The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
Produced by Turgut Dincer, Brian Sogard and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
由 Turgut Dincer、Brian Sogard 和在线分布式校对团队制作，网址为 http://www.pgdp.net
[Illustration: FRANKLIN ARMS]
[插图：富兰克林阿姆斯]
[Illustration: FRANKLIN SEAL]
[插图：富兰克林海豹]
[Illustration: Franklin at the Court of Louis XVI
[插图：富兰克林在路易十六宫廷
"He was therefore, feasted and invited to all the court parties.
“因此，他受到盛宴并被邀请参加所有宫廷宴会。
At these he sometimes met the old Duchess of Bourbon, who, being a chess player of about his force, they very generally played together.
在这些比赛中，他有时会遇到老波旁公爵夫人，她是一位与他实力相当的棋手，他们通常一起下棋。
Happening once to put her king into prize, the Doctor took it.
有一次，博士碰巧把她的国王捧为奖品，她把它拿走了。
'Ah,' says she, 'we do not take kings so.' 'We do in America,' said the Doctor."--Thomas Jefferson.]
“啊，”她说，“我们不这么认为国王。” “我们在美国就是这样，”博士说。”——托马斯·杰斐逊。]
AUTOBIOGRAPHY
自传
OF
的
BENJAMIN
本杰明
FRANKLIN
富兰克林
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS _by_ E.
附有插图 _by_ E.
BOYD SMITH
博伊德·史密斯
EDITED _by_ FRANK WOODWORTH PINE
弗兰克·伍德沃斯·派恩编辑
[Illustration: Printers Mark]
[插图：印刷标记]
_New York_ HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1916
_纽约_ 亨利霍尔特公司 1916
Copyright, 1916,
版权所有，1916 年，
BY HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
作者：亨利·霍尔特及其公司
June, 1922
1922 年 6 月
THE QUINN & BODEN CO. PRESS RAHWAY, N.
Quinn & Boden Co. Press 拉韦, N.
J.
J。
CONTENTS
内容
PAGE Introduction vii
页面介绍 vii
The Autobiography
自传
I.
我。
Ancestry and Early Life in Boston 3 II.
波士顿的祖先和早期生活 3 II。
Beginning Life as a Printer 21 III.
开始打印机生活 21 III．
Arrival in Philadelphia 41 IV.
抵达费城 41 IV。
First Visit to Boston 55 V.
第一次访问波士顿 55 V.
Early Friends in Philadelphia 69 VI.
费城的早期朋友 69 VI。
First Visit to London 77 VII.
第一次访问伦敦 77 VII.
Beginning Business in Philadelphia 99 VIII.
在费城开展业务 99 VIII。
Business Success and First Public Service 126 IX.
商业成功和首次公共服务 126 IX。
Plan for Attaining Moral Perfection 146 X.
达到道德完美的计划 146 X.
_Poor Richard's Almanac_ and Other Activities 169 XI.
_穷理查德的年鉴_和其他活动 169 XI．
Interest in Public Affairs 188 XII.
对公共事务的兴趣 188 XII。
Defense of the Province 201 XIII.
省份防御201 XIII。
Public Services and Duties 217 XIV.
公共服务和职责 217 XIV。
Albany Plan of Union 241 XV.
联盟 241 XV 奥尔巴尼计划。
Quarrels with the Proprietary Governors 246 XVI.
与专有总督的争吵246 XVI。
Braddock's Expedition 253 XVII.
布雷多克的远征队 253 XVII。
Franklin's Defense of the Frontier 274 XVIII.
富兰克林的《边疆保卫战》274 XVIII。
Scientific Experiments 289 XIX.
科学实验 289
Agent of Pennsylvania in London 296
宾夕法尼亚州驻伦敦代理人 296
Appendix
附录
Electrical Kite 327 The Way to Wealth 331 The Whistle 336 A Letter to Samuel Mather 34O
电风筝 327 致富之路 331 口哨 336 给塞缪尔·马瑟的信 34O
Bibliography 343
参考书目 343
ILLUSTRATIONS
插图
Franklin at the Court of Louis XVI _Frontispiece_
富兰克林在路易十六宫廷_Frontispiece_
"He was therefore, feasted and invited to all the court parties.
“因此，他受到盛宴并被邀请参加所有宫廷宴会。
At these he sometimes met the old Duchess of Bourbon, who, being a chess player of about his force, they very generally played together.
在这些比赛中，他有时会遇到老波旁公爵夫人，她是一位与他实力相当的棋手，他们通常一起下棋。
Happening once to put her king into prize, the Doctor took it.
有一次，博士碰巧把她的国王捧为奖品，她把它拿走了。
'Ah,' says she, 'we do not take kings so.' 'We do in America,' said the Doctor."--Thomas Jefferson.
“啊，”她说，“我们不这么认为国王。” “我们在美国就是这样，”博士说。”——托马斯·杰斐逊。
PAGE Portrait of Franklin vii
页 富兰克林七世的肖像
Pages 1 and 4 of _The Pennsylvania Gazette_, Number XL, the first number after Franklin took control xxi
《宾夕法尼亚州公报》第 1 和第 4 页，第 XL 号，富兰克林控制 xxi 后的第一个号码
First page of _The New England Courant_ of December 4-11, 1721 33
1721 年 12 月 4 日至 11 日《新英格兰报》首页 33
"I was employed to carry the papers thro' the streets to the customers" 36
“我受雇将文件穿过街道运送给顾客”36
"She, standing at the door, saw me, and thought I made, as I certainly did, a most awkward, ridiculous appearance" 48
“她站在门口，看到了我，并认为我做出了一种最尴尬、最可笑的样子，我确实也这么做了”48
"I took to working at press" 88
“我开始在媒体工作”88
"I see him still at work when I go home from club" 120
“当我从俱乐部回家时，我看到他还在工作” 120
Two pages from _Poor Richard's Almanac_ for 1736 171
1736年《穷理查德年鉴》中的两页 171
"I regularly took my turn of duty there as a common soldier" 204
“我经常作为一名普通士兵在那里轮值”204
"In the evening, hearing a great noise among them, the commissioners walk'd out to see what was the matter" 224
“晚上，听到他们中间有很大的噪音，委员们就出去看看出了什么问题”224
"Our axes ...
“我们的斧头...
were immediately set to work to cut down trees" 278
立即开始砍伐树木”278
"We now appeared very wide, and so far from each other in our opinions as to discourage all hope of agreement" 318
“现在我们的意见分歧很大，彼此意见相去甚远，以致所有达成协议的希望都破灭了”318
"You will find it stream out plentifully from the key on the approach of your knuckle" 328
“当您指关节接近时，您会发现它从钥匙中大量流出”328
Father Abraham in his study 330
亚伯拉罕神父在他的书房里 330
The end papers show, at the front, the Franklin arms and the Franklin seal; at the back, the medal given by the Boston public schools from the fund left by Franklin for that purpose as provided in the following extract from his will:
尾页的正面有富兰克林徽章和富兰克林印章；背面是波士顿公立学校从富兰克林为此目的留下的基金中授予的奖章，其遗嘱摘录如下：
"I was born in Boston, New England, and owe my first instructions in literature to the free grammar-schools established there.
“我出生在新英格兰的波士顿，我第一次接受文学教育要归功于那里建立的免费文法学校。
I therefore give one hundred pounds sterling to my executors, to be by them ...
因此，我给我的遗嘱执行人一百英镑，由他们执行......
paid over to the managers or directors of the free schools in my native town of Boston, to be by them ...
支付给我家乡波士顿的免费学校的经理或董事，由他们......
put out to interest, and so continued at interest forever, which interest annually shall be laid out in silver medals, and given as honorary rewards annually by the directors of the said free schools belonging to the said town, in such manner as to the discretion of the selectmen of the said town shall seem meet."
支付利息，并永远继续支付利息，该利息每年应以银牌形式发放，并每年由属于该城镇的上述免费学校的校长作为荣誉奖励，其方式应符合该城镇选举人员的自由裁量权。”
[Illustration: B.
[插图：B.
Franklin From an engraving by J.
富兰克林 来自 J. 的雕刻
Thomson from the original picture by J.
汤姆森（J. Thomson）的原始图片。
A.
A.
Duplessis]
杜普莱西斯]
[Illustration: B.
[插图：B.
Franklin's signature]
富兰克林的签名]
INTRODUCTION
简介
We Americans devour eagerly any piece of writing that purports to tell us the secret of success in life; yet how often we are disappointed to find nothing but commonplace statements, or receipts that we know by heart but never follow.
我们美国人热切地阅读任何旨在告诉我们人生成功秘诀的文章；然而，我们常常失望地发现，除了一些司空见惯的陈述，或者我们熟记在心但从未遵循的收据之外，什么也没有。
Most of the life stories of our famous and successful men fail to inspire because they lack the human element that makes the record real and brings the story within our grasp.
我们的大多数名人和成功人士的人生故事都未能激发灵感，因为他们缺乏使记录真实并使故事触手可及的人性元素。
While we are searching far and near for some Aladdin's Lamp to give coveted fortune, there is ready at our hand if we will only reach out and take it, like the charm in Milton's _Comus_,
当我们四处寻找阿拉丁神灯以带来令人垂涎的财富时，只要我们伸手去拿它，它就在我们手边，就像弥尔顿的《科穆斯》中的魅力一样，
"Unknown, and like esteemed, and the dull swain Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon;"
“不为人所知，但同样受人尊敬，而迟钝的情人每天都用他那笨重的短腿踩着它；”
the interesting, human, and vividly told story of one of the wisest and most useful lives in our own history, and perhaps in any history.
这是一个有趣、人性化、生动的故事，讲述了我们历史上乃至任何历史上最明智、最有用的一生之一。
In Franklin's _Autobiography_ is offered not so much a ready-made formula for success, as the companionship of a real flesh and blood man of extraordinary mind and quality, whose daily walk and conversation will help us to meet our own difficulties, much as does the example of a wise and strong friend.
富兰克林的《自传》并没有提供现成的成功公式，而是提供了一个具有非凡思想和品质的真正有血有肉的人的陪伴，他的日常行走和谈话将帮助我们应对自己的困难，就像一个明智而坚强的朋友的榜样一样。
While we are fascinated by the story, we absorb the human experience through which a strong and helpful character is building.
当我们对这个故事着迷的时候，我们吸收了人类的经验，通过这些经验，我们建立了坚强而乐于助人的性格。
The thing that makes Franklin's _Autobiography_ different from every other life story of a great and successful man is just this human aspect of the account.
富兰克林的《自传》与其他伟大成功人士的人生故事的不同之处就在于其人性化的一面。
Franklin told the story of his life, as he himself says, for the benefit of his posterity.
正如富兰克林自己所说，为了他的子孙后代的利益，他讲述了他的一生。
He wanted to help them by the relation of his own rise from obscurity and poverty to eminence and wealth.
他想通过自己从默默无闻和贫穷到显赫和富有的关系来帮助他们。
He is not unmindful of the importance of his public services and their recognition, yet his accounts of these achievements are given only as a part of the story, and the vanity displayed is incidental and in keeping with the honesty of the recital.
他并没有忽视他的公共服务及其认可的重要性，但他对这些成就的描述仅作为故事的一部分，而表现出的虚荣心是偶然的，与叙述的诚实相一致。
There is nothing of the impossible in the method and practice of Franklin as he sets them forth.
富兰克林提出的方法和实践中没有什么是不可能的。
The youth who reads the fascinating story is astonished to find that Franklin in his early years struggled with the same everyday passions and difficulties that he himself experiences, and he loses the sense of discouragement that comes from a realization of his own shortcomings and inability to attain.
读过这个引人入胜的故事的年轻人惊讶地发现，富兰克林早年与他自己所经历的同样的日常激情和困难作斗争，他失去了因认识到自己的缺点和无能而产生的沮丧感。
There are other reasons why the _Autobiography_ should be an intimate friend of American young people.
《自传》成为美国年轻人的亲密朋友还有其他原因。
Here they may establish a close relationship with one of the foremost Americans as well as one of the wisest men of his age.
在这里，他们可能与一位最重要的美国人以及他那个时代最聪明的人之一建立了密切的关系。
The life of Benjamin Franklin is of importance to every American primarily because of the part he played in securing the independence of the United States and in establishing it as a nation.
本杰明·富兰克林的一生对每个美国人都很重要，主要是因为他在确保美国独立和建立美国国家方面所发挥的作用。
Franklin shares with Washington the honors of the Revolution, and of the events leading to the birth of the new nation.
富兰克林与华盛顿分享革命的荣誉以及导致新国家诞生的事件。
While Washington was the animating spirit of the struggle in the colonies, Franklin was its ablest champion abroad.
华盛顿是殖民地斗争的精神支柱，而富兰克林则是海外斗争中最有能力的捍卫者。
To Franklin's cogent reasoning and keen satire, we owe the clear and forcible presentation of the American case in England and France; while to his personality and diplomacy as well as to his facile pen, we are indebted for the foreign alliance and the funds without which Washington's work must have failed.
得益于富兰克林令人信服的推理和敏锐的讽刺，我们在英国和法国对美国的案例进行了清晰而有力的阐述。我们感谢他的个性、外交以及他流畅的文笔，感谢他的外国联盟和资金，没有这些，华盛顿的工作就一定会失败。
His patience, fortitude, and practical wisdom, coupled with self-sacrificing devotion to the cause of his country, are hardly less noticeable than similar qualities displayed by Washington.
他的耐心、毅力和实践智慧，加上对国家事业的自我牺牲精神，与华盛顿所表现出的类似品质一样引人注目。
In fact, Franklin as a public man was much like Washington, especially in the entire disinterestedness of his public service.
事实上，作为一名公共人物，富兰克林很像华盛顿，尤其是在他的公共服务中完全无私。
Franklin is also interesting to us because by his life and teachings he has done more than any other American to advance the material prosperity of his countrymen.
富兰克林对我们来说也很有趣，因为通过他的一生和教诲，他为促进同胞的物质繁荣所做的事情比任何其他美国人都多。
It is said that his widely and faithfully read maxims made Philadelphia and Pennsylvania wealthy, while Poor Richard's pithy sayings, translated into many languages, have had a world-wide influence.
据说，他广泛而忠实地阅读的格言使费城和宾夕法尼亚州变得富有，而穷理查德的精辟格言被翻译成多种语言，产生了世界范围的影响。
Franklin is a good type of our American manhood.
富兰克林是美国男子气概的典范。
Although not the wealthiest or the most powerful, he is undoubtedly, in the versatility of his genius and achievements, the greatest of our self-made men.
尽管他不是最富有或最有权势的人，但就他的天才和成就而言，他无疑是我们白手起家的人中最伟大的人。
The simple yet graphic story in the _Autobiography_ of his steady rise from humble boyhood in a tallow-chandler shop, by industry, economy, and perseverance in self-improvement, to eminence, is the most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men.
《自传》中简单而生动的故事讲述了他从牛油店里的卑微童年，通过勤奋、节约和自我完善的坚持，稳步崛起，成为我们白手起家的人的所有非凡历史中最引人注目的一段。
It is in itself a wonderful illustration of the results possible to be attained in a land of unequaled opportunity by following Franklin's maxims.
它本身就很好地说明了遵循富兰克林的格言在这片拥有无与伦比的机会的土地上可能取得的成果。
Franklin's fame, however, was not confined to his own country.
然而，富兰克林的名声并不局限于他自己的国家。
Although he lived in a century notable for the rapid evolution of scientific and political thought and activity, yet no less a keen judge and critic than Lord Jeffrey, the famous editor of the _Edinburgh Review_, a century ago said that "in one point of view the name of Franklin must be considered as standing higher than any of the others which illustrated the eighteenth century.
尽管富兰克林生活在一个以科学和政治思想和活动迅速发展而闻名的世纪，但他作为一位敏锐的法官和批评家，并不亚于《爱丁堡评论》的著名编辑杰弗里勋爵，一个世纪前他曾说过：“从某种角度来看，富兰克林的名字必须被认为比任何一个能够说明十八世纪的人都地位更高。
Distinguished as a statesman, he was equally great as a philosopher, thus uniting in himself a rare degree of excellence in both these pursuits, to excel in either of which is deemed the highest praise."
作为一位杰出的政治家，他同样是一位伟大的哲学家，因此他在这两种追求上都达到了罕见的卓越水平，在其中任何一个方面表现出色都被认为是最高的赞扬。”
Franklin has indeed been aptly called "many-sided." He was eminent in science and public service, in diplomacy and in literature.
富兰克林确实被恰当地称为“多面性”。他在科学、公共服务、外交和文学领域都很杰出。
He was the Edison of his day, turning his scientific discoveries to the benefit of his fellow-men.
他是那个时代的爱迪生，将他的科学发现造福于他的同胞。
He perceived the identity of lightning and electricity and set up the lightning rod.
他感知到了闪电和电的身份，并设置了避雷针。
He invented the Franklin stove, still widely used, and refused to patent it.
他发明了富兰克林炉，至今仍被广泛使用，但拒绝为其申请专利。
He possessed a masterly shrewdness in business and practical affairs.
他在商业和实际事务中具有极其敏锐的洞察力。
Carlyle called him the father of all the Yankees.
卡莱尔称他为所有洋基队之父。
He founded a fire company, assisted in founding a hospital, and improved the cleaning and lighting of streets.
他创办了一家消防公司，协助建立了一家医院，并改善了街道的清洁和照明。
He developed journalism, established the American Philosophical Society, the public library in Philadelphia, and the University of Pennsylvania.
他发展了新闻业，建立了美国哲学会、费城公共图书馆和宾夕法尼亚大学。
He organized a postal system for the colonies, which was the basis of the present United States Post Office.
他为殖民地组织了邮政系统，这是现在美国邮政局的基础。
Bancroft, the eminent historian, called him "the greatest diplomatist of his century." He perfected the Albany Plan of Union for the colonies.
著名历史学家班克罗夫特称他为“本世纪最伟大的外交家”。他完善了殖民地的奥尔巴尼联盟计划。
He is the only statesman who signed the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Alliance with France, the Treaty of Peace with England, and the Constitution.
他是唯一签署《独立宣言》、《法国同盟条约》、《英国和平条约》和《宪法》的政治家。
As a writer, he has produced, in his _Autobiography_ and in _Poor Richard's Almanac_, two works that are not surpassed by similar writing.
作为一名作家，他在《自传》和《穷理查德年鉴》中创作了两部同类作品中无法超越的作品。
He received honorary degrees from Harvard and Yale, from Oxford and St. Andrews, and was made a fellow of the Royal Society, which awarded him the Copley gold medal for improving natural knowledge.
他获得了哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、牛津大学和圣安德鲁斯大学的荣誉学位，并成为英国皇家学会会员，英国皇家学会授予他科普利金质奖章，以表彰他提高自然知识。
He was one of the eight foreign associates of the French Academy of Science.
他是法国科学院八名外籍院士之一。
The careful study of the _Autobiography_ is also valuable because of the style in which it is written.
对《自传》的仔细研究也很有价值，因为它的写作风格。
If Robert Louis Stevenson is right in believing that his remarkable style was acquired by imitation then the youth who would gain the power to express his ideas clearly, forcibly, and interestingly cannot do better than to study Franklin's method.
如果罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森相信他非凡的风格是通过模仿而获得的，那么那些想要有能力清晰、有力和有趣地表达自己的想法的年轻人最好的办法就是研究富兰克林的方法。
Franklin's fame in the scientific world was due almost as much to his modest, simple, and sincere manner of presenting his discoveries and to the precision and clearness of the style in which he described his experiments, as to the results he was able to announce.
富兰克林在科学界的声誉几乎同样归功于他谦虚、简单和真诚地介绍他的发现的方式，以及他描述实验的精确和清晰的风格，以及他能够宣布的结果。
Sir Humphry Davy, the celebrated English chemist, himself an excellent literary critic as well as a great scientist, said: "A singular felicity guided all Franklin's researches, and by very small means he established very grand truths.
著名的英国化学家汉弗莱·戴维爵士（Sir Humphry Davy）本人也是一位出色的文学评论家和伟大的科学家，他说：“一种独特的幸福指导着富兰克林的所有研究，他通过很小的手段建立了非常伟大的真理。
The style and manner of his publication on electricity are almost as worthy of admiration as the doctrine it contains."
他关于电力的出版物的风格和方式几乎和其中所包含的学说一样值得钦佩。”
Franklin's place in literature is hard to determine because he was not primarily a literary man.
富兰克林在文学中的地位很难确定，因为他本质上并不是一个文学家。
His aim in his writings as in his life work was to be helpful to his fellow-men.
他的著作和他一生的工作一样，都是为了帮助他的同胞。
For him writing was never an end in itself, but always a means to an end.
对他来说，写作本身从来不是目的，而始终是达到目的的手段。
Yet his success as a scientist, a statesman, and a diplomat, as well as socially, was in no little part due to his ability as a writer.
然而，他作为科学家、政治家、外交官以及社会方面的成功在很大程度上归功于他作为作家的能力。
"His letters charmed all, and made his correspondence eagerly sought.
“他的信令所有人着迷，人们急切地寻求他的信件。
His political arguments were the joy of his party and the dread of his opponents.
他的政治论点令他的党派欢欣鼓舞，却令他的对手感到恐惧。
His scientific discoveries were explained in language at once so simple and so clear that plow-boy and exquisite could follow his thought or his experiment to its conclusion."[1]
他的科学发现用语言解释得如此简单和清晰，以至于农夫和精致的人都可以遵循他的思想或他的实验得出结论。”[1]
[1] _The Many-Sided Franklin._ Paul L.
[1] _多面的富兰克林._ Paul L.
Ford.
福特。
As far as American literature is concerned, Franklin has no contemporaries.
就美国文学而言，富兰克林没有同时代的人。
Before the _Autobiography_ only one literary work of importance had been produced in this country--Cotton Mather's _Magnalia_, a church history of New England in a ponderous, stiff style.
在《自传》问世之前，这个国家只出版了一部重要的文学作品——科顿·马瑟的《马格纳利亚》，这是一本风格沉重、僵硬的新英格兰教会史。
Franklin was the first American author to gain a wide and permanent reputation in Europe.
富兰克林是第一位在欧洲获得广泛和永久声誉的美国作家。
The _Autobiography_, _Poor Richard_, _Father Abraham's Speech_ or _The Way to Wealth_, as well as some of the _Bagatelles_, are as widely known abroad as any American writings.
《自传》、《可怜的理查德》、《亚伯拉罕神父的演讲》或《财富之路》，以及一些《小事》，在国外与任何美国著作一样广为人知。
Franklin must also be classed as the first American humorist.
富兰克林也必须被列为美国第一位幽默家。
English literature of the eighteenth century was characterized by the development of prose.
十八世纪英国文学的特点是散文的发展。
Periodical literature reached its perfection early in the century in _The Tatler_ and _The Spectator_ of Addison and Steele.
期刊文学在本世纪初在艾迪生和斯蒂尔的《闲谈者》和《旁观者》中达到了完美。
Pamphleteers flourished throughout the period.
小册子的出版在整个时期都很盛行。
The homelier prose of Bunyan and Defoe gradually gave place to the more elegant and artificial language of Samuel Johnson, who set the standard for prose writing from 1745 onward.
班扬和笛福平淡无奇的散文逐渐被塞缪尔·约翰逊 (Samuel Johnson) 更为优雅和矫揉造作的语言所取代，后者从 1745 年起为散文写作设定了标准。
This century saw the beginnings of the modern novel, in Fielding's _Tom Jones_, Richardson's _Clarissa Harlowe_, Sterne's _Tristram Shandy_, and Goldsmith's _Vicar of Wakefield_.
本世纪见证了现代小说的开端，菲尔丁的《汤姆·琼斯》、理查森的《克拉丽莎·哈洛》、斯特恩的《项狄传》和戈德史密斯的《韦克菲尔德牧师》。
Gibbon wrote _The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, Hume his _History of England_, and Adam Smith the _Wealth of Nations_.
吉本着有《罗马帝国的衰亡》，休谟着有《英国史》，亚当·斯密着有《国富论》。
In the simplicity and vigor of his style Franklin more nearly resembles the earlier group of writers.
富兰克林的风格简单而充满活力，更像是早期的作家群体。
In his first essays he was not an inferior imitator of Addison.
在他的第一篇论文中，他并不逊色于艾迪生的模仿者。
In his numerous parables, moral allegories, and apologues he showed Bunyan's influence.
在他众多的寓言、道德寓言和辩护中，他展示了班扬的影响力。
But Franklin was essentially a journalist.
但富兰克林本质上是一名记者。
In his swift, terse style, he is most like Defoe, who was the first great English journalist and master of the newspaper narrative.
他敏捷、简洁的风格最像笛福，笛福是第一位伟大的英国记者和报纸叙事大师。
The style of both writers is marked by homely, vigorous expression, satire, burlesque, repartee.
两位作家的风格都以朴实、有力的表达、讽刺、滑稽、妙语连珠为特征。
Here the comparison must end.
到这里，比较就该结束了。
Defoe and his contemporaries were authors.
笛福和他的同时代人都是作家。
Their vocation was writing and their success rests on the imaginative or creative power they displayed.
他们的职业是写作，他们的成功取决于他们所表现出的想象力或创造力。
To authorship Franklin laid no claim.
富兰克林没有声称自己是作者。
He wrote no work of the imagination.
他写的作品并不是凭空想象的。
He developed only incidentally a style in many respects as remarkable as that of his English contemporaries.
他只是偶然地发展了一种在许多方面与他的英国同时代人一样出色的风格。
He wrote the best autobiography in existence, one of the most widely known collections of maxims, and an unsurpassed series of political and social satires, because he was a man of unusual scope of power and usefulness, who knew how to tell his fellow-men the secrets of that power and that usefulness.
他写了现存最好的自传、最广为人知的格言集之一，以及一系列无与伦比的政治和社会讽刺作品，因为他是一个拥有非凡权力和有用性的人，他知道如何告诉他的同胞这种权力和有用性的秘密。
The Story of the Autobiography
自传的故事
The account of how Franklin's _Autobiography_ came to be written and of the adventures of the original manuscript forms in itself an interesting story.
富兰克林的《自传》的写作过程以及原稿的冒险经历本身就是一个有趣的故事。
The _Autobiography_ is Franklin's longest work, and yet it is only a fragment.
《自传》是富兰克林最长的作品，但它只是一个片段。
The first part, written as a letter to his son, William Franklin, was not intended for publication; and the composition is more informal and the narrative more personal than in the second part, from 1730 on, which was written with a view to publication.
第一部分是写给他儿子威廉·富兰克林的一封信，无意出版；与 1730 年以后为出版而写的第二部分相比，写作更加随意，叙述也更加个人化。
The entire manuscript shows little evidence of revision.
整个手稿几乎没有任何修改的迹象。
In fact, the expression is so homely and natural that his grandson, William Temple Franklin, in editing the work changed some of the phrases because he thought them inelegant and vulgar.
事实上，这种表达是如此朴素和自然，以至于他的孙子威廉·坦普尔·富兰克林在编辑这部作品时改变了一些短语，因为他认为这些短语不雅和粗俗。
Franklin began the story of his life while on a visit to his friend, Bishop Shipley, at Twyford, in Hampshire, southern England, in 1771.
富兰克林于 1771 年在英格兰南部汉普郡特威福德拜访他的朋友希普利主教时开始讲述自己的人生故事。
He took the manuscript, completed to 1731, with him when he returned to Philadelphia in 1775.
1775 年，他带着这份 1731 年完成的手稿返回费城。
It was left there with his other papers when he went to France in the following year, and disappeared during the confusion incident to the Revolution.
第二年他去法国时，它与他的其他文件一起留在那里，并在大革命的混乱事件中消失了。
Twenty-three pages of closely written manuscript fell into the hands of Abel James, an old friend, who sent a copy to Franklin at Passy, near Paris, urging him to complete the story.
二十三页精心编写的手稿落入了老朋友阿贝尔·詹姆斯的手中，他将一份副本寄给巴黎附近帕西的富兰克林，敦促他完成这个故事。
Franklin took up the work at Passy in 1784 and carried the narrative forward a few months.
富兰克林于 1784 年开始在帕西工作，并将故事向前推进了几个月。
He changed the plan to meet his new purpose of writing to benefit the young reader.
他改变了计划，以满足他的新写作目的，让年轻读者受益。
His work was soon interrupted and was not resumed until 1788, when he was at home in Philadelphia.
他的工作很快就被中断，直到 1788 年他回到费城的家中才恢复。
He was now old, infirm, and suffering, and was still engaged in public service.
他现在年老体弱，痛苦不堪，却仍在从事公共服务。
Under these discouraging conditions the work progressed slowly.
在这些令人沮丧的条件下，工作进展缓慢。
It finally stopped when the narrative reached the year 1757.
当叙述到1757年时，故事终于结束了。
Copies of the manuscript were sent to friends of Franklin in England and France, among others to Monsieur Le Veillard at Paris.
该手稿的副本被发送给富兰克林在英国和法国的朋友，其中包括巴黎的勒韦亚尔先生。
The first edition of the _Autobiography_ was published in French at Paris in 1791.
《自传》第一版于 1791 年在巴黎以法文出版。
It was clumsily and carelessly translated, and was imperfect and unfinished.
它的翻译是笨拙和粗心的，而且是不完美和未完成的。
Where the translator got the manuscript is not known.
译者从何处获得手稿不得而知。
Le Veillard disclaimed any knowledge of the publication.
勒维拉尔否认对该出版物有任何了解。
From this faulty French edition many others were printed, some in Germany, two in England, and another in France, so great was the demand for the work.
从这个有缺陷的法文版本中，印刷了许多其他版本，其中一些在德国，两本在英国，另一本在法国，对这部作品的需求是如此之大。
In the meantime the original manuscript of the _Autobiography_ had started on a varied and adventurous career.
与此同时，《自传》的原稿已经开始了丰富多彩的冒险生涯。
It was left by Franklin with his other works to his grandson, William Temple Franklin, whom Franklin designated as his literary executor.
富兰克林将这本书和他的其他作品一起留给了他的孙子威廉·坦普尔·富兰克林，富兰克林指定威廉·坦普尔·富兰克林为他的文学遗嘱执行人。
When Temple Franklin came to publish his grandfather's works in 1817, he sent the original manuscript of the _Autobiography_ to the daughter of Le Veillard in exchange for her father's copy, probably thinking the clearer transcript would make better printer's copy.
1817 年，当坦普尔·富兰克林 (Temple Franklin) 出版他祖父的作品时，他将《自传》的原稿寄给了勒韦亚尔 (Le Veillard) 的女儿，以换取她父亲的副本，他可能认为更清晰的抄本会成为更好的印刷副本。
The original manuscript thus found its way to the Le Veillard family and connections, where it remained until sold in 1867 to Mr. John Bigelow, United States Minister to France.
原始手稿因此被勒维拉德家族及其关系人掌握，直到 1867 年卖给美国驻法国部长约翰·毕格罗 (John Bigelow) 先生。
By him it was later sold to Mr. E.
后来他把它卖给了E先生。
Dwight Church of New York, and passed with the rest of Mr. Church's library into the possession of Mr. Henry E.
纽约德怀特教堂，并与教堂先生图书馆的其余部分一起转入亨利·E·教堂先生的财产。
Huntington.
亨廷顿。
The original manuscript of Franklin's _Autobiography_ now rests in the vault in Mr. Huntington's residence at Fifth Avenue and Fifty-seventh Street, New York City.
富兰克林_自传_的原始手稿现在保存在亨廷顿先生位于纽约市第五大道和第五十七街的住所的保险库中。
When Mr. Bigelow came to examine his purchase, he was astonished to find that what people had been reading for years as the authentic _Life of Benjamin Franklin by Himself_, was only a garbled and incomplete version of the real _Autobiography_.
当毕格罗先生来检查他购买的物品时，他惊讶地发现，多年来人们一直在阅读的正宗《本杰明·富兰克林的一生》，其实只是真正的《自传》的一个乱码且不完整的版本。
Temple Franklin had taken unwarranted liberties with the original.
坦普尔·富兰克林对原作进行了无理的改动。
Mr. Bigelow says he found more than twelve hundred changes in the text.
毕格罗先生说他在文本中发现了一千二百多个变化。
In 1868, therefore, Mr. Bigelow published the standard edition of Franklin's _Autobiography_.
因此，毕格罗先生于 1868 年出版了富兰克林《自传》的标准版。
It corrected errors in the previous editions and was the first English edition to contain the short fourth part, comprising the last few pages of the manuscript, written during the last year of Franklin's life.
它纠正了以前版本中的错误，并且是第一个包含简短的第四部分的英文版本，包括手稿的最后几页，写于富兰克林生命的最后一年。
Mr. Bigelow republished the _Autobiography_, with additional interesting matter, in three volumes in 1875, in 1905, and in 1910.
毕格罗先生于 1875 年、1905 年和 1910 年重新出版了三卷本《自传》，并添加了一些有趣的内容。
The text in this volume is that of Mr. Bigelow's editions.[2]
本书中的文字是毕格罗先生版本的文字。[2]
[2] For the division into chapters and the chapter titles, however, the present editor is responsible.
[2] 然而，章节的划分和章节标题由现任编辑负责。
The _Autobiography_ has been reprinted in the United States many scores of times and translated into all the languages of Europe.
《自传》已在美国重印数十次，并被翻译成欧洲所有语言。
It has never lost its popularity and is still in constant demand at circulating libraries.
它从未失去其受欢迎程度，并且在流通图书馆中仍然有持续的需求。
The reason for this popularity is not far to seek.
这种受欢迎的原因并不难找到。
For in this work Franklin told in a remarkable manner the story of a remarkable life.
因为在这部作品中，富兰克林以非凡的方式讲述了非凡的一生的故事。
He displayed hard common sense and a practical knowledge of the art of living.
他表现出了扎实的常识和生活艺术的实用知识。
He selected and arranged his material, perhaps unconsciously, with the unerring instinct of the journalist for the best effects.
他也许是无意识地选择并安排了他的材料，凭借记者准确无误的本能，以获得最佳效果。
His success is not a little due to his plain, clear, vigorous English.
他的成功与他平实、清晰、充满活力的英语有很大关系。
He used short sentences and words, homely expressions, apt illustrations, and pointed allusions.
他用短句、用词、平实的表达、恰当的插图、尖锐的典故。
Franklin had a most interesting, varied, and unusual life.
富兰克林的生活非常有趣、丰富多彩且不寻常。
He was one of the greatest conversationalists of his time.
他是他那个时代最伟大的健谈者之一。
His book is the record of that unusual life told in Franklin's own unexcelled conversational style.
他的书以富兰克林自己无与伦比的对话风格记录了那段不寻常的生活。
It is said that the best parts of Boswell's famous biography of Samuel Johnson are those parts where Boswell permits Johnson to tell his own story.
据说，博斯韦尔著名的塞缪尔·约翰逊传记中最精彩的部分就是博斯韦尔允许约翰逊讲述自己的故事的部分。
In the _Autobiography_ a no less remarkable man and talker than Samuel Johnson is telling his own story throughout.
在《自传》中，一位不亚于塞缪尔·约翰逊的非凡人物和健谈者自始至终讲述着自己的故事。
F.
F。
W.
W.
P.
P。
The Gilman Country School, Baltimore, September, 1916.
吉尔曼乡村学校，巴尔的摩，1916 年 9 月。
[Illustration: Pages 1 and 4 of The Pennsylvania Gazette, the first number after Franklin took control.
[插图：《宾夕法尼亚公报》第 1 和第 4 页，富兰克林掌权后的第一个数字。
Reduced nearly one-half.
减少了近一半。
Reproduced from a copy at the New York Public Library.]
摘自纽约公共图书馆的副本。]
[Transcriber's note: Transcription of these pages are given at the end of the text.]
[转录者注：这些页面的转录在文本末尾给出。]
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
本杰明·富兰克林自传
I
我
ANCESTRY AND EARLY YOUTH IN BOSTON
波士顿的血统和青年时代
Twyford,[3] _at the Bishop of St. Asaph's_, 1771.
Twyford，[3]_在圣亚萨主教_，1771 年。
Dear son: I have ever had pleasure in obtaining any little anecdotes of my ancestors.
