部分，他们用来购买当时的环境可以为他们提供的少数虚荣和奢侈的物品。但他们似乎普遍囤积了其中的一部分。
They could not well, indeed, do any thing else but hoard whatever money they saved.
事实上，他们除了囤积省下的钱之外，无能为力。
To trade, was disgraceful to a gentleman; and to lend money at interest, which at that time was considered as usury, and prohibited by law, would have been still more so.
交易，是君子的耻辱；而在当时被认为是高利贷并受到法律禁止的有息放贷则更是如此。
In those times of violence and disorder, besides, it was convenient to have a hoard of money at hand, that in case they should be driven from their own home, they might have something of known value to carry with them to some place of safety.
此外，在那个暴力和混乱的时代，手头有一大笔钱是很方便的，万一他们被赶出自己的家，他们可能有一些已知价值的东西可以带到某个安全的地方。
The same violence which made it convenient to hoard, made it equally convenient to conceal the hoard.
同样的暴力使囤积变得方便，同样也使隐藏囤积变得方便。
The frequency of treasure-trove, or of treasure found, of which no owner was known, sufficiently demonstrates the frequency, in those times, both of hoarding and of concealing the hoard.
宝藏或发现的宝藏的频繁出现，但不知道其所有者是谁，足以说明在那个时代，囤积和隐藏宝藏的频率。
Treasure-trove was then considered as an important branch of the revenue of the sovereign.
当时，宝藏被认为是主权收入的重要组成部分。
All the treasure-trove of the kingdom would scarce, perhaps, in the present times, make an important branch of the revenue of a private gentleman of a good estate.
在当今时代，王国的所有宝藏也许都很难成为一个拥有良好庄园的私人绅士收入的重要组成部分。
The same disposition, to save and to hoard, prevailed in the sovereign, as well as in the subjects.
君主和臣民都盛行同样的储蓄和囤积倾向。
Among nations, to whom commerce and manufacture are little known, the sovereign, it has already been observed in the Fourth book, is in a situation which naturally disposes him to the parsimony requisite for accumulation.
在对商业和制造业知之甚少的国家中，正如第四本书中已经观察到的那样，君主处于一种自然而然地倾向于吝啬积累的境地。
In that situation, the expense, even of a sovereign, cannot be directed by that vanity which delights in the gaudy finery of a court.
在这种情况下，即使是君主的开支，也不能由喜欢宫廷华丽华丽的虚荣心来支配。
The ignorance of the times affords but few of the trinkets in which that finery consists.
时代的无知只提供了很少的装饰品。
Standing armies are not then necessary; so that the expense, even of a sovereign, like that of any other great lord can be employed in scarce any thing but bounty to his tenants, and hospitality to his retainers.
这样就不需要常备军了；因此，即使是一个君主，也像任何其他大领主一样，除了对佃户的慷慨和对家臣的款待之外，几乎不能用于任何其他用途。
But bounty and hospitality very seldom lead to extravagance; though vanity almost always does.
但慷慨和款待很少会导致奢侈。尽管虚荣心几乎总是如此。
All the ancient sovereigns of Europe, accordingly, it has already been observed, had treasures.
因此，正如我们已经观察到的那样，欧洲所有古代君主都拥有财富。
Every Tartar chief, in the present times, is said to have one.
据说当今每个鞑靼首领都有一个。
In a commercial country, abounding with every sort of expensive luxury, the sovereign, in the same manner as almost all the great proprietors in his dominions, naturally spends a great part of his revenue in purchasing those luxuries.
在一个盛产各种昂贵奢侈品的商业国家，君主自然会像其领土上几乎所有大业主一样，花费其收入的很大一部分来购买这些奢侈品。
His own and the neighbouring countries supply him abundantly with all the costly trinkets which compose the splendid, but insignificant, pageantry of a court.
他自己的国家和邻国为他提供了大量昂贵的小饰品，这些小饰品构成了宫廷华丽但微不足道的盛况。
For the sake of an inferior pageantry of the same kind, his nobles dismiss their retainers, make their tenants independent, and become gradually themselves as insignificant as the greater part of the wealthy burghers in his dominions.
为了同样的低劣盛况，他的贵族解雇了他们的家臣，让他们的佃户独立，并逐渐变得像他的领土上大部分富有的市民一样无足轻重。
The same frivolous passions, which influence their conduct, influence his.
同样轻浮的激情影响了他们的行为，也影响了他的行为。
How can it be supposed that he should be the only rich man in his dominions who is insensible to pleasures of this kind?
怎么能认为他是他的领土上唯一对这种快乐无动于衷的富人呢？
If he does not, what he is very likely to do, spend upon those pleasures so great a part of his revenue as to debilitate very much the defensive power of the state, it cannot well be expected that he should not spend upon them all that part of it which is over and above what is necessary for supporting that defensive power.
如果他不这样做（他很可能会这样做），将其收入的很大一部分花在这些享乐上，以致大大削弱国家的防御力量，那么就不能指望他不应该把超出支持防御力量所需的全部部分都花在这些享乐上。
His ordinary expense becomes equal to his ordinary revenue, and it is well if it does not frequently exceed it.
他的日常支出与他的日常收入相等，如果不经常超过它就好了。
The amassing of treasure can no longer be expected; and when extraordinary exigencies require extraordinary expenses, he must necessarily call upon his subjects for an extraordinary aid.
不再指望能够积累宝藏；当特殊的紧急情况需要特殊的开支时，他必须要求他的臣民提供特殊的援助。
The present and the late king of Prussia are the only great princes of Europe, who, since the death of Henry IV.
现任和已故的普鲁士国王是自亨利四世去世以来欧洲唯一的伟大王子。
of France, in 1610, are supposed to have amassed any considerable treasure.
1610 年的法国国王应该已经积累了相当可观的财富。
The parsimony which leads to accumulation has become almost as rare in republican as in monarchical governments.
导致积累的节俭在共和政体中几乎和在君主政体中一样罕见。
The Italian republics, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, are all in debt.
意大利各共和国、荷兰联合省都负债累累。
The canton of Berne is the single republic in Europe which has amassed any considerable treasure.
伯尔尼州是欧洲唯一一个拥有大量财富的共和国。
The other Swiss republics have not.
其他瑞士共和国还没有。
The taste for some sort of pageantry, for splendid buildings, at least, and other public ornaments, frequently prevails as much in the apparently sober senate-house of a little republic, as in the dissipated court of the greatest king.
对某种盛况的爱好，至少是对华丽建筑和其他公共装饰品的爱好，经常在一个小共和国看似朴素的元老院中盛行，就像在最伟大国王的放荡宫廷中一样。
The want of parsimony, in time of peace, imposes the necessity of contracting debt in time of war.
和平时期缺乏节俭，战时就必须缩减债务。
When war comes, there is no money in the treasury, but what is necessary for carrying on the ordinary expense of the peace establishment.
当战争来临的时候，国库里没有钱，只有维持和平的一般开支所必需的钱。
In war, an establishment of three or four times that expense becomes necessary for the defence of the state; and consequently, a revenue three or four times greater than the peace revenue.
在战争中，为了保卫国家，需要建立三到四倍的费用；因此，收入是和平收入的三到四倍。
Supposing that the sovereign should have, what he scarce ever has, the immediate means of augmenting his revenue in proportion to the augmentation of his expense; yet still the produce of the taxes, from which this increase of revenue must be drawn, will not begin to come into the treasury, till perhaps ten or twelve months after they are imposed.
假设君主应该拥有他所稀有的东西，即按照其支出增加的比例来增加他的收入；然而，税收的产生（必须从税收的增加中提取）仍然不会开始进入国库，直到税收征收后十或十二个月。
But the moment in which war begins, or rather the moment in which it appears likely to begin, the army must be augmented, the fleet must be fitted out, the garrisoned towns must be put into a posture of defence; that army, that fleet, those garrisoned towns, must be furnished with arms, ammunition, and provisions.
但是，在战争开始的那一刻，或者更确切地说，在战争可能开始的那一刻，就必须增强军队，必须装备舰队，必须使驻守的城镇处于防御姿态；那支军队、那支舰队、那些驻守的城镇，必须配备武器、弹药和给养。
An immediate and great expense must be incurred in that moment of immediate danger, which will not wait for the gradual and slow returns of the new taxes.
在迫在眉睫的危险时刻，必须立即付出巨大的代价，而这不会等待新税收逐渐而缓慢的回报。
In this exigency, government can have no other resource but in borrowing.
在这种紧急情况下，政府除了借贷之外别无他法。
The same commercial state of society which, by the operation of moral causes, brings government in this manner into the necessity of borrowing, produces in the subjects both an ability and an inclination to lend.
同样的商业社会状态，通过道德原因的运作，使政府以这种方式陷入借贷的必要性，同时在主体中产生了借贷的能力和倾向。
If it commonly brings along with it the necessity of borrowing, it likewise brings with it the facility of doing so.
如果说它通常伴随着借贷的必要性，那么它也同样带来了借贷的便利性。
A country abounding with merchants and manufacturers, necessarily abounds with a set of people through whose hands, not only their own capitals, but the capitals of all those who either lend them money, or trust them with goods, pass as frequently, or more frequently, than the revenue of a private man, who, without trade or business, lives upon his income, passes through his hands.
一个盛产商人和制造商的国家，必然盛产一群人，不仅他们自己的资本，而且所有借钱给他们或将货物托付给他们的人的资本，都通过他们的双手流过，这与一个没有贸易或生意、靠收入生活的私人的收入流经他的双手一样频繁，甚至更频繁。
The revenue of such a man can regularly pass through his hands only once in a year.
这样一个人的收入一年只能定期从他手中流过一次。
But the whole amount of the capital and credit of a merchant, who deals in a trade of which the returns are very quick, may sometimes pass through his hands two, three, or four times in a year.
但对于一个从事回报很快的行业的商人来说，他的全部资本和信用有时一年可能会经过他的手两次、三次或四次。
A country abounding with merchants and manufacturers, therefore, necessarily abounds with a set of people, who have it at all times in their power to advance, if they chuse to do so, a very large sum of money to government.
因此，一个拥有大量商人和制造商的国家必然拥有大量人民，如果他们愿意的话，他们随时都有能力向政府提供大量资金。
Hence the ability in the subjects of a commercial state to lend.
因此，商业国家的臣民有能力放贷。
Commerce and manufactures can seldom flourish long in any state which does not enjoy a regular administration of justice; in which the people do not feel themselves secure in the possession of their property; in which the faith of contracts is not supported by law; and in which the authority of the state is not supposed to be regularly employed in enforcing the payment of debts from all those who are able to pay.
在任何不享有正规司法管理的国家，商业和制造业很少能长期繁荣。人们对拥有自己的财产感到不安全；合同信用不受法律支持；并且国家权力不应经常用于强制所有有能力偿还债务的人偿还债务。
Commerce and manufactures, in short, can seldom flourish in any state, in which there is not a certain degree of confidence in the justice of government.
简而言之，在任何一个对政府的正义没有一定程度的信心的国家，商业和制造业都很难蓬勃发展。
The same confidence which disposes great merchants and manufacturers upon ordinary occasions, to trust their property to the protection of a particular government, disposes them, upon extraordinary occasions, to trust that government with the use of their property.
同样的信心使大商人和制造商在一般情况下将他们的财产托付给某个特定政府的保护，在特殊情况下也使他们相信该政府可以使用他们的财产。
By lending money to government, they do not even for a moment diminish their ability to carry on their trade and manufactures; on the contrary, they commonly augment it.
通过向政府借钱，他们一刻也不会削弱他们进行贸易和制造的能力；相反，它们通常会增强它。
The necessities of the state render government, upon most occasions willing to borrow upon terms extremely advantageous to the lender.
在大多数情况下，国家的需要使得政府愿意按对贷款人极为有利的条件借款。
The security which it grants to the original creditor, is made transferable to any other creditor; and from the universal confidence in the justice of the state, generally sells in the market for more than was originally paid for it.
它向原始债权人提供的担保可转让给任何其他债权人；由于人们对国家正义的普遍信心，在市场上的售价通常高于最初购买时的价格。
The merchant or monied man makes money by lending money to government, and instead of diminishing, increases his trading capital.
商人或有钱人通过向政府借钱来赚钱，他的贸易资本不但没有减少，反而增加了。
He generally considers it as a favour, therefore, when the administration admits him to a share in the first subscription for a new loan.
因此，当政府允许他参与新贷款的第一笔认购时，他通常认为这是一种恩惠。
Hence the inclination or willingness in the subjects of a commercial state to lend.
因此，商业国家的主体有贷款的倾向或意愿。
The government of such a state is very apt to repose itself upon this ability and willingness of its subjects to lend it their money on extraordinary occasions.
这样一个国家的政府很容易依赖其臣民在特殊情况下借钱给政府的能力和意愿。
It foresees the facility of borrowing, and therefore dispenses itself from the duty of saving.
它预见到了借贷的便利性，因此免除了储蓄的义务。
In a rude state of society, there are no great mercantile or manufacturing capitals.
在原始社会状态下，不存在伟大的商业或制造业资本。
The individuals, who hoard whatever money they can save, and who conceal their hoard, do so from a distrust of the justice of government; from a fear, that if it was known that they had a hoard, and where that hoard was to be found, they would quickly be plundered.
个人会尽可能地积攒钱财，并隐瞒自己的积蓄，他们这样做是出于对政府正义的不信任。出于恐惧，如果人们知道他们有一个宝藏，并且在哪里可以找到该宝藏，他们很快就会被掠夺。
In such a state of things, few people would be able, and nobody would be willing to lend their money to government on extraordinary exigencies.
在这种情况下，很少有人有能力，也没有人愿意在非常紧急的情况下向政府借钱。
The sovereign feels that he must provide for such exigencies by saving, because he foresees the absolute impossibility of borrowing.
主权者认为他必须通过储蓄来应对这种紧急情况，因为他预见到借贷是绝对不可能的。
This foresight increases still further his natural disposition to save.
这种远见进一步增强了他储蓄的本性。
The progress of the enormous debts which at present oppress, and will in the long-run probably ruin, all the great nations of Europe, has been pretty uniform.
欧洲所有伟大国家目前所承受的巨额债务，从长远来看可能会毁灭它们，其进展情况相当一致。
Nations, like private men, have generally begun to borrow upon what may be called personal credit, without assigning or mortgaging any particular fund for the payment of the debt; and when this resource has failed them, they have gone on to borrow upon assignments or mortgages of particular funds.
国家，就像私人一样，通常已经开始依靠所谓的个人信用借款，而不分配或抵押任何特定资金来偿还债务；当这种资源无法满足他们时，他们就会继续以特定资金的转让或抵押来借款。
What is called the unfunded debt of Great Britain, is contracted in the former of those two ways.
所谓的英国无融资债务是以这两种方式中的前一种方式签订的。
It consists partly in a debt which bears, or is supposed to bear, no interest, and which resembles the debts that a private man contracts upon account; and partly in a debt which bears interest, and which resembles what a private man contracts upon his bill or promissory-note.
它部分地由不承担或应该承担不计息的债务组成，类似于私人按账户签订的债务；部分是有利息的债务，类似于私人在票据或期票上签订的合同。
The debts which are due, either for extraordinary services, or for services either not provided for, or not paid at the time when they are performed; part of the extraordinaries of the army, navy, and ordnance, the arrears of subsidies to foreign princes, those of seamen’s wages, etc. usually constitute a debt of the first kind.
因特殊服务或未提供或在履行时未支付的服务而到期的债务；陆军、海军、军械的部分非凡费用，拖欠外国王公的补贴、海员工资等，通常构成第一类债务。
Navy and exchequer bills, which are issued sometimes in payment of a part of such debts, and sometimes for other purposes, constitute a debt of the second kind; exchequer bills bearing interest from the day on which they are issued, and navy bills six months after they are issued.
海军和国库券有时是为了偿还部分此类债务，有时是为了其他目的而发行，构成第二类债务；国库汇票自发行之日起计息，海军汇票则在发行六个月后计息。
The bank of England, either by voluntarily discounting those bills at their current value, or by agreeing with government for certain considerations to circulate exchequer bills, that is, to receive them at par, paying the interest which happens to be due upon them, keeps up their value, and facilitates their circulation, and thereby frequently enables government to contract a very large debt of this kind.
英格兰银行要么自愿按现值贴现这些国库券，要么出于某些考虑与政府同意流通国库券，即按面值接收国库券，支付国库券到期的利息，以保持国库券的价值并促进其流通，从而经常使政府能够签订此类巨额债务。
In France, where there is no bank, the state bills (billets d’etat {See Examen des Reflections Politiques sur les Finances.}) have sometimes sold at sixty and seventy per cent.
在没有银行的法国，国家票据（billet d’etat {参见Examen des Reflections Politiques sur les Finances}）有时会卖到百分之六十和七十。
discount.
折扣。
During the great recoinage in king William’s time, when the bank of England thought proper to put a stop to its usual transactions, exchequer bills and tallies are said to have sold from twenty-five to sixty per cent.
在威廉国王时代的伟大改铸期间，当英格兰银行认为适当停止其日常交易时，据说国库券和理货券已售出百分之二十五至百分之六十。
discount; owing partly, no doubt, to the supposed instability of the new government established by the Revolution, but partly, too, to the want of the support of the bank of England.
折扣;毫无疑问，部分原因是大革命建立的新政府被认为不稳定，但也有部分原因是缺乏英格兰银行的支持。
When this resource is exhausted, and it becomes necessary, in order to raise money, to assign or mortgage some particular branch of the public revenue for the payment of the debt, government has, upon different occasions, done this in two different ways.
当这种资源耗尽时，为了筹集资金，有必要分配或抵押公共收入的某些特定部门来偿还债务，政府会在不同的场合以两种不同的方式做到这一点。
Sometimes it has made this assignment or mortgage for a short period of time only, a year, or a few years, for example; and sometimes for perpetuity.
有时，它仅在很短的时间内进行转让或抵押，例如一年或几年；有时是永久的。
In the one case, the fund was supposed sufficient to pay, within the limited time, both principal and interest of the money borrowed.
在一种情况下，该基金应该足以在有限的时间内支付所借资金的本金和利息。
In the other, it was supposed sufficient to pay the interest only, or a perpetual annuity equivalent to the interest, government being at liberty to redeem, at any time, this annuity, upon paying back the principal sum borrowed.
另一方面，它被认为足以支付利息，或相当于利息的永久年金，政府在偿还借入的本金后可以随时赎回该年金。
When money was raised in the one way, it was said to be raised by anticipation; when in the other, by perpetual funding, or, more shortly, by funding.
当资金以单一方式筹集时，人们称其是通过预期筹集的；在另一种情况下，通过永久资助，或者更简单地说，通过资助。
In Great Britain, the annual land and malt taxes are regularly anticipated every year, by virtue of a borrowing clause constantly inserted into the acts which impose them.
在英国，由于不断在征收土地税和麦芽税的法案中插入借款条款，每年都会定期缴纳年度土地税和麦芽税。
The bank of England generally advances at an interest, which, since the Revolution, has varied from eight to three per cent., the sums of which those taxes are granted, and receives payment as their produce gradually comes in.
英格兰银行通常按利息预付利息，自革命以来，利息从百分之八到百分之三不等，这些税款的金额是授予的，并随着产品的逐渐进入而收到付款。
If there is a deficiency, which there always is, it is provided for in the supplies of the ensuing year.
如果出现短缺（这种情况始终存在），则会在下一年的供应中予以弥补。
The only considerable branch of the public revenue which yet remains unmortgaged, is thus regularly spent before it comes in.
因此，公共收入中唯一尚未抵押的可观部分，在流入之前就经常被花掉。
Like an improvident spendthrift, whose pressing occasions will not allow him to wait for the regular payment of his revenue, the state is in the constant practice of borrowing of its own factors and agents, and of paying interest for the use of its own money.
就像一个缺乏远见的挥金如土的挥霍者，他的紧迫情况不允许他等待其收入的定期支付，国家不断地借用自己的要素和代理人，并为使用自己的钱支付利息。
In the reign of king William, and during a great part of that of queen Anne, before we had become so familiar as we are now with the practice of perpetual funding, the greater part of the new taxes were imposed but for a short period of time (for four, five, six, or seven years only), and a great part of the grants of every year consisted in loans upon anticipations of the produce of those taxes.
在威廉国王统治时期，以及安妮女王统治时期的大部分时间里，在我们像现在这样熟悉永久拨款的做法之前，大部分新税都是征收的，但期限很短（仅四年、五年、六年或七年），每年的拨款很大一部分是根据这些税收的预期产生的贷款。
The produce being frequently insufficient for paying, within the limited term, the principal and interest of the money borrowed, deficiencies arose; to make good which, it became necessary to prolong the term.
产品经常不足以在有限期限内支付借款的本金和利息，从而出现了短缺；为了弥补这一点，有必要延长期限。
In 1697, by the 8th of William III., c.
1697 年，威廉三世八世，c.
20, the deficiencies of several taxes were charged upon what was then called the first general mortgage or fund, consisting of a prolongation to the first of August 1706, of several different taxes, which would have expired within a shorter term, and of which the produce was accumulated into one general fund.
20 号法案中，若干税收的不足部分被计入当时所谓的第一一般抵押贷款或基金，其中包括将若干不同的税收延长至 1706 年 8 月 1 日，这些税收将在较短的期限内到期，其成果累积到一个总基金中。
The deficiencies charged upon this prolonged term amounted to £5,160,459: 14: 9½.
在此长期期限内收取的不足额为 5,160,459 英镑：14：9.5 英镑。
In 1701, those duties, with some others, were still further prolonged, for the like purposes, till the first of August 1710, and were called the second general mortgage or fund.
1701 年，出于类似目的，这些义务以及其他一些义务进一步延长，直到 1710 年 8 月 1 日，并被称为第二一般抵押贷款或基金。
The deficiencies charged upon it amounted to £2,055,999: 7: 11½.
所指控的不足额为 2,055,999 英镑：7:11.5 英镑。
In 1707, those duties were still further prolonged, as a fund for new loans, to the first of August 1712, and were called the third general mortgage or fund.
1707 年，这些义务作为新贷款的基金，进一步延长至 1712 年 8 月 1 日，并被称为第三一般抵押贷款或基金。
The sum borrowed upon it was £983,254:11:9¼.
据此借入的金额为 983,254:11:9⁄4 英镑。
In 1708, those duties were all (except the old subsidy of tonnage and poundage, of which one moiety only was made a part of this fund, and a duty upon the importation of Scotch linen, which had been taken off by the articles of union) still further continued, as a fund for new loans, to the first of August 1714, and were called the fourth general mortgage or fund.
1708年，这些关税（除了旧的吨位和磅数补贴，其中一部分仅成为该基金的一部分，以及苏格兰亚麻布进口关税（已被工会章程取消））作为新贷款基金，继续延续到1714年8月1日，被称为第四一般抵押贷款或基金。
The sum borrowed upon it was £925,176:9:2¼.
以此为基础借入的金额为 925,176:9:2⁄4 英镑。
In 1709, those duties were all (except the old subsidy of tonnage and poundage, which was now left out of this fund altogether) still further continued, for the same purpose, to the first of August 1716, and were called the fifth general mortgage or fund.
1709 年，出于同样的目的，这些义务全部（除了旧的吨位和磅数补贴，现在已完全排除在该基金之外）继续延续到 1716 年 8 月 1 日，并被称为第五一般抵押贷款或基金。
The sum borrowed upon it was £922,029:6s.
据此借入的金额为 922,029:6 英镑。
In 1710, those duties were again prolonged to the first of August 1720, and were called the sixth general mortgage or fund.
1710 年，这些义务再次延长至 1720 年 8 月 1 日，并被称为第六一般抵押贷款或基金。
The sum borrowed upon it was £1,296,552:9:11¾.
据此借入的金额为 1,296,552:9:113/4 英镑。
In 1711, the same duties (which at this time were thus subject to four different anticipations), together with several others, were continued for ever, and made a fund for paying the interest of the capital of the South-sea company, which had that year advanced to government, for paying debts, and making good deficiencies, the sum of £9,177,967:15:4d, the greatest loan which at that time had ever been made.
1711年，同样的义务（因此此时受到四种不同的预期）以及其他几项义务被永久延续，并设立了一项基金，用于支付南海公司资本的利息，该公司当年向政府预付了利息，用于偿还债务和弥补不足，总额为9,177,967:15:4d，这是当时有史以来发放的最大一笔贷款。
Before this period, the principal, so far as I have been able to observe, the only taxes, which, in order to pay the interest of a debt, had been imposed for perpetuity, were those for paying the interest of the money which had been advanced to government by the bank and East-India company, and of what it was expected would be advanced, but which was never advanced, by a projected land bank.
据我观察，在此之前，为了支付债务利息，永久征收的唯一税收是支付银行和东印度公司预付给政府的资金利息的税，以及预计由计划的土地储备预付但从未预付的款项的利息。
The bank fund at this time amounted to £3,375,027:17:10½, for which was paid an annuity or interest of £206,501:15:5d.
此时的银行资金为 3,375,027:17:10½ 英镑，为此支付了 206,501:15:5d 的年金或利息。
The East-India fund amounted to £3,200,000, for which was paid an annuity or interest of £160,000; the bank fund being at six per cent., the East-India fund at five per cent.
东印度基金总额为3,200,000英镑，已支付年金或利息160,000英镑；银行基金为百分之六，东印度基金为百分之五。
interest.
兴趣。
In 1715, by the first of George I., c.
1715 年，乔治一世 (George I.) 于公元 1715 年登基。
12, the different taxes which had been mortgaged for paying the bank annuity, together with several others, which, by this act, were likewise rendered perpetual, were accumulated into one common fund, called the aggregate fund, which was charged not only with the payment of the bank annuity, but with several other annuities and burdens of different kinds.
12、为支付银行年金而抵押的不同税款，连同其他几项税款，通过该法案，同样成为永久的，被积累到一个共同基金中，称为总基金，该基金不仅用于支付银行年金，而且还用于支付其他几种年金和不同种类的负担。
This fund was afterwards augmented by the third of George I., c.8., and by the fifth of George I., c.
该基金后来由乔治一世第三任（约 8 年）和第五任乔治一世（约 8 年）扩大。
3, and the different duties which were then added to it were likewise rendered perpetual.
3，然后添加到其中的不同职责同样成为永久性的。
In 1717, by the third of George I., c.
1717 年，乔治一世第三世即位。
7, several other taxes were rendered perpetual, and accumulated into another common fund, called the general fund, for the payment of certain annuities, amounting in the whole to £724,849:6:10½.
7、其他几项税收被永久化，并积累到另一个共同基金中，称为普通基金，用于支付某些年金，总额为 724,849:6:10.5 英镑。
In consequence of those different acts, the greater part of the taxes, which before had been anticipated only for a short term of years were rendered perpetual, as a fund for paying, not the capital, but the interest only, of the money which had been borrowed upon them by different successive anticipations.
由于这些不同的行为，以前只预计短期缴纳的大部分税收变成了永久性的，作为一种基金，用于支付通过不同的连续预期向他们借来的钱，而不是资本，而只是支付利息。
Had money never been raised but by anticipation, the course of a few years would have liberated the public revenue, without any other attention of government besides that of not overloading the fund, by charging it with more debt than it could pay within the limited term, and not of anticipating a second time before the expiration of the first anticipation.
如果资金从来没有通过预期筹集，那么几年的时间就可以解放公共收入，除了不让基金超载之外，政府不需要任何其他关注，通过向其收取超出其在有限期限内可以支付的债务，并且不在第一次预期到期之前进行第二次预期。
But the greater part of European governments have been incapable of those attentions.
但大多数欧洲政府都没有能力引起这些关注。
They have frequently overloaded the fund, even upon the first anticipation; and when this happened not to be the case, they have generally taken care to overload it, by anticipating a second and a third time, before the expiration of the first anticipation.
他们经常使基金超载，即使是在最初预期的情况下；当情况并非如此时，他们通常会在第一次预期到期之前，通过预期第二次和第三次来小心地超载。
The fund becoming in this manner altogether insufficient for paying both principal and interest of the money borrowed upon it, it became necessary to charge it with the interest only, or a perpetual annuity equal to the interest; and such improvident anticipations necessarily gave birth to the more ruinous practice of perpetual funding.
这样一来，基金就完全不足以支付借入的资金的本金和利息，因此有必要只收取利息，或者收取等于利息的永续年金；而这种短视的预期必然催生了更具破坏性的永久融资做法。
But though this practice necessarily puts off the liberation of the public revenue from a fixed period, to one so indefinite that it is not very likely ever to arrive; yet, as a greater sum can, in all cases, be raised by this new practice than by the old one of anticipation, the former, when men have once become familiar with it, has, in the great exigencies of the state, been universally preferred to the latter.
但是，尽管这种做法必然会将公共收入的解放从一个固定时期推迟到一个无限期的时期，以致于它不太可能永远到来；然而，在所有情况下，这种新做法比旧的预期做法能筹集到更多的资金，因此，当人们一旦熟悉了这种做法后，在国家面临重大紧急情况时，人们普遍倾向于前者而不是后者。
To relieve the present exigency, is always the object which principally interests those immediately concerned in the administration of public affairs.
缓解当前的紧急情况始终是那些直接参与公共事务管理的人主要感兴趣的目标。
The future liberation of the public revenue they leave to the care of posterity.
将来解放出来的公共收入他们留给子孙后代照顾。
During the reign of queen Anne, the market rate of interest had fallen from six to five per cent.; and, in the twelfth year of her reign, five per cent.
在安妮女王统治期间，市场利率从百分之六降至百分之五。在她统治的第十二年，这一比例为百分之五。
was declared to be the highest rate which could lawfully be taken for money borrowed upon private security.
被宣布为可合法对私人担保借款采取的最高利率。
Soon after the greater part of the temporary taxes of Great Britain had been rendered perpetual, and distributed into the aggregate, South-sea, and general funds, the creditors of the public, like those of private persons, were induced to accept of five per cent.
在英国的大部分临时税被永久化并分配到总基金、南海基金和普通基金后不久，公共债权人和私人债权人都被诱导接受百分之五的税率。
for the interest of their money, which occasioned a saving of one per cent.
为了他们的钱的利息，这节省了百分之一的钱。
upon the capital of the greater part or the debts which had been thus funded for perpetuity, or of one-sixth of the greater part of the annuities which were paid out of the three great funds above mentioned.
以由此永久资助的大部分或债务的资本，或从上述三大基金中支付的年金的大部分的六分之一为基础。
This saving left a considerable surplus in the produce of the different taxes which had been accumulated into those funds, over and above what was necessary for paying the annuities which were now charged upon them, and laid the foundation of what has since been called the sinking fund.
这种储蓄在不同税收的产品中留下了相当大的盈余，这些盈余已积累到这些基金中，超出了支付现在向其征收的年金所需的金额，并为后来所谓的偿债基金奠定了基础。
In 1717, it amounted to £523,454:7:7½.
1717 年，金额为 523,454:7:7½ 英镑。
In 1727, the interest of the greater part of the public debts was still further reduced to four per cent.; and, in 1753 and 1757, to three and a-half, and three per cent., which reductions still further augmented the sinking fund.
1727年，大部分公共债务的利息进一步降至百分之四。 1753年和1757年，又分别减少到百分之三半和百分之三，这种减少进一步增加了偿债基金。
A sinking fund, though instituted for the payment of old, facilitates very much the contracting of new debts.
偿债基金虽然是为了偿还旧债务而设立的，但它却极大地促进了新债务的签订。
It is a subsidiary fund, always at hand, to be mortgaged in aid of any other doubtful fund, upon which money is proposed to be raised in any exigency of the state.
它是一项随时可用的附属基金，可以抵押以援助任何其他可疑的基金，并建议在国家出现任何紧急情况时筹集资金。
Whether the sinking fund of Great Britain has been more frequently applied to the one or to the other of those two purposes, will sufficiently appear by and by.
英国的偿债基金是否更频繁地用于这两个目的中的一个或另一个，将逐渐显现出来。
Besides those two methods of borrowing, by anticipations and by a perpetual funding, there are two other methods, which hold a sort of middle place between them; these are, that of borrowing upon annuities for terms of years, and that of borrowing upon annuities for lives.
除了这两种借贷方法（通过预期和通过永久融资）之外，还有另外两种方法，它们在它们之间占据着某种中间位置：这些是年金借款和终身年金借款。
During the reigns of king William and queen Anne, large sums were frequently borrowed upon annuities for terms of years, which were sometimes longer and sometimes shorter.
在威廉国王和安妮王后统治期间，经常以年金的形式借入大笔资金，期限有时较长，有时较短。
In 1695, an act was passed for borrowing one million upon an annuity of fourteen per cent., or £140,000 a-year, for sixteen years.
1695年，一项法案通过，以14%的年金借款100万英镑，即每年14万英镑，为期十六年。
In 1691, an act was passed for borrowing a million upon annuities for lives, upon terms which, in the present times, would appear very advantageous; but the subscription was not filled up.
1691年，一项法案通过，以终身年金借款一百万，其条款在当今时代显得非常有利；但订阅未填满。
In the following year, the deficiency was made good, by borrowing upon annuities for lives, at fourteen per cent.
第二年，通过借用终身年金，利率达到百分之十四，弥补了这一不足。
or a little more than seven years purchase.
或购买七年多一点。
In 1695, the persons who had purchased those annuities were allowed to exchange them for others of ninety-six years, upon paying into the exchequer sixty-three pounds in the hundred; that is, the difference between fourteen per cent.
1695年，购买这些年金的人可以将年金兑换成其他九十六年的年金，只要向国库缴纳一百英镑中的六十三英镑即可；也就是说，百分之十四之间的差异。
for life, and fourteen per cent.
终身，百分之十四。
for ninety-six years, was sold for sixty-three pounds, or for four and a-half years purchase.
九十六年，以六十三英镑出售，或四年半购买。
Such was the supposed instability of government, that even these terms procured few purchasers.
这就是所谓的政府不稳定，即使是这些条款也很少能吸引到购买者。
In the reign of queen Anne, money was, upon different occasions, borrowed both upon annuities for lives, and upon annuities for terms of thirty-two, of eighty-nine, of ninety-eight, and of ninety-nine years.
在安妮女王统治时期，人们在不同的场合以终身年金、三十二年、八十九年、九十八年和九十九年年金的方式借钱。
In 1719, the proprietors of the annuities for thirty-two years were induced to accept, in lieu of them, South-sea stock to the amount of eleven and a-half years purchase of the annuities, together with an additional quantity of stock, equal to the arrears which happened then to be due upon them.
1719年，持有三十二年年金的所有人被诱使接受南海股票，以代替他们购买十一年半年金的金额，以及相当于他们当时欠款的额外股票。
In 1720, the greater part of the other annuities for terms of years, both long and short, were subscribed into the same fund.
1720年，大部分其他年金，无论是长期年金还是短期年金，都被认购到同一基金中。
The long annuities, at that time, amounted to £666,821: 8:3½ a-year.
当时，长期年金总计为每年 666,821 英镑：8:3.5。
On the 5th of January 1775, the remainder of them, or what was not subscribed at that time, amounted only to £136,453:12:8d.
到 1775 年 1 月 5 日，剩余的金额，或者说当时未认购的金额，仅为 136,453:12:8d。
During the two wars which began in 1739 and in 1755, little money was borrowed, either upon annuities for terms of years, or upon those for lives.
在 1739 年和 1755 年爆发的两次战争期间，借入的资金很少，无论是以年金形式还是以终身形式。
An annuity for ninety-eight or ninety-nine years, however, is worth nearly as much as a perpetuity, and should therefore, one might think, be a fund for borrowing nearly as much.
然而，九十八年或九十九年的年金几乎与永续年金一样有价值，因此，人们可能会认为，它应该是一种几乎同样多的借贷基金。
But those who, in order to make family settlements, and to provide for remote futurity, buy into the public stocks, would not care to purchase into one of which the value was continually diminishing; and such people make a very considerable proportion, both of the proprietors and purchasers of stock.
但那些为了家庭安顿和为遥远的未来做准备而购买公共股票的人，不会愿意购买其价值不断贬值的股票；这种人无论是股票的所有者还是购买者都占相当大的比例。
An annuity for a long term of years, therefore, though its intrinsic value may be very nearly the same with that of a perpetual annuity, will not find nearly the same number of purchasers.
因此，虽然长期年金的内在价值可能与永久年金非常接近，但购买者的数量却不会相同。
The subscribers to a new loan, who mean generally to sell their subscription as soon as possible, prefer greatly a perpetual annuity, redeemable by parliament, to an irredeemable annuity, for a long term of years, of only equal amount.
新贷款的认购者通常希望尽快出售其认购，因此他们更喜欢由议会赎回的永久年金，而不是长期且金额相同的不可赎回年金。
The value of the former may be supposed always the same, or very nearly the same; and it makes, therefore, a more convenient transferable stock than the latter.
前者的值可以被认为总是相同的，或者非常接近相同；因此，它是一种比后者更方便的可转让股票。
During the two last-mentioned wars, annuities, either for terms of years or for lives, were seldom granted, but as premiums to the subscribers of a new loan, over and above the redeemable annuity or interest, upon the credit of which the loan was supposed to be made.