亲爱的儿子：我曾经很高兴获得我祖先的任何小轶事。
You may remember the inquiries I made among the remains of my relations when you were with me in England, and the journey I undertook for that purpose.
你可能还记得，当你和我一起在英国时，我在我的亲戚遗骸中进行了调查，以及我为此目的进行的旅程。
Imagining it may be equally agreeable to you to know the circumstances of my life, many of which you are yet unacquainted with, and expecting the enjoyment of a week's uninterrupted leisure in my present country retirement, I sit down to write them for you.
想象一下，您可能会同样乐意了解我的生活状况，其中许多您还不熟悉，并期待着在我目前的乡村退休生活中享受一周不间断的闲暇，所以我坐下来为您写下这些情况。
To which I have besides some other inducements.
除了一些其他的诱因之外，我还有其他的诱因。
Having emerged from the poverty and obscurity in which I was born and bred, to a state of affluence and some degree of reputation in the world, and having gone so far through life with a considerable share of felicity, the conducing means I made use of, which with the blessing of God so well succeeded, my posterity may like to know, as they may find some of them suitable to their own situations, and therefore fit to be imitated.
我从出生和长大的贫困和默默无闻中走出来，达到了富裕的状态，并在世界上享有一定程度的声誉，并以相当大的幸福度过了一生，我所使用的引导手段，在上帝的祝福下如此成功，我的后代可能会想知道，因为他们可能会发现其中一些适合他们自己的情况，因此值得效仿。
[3] A small village not far from Winchester in Hampshire, southern England.
[3] 英格兰南部汉普郡温彻斯特不远的一个小村庄。
Here was the country seat of the Bishop of St. Asaph, Dr. Jonathan Shipley, the "good Bishop," as Dr. Franklin used to style him.
这里是圣亚萨主教乔纳森·希普利博士（Dr. Jonathan Shipley）的乡间住所，他被富兰克林博士称为“好主教”。
Their relations were intimate and confidential.
他们的关系亲密且保密。
In his pulpit, and in the House of Lords, as well as in society, the bishop always opposed the harsh measures of the Crown toward the Colonies.--Bigelow.
在他的讲坛上、在上议院以及在社会上，主教总是反对国王对殖民地采取的严厉措施。——毕格罗。
That felicity, when I reflected on it, has induced me sometimes to say, that were it offered to my choice, I should have no objection to a repetition of the same life from its beginning, only asking the advantages authors have in a second edition to correct some faults of the first.
当我反思它时，这种幸福感有时会促使我说，如果它提供给我选择，我应该不会反对从头开始重复同样的生活，只是要求作者在第二版中拥有优势来纠正第一版的一些错误。
So I might, besides correcting the faults, change some sinister accidents and events of it for others more favourable.
所以我可能除了改正错误之外，还可以把其中的一些险恶的事故和事件改成对别人更有利的。
But though this were denied, I should still accept the offer.
但尽管被拒绝了，我还是应该接受这个提议。
Since such a repetition is not to be expected, the next thing most like living one's life over again seems to be a recollection of that life, and to make that recollection as durable as possible by putting it down in writing.
既然这样的重复是不可预期的，那么接下来最像重新过一个人的生活的事情似乎就是对那段生活的回忆，并通过把它写下来使这种回忆尽可能持久。
Hereby, too, I shall indulge the inclination so natural in old men, to be talking of themselves and their own past actions; and I shall indulge it without being tiresome to others, who, through respect to age, might conceive themselves obliged to give me a hearing, since this may be read or not as anyone pleases.
在此，我也将放纵老年人的自然倾向，谈论他们自己和他们自己过去的行为。我将尽情享受它，而不会让其他人感到厌烦，他们出于对年龄的尊重，可能会认为自己有义务听我讲话，因为这可以根据任何人的喜好来阅读或不阅读。
And, lastly (I may as well confess it, since my denial of it will be believed by nobody), perhaps I shall a good deal gratify my own _vanity_.[4] Indeed, I scarce ever heard or saw the introductory words, "_Without vanity I may say_," etc., but some vain thing immediately followed.
最后（我不妨承认这一点，因为我对这一点的否认不会被任何人相信），也许我会极大地满足我自己的_虚荣心_。 [4]事实上，我很少听到或看到过这样的介绍性话语：“我可以毫无虚荣心地说”等等，但紧接着就发生了一些徒劳的事情。
Most people dislike vanity in others, whatever share they have of it themselves; but I give it fair quarter wherever I meet with it, being persuaded that it is often productive of good to the possessor, and to others that are within his sphere of action; and therefore, in many cases, it would not be altogether absurd if a man were to thank God for his vanity among the other comforts of life.
大多数人不喜欢别人的虚荣心，无论他们自己也有虚荣心。但无论我在哪里遇到它，我都会给予它公平的待遇，因为我相信它常常会给拥有者和他行动范围内的其他人带来好处。因此，在很多情况下，如果一个人在生活的其他舒适之中感谢上帝的虚荣心，这并不是完全荒谬的。
[4] In this connection Woodrow Wilson says, "And yet the surprising and delightful thing about this book (the _Autobiography_) is that, take it all in all, it has not the low tone of conceit, but is a staunch man's sober and unaffected assessment of himself and the circumstances of his career."
[4] 就此而言，伍德罗·威尔逊说道：“然而，这本书（《自传》）的令人惊讶和令人愉快的地方在于，总而言之，它没有低沉的自负语气，而是一个坚定的人对自己和职业生涯的清醒和不受影响的评估。”
Gibbon and Hume, the great British historians, who were contemporaries of Franklin, express in their autobiographies the same feeling about the propriety of just self-praise.
与富兰克林同时代的英国伟大历史学家吉本和休谟在他们的自传中也表达了同样的观点，即自我赞扬的恰当性。
And now I speak of thanking God, I desire with all humility to acknowledge that I owe the mentioned happiness of my past life to His kind providence, which lead me to the means I used and gave them success.
现在我要感谢上帝，我希望谦卑地承认我过去生活中所提到的幸福归功于他仁慈的天意，它引导我找到了我所使用的方法并让它们取得了成功。
My belief of this induces me to _hope_, though I must not _presume_, that the same goodness will still be exercised toward me, in continuing that happiness, or enabling me to bear a fatal reverse, which I may experience as others have done; the complexion of my future fortune being known to Him only in whose power it is to bless to us even our afflictions.
我对这一点的信念促使我希望，尽管我不能假设，同样的善意仍然会作用于我，以继续这种幸福，或者使我能够承受致命的挫折，我可能会像其他人一样经历这种挫折；我未来的命运只有他知道，他有力量甚至会祝福我们的苦难。
The notes one of my uncles (who had the same kind of curiosity in collecting family anecdotes) once put into my hands, furnished me with several particulars relating to our ancestors.
我的一位叔叔（他对收集家庭轶事也有同样的好奇心）曾经交给我的笔记，为我提供了有关我们祖先的一些细节。
From these notes I learned that the family had lived in the same village, Ecton, in Northamptonshire,[5] for three hundred years, and how much longer he knew not (perhaps from the time when the name of Franklin, that before was the name of an order of people,[6] was assumed by them as a surname when others took surnames all over the kingdom), on a freehold of about thirty acres, aided by the smith's business, which had continued in the family till his time, the eldest son being always bred to that business; a custom which he and my father followed as to their eldest sons.
从这些笔记中，我了解到，他们一家在北安普敦郡的埃克顿村[5]生活了三百年，也不知道还要多久（也许是从富兰克林这个名字，以前是一个阶层的名字，[6]当其他人在王国各地使用姓氏时，富兰克林这个名字被他们当作一个姓氏开始），他们拥有约三十英亩的永久业权，并得到了铁匠生意的帮助，该生意一直在家里一直延续到他的父亲去世。时间长了，长子总是被培养去做那件事；他和我父亲对他们的长子也遵循这样的习俗。
When I searched the registers at Ecton, I found an account of their births, marriages and burials from the year 1555 only, there being no registers kept in that parish at any time preceding.
当我搜索埃克顿的登记册时，我发现了 1555 年以来他们的出生、结婚和埋葬的记录，在此之前的任何时间该教区都没有保存任何登记册。
By that register I perceived that I was the youngest son of the youngest son for five generations back.
通过这个记录，我意识到我是五代人中最小儿子的最小儿子。
My grandfather Thomas, who was born in 1598, lived at Ecton till he grew too old to follow business longer, when he went to live with his son John, a dyer at Banbury, in Oxfordshire, with whom my father served an apprenticeship.
我的祖父托马斯出生于 1598 年，他一直住在埃克顿，直到年事已高，无法再继续做生意，之后他搬去和他的儿子约翰住在一起，约翰是牛津郡班伯里的一名染工，我父亲曾和他一起当过学徒。
There my grandfather died and lies buried.
我的祖父去世并埋葬在那里。
We saw his gravestone in 1758.
1758 年我们看到了他的墓碑。
His eldest son Thomas lived in the house at Ecton, and left it with the land to his only child, a daughter, who, with her husband, one Fisher, of Wellingborough, sold it to Mr. Isted, now lord of the manor there.
他的长子托马斯住在埃克顿的房子里，把它和土地留给了他唯一的孩子，一个女儿，她和她的丈夫，一位来自威灵伯勒的费舍尔，把它卖给了伊斯特德先生，现在是那里的庄园主。
My grandfather had four sons that grew up, viz.: Thomas, John, Benjamin and Josiah.
我的祖父有四个长大的儿子，即：托马斯、约翰、本杰明和约西亚。
I will give you what account I can of them at this distance from my papers, and if these are not lost in my absence, you will among them find many more particulars.
在距离我的文件这么远的地方，我将向您提供我所能了解的情况，如果我不在时这些文件没有丢失，您会在其中找到更多细节。
[5] See _Introduction_.
[5] 参见_简介_。
[6] A small landowner.
[6] 小地主.
Thomas was bred a smith under his father; but, being ingenious, and encouraged in learning (as all my brothers were) by an Esquire Palmer, then the principal gentleman in that parish, he qualified himself for the business of scrivener; became a considerable man in the county; was a chief mover of all public-spirited undertakings for the county or town of Northampton, and his own village, of which many instances were related of him; and much taken notice of and patronized by the then Lord Halifax.
托马斯在父亲的指导下长大，是一名铁匠。但是，他很聪明，并且受到当时教区首席绅士帕尔默先生的鼓励学习（就像我所有的兄弟一样），因此他有资格从事书记员的工作。成为县里的大人物；是北安普顿县或镇以及他自己的村庄所有公益事业的主要推动者，其中许多事例都与他有关；并受到当时的哈利法克斯勋爵的高度关注和赞助。
He died in 1702, January 6, old style,[7] just four years to a day before I was born.
他于 1702 年 1 月 6 日去世，[7] 就在我出生前四年零一天。
The account we received of his life and character from some old people at Ecton, I remember, struck you as something extraordinary, from its similarity to what you knew of mine.
我记得，我们从埃克顿的一些老人那里得到的关于他的生活和性格的描述，让你觉得非同寻常，因为它与你所了解的我的相似。
"Had he died on the same day," you said, "one might have supposed a transmigration."
“如果他同一天死的话，”你说，“人们可能会认为是穿越了。”
[7] January 17, new style.
[7] 1月17日，新款式。
This change in the calendar was made in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, and adopted in England in 1752.
教皇格列高利十三世于 1582 年对历法进行了这一修改，并于 1752 年在英国采用。
Every year whose number in the common reckoning since Christ is not divisible by 4, as well as every year whose number is divisible by 100 but not by 400, shall have 365 days, and all other years shall have 366 days.
自基督以来的公历中每年的数字不能被 4 整除的年份，以及每年能被 100 但不能被 400 整除的年份，应有 365 天，所有其他年份应有 366 天。
In the eighteenth century there was a difference of eleven days between the old and the new style of reckoning, which the English Parliament canceled by making the 3rd of September, 1752, the 14th.
在十八世纪，新旧计算方式之间存在十一天的差异，英国议会取消了这一差异，将 1752 年 9 月 3 日定为 14 日。
The Julian calendar, or "old style," is still retained in Russia and Greece, whose dates consequently are now 13 days behind those of other Christian countries.
俄罗斯和希腊仍然保留儒略历，或称“旧式历”，因此它们的日期比其他基督教国家晚了 13 天。
John was bred a dyer, I believe of woollens, Benjamin was bred a silk dyer, serving an apprenticeship at London.
约翰是一名染色工，我相信是毛织品染色工，本杰明是一名丝绸染色工，在伦敦当学徒。
He was an ingenious man.
他是一个聪明人。
I remember him well, for when I was a boy he came over to my father in Boston, and lived in the house with us some years.
我对他记得很清楚，因为当我还是个孩子的时候，他来到了波士顿的我父亲那里，并和我们一起在房子里住了几年。
He lived to a great age.
他活到了很高的年纪。
His grandson, Samuel Franklin, now lives in Boston.
他的孙子塞缪尔·富兰克林现在住在波士顿。
He left behind him two quarto volumes, MS., of his own poetry, consisting of little occasional pieces addressed to his friends and relations, of which the following, sent to me, is a specimen.[8] He had formed a short-hand of his own, which he taught me, but, never practising it, I have now forgot it.
他留下了两本四开本，MS.，是他自己的诗歌，其中包括一些偶尔写给他的朋友和亲戚的小作品，下面寄给我的就是其中的一个样本。 [8]他自己形成了一套速记法，并教给我，但由于我从未练习过，所以现在已经忘记了。
I was named after this uncle, there being a particular affection between him and my father.
我是以这位叔叔的名字命名的，他和我父亲之间有一种特殊的感情。
He was very pious, a great attender of sermons of the best preachers, which he took down in his short-hand, and had with him many volumes of them.
他非常虔诚，经常聆听最优秀传教士的布道，并用速记本记录下来，并随身携带许多卷本。
He was also much of a politician; too much, perhaps, for his station.
他也是一位政治家。对于他的地位来说，也许太多了。
There fell lately into my hands, in London, a collection he had made of all the principal pamphlets relating to public affairs, from 1641 to 1717; many of the volumes are wanting as appears by the numbering, but there still remain eight volumes in folio, and twenty-four in quarto and in octavo.
最近，我在伦敦收到了他收藏的 1641 年至 1717 年间与公共事务有关的所有主要小册子。从编号来看，许多卷都缺少，但仍然有八卷对开本，二十四卷四开本和八开本。
A dealer in old books met with them, and knowing me by my sometimes buying of him, he brought them to me.
一位旧书经销商遇见了这些书，通过我有时购买他的作品认识了我，他把这些书带给了我。
It seems my uncle must have left them here when he went to America, which was about fifty years since.
看来我叔叔去美国时一定把它们留在这里了，距今已有五十年了。
There are many of his notes in the margins.
页边空白处有许多他的笔记。
[8] The specimen is not in the manuscript of the _Autobiography_.
[8] 该样本不在《自传》的手稿中。
This obscure family of ours was early in the Reformation, and continued Protestants through the reign of Queen Mary, when they were sometimes in danger of trouble on account of their zeal against popery.
我们这个默默无闻的家族早在宗教改革时期，在玛丽女王统治时期一直信奉新教，当时他们有时会因为热衷于反对教皇制度而陷入麻烦的危险。
They had got an English Bible, and to conceal and secure it, it was fastened open with tapes under and within the cover of a joint-stool.
他们有一本英文圣经，为了隐藏和固定它，用胶带将其固定在联合凳子的下面和里面。
When my great-great-grandfather read it to his family, he turned up the joint-stool upon his knees, turning over the leaves then under the tapes.
当我的曾曾祖父向他的家人读这本书时，他把膝盖上的联合凳子翻过来，翻过叶子，然后翻到磁带下面。
One of the children stood at the door to give notice if he saw the apparitor coming, who was an officer of the spiritual court.
其中一个孩子站在门口，如果他看到幻影出现，就会发出通知，幻影是精神法庭的一名官员。
In that case the stool was turned down again upon its feet, when the Bible remained concealed under it as before.
在这种情况下，凳子又被翻倒在脚上，而《圣经》仍然像以前一样藏在凳子下面。
This anecdote I had from my uncle Benjamin.
这件轶事是我从我叔叔本杰明那里听来的。
The family continued all of the Church of England till about the end of Charles the Second's reign, when some of the ministers that had been outed for non-conformity, holding conventicles[9] in Northamptonshire, Benjamin and Josiah adhered to them, and so continued all their lives: the rest of the family remained with the Episcopal Church.
这个家族继续信奉英国国教，直到查理二世统治末期，当时一些因不符合国教而被驱逐的牧师在北安普敦郡举行秘密会议[9]，本杰明和约西亚坚持了他们的信仰，并继续了他们的一生：家族的其余成员仍然属于圣公会。
[9] Secret gatherings of dissenters from the established Church.
[9] 国教持不同政见者的秘密集会。
[Illustration: Birthplace of Franklin.
[插图：富兰克林的出生地。
Milk Street, Boston.]
波士顿牛奶街。]
Josiah, my father, married young, and carried his wife with three children into New England, about 1682.
我的父亲约西亚 (Josiah) 很早就结婚了，并于 1682 年左右带着妻子和三个孩子来到了新英格兰。
The conventicles having been forbidden by law, and frequently disturbed, induced some considerable men of his acquaintance to remove to that country, and he was prevailed with to accompany them thither, where they expected to enjoy their mode of religion with freedom.
由于法律禁止举行集会，而且集会经常受到干扰，他所认识的一些重要人士都搬到了那个国家，他被说服陪同他们去那里，他们希望在那里自由地享受他们的宗教方式。
By the same wife he had four children more born there, and by a second wife ten more, in all seventeen; of which I remember thirteen sitting at one time at his table, who all grew up to be men and women, and married; I was the youngest son, and the youngest child but two, and was born in Boston, New England.[10] My mother, the second wife, was Abiah Folger, daughter of Peter Folger, one of the first settlers of New England, of whom honorable mention is made by Cotton Mather,[11] in his church history of that country, entitled _Magnalia Christi Americana_, as "_a godly, learned Englishman_," if I remember the words rightly.
他与同一位妻子在那里又生了四个孩子，与第二任妻子又生了十个孩子，总共十七个。我记得其中有十三个人曾经坐在他的桌子旁，他们都长大成人，结了婚。我是最小的儿子，也是除两岁之外最小的孩子，出生在新英格兰的波士顿。 [10]我的母亲，第二任妻子，是彼得·福尔格（Peter Folger）的女儿阿比亚·福尔格（Abiah Folger），彼得·福尔格是新英格兰的第一批定居者之一，科顿·马瑟（Cotton Mather）在他的那个国家的教会历史中，[11] 荣誉地提到了她，题为“Magnalia Christi Americana_”，如果我没记错的话，他是“一个虔诚的、博学的英国人”。
I have heard that he wrote sundry small occasional pieces, but only one of them was printed, which I saw now many years since.
我听说他偶尔写过一些小文章，但只有其中一篇被印刷出来，现在我已经看到了很多年了。
It was written in 1675, in the home-spun verse of that time and people, and addressed to those then concerned in the government there.
它写于 1675 年，用当时和人民的朴素诗句写成，写给当时政府的相关人员。
It was in favour of liberty of conscience, and in behalf of the Baptists, Quakers, and other sectaries that had been under persecution, ascribing the Indian wars, and other distresses that had befallen the country, to that persecution, as so many judgments of God to punish so heinous an offense, and exhorting a repeal of those uncharitable laws.
它赞成良心自由，并代表浸信会、贵格会和其他遭受迫害的教派，将印第安战争和降临到这个国家的其他苦难归咎于这场迫害，就像上帝对如此令人发指的罪行的众多审判一样，并劝告废除那些不仁慈的法律。
The whole appeared to me as written with a good deal of decent plainness and manly freedom.
在我看来，整篇文章写得非常简单，充满男子气概。
The six concluding lines I remember, though I have forgotten the two first of the stanza; but the purport of them was, that his censures proceeded from good-will, and, therefore, he would be known to be the author.
我记得最后的六行，尽管我忘记了该节的前两行；但它们的主旨是，他的谴责是出于善意，因此，人们会知道他是作者。
"Because to be a libeller (says he) I hate it with my heart; From Sherburne town,[12] where now I dwell My name I do put here; Without offense your real friend, It is Peter Folgier."
“因为成为诽谤者（他说），我从心底里讨厌它；来自舍伯恩镇，[12]我现在居住的地方，我的名字我放在这里；无意冒犯你真正的朋友，他是彼得·福尔吉尔。”
[10] Franklin was born on Sunday, January 6, old style, 1706, in a house on Milk Street, opposite the Old South Meeting House, where he was baptized on the day of his birth, during a snowstorm.
[10] 富兰克林于 1706 年 1 月 6 日星期日出生在牛奶街老南礼拜堂对面的一所房子里，他出生那天在一场暴风雪中接受了洗礼。
The house where he was born was burned in 1810.--Griffin.
他出生的房子于 1810 年被烧毁。--格里芬。
[11] Cotton Mather (1663-1728), clergyman, author, and scholar.
[11] 科顿·马瑟（Cotton Mather，1663-1728），牧师、作家和学者。
Pastor of the North Church, Boston.
波士顿北教堂牧师。
He took an active part in the persecution of witchcraft.
他积极参与迫害巫术的活动。
[12] Nantucket.
[12] 楠塔基特。
My elder brothers were all put apprentices to different trades.
我的哥哥们都被派去当不同行业的学徒。
I was put to the grammar-school at eight years of age, my father intending to devote me, as the tithe[13] of his sons, to the service of the Church.
我八岁时就被送入文法学校，父亲打算让我作为他儿子们的什一税[13]，为教会服务。
My early readiness in learning to read (which must have been very early, as I do not remember when I could not read), and the opinion of all his friends, that I should certainly make a good scholar, encouraged him in this purpose of his.
我很早就准备学习阅读（这一定是很早的事情，因为我不记得我什么时候不会阅读），以及他所有朋友的意见，即我肯定会成为一名优秀的学者，这鼓励了他实现这一目标。
My uncle Benjamin, too, approved of it, and proposed to give me all his short-hand volumes of sermons, I suppose as a stock to set up with, if I would learn his character.[14] I continued, however, at the grammar-school not quite one year, though in that time I had risen gradually from the middle of the class of that year to be the head of it, and farther was removed into the next class above it, in order to go with that into the third at the end of the year.
我的叔叔本杰明也同意这一点，并提议把他所有的布道速记卷给我，我想如果我想了解他的性格的话，可以作为储备。 [14]然而，我在文法学校继续读了不到一年，尽管在那段时间里，我逐渐从当年班级的中游上升到了班级的班长，并进一步被调到了比它高的下一个班级，以便在年底进入三年级。
But my father, in the meantime, from a view of the expense of a college education, which having so large a family he could not well afford, and the mean living many so educated were afterwards able to obtain--reasons that he gave to his friends in my hearing--altered his first intention, took me from the grammar-school, and sent me to a school for writing and arithmetic, kept by a then famous man, Mr. George Brownell, very successful in his profession generally, and that by mild, encouraging methods.
但与此同时，我的父亲考虑到大学教育的费用，因为他有这么大一个家庭，他负担不起，而且许多受过如此教育的人后来能够过上卑微的生活——他在我听着的时候向他的朋友们讲述了这些理由——改变了他的初衷，把我从文法学校带走，把我送到一所学校学习写作和算术，学校的校长是当时的名人乔治·布劳内尔先生，他在他的职业上总体上非常成功，而且方法温和，令人鼓舞。
Under him I acquired fair writing pretty soon, but I failed in the arithmetic, and made no progress in it.
在他的指导下，我很快就获得了不错的写作能力，但我的算术不及格，而且没有任何进步。
At ten years old I was taken home to assist my father in his business, which was that of a tallow-chandler and sope-boiler; a business he was not bred to, but had assumed on his arrival in New England, and on finding his dyeing trade would not maintain his family, being in little request.
十岁时，我被带回家协助父亲打理他的生意，即做牛脂商人和熬油匠。他从小就没有从事这项生意，但在他到达新英格兰后就开始从事这项生意，并发现他的染色生意无法维持他的家庭，因为没有什么要求。
Accordingly, I was employed in cutting wick for the candles, filling the dipping mould and the moulds for cast candles, attending the shop, going of errands, etc.
因此，我的工作包括切割蜡烛的灯芯、填充浸渍模具和铸造蜡烛的模具、去商店、跑腿等等。
[13] Tenth.
[13] 第十．
[14] System of short-hand.
[14] 速记系统。
I disliked the trade, and had a strong inclination for the sea, but my father declared against it; however, living near the water, I was much in and about it, learnt early to swim well, and to manage boats; and when in a boat or canoe with other boys, I was commonly allowed to govern, especially in any case of difficulty; and upon other occasions I was generally a leader among the boys, and sometimes led them into scrapes, of which I will mention one instance, as it shows an early projecting public spirit, tho' not then justly conducted.
我不喜欢这个行业，而且对航海有着强烈的兴趣，但我父亲反对。然而，由于住在靠近水的地方，我对水很感兴趣，很早就学会了游泳和管理船只。当我和其他男孩一起乘船或独木舟时，我通常被允许进行统治，特别是在任何困难的情况下；在其他情况下，我通常是男孩们中的领导者，有时会导致他们陷入困境，其中我将提到一个例子，因为它显示了早期表现出的公共精神，尽管当时没有得到公正的执行。
There was a salt-marsh that bounded part of the mill-pond, on the edge of which, at high water, we used to stand to fish for minnows.
磨坊池塘的一部分周围有一片盐沼，水位高的时候，我们常常站在盐沼的边缘钓小鱼。
By much trampling, we had made it a mere quagmire.
经过我们的多次践踏，它已经变成了一个泥潭。
My proposal was to build a wharf there fit for us to stand upon, and I showed my comrades a large heap of stones, which were intended for a new house near the marsh, and which would very well suit our purpose.
我的建议是在那里建一个适合我们站立的码头，我给战友们看了一大堆石头，这些石头是打算在沼泽附近建造新房子的，这非常适合我们的目的。
Accordingly, in the evening, when the workmen were gone, I assembled a number of my playfellows, and working with them diligently like so many emmets, sometimes two or three to a stone, we brought them all away and built our little wharf.
于是，到了晚上，工人们走后，我就召集了一些玩伴，像许多艾美特一样，和他们一起勤奋地工作，有时一块石头上有两三个人，我们把他们全部带走，建造了我们的小码头。
The next morning the workmen were surprised at missing the stones, which were found in our wharf.
第二天早上，工人们惊讶地发现没有找到在我们码头发现的石头。
Inquiry was made after the removers; we were discovered and complained of; several of us were corrected by our fathers; and, though I pleaded the usefulness of the work, mine convinced me that nothing was useful which was not honest.
询问了拆除者之后；我们被发现并被投诉；我们中的一些人被我们的父亲纠正了。尽管我辩解说这项工作很有用，但我的工作却让我相信，不诚实的东西就没有什么用处。
I think you may like to know something of his person and character.
我想你可能想了解一下他的人品和性格。
He had an excellent constitution of body, was of middle stature, but well set, and very strong; he was ingenious, could draw prettily, was skilled a little in music, and had a clear, pleasing voice, so that when he played psalm tunes on his violin and sung withal, as he sometimes did in an evening after the business of the day was over, it was extremely agreeable to hear.
他体格极佳，中等身材，但身材匀称，非常强壮。他心灵手巧，画得漂亮，对音乐也有一定的造诣，声音清亮悦耳，因此，当他在一天的工作结束后，有时在晚上用小提琴演奏圣歌并伴唱时，听起来非常悦耳。
He had a mechanical genius too, and, on occasion, was very handy in the use of other tradesmen's tools; but his great excellence lay in a sound understanding and solid judgment in prudential matters, both in private and publick affairs.
他还具有机械天才，有时能够得心应手地使用其他商人的工具。但他的伟大之处在于对私人和公共事务的审慎事务有良好的理解和坚定的判断力。
In the latter, indeed, he was never employed, the numerous family he had to educate and the straitness of his circumstances keeping him close to his trade; but I remember well his being frequently visited by leading people, who consulted him for his opinion in affairs of the town or of the church he belonged to, and showed a good deal of respect for his judgment and advice: he was also much consulted by private persons about their affairs when any difficulty occurred, and frequently chosen an arbitrator between contending parties.
事实上，在后者中，他从未有过工作，他必须教育众多的家庭，而他的困境使他只能专注于自己的行业。但我清楚地记得他经常受到领导人士的拜访，他们就他所属的城镇或教会的事务征求他的意见，并对他的判断和建议表现出极大的尊重：当发生任何困难时，私人也经常就他们的事务咨询他，并经常在争执双方之间选择仲裁员。
At his table he liked to have, as often as he could, some sensible friend or neighbor to converse with, and always took care to start some ingenious or useful topic for discourse, which might tend to improve the minds of his children.
在他的餐桌上，他喜欢尽可能多地与一些明智的朋友或邻居交谈，并且总是小心地开始一些巧妙或有用的谈话话题，这可能有助于改善他的孩子们的思想。
By this means he turned our attention to what was good, just, and prudent in the conduct of life; and little or no notice was ever taken of what related to the victuals on the table, whether it was well or ill dressed, in or out of season, of good or bad flavor, preferable or inferior to this or that other thing of the kind, so that I was bro't up in such a perfect inattention to those matters as to be quite indifferent what kind of food was set before me, and so unobservant of it, that to this day if I am asked I can scarce tell a few hours after dinner what I dined upon.
通过这种方式，他将我们的注意力转向生活中善良、公正和谨慎的行为。很少或根本没有注意到与餐桌上的食物有关的东西，无论它是好还是坏，是当季还是反季，味道是好是坏，比这个或那个其他类似的东西更好还是更差，所以我是在对这些事情完全不关心的情况下长大的，以至于对摆在我面前的是什么样的食物完全漠不关心，而且如此不注意它，以至于直到今天，如果有人问我，我几乎无法告诉我晚饭后几个小时我吃的是什么。用餐。
This has been a convenience to me in traveling, where my companions have been sometimes very unhappy for want of a suitable gratification of their more delicate, because better instructed, tastes and appetites.
这对我的旅行来说是一个便利，我的同伴有时会因为缺乏适当的满足而感到非常不高兴，因为他们更精致的口味和胃口得到了更好的指导。
My mother had likewise an excellent constitution: she suckled all her ten children.
我母亲的体质也非常好：她哺育了十个孩子。
I never knew either my father or mother to have any sickness but that of which they dy'd, he at 89, and she at 85 years of age.
我从来不知道我的父亲或母亲生过什么病，但他们死了，他 89 岁，她 85 岁。
They lie buried together at Boston, where I some years since placed a marble over their grave,[15] with this inscription:
他们一起埋葬在波士顿，几年后我在他们的坟墓上放了一块大理石，[15] 上面刻着这样的铭文：
Josiah Franklin, and Abiah his wife, lie here interred.
乔赛亚·富兰克林和他的妻子亚比雅长眠于此。
They lived lovingly together in wedlock fifty-five years.
他们的婚姻恩爱地生活了五十五年。
Without an estate, or any gainful employment, By constant labor and industry, with God's blessing, They maintained a large family comfortably, and brought up thirteen children and seven grandchildren reputably.
他们没有产业，也没有任何有报酬的工作，靠着不断的劳动和勤奋，在上帝的祝福下，维持着一个舒适的大家庭，养育了十三个孩子和七个孙子。
From this instance, reader, Be encouraged to diligence in thy calling, And distrust not Providence.
从这个例子开始，读者，要鼓励你勤奋地从事你的职业，不要怀疑上帝。
He was a pious and prudent man; She, a discreet and virtuous woman.
他是一个虔诚而谨慎的人；她，一个谨慎而贤惠的女人。
Their youngest son, In filial regard to their memory, Places this stone.
他们的小儿子，为了孝敬他们的记忆，放置了这块石头。
J.
J。
F.
F。
born 1655, died 1744, Ætat 89.
生于 1655 年，卒于 1744 年，年 89 岁。
A.
A.
F.
F。
born 1667, died 1752,----85.
生于 1667 年，卒于 1752 年，----85。
[15] This marble having decayed, the citizens of Boston in 1827 erected in its place a granite obelisk, twenty-one feet high, bearing the original inscription quoted in the text and another explaining the erection of the monument.
[15] 这块大理石已经腐烂，波士顿市民于 1827 年在其位置竖起了一座二十一英尺高的花岗岩方尖碑，上面刻有文本中引用的原始铭文，以及另一块解释纪念碑竖立情况的铭文。
By my rambling digressions I perceive myself to be grown old.
通过我漫无边际的离题，我感觉自己已经老了。
I us'd to write more methodically.
我会写得更有条理。
But one does not dress for private company as for a publick ball.
但人们在私人舞会上的着装并不像在公共舞会上那样着装。
'Tis perhaps only negligence.
这也许只是疏忽。
To return: I continued thus employed in my father's business for two years, that is, till I was twelve years old; and my brother John, who was bred to that business, having left my father, married, and set up for himself at Rhode Island, there was all appearance that I was destined to supply his place, and become a tallow-chandler.
回来说：我继续在我父亲的生意上工作了两年，也就是说，直到我十二岁；我的兄弟约翰就是为这个行业而生的，他离开了我的父亲，结婚了，并在罗德岛建立了自己的事业，所有的迹象都表明我注定要取代他的位置，成为一名牛油商。
But my dislike to the trade continuing, my father was under apprehensions that if he did not find one for me more agreeable, I should break away and get to sea, as his son Josiah had done, to his great vexation.
但我对这一行业的厌恶仍在继续，我父亲担心，如果他找不到更适合我的行业，我就会像他儿子约西亚所做的那样，离开并出海，这让他非常烦恼。
He therefore sometimes took me to walk with him, and see joiners, bricklayers, turners, braziers, etc., at their work, that he might observe my inclination, and endeavor to fix it on some trade or other on land.
因此，他有时会带我和他一起散步，看看木匠、瓦匠、旋工、火盆匠等人的工作，这样他就可以观察我的倾向，并努力将其固定在陆地上的某些行业或其他行业。
It has ever since been a pleasure to me to see good workmen handle their tools; and it has been useful to me, having learnt so much by it as to be able to do little jobs myself in my house when a workman could not readily be got, and to construct little machines for my experiments, while the intention of making the experiment was fresh and warm in my mind.
从那时起，我就很高兴看到优秀的工人使用他们的工具。它对我很有用，通过它学到了很多东西，当不容易找到工人时，我能够自己在家里做一些小工作，并为我的实验建造小机器，而做实验的意图在我的脑海里是新鲜而温暖的。
My father at last fixed upon the cutler's trade, and my uncle Benjamin's son Samuel, who was bred to that business in London, being about that time established in Boston, I was sent to be with him some time on liking.
我父亲最终决定从事刀匠生意，而我叔叔本杰明的儿子塞缪尔，他在伦敦长大从事这项生意，大约在那个时候在波士顿定居，我被派去和他在一起一段时间。
But his expectations of a fee with me displeasing my father, I was taken home again.
但他对我收费的期望让我父亲不高兴，我又被带回家了。
II
二
BEGINNING LIFE AS A PRINTER
开始打印机生活
From a child I was fond of reading, and all the little money that came into my hands was ever laid out in books.
我从小就喜欢读书，手里的一点钱都花在了书本上。
Pleased with the _Pilgrim's Progress_, my first collection was of John Bunyan's works in separate little volumes.
我对《天路历程》很满意，我的第一本收藏是约翰·班扬的作品，分为不同的小册子。
I afterward sold them to enable me to buy R.
后来我卖掉了它们以购买 R。
Burton's _Historical Collections_; they were small chapmen's books,[16] and cheap, 40 or 50 in all.
伯顿的_历史收藏_；它们是查普曼的小书，[16]而且很便宜，总共 40 或 50 本。
My father's little library consisted chiefly of books in polemic divinity, most of which I read, and have since often regretted that, at a time when I had such a thirst for knowledge, more proper books had not fallen in my way, since it was now resolved I should not be a clergyman.