在最后提到的两次战争中，很少发放年金或终身年金，而是作为新贷款认购人的溢价，高于可赎回年金或利息，而贷款是根据这些年金或利息发放的。
They were granted, not as the proper fund upon which the money was borrowed, but as an additional encouragement to the lender.
它们被授予，不是作为借钱的适当基金，而是作为对贷方的额外鼓励。
Annuities for lives have occasionally been granted in two different ways; either upon separate lives, or upon lots of lives, which, in French, are called tontines, from the name of their inventor.
终身年金有时会以两种不同的方式发放；要么是基于单独的生命，要么是基于许多生命，在法语中，这被称为“tontine”，源自其发明者的名字。
When annuities are granted upon separate lives, the death of every individual annuitant disburdens the public revenue, so far as it was affected by his annuity.
当年金是根据不同的生命发放时，每个年金受益人的死亡都会减轻公共收入的负担，只要公共收入受到其年金的影响。
When annuities are granted upon tontines, the liberation of the public revenue does not commence till the death of all the annuitants comprehended in one lot, which may sometimes consist of twenty or thirty persons, of whom the survivors succeed to the annuities of all those who die before them; the last survivor succeeding to the annuities of the whole lot.
当联合养老保险发放年金时，公共收入的释放要等到一批年金受益人全部死亡后才开始，其中一批年金受益人有时可能有二十或三十人，其中的幸存者继承所有先于他们去世的人的年金；最后的幸存者继承了全部的年金。
Upon the same revenue, more money can always be raised by tontines than by annuities for separate lives.
在收入相同的情况下，联合养老保险总能比分居年金筹集更多的资金。
An annuity, with a right of survivorship, is really worth more than an equal annuity for a separate life; and, from the confidence which every man naturally has in his own good fortune, the principle upon which is founded the success of all lotteries, such an annuity generally sells for something more than it is worth.
具有生存权的年金确实比单独生活的同等年金更有价值；而且，由于每个人对自己的好运自然而然地有信心，这是所有彩票成功的基础，因此这种年金的售价通常高于其本身的价值。
In countries where it is usual for government to raise money by granting annuities, tontines are, upon this account, generally preferred to annuities for separate lives.
在政府通常通过发放年金筹集资金的国家，联合养老保险通常比分居年金更受青睐。
The expedient which will raise most money, is almost always preferred to that which is likely to bring about, in the speediest manner, the liberation of the public revenue.
能够筹集最多资金的权宜之计几乎总是比那些可能以最迅速的方式带来公共收入解放的权宜之计更受青睐。
In France, a much greater proportion of the public debts consists in annuities for lives than in England.
在法国，终身年金占公共债务的比例比英国大得多。
According to a memoir presented by the parliament of Bourdeaux to the king, in 1764, the whole public debt of France is estimated at twenty-four hundred millions of livres; of which the capital, for which annuities for lives had been granted, is supposed to amount to three hundred millions, the eighth part of the whole public debt.
根据布尔多议会向国王提交的回忆录，1764 年，法国全部公共债务估计为 24 亿里弗；其中已发放终身年金的资本预计达三亿，占全部公共债务的八分之一。
The annuities themselves are computed to amount to thirty millions a-year, the fourth part of one hundred and twenty millions, the supposed interest of that whole debt.
据计算，年金本身每年达三千万，是整个债务的假定利息一亿两千万的四分之一。
These estimations, I know very well, are not exact; but having been presented by so very respectable a body as approximations to the truth, they may, I apprehend, be considered as such.
我很清楚，这些估计并不准确。但我认为，由于一个非常受人尊敬的机构将其作为接近事实的内容提出，因此我认为它们可能会被视为事实。
It is not the different degrees of anxiety in the two governments of France and England for the liberation of the public revenue, which occasions this difference in their respective modes of borrowing; it arises altogether from the different views and interests of the lenders.
法国和英国两国政府对公共收入解放的不同程度的焦虑，并不是造成两国借贷方式不同的原因；它完全源于贷款人的不同观点和利益。
In England, the seat of government being in the greatest mercantile city in the world, the merchants are generally the people who advance money to government.
在英国，政府所在地位于世界上最大的商业城市，商人通常是向政府预付资金的人。
By advancing it, they do not mean to diminish, but, on the contrary, to increase their mercantile capitals; and unless they expected to sell, with some profit, their share in the subscription for a new loan, they never would subscribe.
通过推进它，他们并不是要减少，相反，是要增加他们的商业资本。除非他们希望出售自己在新贷款认购中的份额并获得一些利润，否则他们永远不会认购。
But if, by advancing their money, they were to purchase, instead of perpetual annuities, annuities for lives only, whether their own or those of other people, they would not always be so likely to sell them with a profit.
但是，如果他们通过预付资金来购买终身年金，而不是永久年金，无论是自己的还是其他人的，他们就不太可能在出售这些年金时获利。
Annuities upon their own lives they would always sell with loss; because no man will give for an annuity upon the life of another, whose age and state of health are nearly the same with his own, the same price which he would give for one upon his own.
他们总是亏本出售自己的年金。因为没有人愿意以与自己年龄和健康状况几乎相同的另一个人的生命为年金，也不会为自己的生命付出同样的代价。
An annuity upon the life of a third person, indeed, is, no doubt, of equal value to the buyer and the seller; but its real value begins to diminish from the moment it is granted, and continues to do so, more and more, as long as it subsists.
毫无疑问，第三人生命年金对买方和卖方来说具有同等价值。但从它被授予的那一刻起，它的真正价值就开始减弱，并且只要它存在，就会不断减弱。
It can never, therefore, make so convenient a transferable stock as a perpetual annuity, of which the real value may be supposed always the same, or very nearly the same.
因此，它永远不可能使可转让股票像永续年金那样方便，永续年金的实际价值可以假定总是相同或几乎相同。
In France, the seat of government not being in a great mercantile city, merchants do not make so great a proportion of the people who advance money to government.
在法国，政府所在地并不在一个伟大的商业城市，商人在向政府预支资金的人中所占的比例并不大。
The people concerned in the finances, the farmers-general, the receivers of the taxes which are not in farm, the court-bankers, etc. make the greater part of those who advance their money in all public exigencies.
在所有公共紧急情况下预支资金的人中，大部分是与财政有关的人、一般农民、非农场税收的接受者、法院银行家等。
Such people are commonly men of mean birth, but of great wealth, and frequently of great pride.
这些人通常出身卑微，但却拥有巨大的财富，而且常常非常骄傲。
They are too proud to marry their equals, and women of quality disdain to marry them.
他们太骄傲了，不愿与同等的人结婚，而有素质的妇女则不屑于嫁给他们。
They frequently resolve, therefore, to live bachelors; and having neither any families of their own, nor much regard for those of their relations, whom they are not always very fond of acknowledging, they desire only to live in splendour during their own time, and are not unwilling that their fortune should end with themselves.
因此，他们经常决定单身生活。他们既没有自己的家庭，也不太尊重自己的亲戚，而且他们并不总是很愿意承认他们的亲戚，他们只希望在自己的时代生活在辉煌中，并且不愿意他们的命运随着他们自己而结束。
The number of rich people, besides, who are either averse to marry, or whose condition of life renders it either improper or inconvenient for them to do so, is much greater in France than in England.
此外，法国富人中不愿意结婚或生活状况不适合或不方便结婚的人数量比英国多得多。
To such people, who have little or no care for posterity, nothing can be more convenient than to exchange their capital for a revenue, which is to last just as long, and no longer, than they wish it to do.
对于这些很少或根本不关心子孙后代的人来说，没有什么比用资本换取收入更方便的了，而收入的持续时间与他们希望的一样长，而不是更长。
The ordinary expense of the greater part of modern governments, in time of peace, being equal, or nearly equal, to their ordinary revenue, when war comes, they are both unwilling and unable to increase their revenue in proportion to the increase of their expense.
大多数现代政府在和平时期的普通开支与它们的普通收入相等或几乎相等，当战争来临时，它们既不愿意也无法按照开支增加的比例来增加收入。
They are unwilling, for fear of offending the people, who, by so great and so sudden an increase of taxes, would soon be disgusted with the war; and they are unable, from not well knowing what taxes would be sufficient to produce the revenue wanted.
他们不愿意，因为担心得罪人民，如此大幅度、如此突然的税收增加，人民很快就会对战争感到厌恶。他们无法做到这一点，因为他们不太清楚什么税收足以产生想要的收入。
The facility of borrowing delivers them from the embarrassment which this fear and inability would otherwise occasion.
借贷的便捷性使他们摆脱了这种恐惧和无能可能造成的尴尬。
By means of borrowing, they are enabled, with a very moderate increase of taxes, to raise, from year to year, money sufficient for carrying on the war; and by the practice of perpetual funding, they are enabled, with the smallest possible increase of taxes, to raise annually the largest possible sum of money.
通过借贷，他们可以在适度增加税收的情况下，每年筹集足够的资金来进行战争。通过永久资助的做法，他们能够以尽可能少的税收增加，每年筹集尽可能多的资金。
In great empires, the people who live in the capital, and in the provinces remote from the scene of action, feel, many of them, scarce any inconveniency from the war, but enjoy, at their ease, the amusement of reading in the newspapers the exploits of their own fleets and armies.
在伟大的帝国里，生活在首都和远离战场的省份的人们，他们中的许多人几乎没有感受到战争带来的任何不便，而是轻松地享受在报纸上阅读自己的舰队和军队的功绩的乐趣。
To them this amusement compensates the small difference between the taxes which they pay on account of the war, and those which they had been accustomed to pay in time of peace.
对他们来说，这种娱乐弥补了他们因战争而缴纳的税款与他们在和平时期习惯缴纳的税款之间的微小差异。
They are commonly dissatisfied with the return of peace, which puts an end to their amusement, and to a thousand visionary hopes of conquest and national glory, from a longer continuance of the war.
他们普遍对和平的回归感到不满，这结束了他们的娱乐，也结束了战争长期持续下去的一千种征服和民族荣耀的幻想。
The return of peace, indeed, seldom relieves them from the greater part of the taxes imposed during the war.
事实上，和平的回归很少能免除他们在战争期间征收的大部分税收。
These are mortgaged for the interest of the debt contracted, in order to carry it on.
这些资产被抵押以获取合同债务的利息，以便继续下去。
If, over and above paying the interest of this debt, and defraying the ordinary expense of government, the old revenue, together with the new taxes, produce some surplus revenue, it may, perhaps, be converted into a sinking fund for paying off the debt.
如果除了支付债务利息和支付政府的日常开支之外，旧收入与新税收一起产生一些盈余收入，那么它也许可以转化为偿债基金，用于偿还债务。
But, in the first place, this sinking fund, even supposing it should be applied to no other purpose, is generally altogether inadequate for paying, in the course of any period during which it can reasonably be expected that peace should continue, the whole debt contracted during the war; and, in the second place, this fund is almost always applied to other purposes.
但是，首先，即使假定该偿债基金不用于其他目的，在可以合理预期和平会继续的任何时期内，通常也完全不足以支付战争期间所欠的全部债务；其次，这笔资金几乎总是用于其他目的。
The new taxes were imposed for the sole purpose of paying the interest of the money borrowed upon them.
征收新税的唯一目的是支付向他们借钱的利息。
If they produce more, it is generally something which was neither intended nor expected, and is, therefore, seldom very considerable.
如果他们生产更多，通常既不是有意的也不是预期的，因此很少是非常可观的。
Sinking funds have generally arisen, not so much from any surplus of the taxes which was over and above what was necessary for paying the interest or annuity originally charged upon them, as from a subsequent reduction of that interest; that of Holland in 1655, and that of the ecclesiastical state in 1685, were both formed in this manner.
偿债基金一般来说，与其说是来自超出支付最初向其收取的利息或年金所需的税收盈余，不如说是来自随后利息的减少； 1655年的荷兰国家和1685年的教会国家都是这样形成的。
Hence the usual insufficiency of such funds.
因此，此类资金通常不足。
During the most profound peace, various events occur, which require an extraordinary expense; and government finds it always more convenient to defray this expense by misapplying the sinking fund, than by imposing a new tax.
在最深的和平时期，会发生各种事件，需要非凡的开支；政府发现通过滥用偿债基金来支付这笔费用总是比征收新税更方便。
Every new tax is immediately felt more or less by the people.
每一项新的税收都会立即或多或少地被人们所感受到。
It occasions always some murmur, and meets with some opposition.
它总是引起一些抱怨，并遭到一些反对。
The more taxes may have been multiplied, the higher they may have been raised upon every different subject of taxation; the more loudly the people complain of every new tax, the more difficult it becomes, too, either to find out new subjects of taxation, or to raise much higher the taxes already imposed upon the old.
税收倍增得越多，对每个不同的税收主体征收的税就越高。人们对每一项新税的抱怨声越响亮，就越难找到新的征税对象，或者提高已经对旧税种征收的税额。
A momentary suspension of the payment of debt is not immediately felt by the people, and occasions neither murmur nor complaint.
暂时停止偿还债务并不会立即引起人们的注意，也不会引起怨言或抱怨。
To borrow of the sinking fund is always an obvious and easy expedient for getting out of the present difficulty.
借用偿债基金始终是摆脱当前困境的一个显而易见且容易的权宜之计。
The more the public debts may have been accumulated, the more necessary it may have become to study to reduce them; the more dangerous, the more ruinous it may be to misapply any part of the sinking fund; the less likely is the public debt to be reduced to any considerable degree, the more likely, the more certainly, is the sinking fund to be misapplied towards defraying all the extraordinary expenses which occur in time of peace.
公共债务积累得越多，就越有必要研究减少公共债务；滥用偿债基金的任何部分越危险，造成的破坏性就越大；公共债务减少到相当大程度的可能性越小，偿债基金就越有可能被滥用来支付和平时期发生的所有非常费用。
When a nation is already overburdened with taxes, nothing but the necessities of a new war, nothing but either the animosity of national vengeance, or the anxiety for national security, can induce the people to submit, with tolerable patience, to a new tax.
当一个国家的税收负担已经过重时，除了一场新的战争的必要性、民族复仇的仇恨或对国家安全的焦虑之外，没有什么可以促使人民以可容忍的耐心接受新的税收。
Hence the usual misapplication of the sinking fund.
因此，偿债基金经常被滥用。
In Great Britain, from the time that we had first recourse to the ruinous expedient of perpetual funding, the reduction of the public debt, in time of peace, has never borne any proportion to its accumulation in time of war.
在英国，自从我们第一次诉诸永久融资这种毁灭性的权宜之计以来，和平时期公共债务的减少从未与战时积累的公共债务成比例。
It was in the war which began in 1668, and was concluded by the treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, that the foundation of the present enormous debt of Great Britain was first laid.
正是在这场始于 1668 年、并于 1697 年通过《里斯威克条约》缔结的战争中，英国目前的巨额债务才首次奠定了基础。
On the 31st of December 1697, the public debts of Great Britain, funded and unfunded, amounted to £21,515,742:13:8½.
1697 年 12 月 31 日，英国的公共债务（无论有资金还是无资金）总计达 21,515,742:13:8½ 英镑。
A great part of those debts had been contracted upon short anticipations, and some part upon annuities for lives; so that, before the 31st of December 1701, in less than four years, there had partly been paid off; and partly reverted to the public, the sum of £5,121,041:12:0¾d; a greater reduction of the public debt than has ever since been brought about in so short a period of time.
这些债务的很大一部分是由于短期预期而签订的，还有一部分是由于终身年金而签订的。这样，到 1701 年 12 月 31 日之前，不到四年的时间，就已经部分还清了；并部分归还给公众，总金额为 5,121,041:12:0⁄d；在如此短的时间内，公共债务的削减幅度比以往任何时候都大。
The remaining debt, therefore, amounted only to £16,394,701:1:7¼d.
因此，剩余债务仅为 16,394,701:1:7 d 英镑。
In the war which began in 1702, and which was concluded by the treaty of Utrecht, the public debts were still more accumulated.
1702年爆发的战争以《乌得勒支条约》结束，公共债务进一步累积。
On the 31st of December 1714, they amounted to £53,681,076:5:6½.
1714 年 12 月 31 日，其金额达到 53,681,076:5:6½ 英镑。
The subscription into the South-sea fund, of the short and long annuities, increased the capital of the public debt; so that, on the 31st of December 1722, it amounted to £55,282,978:1:3 ⅚.
认购南海基金的短期和长期年金，增加了公共债务的资本；因此，到 1722 年 12 月 31 日，其金额达到 55,282,978:1:3 ⅚ 英镑。
The reduction of the debt began in 1723, and went on so slowly, that, on the 31st of December 1739, during seventeen years-of profound peace, the whole sum paid off was no more than £8,328,554:17:11 ³⁄₁₂, the capital of the public debt, at that time, amounting to £46,954,623:3:4 ⁷⁄₁₂.
债务的减少始于1723年，进展缓慢，以至于到1739年12月31日，在长达十七年的和平时期，偿还的全部金额不超过8,328,554:17:11 3⁄12英镑，当时公共债务的资本为46,954,623:3:4 7⁄12英镑。
The Spanish war, which began in 1739, and the French war which soon followed it, occasioned a further increase of the debt, which, on the 31st of December 1748, after the war had been concluded by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, amounted to £78,293,313:1:10¾.
1739 年开始的西班牙战争和紧随其后的法国战争导致债务进一步增加，到 1748 年 12 月 31 日，在艾克斯拉夏贝尔条约结束战争后，债务达到 78,293,313:1:10 3/4 英镑。
The most profound peace, of 17 years continuance, had taken no more than £8,328,354, 17:11¼ from it.
持续了 17 年的最深刻的和平，仅从中损失了不超过 8,328,354 英镑（17:11）。
A war, of less than nine years continuance, added £31,338,689:18: 6 ⅙ to it.
一场持续不到九年的战争增加了 31,338,689:18:6 ⅙ 英镑。
{See James Postlethwaite’s History of the Public Revenue.}
{参见詹姆斯·波斯尔思韦特 (James Postlethwaite) 的《公共收入史》。}
During the administration of Mr Pelham, the interest of the public debt was reduced, or at least measures were taken for reducing it, from four to three per cent.; the sinking fund was increased, and some part of the public debt was paid off.
在佩勒姆先生执政期间，公共债务的利息被降低，或者至少采取了降低利率的措施，从百分之四降至百分之三。偿债基金增加，部分公共债务得到偿还。
In 1755, before the breaking out of the late war, the funded debt of Great Britain amounted to £72,289,675.
1755 年，在最近的战争爆发之前，英国的融资债务达到 72,289,675 英镑。
On the 5th of January 1763, at the conclusion of the peace, the funded debt amounted debt to £122,603,336:8:2¼.
1763 年 1 月 5 日，和约签订时，融资债务总额为 122,603,336:8:2¼ 英镑。
The unfunded debt has been stated at £13,927,589:2:2.