我父亲的小图书馆主要是关于神学辩论的书籍，其中大部分是我读过的，从那时起，我常常后悔，在我如此渴望知识的时候，更合适的书籍没有落在我的路上，因为现在我决定不应该成为一名牧师。
Plutarch's _Lives_ there was in which I read abundantly, and I still think that time spent to great advantage.
我读了很多普鲁塔克的《生活》，而且我仍然认为那段时间花了不少时间。
There was also a book of DeFoe's, called an _Essay on Projects_, and another of Dr. Mather's, called _Essays to do Good_, which perhaps gave me a turn of thinking that had an influence on some of the principal future events of my life.
还有笛福的一本书，叫做《项目论文》，还有马瑟博士的另一本书，叫做《行善论文》，这也许给了我一个思维转变，对我未来生活中的一些主要事件产生了影响。
[16] Small books, sold by chapmen or peddlers.
[16] 小书，由查夫或小贩出售。
This bookish inclination at length determined my father to make me a printer, though he had already one son (James) of that profession.
这种书呆子的倾向最终决定我的父亲让我成为一名打印机，尽管他已经有一个从事该职业的儿子（詹姆斯）。
In 1717 my brother James returned from England with a press and letters to set up his business in Boston.
1717 年，我的兄弟詹姆斯带着报纸和信件从英国回来，在波士顿创办了他的生意。
I liked it much better than that of my father, but still had a hankering for the sea.
我比我父亲更喜欢它，但仍然渴望大海。
To prevent the apprehended effect of such an inclination, my father was impatient to have me bound to my brother.
为了防止这种倾向产生令人担忧的影响，我的父亲迫不及待地想让我和我的兄弟绑在一起。
I stood out some time, but at last was persuaded, and signed the indentures when I was yet but twelve years old.
我曾一度站出来，但最终被说服了，并在我十二岁的时候签署了契约。
I was to serve as an apprentice till I was twenty-one years of age, only I was to be allowed journeyman's wages during the last year.
我要当学徒直到二十一岁，只有最后一年我才可以领熟练工的工资。
In a little time I made great proficiency in the business, and became a useful hand to my brother.
没过多久，我的生意就变得很熟练，成了我哥哥的得力助手。
I now had access to better books.
我现在可以获得更好的书籍。
An acquaintance with the apprentices of booksellers enabled me sometimes to borrow a small one, which I was careful to return soon and clean.
与书商学徒的熟识使我有时能借一本小书，我会小心翼翼地很快归还并保持干净。
Often I sat up in my room reading the greatest part of the night, when the book was borrowed in the evening and to be returned early in the morning, lest it should be missed or wanted.
我经常坐在房间里读上一整夜的时间，因为书是在晚上借的，并且要在早上归还，以免错过或想要它。
And after some time an ingenious tradesman, Mr. Matthew Adams, who had a pretty collection of books, and who frequented our printing-house, took notice of me, invited me to his library, and very kindly lent me such books as I chose to read.
过了一段时间，一位聪明的商人马修·亚当斯先生（他藏有大量书籍，经常光顾我们的印刷厂）注意到了我，邀请我去他的图书馆，并非常好心地借给我我选择阅读的书籍。
I now took a fancy to poetry, and made some little pieces; my brother, thinking it might turn to account, encouraged me, and put me on composing occasional ballads.
我现在喜欢上了诗歌，也创作了一些小作品；我的兄弟认为这可能会起作用，因此鼓励我，并让我偶尔创作一些民谣。
One was called _The Lighthouse Tragedy_, and contained an account of the drowning of Captain Worthilake, with his two daughters: the other was a sailor's song, on the taking of _Teach_ (or Blackbeard) the pirate.
其中一首名为《灯塔悲剧》，讲述了沃西莱克船长和他的两个女儿的溺水事件；另一首是一首水手之歌，讲述了海盗蒂奇（或黑胡子）的故事。
They were wretched stuff, in the Grub-street-ballad style;[17] and when they were printed he sent me about the town to sell them.
它们是一些可怜的东西，具有格鲁布街民谣的风格；[17]当它们被印刷出来时，他派我到镇上去卖它们。
The first sold wonderfully, the event being recent, having made a great noise.
第一个卖得很好，这个活动是最近发生的，引起了很大的轰动。
This flattered my vanity; but my father discouraged me by ridiculing my performances, and telling me verse-makers were generally beggars.
这满足了我的虚荣心；但我的父亲嘲笑我的表演，并告诉我作诗的人通常都是乞丐，从而使我泄气。
So I escaped being a poet, most probably a very bad one; but as prose writing has been of great use to me in the course of my life, and was a principal means of my advancement, I shall tell you how, in such a situation, I acquired what little ability I have in that way.
所以我逃脱了成为一名诗人的命运，很可能是一个非常糟糕的诗人。但由于散文写作在我的一生中对我有很大的用处，是我进步的主要手段，我将告诉你，在这种情况下，我是如何获得我所拥有的一点能力的。
[17] Grub-street: famous in English literature as the home of poor writers.
[17] 格鲁布街：在英国文学界以贫穷作家的故乡而闻名。
There was another bookish lad in the town, John Collins by name, with whom I was intimately acquainted.
镇上还有一个书生气十足的小伙子，名叫约翰·柯林斯，我和他很熟。
We sometimes disputed, and very fond we were of argument, and very desirous of confuting one another, which disputatious turn, by the way, is apt to become a very bad habit, making people often extremely disagreeable in company by the contradiction that is necessary to bring it into practice; and thence, besides souring and spoiling the conversation, is productive of disgusts and, perhaps enmities where you may have occasion for friendship.
我们有时会争论，而且我们非常喜欢争论，而且非常渴望互相反驳，顺便说一句，这种争论的倾向很容易成为一种非常坏的习惯，使人们在相处时常常因为将其付诸实践所必需的矛盾而变得非常不愉快。因此，除了使谈话变得糟糕和破坏之外，还会产生厌恶，甚至在你们可能有机会建立友谊的地方产生敌意。
I had caught it by reading my father's books of dispute about religion.
我是通过阅读父亲关于宗教的争论书籍而了解到这一点的。
Persons of good sense, I have since observed, seldom fall into it, except lawyers, university men, and men of all sorts that have been bred at Edinborough.
我后来发现，除了律师、大学生和在爱丁堡培养的各种人之外，有理智的人很少会陷入这种困境。
A question was once, somehow or other, started between Collins and me, of the propriety of educating the female sex in learning, and their abilities for study.
柯林斯和我之间曾经不知何故提出了一个问题，即对女性进行学习教育是否合适，以及她们的学习能力。
He was of opinion that it was improper, and that they were naturally unequal to it.
他认为这是不妥当的，他们自然是不平等的。
I took the contrary side, perhaps a little for dispute's sake.
我站在了相反的一边，也许是为了争论。
He was naturally more eloquent, had a ready plenty of words, and sometimes, as I thought, bore me down more by his fluency than by the strength of his reasons.
他天生就更能言善辩，有充足的言语，有时，正如我所想，他的流利程度比他的理由的说服力更让我沮丧。
As we parted without settling the point, and were not to see one another again for some time, I sat down to put my arguments in writing, which I copied fair and sent to him.
当我们没有解决问题就分手了，而且有一段时间不会再见面时，我坐下来把我的论点写下来，我把它抄下来寄给了他。
He answered, and I replied.
他回答，我也回答。
Three or four letters of a side had passed, when my father happened to find my papers and read them.
一面的三四封信过去了，父亲碰巧发现了我的论文并阅读了它们。
Without entering into the discussion, he took occasion to talk to me about the manner of my writing; observed that, though I had the advantage of my antagonist in correct spelling and pointing (which I ow'd to the printing-house), I fell far short in elegance of expression, in method and in perspicuity, of which he convinced me by several instances.
他没有参与讨论，而是趁机与我谈论了我的写作方式。他指出，虽然我在正确的拼写和指点方面比我的对手有优势（这要归功于印刷厂），但在表达的优雅性、方法和清晰度方面我却远远落后，他用好几个例子说服了我。
I saw the justice of his remarks, and thence grew more attentive to the manner in writing, and determined to endeavor at improvement.
我看到了他的言论的正义性，因此更加注意写作方式，并决心努力改进。
About this time I met with an odd volume of the _Spectator_.[18] It was the third.
大约在这个时候，我遇到了一本奇怪的_Spectator_卷。[18]这是第三次。
I had never before seen any of them.
我以前从未见过他们中的任何一个。
I bought it, read it over and over, and was much delighted with it.
我买了它，读了一遍又一遍，非常满意。
I thought the writing excellent, and wished, if possible, to imitate it.
我觉得这篇文章写得很好，如果可以的话，我希望能模仿一下。
With this view I took some of the papers, and, making short hints of the sentiment in each sentence, laid them by a few days, and then, without looking at the book, try'd to compleat the papers again, by expressing each hinted sentiment at length, and as fully as it had been expressed before, in any suitable words that should come to hand.
怀着这样的想法，我拿了一些试卷，对每句话中的观点做了简短的暗示，把它们搁置了几天，然后，在不看书的情况下，尝试再次完成试卷，详细表达每一个暗示的观点，就像以前表达过的一样，用任何合适的词语来表达。
Then I compared my _Spectator_ with the original, discovered some of my faults, and corrected them.
然后我将我的_Spectator_与原版进行比较，发现了我的一些错误，并改正了它们。
But I found I wanted a stock of words, or a readiness in recollecting and using them, which I thought I should have acquired before that time if I had gone on making verses; since the continual occasion for words of the same import, but of different length, to suit the measure, or of different sound for the rhyme, would have laid me under a constant necessity of searching for variety, and also have tended to fix that variety in my mind, and make me master of it.
但我发现我需要一些词汇，或者准备好回忆和使用它们，我想如果我继续写诗的话，我应该在那之前就掌握这些词汇；因为不断地出现相同意义但长度不同的单词以适应音节，或者不同声音的韵律，将使我不断地需要寻找多样性，并且也倾向于将这种多样性固定在我的脑海中，并使我掌握它。
Therefore I took some of the tales and turned them into verse; and, after a time, when I had pretty well forgotten the prose, turned them back again.
因此我把一些故事写成诗；过了一段时间，当我几乎忘记了那些散文时，我又把它们翻了回来。
I also sometimes jumbled my collections of hints into confusion, and after some weeks endeavored to reduce them into the best order, before I began to form the full sentences and compleat the paper.
有时我也会把我收集的提示弄得混乱不堪，几周后，我努力将它们简化为最佳顺序，然后才开始形成完整的句子并完成论文。
This was to teach me method in the arrangement of thoughts.
这是教我整理思绪的方法。
By comparing my work afterwards with the original, I discovered many faults and amended them; but I sometimes had the pleasure of fancying that, in certain particulars of small import, I had been lucky enough to improve the method of the language, and this encouraged me to think I might possibly in time come to be a tolerable English writer, of which I was extremely ambitious.
通过后来的作品与原作的比较，我发现了很多错误并进行了修改；但有时我很高兴地想象，在某些无关紧要的细节上，我很幸运地改进了语言的方法，这鼓励我认为我可能有一天会成为一名还算可以的英语作家，对此我抱有极大的雄心。
My time for these exercises and for reading was at night, after work or before it began in the morning, or on Sundays, when I contrived to be in the printing-house alone, evading as much as I could the common attendance on public worship which my father used to exact of me when I was under his care, and which indeed I still thought a duty, thought I could not, as it seemed to me, afford time to practise it.
我做这些练习和阅读的时间是在晚上，下班后或早上开始之前，或者是星期天，那时我设法独自一人在印刷厂，尽可能避免参加公共礼拜，这是我父亲在我受他照顾时经常要求我参加的，事实上，我仍然认为这是一种责任，认为我没有时间去实践它。
[18] A daily London journal, comprising satirical essays on social subjects, published by Addison and Steele in 1711-1712.
[18] 伦敦日报，包含有关社会主题的讽刺文章，由艾迪生和斯蒂尔于 1711-1712 年出版。
The _Spectator_ and its predecessor, the _Tatler_ (1709), marked the beginning of periodical literature.
《旁观者》及其前身《闲谈者》（1709 年）标志着期刊文学的开端。
When about 16 years of age I happened to meet with a book, written by one Tryon, recommending a vegetable diet.
大约 16 岁时，我偶然看到一本由特赖恩 (Tryon) 写的书，推荐蔬菜饮食。
I determined to go into it.
我决定深入其中。
My brother, being yet unmarried, did not keep house, but boarded himself and his apprentices in another family.
我哥哥尚未结婚，不看家，自己和徒弟寄宿在别家。
My refusing to eat flesh occasioned an inconveniency, and I was frequently chid for my singularity.
我拒绝吃肉给我带来了不便，而且我经常因为我的怪异而受到责备。
I made myself acquainted with Tryon's manner of preparing some of his dishes, such as boiling potatoes or rice, making hasty pudding, and a few others, and then proposed to my brother, that if he would give me, weekly, half the money he paid for my board, I would board myself.
我熟悉了特赖恩准备一些菜肴的方式，例如煮土豆或米饭、制作速食布丁等，然后向我哥哥提议，如果他每周给我一半的伙食费，我就自己包饭。
He instantly agreed to it, and I presently found that I could save half what he paid me.
他立即同意了，我很快发现我可以节省他付给我的一半。
This was an additional fund for buying books.
这是购买书籍的额外资金。
But I had another advantage in it.
但我还有另一个优势。
My brother and the rest going from the printing-house to their meals, I remained there alone, and, dispatching presently my light repast, which often was no more than a bisket or a slice of bread, a handful of raisins or a tart from the pastry-cook's, and a glass of water, had the rest of the time till their return for study, in which I made the greater progress, from that greater clearness of head and quicker apprehension which usually attend temperance in eating and drinking.
我的兄弟和其他人从印刷厂去吃饭，我独自留在那儿，不久就送去了我的便餐，通常不过是一篮子或一片面包，一把葡萄干或糕点师的一个馅饼，还有一杯水，剩下的时间都是在他们回来学习之前。喝酒。
And now it was that, being on some occasion made asham'd of my ignorance in figures, which I had twice failed in learning when at school, I took Cocker's book of Arithmetick, and went through the whole by myself with great ease.
现在，我有一次为自己对数字的无知感到羞愧，在学校时我曾两次没学过数字，于是我拿起科克的算术书，自己轻松地读完了整本书。
I also read Seller's and Shermy's books of Navigation, and became acquainted with the little geometry they contain; but never proceeded far in that science.
我还阅读了塞勒和谢尔米的航海书籍，并熟悉了其中包含的小几何图形；但在这门科学上从未取得多大进展。
And I read about this time Locke _On Human Understanding_,[19] and the _Art of Thinking_, by Messrs.
这次我读到了洛克的《论人类理解》，[19] 以及 Messrs 的《思考的艺术》。
du Port Royal.[20]
杜皇家港。[20]
[19] John Locke (1632-1704), a celebrated English philosopher, founder of the so-called "common-sense" school of philosophers.
[19] 约翰·洛克（1632-1704），英国著名哲学家，所谓“常识”哲学家学派的创始人。
He drew up a constitution for the colonists of Carolina.
他为卡罗来纳殖民者起草了一部宪法。
[20] A noted society of scholarly and devout men occupying the abbey of Port Royal near Paris, who published learned works, among them the one here referred to, better known as the _Port Royal Logic_.
[20] 一个由学者和虔诚人士组成的著名社团，居住在巴黎附近的皇家港修道院，他们出版了学术著作，其中包括这里提到的《皇家港逻辑》。
While I was intent on improving my language, I met with an English grammar (I think it was Greenwood's), at the end of which there were two little sketches of the arts of rhetoric and logic, the latter finishing with a specimen of a dispute in the Socratic[21] method; and soon after I procur'd Xenophon's Memorable Things of Socrates, wherein there are many instances of the same method.
当我一心想提高我的语言时，我遇到了一本英语语法（我认为是格林伍德的），其末尾有两个关于修辞和逻辑艺术的小草图，后者以苏格拉底[21]方法中的争论样本结束；不久之后，我获得了色诺芬的《苏格拉底的难忘之事》，其中有许多相同方法的例子。
I was charm'd with it, adopted it, dropt my abrupt contradiction and positive argumentation, and put on the humble inquirer and doubter.
我被它迷住了，采纳了它，放弃了我突然的矛盾和积极的论证，并表现出谦虚的询问者和怀疑者。
And being then, from reading Shaftesbury and Collins, become a real doubter in many points of our religious doctrine, I found this method safest for myself and very embarrassing to those against whom I used it; therefore I took a delight in it, practis'd it continually, and grew very artful and expert in drawing people, even of superior knowledge, into concessions, the consequences of which they did not foresee, entangling them in difficulties out of which they could not extricate themselves, and so obtaining victories that neither myself nor my cause always deserved.
然后，通过阅读沙夫茨伯里和柯林斯，我对我们的宗教教义的许多观点产生了真正的怀疑者，我发现这种方法对我自己来说是最安全的，而对那些我用它来反对的人来说却非常尴尬；因此，我乐在其中，不断地实践它，并且变得非常狡猾和熟练，能够吸引人们，即使是知识渊博的人，让步，而他们没有预见到其后果，使他们陷入困境，无法自拔，从而获得我自己和我的事业永远不应得到的胜利。
I continu'd this method some few years, but gradually left it, retaining only the habit of expressing myself in terms of modest diffidence; never using, when I advanced anything that may possibly be disputed, the words _certainly_, _undoubtedly_, or any others that give the air of positiveness to an opinion; but rather say, I conceive or apprehend a thing to be so and so; it appears to me, or _I should think it so or so_, for such and such reasons; or _I imagine it to be so_; or _it is so, if I am not mistaken_.
这种方法我持续了几年，但后来逐渐放弃了，只保留了用谦虚的、怯怯的方式表达自己的习惯。当我提出任何可能有争议的事情时，从不使用“肯定”、“无疑”或任何其他使观点显得积极的词语；而是说，我设想或理解某件事如此这般；在我看来，或者_我应该这么认为_，出于这样那样的原因；或者_我想是这样_；或者_如果我没记错的话，确实如此_。
This habit, I believe, has been of great advantage to me when I have had occasion to inculcate my opinions, and persuade men into measures that I have been from time to time engaged in promoting; and, as the chief ends of conversation are to _inform_ or to be _informed_, to _please_ or to _persuade_, I wish well-meaning, sensible men would not lessen their power of doing good by a positive, assuming manner, that seldom fails to disgust, tends to create opposition, and to defeat everyone of those purposes for which speech was given to us, to wit, giving or receiving information or pleasure.
我相信，当我有机会反复灌输我的观点并说服人们采取我不时提倡的措施时，这种习惯对我有很大的好处。而且，由于谈话的主要目的是“告知”或“被告知”、“请”或“说服”，我希望善意的、明智的人不要以积极的、假设的方式削弱他们行善的力量，这种方式很少不令人厌恶，往往会造成反对，并挫败我们演讲的所有目的，即给予或接受信息或快乐。
For, if you would inform, a positive and dogmatical manner in advancing your sentiments may provoke contradiction and prevent a candid attention.
因为，如果您愿意告知的话，以积极和教条的方式表达您的观点可能会引起矛盾并妨碍坦诚的关注。
If you wish information and improvement from the knowledge of others, and yet at the same time express yourself as firmly fix'd in your present opinions, modest, sensible men, who do not love disputation, will probably leave you undisturbed in the possession of your error.
如果你希望从别人的知识中获得信息和改进，但同时又表现出自己坚定地坚持自己目前的观点，谦虚、明智、不喜欢争论的人可能会让你不受自己错误的影响。
And by such a manner, you can seldom hope to recommend yourself in _pleasing_ your hearers, or to persuade those whose concurrence you desire.
通过这种方式，你很难希望通过推荐自己来取悦你的听众，或者说服那些你希望得到同意的人。
Pope[22] says, judiciously:
教皇[22]明智地说道：
_"Men should be taught as if you taught them not, And things unknown propos'd as things forgot;"_
_“人们应该被教导，就好像你没有教导他们一样，未知的事情建议就像事情被遗忘一样；”_
farther recommending to us
进一步向我们推荐
"To speak, tho' sure, with seeming diffidence."
“当然，说话时要显得很自信。”
And he might have coupled with this line that which he has coupled with another, I think, less properly,
他可能将这条线与他与另一条线相结合，我认为不太恰当，
"For want of modesty is want of sense."
“因为缺乏谦虚就是缺乏理智。”
If you ask, Why less properly?
如果你问，为什么不太合适？
I must repeat the lines,
我必须重复台词，
"Immodest words admit of no defense, For want of modesty is want of sense."
“不谦虚的话是无可辩解的，因为缺乏谦虚就是缺乏理智。”
Now, is not _want of sense_ (where a man is so unfortunate as to want it) some apology for his _want of modesty_?
现在，“缺乏理智”（一个人如此不幸地想要理智）难道不是对他“缺乏谦虚”的某种道歉吗？
and would not the lines stand more justly thus?
这样的话，界线不是更公正吗？
"Immodest words admit _but_ this defense, That want of modesty is want of sense."
“承认不谦虚的话，但这种辩护，缺乏谦虚就是缺乏理智。”
This, however, I should submit to better judgments.
然而，我应该对此做出更好的判断。
[21] Socrates confuted his opponents in argument by asking questions so skillfully devised that the answers would confirm the questioner's position or show the error of the opponent.
[21] 苏格拉底在论证中反驳了他的对手，他提出了巧妙设计的问题，使答案能够证实提问者的立场或表明对手的错误。
[22] Alexander Pope (1688-1744), the greatest English poet of the first half of the eighteenth century.
[22] 亚历山大·蒲柏（1688-1744），十八世纪上半叶最伟大的英国诗人。
My brother had, in 1720 or 1721, begun to print a newspaper.
我的兄弟在 1720 年或 1721 年开始印刷报纸。
It was the second that appeared in America,[23] and was called the New England Courant.
这是在美国出现的第二份报纸，[23]，被称为《新英格兰新闻报》。
The only one before it was the Boston News-Letter.
之前唯一的一份是《波士顿新闻通讯》。
I remember his being dissuaded by some of his friends from the undertaking, as not likely to succeed, one newspaper being, in their judgment, enough for America.
我记得他的一些朋友劝阻他放弃这项事业，因为不太可能成功，在他们看来，一份报纸对美国来说就足够了。
At this time (1771) there are not less than five-and-twenty.
此时（1771年）不少于五二十人。
He went on, however, with the undertaking, and after having worked in composing the types and printing off the sheets, I was employed to carry the papers thro' the streets to the customers.
然而，他继续进行这项工作，在完成排版和打印纸张后，我受雇将文件运送到街上给顾客。
[23] Franklin's memory does not serve him correctly here.
[23] 富兰克林的记忆在这里并不能正确地表达他的意思。
The _Courant_ was really the fifth newspaper established in America, although generally called the fourth, because the first, _Public Occurrences_, published in Boston in 1690, was suppressed after the first issue.
《Courant》实际上是美国创办的第五份报纸，尽管通常被称为第四份报纸，因为第一份《公共事件》于 1690 年在波士顿出版，在第一期后就被压制了。
Following is the order in which the other four papers were published: _Boston News Letter_, 1704; _Boston Gazette_, December 21, 1719; _The American Weekly Mercury_, Philadelphia, December 22, 1719; _The New England Courant_, 1721.
以下是其他四篇论文的发表顺序：《波士顿新闻通讯》，1704 年； _波士顿公报_，1719 年 12 月 21 日； _《美国水星周刊》_，费城，1719 年 12 月 22 日； _《新英格兰报》_，1721 年。
[Illustration: First page of The New England Courant of Dec.
[插图：12月《新英格兰报》首页
4-11, 1721.
1721年4月11日。
Reduced about one-third.
减少了约三分之一。
From a copy in the Library of the Massachusetts Historical Society.]
来自马萨诸塞州历史学会图书馆的副本。]
[Transcriber's note: Transcription given at the end of the text.]
[转录者注：转录在文本末尾给出。]
He had some ingenious men among his friends, who amus'd themselves by writing little pieces for this paper, which gain'd it credit and made it more in demand, and these gentlemen often visited us.
他的朋友中有一些聪明人，他们为这份报纸写一些小文章来取乐，这为这份报纸赢得了信誉，并使其更受欢迎，这些先生经常拜访我们。
Hearing their conversations, and their accounts of the approbation their papers were received with, I was excited to try my hand among them; but, being still a boy, and suspecting that my brother would object to printing anything of mine in his paper if he knew it to be mine, I contrived to disguise my hand, and, writing an anonymous paper, I put it in at night under the door of the printing-house.
听到他们的谈话，以及他们对论文获得认可的描述，我很高兴能在他们中间尝试一下。但是，我还是个孩子，我怀疑如果我哥哥知道那是我的，他会反对在他的报纸上印刷我的任何东西，所以我设法掩饰自己的手，写了一篇匿名论文，晚上把它放在印刷厂的门下。
It was found in the morning, and communicated to his writing friends when they call'd in as usual.
它是在早上发现的，并在他的写作朋友像往常一样打电话来时传达给他们。
They read it, commented on it in my hearing, and I had the exquisite pleasure of finding it met with their approbation, and that, in their different guesses at the author, none were named but men of some character among us for learning and ingenuity.
他们读了这本书，在我的耳边评论了它，我非常高兴地发现它得到了他们的认可，而且，在他们对作者的不同猜测中，除了我们当中一些具有学识和创造力的人之外，没有人被点名。
I suppose now that I was rather lucky in my judges, and that perhaps they were not really so very good ones as I then esteem'd them.
我现在想，我对我的法官们相当幸运，也许他们并不像我当时所尊敬的那样非常好。
Encourag'd, however, by this, I wrote and conveyed in the same way to the press several more papers which were equally approv'd; and I kept my secret till my small fund of sense for such performances was pretty well exhausted, and then I discovered[24] it, when I began to be considered a little more by my brother's acquaintance, and in a manner that did not quite please him, as he thought, probably with reason, that it tended to make me too vain.
然而，受此鼓舞，我又写了几篇论文，并以同样的方式向新闻界发表了这些论文，这些论文都得到了同样的认可。我一直保守着我的秘密，直到我对这种表演的一点理智都耗尽了，然后我发现了[24]，当我开始被我哥哥的熟人更多地考虑时，并且以一种不太让他高兴的方式，正如他认为的那样，可能是有道理的，这往往会让我变得太虚荣。
And, perhaps, this might be one occasion of the differences that we began to have about this time.
也许，这可能是我们这次开始产生分歧的原因之一。
Though a brother, he considered himself as my master, and me as his apprentice, and, accordingly, expected the same services from me as he would from another, while I thought he demean'd me too much in some he requir'd of me, who from a brother expected more indulgence.
虽然是兄弟，但他认为自己是我的师傅，而我是他的学徒，因此，他期望我提供与他从其他人那里得到的服务相同的服务，而我认为他在某些要求我的事情上太过贬低了我，而我则期望从兄弟那里得到更多的宽容。
Our disputes were often brought before our father, and I fancy I was either generally in the right, or else a better pleader, because the judgment was generally in my favor.
我们的争执经常被带到父亲面前，我想我要么总体上是正确的，要么是一个更好的辩护人，因为判决总体上对我有利。
But my brother was passionate, and had often beaten me, which I took extreamly amiss; and, thinking my apprenticeship very tedious, I was continually wishing for some opportunity of shortening it, which at length offered in a manner unexpected.
但我哥哥脾气暴躁，经常打我，我对此感到非常不舒服。我认为我的学徒期非常乏味，所以一直希望能有一些缩短学徒期的机会，而这最终以一种意想不到的方式提供了。
[24] Disclosed.
[24] 披露。
[Illustration: "I was employed to carry the papers thro' the streets to the customers"]
[插图：“我受雇将文件穿过街道运送给顾客”]
One of the pieces in our newspaper on some political point, which I have now forgotten, gave offense to the Assembly.
我们报纸上关于某个政治观点的一篇文章冒犯了议会，我现在已经忘记了。
He was taken up, censur'd, and imprison'd for a month, by the speaker's warrant, I suppose, because he would not discover his author.
我想，根据议长的逮捕令，他被带走、受到谴责，并被监禁了一个月，因为他不愿发现他的作者。
I too was taken up and examin'd before the council; but, tho' I did not give them any satisfaction, they contented themselves with admonishing me, and dismissed me, considering me, perhaps, as an apprentice, who was bound to keep his master's secrets.
我也被带到议会接受审查。但是，虽然我没有让他们满意，但他们只满足于劝告我，然后解雇了我，认为我也许是一个必须保守老师秘密的学徒。
During my brother's confinement, which I resented a good deal, notwithstanding our private differences, I had the management of the paper; and I made bold to give our rulers some rubs in it, which my brother took very kindly, while others began to consider me in an unfavorable light, as a young genius that had a turn for libeling and satyr.
在我哥哥被监禁期间，尽管我们之间存在分歧，但我对此非常不满，但报纸的管理权还是在我手中。我大胆地给我们的统治者一些摩擦，我的兄弟非常友善地接受了这一点，而其他人则开始以不利的眼光看待我，认为我是一个有诽谤和色狼倾向的年轻天才。
My brother's discharge was accompany'd with an order of the House (a very odd one), that "_James Franklin should no longer print the paper called the New England Courant_."
我哥哥被解雇时，还附上了众议院的一项命令（这是一项非常奇怪的命令），即“詹姆斯·富兰克林不应再印刷名为《新英格兰新闻报》的报纸”。
There was a consultation held in our printing-house among his friends, what he should do in this case.
他的朋友们在我们的印刷厂里进行了一次协商，讨论这种情况他应该怎么做。
Some proposed to evade the order by changing the name of the paper; but my brother, seeing inconveniences in that, it was finally concluded on as a better way, to let it be printed for the future under the name of Benjamin Franklin; and to avoid the censure of the Assembly, that might fall on him as still printing it by his apprentice, the contrivance was that my old indenture should be return'd to me, with a full discharge on the back of it, to be shown on occasion, but to secure to him the benefit of my service, I was to sign new indentures for the remainder of the term, which were to be kept private.
一些人提议通过更改论文名称来逃避该命令；但我的兄弟看到了这样做的不便，最终得出了一个更好的办法，那就是让它以本杰明·富兰克林的名义在未来印刷。为了避免大会的谴责，这可能会落在他仍然由他的学徒印刷的情况下，我的办法是，我的旧契约应该归还给我，背面有完整的解除，有时可以出示，但为了确保他从我的服务中受益，我要在剩余的任期内签署新的契约，这些契约将保密。
A very flimsy scheme it was; however, it was immediately executed, and the paper went on accordingly, under my name for several months.
这是一个非常脆弱的计划；然而，它立即被执行了，报纸以我的名义继续出版了几个月。
At length, a fresh difference arising between my brother and me, I took upon me to assert my freedom, presuming that he would not venture to produce the new indentures.
最后，我和兄弟之间出现了新的分歧，我决定维护我的自由，并假定他不会冒险出示新的契约。
It was not fair in me to take this advantage, and this I therefore reckon one of the first errata of my life; but the unfairness of it weighed little with me, when under the impressions of resentment for the blows his passion too often urged him to bestow upon me, though he was otherwise not an ill-natur'd man: perhaps I was too saucy and provoking.
对我来说利用这个优势是不公平的，因此我认为这是我一生中的第一个勘误表。但这种不公平对我来说并不重要，当我对他的激情常常促使他对我进行打击感到愤恨时，尽管他在其他方面并不是一个脾气暴躁的人：也许我太无礼和挑衅了。
When he found I would leave him, he took care to prevent my getting employment in any other printing-house of the town, by going round and speaking to every master, who accordingly refus'd to give me work.
当他发现我要离开他时，他四处走访并与每一位大师交谈，以防止我在镇上任何其他印刷厂找到工作，因此他们拒绝给我工作。
I then thought of going to New York, as the nearest place where there was a printer; and I was rather inclin'd to leave Boston when I reflected that I had already made myself a little obnoxious to the governing party, and, from the arbitrary proceedings of the Assembly in my brother's case, it was likely I might, if I stay'd, soon bring myself into scrapes; and farther, that my indiscreet disputations about religion began to make me pointed at with horror by good people as an infidel or atheist.
然后我想到了纽约，因为那里是最近有打印机的地方；当我想到自己已经让执政党有点讨厌时，我宁愿离开波士顿，而且，从议会对我兄弟案件的武断程序来看，如果我留下来，很可能很快就会陷入困境。此外，我对宗教的轻率争论开始让好人惊恐地指出我是异教徒或无神论者。
I determin'd on the point, but my father now siding with my brother, I was sensible that, if I attempted to go openly, means would be used to prevent me.
我已经决定了这一点，但我的父亲现在站在我哥哥一边，我很清楚，如果我试图公开去，就会使用手段来阻止我。
My friend Collins, therefore, undertook to manage a little for me.
因此，我的朋友柯林斯承诺为我做一些事情。
He agreed with the captain of a New York sloop for my passage, under the notion of my being a young acquaintance of his.
他同意纽约一艘单桅帆船的船长允许我通过，认为我是他的年轻熟人。
So I sold some of my books to raise a little money, was taken on board privately, and as we had a fair wind, in three days I found myself in New York, near 300 miles from home, a boy of but 17, without the least recommendation to, or knowledge of, any person in the place, and with very little money in my pocket.
于是我卖掉了一些书筹集了一点钱，被私下带上船，因为风顺，三天后我就到了纽约，离家近300英里，一个只有17岁的男孩，没有向当地的任何人推荐过，也不知道，口袋里的钱也很少。
[Illustration: Sailboat]
[插图：帆船]
III
三、
ARRIVAL IN PHILADELPHIA
抵达费城
My inclinations for the sea were by this time worne out, or I might now have gratify'd them.
我对大海的兴趣此时已经消失了，否则我现在可能已经满足了它们。
But, having a trade, and supposing myself a pretty good workman, I offer'd my service to the printer in the place, old Mr. William Bradford, who had been the first printer in Pennsylvania, but removed from thence upon the quarrel of George Keith.
但是，由于有生意，并且假设自己是一个相当不错的工人，我向当地的印刷商老威廉·布拉德福德先生提供了服务，他曾是宾夕法尼亚州的第一位印刷商，但由于乔治·基思的争吵而离开了那里。
He could give me no employment, having little to do, and help enough already; but says he, "My son at Philadelphia has lately lost his principal hand, Aquilla Rose, by death; if you go thither, I believe he may employ you." Philadelphia was a hundred miles further; I set out, however, in a boat for Amboy, leaving my chest and things to follow me round by sea.
他不能给我任何工作，我没什么可做的，而且已经提供了足够的帮助；但他说：“我在费城的儿子最近去世了，他的主要助手阿奎拉·罗斯；如果你去那里，我相信他可能会雇用你。”费城距此还有一百英里。然而，我乘船出发前往安博伊，留下我的箱子和东西跟着我在海上航行。
In crossing the bay, we met with a squall that tore our rotten sails to pieces, prevented our getting into the Kill,[25] and drove us upon Long Island.
在穿越海湾时，我们遇到了一场暴风雨，它把我们腐烂的船帆撕成了碎片，阻止我们进入基尔河，[25]并将我们驱赶到长岛。
In our way, a drunken Dutchman, who was a passenger too, fell overboard; when he was sinking, I reached through the water to his shock pate, and drew him up, so that we got him in again.
在我们途中，一名醉酒的荷兰人（也是乘客）落水了。当他下沉时，我把手伸进水里，摸到他震惊的头部，把他拉上来，这样我们就又把他拉了进去。
His ducking sobered him a little, and he went to sleep, taking first out of his pocket a book, which he desir'd I would dry for him.
他的回避让他清醒了一点，然后他就睡着了，先从口袋里掏出一本书，他希望我能帮他把书擦干。
It proved to be my old favorite author, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, in Dutch, finely printed on good paper, with copper cuts, a dress better than I had ever seen it wear in its own language.
事实证明，那是我最喜欢的老作家班扬的《天路历程》，用荷兰文写成，精美地印刷在优质纸张上，带有铜质切口，比我见过的用本国语言穿的衣服更好。
I have since found that it has been translated into most of the languages of Europe, and suppose it has been more generally read than any other book, except perhaps the Bible.