无资金准备的债务为 13,927,589:2:2 英镑。
But the expense occasioned by the war did not end with the conclusion of the peace; so that, though on the 5th of January 1764, the funded debt was increased (partly by a new loan, and partly by funding a part of the unfunded debt) to £129,586,789:10:1¾, there still remained (according to the very well informed author of Considerations on the Trade and Finances of Great Britain) an unfunded debt, which was brought to account in that and the following year, of £9,975,017: 12:2 ¹⁵⁄₄₄d.
但战争造成的开支并没有随着和约的结束而结束。因此，尽管在 1764 年 1 月 5 日，有融资债务增加（部分通过新贷款，部分通过为部分无融资债务提供资金）达到 129,586,789:10:13/4 英镑，但仍然存在（根据《大不列颠贸易和金融考量》消息灵通的作者的说法）无融资债务，该债务在当年和次年记入账目， £9,975,017：12:2 15⁄₄₄d。
In 1764, therefore, the public debt of Great Britain, funded and unfunded together, amounted, according to this author, to £139,561,807:2:4.
因此，根据作者的说法，1764 年英国的公共债务（有资助和无资助的合计）达到 139,561,807:2:4 英镑。
The annuities for lives, too, which had been granted as premiums to the subscribers to the new loans in 1757, estimated at fourteen years purchase, were valued at £472,500; and the annuities for long terms of years, granted as premiums likewise, in 1761 and 1762, estimated at twenty-seven and a-half years purchase, were valued at £6,826,875.
1757 年新贷款的认购人以保费形式发放的终身年金（估计购买期限为 14 年）价值 472,500 英镑； 1761 年和 1762 年，同样作为保费发放的长期年金，估计购买期限为 27 年半，价值 6,826,875 英镑。
During a peace of about seven years continuance, the prudent and truly patriotic administration of Mr Pelham was not able to pay off an old debt of six millions.
在持续约七年的和平时期，佩勒姆先生谨慎而真正爱国的政府未能偿还六百万美元的旧债。
During a war of nearly the same continuance, a new debt of more than seventy-five millions was contracted.
在几乎同样持续的战争中，新签订的债务超过七千五百万美元。
On the 5th of January 1775, the funded debt of Great Britain amounted to £124,996,086, 1:6¼d.
1775 年 1 月 5 日，英国的融资债务达到 124,996,086 英镑（1:6=d）。
The unfunded, exclusive of a large civil-list debt, to £4,150,236:3:11 ⅞.
没有资金，不包括大额民事债务，为 4,150,236:3:11 ⅞。
Both together, to £129,146,322:5:6.
两者合计为 129,146,322:5:6 英镑。
According to this account, the whole debt paid off, during eleven years of profound peace, amounted only to £10,415,476:16:9 ⅞.
根据这一账目，在十一年的深刻和平期间，全部债务偿还额仅为 10,415,476:16:9 ⅞ 英镑。
Even this small reduction of debt, however, has not been all made from the savings out of the ordinary revenue of the state.
然而，即使债务的小幅减少也并非全部来自国家普通收入的储蓄。
Several extraneous sums, altogether independent of that ordinary revenue, have contributed towards it.
几笔完全独立于普通收入的额外资金为此做出了贡献。
Amongst these we may reckon an additional shilling in the pound land tax, for three years; the two millions received from the East-India company, as indemnification for their territorial acquisitions; and the one hundred and ten thousand pounds received from the bank for the renewal of their charter.
其中，我们可以考虑在三年内增加一先令的土地税；从东印度公司收到的两百万美元，作为其收购领土的赔偿；以及从银行收到的用于续签执照的十一万英镑。
To these must be added several other sums, which, as they arose out of the late war, ought perhaps to be considered as deductions from the expenses of it.
除此之外还必须加上其他几笔款项，这些款项是由最近的战争产生的，也许应该被视为从战争费用中扣除。
The principal are,
主要是，
The produce of French prizes..............
法国奖项的产生............
£690,449: 18: 9 Composition for French prisoners.........
£690,449: 18: 9 法国囚犯的作文.........
670,000: 0: 0
670,000:0:0
What has been received from the sale of the ceded islands.........................
出售割让岛屿所收到的收益.................................
95,500: 0: 0
95,500:0:0
Total, .....................................£1,455,949: 18: 9
总计，................................................£1,455,949: 18: 9
If we add to this sum the balance of the earl of Chatham’s and Mr Calcraft’s accounts, and other army savings of the same kind, together with what has been received from the bank, the East-India company, and the additional shilling in the pound land tax, the whole must be a good deal more than five millions.
如果我们把这笔钱加上查塔姆伯爵和卡尔克拉夫特先生的账户余额，以及其他同类军队储蓄，加上从银行、东印度公司收到的款项，以及额外的英镑土地税先令，总数肯定超过五百万。
The debt, therefore, which, since the peace, has been paid out of the savings from the ordinary revenue of the state, has not, one year with another, amounted to half a million a-year.
因此，自和平以来，一直用国家普通收入的储蓄来偿还的债务，每年还没有达到五十万。
The sinking fund has, no doubt, been considerably augmented since the peace, by the debt which had been paid off, by the reduction of the redeemable four per cents to three per cents, and by the annuities for lives which have fallen in; and, if peace were to continue, a million, perhaps, might now be annually spared out of it towards the discharge of the debt.
毫无疑问，自和平时期以来，偿债基金已大大增加，原因是已清偿的债务、可赎回的百分之四减少到百分之三，以及为已陷入困境的人提供的年金；如果和平继续下去，也许现在每年可以节省一百万美元来偿还债务。
Another million, accordingly, was paid in the course of last year; but at the same time, a large civil-list debt was left unpaid, and we are now involved in a new war, which, in its progress, may prove as expensive as any of our former wars.
因此，去年又支付了 100 万美元；但与此同时，大量民事债务尚未偿还，我们现在卷入了一场新的战争，从其进展来看，这场战争可能与我们以前的任何一场战争一样昂贵。
{It has proved more expensive than any one of our former wars, and has involved us in an additional debt of more than one hundred millions.
{事实证明，它比我们以前的任何一场战争都更加昂贵，并且使我们额外承担了超过一亿的债务。
During a profound peace of eleven years, little more than ten millions of debt was paid; during a war of seven years, more than one hundred millions was contracted.} The new debt which will probably be contracted before the end of the next campaign, may, perhaps, be nearly equal to all the old debt which has been paid off from the savings out of the ordinary revenue of the state.
在十一年的深刻和平期间，偿还的债务仅略高于一千万；在七年的战争中，超过一亿人签订了合同。}在下一次战役结束之前可能签订的新债务可能几乎等于从国家普通收入中的储蓄中偿还的所有旧债务。
It would be altogether chimerical, therefore, to expect that the public debt should ever be completely discharged, by any savings which are likely to be made from that ordinary revenue as it stands at present.
因此，期望通过现有的普通收入中可能产生的任何储蓄来完全免除公共债务是完全不切实际的。
The public funds of the different indebted nations of Europe, particularly those of England, have, by one author, been represented as the accumulation of a great capital, superadded to the other capital of the country, by means of which its trade is extended, its manufactures are multiplied, and its lands cultivated and improved, much beyond what they could have been by means of that other capital only.
欧洲不同负债国家，特别是英国的公共资金，被一位作者描述为大量资本的积累，叠加到该国的其他资本上，通过这种积累，其贸易得到扩展，其制造业成倍增加，其土地得到耕种和改良，远远超出了仅通过其他资本所能达到的效果。
He does not consider that the capital which the first creditors of the public advanced to government, was, from the moment in which he advanced it, a certain portion of the annual produce, turned away from serving in the function of a capital, to serve in that of a revenue; from maintaining productive labourers, to maintain unproductive ones, and to be spent and wasted, generally in the course of the year, without even the hope of any future reproduction.
他并不认为，第一批公众债权人预付给政府的资本，从他预付资本的那一刻起，就是年产品的一部分，不再发挥资本的作用，而是发挥收入的作用；从维持生产性劳动者转为维持非生产性劳动者，通常在一年中被消耗和浪费，甚至没有任何未来再生产的希望。
In return for the capital which they advanced, they obtained, indeed, an annuity of the public funds, in most cases, of more than equal value.
事实上，作为预付资本的回报，他们获得了公共基金的年金，在大多数情况下，其价值高于同等价值。
This annuity, no doubt, replaced to them their capital, and enabled them to carry on their trade and business to the same, or, perhaps, to a greater extent than before; that is, they were enabled, either to borrow of other people a new capital, upon the credit of this annuity or, by selling it, to get from other people a new capital of their own, equal, or superior, to that which they had advanced to government.
毫无疑问，这种年金取代了他们的资本，使他们能够以与以前相同的程度，或者也许比以前更大的程度进行贸易和生意。也就是说，他们能够凭借年金的信用向其他人借入新资本，或者通过出售它，从其他人那里获得与他们预付给政府的资本相同或更高的新资本。
This new capital, however, which they in this manner either bought or borrowed of other people, must have existed in the country before, and must have been employed, as all capitals are, in maintaining productive labour.
然而，他们以这种方式从其他人那里购买或借来的这种新资本，一定以前就存在于该国，并且一定像所有资本一样，被用来维持生产劳动。
When it came into the hands of those who had advanced their money to government, though it was, in some respects, a new capital to them, it was not so to the country, but was only a capital withdrawn from certain employments, in order to be turned towards others.
当它到达那些把钱预支给政府的人手中时，虽然在某些方面对他们来说是一种新资本，但对国家来说却并非如此，而只是从某些用途中提取的资本，以便转用于其他用途。
Though it replaced to them what they had advanced to government, it did not replace it to the country.
虽然它取代了他们向政府提供的资金，但它并没有取代国家的资金。
Had they not advanced this capital to government, there would have been in the country two capitals, two portions of the annual produce, instead of one, employed in maintaining productive labour.
如果他们没有将这笔资本预付给政府，那么这个国家就会有两个资本，即年产品的两部分，而不是一份，用于维持生产劳动。
When, for defraying the expense of government, a revenue is raised within the year, from the produce of free or unmortgaged taxes, a certain portion of the revenue of private people is only turned away from maintaining one species of unproductive labour, towards maintaining another.
当为了支付政府开支而在一年内从免费或未抵押的税收产品中筹集收入时，私人收入的一部分只是从维持一种非生产性劳动转向维持另一种非生产性劳动。
Some part of what they pay in those taxes, might, no doubt, have been accumulated into capital, and consequently employed in maintaining productive labour; but the greater part would probably have been spent, and consequently employed in maintaining unproductive labour.
毫无疑问，他们缴纳的这些税款的一部分可能已经积累成资本，从而用于维持生产性劳动。但大部分可能会被花掉，因此被用来维持非生产性劳动。
The public expense, however, when defrayed in this manner, no doubt hinders, more or less, the further accumulation of new capital; but it does not necessarily occasion the destruction of any actually-existing capital.
然而，以这种方式支付的公共开支无疑或多或少地阻碍了新资本的进一步积累；但它并不一定会导致任何实际存在的资本的破坏。
When the public expense is defrayed by funding, it is defrayed by the annual destruction of some capital which had before existed in the country; by the perversion of some portion of the annual produce which had before been destined for the maintenance of productive labour, towards that of unproductive labour.
当公共开支通过资金来支付时，它是通过每年销毁该国以前存在的一些资本来支付的；以前用于维持生产性劳动的年产品的某些部分被扭曲为非生产性劳动。
As in this case, however, the taxes are lighter than they would have been, had a revenue sufficient for defraying the same expense been raised within the year; the private revenue of individuals is necessarily less burdened, and consequently their ability to save and accumulate some part of that revenue into capital, is a good deal less impaired.
然而，在这种情况下，如果一年内筹集到足以支付相同费用的收入，则税收会比本来应有的税收要少；个人私人收入的负担必然减轻，因此他们将部分收入储蓄和积累为资本的能力受到的损害也小得多。
If the method of funding destroys more old capital, it, at the same time, hinders less the accumulation or acquisition of new capital, than that of defraying the public expense by a revenue raised within the year.
如果这种筹资方法破坏了更多的旧资本，那么它同时对新资本的积累或获取的阻碍就小于通过一年内筹集的收入来支付公共开支的阻碍。
Under the system of funding, the frugality and industry of private people can more easily repair the breaches which the waste and extravagance of government may occasionally make in the general capital of the society.
在资金体系下，私人的节俭和勤劳可以更容易地修复政府的浪费和奢侈有时对社会总资本造成的缺口。
It is only during the continuance of war, however, that the system of funding has this advantage over the other system.
然而，只有在战争持续期间，资助制度才比其他制度具有这种优势。
Were the expense of war to be defrayed always by a revenue raised within the year, the taxes from which that extraordinary revenue was drawn would last no longer than the war.
如果战争费用总是由当年增加的收入来支付，那么从这些额外收入中提取的税收将不会比战争持续得更久。
The ability of private people to accumulate, though less during the war, would have been greater during the peace, than under the system of funding.
私人积累的能力虽然在战争期间较小，但在和平时期会比在资助体系下更大。
War would not necessarily have occasioned the destruction of any old capitals, and peace would have occasioned the accumulation of many more new.
战争不一定会导致任何旧首都的毁灭，而和平则会导致更多新首都的积累。
Wars would, in general, be more speedily concluded, and less wantonly undertaken.
一般来说，战争会更快地结束，并且不会那么肆意地进行。
The people feeling, during continuance of war, the complete burden of it, would soon grow weary of it; and government, in order to humour them, would not be under the necessity of carrying it on longer than it was necessary to do so.
人们在战争持续期间感到自己是战争的全部负担，很快就会厌倦。为了迎合他们，政府不会有必要将其延续得比必要的时间更长。
The foresight of the heavy and unavoidable burdens of war would hinder the people from wantonly calling for it when there was no real or solid interest to fight for.
对战争的沉重和不可避免的负担的预见，会阻碍人们在没有真正的、坚实的利益可以争取的情况下肆意地呼吁战争。
The seasons during which the ability of private people to accumulate was somewhat impaired, would occur more rarely, and be of shorter continuance.
私人积累能力受到一定程度削弱的季节会更加罕见，并且持续时间较短。
Those, on the contrary, during which that ability was in the highest vigour would be of much longer duration than they can well be under the system of funding.
相反，那些能力处于最高活力期间的持续时间将比资助系统下的持续时间长得多。
When funding, besides, has made a certain progress, the multiplication of taxes which it brings along with it, sometimes impairs as much the ability of private people to accumulate, even in time of peace, as the other system would in time of war.
此外，当资金取得一定进展时，随之而来的税收倍增有时会损害私人积累的能力，即使在和平时期也是如此，就像其他制度在战时一样。
The peace revenue of Great Britain amounts at present to more than ten millions a-year.
英国目前每年的和平收入达千万以上。
If free and unmortgaged, it might be sufficient, with proper management, and without contracting a shilling of new debt, to carry on the most vigorous war.
如果自由且未抵押，在适当的管理下，并且无需签订一先令的新债务，它可能足以进行最激烈的战争。
The private revenue of the inhabitants of Great Britain is at present as much incumbered in time of peace, their ability to accumulate is as much impaired, as it would have been in the time of the most expensive war, had the pernicious system of funding never been adopted.
目前，如果从未采用有害的筹资制度，英国居民的私人收入在和平时期就受到了同样严重的困扰，他们的积累能力也受到了损害，就像在最昂贵的战争时期一样。
In the payment of the interest of the public debt, it has been said, it is the right hand which pays the left.
在支付公共债务利息时，有人说，是右手付左手。
The money does not go out of the country.
钱不会出国。
It is only a part of the revenue of one set of the inhabitants which is transferred to another; and the nation is not a farthing the poorer.
这只是一组居民的收入的一部分转移到另一组居民身上；这个国家一点也不穷。
This apology is founded altogether in the sophistry of the mercantile system; and, after the long examination which I have already bestowed upon that system, it may, perhaps, be unnecessary to say anything further about it.
这种辩解完全是建立在重商体系的诡辩之上。而且，在我已经对这个系统进行了长时间的考察之后，也许没有必要再进一步谈论它了。
It supposes, besides, that the whole public debt is owing to the inhabitants of the country, which happens not to be true; the Dutch, as well as several other foreign nations, having a very considerable share in our public funds.
此外，它还假定全部公共债务都是该国居民所欠的，但事实并非如此。荷兰以及其他几个国家在我们的公共资金中占有相当大的份额。
But though the whole debt were owing to the inhabitants of the country, it would not, upon that account, be less pernicious.
但是，尽管全部债务都是该国居民欠下的，但其危害性也不会因此而减轻。
Land and capital stock are the two original sources of all revenue, both private and public.
土地和资本存量是所有收入（无论是私人收入还是公共收入）的两个原始来源。
Capital stock pays the wages of productive labour, whether employed in agriculture, manufactures, or commerce.
资本存量支付生产性劳动的工资，无论是农业、制造业还是商业。
The management of those two original sources of revenue belongs to two different sets of people; the proprietors of land, and the owners or employers of capital stock.
这两种原始收入来源的管理属于两类不同的人；土地所有者以及资本存量的所有者或雇主。
The proprietor of land is interested, for the sake of his own revenue, to keep his estate in as good condition as he can, by building and repairing his tenants houses, by making and maintaining the necessary drains and inclosures, and all those other expensive improvements which it properly belongs to the landlord to make and maintain.
土地所有者为了自己的收入，有兴趣通过建造和修理租客的房屋、建造和维护必要的排水沟和围墙，以及所有其他理应由地主建造和维护的昂贵的改进措施，尽可能地保持其财产的良好状态。
But, by different land taxes, the revenue of the landlord may be so much diminished, and, by different duties upon the necessaries and conveniencies of life, that diminished revenue may be rendered of so little real value, that he may find himself altogether unable to make or maintain those expensive improvements.
但是，由于不同的土地税，地主的收入可能会大大减少，而且，由于对生活必需品和便利设施征收不同的税，减少的收入可能没有什么实际价值，以至于他可能会发现自己完全无法进行或维持这些昂贵的改进。
When the landlord, however, ceases to do his part, it is altogether impossible that the tenant should continue to do his.
然而，当房东不再尽自己的职责时，租客就完全不可能继续尽自己的职责。
As the distress of the landlord increases, the agriculture of the country must necessarily decline.
地主的苦难增加，国家的农业必然衰落。
When, by different taxes upon the necessaries and conveniencies of life, the owners and employers of capital stock find, that whatever revenue they derive from it, will not, in a particular country, purchase the same quantity of those necessaries and conveniencies which an equal revenue would in almost any other, they will be disposed to remove to some other.