此后我发现它已被翻译成欧洲的大多数语言，并且我认为它比任何其他书籍都更普遍地被阅读，也许除了《圣经》之外。
Honest John was the first that I know of who mix'd narration and dialogue; a method of writing very engaging to the reader, who in the most interesting parts finds himself, as it were, brought into the company and present at the discourse.
诚实的约翰是我认识的第一个将旁白和对话混合在一起的人。这种写作方法对读者来说非常有吸引力，在最有趣的部分中，读者发现自己仿佛被带入了公司并参与了讨论。
De Foe in his Cruso, his Moll Flanders, Religious Courtship, Family Instructor, and other pieces, has imitated it with success; and Richardson[26] has done the same in his Pamela, etc.
德福在他的《克鲁索》、《情人弗兰德斯》、《宗教求爱》、《家庭导师》等作品中都成功地模仿了这一点。理查森[26]在他的《帕梅拉》等作品中也做了同样的事情。
[25] Kill van Kull, the channel separating Staten Island from New Jersey on the north.
[25] Kill van Kull，分隔史泰登岛与北部新泽西州的海峡。
[26] Samuel Richardson, the father of the English novel, wrote _Pamela_, _Clarissa Harlowe_, and the _History of Sir Charles Grandison_, novels published in the form of letters.
[26]英国小说之父塞缪尔·理查森（Samuel Richardson）撰写了《帕梅拉》、《克拉丽莎·哈洛》和《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士的历史》，这些小说均以书信形式出版。
When we drew near the island, we found it was at a place where there could be no landing, there being a great surff on the stony beach.
当我们靠近这个岛时，我们发现这是一个无法登陆的地方，石滩上有很大的海浪。
So we dropt anchor, and swung round towards the shore.
于是我们抛锚，转向岸边。
Some people came down to the water edge and hallow'd to us, as we did to them; but the wind was so high, and the surff so loud, that we could not hear so as to understand each other.
有些人来到水边向我们致敬，就像我们对他们所做的那样；但风很大，海浪很大，我们听不清对方的意思。
There were canoes on the shore, and we made signs, and hallow'd that they should fetch us; but they either did not understand us, or thought it impracticable, so they went away, and night coming on, we had no remedy but to wait till the wind should abate; and, in the meantime, the boatman and I concluded to sleep, if we could; and so crowded into the scuttle, with the Dutchman, who was still wet, and the spray beating over the head of our boat, leak'd thro' to us, so that we were soon almost as wet as he.
岸边有独木舟，我们做了手势，祈求他们来接我们。但他们要么不理解我们，要么认为这不切实际，所以他们就走了，夜幕降临，我们没有办法，只能等到风停了。与此同时，船夫和我决定睡觉，如果可以的话。于是，荷兰人就这样挤进了舷窗，他身上还湿着，浪花拍打着我们的船头，漏到了我们身上，所以我们很快就几乎和他一样湿了。
In this manner we lay all night, with very little rest; but, the wind abating the next day, we made a shift to reach Amboy before night, having been thirty hours on the water, without victuals, or any drink but a bottle of filthy rum, and the water we sail'd on being salt.
我们就这样躺了一夜，几乎没有休息。但是，第二天风势减弱，我们在天黑前赶到了安博伊，在水上呆了三十个小时，没有任何食物，除了一瓶肮脏的朗姆酒之外没有任何饮料，而且我们航行的水都是咸的。
In the evening I found myself very feverish, and went in to bed; but, having read somewhere that cold water drank plentifully was good for a fever, I follow'd the prescription, sweat plentifully most of the night, my fever left me, and in the morning, crossing the ferry, I proceeded on my journey on foot, having fifty miles to Burlington, where I was told I should find boats that would carry me the rest of the way to Philadelphia.
晚上我发现自己发烧了，就上床睡觉了。但是，在某处读到，多喝冷水对退烧有好处，我按照处方服用，大半夜出了大量的汗，发烧就退了，早上，穿过渡轮，我步行继续我的旅程，有五十英里到达伯灵顿，在那里我被告知我应该找到船，可以带我走完剩下的路到费城。
[Illustration: It rained very hard all the day]
【图解：一整天都下着很大的雨]
It rained very hard all the day; I was thoroughly soak'd, and by noon a good deal tired; so I stopt at a poor inn, where I staid all night, beginning now to wish that I had never left home.
一整天都下着很大的雨；我浑身湿透了，到了中午，我已经很累了。于是我在一家简陋的旅馆停了下来，在那里呆了一夜，现在我开始希望自己从来没有离开过家。
I cut so miserable a figure, too, that I found, by the questions ask'd me, I was suspected to be some runaway servant, and in danger of being taken up on that suspicion.
我的形象也很悲惨，以至于我发现，从问我的问题来看，我被怀疑是某个逃跑的仆人，并且有因这种怀疑而被抓捕的危险。
However, I proceeded the next day, and got in the evening to an inn, within eight or ten miles of Burlington, kept by one Dr. Brown.
然而，我第二天继续前行，晚上到达了一家旅馆，距离伯灵顿八英里或十英里，由一位布朗博士经营。
He entered into conversation with me while I took some refreshment, and, finding I had read a little, became very sociable and friendly.
当我喝点茶点时，他开始与我交谈，并且发现我读了一点书，变得非常友善和友善。
Our acquaintance continu'd as long as he liv'd.
只要他还活着，我们的相识就一直持续着。
He had been, I imagine, an itinerant doctor, for there was no town in England, or country in Europe, of which he could not give a very particular account.
我想，他曾是一位巡回医生，因为无论是英格兰的城镇还是欧洲的国家，他都无法给出非常具体的描述。
He had some letters, and was ingenious, but much of an unbeliever, and wickedly undertook, some years after, to travesty the Bible in doggrel verse, as Cotton had done Virgil.
他有一些信件，而且很聪明，但很大程度上是一个不信者，几年后，他邪恶地开始用打油诗来嘲讽《圣经》，就像科顿对维吉尔那样。
By this means he set many of the facts in a very ridiculous light, and might have hurt weak minds if his work had been published; but it never was.
通过这种方式，他以一种非常荒谬的方式阐述了许多事实，如果他的作品出版，可能会伤害脆弱的心灵。但事实并非如此。
At his house I lay that night, and the next morning reach'd Burlington, but had the mortification to find that the regular boats were gone a little before my coming, and no other expected to go before Tuesday, this being Saturday; wherefore I returned to an old woman in the town, of whom I had bought gingerbread to eat on the water, and ask'd her advice.
那天晚上我在他家里过夜，第二天早上就到达了伯灵顿，但我很羞愧地发现，在我来之前不久，常规船只就已经开走了，而且没有其他人预计在星期二之前出发，因为今天是星期六；因此，我回到镇上的一位老妇那里，向她买了姜饼放在水上吃，并向她征求意见。
She invited me to lodge at her house till a passage by water should offer; and being tired with my foot traveling, I accepted the invitation.
她邀请我住在她家，直到有水路通行为止。由于我的徒步旅行很累，我接受了邀请。
She understanding I was a printer, would have had me stay at that town and follow my business, being ignorant of the stock necessary to begin with.
她知道我是一名印刷商，会让我留在那个城镇并继续我的生意，一开始就不知道必要的库存。
She was very hospitable, gave me a dinner of ox-cheek with great good will, accepting only of a pot of ale in return; and I thought myself fixed till Tuesday should come.
她非常热情好客，非常好意地给了我一顿牛脸肉晚餐，只换了一壶麦芽酒。我以为自己已经固定到周二了。
However, walking in the evening by the side of the river, a boat came by, which I found was going towards Philadelphia, with several people in her.
然而傍晚时分，在河边散步时，有一艘船经过，我发现这艘船正驶向费城，船上有几个人。
They took me in, and, as there was no wind, we row'd all the way; and about midnight, not having yet seen the city, some of the company were confident we must have passed it, and would row no farther; the others knew not where we were; so we put toward the shore, got into a creek, landed near an old fence, with the rails of which we made a fire, the night being cold, in October, and there we remained till daylight.
他们带我进去，由于没有风，我们一路划船。午夜时分，由于还没有看到这座城市，船上的一些人相信我们一定已经通过了它，因此不会再划船了。其他人不知道我们在哪里；于是我们向岸边驶去，钻进一条小溪，在一个旧栅栏附近登陆，十月份的夜晚很冷，我们用栅栏生火，一直呆到天亮。
Then one of the company knew the place to be Cooper's Creek, a little above Philadelphia, which we saw as soon as we got out of the creek, and arriv'd there about eight or nine o'clock on the Sunday morning, and landed at the Market-street wharf.
然后，其中一个连队知道这个地方是库珀溪，位于费城上方一点点，我们一出溪就看到了，并在周日早上八九点左右到达那里，并在市场街码头登陆。
I have been the more particular in this description of my journey, and shall be so of my first entry into that city, that you may in your mind compare such unlikely beginnings with the figure I have since made there.
我对我的旅程进行了更具体的描述，并且在我第一次进入那个城市时也将如此，以便您可以在心中将这种不太可能的开始与我在那里所做的数字进行比较。
I was in my working dress, my best clothes being to come round by sea.
我穿着工作服，我最好的衣服是从海路过来的。
I was dirty from my journey; my pockets were stuff'd out with shirts and stockings, and I knew no soul nor where to look for lodging.
我在旅途中弄脏了；我的口袋里塞满了衬衫和长袜，我不知道该去哪里寻找住宿。
I was fatigued with traveling, rowing, and want of rest, I was very hungry; and my whole stock of cash consisted of a Dutch dollar, and about a shilling in copper.
我因旅行、划船而疲惫不堪，又缺乏休息，我很饿；我的全部现金储备包括一荷兰元和大约一先令的铜。
The latter I gave the people of the boat for my passage, who at first refus'd it, on account of my rowing; but I insisted on their taking it.
后者是我给船上的人让我通过的，他们一开始因为我划船而拒绝了。但我坚持要他们拿走。
A man being sometimes more generous when he has but a little money than when he has plenty, perhaps thro' fear of being thought to have but little.
一个人有时在拥有很少的钱时会比拥有很多钱时更加慷慨，也许是因为害怕被认为拥有的很少。
Then I walked up the street, gazing about till near the market-house I met a boy with bread.
然后我沿着街道走去，四处张望，直到在市场附近我遇到了一个拿着面包的男孩。
I had made many a meal on bread, and, inquiring where he got it, I went immediately to the baker's he directed me to, in Second-street, and ask'd for bisket, intending such as we had in Boston; but they, it seems, were not made in Philadelphia.
我用面包做了很多顿饭，询问他从哪里得到的，我立即去了他指示我去的位于第二街的面包店，并要了面包，打算像我们在波士顿那样；但他没有告诉我。但它们似乎不是在费城制造的。
Then I asked for a three-penny loaf, and was told they had none such.
然后我要了一个三便士的面包，却被告知他们没有。
So not considering or knowing the difference of money, and the greater cheapness nor the names of his bread, I bade him give me three-penny worth of any sort.
因此，我没有考虑或不知道钱的区别，也没有考虑到更便宜的东西，也没有考虑他的面包的名称，我让他给我任何价值三便士的东西。
He gave me, accordingly, three great puffy rolls.
因此，他给了我三个蓬松的大面包卷。
I was surpris'd at the quantity, but took it, and, having no room in my pockets, walk'd off with a roll under each arm, and eating the other.
我对它的数量感到惊讶，但还是接了过来，因为我的口袋里已经没有空间了，所以我就两手夹着一卷走开了，然后又吃掉了另一卷。
Thus I went up Market-street as far as Fourth-street, passing by the door of Mr. Read, my future wife's father; when she, standing at the door, saw me, and thought I made, as I certainly did, a most awkward, ridiculous appearance.
就这样，我沿着市场街一直走到第四街，经过了我未来妻子的父亲里德先生的门。当她站在门口看到我时，她以为我做出了一种极其尴尬、可笑的样子，我确实也确实这么做了。
Then I turned and went down Chestnut-street and part of Walnut-street, eating my roll all the way, and, coming round, found myself again at Market-street wharf, near the boat I came in, to which I went for a draught of the river water; and, being filled with one of my rolls, gave the other two to a woman and her child that came down the river in the boat with us, and were waiting to go farther.
然后我转身沿着栗子街和胡桃街的一部分走下去，一路上吃着我的面包卷，转过身来，发现自己又来到了市场街码头，靠近我要上的船，我去那里喝了一口河水。装满了我的一个面包卷后，我把另外两个面包交给了一位妇女和她的孩子，她们和我们一起乘船顺流而下，正等着走得更远。
[Illustration: "She, standing at the door, saw me, and thought I made, as I certainly did, a most awkward, ridiculous appearance"]
[插图：“她站在门口，看到了我，并认为我做出了最尴尬、最可笑的样子，我确实也这么做了”]
Thus refreshed, I walked again up the street, which by this time had many clean-dressed people in it, who were all walking the same way.
我神清气爽地又往街上走去，这时街上已经有很多衣着干净的人了，他们都走着同一条路。
I joined them, and thereby was led into the great meeting-house of the Quakers near the market.
我加入了他们，并被带入市场附近贵格会的大会议室。
I sat down among them, and, after looking round awhile and hearing nothing said, being very drowsy thro' labour and want of rest the preceding night, I fell fast asleep, and continu'd so till the meeting broke up, when one was kind enough to rouse me.
我在他们中间坐下来，环顾四周，没有听到任何人说话，由于前一天晚上的劳累和缺乏休息，我非常昏昏欲睡，我很快就睡着了，一直睡到会议结束，这时有人好心地把我叫醒。
This was, therefore, the first house I was in, or slept in, in Philadelphia.
因此，这是我在费城住过或睡过的第一所房子。
Walking down again toward the river, and, looking in the faces of people, I met a young Quaker man, whose countenance I lik'd, and, accosting him, requested he would tell me where a stranger could get lodging.
再次朝河边走去，看着人们的面孔，我遇到了一位年轻的贵格会男子，我喜欢他的面容，于是我向他搭话，请求他告诉我陌生人可以在哪里住宿。
We were then near the sign of the Three Mariners.
然后我们就靠近三水手的标志了。
"Here," says he, "is one place that entertains strangers, but it is not a reputable house; if thee wilt walk with me, I'll show thee a better." He brought me to the Crooked Billet in Water-street.
“这里，”他说，“是一个招待陌生人的地方，但它不是一所信誉良好的房子；如果你愿意和我一起散步，我会带你去看更好的。”他带我去了水街的弯坯店。
Here I got a dinner; and, while I was eating it, several sly questions were asked me, as it seemed to be suspected from my youth and appearance, that I might be some runaway.
我在这里吃了一顿晚餐；当我吃的时候，有人偷偷地问了我几个问题，从我的年轻和外表来看，似乎有人怀疑我可能是逃亡者。
After dinner, my sleepiness return'd, and being shown to a bed, I lay down without undressing, and slept till six in the evening, was call'd to supper, went to bed again very early, and slept soundly till next morning.
吃完晚饭，我又犯困了，被领到床上，衣服都没脱就躺下，一直睡到晚上六点，被叫去吃晚饭，很早就又上床睡觉，一直睡到第二天早上。
Then I made myself as tidy as I could, and went to Andrew Bradford the printer's.
然后我尽可能地把自己收拾干净，然后去了安德鲁·布拉德福德的印刷厂。
I found in the shop the old man his father, whom I had seen at New York, and who, traveling on horseback, had got to Philadelphia before me.
我在店里找到了他父亲的老人，我在纽约见过他，他骑着马，比我先到达了费城。
He introduc'd me to his son, who receiv'd me civilly, gave me a breakfast, but told me he did not at present want a hand, being lately suppli'd with one; but there was another printer in town, lately set up, one Keimer, who, perhaps, might employ me; if not, I should be welcome to lodge at his house, and he would give me a little work to do now and then till fuller business should offer.
他把我介绍给他的儿子，他的儿子礼貌地接待了我，给了我一顿早餐，但告诉我他目前不需要一只手，因为最近有人提供了一只手；但他并没有向我伸出援手。但镇上还有另一家印刷厂，最近才成立，名叫凯默，也许可以雇用我。如果没有的话，他会欢迎我住在他家，他会时不时地给我做一些工作，直到有更全面的工作要做。
The old gentleman said he would go with me to the new printer; and when we found him, "Neighbour," says Bradford, "I have brought to see you a young man of your business; perhaps you may want such a one." He ask'd me a few questions, put a composing stick in my hand to see how I work'd, and then said he would employ me soon, though he had just then nothing for me to do; and, taking old Bradford, whom he had never seen before, to be one of the town's people that had a good will for him, enter'd into a conversation on his present undertaking and prospects; while Bradford, not discovering that he was the other printer's father, on Keimer's saying he expected soon to get the greatest part of the business into his own hands, drew him on by artful questions, and starting little doubts, to explain all his views, what interest he reli'd on, and in what manner he intended to proceed.
老先生说他要和我一起去新打印机。当我们找到他时，“邻居，”布拉德福德说，“我带了一位与你同行业的年轻人来见你；也许你可能需要这样一个人。”他问了我几个问题，把一根作曲棒放在我手里，看看我是如何工作的，然后说他很快就会雇用我，尽管当时他没有什么可让我做的；他把以前从未见过的老布拉德福德视为镇上对他有好感的人之一，并开始谈论他目前的事业和前景。而布拉德福德并没有发现他是另一位印刷商的父亲，在凯默说他希望很快就能将大部分业务掌握在自己手中时，他通过巧妙的问题和开始的小怀疑来吸引他，解释他的所有观点，他依赖什么兴趣，以及他打算以什么方式进行。
I, who stood by and heard all, saw immediately that one of them was a crafty old sophister, and the other a mere novice.
我站在一旁听到了这一切，立刻看出其中一个是狡猾的老诡辩家，另一个是新手。
Bradford left me with Keimer, who was greatly surpris'd when I told him who the old man was.
布拉德福德把我留给了凯默，当我告诉他那个老人是谁时，他感到非常惊讶。
Keimer's printing-house, I found, consisted of an old shatter'd press, and one small, worn-out font of English, which he was then using himself, composing an Elegy on Aquilla Rose, before mentioned, an ingenious young man, of excellent character, much respected in the town, clerk of the Assembly, and a pretty poet.
我发现凯默的印刷厂只有一台破旧的印刷机和一种破旧的小英文字体，当时他正在用它自己写一首关于阿奎拉·罗斯的挽歌，前面提到过，他是一个聪明的年轻人，品格优秀，在镇上很受尊敬，是议会的书记员，也是一位漂亮的诗人。
Keimer made verses too, but very indifferently.
凯默也创作诗句，但态度非常冷淡。
He could not be said to write them, for his manner was to compose them in the types directly out of his head.
不能说是他写的，因为他的方式是直接从他的头脑中按照类型来撰写它们。
So there being no copy,[27] but one pair of cases, and the Elegy likely to require all the letter, no one could help him.
因此，没有副本，[27] 只有一对案例，而挽歌可能需要所有信件，没有人可以帮助他。
I endeavour'd to put his press (which he had not yet us'd, and of which he understood nothing) into order fit to be work'd with; and, promising to come and print off his Elegy as soon as he should have got it ready, I return'd to Bradford's, who gave me a little job to do for the present, and there I lodged and dieted.
我尽力把他的印刷机（他还没有使用过，而且他对此一无所知）整理成适合使用的状态；我答应他一准备好他的挽歌就来打印出来，然后我回到了布拉德福德，他给了我一份目前要做的小工作，我在那里住宿并节食。
A few days after, Keimer sent for me to print off the Elegy.
几天后，凯默派人找我打印挽歌。
And now he had got another pair of cases,[28] and a pamphlet to reprint, on which he set me to work.
现在他又有了两个案例，[28] 和一本要重印的小册子，他让我开始工作。
These two printers I found poorly qualified for their business.
我发现这两台打印机不太适合他们的业务。
Bradford had not been bred to it, and was very illiterate; and Keimer, tho' something of a scholar, was a mere compositor, knowing nothing of presswork.
布拉德福德没有受过这样的教育，而且是个文盲。凯默虽然算得上是一位学者，但他只是一名排版师，对印刷一无所知。
He had been one of the French prophets,[29] and could act their enthusiastic agitations.
他是法国先知之一，[29]并且能够表现出他们的热情鼓动。
At this time he did not profess any particular religion, but something of all on occasion; was very ignorant of the world, and had, as I afterward found, a good deal of the knave in his composition.
此时，他并没有信仰任何特定的宗教，但有时也信仰某种宗教。他对世界一无所知，而且，正如我后来发现的那样，他的作文中有很多无赖的成分。
He did not like my lodging at Bradford's while I work'd with him.
当我和他一起工作时，他不喜欢我住在布拉德福德。
He had a house, indeed, but without furniture, so he could not lodge me; but he got me a lodging at Mr. Read's before mentioned, who was the owner of his house; and, my chest and clothes being come by this time, I made rather a more respectable appearance in the eyes of Miss Read than I had done when she first happen'd to see me eating my roll in the street.
他确实有房子，但没有家具，所以他不能给我住宿。但他在前面提到的里德先生家为我安排了一个住所，里德先生是他房子的主人。而且，我的胸部和衣服此时已经到了，在里德小姐眼中，我的表现比她第一次碰巧看到我在街上吃面包卷时更加受人尊敬。
[27] Manuscript.
[27] 手稿。
[28] The frames for holding type are in two sections, the upper for capitals and the lower for small letters.
[28] 握字框分为两段，上段为大写字母，下段为小写字母。
[29] Protestants of the South of France, who became fanatical under the persecutions of Louis XIV, and thought they had the gift of prophecy.
[29] 法国南部的新教徒，在路易十四的迫害下变得狂热，认为自己有预言的天赋。
They had as mottoes "No Taxes" and "Liberty of Conscience."
他们的座右铭是“不纳税”和“良心自由”。
I began now to have some acquaintance among the young people of the town, that were lovers of reading, with whom I spent my evenings very pleasantly; and gaining money by my industry and frugality, I lived very agreeably, forgetting Boston as much as I could, and not desiring that any there should know where I resided, except my friend Collins, who was in my secret, and kept it when I wrote to him.
我现在开始在镇上的年轻人中结识了一些人，他们都是读书爱好者，我和他们一起度过了愉快的夜晚。通过勤奋和节俭赚到了钱，我生活得非常愉快，尽可能地忘记波士顿，也不希望那里的任何人知道我住在哪里，除了我的朋友柯林斯，他保守着我的秘密，当我写信给他时，他保守了这个秘密。
At length, an incident happened that sent me back again much sooner than I had intended.
最后，发生了一件事情，让我比我预想的要早得多又回来了。
I had a brother-in-law, Robert Holmes, master of a sloop that traded between Boston and Delaware.
我有一个姐夫罗伯特·霍姆斯，他是一艘往返于波士顿和特拉华州之间的单桅帆船的船长。
He being at Newcastle, forty miles below Philadelphia, heard there of me, and wrote me a letter mentioning the concern of my friends in Boston at my abrupt departure, assuring me of their good will to me, and that everything would be accommodated to my mind if I would return, to which he exhorted me very earnestly.
他在距离费城四十英里的纽卡斯尔，听说了我的消息，给我写了一封信，提到我在波士顿的朋友们对我突然离开的关心，并向我保证他们对我的善意，如果我回来，一切都会适应我的想法，他非常认真地劝告我。
I wrote an answer to his letter, thank'd him for his advice, but stated my reasons for quitting Boston fully and in such a light as to convince him I was not so wrong as he had apprehended.
我给他的信写了一封回信，感谢他的建议，但说明了我完全离开波士顿的原因，并以这样的方式让他相信我并没有像他所理解的那样错得离谱。
IV
四号
FIRST VISIT TO BOSTON
第一次访问波士顿
Sir William Keith, governor of the province, was then at Newcastle, and Captain Holmes, happening to be in company with him when my letter came to hand, spoke to him of me, and show'd him the letter.
当时该省省长威廉·基思爵士正在纽卡斯尔，当我的信到达时，福尔摩斯上尉正好和他在一起，向他谈到了我，并向他展示了这封信。
The governor read it, and seem'd surpris'd when he was told my age.
州长读了这封信，当他得知我的年龄时，他似乎感到很惊讶。
He said I appear'd a young man of promising parts, and therefore should be encouraged; the printers at Philadelphia were wretched ones; and, if I would set up there, he made no doubt I should succeed; for his part, he would procure me the public business, and do me every other service in his power.
他说我看起来是一个很有前途的年轻人，因此应该受到鼓励；费城的印刷工都很糟糕。如果我在那里立足，他毫不怀疑我会成功。就他而言，他会为我争取公共事务，并为我提供他力所能及的所有其他服务。
This my brother-in-law afterwards told me in Boston, but I knew as yet nothing of it; when, one day, Keimer and I being at work together near the window, we saw the governor and another gentleman (which proved to be Colonel French, of Newcastle), finely dress'd, come directly across the street to our house, and heard them at the door.
后来我的妹夫在波士顿告诉了我，但我对此一无所知。有一天，凯默和我一起在窗边工作时，我们看到州长和另一位绅士（后来证明是纽卡斯尔的弗伦奇上校）衣着考究，径直穿过街道来到我们家，并听到他们在门口的声音。
Keimer ran down immediately, thinking it a visit to him; but the governor inquir'd for me, came up, and with a condescension and politeness I had been quite unus'd to, made me many compliments, desired to be acquainted with me, blam'd me kindly for not having made myself known to him when I first came to the place, and would have me away with him to the tavern, where he was going with Colonel French to taste, as he said, some excellent Madeira.
凯默以为是来拜访他，立刻跑了下去。但总督替我打听了情况，走了过来，带着一种我不太习惯的居高临下和礼貌，向我说了很多恭维话，希望认识我，并善意地责备我，因为我第一次来这个地方时没有让他认识我，并要带我和他一起去小酒馆，正如他所说，他要和弗伦奇上校一起去品尝一些上等的马德拉酒。
I was not a little surprised, and Keimer star'd like a pig poison'd.[30] I went, however, with the governor and Colonel French to a tavern, at the corner of Third-street, and over the Madeira he propos'd my setting up my business, laid before me the probabilities of success, and both he and Colonel French assur'd me I should have their interest and influence in procuring the public business of both governments.[31] On my doubting whether my father would assist me in it, Sir William said he would give me a letter to him, in which he would state the advantages, and he did not doubt of prevailing with him.
我一点也不感到惊讶，凯默明星喜欢猪毒药。[30]然而，我和总督和弗伦奇上校去了第三街拐角处的一家小酒馆，越过马德拉河，他建议我创办自己的企业，向我展示成功的可能性，他和弗伦奇上校都向我保证，我应该在获得两国政府的公共事务方面拥有他们的兴趣和影响力。 [31]当我怀疑父亲是否会协助我时，威廉爵士说他会给我一封信给他，他会在信中陈述优点，他毫不怀疑地说服了他。
So it was concluded I should return to Boston in the first vessel, with the governor's letter recommending me to my father.
因此，我得出的结论是，我应该乘坐第一艘船返回波士顿，并带着州长的信向我父亲推荐我。
In the meantime the intention was to be kept a secret, and I went on working with Keimer as usual, the governor sending for me now and then to dine with him, a very great honour I thought it, and conversing with me in the most affable, familiar, and friendly manner imaginable.
与此同时，我的目的是保守秘密，我像往常一样继续与凯默一起工作，州长时不时地派人来和他一起吃饭，我认为这是一种极大的荣幸，并以可以想象的最和蔼可亲、熟悉和友好的方式与我交谈。
[30] Temple Franklin considered this specific figure vulgar and changed it to "stared with astonishment."
[30]坦普尔·富兰克林认为这个特定的数字粗俗，并将其改为“惊讶地盯着”。
[31] Pennsylvania and Delaware.
[31] 宾夕法尼亚州和特拉华州。
About the end of April, 1724, a little vessel offer'd for Boston.
大约 1724 年 4 月底，一艘小船被提供给波士顿。
I took leave of Keimer as going to see my friends.
我向凯默告别，准备去见我的朋友们。
The governor gave me an ample letter, saying many flattering things of me to my father, and strongly recommending the project of my setting up at Philadelphia as a thing that must make my fortune.
州长给了我一封内容丰富的信，对我的父亲说了许多恭维我的话，并强烈推荐我在费城开办公司的计划，认为这是我必须发财的事情。
We struck on a shoal in going down the bay, and sprung a leak; we had a blustering time at sea, and were oblig'd to pump almost continually, at which I took my turn.
我们沿着海湾航行时碰到了一个浅滩，并出现了泄漏。我们在海上度过了一段狂暴的时光，几乎不得不不停地抽水，轮到我了。
We arriv'd safe, however, at Boston in about a fortnight.
不过，大约两周后我们就安全抵达波士顿了。
I had been absent seven months, and my friends had heard nothing of me; for my br.
我已经离开七个月了，我的朋友们都没有听到我的消息。为了我的兄弟。
Holmes was not yet return'd, and had not written about me.
福尔摩斯还没有回来，也没有写到我的事。
My unexpected appearance surpris'd the family; all were, however, very glad to see me, and made me welcome, except my brother.
我的突然出现让家人大吃一惊。然而，除了我的兄弟之外，所有人都很高兴见到我，并欢迎我。
I went to see him at his printing-house.
我去他的印刷厂看他。
I was better dress'd than ever while in his service, having a genteel new suit from head to foot, a watch, and my pockets lin'd with near five pounds sterling in silver.
在为他服务期间，我比以往任何时候都穿得更好，从头到脚穿着一套优雅的新西装，戴着手表，口袋里挂着近五英镑的银子。
He receiv'd me not very frankly, look'd me all over, and turn'd to his work again.
他不太坦白地接待了我，打量了我一番，然后又开始工作了。
[Illustration: The journeymen were inquisitive]
【图解：熟练工们好奇】
The journeymen were inquisitive where I had been, what sort of a country it was, and how I lik'd it.
熟练工们很好奇我去过哪里，那是一个什么样的国家，以及我有多喜欢它。
I prais'd it much, and the happy life I led in it, expressing strongly my intention of returning to it; and, one of them asking what kind of money we had there, I produc'd a handful of silver, and spread it before them, which was a kind of raree-show[32] they had not been us'd to, paper being the money of Boston.[33] Then I took an opportunity of letting them see my watch; and, lastly (my brother still grum and sullen), I gave them a piece of eight[34] to drink, and took my leave.
我对它以及我在里面过的幸福生活赞不绝口，强烈地表达了我想回到那里的愿望；其中一个问我们那里有什么样的钱，我拿出一把银子，摊在他们面前，这是一种罕见的表演[32]，他们不习惯，纸是波士顿的货币。 [33]然后我就趁机让他们看我的手表。最后（我的兄弟仍然闷闷不乐），我给了他们一杯八[34]喝了，然后就离开了。
This visit of mine offended him extreamly; for, when my mother some time after spoke to him of a reconciliation, and of her wishes to see us on good terms together, and that we might live for the future as brothers, he said I had insulted him in such a manner before his people that he could never forget or forgive it.
我的这次拜访极大地冒犯了他。因为，当我母亲不久后向他谈到和解，以及她希望看到我们和睦相处，并希望我们能够像兄弟一样生活在未来时，他说我在他的人民面前以这样的方式侮辱了他，他永远不会忘记或原谅。
In this, however, he was mistaken.
然而，他错了。
[32] A peep-show in a box.
[32] 盒子里的西洋镜。
[33] There were no mints in the colonies, so the metal money was of foreign coinage and not nearly so common as paper money, which was printed in large quantities in America, even in small denominations.
[33] 殖民地没有造币厂，因此金属货币是外国硬币，不像纸币那么常见，纸币在美国大量印刷，甚至是小面额。
[34] Spanish dollar about equivalent to our dollar.
[34] 西班牙元大约相当于我们的美元。
My father received the governor's letter with some apparent surprise, but said little of it to me for some days, when Capt.
我的父亲收到了州长的信，显然有些惊讶，但有几天他很少对我说这封信。
Holmes returning he show'd it to him, asked him if he knew Keith, and what kind of man he was; adding his opinion that he must be of small discretion to think of setting a boy up in business who wanted yet three years of being at man's estate.
福尔摩斯回来后把它拿给他看，问他是否认识基思，以及他是一个什么样的人。并补充说，他认为让一个还想在男人的庄园待上三年的男孩去创业，他一定是有点谨慎。
Holmes said what he could in favour of the project, but my father was clear in the impropriety of it, and at last, gave a flat denial to it.
福尔摩斯尽其所能地支持这个计划，但我父亲很清楚这个计划是不恰当的，最后断然否认了它。
Then he wrote a civil letter to Sir William, thanking him for the patronage he had so kindly offered me, but declining to assist me as yet in setting up, I being, in his opinion, too young to be trusted with the management of a business so important, and for which the preparation must be so expensive.
然后他给威廉爵士写了一封民事信，感谢他对我的慷慨赞助，但拒绝协助我创办公司，因为在他看来，我还太年轻，不能被信任来管理如此重要的企业，而且为此准备的费用一定很高。
My friend and companion Collins, who was a clerk in the post-office, pleas'd with the account I gave him of my new country, determined to go thither also; and, while I waited for my father's determination, he set out before me by land to Rhode Island, leaving his books, which were a pretty collection of mathematicks and natural philosophy, to come with mine and me to New York, where he propos'd to wait for me.
我的朋友兼同伴柯林斯是一名邮局职员，他对我向他介绍的关于我的新国家的情况很满意，并决定也去那里。当我等待父亲的决定时，他在我前面出发，从陆路前往罗德岛，留下他的大量数学和自然哲学书籍，与我和我一起前往纽约，他提议在那里等我。
My father, tho' he did not approve Sir William's proposition, was yet pleas'd that I had been able to obtain so advantageous a character from a person of such note where I had resided, and that I had been so industrious and careful as to equip myself so handsomely in so short a time; therefore, seeing no prospect of an accommodation between my brother and me, he gave his consent to my returning again to Philadelphia, advis'd me to behave respectfully to the people there, endeavour to obtain the general esteem, and avoid lampooning and libeling, to which he thought I had too much inclination; telling me, that by steady industry and a prudent parsimony I might save enough by the time I was one-and-twenty to set me up; and that, if I came near the matter, he would help me out with the rest.
我的父亲虽然不同意威廉爵士的提议，但还是很高兴我能够从我所居住的地方如此有名的人那里获得如此有利的性格，而且我如此勤奋和谨慎，以至于在如此短的时间内将自己装备得如此漂亮；因此，在看到我和我兄弟之间没有和解的希望时，他同意我再次返回费城，并建议我尊重那里的人民，努力获得普遍的尊重，避免讽刺和诽谤，他认为我太倾向于这样做；告诉我，通过稳定的勤奋和谨慎的节俭，到我一岁二十岁的时候，我可能会攒下足够的钱来养家糊口；而且，如果我解决了这件事，他会帮我解决剩下的事情。
This was all I could obtain, except some small gifts as tokens of his and my mother's love, when I embark'd again for New York, now with their approbation and their blessing.
当我再次踏上前往纽约的旅程时，除了一些小礼物，以表达他和我母亲的爱，这就是我所能得到的一切，现在得到了他们的认可和祝福。
The sloop putting in at Newport, Rhode Island, I visited my brother John, who had been married and settled there some years.
单桅帆船停泊在罗德岛州的纽波特，我拜访了我的兄弟约翰，他已经在那里结婚并定居了几年。
He received me very affectionately, for he always lov'd me.
他非常热情地接待了我，因为他一直爱着我。
A friend of his, one Vernon, having some money due to him in Pennsylvania, about thirty-five pounds currency, desired I would receive it for him, and keep it till I had his directions what to remit it in.
他的一个朋友，名叫弗农，在宾夕法尼亚州欠他一些钱，大约三十五英镑，希望我替他收到这笔钱，并保留它，直到我得到他的指示为止。
Accordingly, he gave me an order.
因此，他给了我命令。
This afterwards occasion'd me a good deal of uneasiness.
这件事后来引起了我很大的不安。
At Newport we took in a number of passengers for New York, among which were two young women, companions, and a grave, sensible, matronlike Quaker woman, with her attendants.