当资本存量的所有者和雇主通过对生活必需品和便利品征收不同的税，发现无论他们从中获得多少收入，在某个特定国家，都不会购买与在几乎任何其他国家相同数量的收入所购买的相同数量的必需品和便利品时，他们就会倾向于将其转移到其他国家。
And when, in order to raise those taxes, all or the greater part of merchants and manufacturers, that is, all or the greater part of the employers of great capitals, come to be continually exposed to the mortifying and vexatious visits of the tax-gatherers, this disposition to remove will soon be changed into an actual removing.
而当为了提高这些税收，所有或大部分的商人和制造商，即所有或大部分大资本的雇主，不断地受到收税者的羞辱和无理取闹的访问时，这种驱逐的倾向很快就会变成实际的驱逐。
The industry of the country will necessarily fall with the removal of the capital which supported it, and the ruin of trade and manufactures will follow the declension of agriculture.
国家的工业必然会随着支撑它的资本的消失而衰落，而贸易和制造业也会随着农业的衰落而衰落。
To transfer from the owners of those two great sources of revenue, land, and capital stock, from the persons immediately interested in the good condition of every particular portion of land, and in the good management of every particular portion of capital stock, to another set of persons (the creditors of the public, who have no such particular interest), the greater part of the revenue arising from either, must, in the long-run, occasion both the neglect of land, and the waste or removal of capital stock.
从长远来看，从土地和资本存量这两个重要收入来源的所有者、从对每一特定部分土地的良好状况和每一特定部分资本存量的良好管理直接感兴趣的人转移到另一类人（没有这种特殊利益的公众债权人）时，从长远来看，必然会导致对土地的忽视以及资本存量的浪费或转移。
A creditor of the public has, no doubt, a general interest in the prosperity of the agriculture, manufactures, and commerce of the country; and consequently in the good condition of its land, and in the good management of its capital stock.
毫无疑问，公共债权人对国家农业、制造业和商业的繁荣有着普遍的兴趣；因此，其土地状况良好，资本存量管理良好。
Should there be any general failure or declension in any of these things, the produce of the different taxes might no longer be sufficient to pay him the annuity or interest which is due to him.
如果这些事情中的任何一个出现任何普遍的失败或衰退，不同税收的产出可能不再足以支付他应得的年金或利息。
But a creditor of the public, considered merely as such, has no interest in the good condition of any particular portion of land, or in the good management of any particular portion of capital stock.
但仅仅如此考虑的公共债权人，对任何特定部分土地的良好状况或任何特定部分资本存量的良好管理没有兴趣。
As a creditor of the public, he has no knowledge of any such particular portion.
作为公众的债权人，他对任何此类特定部分一无所知。
He has no inspection of it.
他对此没有任何检查。
He can have no care about it.
他可以不关心这些。
Its ruin may in some cases be unknown to him, and cannot directly affect him.
它的毁灭在某些情况下可能是他不知道的，并且不能直接影响到他。
The practice of funding has gradually enfeebled every state which has adopted it.
资助的做法逐渐削弱了每个采用这种做法的州。
The Italian republics seem to have begun it.
意大利共和国似乎已经开始了。
Genoa and Venice, the only two remaining which can pretend to an independent existence, have both been enfeebled by it.
热那亚和威尼斯是仅存的两个可以假装独立存在的国家，但它们都被它削弱了。
Spain seems to have learned the practice from the Italian republics, and (its taxes being probably less judicious than theirs) it has, in proportion to its natural strength, been-still more enfeebled.
西班牙似乎从意大利各共和国那里学到了这种做法，而且（它的税收可能不如意大利共和国明智），与其自然实力成比例，它的实力更加衰弱。
The debts of Spain are of very old standing.
西班牙的债务由来已久。
It was deeply in debt before the end of the sixteenth century, about a hundred years before England owed a shilling.
在十六世纪末之前，它就负债累累，大约比英国欠一先令早了一百年。
France, notwithstanding all its natural resources, languishes under an oppressive load of the same kind.
法国尽管拥有丰富的自然资源，却在同样的压力下陷入困境。
The republic of the United Provinces is as much enfeebled by its debts as either Genoa or Venice.
联合省共和国与热那亚或威尼斯一样，因债务而衰弱。
Is it likely that, in Great Britain alone, a practice, which has brought either weakness or dissolution into every other country, should prove altogether innocent?
仅在英国，一种给其他所有国家带来软弱或解体的做法是否可能被证明是完全无辜的？
The system of taxation established in those different countries, it may be said, is inferior to that of England.
可以说，这些国家建立的税收制度不如英国。
I believe it is so.
我相信确实如此。
But it ought to be remembered, that when the wisest government has exhausted all the proper subjects of taxation, it must, in cases of urgent necessity, have recourse to improper ones.
但应该记住，当最明智的政府用尽了所有适当的征税对象时，在紧急情况下，它必须求助于不适当的征税对象。
The wise republic of Holland has, upon some occasions, been obliged to have recourse to taxes as inconvenient as the greater part of those of Spain.
明智的荷兰共和国有时不得不诉诸税收，就像大部分西班牙税收一样不方便。
Another war, begun before any considerable liberation of the public revenue had been brought about, and growing in its progress as expensive as the last war, may, from irresistible necessity, render the British system of taxation as oppressive as that of Holland, or even as that of Spain.
另一场战争是在公共收入得到大幅解放之前就开始的，其进展与上一场战争一样昂贵，可能出于不可抗拒的必要性，使英国的税收制度像荷兰的税收制度一样压迫性，甚至像西班牙的税收制度一样。
To the honour of our present system of taxation, indeed, it has hitherto given so little embarrassment to industry, that, during the course even of the most expensive wars, the frugality and good conduct of individuals seem to have been able, by saving and accumulation, to repair all the breaches which the waste and extravagance of government had made in the general capital of the society.
事实上，值得庆幸的是，我们现行的税收制度迄今为止并没有给工业带来多少尴尬，以至于即使在最昂贵的战争过程中，个人的节俭和良好行为似乎也能够通过储蓄和积累，修复政府的浪费和奢侈对社会总资本造成的所有缺口。
At the conclusion of the late war, the most expensive that Great Britain ever waged, her agriculture was as flourishing, her manufacturers as numerous and as fully employed, and her commerce as extensive, as they had ever been before.
在这场英国有史以来最昂贵的战争结束时，她的农业一如既往地蓬勃发展，她的制造商数量众多且充分就业，她的商业也一如既往地广泛。
The capital, therefore, which supported all those different branches of industry, must have been equal to what it had ever been before.
因此，支持所有这些不同工业部门的资本必定与以前相同。
Since the peace, agriculture has been still further improved; the rents of houses have risen in every town and village of the country, a proof of the increasing wealth and revenue of the people; and the annual amount of the greater part of the old taxes, of the principal branches of the excise and customs, in particular, has been continually increasing, an equally clear proof of an increasing consumption, and consequently of an increasing produce, which could alone support that consumption.
和平时期以来，农业进一步发展。全国各城镇乡村的房屋租金上涨，这是人民财富和收入不断增加的证明；大部分旧税，特别是消费税和关税等主要部门的年金额一直在不断增加，这同样清楚地证明了消费的增加，以及随之而来的产品的增加，而仅靠生产就可以支持消费。
Great Britain seems to support with ease, a burden which, half a century ago, nobody believed her capable of supporting, Let us not, however, upon this account, rashly conclude that she is capable of supporting any burden; nor even be too confident that she could support, without great distress, a burden a little greater than what has already been laid upon her.
英国似乎可以轻松地承担起这个负担，半个世纪前，没有人相信她有能力承担这个负担。然而，我们不要因此轻率地得出结论，她有能力承担任何负担；甚至也不太相信她能够在不感到巨大痛苦的情况下承担起比已经加在她身上的重一点的负担。
When national debts have once been accumulated to a certain degree, there is scarce, I believe, a single instance of their having been fairly and completely paid.
我相信，当国家债务积累到一定程度时，公平、完全偿还债务的例子就很少见了。
The liberation of the public revenue, if it has ever been brought about at all, has always been brought about by a bankruptcy; sometimes by an avowed one, though frequently by a pretended payment.
公共收入的解放，如果有的话，总是通过破产来实现的。有时是由一个公开的人支付，但通常是通过假装付款。
The raising of the denomination of the coin has been the most usual expedient by which a real public bankruptcy has been disguised under the appearance of a pretended payment.
提高硬币面额是最常见的权宜之计，通过这种权宜之计，真正的公共破产被伪装成假装付款的外表。
If a sixpence, for example, should, either by act of parliament or royal proclamation, be raised to the denomination of a shilling, and twenty sixpences to that of a pound sterling; the person who, under the old denomination, had borrowed twenty shillings, or near four ounces of silver, would, under the new, pay with twenty sixpences, or with something less than two ounces.
例如，如果通过议会法案或皇家公告，将六便士的面额提高为一先令，将二十六便士的面额提高为一英镑；在旧面额下借了二十先令或近四盎司白银的人，在新面额下，会用二十六便士或少于两盎司的东西来偿还。
A national debt of about a hundred and twenty-eight millions, near the capital of the funded and unfunded debt of Great Britain, might, in this manner, be paid with about sixty-four millions of our present money.
大约一亿两千八百万美元的国家债务，接近英国有资金和无资金债务的资本，可以用这种方式用我们现有的大约六千四百万美元来偿还。
It would, indeed, be a pretended payment only, and the creditors of the public would really be defrauded of ten shillings in the pound of what was due to them.
事实上，这只是假装的付款，公众的债权人实际上会被骗走十先令的欠款。
The calamity, too, would extend much further than to the creditors of the public, and those of every private person would suffer a proportionable loss; and this without any advantage, but in most cases with a great additional loss, to the creditors of the public.
这场灾难也将远远超出公共债权人的范围，而每个私人的债权人也将遭受相应的损失；这对公众债权人来说没有任何好处，但在大多数情况下还会带来巨大的额外损失。
If the creditors of the public, indeed, were generally much in debt to other people, they might in some measure compensate their loss by paying their creditors in the same coin in which the public had paid them.
如果公众的债权人确实普遍欠他人很多债，那么他们可能会在某种程度上用公众向债权人支付的钱来补偿自己的损失。
But in most countries, the creditors of the public are, the greater part of them, wealthy people, who stand more in the relation of creditors than in that of debtors, towards the rest of their fellow citizens.
但在大多数国家，公众的债权人大部分是富人，他们与其他公民的关系更多的是债权人关系，而不是债务人关系。
A pretended payment of this kind, therefore, instead of alleviating, aggravates, in most cases, the loss of the creditors of the public; and, without any advantage to the public, extends the calamity to a great number of other innocent people.
因此，这种假装付款在大多数情况下非但不会减轻公众债权人的损失，反而会加剧损失。而且，在对公众没有任何好处的情况下，却把灾难扩大到了许多其他无辜的人。
It occasions a general and most pernicious subversion of the fortunes of private people; enriching, in most cases, the idle and profuse debtor, at the expense of the industrious and frugal creditor; and transporting a great part of the national capital from the hands which were likely to increase and improve it, to those who are likely to dissipate and destroy it.
它引发了对私人命运的普遍且最有害的颠覆；在大多数情况下，以牺牲勤劳节俭的债权人的利益为代价，让游手好闲、挥霍无度的债务人致富；并将大部分国家资本从可能会增加和改善它的人手中转移到那些可能会消耗和摧毁它的人手中。
When it becomes necessary for a state to declare itself bankrupt, in the same manner as when it becomes necessary for an individual to do so, a fair, open, and avowed bankruptcy, is always the measure which is both least dishonourable to the debtor, and least hurtful to the creditor.
当一个国家有必要宣布自己破产时，就像个人有必要宣布破产一样，公平、公开和公开的破产始终是对债务人最不光彩、对债权人伤害最小的措施。
The honour of a state is surely very poorly provided for, when, in order to cover the disgrace of a real bankruptcy, it has recourse to a juggling trick of this kind, so easily seen through, and at the same time so extremely pernicious.
一个国家的荣誉肯定是非常匮乏的，为了掩饰真正破产的耻辱，它不得不诉诸这种很容易被识破、同时又极其有害的戏法。
Almost all states, however, ancient as well as modern, when reduced to this necessity, have, upon some occasions, played this very juggling trick.
然而，几乎所有的国家，无论是古代的还是现代的，在遇到这种需要时，都会在某些情况下玩弄这种杂耍伎俩。
The Romans, at the end of the first Punic war, reduced the As, the coin or denomination by which they computed the value of all their other coins, from containing twelve ounces of copper, to contain only two ounces; that is, they raised two ounces of copper to a denomination which had always before expressed the value of twelve ounces.
第一次布匿战争结束时，罗马人将 As（一种用于计算所有其他硬币价值的硬币或面额）从含有 12 盎司铜减少到仅含有 2 盎司；也就是说，他们将两盎司铜的面值提高到以前一直表示十二盎司的价值。
The republic was, in this manner, enabled to pay the great debts which it had contracted with the sixth part of what it really owed.
通过这种方式，共和国得以偿还其所欠的巨额债务，其实际债务的六分之一。
So sudden and so great a bankruptcy, we should in the present times be apt to imagine, must have occasioned a very violent popular clamour.
如此突然、规模如此之大的破产，我们现在应该容易想象，一定会引起非常激烈的民众叫嚣。
It does not appear to have occasioned any.
似乎没有发生任何情况。
The law which enacted it was, like all other laws relating to the coin, introduced and carried through the assembly of the people by a tribune, and was probably a very popular law.
与硬币相关的所有其他法律一样，颁布该法律的法律是由保民官提出并通过人民集会执行的，并且可能是一项非常受欢迎的法律。
In Rome, as in all other ancient republics, the poor people were constantly in debt to the rich and the great, who, in order to secure their votes at the annual elections, used to lend them money at exorbitant interest, which, being never paid, soon accumulated into a sum too great either for the debtor to pay, or for any body else to pay for him.
在罗马，正如在所有其他古代共和国一样，穷人经常欠富人和权贵的债，富人和权贵为了在每年的选举中获得选票，常常以过高的利息借钱给他们，而这些钱从来没有支付过，很快就累积成一笔巨额债务人无法偿还，或者任何其他人都无法为他偿还。
The debtor, for fear of a very severe execution, was obliged, without any further gratuity, to vote for the candidate whom the creditor recommended.
债务人由于担心执行非常严厉，不得不投票给债权人推荐的候选人，而无需支付任何额外的酬金。
In spite of all the laws against bribery and corruption, the bounty of the candidates, together with the occasional distributions of coin which were ordered by the senate, were the principal funds from which, during the latter times of the Roman republic, the poorer citizens derived their subsistence.
尽管有所有反贿赂和腐败的法律，但候选人的赏金，以及元老院偶尔下令分配的硬币，是罗马共和国后期贫困公民赖以生存的主要资金。
To deliver themselves from this subjection to their creditors, the poorer citizens were continually calling out, either for an entire abolition of debts, or for what they called new tables; that is, for a law which should entitle them to a complete acquittance, upon paying only a certain proportion of their accumulated debts.
为了摆脱债权人的束缚，较贫穷的公民不断呼吁，要么要求完全废除债务，要么要求他们所谓的新桌子；也就是说，一项法律应赋予他们完全无罪的权利，只需偿还其累积债务的一定比例。
The law which reduced the coin of all denominations to a sixth part of its former value, as it enabled them to pay their debts with a sixth part of what they really owed, was equivalent to the most advantageous new tables.
该法律将所有面额的硬币减少到其先前价值的六分之一，因为它使他们能够用他们实际欠下的六分之一来偿还债务，相当于最有利的新桌子。
In order to satisfy the people, the rich and the great were, upon several different occasions, obliged to consent to laws, both for abolishing debts, and for introducing new tables; and they probably were induced to consent to this law, partly for the same reason, and partly that, by liberating the public revenue, they might restore vigour to that government, of which they themselves had the principal direction.
为了满足人民的需要，富人和权贵在不同的场合不得不同意法律，既取消债务，又引入新的表格；他们可能是被说服同意这项法律的，部分是出于同样的原因，部分是因为，通过释放公共收入，他们可以恢复政府的活力，而他们自己则掌握着政府的主要指挥权。
An operation of this kind would at once reduce a debt of £128,000,000 to £21,333,333:6:8.
此类操作将立即将 128,000,000 英镑的债务减少至 21,333,333:6:8。
In the course of the second Punic war, the As was still further reduced, first, from two ounces of copper to one ounce, and afterwards from one ounce to half an ounce; that is, to the twenty-fourth part of its original value.
在第二次布匿战争期间，As又进一步减少，先是从两盎司铜减至一盎司，后来又从一盎司减至半盎司；即为其原始值的二十四分之一。
By combining the three Roman operations into one, a debt of a hundred and twenty-eight millions of our present money, might in this manner be reduced all at once to a debt of £5,333,333:6:8.
通过将罗马的三个业务合而为一，我们目前的一亿两千八百万美元的债务，可以通过这种方式一下子减少到 5,333,333:6:8 英镑的债务。
Even the enormous debt of Great Britain might in this manner soon be paid.
即使是英国的巨额债务也可能很快通过这种方式得到偿还。
By means of such expedients, the coin of, I believe, all nations, has been gradually reduced more and more below its original value, and the same nominal sum has been gradually brought to contain a smaller and a smaller quantity of silver.
我相信，通过这些权宜之计，所有国家的硬币都逐渐贬值到低于其原来的价值，而同样的名义金额中所含的白银也逐渐越来越少。
Nations have sometimes, for the same purpose, adulterated the standard of their coin; that is, have mixed a greater quantity of alloy in it.
有时，出于同样的目的，各国会掺假其货币的标准。也就是说，在其中混合了更多量的合金。
If in the pound weight of our silver coin, for example, instead of eighteen penny-weight, according to the present standard, there were mixed eight ounces of alloy; a pound sterling, or twenty shillings of such coin, would be worth little more than six shillings and eightpence of our present money.
例如，如果按照现行标准，我们的一磅银币不是十八便士重量，而是混合了八盎司合金；一英镑，或二十先令的这种硬币，只值我们现在的六先令八便士。
The quantity of silver contained in six shillings and eightpence of our present money, would thus be raised very nearly to the denomination of a pound sterling.
因此，我们现在的货币六先令八便士所含的白银数量将非常接近一英镑的面额。
The adulteration of the standard has exactly the same effect with what the French call an augmentation, or a direct raising of the denomination of the coin.
标准的掺假与法国人所说的增加或直接提高硬币面额具有完全相同的效果。
An augmentation, or a direct raising of the denomination of the coin, always is, and from its nature must be, an open and avowed operation.
硬币面额的增加或直接提高，始终是而且从其本质上来说也必须是公开和公开的操作。
By means of it, pieces of a smaller weight and bulk are called by the same name, which had before been given to pieces of a greater weight and bulk.