在纽波特，我们接待了一些前往纽约的乘客，其中有两名年轻女性，她们是同伴，还有一位严肃、明智、像主妇一样的贵格会妇女，以及她的侍从。
I had shown an obliging readiness to do her some little services, which impress'd her I suppose with a degree of good will toward me; therefore, when she saw a daily growing familiarity between me and the two young women, which they appear'd to encourage, she took me aside, and said, "Young man, I am concern'd for thee, as thou hast no friend with thee, and seems not to know much of the world, or of the snares youth is expos'd to; depend upon it, those are very bad women; I can see it in all their actions; and if thee art not upon thy guard, they will draw thee into some danger; they are strangers to thee, and I advise thee, in a friendly concern for thy welfare, to have no acquaintance with them." As I seem'd at first not to think so ill of them as she did, she mentioned some things she had observ'd and heard that had escap'd my notice, but now convinc'd me she was right.
我表现出了乐于助人的意愿，愿意为她提供一些小服务，我想这给她留下了对我一定程度的善意的印象。因此，当她看到我和那两个年轻女子之间的关系日益加深，而她们似乎也在鼓励这种关系时，她把我拉到一边，说道：“年轻人，我很关心你，因为你没有朋友，而且似乎对这个世界了解不多，也不了解年轻人所面临的陷阱；相信这一点，那些都是非常坏的女人；我可以从她们的所有行为中看到这一点；如果你不提高警惕，他们就会吸引你。”你可能遇到危险；他们对你来说是陌生人，出于对你的福祉的友好考虑，我建议你不要与他们相识。”起初我似乎不像她那样对他们有那么坏的看法，她提到了一些她所观察和听到的事情，但我没有注意到，但现在我确信她是对的。
I thank'd her for her kind advice, and promis'd to follow it.
我感谢她的善意建议，并答应遵循。
When we arriv'd at New York, they told me where they liv'd, and invited me to come and see them; but I avoided it, and it was well I did; for the next day the captain miss'd a silver spoon and some other things, that had been taken out of his cabin, and, knowing that these were a couple of strumpets, he got a warrant to search their lodgings, found the stolen goods, and had the thieves punish'd.
当我们到达纽约时，他们告诉我他们住在哪里，并邀请我去看看他们。但我避免了它，而且我做得很好；第二天，船长错过了一把银汤匙和其他一些东西，这些东西是从他的船舱里拿出来的，而且，他知道这是一对妓女，于是他得到了搜查令，搜查了他们的住所，找到了赃物，并惩罚了窃贼。
So, tho' we had escap'd a sunken rock, which we scrap'd upon in the passage, I thought this escape of rather more importance to me.
因此，尽管我们逃离了一块沉没的岩石，并在通道中撞上了它，但我认为这次逃脱对我来说更为重要。
At New York I found my friend Collins, who had arriv'd there some time before me.
在纽约，我找到了我的朋友柯林斯，他比我先到达那里一段时间。
We had been intimate from children, and had read the same books together; but he had the advantage of more time for reading and studying, and a wonderful genius for mathematical learning, in which he far outstript me.
我们从小就很亲密，一起读过同样的书；但他的优势是有更多的时间阅读和学习，并且在数学学习方面有着出色的天赋，在这方面他远远超过了我。
While I liv'd in Boston, most of my hours of leisure for conversation were spent with him, and he continu'd a sober as well as an industrious lad; was much respected for his learning by several of the clergy and other gentlemen, and seemed to promise making a good figure in life.
当我住在波士顿时，我大部分的空闲时间都是和他一起度过的，他仍然是一个清醒而勤奋的小伙子。他的学识受到一些神职人员和其他绅士的尊敬，似乎有望在生活中成为一个好人。
But, during my absence, he had acquir'd a habit of sotting with brandy; and I found by his own account, and what I heard from others, that he had been drunk every day since his arrival at New York, and behav'd very oddly.
但是，在我不在的时候，他养成了喝白兰地的习惯。根据他自己的叙述以及我从其他人那里听到的消息，我发现他自从到达纽约以来每天都喝醉了，而且行为非常奇怪。
He had gam'd, too, and lost his money, so that I was oblig'd to discharge his lodgings, and defray his expenses to and at Philadelphia, which prov'd extremely inconvenient to me.
他也赌了，输了钱，所以我不得不解除他的住宿，并支付他往返费城的费用，这对我来说非常不方便。
The then governor of New York, Burnet (son of Bishop Burnet), hearing from the captain that a young man, one of his passengers, had a great many books, desir'd he would bring me to see him.
当时的纽约州州长伯内特（伯内特主教的儿子）从船长那里得知，他的乘客中有一个年轻人有很多书，希望他能带我去见他。
I waited upon him accordingly, and should have taken Collins with me but that he was not sober.
我相应地侍候着他，本来应该带柯林斯一起去的，但他并没有清醒。
The gov'r.
政府。
treated me with great civility, show'd me his library, which was a very large one, and we had a good deal of conversation about books and authors.
他对我非常有礼貌，带我参观了他的图书馆，那是一个非常大的图书馆，我们就书籍和作者进行了很多交谈。
This was the second governor who had done me the honour to take notice of me; which, to a poor boy like me, was very pleasing.
这是第二位有幸注意到我的州长。对于我这样的穷小子来说，这是非常令人高兴的。
We proceeded to Philadelphia.
我们前往费城。
I received on the way Vernon's money, without which we could hardly have finish'd our journey.
我在路上收到了弗农的钱，没有这些钱我们就很难完成我们的旅程。
Collins wished to be employ'd in some counting-house; but, whether they discover'd his dramming by his breath, or by his behaviour, tho' he had some recommendations, he met with no success in any application, and continu'd lodging and boarding at the same house with me, and at my expense.
柯林斯希望在某个会计室工作。但是，无论他们是通过他的呼吸还是通过他的行为发现他的戏剧性，尽管他提出了一些建议，但他在任何申请中都没有成功，并继续与我在同一所房子里住宿和寄宿，费用由我承担。
Knowing I had that money of Vernon's, he was continually borrowing of me, still promising repayment as soon as he should be in business.
他知道我有弗农的钱，就不断地向我借钱，并且仍然承诺一旦他开始做生意就还钱。
At length he had got so much of it that I was distress'd to think what I should do in case of being call'd on to remit it.
最后，他得到了太多的钱，以至于我很难过地思考如果我被要求汇出的话我该怎么办。
His drinking continu'd, about which we sometimes quarrel'd; for, when a little intoxicated, he was very fractious.
他继续酗酒，我们有时为此争吵；因为，当他有点醉的时候，他就非常暴躁。
Once, in a boat on the Delaware with some other young men, he refused to row in his turn.
有一次，他和其他一些年轻人在特拉华河上划船，他拒绝轮到他划船。
"I will be row'd home," says he.
“我会被划回家，”他说。
"We will not row you," says I.
“我们不会给你划船，”我说。
"You must, or stay all night on the water," says he, "just as you please." The others said, "Let us row; what signifies it?" But, my mind being soured with his other conduct, I continu'd to refuse.
“你必须这样做，或者在水面上过夜，”他说，“随你便。” ”其他人说：“我们划吧，这意味着什么？但是，由于他的其他行为，我的心变得酸涩，我继续拒绝。
So he swore he would make me row, or throw me overboard; and coming along, stepping on the thwarts, toward me, when he came up and struck at me, I clapped my hand under his crutch, and, rising, pitched him head-foremost into the river.
所以他发誓他会让我划船，或者把我扔到海里。他踩着横木向我走来，当他过来攻击我时，我把手放在他的拐杖下，站起来，把他的头朝前扔进河里。
I knew he was a good swimmer, and so was under little concern about him; but before he could get round to lay hold of the boat, we had with a few strokes pull'd her out of his reach; and ever when he drew near the boat, we ask'd if he would row, striking a few strokes to slide her away from him.
我知道他游泳技术很好，所以不太关心他。但他还没来得及抓住小船，我们就用几下力气把她拉到了他够不到的地方。每当他靠近船时，我们都会问他是否愿意划船，划几下，让她远离他。
He was ready to die with vexation, and obstinately would not promise to row.
他已经快要气死了，偏偏不肯答应划船。
However, seeing him at last beginning to tire, we lifted him in and brought him home dripping wet in the evening.
然而，看到他终于开始疲倦，我们把他抱了起来，并在晚上带他回家，湿漉漉的。
We hardly exchang'd a civil word afterwards, and a West India captain, who had a commission to procure a tutor for the sons of a gentleman at Barbados, happening to meet with him, agreed to carry him thither.
之后我们几乎没有交流过一句礼貌的话，一位西印度船长受命为巴巴多斯一位绅士的儿子们寻找一名家庭教师，碰巧与他见面，同意带他去那里。
He left me then, promising to remit me the first money he should receive in order to discharge the debt; but I never heard of him after.
然后他就离开了我，并承诺将他应收到的第一笔钱汇给我，以偿还债务。但此后我再也没有听说过他。
The breaking into this money of Vernon's was one of the first great errata of my life; and this affair show'd that my father was not much out in his judgment when he suppos'd me too young to manage business of importance.
闯入弗农的这笔钱是我一生中第一个重大勘误之一。这件事表明，我父亲认为我太年轻，无法管理重要事务，他的判断并没有太大的偏差。
But Sir William, on reading his letter, said he was too prudent.
但威廉爵士读完他的信后表示，他太谨慎了。
There was great difference in persons; and discretion did not always accompany years, nor was youth always without it.
人与人之间存在很大差异；岁月并不总是伴随着谨慎，青春期也不总是没有谨慎。
"And since he will not set you up," says he, "I will do it myself.
“既然他不会陷害你，”他说，“我就自己来陷害你。
Give me an inventory of the things necessary to be had from England, and I will send for them.
请给我一份需要从英国获得的物品清单，我会派人去取。
You shall repay me when you are able; I am resolv'd to have a good printer here, and I am sure you must succeed." This was spoken with such an appearance of cordiality, that I had not the least doubt of his meaning what he said.
当你有能力的时候，你会报答我的；我决心在这里拥有一台好的打印机，我相信你一定会成功。”他说这话时的表情是如此的诚恳，以至于我毫不怀疑他所说的话的意思。
I had hitherto kept the proposition of my setting up, a secret in Philadelphia, and I still kept it.
迄今为止，我一直保守着我的成立提议，这是费城的一个秘密，而且我仍然保守着它。
Had it been known that I depended on the governor, probably some friend, that knew him better, would have advis'd me not to rely on him, as I afterwards heard it as his known character to be liberal of promises which he never meant to keep.
如果知道我依赖州长，也许是某个更了解他的朋友，就会建议我不要依赖他，因为我后来听说他的性格是众所周知的，他从来没有打算遵守诺言。
Yet, unsolicited as he was by me, how could I think his generous offers insincere?
然而，尽管他不请自来，我怎么会认为他的慷慨提议是不真诚的呢？
I believ'd him one of the best men in the world.
我相信他是世界上最好的人之一。
I presented him an inventory of a little print'-house, amounting by my computation to about one hundred pounds sterling.
我向他展示了一家小印刷厂的库存，根据我的计算，总计约为一百英镑。
He lik'd it, but ask'd me if my being on the spot in England to chuse the types, and see that everything was good of the kind, might not be of some advantage.
他喜欢它，但问我在英国现场挑选类型，看看一切都很好，可能不会有什么好处。
"Then," says he, "when there, you may make acquaintances, and establish correspondences in the bookselling and stationery way." I agreed that this might be advantageous.
“然后，”他说，“到了那里，你就可以结识朋友，并通过卖书和文具的方式建立联系。”我同意这可能是有利的。
"Then," says he, "get yourself ready to go with Annis;" which was the annual ship, and the only one at that time usually passing between London and Philadelphia.
“那么，”他说，“准备好和安妮一起走吧；”这是一年一度的轮船，也是当时唯一一艘经常往返于伦敦和费城之间的轮船。
But it would be some months before Annis sail'd, so I continued working with Keimer, fretting about the money Collins had got from me, and in daily apprehensions of being call'd upon by Vernon, which, however, did not happen for some years after.
但距离安妮斯出航还有几个月，所以我继续和凯默一起工作，担心柯林斯从我那里得到的钱，每天都担心被弗农召唤，然而，几年后这种情况并没有发生。
I believe I have omitted mentioning that, in my first voyage from Boston, being becalm'd off Block Island, our people set about catching cod, and hauled up a great many.
我相信我没有提到，在我从波士顿出发的第一次航行中，在布洛克岛附近风平浪静时，我们的人民开始捕捞鳕鱼，并捕捞了很多鳕鱼。
Hitherto I had stuck to my resolution of not eating animal food, and on this occasion I consider'd, with my master Tryon, the taking every fish as a kind of unprovoked murder, since none of them had, or ever could do us any injury that might justify the slaughter.
到目前为止，我一直坚持不吃动物性食物的决心，而这次我和我的主人特赖恩一起认为，捕捞每一条鱼都是一种无端的谋杀，因为它们没有，也曾经可能对我们造成任何可能证明屠宰合理的伤害。
All this seemed very reasonable.
这一切看起来都很合理。
But I had formerly been a great lover of fish, and, when this came hot out of the frying-pan, it smelt admirably well.
但我以前非常喜欢吃鱼，当鱼从煎锅里热腾腾地出来时，它闻起来非常香。
I balanc'd some time between principle and inclination, till I recollected that, when the fish were opened, I saw smaller fish taken out of their stomachs; then thought I, "If you eat one another, I don't see why we mayn't eat you." So I din'd upon cod very heartily, and continued to eat with other people, returning only now and then occasionally to a vegetable diet.
我在原则和倾向之间平衡了一段时间，直到我想起，当鱼被打开时，我看到较小的鱼从它们的胃里被取出；然后我想：“如果你们互相吃掉对方，我不明白为什么我们不能吃掉你们。”所以我非常尽情地吃鳕鱼，并继续和其他人一起吃，只是偶尔恢复蔬菜饮食。
So convenient a thing is it to be a _reasonable creature_, since it enables one to find or make a reason for everything one has a mind to do.
成为一个“理性的生物”是一件非常方便的事情，因为它使一个人能够为他想做的每一件事找到或编造一个理由。
V
V
EARLY FRIENDS IN PHILADELPHIA
费城的早期朋友
Keimer and I liv'd on a pretty good familiar footing, and agreed tolerably well, for he suspected nothing of my setting up.
凯默和我的关系非常融洽，而且还算同意，因为他对我的陷害毫无怀疑。
He retained a great deal of his old enthusiasms and lov'd argumentation.
他保留了很多他以前的热情和喜爱的争论。
We therefore had many disputations.
因此我们发生了很多争论。
I used to work him so with my Socratic method, and had trepann'd him so often by questions apparently so distant from any point we had in hand, and yet by degrees led to the point, and brought him into difficulties and contradictions, that at last he grew ridiculously cautious, and would hardly answer me the most common question, without asking first, "_What do you intend to infer from that_?" However, it gave him so high an opinion of my abilities in the confuting way, that he seriously proposed my being his colleague in a project he had of setting up a new sect.
我曾经用我的苏格拉底式的方法来对待他，经常用明显与我们手头上的任何观点相去甚远的问题来折磨他，但渐渐地，他陷入了困境和矛盾，最后他变得非常谨慎，几乎不会回答我最常见的问题，而不先问：“你想从中推断出什么？”然而，这却让他对我的能力给予了高度的反驳，以至于他郑重地提出让我成为他的同事，参与他的一个创建新宗派的计划。
He was to preach the doctrines, and I was to confound all opponents.
他要宣扬教义，我要迷惑一切反对者。
When he came to explain with me upon the doctrines, I found several conundrums which I objected to, unless I might have my way a little too, and introduce some of mine.
当他来和我解释教义时，我发现了几个我反对的难题，除非我也能有自己的办法，并介绍一些我的。
Keimer wore his beard at full length, because somewhere in the Mosaic law it is said, "_Thou shalt not mar the corners of thy beard_." He likewise kept the Seventh day, Sabbath; and these two points were essentials with him.
凯默留着长长的胡须，因为摩西律法中的某个地方说：“你不得损坏你的胡须角。”他同样守第七日安息日。而这两点对他来说是必不可少的。
I dislik'd both; but agreed to admit them upon condition of his adopting the doctrine of using no animal food.
两者我都不喜欢；但同意接纳他们，条件是他采取不使用动物性食品的原则。
"I doubt," said he, "my constitution will not bear that." I assur'd him it would, and that he would be the better for it.
“我怀疑，”他说，“我的宪法无法承受这种情况。”我向他保证会的，而且他会因此变得更好。
He was usually a great glutton, and I promised myself some diversion in half starving him.
他通常很贪吃，我答应自己找点儿消遣，以免他挨饿。
He agreed to try the practice, if I would keep him company.
如果我愿意陪伴他的话，他同意尝试一下这种做法。
I did so, and we held it for three months.
我这样做了，我们坚持了三个月。
We had our victuals dress'd, and brought to us regularly by a woman in the neighborhood, who had from me a list of forty dishes, to be prepar'd for us at different times, in all which there was neither fish, flesh, nor fowl, and the whim suited me the better at this time from the cheapness of it, not costing us above eighteenpence sterling each per week.
我们把食物准备好，并由附近的一位妇女定期给我们带来，她从我那里得到了一张四十道菜的清单，要在不同的时间为我们准备，所有这些菜中都没有鱼，肉，也没有禽类，而此时的突发奇想更适合我，因为它很便宜，每周我们每个人的花费不超过十八便士英镑。
I have since kept several Lents most strictly, leaving the common diet for that, and that for the common, abruptly, without the least inconvenience, so that I think there is little in the advice of making those changes by easy gradations.
从那以后，我最严格地遵守了几次四旬斋，把普通的饮食留给了普通人，突然地，没有带来任何不便，所以我认为没有什么建议可以通过简单的分级来进行这些改变。
I went on pleasantly, but poor Keimer suffered grievously, tired of the project, long'd for the flesh-pots of Egypt, and order'd a roast pig.
我愉快地继续说下去，但可怜的凯默却痛苦不堪，厌倦了这个计划，渴望埃及的肉锅，并点了一只烤猪。
He invited me and two women friends to dine with him; but, it being brought too soon upon table, he could not resist the temptation, and ate the whole before we came.
他邀请我和两个女性朋友和他一起吃饭；但是，由于上桌的时间太早，他无法抗拒诱惑，在我们来之前就吃完了。
I had made some courtship during this time to Miss Read.
这段时间我向里德小姐求爱了。
I had a great respect and affection for her, and had some reason to believe she had the same for me; but, as I was about to take a long voyage, and we were both very young, only a little above eighteen, it was thought most prudent by her mother to prevent our going too far at present, as a marriage, if it was to take place, would be more convenient after my return, when I should be, as I expected, set up in my business.
我非常尊重和喜爱她，并且有理由相信她对我也有同样的尊重和喜爱。但是，由于我即将远行，而我们都很年轻，才十八岁多一点，她母亲认为目前最谨慎的做法是阻止我们走得太远，因为如果要结婚的话，在我回来后，当我应该像我期望的那样，开始我的事业时，婚姻会更方便。
Perhaps, too, she thought my expectations not so well founded as I imagined them to be.
也许她也认为我的期望并不像我想象的那么有根据。
My chief acquaintances at this time were Charles Osborne, Joseph Watson, and James Ralph, all lovers of reading.
此时我的主要熟人是查尔斯·奥斯本、约瑟夫·沃森和詹姆斯·拉尔夫，他们都是读书爱好者。
The two first were clerks to an eminent scrivener or conveyancer in the town, Charles Brockden; the other was clerk to a merchant.
前两位是镇上一位著名的代书人或产权转让师查尔斯·布罗克登 (Charles Brockden) 的职员。另一个是商人的职员。
Watson was a pious, sensible young man, of great integrity; the others rather more lax in their principles of religion, particularly Ralph, who, as well as Collins, had been unsettled by me, for which they both made me suffer.
沃森是一个虔诚、明智的年轻人，非常正直。其他人的宗教原则则比较宽松，尤其是拉尔夫，他和柯林斯都对我感到不安，为此他们都让我受苦。
Osborne was sensible, candid, frank; sincere and affectionate to his friends; but, in literary matters, too fond of criticizing.
奥斯本明智、坦率、坦率。对朋友真诚而深情；但在文学方面，太喜欢批评了。
Ralph was ingenious, genteel in his manners, and extremely eloquent; I think I never knew a prettier talker.
拉尔夫很聪明，举止文雅，而且非常能言善辩。我想我从来没有见过比他更漂亮的说话者。
Both of them were great admirers of poetry, and began to try their hands in little pieces.
他们俩都是诗歌的崇拜者，并开始尝试创作小诗。
Many pleasant walks we four had together on Sundays into the woods, near Schuylkill, where we read to one another, and conferr'd on what we read.
周日，我们四人一起到斯库尔基尔附近的树林里散步，在那里我们互相读书，交换所读的内容。
[Illustration: "Many pleasant walks we four had together"]
[插图：“我们四个人一起进行了许多愉快的散步”]
Ralph was inclin'd to pursue the study of poetry, not doubting but he might become eminent in it, and make his fortune by it, alleging that the best poets must, when they first began to write, make as many faults as he did.
拉尔夫倾向于研究诗歌，毫不怀疑他可能会在诗歌领域出名，并靠诗歌发家致富，他声称最好的诗人在刚开始写作时一定会犯和他一样多的错误。
Osborne dissuaded him, assur'd him he had no genius for poetry, and advis'd him to think of nothing beyond the business he was bred to; that, in the mercantile way, tho' he had no stock, he might, by his diligence and punctuality, recommend himself to employment as a factor, and in time acquire wherewith to trade on his own account.
奥斯本劝阻了他，向他保证他没有诗歌天赋，并建议他不要考虑他从小就从事的业务之外的事情。以商业的方式，尽管他没有股票，但他可以通过他的勤奋和准时，推荐自己作为一个因素，并及时获得为自己进行交易的资金。
I approv'd the amusing one's self with poetry now and then, so far as to improve one's language, but no farther.
我时不时地用诗歌来自娱自乐，以提高自己的语言水平，但仅此而已。
On this it was propos'd that we should each of us, at our next meeting, produce a piece of our own composing, in order to improve by our mutual observations, criticisms, and corrections.
对此，我们建议下次会议时，我们每个人都创作一首自己的作品，以便通过我们的共同观察、批评和指正来改进。
As language and expression were what we had in view, we excluded all considerations of invention by agreeing that the task should be a version of the eighteenth Psalm, which describes the descent of a Deity.
由于语言和表达是我们所考虑的，我们排除了所有发明的考虑，同意该任务应该是第十八首诗篇的版本，该诗篇描述了神的降临。
When the time of our meeting drew nigh, Ralph called on me first, and let me know his piece was ready.
当我们见面的时间临近时，拉尔夫首先打电话给我，并告诉我他的作品已经准备好了。
I told him I had been busy, and, having little inclination, had done nothing.
我告诉他我一直很忙，而且没有什么意愿，什么也没做。
He then show'd me his piece for my opinion, and I much approv'd it, as it appear'd to me to have great merit.
然后他向我展示了他的作品以征求我的意见，我非常赞同它，因为在我看来它有很大的优点。
"Now," says he, "Osborne never will allow the least merit in anything of mine, but makes 1000 criticisms out of mere envy.
“现在，”他说，“奥斯本决不会允许我的任何事情有哪怕一丁点的优点，而只是出于嫉妒而提出一千条批评。
He is not so jealous of you; I wish, therefore, you would take this piece, and produce it as yours; I will pretend not to have had time, and so produce nothing.
他并没有那么嫉妒你；因此，我希望你能接受这件作品，并将其制作为你的；我会假装没有时间，所以什么也不做。
We shall then see what he will say to it." It was agreed, and I immediately transcrib'd it, that it might appear in my own hand.
然后我们将看看他会对此说什么。”大家一致同意，我立即抄写下来，以便它可以出现在我自己的手上。
We met; Watson's performance was read; there were some beauties in it, but many defects.
我们相遇了；沃森的表演被宣读；它有一些美丽，但也有很多缺陷。
Osborne's was read; it was much better; Ralph did it justice; remarked some faults, but applauded the beauties.
奥斯本的作品被阅读了；好多了；拉尔夫做得很公正；批评了一些缺点，却为美女鼓掌。
He himself had nothing to produce.
他自己没有什么可生产的。
I was backward; seemed desirous of being excused; had not had sufficient time to correct, etc.; but no excuse could be admitted; produce I must.
我落后了；似乎渴望得到原谅；没有足够的时间纠正等；但没有任何借口可以接受；我必须生产。
It was read and repeated; Watson and Osborne gave up the contest, and join'd in applauding it.
它被阅读并重复；沃森和奥斯本放弃了比赛，并加入鼓掌。
Ralph only made some criticisms, and propos'd some amendments; but I defended my text.
拉尔夫只是提出了一些批评，并提出了一些修改意见；但我为我的文字辩护。
Osborne was against Ralph, and told him he was no better a critic than poet, so he dropt the argument.
奥斯本反对拉尔夫，并告诉他，他并不比诗人更好的批评家，所以他放弃了争论。
As they two went home together, Osborne expressed himself still more strongly in favor of what he thought my production; having restrain'd himself before, as he said, lest I should think it flattery.
当他们两人一起回家时，奥斯本更加强烈地表达了他对我的作品的支持。正如他所说，他之前就克制住了自己，以免我认为这是奉承。
"But who would have imagin'd," said he, "that Franklin had been capable of such a performance; such painting, such force, such fire!
“但是谁能想到，”他说，“富兰克林竟然能做出这样的表演；这样的绘画，这样的力量，这样的火焰！
He has even improv'd the original.
他甚至还改进了原作。
In his common conversation he seems to have no choice of words; he hesitates and blunders; and yet, good God!
在他的日常谈话中，他似乎没有选择言语的余地。他犹豫不决，犯错误；然而，上帝啊！
how he writes!" When we next met, Ralph discovered the trick we had plaid him, and Osborne was a little laughed at.
他写得多好啊！”当我们下次见面时，拉尔夫发现了我们给他设计的把戏，奥斯本受到了一点嘲笑。
This transaction fixed Ralph in his resolution of becoming a poet.
这次交易坚定了拉尔夫成为诗人的决心。
I did all I could to dissuade him from it, but he continued scribbling verses till _Pope_ cured him.[35] He became, however, a pretty good prose writer.
我尽我所能劝阻他，但他继续写诗，直到_教皇_治愈了他。 [35]然而，他成为了一位相当优秀的散文作家。
More of him hereafter.
以后更多的是他。
But, as I may not have occasion again to mention the other two, I shall just remark here, that Watson died in my arms a few years after, much lamented, being the best of our set.
但是，由于我可能没有机会再次提及另外两个人，所以我只想在这里说一下，几年后，沃森死在我的怀里，令人万分悲痛，他是我们这群人中最好的一个。
Osborne went to the West Indies, where he became an eminent lawyer and made money, but died young.
奥斯本去了西印度群岛，在那里他成为了一位著名的律师并赚了钱，但英年早逝。
He and I had made a serious agreement, that the one who happen'd first to die should, if possible, make a friendly visit to the other, and acquaint him how he found things in that separate state.
他和我达成了一项严肃的协议，如果可能的话，最先死去的一方应该友好地拜访对方，并告诉他在那个单独的状态下他是如何发现事物的。
But he never fulfill'd his promise.
但他始终没有兑现他的诺言。
[35] "In one of the later editions of the _Dunciad_ occur the following lines:
[35] “在《邓西亚德》的最新版本之一中出现了以下几行：
'Silence, ye wolves!
“安静，你们这些狼！
while Ralph to Cynthia howls, And makes night hideous--answer him, ye owls.'
拉尔夫向辛西娅嚎叫，让夜晚变得可怕——回答他，你们这些猫头鹰。
To this the poet adds the following note:
对此，诗人补充了以下注释：
'James Ralph, a name inserted after the first editions, not known till he writ a swearing-piece called _Sawney_, very abusive of Dr. Swift, Mr. Gay, and myself.'"
“詹姆斯·拉尔夫，这个名字插在第一版之后，直到他写了一篇名为_Sawney_的咒骂文章后才为人所知，他对斯威夫特博士、盖伊先生和我本人进行了极大的辱骂。”
VI
六、
FIRST VISIT TO LONDON
首次访问伦敦
The governor, seeming to like my company, had me frequently to his house, and his setting me up was always mention'd as a fixed thing.
州长似乎很喜欢我的陪伴，经常邀请我去他家，他对我的安排总是被视为一件固定的事情。
I was to take with me letters recommendatory to a number of his friends, besides the letter of credit to furnish me with the necessary money for purchasing the press and types, paper, etc. For these letters I was appointed to call at different times, when they were to be ready; but a future time was still named.
除了信用证外，我还要带上给他的一些朋友的推荐信，以便为我提供购买印刷机、活字、纸张等所需的资金。我被指定在不同的时间打电话给这些信，当它们准备好时；但仍命名了未来的时间。
Thus he went on till the ship, whose departure too had been several times postponed, was on the point of sailing.
就这样，他继续前行，直到这艘同样被推迟数次启程的船即将起航。
Then, when I call'd to take my leave and receive the letters, his secretary, Dr. Bard, came out to me and said the governor was extremely busy in writing, but would be down at Newcastle, before the ship, and there the letters would be delivered to me.
然后，当我打电话请假并接收信件时，他的秘书巴德博士向我走来，说州长正忙着写信，但会在船之前到达纽卡斯尔，在那里信件会交给我。
Ralph, though married, and having one child, had determined to accompany me in this voyage.
拉尔夫虽然已婚并育有一个孩子，但他决定陪伴我进行这次航行。
It was thought he intended to establish a correspondence, and obtain goods to sell on commission; but I found afterwards, that, thro' some discontent with his wife's relations, he purposed to leave her on their hands, and never return again.
人们认为他打算建立通信，并获得货物以进行佣金销售。但后来我发现，由于对妻子的亲戚有些不满，他打算把她留给他们，再也没有回来。
Having taken leave of my friends, and interchang'd some promises with Miss Read, I left Philadelphia in the ship, which anchor'd at Newcastle.
告别了我的朋友们，并与里德小姐交换了一些承诺后，我乘坐停泊在纽卡斯尔的船离开了费城。
The governor was there; but when I went to his lodging, the secretary came to me from him with the civillest message in the world, that he could not then see me, being engaged in business of the utmost importance, but should send the letters to me on board, wished me heartily a good voyage and a speedy return, etc. I returned on board a little puzzled, but still not doubting.
州长在那里；但当我去他的住处时，秘书向我传达了世界上最礼貌的信息，说他当时不能见我，因为我正在忙着最重要的事情，但应该在船上给我寄信，衷心祝愿我一路顺风，早日归来，等等。我回到船上时有点困惑，但仍然没有怀疑。
Mr. Andrew Hamilton, a famous lawyer of Philadelphia, had taken passage in the same ship for himself and son, and with Mr. Denham, a Quaker merchant, and Messrs.
费城著名律师安德鲁·汉密尔顿先生和他的儿子以及贵格会商人德纳姆先生和先生们也乘坐了同一艘船。
Onion and Russel, masters of an iron work in Maryland, had engaged the great cabin; so that Ralph and I were forced to take up with a berth in the steerage, and none on board knowing us, were considered as ordinary persons.
洋葱和拉塞尔是马里兰州一家钢铁厂的老板，他们租用了这间大船舱。因此，拉尔夫和我被迫在统舱里占据一个泊位，船上没有人认识我们，被视为普通人。
But Mr. Hamilton and his son (it was James, since governor) return'd from Newcastle to Philadelphia, the father being recall'd by a great fee to plead for a seized ship; and, just before we sail'd, Colonel French coming on board, and showing me great respect, I was more taken notice of, and, with my friend Ralph, invited by the other gentlemen to come into the cabin, there being now room.
但是汉密尔顿先生和他的儿子（詹姆斯，后来担任州长）从纽卡斯尔回到了费城，父亲被高额费用召回，请求扣押一艘船。就在我们启航之前，弗伦奇上校登上了船上，他对我表示了极大的尊重，我受到了更多的关注，并且，我和我的朋友拉尔夫一起，受到其他先生的邀请进入船舱，现在已经有空间了。
Accordingly, we remov'd thither.
因此，我们搬到了那里。
Understanding that Colonel French had brought on board the governor's despatches, I ask'd the captain for those letters that were to be under my care.
我知道弗伦奇上校已经把总督的急件带上了船，于是我向船长索要那些由我保管的信件。
He said all were put into the bag together and he could not then come at them; but, before we landed in England, I should have an opportunity of picking them out; so I was satisfied for the present, and we proceeded on our voyage.
他说所有东西都一起放进袋子里，然后他就无法接近它们了；但是，在我们抵达英国之前，我应该有机会把它们挑出来；所以目前我很满意，我们就继续航行了。
We had a sociable company in the cabin, and lived uncommonly well, having the addition of all Mr. Hamilton's stores, who had laid in plentifully.
我们的小屋里有一群善于交际的人，生活得非常好，汉密尔顿先生的所有商店都在里面，他的储备充足。
In this passage Mr. Denham contracted a friendship for me that continued during his life.
在这段话中，德纳姆先生与我建立了终其一生的友谊。
The voyage was otherwise not a pleasant one, as we had a great deal of bad weather.
除此之外，这次航行并不愉快，因为我们遇到了很多恶劣的天气。
When we came into the Channel, the captain kept his word with me, and gave me an opportunity of examining the bag for the governor's letters.
当我们进入英吉利海峡时，船长信守了对我的诺言，并给了我一个机会检查袋子里是否有总督的信件。
I found none upon which my name was put as under my care.
我没有发现任何一个上面有我的名字并由我照顾。
I picked out six or seven, that, by the handwriting, I thought might be the promised letters, especially as one of them was directed to Basket, the king's printer, and another to some stationer.
我挑出了六七封，从笔迹来看，我认为这可能是承诺的信件，特别是其中一封是写给国王的印刷商篮子的，另一封是写给某个文具商的。
We arriv'd in London the 24th of December, 1724.
1724 年 12 月 24 日，我们抵达伦敦。
I waited upon the stationer, who came first in my way, delivering the letter as from Governor Keith.
我等待文具店员，他首先挡住了我的路，递来信，就像基思州长写的一样。
"I don't know such a person," says he; but, opening the letter, "O!
“我不认识这样的人，”他说。但是，打开这封信，“哦！
this is from Riddlesden.
这是来自里德尔斯登的。
I have lately found him to be a compleat rascal, and I will have nothing to do with him, nor receive any letters from him." So, putting the letter into my hand, he turn'd on his heel and left me to serve some customer.
我最近发现他是个彻头彻尾的流氓，我不会和他有任何关系，也不会收到他的任何来信。”于是，他把信交到我手里，然后转身离开，让我去招待某个顾客。
I was surprized to find these were not the governor's letters; and, after recollecting and comparing circumstances, I began to doubt his sincerity.
我惊讶地发现这些不是州长的信；而是州长的信。经过回忆和比较，我开始怀疑他的诚意。
I found my friend Denham, and opened the whole affair to him.
我找到了我的朋友德纳姆，并向他讲述了整个事情。
He let me into Keith's character; told me there was not the least probability that he had written any letters for me; that no one, who knew him, had the smallest dependence on him; and he laught at the notion of the governor's giving me a letter of credit, having, as he said, no credit to give.
他让我了解了基思的性格。告诉我他很有可能给我写过信；认识他的人都没有对他有哪怕一丁点的依赖。他嘲笑州长给我开具信用证的想法，正如他所说，我没有信用证。
On my expressing some concern about what I should do, he advised me to endeavour getting some employment in the way of my business.
当我对自己应该做什么表示担忧时，他建议我努力以我的生意方式找到一些工作。
"Among the printers here," said he, "you will improve yourself, and when you return to America, you will set up to greater advantage."
“在这里的印刷商中，”他说，“你会提高自己，当你回到美国时，你会获得更大的优势。”
[Illustration: "So, putting the letter into my hand"]
[插图：“那么，把信放到我手里”]
We both of us happen'd to know, as well as the stationer, that Riddlesden, the attorney, was a very knave.