通过这种方式，重量和体积较小的物品可以用相同的名称来称呼，而此前，重量和体积较大的物品都使用相同的名称。
The adulteration of the standard, on the contrary, has generally been a concealed operation.
相反，标准的掺假通常是一种隐蔽的操作。
By means of it, pieces are issued from the mint, of the same denomination, and, as nearly as could be contrived, of the same weight, bulk, and appearance, with pieces which had been current before of much greater value.
通过这种方式，造币厂发行的硬币具有相同的面额，并且尽可能地具有相同的重量、体积和外观，而以前流通的硬币的价值要高得多。
When king John of France, {See Du Cange Glossary, voce Moneta; the Benedictine Edition.} in order to pay his debts, adulterated his coin, all the officers of his mint were sworn to secrecy.
当法国国王约翰时，{参见 Du Cange 词汇表，voce Moneta；本笃会版。}为了偿还债务，掺假了他的硬币，他的造币厂的所有官员都发誓保守秘密。
Both operations are unjust.
这两种行动都是不公正的。
But a simple augmentation is an injustice of open violence; whereas an adulteration is an injustice of treacherous fraud.
但简单的增强是公开暴力的不公正；而掺假则是奸诈欺诈的不公正行为。
This latter operation, therefore, as soon as it has been discovered, and it could never be concealed very long, has always excited much greater indignation than the former.
因此，后一种行动一旦被发现，而且永远无法隐藏太久，总是会激起比前一种更大的愤慨。
The coin, after any considerable augmentation, has very seldom been brought back to its former weight; but after the greatest adulterations, it has almost always been brought back to its former fineness.
硬币在经历了相当大的增加之后，很少恢复到原来的重量。但在最严重的掺假之后，它几乎总能恢复到原来的品质。
It has scarce ever happened, that the fury and indignation of the people could otherwise be appeased.
几乎没有发生过这样的情况，人民的愤怒和愤慨能够得到平息。
In the end of the reign of Henry VIII., and in the beginning of that of Edward VI., the English coin was not only raised in its denomination, but adulterated in its standard.
在亨利八世统治末期和爱德华六世统治初期，英国硬币不仅在面额上有所提高，而且在标准上也有所掺假。
The like frauds were practised in Scotland during the minority of James VI.
在詹姆斯六世未成年时期，类似的欺诈行为在苏格兰也曾发生过。
They have occasionally been practised in most other countries.
大多数其他国家偶尔也会实行这些做法。
That the public revenue of Great Britain can never be completely liberated, or even that any considerable progress can ever be made towards that liberation, while the surplus of that revenue, or what is over and above defraying the annual expense of the peace establishment, is so very small, it seems altogether in vain to expect.
英国的公共收入永远不可能完全解放，甚至不可能在解放方面取得任何重大进展，而这种收入的盈余，或者说除了支付和平建设的年度开支之外的收入却非常小，似乎完全是徒劳的期望。
That liberation, it is evident, can never be brought about, without either some very considerable augmentation of the public revenue, or some equally considerable reduction of the public expense.
显然，如果不大幅增加公共收入，或者不大幅削减公共开支，这种解放就永远不可能实现。
A more equal land tax, a more equal tax upon the rent of houses, and such alterations in the present system of customs and excise as those which have been mentioned in the foregoing chapter, might, perhaps, without increasing the burden of the greater part of the people, but only distributing the weight of it more equally upon the whole, produce a considerable augmentation of revenue.
更平等的土地税、更平等的房屋租金税，以及前一章提到的现行关税和消费税制度的改革，也许不会增加大多数人民的负担，而只是在全体人民中更平均地分配其负担，从而产生相当大的收入增加。
The most sanguine projector, however, could scarce flatter himself, that any augmentation of this kind would be such as could give any reasonable hopes, either of liberating the public revenue altogether, or even of making such progress towards that liberation in time of peace, as either to prevent or to compensate the further accumulation of the public debt in the next war.
然而，最乐观的预测者也很难自吹自擂，认为任何此类增加都会带来任何合理的希望，要么完全释放公共收入，要么甚至在和平时期朝着这种解放取得进展，以防止或补偿下一场战争中公共债务的进一步积累。
By extending the British system of taxation to all the different provinces of the empire, inhabited by people either of British or European extraction, a much greater augmentation of revenue might be expected.
通过将英国的税收制度扩展到帝国的所有不同省份，居住着英国或欧洲血统的人，收入可能会大幅增加。
This, however, could scarce, perhaps, be done, consistently with the principles of the British constitution, without admitting into the British parliament, or, if you will, into the states-general of the British empire, a fair and equal representation of all those different provinces; that of each province bearing the same proportion to the produce of its taxes, as the representation of Great Britain might bear to the produce of the taxes levied upon Great Britain.
然而，根据英国宪法的原则，如果不让英国议会，或者如果你愿意的话，不让大英帝国的三级会议接纳所有这些不同省份的公平和平等的代表权，这也许很难做到。每个省的代表权与其税收产生的比例相同，就像英国的代表权对英国征收的税收产生的影响一样。
The private interest of many powerful individuals, the confirmed prejudices of great bodies of people, seem, indeed, at present, to oppose to so great a change, such obstacles as it may be very difficult, perhaps altogether impossible, to surmount.
目前，许多有权有势的个人的私人利益，广大人民的既定偏见，似乎确实反对如此巨大的变革，因为克服这些障碍可能非常困难，也许完全不可能。
Without, however, pretending to determine whether such a union be practicable or impracticable, it may not, perhaps, be improper, in a speculative work of this kind, to consider how far the British system of taxation might be applicable to all the different provinces of the empire; what revenue might be expected from it, if so applied; and in what manner a general union of this kind might be likely to affect the happiness and prosperity of the different provinces comprehended within it.
然而，在不假装确定这种联盟是否可行的情况下，在这种推测性工作中，考虑英国的税收制度在多大程度上适用于帝国的所有不同省份，也许并不是不恰当的。如果这样应用的话，预计可以从中获得多少收入；这种普遍的联盟可能会以何种方式影响其中所包含的不同省份的幸福和繁荣。
Such a speculation, can, at worst, be regarded but as a new Utopia, less amusing, certainly, but no more useless and chimerical than the old one.
这样的推测，在最坏的情况下，只能被视为一个新的乌托邦，当然不那么有趣，但并不比旧的乌托邦更无用和空想。
The land-tax, the stamp duties, and the different duties of customs and excise, constitute the four principal branches of the British taxes.
土地税、印花税以及各种关税和消费税构成了英国税收的四个主要部门。
Ireland is certainly as able, and our American and West India plantations more able, to pay a land tax, than Great Britain.
与英国相比，爱尔兰当然有能力缴纳土地税，而我们的美国和西印度种植园也更有能力缴纳土地税。
Where the landlord is subject neither to tythe nor poor’s rate, he must certainly be more able to pay such a tax, than where he is subject to both those other burdens.
如果地主既不缴纳什一税，也不缴纳穷人税，那么他肯定比同时缴纳其他税款的地方更有能力缴纳这种税。
The tythe, where there is no modus, and where it is levied in kind, diminishes more what would otherwise be the rent of the landlord, than a land tax which really amounted to five shillings in the pound.
在没有作案方式且以实物形式征收的情况下，什一税比实际相当于每英镑五先令的土地税减少了地主的租金。
Such a tythe will be found, in most cases, to amount to more than a fourth part of the real rent of the land, or of what remains after replacing completely the capital of the farmer, together with his reasonable profit.
在大多数情况下，这样的什一税相当于土地实际租金的四分之一以上，或者是完全取代农民资本后剩余的租金及其合理利润的四分之一以上。
If all moduses and all impropriations were taken away, the complete church tythe of Great Britain and Ireland could not well be estimated at less than six or seven millions.
如果除去所有的方式和所有的拨款，大不列颠和爱尔兰的全部教会什一税估计不会少于六七百万。
If there was no tythe either in Great Britain or Ireland, the landlords could afford to pay six or seven millions additional land tax, without being more burdened than a very great part of them are at present.
如果英国或爱尔兰都没有什一税，地主们可以额外缴纳六七百万的土地税，而不会比他们中的很大一部分人现在的负担更重。
America pays no tythe, and could, therefore, very well afford to pay a land tax.
美国不缴纳什一税，因此完全有能力缴纳土地税。
The lands in America and the West Indies, indeed, are, in general, not tenanted nor leased out to farmers.
事实上，美国和西印度群岛的土地一般都没有租给或出租给农民。
They could not, therefore, be assessed according to any rent roll.
因此，不能根据任何租金清单对它们进行评估。
But neither were the lands of Great Britain, in the 4th of William and Mary, assessed according to any rent roll, but according to a very loose and inaccurate estimation.
但是，在威廉和玛丽四世时期，英国的土地也不是根据任何租金清单来评估的，而是根据非常宽松和不准确的估计来评估的。
The lands in America might be assessed either in the same manner, or according to an equitable valuation, in consequence of an accurate survey, like that which was lately made in the Milanese, and in the dominions of Austria, Prussia, and Sardinia.
美洲的土地可以用同样的方式进行评估，或者根据精确测量的公平估价进行评估，就像最近在米兰、奥地利、普鲁士和撒丁岛的领土上所做的那样。
Stamp duties, it is evident, might be levied without any variation, in all countries where the forms of law process, and the deeds by which property, both real and personal, is transferred, are the same, or nearly the same.
显然，在所有法律程序形式以及不动产和动产转让行为相同或几乎相同的国家，印花税的征收没有任何变化。
The extension of the custom-house laws of Great Britain to Ireland and the plantations, provided it was accompanied, as in justice it ought to be, with an extension of the freedom of trade, would be in the highest degree advantageous to both.
将大不列颠的海关法延伸至爱尔兰和种植园，只要在正义上伴随着贸易自由的延伸，将对双方都有利。
All the invidious restraints which at present oppress the trade of Ireland, the distinction between the enumerated and non-enumerated commodities of America, would be entirely at an end.
目前压迫爱尔兰贸易的所有令人反感的限制，以及美国列举商品和非列举商品之间的区别，都将完全结束。
The countries north of Cape Finisterre would be as open to every part of the produce of America, as those south of that cape are to some parts of that produce at present.
菲尼斯特雷角以北的国家将对美国产品的所有部分开放，就像该角以南的国家目前对美国产品的某些部分开放一样。
The trade between all the different parts of the British empire would, in consequence of this uniformity in the custom-house laws, be as free as the coasting trade of Great Britain is at present.
由于海关法的统一，大英帝国各个地区之间的贸易将像目前大不列颠的沿海贸易一样自由。
The British empire would thus afford, within itself, an immense internal market for every part of the produce of all its different provinces.
因此，大英帝国将为其所有不同省份的每一部分产品提供一个巨大的内部市场。
So great an extension of market would soon compensate, both to Ireland and the plantations, all that they could suffer from the increase of the duties of customs.
如此巨大的市场扩张很快就会补偿爱尔兰和种植园因关税增加而遭受的一切损失。
The excise is the only part of the British system of taxation, which would require to be varied in any respect, according as it was applied to the different provinces of the empire.
消费税是英国税收制度的唯一组成部分，根据适用于帝国的不同省份，该制度在任何方面都需要有所不同。
It might be applied to Ireland without any variation; the produce and consumption of that kingdom being exactly of the same nature with those of Great Britain.
它可能适用于爱尔兰，没有任何变化；该王国的生产和消费与英国的生产和消费性质完全相同。
In its application to America and the West Indies, of which the produce and consumption are so very different from those of Great Britain, some modification might be necessary, in the same manner as in its application to the cyder and beer counties of England.
在其适用于美国和西印度群岛时，其产品和消费与英国有很大不同，可能需要进行一些修改，就像适用于英国的赛德县和啤酒县一样。
A fermented liquor, for example, which is called beer, but which, as it is made of molasses, bears very little resemblance to our beer, makes a considerable part of the common drink of the people in America.
例如，一种发酵酒，称为啤酒，但由于它是由糖蜜制成的，因此与我们的啤酒几乎没有相似之处，它是美国人常见饮料的很大一部分。
This liquor, as it can be kept only for a few days, cannot, like our beer, be prepared and stored up for sale in great breweries; but every private family must brew it for their own use, in the same manner as they cook their victuals.
这种酒只能保存几天，不能像我们的啤酒一样在大型啤酒厂中制备和储存出售；但每个私人家庭都必须酿造供自己使用，就像他们烹饪食物一样。
But to subject every private family to the odious visits and examination of the tax-gatherers, in the same manner as we subject the keepers of ale-houses and the brewers for public sale, would be altogether inconsistent with liberty.
但是，让每一个私人家庭都受到税务员的可恶的查访和检查，就像我们让啤酒屋的老板和酿酒商公开销售一样，将完全违背自由。
If, for the sake of equality, it was thought necessary to lay a tax upon this liquor, it might be taxed by taxing the material of which it is made, either at the place of manufacture, or, if the circumstances of the trade rendered such an excise improper, by laying a duty upon its importation into the colony in which it was to be consumed.
如果为了平等起见，认为有必要对这种酒征税，则可以在制造地对制成该酒的材料征税，或者，如果贸易情况使这种消费税不适当，则可以在其进口到其消费地的殖民地时征税。
Besides the duty of one penny a-gallon imposed by the British parliament upon the importation of molasses into America, there is a provincial tax of this kind upon their importation into Massachusetts Bay, in ships belonging to any other colony, of eight-pence the hogshead; and another upon their importation from the northern colonies into South Carolina, of five-pence the gallon.
除了英国议会对向美国进口糖蜜征收一加仑一便士的关税外，在使用属于任何其他殖民地的船只将糖蜜进口到马萨诸塞湾时，还要征收一桶八便士的省税。另一种是从北方殖民地进口到南卡罗来纳州时，每加仑五便士。
Or, if neither of these methods was found convenient, each family might compound for its consumption of this liquor, either according to the number of persons of which it consisted, in the same manner as private families compound for the malt tax in England; or according to the different ages and sexes of those persons, in the same manner as several different taxes are levied in Holland; or, nearly as Sir Matthew Decker proposes, that all taxes upon consumable commodities should be levied in England.
或者，如果发现这两种方法都不方便，每个家庭都可以根据其组成人数来计算这种酒的消费量，就像英国私人家庭计算麦芽税一样；或者根据家庭成员的数量来计算这种酒的消费量。或根据这些人的不同年龄和性别，以与荷兰征收几种不同税款相同的方式；或者，几乎正如马修·德克尔爵士所提议的那样，所有消费品税都应在英国征收。
This mode of taxation, it has already been observed, when applied to objects of a speedy consumption, is not a very convenient one.
我们已经观察到，这种征税模式应用于快速消费的对象时，并不是一种很方便的模式。
It might be adopted, however, in cases where no better could be done.
然而，在无法采取更好措施的情况下，可以采用它。
Sugar, rum, and tobacco, are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which are become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely proper subjects of taxation.
糖、朗姆酒和烟草这些商品根本不是生活必需品，它们几乎成为普遍消费的对象，因此是极其合适的征税对象。
If a union with the colonies were to take place, those commodities might be taxed, either before they go out of the hands of the manufacturer or grower; or, if this mode of taxation did not suit the circumstances of those persons, they might be deposited in public warehouses, both at the place of manufacture, and at all the different ports of the empire, to which they might afterwards be transported, to remain there, under the joint custody of the owner and the revenue officer, till such time as they should be delivered out, either to the consumer, to the merchant-retailer for home consumption, or to the merchant-exporter; the tax not to be advanced till such delivery.
如果与殖民地建立联盟，这些商品可能会在它们离开制造商或种植者手中之前被征税；或者，如果这种征税方式不适合这些人的情况，则可以将其存放在制造地和帝国所有不同港口的公共仓库中，以便随后将其运至这些港口，并由所有者和税务官员共同保管，直到将其交付给消费者、用于家庭消费的商业零售商或商业出口商；在交付之前不得预缴税款。
When delivered out for exportation, to go duty-free, upon proper security being given, that they should really be exported out of the empire.
当交付出口时，免税，在给予适当的担保后，它们应该真正出口到帝国之外。
These are, perhaps, the principal commodities, with regard to which the union with the colonies might require some considerable change in the present system of British taxation.
这些也许是主要的商品，与殖民地的联合可能需要对英国现行的税收制度进行一些相当大的改变。
What might be the amount of the revenue which this system of taxation, extended to all the different provinces of the empire, might produce, it must, no doubt, be altogether impossible to ascertain with tolerable exactness.
这种延伸到帝国所有不同省份的税收制度可能产生多少收入，毫无疑问，完全不可能以可容忍的精确度确定。
By means of this system, there is annually levied in Great Britain, upon less than eight millions of people, more than ten millions of revenue.
通过这一制度，英国每年向不到八百万的人口征收超过千万的税收。
Ireland contains more than two millions of people, and, according to the accounts laid before the congress, the twelve associated provinces of America contain more than three.
爱尔兰人口超过两百万，根据国会提交的账目，美国十二个相关省份的人口数量超过三个。
Those accounts, however, may have been exaggerated, in order, perhaps, either to encourage their own people, or to intimidate those of this country; and we shall suppose, therefore, that our North American and West Indian colonies, taken together, contain no more than three millions; or that the whole British empire, in Europe and America, contains no more than thirteen millions of inhabitants.
然而，这些说法可能被夸大了，或许是为了鼓励自己的人民，或者是为了恐吓这个国家的人民；因此，我们假设我们的北美和西印度殖民地加起来不超过三百万；或者整个大英帝国，在欧洲和美洲，居民不超过一千三百万。
If, upon less than eight millions of inhabitants, this system of taxation raises a revenue of more than ten millions sterling; it ought, upon thirteen millions of inhabitants, to raise a revenue of more than sixteen millions two hundred and fifty thousand pounds sterling.
如果这种税收制度对不到八百万的居民带来了超过一千万英镑的收入；它应该为一千三百万居民增加超过一千六百二十五万英镑的收入。
From this revenue, supposing that this system could produce it, must be deducted the revenue usually raised in Ireland and the plantations, for defraying the expense of the respective civil governments.
假设该系统能够产生这种收入，则必须从这笔收入中扣除通常在爱尔兰和种植园筹集的收入，以支付各自民事政府的费用。
The expense of the civil and military establishment of Ireland, together with the interest of the public debt, amounts, at a medium of the two years which ended March 1775, to something less than seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds a year.
截至 1775 年 3 月的两年中，爱尔兰民事和军事机构的开支加上公共债务的利息，每年总计不到七十五万英镑。
By a very exact account of the revenue of the principal colonies of America and the West Indies, it amounted, before the commencement of the present disturbances, to a hundred and forty-one thousand eight hundred pounds.