我们俩碰巧知道，和文具店一样，里德尔斯登律师是个非常无赖的人。
He had half ruin'd Miss Read's father by persuading him to be bound for him.
他说服里德小姐的父亲跟他在一起，这让他毁了一半。
By this letter it appear'd there was a secret scheme on foot to the prejudice of Hamilton (suppos'd to be then coming over with us); and that Keith was concerned in it with Riddlesden.
从这封信看来，有一个秘密计划正在实施，以损害汉密尔顿（据说当时他会和我们一起过来）；基思与里德尔斯登有关。
Denham, who was a friend of Hamilton's, thought he ought to be acquainted with it; so, when he arriv'd in England, which was soon after, partly from resentment and ill-will to Keith and Riddlesden, and partly from good-will to him, I waited on him, and gave him the letter.
德纳姆是汉密尔顿的朋友，他认为汉密尔顿应该熟悉这一点。因此，当他不久之后抵达英国时，部分出于对基思和里德尔斯登的怨恨和恶意，部分出于对他的善意，我伺候了他，并将信交给了他。
He thank'd me cordially, the information being of importance to him; and from that time he became my friend, greatly to my advantage afterwards on many occasions.
他衷心感谢我，因为这个信息对他很重要。从那时起，他就成了我的朋友，这对我后来的许多场合都大有裨益。
But what shall we think of a governor's playing such pitiful tricks, and imposing so grossly on a poor ignorant boy!
但是，对于一个总督玩弄如此可怜的把戏，并如此粗暴地强加给一个可怜无知的男孩，我们该怎么看呢！
It was a habit he had acquired.
这是他养成的习惯。
He wish'd to please everybody; and, having little to give, he gave expectations.
他希望取悦所有人；由于没有什么可以给予，他给出了期望。
He was otherwise an ingenious, sensible man, a pretty good writer, and a good governor for the people, tho' not for his constituents, the proprietaries, whose instructions he sometimes disregarded.
在其他方面，他是一位聪明、明智的人，一位相当优秀的作家，也是一位对人民（而不是对他的选民和业主）来说是好的州长，他有时会忽视他们的指示。
Several of our best laws were of his planning and passed during his administration.
我们最好的几部法律都是他策划并在他执政期间通过的。
Ralph and I were inseparable companions.
拉尔夫和我是形影不离的伙伴。
We took lodgings together in Little Britain[36] at three shillings and sixpence a week--as much as we could then afford.
我们一起在小不列颠 [36] 住宿，每周三先令六便士——这是我们当时能负担得起的。
He found some relations, but they were poor, and unable to assist him.
他找到了一些亲戚，但他们很穷，无法帮助他。
He now let me know his intentions of remaining in London, and that he never meant to return to Philadelphia.
他现在让我知道他打算留在伦敦，并且他从未打算返回费城。
He had brought no money with him, the whole he could muster having been expended in paying his passage.
他没带钱，他能凑到的钱都花在了路费上。
I had fifteen pistoles;[37] so he borrowed occasionally of me to subsist, while he was looking out for business.
我有十五个皮斯托尔；[37]所以他在做生意时偶尔借用我来维持生计。
He first endeavoured to get into the play-house, believing himself qualify'd for an actor; but Wilkes,[38] to whom he apply'd, advis'd him candidly not to think of that employment, as it was impossible he should succeed in it.
他首先努力进入剧院，相信自己有资格成为一名演员。但他所申请的威尔克斯[38]坦率地建议他不要考虑这份工作，因为他不可能成功。
Then he propos'd to Roberts, a publisher in Paternoster Row,[39] to write for him a weekly paper like the Spectator, on certain conditions, which Roberts did not approve.
然后他向帕特诺斯特街的出版商罗伯茨提议，[39]在一定条件下为他写一份像《旁观者》这样的周报，但罗伯茨没有同意。
Then he endeavoured to get employment as a hackney writer, to copy for the stationers and lawyers about the Temple,[40] but could find no vacancy.
然后，他努力寻找一份廉价作家的工作，为文具店和律师复印有关圣殿的内容，[40]但找不到空缺。
[36] One of the oldest parts of London, north of St. Paul's Cathedral, called "Little Britain" because the Dukes of Brittany used to live there.
[36] 伦敦最古老的地区之一，位于圣保罗大教堂以北，因布列塔尼公爵曾居住于此而被称为“小英国”。
See the essay entitled "Little Britain" in Washington Irving's _Sketch Book_.
请参阅华盛顿·欧文的_Sketch Book_中题为“小英国”的文章。
[37] A gold coin worth about four dollars in our money.
[37] 一枚金币，相当于我们的货币四美元。
[38] A popular comedian, manager of Drury Lane Theater.
[38] 一位受欢迎的喜剧演员，德鲁里巷剧院的经理。
[39] Street north of St. Paul's, occupied by publishing houses.
[39] 圣保罗教堂以北的街道，被出版社占据。
[40] Law schools and lawyers' residences situated southwest of St. Paul's, between Fleet Street and the Thames.
[40] 法学院和律师住宅位于圣保罗西南，舰队街和泰晤士河之间。
I immediately got into work at Palmer's, then a famous printing-house in Bartholomew Close, and here I continu'd near a year.
我立即在帕尔默出版社工作，那是巴塞洛缪克洛斯一家著名的印刷厂，我在这里工作了将近一年。
I was pretty diligent, but spent with Ralph a good deal of my earnings in going to plays and other places of amusement.
我很勤奋，但我的大部分收入都花在了和拉尔夫一起去看戏和其他娱乐场所上。
We had together consumed all my pistoles, and now just rubbed on from hand to mouth.
我们一起吃掉了我所有的手枪，现在只是从手到嘴摩擦。
He seem'd quite to forget his wife and child, and I, by degrees, my engagements with Miss Read, to whom I never wrote more than one letter, and that was to let her know I was not likely soon to return.
他似乎完全忘记了他的妻子和孩子，而我，渐渐地忘记了我与里德小姐的约会，我给她写的信最多只有一封，那是为了让她知道我不太可能很快回来。
This was another of the great errata of my life, which I should wish to correct if I were to live it over again.
这是我一生中另一个巨大的勘误，如果我能重来一次，我希望能够纠正它。
In fact, by our expenses, I was constantly kept unable to pay my passage.
事实上，由于我们的开支，我经常无法支付旅费。
At Palmer's I was employed in composing for the second edition of Wollaston's "Religion of Nature." Some of his reasonings not appearing to me well founded, I wrote a little metaphysical piece in which I made remarks on them.
在帕尔默学院，我受雇为沃拉斯顿的《自然的宗教》第二版作曲。他的一些推理在我看来似乎没有充分的根据，我写了一篇形而上学的小文章，对它们进行了评论。
It was entitled "A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain." I inscribed it to my friend Ralph; I printed a small number.
它的标题是“关于自由与必然、快乐与痛苦的论文”。我把它写给我的朋友拉尔夫；我打印了一个小数字。
It occasion'd my being more consider'd by Mr. Palmer as a young man of some ingenuity, tho' he seriously expostulated with me upon the principles of my pamphlet, which to him appear'd abominable.
这使得帕尔默先生更加认为我是一个有创造力的年轻人，尽管他认真地向我劝告我的小册子的原则，而这对他来说似乎是令人厌恶的。
My printing this pamphlet was another erratum.
我印刷这本小册子又是一次勘误。
While I lodg'd in Little Britain, I made an acquaintance with one Wilcox, a bookseller, whose shop was at the next door.
当我住在小不列颠时，我认识了一位书商威尔科克斯，他的商店就在隔壁。
He had an immense collection of second-hand books.
他收藏了大量二手书。
Circulating libraries were not then in use; but we agreed that, on certain reasonable terms, which I have now forgotten, I might take, read, and return any of his books.
当时还没有使用流通图书馆；但我们同意，在某些合理的条件下（我现在已经忘记了），我可以拿走、阅读并归还他的任何书。
This I esteem'd a great advantage, and I made as much use of it as I could.
我认为这是一个很大的优势，并且我尽可能地利用它。
My pamphlet by some means falling into the hands of one Lyons, a surgeon, author of a book entitled "The Infallibility of Human Judgment," it occasioned an acquaintance between us.
我的小册子不知何故落入了一位外科医生里昂的手中，他是一本题为《人类判断力的无误性》的作者，它使我们之间结识了。
He took great notice of me, called on me often to converse on those subjects, carried me to the Horns, a pale alehouse in----Lane, Cheapside, and introduced me to Dr. Mandeville, author of the "Fable of the Bees," who had a club there, of which he was the soul, being a most facetious, entertaining companion.
他很注意我，经常找我谈论这些话题，带我去了Horns，这是一家位于奇普赛德巷的苍白啤酒屋，并把我介绍给《蜜蜂寓言》的作者曼德维尔博士，他在那里有一个俱乐部，他是俱乐部的灵魂人物，是一个最滑稽、最有趣的伙伴。
Lyons, too, introduced me to Dr. Pemberton, at Batson's Coffee-house, who promis'd to give me an opportunity, sometime or other, of seeing Sir Isaac Newton, of which I was extreamly desirous; but this never happened.
里昂斯也把我介绍给了巴特森咖啡馆的彭伯顿博士，他答应给我一个机会，有时或其他，见到艾萨克·牛顿爵士，我非常渴望见到他。但这从未发生过。
I had brought over a few curiosities, among which the principal was a purse made of the asbestos, which purifies by fire.
我带来了一些好奇心，其中最主要的是一个用石棉制成的钱包，它可以通过火来净化。
Sir Hans Sloane heard of it, came to see me, and invited me to his house in Bloomsbury Square, where he show'd me all his curiosities, and persuaded me to let him add that to the number, for which he paid me handsomely.
汉斯·斯隆爵士听说了此事，来看望我，并邀请我去他位于布卢姆斯伯里广场的家，在那里他向我展示了他所有的好奇心，并说服我让他将其添加到号码中，为此他付给了我丰厚的报酬。
In our house there lodg'd a young woman, a milliner, who, I think, had a shop in the Cloisters.
我们家住着一位年轻女子，她是一名女帽设计师，我想她在回廊里有一家商店。
She had been genteelly bred, was sensible and lively, and of most pleasing conversation.
她出身文雅，懂事又活泼，谈吐令人愉快。
Ralph read plays to her in the evenings, they grew intimate, she took another lodging, and he followed her.
拉尔夫晚上给她读戏剧，他们变得亲密起来，她搬到另一处住处，他也跟着她。
They liv'd together some time; but, he being still out of business, and her income not sufficient to maintain them with her child, he took a resolution of going from London, to try for a country school, which he thought himself well qualified to undertake, as he wrote an excellent hand, and was a master of arithmetic and accounts.
他们曾一起生活过一段时间；但是，他仍然没有生意，而她的收入不足以维持他们和孩子的生活，他决定离开伦敦，尝试去一所乡村学校，他认为自己很有资格去上学，因为他写得一手好字，而且是算术和会计大师。
This, however, he deemed a business below him, and confident of future better fortune, when he should be unwilling to have it known that he once was so meanly employed, he changed his name, and did me the honour to assume mine; for I soon after had a letter from him, acquainting me that he was settled in a small village (in Berkshire, I think it was, where he taught reading and writing to ten or a dozen boys, at sixpence each per week), recommending Mrs. T---- to my care, and desiring me to write to him, directing for Mr. Franklin, schoolmaster, at such a place.
然而，他认为这是一项低于他的事业，并且对未来更好的命运充满信心，当他不愿意让人们知道他曾经如此卑微时，他改变了自己的名字，并让我荣幸地继承了我的名字；因为不久之后我收到了他的一封信，告诉我他定居在一个小村庄（我想是在伯克郡，他在那里教十几个男孩读书和写作，每周六便士），推荐我照顾T太太，并希望我写信给他，为校长富兰克林先生指导在这样一个地方。
He continued to write frequently, sending me large specimens of an epic poem which he was then composing, and desiring my remarks and corrections.
他继续频繁地写作，寄给我他当时正在创作的一首史诗的大样本，并希望我发表评论和更正。
These I gave him from time to time, but endeavour'd rather to discourage his proceeding.
我时不时地给他这些，但我宁愿努力阻止他继续前进。
One of Young's Satires[41] was then just published.
杨的一部讽刺小说[41]当时刚刚出版。
I copy'd and sent him a great part of it, which set in a strong light the folly of pursuing the Muses with any hope of advancement by them.
我复制并寄给了他其中的很大一部分，这强烈地表明了追求缪斯并希望通过缪斯取得进步的愚蠢行为。
All was in vain; sheets of the poem continued to come by every post.
一切都是徒劳；每封邮件都继续送来这首诗。
In the meantime, Mrs. T----, having on his account lost her friends and business, was often in distresses, and us'd to send for me and borrow what I could spare to help her out of them.
与此同时，T女士因为他的缘故失去了朋友和生意，常常陷入困境，我们会派人来找我，借我能有的钱来帮助她摆脱困境。
I grew fond of her company, and, being at that time under no religious restraint, and presuming upon my importance to her, I attempted familiarities (another erratum) which she repuls'd with a proper resentment, and acquainted him with my behaviour.
我越来越喜欢她的陪伴，而且，当时没有宗教约束，并且假定我对她很重要，我尝试熟悉（另一个勘误表），但她以适当的怨恨拒绝了我，并向他熟悉了我的行为。
This made a breach between us; and, when he returned again to London, he let me know he thought I had cancell'd all the obligations he had been under to me.
这造成了我们之间的裂痕；当他再次返回伦敦时，他让我知道他认为我已经取消了他对我承担的所有义务。
So I found I was never to expect his repaying me what I lent to him or advanc'd for him.
所以我发现我永远不会指望他会偿还我借给他或为他预支的东西。
This, however, was not then of much consequence, as he was totally unable; and in the loss of his friendship I found myself relieved from a burthen.
然而，这在当时并没有多大意义，因为他完全无法做到。失去了他的友谊，我发现自己如释重负。
I now began to think of getting a little money beforehand, and, expecting better work, I left Palmer's to work at Watts's, near Lincoln's Inn Fields, a still greater printing-house.[42] Here I continued all the rest of my stay in London.
我现在开始考虑提前赚点钱，并且，为了期待更好的工作，我离开了帕尔默出版社，到林肯因菲尔兹附近的瓦茨出版社工作，那是一家更大的印刷厂。 [42]我在这里继续了我在伦敦的余下时光。
[41] Edward Young (1681-1765), an English poet.
[41] 爱德华·杨（1681-1765），英国诗人。
See his satires, Vol. III, Epist.
参见他的讽刺作品，卷。三、书信。
ii, page 70.
二、第 70 页。
[42] The printing press at which Franklin worked is preserved in the Patent Office at Washington.
[42] 富兰克林工作的印刷机保存在华盛顿专利局。
At my first admission into this printing-house I took to working at press, imagining I felt a want of the bodily exercise I had been us'd to in America, where presswork is mix'd with composing.
当我第一次进入这家印刷厂时，我开始在印刷厂工作，想象着我感到需要身体锻炼，这是我在美国习惯的身体锻炼，在那里印刷与写作混合在一起。
I drank only water; the other workmen, near fifty in number, were great guzzlers of beer.
我只喝水；其他工人大约有五十人，都是啤酒狂饮者。
On occasion, I carried up and down stairs a large form of types in each hand, when others carried but one in both hands.
有时，我两手拿着一大本活字上下楼梯，而其他人则双手只拿着一本。
They wondered to see, from this and several instances, that the _Water-American_, as they called me, was _stronger_ than themselves, who drank _strong_ beer!
他们想从这件事和几个例子中看出，他们所说的“水美国人”，比他们喝_浓烈_啤酒的他们_更强_！
We had an alehouse boy who attended always in the house to supply the workmen.
我们有一个酒馆男孩，他总是在家里为工人提供食物。
My companion at the press drank every day a pint before breakfast, a pint at breakfast with his bread and cheese, a pint between breakfast and dinner, a pint at dinner, a pint in the afternoon about six o'clock, and another when he had done his day's work.
我在新闻界的同伴每天早餐前喝一品脱，早餐时配面包和奶酪喝一品脱，早餐和晚餐之间喝一品脱，晚餐时喝一品脱，下午六点左右喝一品脱，完成一天的工作后再喝一品脱。
I thought it a detestable custom; but it was necessary, he suppos'd, to drink _strong_ beer, that he might be _strong_ to labour.
我认为这是一种令人厌恶的习俗；但他认为有必要喝浓啤酒，这样他才能更有力地劳动。
I endeavoured to convince him that the bodily strength afforded by beer could only be in proportion to the grain or flour of the barley dissolved in the water of which it was made; that there was more flour in a pennyworth of bread; and therefore, if he would eat that with a pint of water, it would give him more strength than a quart of beer.
我努力让他相信，啤酒所提供的体力只能与溶解在水中的大麦谷物或面粉成正比。一便士的面包中含有更多的面粉；因此，如果他把它和一品脱水一起吃，就会比一夸脱啤酒给他带来更多的力量。
He drank on, however, and had four or five shillings to pay out of his wages every Saturday night for that muddling liquor; an expense I was free from.
然而，他还是喝酒，每周六晚上都要从工资中拿出四五先令来支付这种浑浊的酒。这笔费用我不用承担。
And thus these poor devils keep themselves always under.
就这样，这些可怜的家伙总是把自己置于困境之中。
[Illustration: "I took to working at press"]
[插图：“我开始在媒体工作”]
Watts, after some weeks, desiring to have me in the composing-room,[43] I left the pressmen; a new bien venu or sum for drink, being five shillings, was demanded of me by the compositors.
几周后，瓦茨希望我能去作曲室，[43]我离开了记者；排字员向我索要新的酒费，即五先令。
I thought it an imposition, as I had paid below; the master thought so too, and forbade my paying it.
我认为这是一种强加，因为我已经在下面支付了；主人也是这么想的，不让我付钱。
I stood out two or three weeks, was accordingly considered as an excommunicate, and had so many little pieces of private mischief done me, by mixing my sorts, transposing my pages, breaking my matter, etc., etc., if I were ever so little out of the room, and all ascribed to the chappel ghost, which they said ever haunted those not regularly admitted, that, notwithstanding the master's protection, I found myself oblig'd to comply and pay the money, convinc'd of the folly of being on ill terms with those one is to live with continually.
我站了两三个星期，因此被认为是被逐出教会的，并且有这么多的私人恶作剧，通过混合我的种类，颠倒我的页面，破坏我的材料，等等，如果我很少离开房间，所有这些都归因于教堂鬼魂，他们说它经常困扰着那些不定期进入的人，以至于，尽管有主人的保护，我发现自己有义务遵守并付钱，确信与那些人关系不好的愚蠢行为就是继续与之生活在一起。
[43] Franklin now left the work of operating the printing presses, which was largely a matter of manual labor, and began setting type, which required more skill and intelligence.
[43] 富兰克林现在放弃了操作印刷机的工作，这主要是体力劳动，并开始排版，这需要更多的技能和智慧。
I was now on a fair footing with them, and soon acquir'd considerable influence.
我现在与他们处于平等地位，很快就获得了相当大的影响力。
I propos'd some reasonable alterations in their chappel laws,[44] and carried them against all opposition.
我建议对他们的礼拜法进行一些合理的修改，[44]并排除了所有反对意见而将其付诸实施。
From my example, a great part of them left their muddling breakfast of beer, and bread, and cheese, finding they could with me be supply'd from a neighbouring house with a large porringer of hot water-gruel, sprinkled with pepper, crumb'd with bread, and a bit of butter in it, for the price of a pint of beer, viz., three half-pence.
从我的例子来看，他们中的很大一部分人留下了啤酒、面包和奶酪等混杂的早餐，发现他们可以和我一起从隔壁的房子里得到一大锅热水稀粥，撒上胡椒粉，面包屑，里面加一点黄油，价格是一品脱啤酒，即三半便士。
This was a more comfortable as well as cheaper breakfast, and keep their heads clearer.
这是一顿更舒适、更便宜的早餐，让他们的头脑更清醒。
Those who continued sotting with beer all day, were often, by not paying, out of credit at the alehouse, and us'd to make interest with me to get beer; their _light_, as they phrased it, _being out_.
那些整天喝啤酒的人，经常因为不付钱而在酒馆里失去信用，我们就向我收取利息才能买啤酒；但是，他们却没有付钱。正如他们所说，他们的_光芒__正在消失_。
I watch'd the pay-table on Saturday night, and collected what I stood engag'd for them, having to pay sometimes near thirty shillings a week on their accounts.
周六晚上，我查看了付款表，收集了我为他们订下的东西，有时每周必须在他们的账户上支付近三十先令。
This, and my being esteem'd a pretty good _riggite_, that is, a jocular verbal satirist, supported my consequence in the society.
这一点，以及我被尊为一个相当好的“riggite”，即一个诙谐的言语讽刺作家，支撑了我在社会中的影响力。
My constant attendance (I never making a St. Monday)[45] recommended me to the master; and my uncommon quickness at composing occasioned my being put upon all work of dispatch, which was generally better paid.
我经常出勤（我从来没有过圣星期一）[45]，我向大师推荐了我；我的作曲速度异常快，因此我被安排去做所有急件工作，而这些工作的报酬一般都比较高。
So I went on now very agreeably.
所以我现在非常同意地继续下去。
[44] A printing house is called a chapel because Caxton, the first English printer, did his printing in a chapel connected with Westminster Abbey.
[44] 印刷厂被称为教堂，因为第一位英国印刷商卡克斯顿是在与威斯敏斯特教堂相连的教堂里进行印刷的。
[45] A holiday taken to prolong the dissipation of Saturday's wages.
[45] 为延长周六工资的消散而放假。
My lodging in Little Britain being too remote, I found another in Duke-street, opposite to the Romish Chapel.
我在小不列颠的住处太偏远了，我在杜克街找到了另一处，在罗马教堂对面。
It was two pair of stairs backwards, at an Italian warehouse.
向后走两级楼梯，在一个意大利仓库里。
A widow lady kept the house; she had a daughter, and a maid servant, and a journeyman who attended the warehouse, but lodg'd abroad.
一位寡妇守着房子；她有一个女儿、一个女仆和一个在仓库工作但寄宿在国外的熟练工人。
After sending to inquire my character at the house where I last lodg'd she agreed to take me in at the same rate, 3s.
在派人去我上次住宿的房子询问我的性格后，她同意以同样的速度收留我，3秒。
6d.
6d.
per week; cheaper, as she said, from the protection she expected in having a man lodge in the house.
每周；正如她所说，因为她希望男人住在家里能得到保护，所以更便宜。
She was a widow, an elderly woman; had been bred a Protestant, being a clergyman's daughter, but was converted to the Catholic religion by her husband, whose memory she much revered; had lived much among people of distinction, and knew a thousand anecdotes of them as far back as the times of Charles the Second.
她是一位寡妇，一位上了年纪的妇女。作为一名牧师的女儿，她从小就信奉新教，但她的丈夫皈依了天主教，她非常尊敬他的记忆。他生活在许多名人中间，早在查理二世时代就知道他们的上千件轶事。
She was lame in her knees with the gout, and, therefore, seldom stirred out of her room, so sometimes wanted company; and hers was so highly amusing to me, that I was sure to spend an evening with her whenever she desired it.
她因痛风双膝跛了，因此很少走出自己的房间，所以有时需要有人陪伴。她的故事对我来说非常有趣，所以只要她愿意，我一定会和她一起度过一个晚上。
Our supper was only half an anchovy each, on a very little strip of bread and butter, and half a pint of ale between us; but the entertainment was in her conversation.
我们的晚餐只有半条凤尾鱼，配上一小块面包和黄油，还有半品脱啤酒。但她的谈话充满了乐趣。
My always keeping good hours, and giving little trouble in the family, made her unwilling to part with me, so that, when I talk'd of a lodging I had heard of, nearer my business, for two shillings a week, which, intent as I now was on saving money, made some difference, she bid me not think of it, for she would abate me two shillings a week for the future; so I remained with her at one shilling and sixpence as long as I staid in London.
我总是遵守良好的作息时间，很少给家里带来麻烦，这使她不愿与我分开，因此，当我谈到我听说的一家住所时，离我的生意较近，每周两先令，这对我现在一心想省钱来说，确实有所帮助，她叫我不要想这个，因为她会为将来每周减我两先令；因此，只要我留在伦敦，我就以一先令六便士的价格留在她身边。
In a garret of her house there lived a maiden lady of seventy, in the most retired manner, of whom my landlady gave me this account: that she was a Roman Catholic, had been sent abroad when young, and lodg'd in a nunnery with an intent of becoming a nun; but, the country not agreeing with her, she returned to England, where, there being no nunnery, she had vow'd to lead the life of a nun, as near as might be done in those circumstances.
在她家的阁楼里住着一位七十岁的老太太，她的态度极其隐居，我的女房东向我讲述了她的情况：她是一位罗马天主教徒，年轻时被送到国外，住在一座女修道院里，打算成为一名修女；但是，这个国家不同意她，她回到了英国，那里没有尼姑庵，她发誓要过修女的生活，在这种情况下尽可能接近。
Accordingly, she had given all her estate to charitable uses, reserving only twelve pounds a year to live on, and out of this sum she still gave a great deal in charity, living herself on water-gruel only, and using no fire but to boil it.
因此，她把自己的全部财产都捐给了慈善事业，每年只保留十二英镑的生活费，而在这笔钱中，她仍然捐出了很大一部分用于慈善事业，自己只靠水稀粥生活，除了煮粥外，不使用任何火。
She had lived many years in that garret, being permitted to remain there gratis by successive Catholic tenants of the house below, as they deemed it a blessing to have her there.
她在那间阁楼里住了很多年，下面房子的历任天主教房客都允许她免费留在那里，因为他们认为她在那里是一种祝福。
A priest visited her to confess her every day.
一位牧师每天都会去看望她，向她忏悔。
"I have ask'd her," says my landlady, "how she, as she liv'd, could possibly find so much employment for a confessor?" "Oh," said she, "it is impossible to avoid _vain thoughts_." I was permitted once to visit her.
“我问过她，”我的女房东说，“以她的生活方式，怎么可能找到这么多的忏悔神父的工作呢？” “哦，”她说，“避免空想是不可能的。”有一次我被允许去探望她。
She was cheerful and polite, and convers'd pleasantly.
她性格开朗，彬彬有礼，谈吐愉快。
The room was clean, but had no other furniture than a matras, a table with a crucifix and book, a stool which she gave me to sit on, and a picture over the chimney of Saint Veronica displaying her handkerchief, with the miraculous figure of Christ's bleeding face on it,[46] which she explained to me with great seriousness.
房间很干净，但除了马特拉斯、一张放着十字架和书的桌子、一张她让我坐的凳子、一张圣维罗尼卡烟囱上方的照片上没有其他家具，上面展示着她的手帕，上面有基督流血的脸的神奇形象，[46]她非常严肃地向我解释了这一点。
She look'd pale, but was never sick; and I give it as another instance on how small an income, life and health may be supported.
她看上去脸色苍白，但从未生病；我将其作为另一个例子来说明可以支持多么小的收入、生命和健康。
At Watts's printing-house I contracted an acquaintance with an ingenious young man, one Wygate, who, having wealthy relations, had been better educated than most printers; was a tolerable Latinist, spoke French, and lov'd reading.
在瓦茨的印刷厂里，我结识了一位聪明的年轻人，名叫威盖特，他有富裕的关系，比大多数印刷商受过更好的教育；他是一位还算可以的拉丁裔美国人，会说法语，并且喜欢读书。
I taught him and a friend of his to swim at twice going into the river, and they soon became good swimmers.
我两次教他和他的一个朋友下河游泳，他们很快就成了游泳好手。
They introduc'd me to some gentlemen from the country, who went to Chelsea by water to see the College and Don Saltero's curiosities.[47] In our return, at the request of the company, whose curiosity Wygate had excited, I stripped and leaped into the river, and swam from near Chelsea to Blackfriar's,[48] performing on the way many feats of activity, both upon and under water, that surpris'd and pleas'd those to whom they were novelties.
他们向我介绍了一些来自乡村的绅士，他们乘水路前往切尔西参观学院和唐·萨尔特罗的好奇心。 [47]威盖特激发了大家的好奇心，我们回来后，应大家的要求，我脱光衣服，跳进河里，从切尔西附近游到布莱克修士家，[48] 途中表演了许多水上和水下的活动，让那些对它们感到新奇的人感到惊讶和高兴。
[46] The story is that she met Christ on His way to crucifixion and offered Him her handkerchief to wipe the blood from His face, after which the handkerchief always bore the image of Christ's bleeding face.
[46] 这个故事是，她在基督被钉十字架的路上遇到了他，并向他递上自己的手帕来擦去他脸上的血，之后手帕上总是印着基督流血的脸的图像。
[47] James Salter, a former servant of Hans Sloane, lived in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea.
[47] 詹姆斯·索尔特 (James Salter) 是汉斯·斯隆 (Hans Sloane) 的前仆人，住在切尔西的切恩沃克 (Cheyne Walk)。
"His house, a barber-shop, was known as 'Don Saltero's Coffee-House.' The curiosities were in glass cases and constituted an amazing and motley collection--a petrified crab from China, a 'lignified hog,' Job's tears, Madagascar lances, William the Conqueror's flaming sword, and Henry the Eighth's coat of mail."--Smyth.
“他的房子是一家理发店，被称为‘唐·萨尔特罗的咖啡馆’。这些珍品装在玻璃柜里，构成了一个令人惊叹的杂七杂八的收藏品——来自中国的石化螃蟹、一头“木质化的猪”、约伯的眼泪、马达加斯加的长矛、征服者威廉的火焰剑和亨利八世的铠甲。”——史密斯。
[48] About three miles.
[48] 大约三英里。
I had from a child been ever delighted with this exercise, had studied and practis'd all Thevenot's motions and positions, added some of my own, aiming at the graceful and easy as well as the useful.
我从小就对这项练习很感兴趣，研究并练习了特维诺的所有动作和姿势，还添加了一些我自己的动作和姿势，力求优雅、轻松和有用。
All these I took this occasion of exhibiting to the company, and was much flatter'd by their admiration; and Wygate, who was desirous of becoming a master, grew more and more attach'd to me on that account, as well as from the similarity of our studies.
我借此机会向公司展示了所有这些，并受到他们的钦佩，我感到非常荣幸。怀盖特渴望成为一名大师，因此，以及我们研究的相似性，对我越来越感兴趣。
He at length proposed to me traveling all over Europe together, supporting ourselves everywhere by working at our business.
他最终提议我一起去欧洲各地旅行，通过工作来养活自己。
I was once inclined to it; but, mentioning it to my good friend Mr. Denham, with whom I often spent an hour when I had leisure, he dissuaded me from it, advising me to think only of returning to Pennsylvania, which he was now about to do.
我曾经也有过这样的倾向；但是，当我向我的好朋友德纳姆先生提到这件事时，我经常在闲暇时与他共度一个小时，他劝阻我不要这样做，建议我只想回到宾夕法尼亚州，而他现在正打算这么做。
I must record one trait of this good man's character.
我必须记录下这个好人品格的一个特点。
He had formerly been in business at Bristol, but failed in debt to a number of people, compounded and went to America.
他以前曾在布里斯托尔经商，但欠了一些人的债失败了，复利后去了美国。
There, by a close application to business as a merchant, he acquired a plentiful fortune in a few years.
在那里，通过对商人的密切关注，他在几年内获得了丰厚的财富。
Returning to England in the ship with me, he invited his old creditors to an entertainment, at which he thank'd them for the easy composition they had favoured him with, and, when they expected nothing but the treat, every man at the first remove found under his plate an order on a banker for the full amount of the unpaid remainder with interest.
和我一起乘船返回英国时，他邀请他的老债权人参加一场招待会，在宴会上他感谢他们为他提供的轻松安排，而当他们除了款待之外别无他求时，每个人一开始就在他的盘子下面发现了一张银行家的订单，要求银行家全额支付未付余额和利息。
He now told me he was about to return to Philadelphia, and should carry over a great quantity of goods in order to open a store there.
他现在告诉我他即将返回费城，并需要携带大量货物以便在那里开店。
He propos'd to take me over as his clerk, to keep his books, in which he would instruct me, copy his letters, and attend the store.
他提议让我担任他的职员，保管他的书籍，他将在其中指导我，抄写他的信件，并去商店。
He added, that, as soon as I should be acquainted with mercantile business, he would promote me by sending me with a cargo of flour and bread, etc., to the West Indies, and procure me commissions from others which would be profitable; and, if I manag'd well, would establish me handsomely.
他补充说，一旦我熟悉了商业业务，他就会通过向我运送面粉和面包等货物到西印度群岛来提升我，并从其他人那里获得有利可图的佣金；而且，如果我做得好，我就能获得丰厚的成就。
The thing pleas'd me; for I was grown tired of London, remembered with pleasure the happy months I had spent in Pennsylvania, and wish'd again to see it; therefore I immediately agreed on the terms of fifty pounds a year,[49] Pennsylvania money; less, indeed, than my present gettings as a compositor, but affording a better prospect.
这件事让我很高兴；因为我已经厌倦了伦敦，愉快地回忆起我在宾夕法尼亚度过的快乐的几个月，并希望再次去看看它。因此我立即同意了每年五十英镑的条款，[49]宾夕法尼亚州的钱；确实，比我目前作为一名合成师的收入要少，但提供了更好的前景。
[49] About $167.
[49] 约 167 美元。
I now took leave of printing, as I thought, forever, and was daily employed in my new business, going about with Mr. Denham among the tradesmen to purchase various articles, and seeing them pack'd up, doing errands, calling upon workmen to dispatch, etc.; and, when all was on board, I had a few days' leisure.
我现在像我想的那样，永远告别了印刷业，每天忙于我的新生意，和德纳姆先生一起在商人中采购各种物品，看着它们打包，做些差事，叫工人去调度等等。当一切都上船后，我就有了几天的闲暇时间。
On one of these days, I was, to my surprise, sent for by a great man I knew only by name, a Sir William Wyndham, and I waited upon him.
有一天，令我惊讶的是，一位我只知道名字的伟人，威廉·温德姆爵士，派我去侍候他。
He had heard by some means or other of my swimming from Chelsea to Blackfriars, and of my teaching Wygate and another young man to swim in a few hours.
他通过某种方式听说了我从切尔西游到布莱克法尔的事，以及我在几个小时内教威盖特和另一个年轻人游泳的事。
He had two sons, about to set out on their travels; he wish'd to have them first taught swimming, and proposed to gratify me handsomely if I would teach them.
他有两个儿子，即将出发去旅行。他希望先让他们教游泳，并提议如果我教他们，他将给我丰厚的报酬。
They were not yet come to town, and my stay was uncertain, so I could not undertake it; but, from this incident, I thought it likely that, if I were to remain in England and open a swimming-school, I might get a good deal of money; and it struck me so strongly, that, had the overture been sooner made me, probably I should not so soon have returned to America.
他们还没有进城，而我的停留时间也不确定，所以我不能去。但是，从这次事件中，我认为，如果我留在英国开办一所游泳学校，我可能会得到很多钱；但是，我认为，如果我留在英国，开办一所游泳学校，我可能会得到很多钱。这让我印象非常深刻，如果早点向我提出这个建议，也许我就不会那么快回到美国。
After many years, you and I had something of more importance to do with one of these sons of Sir William Wyndham, become Earl of Egremont, which I shall mention in its place.
许多年后，你和我对威廉·温德姆爵士的其中一个儿子做了更重要的事情，他成为了埃格里蒙特伯爵，我将在其中提及。
Thus I spent about eighteen months in London; most part of the time I work'd hard at my business, and spent but little upon myself except in seeing plays and in books.
就这样，我在伦敦待了大约十八个月。大部分时间我都在努力工作，除了看戏剧和读书之外，几乎没有花在自己身上。
My friend Ralph had kept me poor; he owed me about twenty-seven pounds, which I was now never likely to receive; a great sum out of my small earnings!
我的朋友拉尔夫让我一直很穷。他欠我大约二十七英镑，而我现在永远不可能收到这笔钱了。从我微薄的收入中得到了很大的一笔！
I lov'd him, notwithstanding, for he had many amiable qualities.