根据对美洲和西印度群岛主要殖民地的收入的精确统计，在当前的骚乱开始之前，其收入达到十四万一千八百英镑。
In this account, however, the revenue of Maryland, of North Carolina, and of all our late acquisitions, both upon the continent, and in the islands, is omitted; which may, perhaps, make a difference of thirty or forty thousand pounds.
然而，在这个帐户中，马里兰州、北卡罗来纳州的收入以及我们最近在大陆和岛屿上获得的所有收入都被忽略了；或许，这可能会带来三十或四万英镑的差异。
For the sake of even numbers, therefore, let us suppose that the revenue necessary for supporting the civil government of Ireland and the plantations may amount to a million.
因此，为了计算偶数，我们假设支持爱尔兰民政政府和种植园所需的收入可能达到一百万。
There would remain, consequently, a revenue of fifteen millions two hundred and fifty thousand pounds, to be applied towards defraying the general expense of the empire, and towards paying the public debt.
因此，将剩下一千五百二十五万英镑的收入，用于支付帝国的一般开支和偿还公共债务。
But if, from the present revenue of Great Britain, a million could, in peaceable times, be spared towards the payment of that debt, six millions two hundred and fifty thousand pounds could very well be spared from this improved revenue.
但是，如果在和平时期，英国目前的收入可以节省一百万英镑来偿还这笔债务，那么这种增加的收入很可能可以节省六百二十五万英镑。
This great sinking fund, too, might be augmented every year by the interest of the debt which had been discharged the year before; and might, in this manner, increase so very rapidly, as to be sufficient in a few years to discharge the whole debt, and thus to restore completely the at-present debilitated and languishing vigour of the empire.
这笔巨大的偿债基金也可能会因前一年偿还的债务利息而逐年增加。以这种方式，它的增长速度会非常快，足以在几年内偿还全部债务，从而完全恢复帝国目前衰弱和日渐衰弱的活力。
In the meantime, the people might be relieved from some of the most burdensome taxes; from those which are imposed either upon the necessaries of life, or upon the materials of manufacture.
与此同时，人们可能会免除一些最繁重的税收；那些强加于生活必需品或制造材料的因素。
The labouring poor would thus be enabled to live better, to work cheaper, and to send their goods cheaper to market.
因此，劳动穷人将能够生活得更好，工作成本更低，并以更便宜的价格将他们的商品运送到市场。
The cheapness of their goods would increase the demand for them, and consequently for the labour of those who produced them.
他们的商品的廉价会增加对它们的需求，从而增加对生产这些商品的人的劳动力的需求。
This increase in the demand for labour would both increase the numbers, and improve the circumstances of the labouring poor.
对劳动力需求的增加既会增加贫困劳动人口的数量，也会改善他们的处境。
Their consumption would increase, and, together with it, the revenue arising from all those articles of their consumption upon which the taxes might be allowed to remain.
他们的消费将会增加，随之而来的是，他们的所有消费物品所产生的收入也将增加，而对这些物品的税收可能仍被允许保留。
The revenue arising from this system of taxation, however, might not immediately increase in proportion to the number of people who were subjected to it.
然而，这种税收制度产生的收入可能不会立即与受其管辖的人数成比例增加。
Great indulgence would for some time be due to those provinces of the empire which were thus subjected to burdens to which they had not before been accustomed; and even when the same taxes came to be levied everywhere as exactly as possible, they would not everywhere produce a revenue proportioned to the numbers of the people.
帝国的那些省份将在一段时间内得到极大的宽容，因为它们因此承受了以前不曾习惯的负担。即使在所有地方都尽可能地征收同样的税，它们也不会在所有地方产生与人口数量成比例的收入。
In a poor country, the consumption of the principal commodities subject to the duties of customs and excise, is very small; and in a thinly inhabited country, the opportunities of smuggling are very great.
在贫穷国家，缴纳关税和消费税的主要商品的消费量很小；而且在人口稀少的国家，走私的机会非常大。
The consumption of malt liquors among the inferior ranks of people in Scotland is very small; and the excise upon malt, beer, and ale, produces less there than in England, in proportion to the numbers of the people and the rate of the duties, which upon malt is different, on account of a supposed difference of quality.
苏格兰底层民众对麦芽酒的消费量非常小；与英国的人口数量和关税税率相比，麦芽、啤酒和麦芽酒的消费税比英国少，而麦芽的消费税则不同，因为假定的质量差异。
In these particular branches of the excise, there is not, I apprehend, much more smuggling in the one country than in the other.
据我所知，在这些特定的消费税部门中，一个国家的走私并不比另一个国家多。
The duties upon the distillery, and the greater part of the duties of customs, in proportion to the numbers of people in the respective countries, produce less in Scotland than in England, not only on account of the smaller consumption of the taxed commodities, but of the much greater facility of smuggling.
苏格兰的酿酒厂税和大部分海关税（按各自国家的人口数量计算）的产量比英格兰少，这不仅是因为应税商品的消费量较小，而且走私的便利性也大得多。
In Ireland, the inferior ranks of people are still poorer than in Scotland, and many parts of the country are almost as thinly inhabited.
在爱尔兰，底层人民仍然比苏格兰贫穷，而且该国许多地区几乎同样人烟稀少。
In Ireland, therefore, the consumption of the taxed commodities might, in proportion to the number of the people, be still less than in Scotland, and the facility of smuggling nearly the same.
因此，在爱尔兰，就人口数量而言，应税商品的消费量可能仍低于苏格兰，而走私的便利性几乎相同。
In America and the West Indies, the white people, even of the lowest rank, are in much better circumstances than those of the same rank in England; and their consumption of all the luxuries in which they usually indulge themselves, is probably much greater.
在美洲和西印度群岛，白人即使是最低阶层的白人，其处境也比英国同等阶层的白人好得多。他们对自己通常沉溺于其中的所有奢侈品的消费可能要大得多。
The blacks, indeed, who make the greater part of the inhabitants, both of the southern colonies upon the continent and of the West India islands, as they are in a state of slavery, are, no doubt, in a worse condition than the poorest people either in Scotland or Ireland.
事实上，黑人在非洲大陆的南部殖民地和西印度群岛的居民中占大部分，因为他们处于奴隶制状态，所以毫无疑问，他们的处境比苏格兰或爱尔兰最贫穷的人还要糟糕。
We must not, however, upon that account, imagine that they are worse fed, or that their consumption of articles which might be subjected to moderate duties, is less than that even of the lower ranks of people in England.
然而，我们绝不能因此而认为他们的饮食状况较差，或者认为他们对可能需要缴纳适度关税的物品的消费甚至比英国下层人民还要少。
In order that they may work well, it is the interest of their master that they should be fed well, and kept in good heart, in the same manner as it is his interest that his working cattle should be so.
为了使它们能够很好地工作，主人的利益就是让它们吃得好，养得好，就像主人关心他的牛群应该这样一样。
The blacks, accordingly, have almost everywhere their allowance of rum, and of molasses or spruce-beer, in the same manner as the white servants; and this allowance would not probably be withdrawn, though those articles should be subjected to moderate duties.
因此，黑人几乎到处都可以享用朗姆酒、糖蜜或云杉啤酒，就像白人仆人一样。尽管这些物品应受到适度的关税，但这项津贴可能不会被撤销。
The consumption of the taxed commodities, therefore, in proportion to the number of inhabitants, would probably be as great in America and the West Indies as in any part of the British empire.
因此，按照居民人数的比例，美国和西印度群岛的征税商品消费可能与大英帝国任何地区一样大。
The opportunities of smuggling, indeed, would be much greater; America, in proportion to the extent of the country, being much more thinly inhabited than either Scotland or Ireland.
事实上，走私的机会会大得多。就美国国土面积而言，美国的人口密度比苏格兰或爱尔兰要稀少得多。
If the revenue, however, which is at present raised by the different duties upon malt and malt liquors, were to be levied by a single duty upon malt, the opportunity of smuggling in the most important branch of the excise would be almost entirely taken away; and if the duties of customs, instead of being imposed upon almost all the different articles of importation, were confined to a few of the most general use and consumption, and if the levying of those duties were subjected to the excise laws, the opportunity of smuggling, though not so entirely taken away, would be very much diminished.
然而，如果目前对麦芽和麦芽酒征收不同的关税而征收的收入，要对麦芽征收单一的关税，那么在最重要的消费税部门中走私的机会将几乎完全被剥夺；如果关税不是对几乎所有不同的进口物品征收，而是仅限于少数最普遍的用途和消费，并且如果这些关税的征收受消费税法的约束，那么走私的机会虽然没有完全消除，但将会大大减少。
In consequence of those two apparently very simple and easy alterations, the duties of customs and excise might probably produce a revenue as great, in proportion to the consumption of the most thinly inhabited province, as they do at present, in proportion to that of the most populous.
由于这两个表面上非常简单和容易的改变，关税和消费税可能会产生与人口最稀少的省份的消费比例一样大的收入，就像目前与人口最稠密的省份的消费比例一样大。
The Americans, it has been said, indeed, have no gold or silver money, the interior commerce of the country being carried on by a paper currency; and the gold and silver, which occasionally come among them, being all sent to Great Britain, in return for the commodities which they receive from us.
据说，美国人确实没有金银，国内的贸易是靠纸币进行的。他们偶尔出现的金银都被送往英国，以换取他们从我们这里得到的商品。
But without gold and silver, it is added, there is no possibility of paying taxes.
但补充说，如果没有黄金和白银，就不可能纳税。
We already get all the gold and silver which they have.
我们已经得到了他们所有的金银。
How is it possible to draw from them what they have not?
怎么可能从他们身上汲取他们没有的东西呢？
The present scarcity of gold and silver money in America, is not the effect of the poverty of that country, or of the inability of the people there to purchase those metals.
美国目前金银货币的稀缺，并不是该国的贫困造成的，也不是该国人民无力购买这些金属的结果。
In a country where the wages of labour are so much higher, and the price of provisions so much lower than in England, the greater part of the people must surely have wherewithal to purchase a greater quantity, if it were either necessary or convenient for them to do so.
在一个劳动工资比英国高得多、粮食价格比英国低得多的国家，大多数人肯定有足够的资金去购买更多的数量，如果他们有必要或方便的话。
The scarcity of those metals, therefore, must be the effect of choice, and not of necessity.
因此，这些金属的稀缺必定是选择的结果，而不是必然的结果。
It is for transacting either domestic or foreign business, that gold or silver money is either necessary or convenient.
无论是处理国内事务还是处理国外事务，金银货币要么是必需的，要么是方便的。
The domestic business of every country, it has been shewn in the second book of this Inquiry, may, at least in peaceable times, be transacted by means of a paper currency, with nearly the same degree of conveniency as by gold and silver money.
本调查的第二本书已经表明，每个国家的国内事务至少在和平时期都可以通过纸币进行交易，其便利程度几乎与金银货币相同。
It is convenient for the Americans, who could always employ with profit, in the improvement of their lands, a greater stock than they can easily get, to save as much as possible the expense of so costly an instrument of commerce as gold and silver; and rather to employ that part of their surplus produce which would be necessary for purchasing those metals, in purchasing the instruments of trade, the materials of clothing, several parts of household furniture, and the iron work necessary for building and extending their settlements and plantations; in purchasing not dead stock, but active and productive stock.
对于美国人来说，尽可能节省金银等昂贵的商业工具的费用是很方便的，因为他们总是可以利用比他们轻易获得的更多的库存来改善他们的土地并从中获利。而是使用他们的剩余产品来购买这些金属、购买贸易工具、服装材料、家用家具的一些部件以及建造和扩大他们的定居点和种植园所需的铁制品；购买的不是死库存，而是活跃的、生产性的库存。
The colony governments find it for their interest to supply the people with such a quantity of paper money as is fully sufficient, and generally more than sufficient, for transacting their domestic business.
殖民地政府发现，向人民提供足够数量的纸币以处理其国内事务是符合他们的利益的，而且通常是绰绰有余的。
Some of those governments, that of Pennsylvania, particularly, derive a revenue from lending this paper money to their subjects, at an interest of so much per cent.
其中一些政府，特别是宾夕法尼亚州政府，通过以高利率向其臣民借出这些纸币来获得收入。
Others, like that of Massachusetts Bay, advance, upon extraordinary emergencies, a paper money of this kind for defraying the public expense; and afterwards, when it suits the conveniency of the colony, redeem it at the depreciated value to which it gradually falls.
其他国家，如马萨诸塞湾银行，在非常紧急的情况下预付此类纸币以支付公共开支；然后，当它适合殖民地的方便时，以逐渐下降的贬值价格赎回它。
In 1747, {See Hutchinson’s History of Massachusetts Bay vol. ii.
1747 年，{参见哈钦森的《马萨诸塞湾历史》卷。二.
page 436 et seq.} that colony paid in this manner the greater part of its public debts, with the tenth part of the money for which its bills had been granted.
第436页及以下}该殖民地以这种方式支付了其大部分公共债务，其法案所获拨款的十分之一。
It suits the conveniency of the planters, to save the expense of employing gold and silver money in their domestic transactions; and it suits the conveniency of the colony governments, to supply them with a medium, which, though attended with some very considerable disadvantages, enables them to save that expense.
适合种植园主的方便，节省国内交易中使用金银货币的费用；为殖民地政府提供一种媒介，虽然有一些非常大的缺点，但可以节省开支，这符合殖民地政府的方便。
The redundancy of paper money necessarily banishes gold and silver from the domestic transactions of the colonies, for the same reason that it has banished those metals from the greater part of the domestic transactions in Scotland; and in both countries, it is not the poverty, but the enterprizing and projecting spirit of the people, their desire of employing all the stock which they can get, as active and productive stock, which has occasioned this redundancy of paper money.
纸币的过剩必然将黄金和白银排除在殖民地的国内交易之外，同样的原因也将这些金属排除在苏格兰的大部分国内交易之外。在这两个国家，造成纸币过剩的不是贫困，而是人民的进取心和进取精神，他们希望利用他们能得到的一切存货作为活跃和生产性存货。
In the exterior commerce which the different colonies carry on with Great Britain, gold and silver are more or less employed, exactly in proportion as they are more or less necessary.
在各殖民地与大不列颠进行的对外贸易中，或多或少地使用了黄金和白银，其程度与它们的需要程度成正比。
Where those metals are not necessary, they seldom appear.
在不需要这些金属的地方，它们很少出现。
Where they are necessary, they are generally found.
在需要的地方，通常都会找到它们。
In the commerce between Great Britain and the tobacco colonies, the British goods are generally advanced to the colonists at a pretty long credit, and are afterwards paid for in tobacco, rated at a certain price.
在英国与烟草殖民地之间的贸易中，英国商品通常以相当长的信用额预付给殖民者，然后以一定价格的烟草支付。
It is more convenient for the colonists to pay in tobacco than in gold and silver.
对于殖民者来说，用烟草支付比用金银支付更方便。
It would be more convenient for any merchant to pay for the goods which his correspondents had sold to him, in some other sort of goods which he might happen to deal in, than in money.
对于任何商人来说，用他可能碰巧交易的其他种类的商品来支付他的通讯员卖给他的商品，比用货币更方便。
Such a merchant would have no occasion to keep any part of his stock by him unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.
这样的商人没有理由将自己的任何一部分库存保留在闲置状态，也没有现成的资金来满足偶尔的需求。
He could have, at all times, a larger quantity of goods in his shop or warehouse, and he could deal to a greater extent.
他的商店或仓库中始终可以拥有更多的货物，并且他可以进行更大的交易。
But it seldom happens to be convenient for all the correspondents of a merchant to receive payment for the goods which they sell to him, in goods of some other kind which he happens to deal in.
但对于一个商人的所有往来方来说，他们很少能方便地收到他们出售给他的货物的付款，或者是他碰巧经营的其他种类的货物。
The British merchants who trade to Virginia and Maryland, happen to be a particular set of correspondents, to whom it is more convenient to receive payment for the goods which they sell to those colonies in tobacco, than in gold and silver.
与弗吉尼亚州和马里兰州进行贸易的英国商人恰好是一群特殊的通讯员，对他们来说，以烟草而非黄金和白银出售给这些殖民地的货物更容易收到付款。
They expect to make a profit by the sale of the tobacco; they could make none by that of the gold and silver.
他们希望通过销售烟草来获利；他们无法用金银制造任何东西。
Gold and silver, therefore, very seldom appear in the commerce between Great Britain and the tobacco colonies.
因此，黄金和白银很少出现在英国和烟草殖民地之间的贸易中。
Maryland and Virginia have as little occasion for those metals in their foreign, as in their domestic commerce.
马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州在国外和国内贸易中都很少使用这些金属。
They are said, accordingly, to have less gold and silver money than any other colonies in America.
因此，据说他们拥有的金银货币比美洲任何其他殖民地都要少。
They are reckoned, however, as thriving, and consequently as rich, as any of their neighbours.
然而，他们被认为和他们的邻居一样繁荣，因此也同样富有。
In the northern colonies, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, the four governments of New England, etc. the value of their own produce which they export to Great Britain is not equal to that of the manufactures which they import for their own use, and for that of some of the other colonies, to which they are the carriers.
在北方殖民地，宾夕法尼亚州、纽约州、新泽西州、新英格兰四个政府等，它们出口到英国的自己的产品的价值并不等于它们进口自用的制成品的价值，也不等于它们作为运输工具进口到其他一些殖民地的制成品的价值。
A balance, therefore, must be paid to the mother-country in gold and silver and this balance they generally find.
因此，必须用黄金和白银向母国支付余额，而这种余额通常是他们找到的。
In the sugar colonies, the value of the produce annually exported to Great Britain is much greater than that of all the goods imported from thence.
在糖业殖民地，每年出口到英国的产品价值远远高于从那里进口的所有商品的价值。
If the sugar and rum annually sent to the mother-country were paid for in those colonies, Great Britain would be obliged to send out, every year, a very large balance in money; and the trade to the West Indies would, by a certain species of politicians, be considered as extremely disadvantageous.
如果每年运往母国的糖和朗姆酒都是在这些殖民地支付的，那么英国每年就必须送出大量的货币；某些政治家认为与西印度群岛的贸易极其不利。
But it so happens, that many of the principal proprietors of the sugar plantations reside in Great Britain.
但碰巧的是，许多甘蔗种植园的主要所有者都居住在英国。
Their rents are remitted to them in sugar and rum, the produce of their estates.
他们的租金通过糖和朗姆酒（他们庄园的产品）汇给他们。
The sugar and rum which the West India merchants purchase in those colonies upon their own account, are not equal in value to the goods which they annually sell there.
西印度商人在这些殖民地自费购买的糖和朗姆酒与他们每年在那里出售的商品的价值并不相同。
A balance, therefore, must necessarily be paid to them in gold and silver, and this balance, too, is generally found.