尽管如此，我还是爱他，因为他有许多可爱的品质。
I had by no means improv'd my fortune; but I had picked up some very ingenious acquaintance, whose conversation was of great advantage to me; and I had read considerably.
我的财富并没有增加；但我结识了一位非常聪明的熟人，他们的谈话对我大有裨益。我读过很多书。
VII
七
BEGINNING BUSINESS IN PHILADELPHIA
在费城开展业务
We sail'd from Gravesend on the 23rd of July, 1726.
1726 年 7 月 23 日，我们从格雷夫森德启航。
For the incidents of the voyage, I refer you to my Journal, where you will find them all minutely related.
关于这次航程中发生的事件，我建议你查阅我的日记，在那里你会发现它们都有详细的关联。
Perhaps the most important part of that journal is the _plan_[50] to be found in it, which I formed at sea, for regulating my future conduct in life.
也许那本日记中最重要的部分是其中的_计划_[50]，它是我在海上制定的，用于规范我未来的生活行为。
It is the more remarkable, as being formed when I was so young, and yet being pretty faithfully adhered to quite thro' to old age.
更值得注意的是，它是在我很小的时候就形成的，但一直到老年都非常忠实地坚持。
[50] "Not found in the manuscript journal, which was left among Franklin's papers."--Bigelow.
[50] “在富兰克林的论文中留下的手稿日记中找不到。”——毕格罗。
We landed in Philadelphia on the 11th of October, where I found sundry alterations.
10 月 11 日，我们降落在费城，在那里我发现了各种各样的变化。
Keith was no longer governor, being superseded by Major Gordon.
基思不再担任州长，由戈登少校取代。
I met him walking the streets as a common citizen.
我在街上遇见了他，他是一个普通公民。
He seem'd a little asham'd at seeing me, but pass'd without saying anything.
他见到我似乎有点害羞，但什么也没说就走了。
I should have been as much asham'd at seeing Miss Read, had not her friends, despairing with reason of my return after the receipt of my letter, persuaded her to marry another, one Rogers, a potter, which was done in my absence.
如果不是她的朋友们在收到我的信后对我的归来感到绝望，说服她嫁给另一个人，一个罗杰斯，一个陶工，这件事是在我不在的情况下完成的，我在见到里德小姐时也会感到羞愧。
With him, however, she was never happy, and soon parted from him, refusing to cohabit with him or bear his name, it being now said that he had another wife.
然而，她和他在一起从来都不快乐，很快就与他分手了，拒绝与他同居或以他的名字命名，据说他还有另一个妻子。
He was a worthless fellow, tho' an excellent workman, which was the temptation to her friends.
他是一个毫无价值的家伙，但却是一个出色的工人，这对她的朋友们来说是一种诱惑。
He got into debt, ran away in 1727 or 1728, went to the West Indies, and died there.
他负债累累，于 1727 年或 1728 年出逃，前往西印度群岛，并在那里去世。
Keimer had got a better house, a shop well supply'd with stationery, plenty of new types, a number of hands, tho' none good, and seem'd to have a great deal of business.
凯默有一所更好的房子，一间供应充足的文具的商店，大量的新类型，许多人手，尽管都不好，而且似乎有很多生意。
Mr. Denham took a store in Water-street, where we open'd our goods; I attended the business diligently, studied accounts, and grew, in a little time, expert at selling.
德纳姆先生在水街开了一家商店，我们在那里开设了我们的商品。我勤奋地参与业务，研究会计，并在很短的时间内成长为销售专家。
We lodg'd and boarded together; he counsell'd me as a father, having a sincere regard for me.
我们一起住宿、一起登机；他以父亲的身份为我提供建议，真诚地尊重我。
I respected and loved him, and we might have gone on together very happy; but, in the beginning of February, 1726/7, when I had just pass'd my twenty-first year, we both were taken ill.
我尊敬他、爱他，我们本来可以幸福地生活在一起的。但是，1726年7月的二月初，当我刚刚度过二十一岁的时候，我们俩都病倒了。
My distemper was a pleurisy, which very nearly carried me off.
我的瘟热是胸膜炎，差点让我丧命。
I suffered a good deal, gave up the point in my own mind, and was rather disappointed when I found myself recovering, regretting, in some degree, that I must now, some time or other, have all that disagreeable work to do over again.
我受了很多苦，放弃了自己的想法，当我发现自己康复时，我感到相当失望，在某种程度上后悔，我现在必须在某个时间或其他时间重新做所有那些不愉快的工作。
I forget what his distemper was; it held him a long time, and at length carried him off.
我忘记了他得的是什么病；它拖了他很长时间，最后把他带走了。
He left me a small legacy in a nuncupative will, as a token of his kindness for me, and he left me once more to the wide world; for the store was taken into the care of his executors, and my employment under him ended.
他在口述遗嘱中给我留下了一份小小的遗产，作为他对我的善意的象征，他再次把我留给了广阔的世界；因为这家商店已交由他的遗嘱执行人管理，而我在他手下的工作也结束了。
[Illustration: "Mr. Denham took a store in Water-street"]
[插图：“德纳姆先生在水街开了一家商店”]
My brother-in-law, Holmes, being now at Philadelphia, advised my return to my business; and Keimer tempted me, with an offer of large wages by the year, to come and take the management of his printing-house, that he might better attend his stationer's shop.
我的姐夫福尔摩斯现在在费城，他建议我回去做生意。凯默提出每年高额工资，诱惑我来管理他的印刷厂，这样他就可以更好地去他的文具店。
I had heard a bad character of him in London from his wife and her friends, and was not fond of having any more to do with him.
我在伦敦从他的妻子和她的朋友那里听说他品行不好，所以不想再和他有任何瓜葛。
I tri'd for farther employment as a merchant's clerk; but, not readily meeting with any, I clos'd again with Keimer.
我曾尝试进一步担任商人职员。但是，由于没有轻易与任何人会面，我再次与凯默见面。
I found in his house these hands: Hugh Meredith, a Welsh Pennsylvanian, thirty years of age, bred to country work; honest, sensible, had a great deal of solid observation, was something of a reader, but given to drink.
我在他家里找到了这些人：休·梅雷迪思，威尔士宾夕法尼亚人，三十岁，从小就从事乡村工作；诚实、通情达理、观察力强、喜欢读书，但嗜酒如命。
Stephen Potts, a young countryman of full age, bred to the same, of uncommon natural parts, and great wit and humor, but a little idle.
史蒂芬·波茨，一个成年的年轻乡下人，有着同样的气质，具有不寻常的自然特征，非常机智和幽默，但有点懒惰。
These he had agreed with at extream low wages per week to be rais'd a shilling every three months, as they would deserve by improving in their business; and the expectation of these high wages, to come on hereafter, was what he had drawn them in with.
他同意这些人的每周工资极低，每三个月加薪一先令，因为他们的业务有所改善，这是他们应得的。他吸引他们的原因就是对今后的高工资的期望。
Meredith was to work at press, Potts at book-binding, which he, by agreement, was to teach them, though he knew neither one nor t'other.
梅雷迪思负责印刷工作，波茨负责书籍装订，按照协议，他要教他们这门课，尽管他谁也不认识。
John----, a wild Irishman, brought up to no business, whose service, for four years, Keimer had purchased from the captain of a ship; he, too, was to be made a pressman.
约翰——一个野心勃勃的爱尔兰人，无所事事，凯默从一艘船的船长那里购买了他的服务四年。他也将被任命为新闻记者。
George Webb, an Oxford scholar, whose time for four years he had likewise bought, intending him for a compositor, of whom more presently; and David Harry, a country boy, whom he had taken apprentice.
乔治·韦伯（George Webb），牛津大学的一位学者，他同样购买了四年的时间，打算让他成为一名排字员，不久之后就成为排字员；还有大卫·哈利，一个乡村男孩，他收为徒弟。
I soon perceiv'd that the intention of engaging me at wages so much higher than he had been us'd to give, was, to have these raw, cheap hands form'd thro' me; and, as soon as I had instructed them, then they being all articled to him, he should be able to do without me.
我很快就意识到，以比他本来应给的工资高得多的工资雇用我的目的是为了让这些粗糙的、廉价的手通过我形成。而且，一旦我指示了他们，那么他们就全部交给他了，他应该能够不需要我了。
I went on, however, very chearfully, put his printing-house in order, which had been in great confusion, and brought his hands by degrees to mind their business and to do it better.
然而，我继续非常高兴地把他的印刷厂整理得井井有条，这间印刷厂一直处于极大的混乱之中，并逐渐让他的双手专心工作并做得更好。
It was an odd thing to find an Oxford scholar in the situation of a bought servant.
一位牛津学者处于被买来的仆人的境地，这是一件奇怪的事情。
He was not more than eighteen years of age, and gave me this account of himself; that he was born in Gloucester, educated at a grammar-school there, had been distinguish'd among the scholars for some apparent superiority in performing his part, when they exhibited plays; belong'd to the Witty Club there, and had written some pieces in prose and verse, which were printed in the Gloucester newspapers; thence he was sent to Oxford; where he continued about a year, but not well satisfi'd, wishing of all things to see London, and become a player.
他当时还不到十八岁，向我讲述了他自己的情况。他出生在格洛斯特，在那里的一所文法学校接受教育，在学者们中脱颖而出，因为当他们演出戏剧时，他在扮演自己的角色方面表现出明显的优势；属于那里的诙谐俱乐部，写过一些散文和诗歌作品，发表在格洛斯特报纸上；从那时起，他被送往牛津大学。他在那里呆了大约一年，但并不太满意，他希望能去伦敦看看，并成为一名球员。
At length, receiving his quarterly allowance of fifteen guineas, instead of discharging his debts he walk'd out of town, hid his gown in a furze bush, and footed it to London, where, having no friend to advise him, he fell into bad company, soon spent his guineas, found no means of being introduc'd among the players, grew necessitous, pawn'd his cloaths, and wanted bread.
最后，他每季度收到十五几尼的津贴，但他并没有还清债务，而是步行出了城，把长袍藏在荆豆丛中，然后徒步前往伦敦，在那里，由于没有朋友给他建议，他结识了坏朋友，很快就花光了他的几尼，找不到在球员中介绍的办法，变得有必需品，典当了他的衣服，想要面包。
Walking the street very hungry, and not knowing what to do with himself, a crimp's bill[51] was put into his hand, offering immediate entertainment and encouragement to such as would bind themselves to serve in America.
饥肠辘辘地走在街上，不知道自己该怎么办，一个压榨者的账单[51]被放到了他的手里，为那些愿意在美国服役的人提供了即时的娱乐和鼓励。
He went directly, sign'd the indentures, was put into the ship, and came over, never writing a line to acquaint his friends what was become of him.
他直接去了，签了契约，被送上船，然后就过来了，没有写一句话告诉他的朋友们他的遭遇。
He was lively, witty, good-natur'd, and a pleasant companion, but idle, thoughtless, and imprudent to the last degree.
他活泼、机智、心地善良，是一个令人愉快的伙伴，但又懒惰、轻率、轻率到了极点。
[51] A crimp was the agent of a shipping company.
[51] 一位压榨者是一家船运公司的代理人。
Crimps were sometimes employed to decoy men into such service as is here mentioned.
压接有时被用来诱骗人们从事这里提到的这种服务。
John, the Irishman, soon ran away; with the rest I began to live very agreeably, for they all respected me the more, as they found Keimer incapable of instructing them, and that from me they learned something daily.
爱尔兰人约翰很快就逃跑了。我和其他人开始过得很愉快，因为他们都更加尊重我，因为他们发现凯默无法指导他们，而他们每天都从我身上学到一些东西。
We never worked on Saturday, that being Keimer's Sabbath, so I had two days for reading.
我们星期六从不工作，那是凯默的安息日，所以我有两天时间读书。
My acquaintance with ingenious people in the town increased.
我对镇上聪明人的认识增加了。
Keimer himself treated me with great civility and apparent regard, and nothing now made me uneasy but my debt to Vernon, which I was yet unable to pay, being hitherto but a poor æconomist.
凯默本人以极大的礼貌和明显的尊重对待我，现在没有什么让我感到不安，除了我欠弗农的债，而我至今还无法偿还，因为迄今为止我只是一个贫穷的经济学家。
He, however, kindly made no demand of it.
不过，他并没有提出任何要求。
Our printing-house often wanted sorts, and there was no letter-founder in America; I had seen types cast at James's in London, but without much attention to the manner; however, I now contrived a mould, made use of the letters we had as puncheons, struck the mattrices in lead, and thus supply'd in a pretty tolerable way all deficiencies.
我们的印刷厂经常需要分类，而美国没有字母创始人；我曾在伦敦的詹姆士店看过铸型，但不太注意方式；然而，我现在设计了一个模具，利用我们现有的字母作为打孔器，用铅敲击矩阵，从而以一种相当可以忍受的方式弥补了所有缺陷。
I also engrav'd several things on occasion; I made the ink; I was warehouseman, and everything, and, in short, quite a fac-totum.
有时我也会刻一些东西；我做了墨水；我是仓库管理员，什么都有，总之，我是一个事实。
But, however serviceable I might be, I found that my services became every day of less importance, as the other hands improv'd in the business; and, when Keimer paid my second quarter's wages, he let me know that he felt them too heavy, and thought I should make an abatement.
但是，无论我的服务能力如何，我发现随着其他人在业务上的进步，我的服务变得越来越不重要。当凯默支付我第二季度的工资时，他让我知道他觉得工资太重了，并认为我应该减少一些。
He grew by degrees less civil, put on more of the master, frequently found fault, was captious, and seem'd ready for an outbreaking.
他变得越来越不文明，越来越像主人，经常挑剔，挑剔，似乎随时准备爆发。
I went on, nevertheless, with a good deal of patience, thinking that his encumber'd circumstances were partly the cause.
尽管如此，我仍然非常耐心地继续说下去，认为他的困境是部分原因。
At length a trifle snapt our connections; for, a great noise happening near the court-house, I put my head out of the window to see what was the matter.
最终，一件小事打破了我们的联系。因为法院附近发生了很大的噪音，我把头伸出窗外想看看发生了什么事。
Keimer, being in the street, look'd up and saw me, call'd out to me in a loud voice and angry tone to mind my business, adding some reproachful words, that nettled me the more for their publicity, all the neighbours who were looking out on the same occasion being witnesses how I was treated.
凯默在街上，抬头看到了我，就大声地、愤怒地叫我多管闲事，还加上了一些责备的话，这让我更加恼火，因为他们的宣传，所有在同一场合向外张望的邻居都见证了我是如何受到对待的。
He came up immediately into the printing-house, continu'd the quarrel, high words pass'd on both sides, he gave me the quarter's warning we had stipulated, expressing a wish that he had not been oblig'd to so long a warning.
他立即来到印刷厂，继续争吵，双方都言辞激烈，他向我发出了我们规定的季度警告，表示希望他不必接受这么长时间的警告。
I told him his wish was unnecessary, for I would leave him that instant; and so, taking my hat, walk'd out of doors, desiring Meredith, whom I saw below, to take care of some things I left, and bring them to my lodgings.
我告诉他他的愿望是不必要的，因为我会立即离开他；于是，我拿起帽子，走出了门，希望我在下面看到的梅雷迪思能帮我处理一些我留下的东西，并把它们带到我的住处。
Meredith came accordingly in the evening, when we talked my affair over.
晚上，当我们谈论我的事情时，梅雷迪思也随之而来。
He had conceiv'd a great regard for me, and was very unwilling that I should leave the house while he remain'd in it.
他非常尊重我，非常不愿意我在他留在家里的时候离开家。
He dissuaded me from returning to my native country, which I began to think of; he reminded me that Keimer was in debt for all he possess'd; that his creditors began to be uneasy; that he kept his shop miserably, sold often without profit for ready money, and often trusted without keeping accounts; that he must therefore fail, which would make a vacancy I might profit of.
他劝我不要回国，我开始想起我的祖国。他提醒我，凯默为他所拥有的一切而负债累累。他的债权人开始感到不安；他的店铺经营得很糟糕，常常以现钱无利可图地出售商品，并且经常不记账而信任他人。因此他一定会失败，这将成为我可以利用的空缺。
I objected my want of money.
我反对我要钱。
He then let me know that his father had a high opinion of me, and, from some discourse that had pass'd between them, he was sure would advance money to set us up, if I would enter into partnership with him.
然后他告诉我，他父亲对我评价很高，而且从他们之间的一些谈话来看，如果我愿意与他合作，他肯定会预付资金来建立我们。
"My time," says he, "will be out with Keimer in the spring; by that time we may have our press and types in from London.
“我的时间，”他说，“春天会和凯默一起出去；到那时我们的印刷机和打字机可能会从伦敦运来。
I am sensible I am no workman; if you like it, your skill in the business shall be set against the stock I furnish, and we will share the profits equally."
我很明白，我不是工人；如果你喜欢的话，你的业务技能可以与我提供的库存进行比较，我们将平分利润。”
The proposal was agreeable, and I consented; his father was in town and approv'd of it; the more as he saw I had great influence with his son, had prevailed on him to abstain long from dram-drinking, and he hop'd might break him of that wretched habit entirely, when we came to be so closely connected.
这个提议很受欢迎，我也同意了；他的父亲在城里，并批准了这件事。他越发看出我对他儿子的影响力很大，说服他长期戒酒，他希望当我们关系如此密切时，我可以彻底改掉他那个可怜的习惯。
I gave an inventory to the father, who carry'd it to a merchant; the things were sent for, the secret was to be kept till they should arrive, and in the meantime I was to get work, if I could, at the other printing-house.
我把一份库存交给了父亲，他把它交给了一个商人；东西已经送来了，在它们到达之前要保守秘密，同时，如果可以的话，我要在另一家印刷厂找到工作。
But I found no vacancy there, and so remained idle a few days, when Keimer, on a prospect of being employ'd to print some paper money in New Jersey, which would require cuts and various types that I only could supply, and apprehending Bradford might engage me and get the jobb from him, sent me a very civil message, that old friends should not part for a few words, the effect of sudden passion, and wishing me to return.
但我发现那里没有空缺，所以闲置了几天，当凯默预计受雇在新泽西州印刷一些纸币时，这将需要裁切和各种我只能提供的类型，并且担心布拉德福德可能会雇用我并从他那里得到这份工作，他给我发了一条非常礼貌的信息，老朋友们不要因为几句话而分手，突然的热情，并希望我回来。
Meredith persuaded me to comply, as it would give more opportunity for his improvement under my daily instructions; so I return'd, and we went on more smoothly than for some time before.
梅雷迪思说服我遵守，因为这会给他更多的机会在我的日常指导下进步。于是我就回来了，我们的相处比以前更顺利了。
The New Jersey jobb was obtained, I contriv'd a copperplate press for it, the first that had been seen in the country; I cut several ornaments and checks for the bills.
新泽西州的工作获得了，我为它设计了一台铜版印刷机，这是该国第一台；我剪了几件装饰品并检查了账单。
We went together to Burlington, where I executed the whole to satisfaction; and he received so large a sum for the work as to be enabled thereby to keep his head much longer above water.
我们一起去了伯灵顿，在那里我对整个过程感到满意。他收到了如此大的一笔工作费用，从而使他能够在水面上停留更长的时间。
At Burlington I made an acquaintance with many principal people of the province.
在伯灵顿，我结识了该省的许多重要人物。
Several of them had been appointed by the Assembly a committee to attend the press, and take care that no more bills were printed than the law directed.
他们中的一些人被议会任命为一个委员会，负责出席新闻发布会，并注意印制的法案不得超过法律规定的数量。
They were therefore, by turns, constantly with us, and generally he who attended, brought with him a friend or two for company.
因此，他们经常轮流和我们在一起，一般来说，出席的人都会带上一两个朋友作伴。
My mind having been much more improv'd by reading than Keimer's, I suppose it was for that reason my conversation seem'd to be more valu'd.
通过阅读，我的思想比凯默的思想得到了提高，我想正是因为这个原因，我的谈话似乎更有价值。
They had me to their houses, introduced me to their friends, and show'd me much civility; while he, tho' the master, was a little neglected.
他们邀请我去他们家，把我介绍给他们的朋友，对我表现出很大的礼貌。而他，虽然是主人，却有点被忽视了。
In truth, he was an odd fish; ignorant of common life, fond of rudely opposing receiv'd opinions, slovenly to extream dirtiness, enthusiastic in some points of religion, and a little knavish withal.
事实上，他是一条奇怪的鱼。对日常生活一无所知，喜欢粗鲁地反对公认的观点，邋遢到极端肮脏，对宗教的某些观点充满热情，还有点小恶作剧。
We continu'd there near three months; and by that time I could reckon among my acquired friends, Judge Allen, Samuel Bustill, the secretary of the Province, Isaac Pearson, Joseph Cooper, and several of the Smiths, members of Assembly, and Isaac Decow, the surveyor-general.
我们在那里继续了近三个月；到那时，我已经可以算得上是我结识的朋友了，艾伦法官、塞缪尔·布斯蒂尔、省秘书、艾萨克·皮尔逊、约瑟夫·库珀和几位史密斯夫妇、议会议员，以及测量长艾萨克·德考。
The latter was a shrewd, sagacious old man, who told me that he began for himself, when young, by wheeling clay for brick-makers, learned to write after he was of age, carri'd the chain for surveyors, who taught him surveying, and he had now by his industry, acquir'd a good estate; and says he, "I foresee that you will soon work this man out of his business, and make a fortune in it at Philadelphia." He had not then the least intimation of my intention to set up there or anywhere.
后者是一位精明、睿智的老人，他告诉我，他年轻时为砖匠推粘土，成年后学会写作，为测量员扛着链子，测量员教他测量，现在他靠自己的勤奋，获得了一笔不错的财产；他说：“我预见你很快就会让这个人摆脱他的生意，并在费城靠这个生意发大财。”当时他丝毫没有暗示我打算在那里或任何地方设立办事处。
These friends were afterwards of great use to me, as I occasionally was to some of them.
这些朋友后来对我很有用，就像我偶尔对他们中的一些人很有用一样。
They all continued their regard for me as long as they lived.
他们一生都在关心我。
Before I enter upon my public appearance in business, it may be well to let you know the then state of my mind with regard to my principles and morals, that you may see how far those influenc'd the future events of my life.
在我开始公开露面之前，最好让您了解我当时对我的原则和道德的看法，以便您了解这些对我未来生活的影响有多大。
My parents had early given me religious impressions, and brought me through my childhood piously in the Dissenting way.
我的父母很早就给了我宗教印象，并以异见的方式带领我度过了虔诚的童年。
But I was scarce fifteen, when, after doubting by turns of several points, as I found them disputed in the different books I read, I began to doubt of Revelation itself.
但我还不到十五岁，在对几个观点轮番怀疑之后，因为我发现这些观点在我读过的不同书籍中存在争议，我开始怀疑《启示录》本身。
Some books against Deism[52] fell into my hands; they were said to be the substance of sermons preached at Boyle's Lectures.
一些反对自然神论的书[52]落入我的手中；据说它们是波义耳讲座中布道的实质内容。
It happened that they wrought an effect on me quite contrary to what was intended by them; for the arguments of the Deists, which were quoted to be refuted, appeared to me much stronger than the refutations; in short, I soon became a thorough Deist.
碰巧他们给我带来的影响与他们的初衷完全相反。因为在我看来，自然神论者的论点被引用来加以反驳，但在我看来，它们比反驳的论点要有力得多。简而言之，我很快就成为了一名彻底的自然神论者。
My arguments perverted some others, particularly Collins and Ralph; but, each of them having afterwards wrong'd me greatly without the least compunction, and recollecting Keith's conduct towards me (who was another free-thinker), and my own towards Vernon and Miss Read, which at times gave me great trouble, I began to suspect that this doctrine, tho' it might be true, was not very useful.
我的论点扭曲了其他一些人的观点，尤其是柯林斯和拉尔夫。但是，他们每个人后来都毫无悔意地极大地伤害了我，并且回想起基思对我（他是另一个自由思想家）的行为，以及我对弗农和里德小姐的行为，这有时给我带来了很大的麻烦，我开始怀疑这个学说，尽管它可能是正确的，但并不是很有用。
My London pamphlet, which had for its motto these lines of Dryden:[53]
我的伦敦小册子，其座右铭是德莱顿的以下几行：[53]
"Whatever is, is right.
“无论怎样，都是对的。
Though purblind man Sees but a part o' the chain, the nearest link: His eyes not carrying to the equal beam, That poises all above;"
尽管盲人只能看到链条的一部分，最近的一环：他的眼睛没有看到平等的光束，那是在上面的平衡；”
and from the attributes of God, his infinite wisdom, goodness and power, concluded that nothing could possibly be wrong in the world, and that vice and virtue were empty distinctions, no such things existing, appear'd now not so clever a performance as I once thought it; and I doubted whether some error had not insinuated itself unperceiv'd into my argument, so as to infect all that follow'd, as is common in metaphysical reasonings.
根据上帝的属性，他无限的智慧、善良和力量，得出的结论是，世界上没有什么可能是错的，罪恶和美德只是空洞的区别，不存在这样的东西，现在看来，这种表现并不像我曾经想象的那么聪明。我怀疑是否有某种错误不知不觉地潜入了我的论证中，从而影响了接下来的一切，就像形而上学推理中常见的那样。
[52] The creed of an eighteenth century theological sect which, while believing in God, refused to credit the possibility of miracles and to acknowledge the validity of revelation.
[52] 十八世纪神学教派的信条，该教派虽然相信上帝，但拒绝相信奇迹的可能性并承认启示的有效性。
[53] A great English poet, dramatist, and critic (1631-1700).
[53] 一位伟大的英国诗人、剧作家和批评家（1631-1700）。
The lines are inaccurately quoted from Dryden's OEdipus, Act III, Scene I, line 293.
这些台词不准确地引用了德莱顿的《俄狄浦斯》，第三幕，第一场，第 293 行。
I grew convinc'd that _truth_, _sincerity_ and _integrity_ in dealings between man and man were of the utmost importance to the felicity of life; and I form'd written resolutions, which still remain in my journal book, to practice them ever while I lived.
我逐渐确信，人与人之间交往中的“真实”、“真诚”和“正直”对于生活的幸福至关重要；我制定了书面决心，至今仍保留在我的日记本中，以便在我有生之年践行它们。
Revelation had indeed no weight with me, as such; but I entertain'd an opinion that, though certain actions might not be bad _because_ they were forbidden by it, or good _because_ it commanded them, yet probably these actions might be forbidden _because_ they were bad for us, or commanded _because_ they were beneficial to us, in their own natures, all the circumstances of things considered.
就其本身而言，《启示录》确实对我没有任何影响力。但我持有这样的观点：虽然某些行为可能不是坏的，因为它们被它禁止，也可能是好的，因为它命令它们，但这些行为可能会被禁止，因为它们对我们有害，或者命令它们对我们有利，就其本身的性质而言，考虑到事物的所有情况。
And this persuasion, with the kind hand of Providence, or some guardian angel, or accidental favourable circumstances and situations, or all together, preserved me, thro' this dangerous time of youth, and the hazardous situations I was sometimes in among strangers, remote from the eye and advice of my father, without any willful gross immorality or injustice, that might have been expected from my want of religion.
这种说服，凭借上帝的仁慈之手，或某些守护天使，或偶然的有利环境和情况，或所有这些，保护了我，度过了青春的这段危险时期，以及我有时在陌生人中间的危险处境，远离我父亲的眼睛和建议，没有任何故意的严重不道德或不公正，这可能是由于我缺乏宗教信仰而预料到的。
I say willful, because the instances I have mentioned had something of _necessity_ in them, from my youth, inexperience, and the knavery of others.
我说是故意的，因为我提到的例子有某种必然性，源于我的年轻、缺乏经验和其他人的狡猾。
I had therefore a tolerable character to begin the world with; I valued it properly, and determin'd to preserve it.
因此，我在开始这个世界时就有了一个还算可以的性格。我正确地评价了它，并决心保存它。
We had not been long return'd to Philadelphia before the new types arriv'd from London.
我们刚回到费城不久，新型号就从伦敦运来了。
We settled with Keimer, and left him by his consent before he heard of it.
我们与凯默达成了和解，并在他听说之前征得他的同意离开了他。
We found a house to hire near the market, and took it.
我们在市场附近找到了一处出租的房子，就租下了。
To lessen the rent, which was then but twenty-four pounds a year, tho' I have since known it to let for seventy, we took in Thomas Godfrey, a glazier, and his family, who were to pay a considerable part of it to us, and we to board with them.
为了减少租金，当时每年只有二十四英镑，后来我知道租金是七十英镑，我们聘请了玻璃匠托马斯·戈弗雷和他的家人，他们将向我们支付相当大的一部分，我们和他们一起寄宿。
We had scarce opened our letters and put our press in order, before George House, an acquaintance of mine, brought a countryman to us, whom he had met in the street inquiring for a printer.
我们刚打开信，整理好印刷机，我的熟人乔治·豪斯就给我们带来了一位乡下人，他是在街上遇到的，当时正在询问打印机。
All our cash was now expended in the variety of particulars we had been obliged to procure, and this countryman's five shillings, being our first-fruits, and coming so seasonably, gave me more pleasure than any crown I have since earned; and the gratitude I felt toward House has made me often more ready than perhaps I should otherwise have been to assist young beginners.
现在，我们所有的现金都花在了我们必须购买的各种物品上，而这个乡下人的五先令，是我们的第一批收获，而且来得如此及时，给我带来的快乐比我此后赚到的任何皇冠都多。我对豪斯的感激之情使我常常比我本应做好的准备来帮助年轻的初学者。
There are croakers in every country, always boding its ruin.
每个国家都有黄鱼，总是预示着它的毁灭。
Such a one then lived in Philadelphia; a person of note, an elderly man, with a wise look and a very grave manner of speaking; his name was Samuel Mickle.
这样的人当时住在费城。一位有名望的人，一位老人，有着睿智的外表和非常严肃的说话方式；他的名字叫塞缪尔·米克尔。
This gentleman, a stranger to me, stopt one day at my door, and asked me if I was the young man who had lately opened a new printing-house.
这位先生对我来说是个陌生人，有一天，他在我家门口停下来，问我是不是最近新开一家印刷厂的那个年轻人。
Being answered in the affirmative, he said he was sorry for me, because it was an expensive undertaking, and the expense would be lost; for Philadelphia was a sinking place, the people already half-bankrupts, or near being so; all appearances to the contrary, such as new buildings and the rise of rents, being to his certain knowledge fallacious; for they were, in fact, among the things that would soon ruin us.
当我得到肯定的回答时，他说他为我感到难过，因为这是一项昂贵的工作，而且费用会白费；因为费城是一个正在下沉的地方，人们已经半破产，或者接近破产。所有相反的表象，例如新建筑和租金上涨，据他所知都是错误的。事实上，它们是很快就会毁掉我们的事物之一。
And he gave me such a detail of misfortunes now existing, or that were soon to exist, that he left me half melancholy.
他向我讲述了现在或即将发生的不幸的细节，让我感到有些忧郁。
Had I known him before I engaged in this business, probably I never should have done it.
如果我在从事这项业务之前就认识他，也许我根本就不应该这样做。
This man continued to live in this decaying place, and to declaim in the same strain, refusing for many years to buy a house there, because all was going to destruction; and at last I had the pleasure of seeing him give five times as much for one as he might have bought it for when he first began his croaking.
这个人继续生活在这个腐朽的地方，并以同样的语气大声疾呼，多年来拒绝在那里买房子，因为一切都将被毁灭；最后，我很高兴地看到他为一个东西付出的价格是他第一次开始发出嘎嘎声时可能购买的价格的五倍。
I should have mentioned before, that, in the autumn of the preceding year, I had form'd most of my ingenious acquaintance into a club of mutual improvement, which was called the Junto;[54] we met on Friday evenings.
我之前应该提到过，在前一年的秋天，我将我的大部分巧妙的熟人组成了一个相互进步的俱乐部，称为“Junto”；[54]我们在周五晚上见面。
The rules that I drew up required that every member, in his turn, should produce one or more queries on any point of Morals, Politics, or Natural Philosophy, to be discuss'd by the company; and once in three months produce and read an essay of his own writing, on any subject he pleased.
我制定的规则要求每个成员轮流就道德、政治或自然哲学的任何问题提出一个或多个问题，并由公司讨论；他每三个月写一篇文章并阅读一次，内容可以是他喜欢的任何主题。
Our debates were to be under the direction of a president, and to be conducted in the sincere spirit of inquiry after truth, without fondness for dispute, or desire of victory; and, to prevent warmth, all expressions of positiveness in opinions, or direct contradiction, were after some time made contraband, and prohibited under small pecuniary penalties.
我们的辩论应在主席的指导下进行，并本着探究真相的真诚精神进行，不喜欢争论，也不渴望胜利；而且，为了防止温暖，所有积极的意见表达或直接矛盾在一段时间后都被列为违禁品，并受到小额罚款的禁止。
[54] A Spanish term meaning a combination for political intrigue; here a club or society.
[54] 西班牙语术语，意为政治阴谋的组合；这里是俱乐部或社团。
The first members were Joseph Breintnal, a copyer of deeds for the scriveners, a good-natur'd, friendly middle-ag'd man, a great lover of poetry, reading all he could meet with, and writing some that was tolerable; very ingenious in many little Nicknackeries, and of sensible conversation.
第一批成员是约瑟夫·布赖特纳尔（Joseph Breintnal），他是一位为书记员抄写契约的人，一个性情善良、友善的中年男子，非常热爱诗歌，他读了所有他能读到的东西，也写了一些还算可以的。许多小装饰品和明智的谈话都非常巧妙。
Thomas Godfrey, a self-taught mathematician, great in his way, and afterward inventor of what is now called Hadley's Quadrant.
托马斯·戈弗雷 (Thomas Godfrey) 是一位自学成才的数学家，他的数学方法非常出色，后来发明了现在所谓的哈德利象限。
But he knew little out of his way, and was not a pleasing companion; as, like most great mathematicians I have met with, he expected universal precision in everything said, or was forever denying or distinguishing upon trifles, to the disturbance of all conversation.
但他对自己的方式知之甚少，也不是一个令人愉快的伙伴。因为，就像我见过的大多数伟大的数学家一样，他期望所说的一切都具有普遍的精确性，或者永远否认或区分一些琐事，从而扰乱了所有的谈话。
He soon left us.
他很快就离开了我们。
Nicholas Scull, a surveyor, afterwards surveyor-general, who lov'd books, and sometimes made a few verses.
尼古拉斯·斯卡尔（Nicholas Scull）是一名测量员，后来成为测量长，他热爱书籍，有时还写几句诗。
William Parsons, bred a shoemaker, but, loving reading, had acquir'd a considerable share of mathematics, which he first studied with a view to astrology, that he afterwards laught at it.
威廉·帕森斯出身于一名鞋匠，但由于热爱读书，他掌握了相当多的数学知识，他最初学习数学是为了占星学，后来他嘲笑了它。
He also became surveyor-general.
他还成为了总测量师。
William Maugridge, a joiner, a most exquisite mechanic, and a solid, sensible man.
威廉·莫格里奇，一个木匠，一个最精湛的机械师，一个踏实、明智的人。
Hugh Meredith, Stephen Potts, and George Webb I have characteriz'd before.
我之前已经描述过休·梅雷迪思、斯蒂芬·波茨和乔治·韦伯。
Robert Grace, a young gentleman of some fortune, generous, lively, and witty; a lover of punning and of his friends.
罗伯特·格雷斯（Robert Grace），一位颇有钱财的年轻绅士，慷慨、活泼、机智；一个双关语爱好者和他的朋友们。
And William Coleman, then a merchant's clerk, about my age, who had the coolest, clearest head, the best heart, and the exactest morals of almost any man I ever met with.
还有威廉·科尔曼，当时是一名商人职员，与我年龄相仿，他是我见过的几乎所有男人中最冷静、最清醒的头脑、最善良的心和最严格的道德规范的人。
He became afterwards a merchant of great note, and one of our provincial judges.