因此，必须用黄金和白银向他们支付余额，而且这种余额通常也是可以找到的。
The difficulty and irregularity of payment from the different colonies to Great Britain, have not been at all in proportion to the greatness or smallness of the balances which were respectively due from them.
不同殖民地向大不列颠支付款项的困难和不规律，与它们各自应付的余额的大小根本不成正比。
Payments have, in general, been more regular from the northern than from the tobacco colonies, though the former have generally paid a pretty large balance in money, while the latter have either paid no balance, or a much smaller one.
总的来说，来自北方的付款比来自烟草殖民地的付款更加规律，尽管前者通常支付了相当大的余额，而后者要么没有支付余额，要么支付的余额要少得多。
The difficulty of getting payment from our different sugar colonies has been greater or less in proportion, not so much to the extent of the balances respectively due from them, as to the quantity of uncultivated land which they contained; that is, to the greater or smaller temptation which the planters have been under of over-trading, or of undertaking the settlement and plantation of greater quantities of waste land than suited the extent of their capitals.
从我们不同的糖业殖民地获得付款的难度按比例或大或小，与其说是它们各自应得的余额的程度，不如说是它们所包含的未开垦土地的数量；也就是说，种植园主或多或少地受到过度交易的诱惑，或者对超出其资本范围的大量荒地进行定居和种植。
The returns from the great island of Jamaica, where there is still much uncultivated land, have, upon this account, been, in general, more irregular and uncertain than those from the smaller islands of Barbadoes, Antigua, and St. Christopher’s, which have, for these many years, been completely cultivated, and have, upon that account, afforded less field for the speculations of the planter.
牙买加这个大岛仍然有许多未开垦的土地，因此，总的来说，它的回报比巴巴多斯、安提瓜和圣克里斯托弗等小岛的回报更加不规律和不确定，这些小岛多年来一直被完全耕种，因此为种植者的投机提供了更少的空间。
The new acquisitions of Grenada, Tobago, St. Vincent’s, and Dominica, have opened a new field for speculations of this kind; and the returns from those islands have of late been as irregular and uncertain as those from the great island of Jamaica.
新收购的格林纳达、多巴哥、圣文森特和多米尼克为此类投机开辟了新领域；最近，从这些岛屿返回的人像从牙买加大岛返回的人一样不稳定和不确定。
It is not, therefore, the poverty of the colonies which occasions, in the greater part of them, the present scarcity of gold and silver money.
因此，大部分殖民地目前出现金银短缺的原因并不是它们的贫困。
Their great demand for active and productive stock makes it convenient for them to have as little dead stock as possible, and disposes them, upon that account, to content themselves with a cheaper, though less commodious instrument of commerce, than gold and silver.
他们对活跃和生产性库存的巨大需求使他们可以方便地拥有尽可能少的滞销库存，并因此使他们满足于比金银更便宜但不太方便的商业工具。
They are thereby enabled to convert the value of that gold and silver into the instruments of trade, into the materials of clothing, into household furniture, and into the iron work necessary for building and extending their settlements and plantations.
因此，他们能够将金银的价值转化为贸易工具、服装材料、家用家具以及建造和扩大定居点和种植园所需的铁制品。
In those branches of business which cannot be transacted without gold and silver money, it appears, that they can always find the necessary quantity of those metals; and if they frequently do not find it, their failure is generally the effect, not of their necessary poverty, but of their unnecessary and excessive enterprise.
在那些没有金银货币就无法进行交易的行业中，他们似乎总能找到必要数量的这些金属。如果他们经常找不到它，那么他们的失败通常不是因为他们必要的贫穷，而是因为他们不必要的和过度的事业。
It is not because they are poor that their payments are irregular and uncertain, but because they are too eager to become excessively rich.
他们的付款不规律和不确定并不是因为他们很穷，而是因为他们太渴望变得过于富有。
Though all that part of the produce of the colony taxes, which was over and above what was necessary for defraying the expense of their own civil and military establishments, were to be remitted to Great Britain in gold and silver, the colonies have abundantly wherewithal to purchase the requisite quantity of those metals.
尽管殖民地税收的所有产品（超出了支付其民事和军事设施所需的费用）都将以黄金和白银的形式汇回英国，但殖民地有充足的资金来购买所需数量的这些金属。
They would in this case be obliged, indeed, to exchange a part of their surplus produce, with which they now purchase active and productive stock, for dead stock.
在这种情况下，他们确实有义务将一部分剩余产品（他们现在用这些剩余产品购买活跃的生产性库存）换成滞销库存。
In transacting their domestic business, they would be obliged to employ a costly, instead of a cheap instrument of commerce; and the expense of purchasing this costly instrument might damp somewhat the vivacity and ardour of their excessive enterprise in the improvement of land.
在处理国内业务时，他们将不得不使用昂贵的而不是廉价的商业手段；购买这种昂贵工具的费用可能会在一定程度上削弱他们在改良土地方面过度努力的活力和热情。
It might not, however, be necessary to remit any part of the American revenue in gold and silver.
然而，可能没有必要将美国收入的任何部分以黄金和白银的形式汇出。
It might be remitted in bills drawn upon, and accepted by, particular merchants or companies in Great Britain, to whom a part of the surplus produce of America had been consigned, who would pay into the treasury the American revenue in money, after having themselves received the value of it in goods; and the whole business might frequently be transacted without exporting a single ounce of gold or silver from America.
它可以通过汇票汇出，并由英国的特定商人或公司接受，这些商人或公司接受了美国剩余产品的一部分，他们在收到商品的价值后，将美国收入以货币形式存入国库；整个交易可能经常在不从美国出口一盎司黄金或白银的情况下完成。
It is not contrary to justice, that both Ireland and America should contribute towards the discharge of the public debt of Great Britain.
爱尔兰和美国都应该为英国公共债务的清偿做出贡献，这并不违背正义。
That debt has been contracted in support of the government established by the Revolution; a government to which the protestants of Ireland owe, not only the whole authority which they at present enjoy in their own country, but every security which they possess for their liberty, their property, and their religion; a government to which several of the colonies of America owe their present charters, and consequently their present constitution; and to which all the colonies of America owe the liberty, security, and property, which they have ever since enjoyed.
这笔债务是为了支持革命建立的政府而签订的。爱尔兰新教徒所欠的政府，不仅是他们目前在自己国家享有的全部权威，而且是他们的自由、财产和宗教所拥有的一切保障；美洲几个殖民地的现行宪章和宪法都归功于这个政府；美洲所有殖民地都应享有自由、安全和财产，并从此享有这些。
That public debt has been contracted in the defence, not of Great Britain alone, but of all the different provinces of the empire.
这些公共债务不仅是为了保卫英国，而且是为了保卫帝国的所有不同省份而签订的。
The immense debt contracted in the late war in particular, and a great part of that contracted in the war before, were both properly contracted in defence of America.
特别是在战争后期所欠下的巨额债务，以及之前战争中所欠下的很大一部分债务，都是为了保卫美国而适当签订的。
By a union with Great Britain, Ireland would gain, besides the freedom of trade, other advantages much more important, and which would much more than compensate any increase of taxes that might accompany that union.
通过与英国结盟，除了贸易自由之外，爱尔兰还将获得其他更重要的优势，而这将远远超过补偿可能伴随该联盟而增加的税收。
By the union with England, the middling and inferior ranks of people in Scotland gained a complete deliverance from the power of an aristocracy, which had always before oppressed them.
通过与英格兰的联合，苏格兰的中下层人民从以前一直压迫他们的贵族权力中得到了彻底的解放。
By a union with Great Britain, the greater part of people of all ranks in Ireland would gain an equally complete deliverance from a much more oppressive aristocracy; an aristocracy not founded, like that of Scotland, in the natural and respectable distinctions of birth and fortune, but in the most odious of all distinctions, those of religious and political prejudices; distinctions which, more than any other, animate both the insolence of the oppressors, and the hatred and indignation of the oppressed, and which commonly render the inhabitants of the same country more hostile to one another than those of different countries ever are.
通过与英国的联盟，爱尔兰各阶层的大部分人都将同样完全地从更加压迫的贵族手中获得解放。贵族制不像苏格兰那样，建立在自然的、受人尊敬的出身和财富的区别上，而是建立在所有区别中最令人厌恶的，即宗教和政治偏见的区别上；这些区别比任何其他区别都更能激起压迫者的傲慢和被压迫者的仇恨和愤慨，并且通常使同一国家的居民比不同国家的居民更加敌视。
Without a union with Great Britain, the inhabitants of Ireland are not likely, for many ages, to consider themselves as one people.
如果没有与英国的联盟，爱尔兰的居民在许多世纪以来都不太可能认为自己是一个民族。
No oppressive aristocracy has ever prevailed in the colonies.
殖民地从来没有盛行过压迫性的贵族制度。
Even they, however, would, in point of happiness and tranquillity, gain considerably by a union with Great Britain.
然而，就幸福和安宁而言，即使是他们也会通过与英国的联盟而获得相当大的收益。
It would, at least, deliver them from those rancourous and virulent factions which are inseparable from small democracies, and which have so frequently divided the affections of their people, and disturbed the tranquillity of their governments, in their form so nearly democratical.
它至少可以将他们从那些与小民主国家密不可分的充满敌意和恶毒的派系中解救出来，这些派系经常分裂人民的情感，扰乱其近乎民主形式的政府的安宁。
In the case of a total separation from Great Britain, which, unless prevented by a union of this kind, seems very likely to take place, those factions would be ten times more virulent than ever.
在与英国完全分离的情况下，除非有这种联盟的阻止，否则这种情况很可能发生，这些派别将比以往任何时候都更加恶毒十倍。
Before the commencement of the present disturbances, the coercive power of the mother-country had always been able to restrain those factions from breaking out into any thing worse than gross brutality and insult.
在这场骚乱开始之前，母国的强制力一直能够抑制这些派别爆发出任何比粗暴和侮辱更糟糕的事情。
If that coercive power were entirely taken away, they would probably soon break out into open violence and bloodshed.
如果这种强制力被完全剥夺，他们很可能很快就会爆发公开的暴力和流血事件。
In all great countries which are united under one uniform government, the spirit of party commonly prevails less in the remote provinces than in the centre of the empire.
在所有统一在一个统一政府之下的伟大国家中，政党精神通常在边远省份比在帝国中心更盛行。
The distance of those provinces from the capital, from the principal seat of the great scramble of faction and ambition, makes them enter less into the views of any of the contending parties, and renders them more indifferent and impartial spectators of the conduct of all.
这些省份距首都、距派系和野心大争夺的主要所在地的距离，使得它们较少参与任何竞争方的观点，并使它们成为所有人行为的更加冷漠和公正的旁观者。
The spirit of party prevails less in Scotland than in England.
苏格兰的党派精神不如英格兰盛行。
In the case of a union, it would probably prevail less in Ireland than in Scotland; and the colonies would probably soon enjoy a degree of concord and unanimity, at present unknown in any part of the British empire.
就工会而言，它在爱尔兰的普及程度可能不如苏格兰。殖民地可能很快就会享有一定程度的和谐和一致，目前在大英帝国的任何地方都是未知的。
Both Ireland and the colonies, indeed, would be subjected to heavier taxes than any which they at present pay.
事实上，爱尔兰和殖民地都将缴纳比目前缴纳的税款更重的税款。
In consequence, however, of a diligent and faithful application of the public revenue towards the discharge of the national debt, the greater part of those taxes might not be of long continuance, and the public revenue of Great Britain might soon be reduced to what was necessary for maintaining a moderate peace-establishment.
然而，由于勤勉而忠实地将公共收入用于偿还国债，这些税收的大部分可能不会长期持续，英国的公共收入可能很快就会减少到维持适度和平建设所必需的水平。
The territorial acquisitions of the East India Company, the undoubted right of the Crown, that is, of the state and people of Great Britain, might be rendered another source of revenue, more abundant, perhaps, than all those already mentioned.
东印度公司的领土收购，毫无疑问是英国王室的权利，即英国国家和人民的权利，可能会成为另一种收入来源，也许比所有已经提到的收入来源更丰富。
Those countries are represented as more fertile, more extensive, and, in proportion to their extent, much richer and more populous than Great Britain.
这些国家比英国更富饶、更广阔，而且就其面积而言，也更富裕、人口更多。
In order to draw a great revenue from them, it would not probably be necessary to introduce any new system of taxation into countries which are already sufficiently, and more than sufficiently, taxed.
为了从它们那里获得大量收入，可能没有必要向那些已经充分征税且绰绰有余的国家引入任何新的征税制度。
It might, perhaps, be more proper to lighten than to aggravate the burden of those unfortunate countries, and to endeavour to draw a revenue from them, not by imposing new taxes, but by preventing the embezzlement and misapplication of the greater part of those which they already pay.
也许，减轻而不是加重这些不幸国家的负担更为恰当，并努力从它们那里获取收入，不是通过征收新税，而是通过防止它们已缴纳的大部分税款被贪污和滥用。
If it should be found impracticable for Great Britain to draw any considerable augmentation of revenue from any of the resources above mentioned, the only resource which can remain to her, is a diminution of her expense.
如果英国发现从上述任何资源中大幅增加收入都是不切实际的，那么它唯一能剩下的资源就是减少开支。
In the mode of collecting and in that of expending the public revenue, though in both there may be still room for improvement, Great Britain seems to be at least as economical as any of her neighbours.
在公共收入的征收方式和支出方式上，尽管两者可能仍有改进的空间，但英国似乎至少和她的任何邻国一样节俭。
The military establishment which she maintains for her own defence in time of peace, is more moderate than that of any European state, which can pretend to rival her either in wealth or in power.
她在和平时期为自卫而维持的军事机构比任何可以在财富或权力上与她竞争的欧洲国家都要温和。
None of these articles, therefore, seem to admit of any considerable reduction of expense.
因此，这些文章似乎都没有承认费用有任何显着的减少。
The expense of the peace-establishment of the colonies was, before the commencement of the present disturbances, very considerable, and is an expense which may, and, if no revenue can be drawn from them, ought certainly to be saved altogether.
在目前的骚乱开始之前，建立殖民地和平的费用是非常可观的，而且如果不能从殖民地获得收入的话，这笔费用肯定应该完全节省下来。
This constant expense in time of peace, though very great, is insignificant in comparison with what the defence of the colonies has cost us in time of war.
这种和平时期的持续开支虽然很大，但与我们在战时保卫殖民地所付出的代价相比却微不足道。
The last war, which was undertaken altogether on account of the colonies, cost Great Britain, it has already been observed, upwards of ninety millions.
人们已经观察到，上次战争完全是为了殖民地而进行的，英国损失了九千万以上。
The Spanish war of 1739 was principally undertaken on their account; in which, and in the French war that was the consequence of it, Great Britain, spent upwards of forty millions; a great part of which ought justly to be charged to the colonies.
1739 年的西班牙战争主要是为了他们而进行的。英国在这场战争以及由此引发的法国战争中花费了四千万美元以上。其中很大一部分应该公正地由殖民地承担。
In those two wars, the colonies cost Great Britain much more than double the sum which the national debt amounted to before the commencement of the first of them.
在那两次战争中，英国为殖民地付出的代价比第一次战争开始前的国债总额高出一倍多。
Had it not been for those wars, that debt might, and probably would by this time, have been completely paid; and had it not been for the colonies, the former of those wars might not, and the latter certainly would not, have been undertaken.
如果没有那些战争，债务可能而且很可能在这个时候已经全部还清了。如果没有殖民地，前者可能不会发生，后者也肯定不会发生。
It was because the colonies were supposed to be provinces of the British Empire, that this expense was laid out upon them.
正是因为殖民地被认为是大英帝国的省份，所以这笔费用才落在他们身上。
But countries which contribute neither revenue nor military force towards the support of the empire, cannot be considered as provinces.
但既不贡献收入也不贡献军事力量支持帝国的国家不能被视为省份。
They may, perhaps, be considered as appendages, as a sort of splendid and shewy equipage of the empire.
也许，它们可以被视为帝国的附属品，一种华丽而引人注目的装备。
But if the empire can no longer support the expense of keeping up this equipage, it ought certainly to lay it down; and if it cannot raise its revenue in proportion to its expense, it ought at least to accommodate its expense to its revenue.
但如果帝国无法再承担维持这些装备的费用，它当然应该把它放下；如果它不能按其支出的比例增加收入，它至少应该使其支出适应其收入。
If the colonies, notwithstanding their refusal to submit to British taxes, are still to be considered as provinces of the British empire, their defence, in some future war, may cost Great Britain as great an expense as it ever has done in any former war.
如果殖民地尽管拒绝向英国纳税，但仍然被视为大英帝国的省份，那么在未来的某些战争中，英国可能会为保卫它们而付出与以往任何战争一样的巨大开支。
The rulers of Great Britain have, for more than a century past, amused the people with the imagination that they possessed a great empire on the west side of the Atlantic.
一个多世纪以来，英国统治者一直幻想着他们在大西洋西岸拥有一个伟大的帝国，以此来逗乐人民。
This empire, however, has hitherto existed in imagination only.
然而，这个帝国迄今为止只存在于想象中。
It has hitherto been, not an empire, but the project of an empire; not a gold mine, but the project of a gold mine; a project which has cost, which continues to cost, and which, if pursued in the same way as it has been hitherto, is likely to cost, immense expense, without being likely to bring any profit; for the effects of the monopoly of the colony trade, it has been shewn, are to the great body of the people, mere loss instead of profit.
迄今为止，它还不是一个帝国，而是一个帝国的计划。不是金矿，而是金矿项目；一个有成本、持续有成本的项目，如果按照迄今为止的方式进行，很可能会花费巨大的费用，而不太可能带来任何利润；事实证明，殖民地贸易的垄断对广大人民来说只是损失而不是利润。
It is surely now time that our rulers should either realize this golden dream, in which they have been indulging themselves, perhaps, as well as the people; or that they should awake from it themselves, and endeavour to awaken the people.
现在肯定是我们的统治者应该实现这个金色梦想的时候了，也许他们自己以及人民一直沉迷于这个梦想；或者要么实现这个梦想，要么实现这个梦想。或者他们自己应该从中觉醒，并努力唤醒人民。
If the project cannot be completed, it ought to be given up.
如果项目不能完成，就应该放弃。
If any of the provinces of the British empire cannot be made to contribute towards the support of the whole empire, it is surely time that Great Britain should free herself from the expense of defending those provinces in time of war, and of supporting any part of their civil or military establishment in time of peace; and endeavour to accommodate her future views and designs to the real mediocrity of her circumstances.
如果大英帝国的任何一个省份无法为整个帝国的支持做出贡献，那么英国肯定是时候摆脱在战时保卫这些省份以及在和平时期支持其民事或军事机构任何部分的费用了；并努力使她对未来的看法和设计适应她真正平庸的情况。