他后来成为一位著名的商人，也是我们的省法官之一。
Our friendship continued without interruption to his death, upwards of forty years; and the club continued almost as long, and was the best school of philosophy, morality, and politics that then existed in the province; for our queries, which were read the week preceding their discussion, put us upon reading with attention upon the several subjects, that we might speak more to the purpose; and here, too, we acquired better habits of conversation, everything being studied in our rules which might prevent our disgusting each other.
我们的友谊一直持续到他去世为止四十多年。该俱乐部几乎持续了很长时间，是当时该省最好的哲学、道德和政治学校。因为我们的问题是在他们讨论前一周读到的，这让我们在阅读时集中注意力在几个主题上，以便我们可以更多地谈论这个目的；在这里，我们也养成了更好的交谈习惯，一切都在我们的规则中进行了研究，这可能会防止我们互相厌恶。
From hence the long continuance of the club, which I shall have frequent occasion to speak further of hereafter.
自此，俱乐部得以长期存在，以后我将经常有机会进一步谈论它。
But my giving this account of it here is to show something of the interest I had, everyone of these exerting themselves in recommending business to us.
但我在这里对此进行描述是为了表明我的兴趣，每个人都竭尽全力向我们推荐业务。
Breintnal particularly procur'd us from the Quakers the printing forty sheets of their history, the rest being to be done by Keimer; and upon this we work'd exceedingly hard, for the price was low.
布林特纳尔特别要求我们从贵格会印刷四十页他们的历史，其余的则由凯默完成。为此我们付出了极大的努力，因为价格很低。
It was a folio, pro patria size, in pica, with long primer notes.[55] I compos'd of it a sheet a day, and Meredith worked it off at press; it was often eleven at night, and sometimes later, before I had finished my distribution for the next day's work, for the little jobbs sent in by our other friends now and then put us back.
这是一本对开本，适合祖国尺寸，用异食癖书写，有很长的入门注释。 [55]我每天写一张纸，梅雷迪思在印刷时将其完成。通常是晚上十一点，有时甚至更晚，我还没完成第二天工作的分配，因为我们的其他朋友时不时地送来一些小工作，然后又让我们回去。
But so determin'd I was to continue doing a sheet a day of the folio, that one night, when, having impos'd[56] my forms, I thought my day's work over, one of them by accident was broken, and two pages reduced to pi,[57] I immediately distribut'd and composed it over again before I went to bed; and this industry, visible to our neighbors, began to give us character and credit; particularly, I was told, that mention being made of the new printing-office at the merchants' Every-night club, the general opinion was that it must fail, there being already two printers in the place, Keimer and Bradford; but Dr. Baird (whom you and I saw many years after at his native place, St. Andrew's in Scotland) gave a contrary opinion: "For the industry of that Franklin," says he, "is superior to anything I ever saw of the kind; I see him still at work when I go home from club, and he is at work again before his neighbors are out of bed." This struck the rest, and we soon after had offers from one of them to supply us with stationery; but as yet we did not chuse to engage in shop business.
但我决心继续每天做一张对开页，有一天晚上，当我强行[56]我的表格时，我以为我一天的工作已经结束了，其中一张不小心被打破了，两页减少到圆周率，[57]我立即分发并在上床睡觉前重新组合它；我们的邻居都可以看到这个行业，它开始给我们带来品格和信誉。特别是，有人告诉我，当提到商人每夜俱乐部的新印刷办公室时，普遍的意见是它一定会失败，因为该地方已经有两台印刷厂，凯默和布拉德福德。但贝尔德博士（你和我在多年后在他的家乡苏格兰圣安德鲁见到他）提出了相反的意见：“富兰克林的勤奋，”他说，“比我见过的任何同类都要优越；当我从俱乐部回家时，我看到他还在工作，而在他的邻居起床之前，他又开始工作了。”这让其他人大吃一惊，不久之后我们就收到了其中一位愿意为我们提供文具的提议。但目前我们还没有选择做店铺生意。
[55] A sheet 8-1/2 by 13-1/2 inches, having the words _pro patria_ in translucent letters in the body of the paper.
[55] 一张 8-1/2 x 13-1/2 英寸的纸张，纸体上有半透明字母“pro patria_”字样。
Pica--a size of type; as, A B C D: Long Primer--a smaller size of type; as, A B C D.
异食癖——字体大小；如，A B C D：Long Primer——较小尺寸的字体；如，A B C D。
[56] To arrange and lock up pages or columns of type in a rectangular iron frame, ready for printing.
[56] 在矩形铁框架中排列和锁定页面或类型列，以准备打印。
[57] Reduced to complete disorder.
[57] 减少到完全无序。
I mention this industry the more particularly and the more freely, tho' it seems to be talking in my own praise, that those of my posterity, who shall read it, may know the use of that virtue, when they see its effects in my favour throughout this relation.
我更具体、更自由地提到这个行业，虽然它似乎是在赞扬我自己，但我的后代，读到它的人，当他们看到它在整个关系中对我有利的影响时，可能会知道这种美德的用途。
George Webb, who had found a female friend that lent him wherewith to purchase his time of Keimer, now came to offer himself as a journeyman to us.
乔治·韦伯找到了一位女性朋友，借给他钱来购买凯默的时间，现在他主动提出要为我们当一名熟练工。
We could not then employ him; but I foolishly let him know as a secret that I soon intended to begin a newspaper, and might then have work for him.
那时我们无法雇用他；但我愚蠢地让他知道我很快就打算创办一份报纸，然后可能会为他找到工作。
My hopes of success, as I told him, were founded on this, that the then only newspaper, printed by Bradford, was a paltry thing, wretchedly manag'd, no way entertaining, and yet was profitable to him; I therefore thought a good paper would scarcely fail of good encouragement.
正如我告诉他的那样，我成功的希望是建立在这一点上的：当时唯一的报纸，由布拉德福德印刷，是一件微不足道的东西，管理得很糟糕，毫无娱乐性，但对他来说却是有利可图的;因此，我认为一篇好的论文必定离不开良好的鼓励。
I requested Webb not to mention it; but he told it to Keimer, who immediately, to be beforehand with me, published proposals for printing one himself, on which Webb was to be employ'd.
我请求韦伯不要提及这件事；但他把这件事告诉了凯默，凯默立即提前与我一起发表了亲自印刷一份报告的建议，韦伯将在该报告中受聘。
I resented this; and, to counteract them, as I could not yet begin our paper, I wrote several pieces of entertainment for Bradford's paper, under the title of the Busy Body, which Breintnal continu'd some months.
我对此感到不满；为了抵消它们，因为我还不能开始我们的论文，我为布拉德福德的论文写了几篇娱乐文章，标题为“忙碌的身体”，布林纳尔继续了几个月。
By this means the attention of the publick was fixed on that paper, and Keimer's proposals, which we burlesqu'd and ridicul'd, were disregarded.
通过这种方式，公众的注意力集中在该文件上，而我们嘲笑和嘲笑的凯默的建议则被忽视了。
He began his paper, however, and, after carrying it on three quarters of a year, with at most only ninety subscribers, he offered it to me for a trifle; and I, having been ready some time to go on with it, took it in hand directly; and it prov'd in a few years extremely profitable to me.
然而，他开始了他的报纸，在坚持了一年三季度之后，最多只有九十个订阅者，他以一点点的代价把它卖给了我；但我还是把它卖给了我。我已经做好了继续下去的准备，直接把它拿在手里。几年后事实证明它对我来说非常有利可图。
I perceive that I am apt to speak in the singular number, though our partnership still continu'd; the reason may be that, in fact, the whole management of the business lay upon me.
我认为我倾向于以单数发言，尽管我们的伙伴关系仍在继续；原因可能是，事实上，整个业务的管理权都落在我身上。
Meredith was no compositor, a poor pressman, and seldom sober.
梅雷迪思不是排字员，也是一名糟糕的新闻记者，而且很少清醒。
My friends lamented my connection with him, but I was to make the best of it.
我的朋友们对我和他的关系感到遗憾，但我要充分利用它。
[Illustration: "I see him still at work when I go home from club"]
[插图：“当我从俱乐部回家时，我看到他还在工作”]
Our first papers made a quite different appearance from any before in the province; a better type, and better printed; but some spirited remarks of my writing, on the dispute then going on between Governor Burnet and the Massachusetts Assembly, struck the principal people, occasioned the paper and the manager of it to be much talk'd of, and in a few weeks brought them all to be our subscribers.
我们的第一份论文与该省以前的任何论文都呈现出截然不同的面貌。更好的字体和更好的印刷；但是我写的一些关于当时伯内特州长和马萨诸塞州议会之间正在进行的争论的激烈评论，震惊了主要人物，引起了报纸和它的经理的广泛谈论，并在几周内使他们全部成为我们的订户。
Their example was follow'd by many, and our number went on growing continually.
他们的榜样被许多人效仿，我们的人数也在不断增长。
This was one of the first good effects of my having learnt a little to scribble; another was, that the leading men, seeing a newspaper now in the hands of one who could also handle a pen, thought it convenient to oblige and encourage me.
这是我学会了一点涂鸦之后的第一个良好效果。另一个是，领导们看到一份报纸现在在一个还能拿笔的人手里，认为很方便，可以帮助我并鼓励我。
Bradford still printed the votes, and laws, and other publick business.
布拉德福德仍然印刷选票、法律和其他公共事务。
He had printed an address of the House to the governor, in a coarse, blundering manner; we reprinted it elegantly and correctly, and sent one to every member.
他以粗俗、错误的方式向总督打印了众议院的地址；我们优雅而正确地重印了它，并发送给每位会员一份。
They were sensible of the difference: it strengthened the hands of our friends in the House, and they voted us their printers for the year ensuing.
他们意识到了这种差异：它增强了我们众议院朋友的力量，他们投票选择我们作为接下来一年的印刷商。
Among my friends in the House I must not forget Mr. Hamilton, before mentioned, who was then returned from England, and had a seat in it.
在我在众议院的朋友中，我不能忘记前面提到的汉密尔顿先生，他当时从英国回来，并在众议院占有一席之地。
He interested himself for me strongly in that instance, as he did in many others afterward, continuing his patronage till his death.[58]
在那次事件中，他对我产生了强烈的兴趣，就像他后来对其他许多人所做的那样，一直持续到他去世为止。 [58]
[58] I got his son once £500.--_Marg.
[58] 我曾经给他儿子买过一次 500 英镑。--_Marg。
note_.
笔记_。
Mr. Vernon, about this time, put me in mind of the debt I ow'd him, but did not press me.
大约在这个时候，弗农先生让我想起我欠他的债，但没有催促我。
I wrote him an ingenuous letter of acknowledgment, crav'd his forbearance a little longer, which he allow'd me, and as soon as I was able, I paid the principal with interest, and many thanks; so that erratum was in some degree corrected.
我给他写了一封真诚的感谢信，恳求他再宽容一点，他允许我这样做，一旦我能够，我就付清了本金和利息，并表示非常感谢。因此勘误在某种程度上得到了纠正。
But now another difficulty came upon me which I had never the least reason to expect.
但现在我却遇到了另一个困难，这是我从来没有想到的。
Mr. Meredith's father, who was to have paid for our printing-house, according to the expectations given me, was able to advance only one hundred pounds currency, which had been paid; and a hundred more was due to the merchant, who grew impatient, and su'd us all.
梅雷迪思先生的父亲本来要为我们的印刷厂支付费用，按照我的期望，他只能预付一百英镑的货币，这些货币已经支付了；商人还欠了一百美元，他变得不耐烦了，对我们所有人都提出了起诉。
We gave bail, but saw that, if the money could not be rais'd in time, the suit must soon come to a judgment and execution, and our hopeful prospects must, with us, be ruined, as the press and letters must be sold for payment, perhaps at half price.
我们保释了，但我们看到，如果不能及时筹到钱，诉讼很快就会得到判决和执行，而我们充满希望的前景也一定会被毁掉，因为报纸和信件必须出售以换取付款，也许是半价。
In this distress two true friends, whose kindness I have never forgotten, nor ever shall forget while I can remember any thing, came to me separately, unknown to each other, and, without any application from me, offering each of them to advance me all the money that should be necessary to enable me to take the whole business upon myself, if that should be practicable; but they did not like my continuing the partnership with Meredith, who, as they said, was often seen drunk in the streets, and playing at low games in alehouses, much to our discredit.
在这种困境中，我从未忘记过，也永远不会忘记的两个真正的朋友，他们的善意我永远不会忘记，他们彼此不认识，分别来到我身边，在没有我任何申请的情况下，他们每个人都向我预支了所有必要的钱，使我能够自己承担整个生意，如果可行的话；但他们不喜欢我继续与梅雷迪思合作，正如他们所说，梅雷迪思经常在街上喝得醉醺醺的，在酒馆里玩低级游戏，这让我们名誉扫地。
These two friends were William Coleman and Robert Grace.
这两个朋友是威廉·科尔曼和罗伯特·格雷斯。
I told them I could not propose a separation while any prospect remain'd of the Meredith's fulfilling their part of our agreement, because I thought myself under great obligations to them for what they had done, and would do if they could; but, if they finally fail'd in their performance, and our partnership must be dissolv'd, I should then think myself at liberty to accept the assistance of my friends.
我告诉他们，在梅雷迪思夫妇履行我们协议中他们那部分的希望仍然存在的情况下，我不能提议分居，因为我认为自己对他们所做的事情负有很大的责任，如果他们可以的话，我也会这样做；但是，如果他们最终表现不佳，我们的合作伙伴关系必须解散，那么我应该认为自己可以自由地接受朋友们的帮助。
Thus the matter rested for some time, when I said to my partner, "Perhaps your father is dissatisfied at the part you have undertaken in this affair of ours, and is unwilling to advance for you and me what he would for you alone.
这样事情就这样搁置了一段时间，当我对我的伙伴说：“也许你的父亲对你在我们这件事上所承担的责任感到不满意，并且不愿意为你和我提供他单独为你提供的帮助。
If that is the case, tell me, and I will resign the whole to you, and go about my business." "No," said he, "my father has really been disappointed, and is really unable; and I am unwilling to distress him farther.
如果是这样，你告诉我，我就把一切都交给你，去忙我的事。” “不，”他说，“我父亲实在是太失望了，实在是无能为力，我也不愿意再让他伤心了。
I see this is a business I am not fit for.
我发现这是一个我不适合做的行业。
I was bred a farmer, and it was a folly in me to come to town, and put myself, at thirty years of age, an apprentice to learn a new trade.
我是农民出身，三十岁时来到城里当学徒来学习一门新的手艺，这对我来说是愚蠢的行为。
Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap.
我们许多威尔士人将在北卡罗来纳州定居，那里的土地很便宜。
I am inclin'd to go with them, and follow my old employment.
我愿意和他们一起去，继续我原来的工作。
You may find friends to assist you.
您可能会找到朋友来帮助您。
If you will take the debts of the company upon you; return to my father the hundred pounds he has advanced; pay my little personal debts, and give me thirty pounds and a new saddle, I will relinquish the partnership, and leave the whole in your hands." I agreed to this proposal: it was drawn up in writing, sign'd, and seal'd immediately.
如果您愿意承担公司的债务；将他预付的一百英镑归还给我父亲；还清我的一点个人债务，给我三十英镑和一个新马鞍，我就放弃合伙关系，把一切都交给你了。”我同意了这个建议：它是书面起草的，立即签署并盖章。
I gave him what he demanded, and he went soon after to Carolina, from whence he sent me next year two long letters, containing the best account that had been given of that country, the climate, the soil, husbandry, etc., for in those matters he was very judicious.
我给了他他所要求的东西，他很快就去了卡罗来纳州，第二年他从那里给我寄了两封长信，其中包含对那个国家、气候、土壤、畜牧业等的最佳描述，因为在这些事情上他非常明智。
I printed them in the papers, and they gave great satisfaction to the publick.
我把它们刊登在报纸上，公众非常满意。
As soon as he was gone, I recurr'd to my two friends; and because I would not give an unkind preference to either, I took half of what each had offered and I wanted of one, and half of the other; paid off the company's debts, and went on with the business in my own name, advertising that the partnership was dissolved.
他一走，我就又去找我的两个朋友。因为我不会对任何一个人有不友善的偏爱，所以我从每个人提供的东西中拿走一半，而我想要一个，另一个一半；还清了公司的债务，并以我自己的名义继续经营业务，并发布广告称合伙企业已解散。
I think this was in or about the year 1729.
我认为这是在 1729 年左右。
VIII
八
BUSINESS SUCCESS AND FIRST PUBLIC SERVICE
商业成功和首次公共服务
About this time there was a cry among the people for more paper money, only fifteen thousand pounds being extant in the province, and that soon to be sunk.[59] The wealthy inhabitants oppos'd any addition, being against all paper currency, from an apprehension that it would depreciate, as it had done in New England, to the prejudice of all creditors.
大约在这个时候，人们要求更多的纸币，因为该省仅存一万五千英镑，而且很快就会被沉没。 [59]富裕的居民反对任何增加，反对所有纸币，因为他们担心纸币会像新英格兰那样贬值，从而损害所有债权人的利益。
We had discuss'd this point in our Junto, where I was on the side of an addition, being persuaded that the first small sum struck in 1723 had done much good by increasing the trade, employment, and number of inhabitants in the province, since I now saw all the old houses inhabited, and many new ones building: whereas I remembered well, that when I first walk'd about the streets of Philadelphia, eating my roll, I saw most of the houses in Walnut Street, between Second and Front streets,[60] with bills on their doors, "To be let"; and many likewise in Chestnut-street and other streets, which made me then think the inhabitants of the city were deserting it one after another.
我们在我们的 Junto 中讨论过这一点，当时我站在附加条款的一边，相信 1723 年的第一笔小额资金通过增加该省的贸易、就业和居民数量做出了很大的贡献，因为我现在看到所有的老房子都有人居住，而且许多新房子正在建设：而我记得很清楚，当我第一次在费城的街道上行走，吃我的面包卷时，我看到了胡桃街的大部分房屋，在第二和前之间街道，[60] 门上贴着“出租”的字样；栗子街和其他街道上也有很多类似的地方，这让我当时觉得这座城市的居民正在纷纷抛弃它。
[59] Recalled to be redeemed.
[59] 被召回被救赎。
[60] This part of Philadelphia is now the center of the wholesale business district.
[60] 费城的这一部分现在是批发商业区的中心。
Our debates possess'd me so fully of the subject, that I wrote and printed an anonymous pamphlet on it, entitled "_The Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency_." It was well receiv'd by the common people in general; but the rich men dislik'd it, for it increas'd and strengthen'd the clamor for more money, and they happening to have no writers among them that were able to answer it, their opposition slacken'd, and the point was carried by a majority in the House.
我们的辩论让我对这个主题非常感兴趣，以至于我就此写了一本匿名小册子，题为“纸币的本质和必要性”。受到了广大老百姓的普遍欢迎；但富人不喜欢它，因为它增加并加强了要求更多钱的呼声，而他们之中碰巧没有作家能够回答这个问题，他们的反对减弱了，而这一点得到了众议院的多数支持。
My friends there, who conceiv'd I had been of some service, thought fit to reward me by employing me in printing the money; a very profitable jobb and a great help to me.
我在那里的朋友们认为我做出了一些贡献，他们认为应该通过雇用我印钞来奖励我。一份非常赚钱的工作，对我有很大帮助。
This was another advantage gain'd by my being able to write.
这是我会写作所获得的另一个优势。
The utility of this currency became by time and experience so evident as never afterwards to be much disputed; so that it grew soon to fifty-five thousand pounds, and in 1739 to eighty thousand pounds, since which it arose during war to upwards of three hundred and fifty thousand pounds, trade, building, and inhabitants all the while increasing, tho' I now think there are limits beyond which the quantity may be hurtful.[61]
随着时间的推移和经验的积累，这种货币的效用变得如此明显，以至于此后从未引起过太多争议。因此，它很快就增长到五万五千英镑，并在 1739 年增长到八万英镑，自战争期间起，它上升到三十五万英镑以上，贸易、建筑和居民一直在增加，尽管我现在认为，超过这个数量可能会造成伤害。 [61]
[61] Paper money is a promise to pay its face value in gold or silver.
[61] 纸币是一种以黄金或白银支付其面值的承诺。
When a state or nation issues more such promises than there is a likelihood of its being able to redeem, the paper representing the promises depreciates in value.
当一个国家或民族发出的此类承诺多于其兑现的可能性时，代表这些承诺的票据就会贬值。
Before the success of the Colonies in the Revolution was assured, it took hundreds of dollars of their paper money to buy a pair of boots.
在殖民地革命取得成功之前，他们需要花费数百美元的纸币才能购买一双靴子。
I soon after obtain'd, thro' my friend Hamilton, the printing of the Newcastle paper money, another profitable jobb as I then thought it; small things appearing great to those in small circumstances; and these, to me, were really great advantages, as they were great encouragements.
不久之后，我通过我的朋友汉密尔顿获得了印制纽卡斯尔纸币的机会，正如我当时所认为的那样，这是另一项有利可图的工作。小事在小环境中显得伟大；对我来说，这些确实是巨大的优势，因为它们是巨大的鼓励。
He procured for me, also, the printing of the laws and votes of that government, which continu'd in my hands as long as I follow'd the business.
他还为我印刷了该政府的法律和选票，只要我继续做生意，这些资料就一直在我手中。
I now open'd a little stationer's shop.
我现在开了一家小文具店。
I had in it blanks of all sorts, the correctest that ever appear'd among us, being assisted in that by my friend Breintnal.
我在其中得到了各种各样的空白，这是我们当中出现过的最正确的空白，在我的朋友布赖特纳尔的帮助下。
I had also paper, parchment, chapmen's books, etc. One Whitemash, a compositor I had known in London, an excellent workman, now came to me, and work'd with me constantly and diligently; and I took an apprentice, the son of Aquilla Rose.
我还有纸、羊皮纸、查普曼的书等等。一位怀特马什，我在伦敦认识的一位排字师，一位出色的工人，现在来找我，并不断地、勤奋地和我一起工作；他是我的朋友。我收了一个学徒，阿奎拉·罗斯的儿子。
[Illustration: "I sometimes brought home the paper I purchas'd at the stores thro' the streets on a wheelbarrow"]
[插图：“有时我会用手推车把在商店买的报纸带回家”]
I began now gradually to pay off the debt I was under for the printing-house.
我现在开始逐渐还清印刷厂的债务。
In order to secure my credit and character as a tradesman, I took care not only to be in _reality_ industrious and frugal, but to avoid all appearances to the contrary.
为了确保我作为商人的信誉和品格，我不仅在现实中做到勤劳节俭，而且避免出现任何相反的情况。
I drest plainly; I was seen at no places of idle diversion.
我衣着朴素；没有人看见我出现在任何闲散的消遣场所。
I never went out a fishing or shooting; a book, indeed, sometimes debauch'd me from my work, but that was seldom, snug, and gave no scandal; and, to show that I was not above my business, I sometimes brought home the paper I purchas'd at the stores thro' the streets on a wheelbarrow.
我从来没有出去钓鱼或打猎；的确，有时一本书会让我从工作中脱身，但这种情况很少，很舒服，也没有引起任何丑闻。为了表明我不超出自己的职责，有时我会用手推车把在商店买的报纸带回家。
Thus being esteem'd an industrious, thriving young man, and paying duly for what I bought, the merchants who imported stationery solicited my custom; others proposed supplying me with books, and I went on swimmingly.
因此，进口文具的商人被认为是一个勤劳、有进取心的年轻人，并按时支付了我购买的东西，因此向我招揽顾客。其他人提议给我提供书籍，我就顺利地进行了。
In the meantime, Keimer's credit and business declining daily, he was at last forc'd to sell his printing-house to satisfy his creditors.
与此同时，凯默的信用和生意日益恶化，他最终被迫卖掉印刷厂以满足债权人的要求。
He went to Barbadoes, and there lived some years in very poor circumstances.
他去了巴巴多斯，在那里生活了几年，环境非常贫困。
His apprentice, David Harry, whom I had instructed while I work'd with him, set up in his place at Philadelphia, having bought his materials.
他的学徒大卫·哈利是我在与他一起工作时指导的，购买了他的材料，在费城取代了他的位置。
I was at first apprehensive of a powerful rival in Harry, as his friends were very able, and had a good deal of interest.
起初我担心哈利是一个强大的竞争对手，因为他的朋友们都很有能力，而且有很大的兴趣。
I therefore propos'd a partnership to him, which he, fortunately for me, rejected with scorn.
因此，我向他提议建立合伙关系，幸运的是，他轻蔑地拒绝了这一提议。
He was very proud, dress'd like a gentleman, liv'd expensively, took much diversion and pleasure abroad, ran in debt, and neglected his business; upon which, all business left him; and, finding nothing to do, he followed Keimer to Barbadoes, taking the printing-house with him.
他非常骄傲，穿得像个绅士，生活奢侈，在国外进行了很多消遣和享乐，负债累累，忽视了自己的生意。从此，所有的生意都离开了他。由于无事可做，他带着印刷厂跟随凯默来到巴巴多斯。
There this apprentice employ'd his former master as a journeyman; they quarrell'd often; Harry went continually behindhand, and at length was forc'd to sell his types and return to his country work in Pennsylvania.
在那里，这个学徒雇用了他以前的师傅作为熟练工。他们经常吵架；哈利不断落后，最后被迫卖掉他的作品，回到宾夕法尼亚州的乡村工作。
The person that bought them employ'd Keimer to use them, but in a few years he died.
购买它们的人雇用凯默来使用它们，但几年后他就去世了。
There remained now no competitor with me at Philadelphia but the old one, Bradford; who was rich and easy, did a little printing now and then by straggling hands, but was not very anxious about the business.
现在，在费城，除了老布拉德福德之外，我已经没有竞争对手了。他既富有又安逸，时不时地用零散的双手做一点印刷工作，但对生意并不很着急。
However, as he kept the post-office, it was imagined he had better opportunities of obtaining news; his paper was thought a better distributer of advertisements than mine, and therefore had many more, which was a profitable thing to him, and a disadvantage to me; for, tho' I did indeed receive and send papers by the post, yet the publick opinion was otherwise, for what I did send was by bribing the riders, who took them privately, Bradford being unkind enough to forbid it, which occasion'd some resentment on my part; and I thought so meanly of him for it, that, when I afterward came into his situation, I took care never to imitate it.
然而，由于他保留了邮局，人们认为他有更好的机会获得新闻；人们认为他的报纸比我的报纸更能传播广告，因此有更多的广告，这对他来说是有利可图的，但对我来说却是不利的。因为，虽然我确实通过邮寄方式接收和发送了文件，但公众的意见却并非如此，因为我发送的东西是通过贿赂骑手，他们私下带走的，布拉德福德不友善地禁止这样做，这引起了我的一些不满；我因此对他感到非常卑鄙，因此，当我后来遇到他的处境时，我小心翼翼地绝不效仿他。
I had hitherto continu'd to board with Godfrey, who lived in part of my house with his wife and children, and had one side of the shop for his glazier's business, tho' he worked little, being always absorbed in his mathematics.
迄今为止，我一直和戈弗雷一起寄宿，他和他的妻子和孩子住在我房子的一部分里，商店的一侧用于他的玻璃窗生意，尽管他工作很少，总是专注于数学。
Mrs. Godfrey projected a match for me with a relation's daughter, took opportunities of bringing us often together, till a serious courtship on my part ensu'd, the girl being in herself very deserving.
戈弗雷夫人为我安排了一位亲戚的女儿的匹配，并抓住机会让我们经常在一起，直到我认真地求爱，这个女孩本身就非常值得。
The old folks encourag'd me by continual invitations to supper, and by leaving us together, till at length it was time to explain.
老人们不断地邀请我吃晚饭，并让我们待在一起，以此来鼓励我，直到最后到了解释的时候。
Mrs. Godfrey manag'd our little treaty.
戈弗雷夫人负责管理我们的小条约。
I let her know that I expected as much money with their daughter as would pay off my remaining debt for the printing-house, which I believe was not then above a hundred pounds.
我告诉她，我希望他们的女儿能赚到足够多的钱来偿还印刷厂的剩余债务，我相信当时的债务不会超过一百英镑。
She brought me word they had no such sum to spare; I said they might mortgage their house in the loan-office.
她告诉我他们没有多余的钱了；我说他们可以把房子抵押到贷款办公室。
The answer to this, after some days, was, that they did not approve the match; that, on inquiry of Bradford, they had been informed the printing business was not a profitable one; the types would soon be worn out, and more wanted; that S.
几天后，得到的答复是，他们不批准这桩婚事。经过询问布拉德福德，他们被告知印刷业务并不有利可图；这些类型很快就会被磨损，并且需要更多；那个S。
Keimer and D.
凯默和 D.
Harry had failed one after the other, and I should probably soon follow them; and, therefore, I was forbidden the house, and the daughter shut up.
哈利一个接一个地失败了，我也许很快就会效仿他们。因此，我被禁止进屋，女儿也被关起来。
Whether this was a real change of sentiment or only artifice, on a supposition of our being too far engaged in affection to retract, and therefore that we should steal a marriage, which would leave them at liberty to give or withhold what they pleas'd, I know not; but I suspected the latter, resented it, and went no more.
我不知道这究竟是情感上的真正转变，还是只是一种诡计，假设我们太过投入感情而无法收回，因此我们应该窃取婚姻，这样他们就可以自由地给予或拒绝他们所喜欢的东西；但我不知道。但我怀疑后者，对此感到不满，然后就不再去了。
Mrs. Godfrey brought me afterward some more favorable accounts of their disposition, and would have drawn me on again; but I declared absolutely my resolution to have nothing more to do with that family.
戈弗雷夫人后来给我带来了一些关于他们性格的更有利的描述，并会再次吸引我。但我明确表示我决心不再与那个家庭有任何关系。
This was resented by the Godfreys; we differed, and they removed, leaving me the whole house, and I resolved to take no more inmates.
这引起了戈弗雷家族的不满。我们意见不同，他们搬走了，把整栋房子留给了我，我决定不再收容囚犯。
But this affair having turned my thoughts to marriage, I look'd round me and made overtures of acquaintance in other places; but soon found that, the business of a printer being generally thought a poor one, I was not to expect money with a wife, unless with such a one as I should not otherwise think agreeable.
但这件事让我想到了结婚，我环顾四周，向其他地方求婚。但很快发现，印刷厂的生意普遍被认为是一项糟糕的生意，我不能指望和妻子一起赚钱，除非是我不认为合适的人。
A friendly correspondence as neighbours and old acquaintances had continued between me and Mrs. Read's family, who all had a regard for me from the time of my first lodging in their house.
我和里德夫人的家人一直以邻居和老熟人的身份保持着友好的通信，从我第一次住在他们家开始，他们就一直很尊重我。
I was often invited there and consulted in their affairs, wherein I sometimes was of service.
我经常被邀请去那里并就他们的事务进行咨询，有时我也会提供服务。
I piti'd poor Miss Read's unfortunate situation, who was generally dejected, seldom chearful, and avoided company.
我对可怜的里德小姐的不幸处境表示同情，她总是很沮丧，很少高兴，并且回避陪伴。
I considered my giddiness and inconstancy when in London as in a great degree the cause of her unhappiness, tho' the mother was good enough to think the fault more her own than mine, as she had prevented our marrying before I went thither, and persuaded the other match in my absence.
我认为我在伦敦时的轻浮和反复无常在很大程度上是她不快乐的原因，尽管母亲很善良，认为这更多是她自己的错，而不是我的错，因为她在我去伦敦之前阻止了我们结婚，并在我不在的时候说服了另一位匹配者。
Our mutual affection was revived, but there were now great objections to our union.
我们的感情又恢复了，但现在我们的结合遭到了强烈的反对。
The match was indeed looked upon as invalid, a preceding wife being said to be living in England; but this could not easily be prov'd, because of the distance; and, tho' there was a report of his death, it was not certain.
这场婚姻确实被视为无效，据说前任妻子住在英国。但由于距离太远，这一点不容易得到证实。尽管有关于他死亡的报道，但还不确定。
Then, tho' it should be true, he had left many debts, which his successor might be call'd upon to pay.
然后，虽然这应该是真的，但他留下了许多债务，他的继任者可能会被要求偿还。
We ventured, however, over all these difficulties, and I took her to wife, September 1st, 1730.
然而，我们克服了所有这些困难，于 1730 年 9 月 1 日娶了她为妻。
None of the inconveniences happened that we had apprehended; she proved a good and faithful helpmate,[62] assisted me much by attending the shop; we throve together, and have ever mutually endeavour'd to make each other happy.
我们担心的任何不便都没有发生；事实证明，她是一位忠实的好帮手，[62] 去商店给了我很多帮助。我们一起成长，并且一直共同努力让彼此幸福。
Thus I corrected that great _erratum_ as well as I could.
因此我尽我所能纠正了这个巨大的_勘误_。
[62] Mrs. Franklin survived her marriage over forty years.
[62] 富兰克林夫人在婚姻中幸存了四十多年。
Franklin's correspondence abounds with evidence that their union was a happy one.
富兰克林的信件中充满了证据，证明他们的结合是幸福的。
"We are grown old together, and if she has any faults, I am so used to them that I don't perceive them." The following is a stanza from one of Franklin's own songs written for the Junto:
“我们一起慢慢变老，如果她有什么缺点，我也已经习惯了，不会察觉。”以下是富兰克林自己为 Junto 创作的一首歌曲中的一节：
"Of their Chloes and Phyllises poets may prate, I sing my plain country Joan, These twelve years my wife, still the joy of my life, Blest day that I made her my own."
“他们的克洛伊和菲利斯诗人可能会喋喋不休，我唱我朴素的乡村琼，这十二年我的妻子，仍然是我生活的欢乐，祝福我让她成为我自己的日子。”
About this time, our club meeting, not at a tavern, but in a little room of Mr. Grace's, set apart for that purpose, a proposition was made by me, that, since our books were often referr'd to in our disquisitions upon the queries, it might be convenient to us to have them altogether where we met, that upon occasion they might be consulted; and by thus clubbing our books to a common library, we should, while we lik'd to keep them together, have each of us the advantage of using the books of all the other members, which would be nearly as beneficial as if each owned the whole.
大约在这个时候，我们的俱乐部会议不是在一家小酒馆，而是在格雷斯先生的一个小房间里举行，这是为了这个目的而专门设置的，我提出了一个建议，因为我们的书经常在我们关于问题的论文中被提及，所以我们把它们放在我们聚会的地方可能会很方便，以便有时可以查阅；通过将我们的书籍聚集到一个共同的图书馆，我们应该在我们喜欢将它们放在一起的同时，让我们每个人都有使用所有其他成员的书籍的优势，这几乎与每个人都拥有全部书籍一样有益。
It was lik'd and agreed to, and we fill'd one end of the room with such books as we could best spare.
大家很喜欢并同意了这一点，我们在房间的一端摆满了尽可能多的书。
The number was not so great as we expected; and tho' they had been of great use, yet some inconveniences occurring for want of due care of them, the collection, after about a year, was separated, and each took his books home again.
这个数字并没有我们想象的那么多；虽然它们很有用，但由于缺乏应有的照顾而产生了一些不便，大约一年后，这些收藏品被分开了，每个人都把自己的书又带回家了。
And now I set on foot my first project of a public nature, that for a subscription library.
现在我开始了我的第一个公共项目，即订阅图书馆。
I drew up the proposals, got them put into form by our great scrivener, Brockden, and, by the help of my friends in the Junto, procured fifty subscribers of forty shillings each to begin with, and ten shillings a year for fifty years, the term our company was to continue.
我起草了这些提案，并由我们伟大的代书人布罗克登将其付诸实施，并在我在 Junto 的朋友的帮助下，获得了 50 个订阅者，每个订阅者每人 40 先令，每年 10 先令，为期 50 年，我们公司的期限将继续下去。
We afterwards obtain'd a charter, the company being increased to one hundred: this was the mother of all the North American subscription libraries, now so numerous.
后来我们获得了一份特许状，公司增加到一百家：这是所有北美订阅图书馆的母亲，现在数量如此之多。
It is become a great thing itself, and continually increasing.
它本身已经成为一件伟大的事情，并且不断增长。
These libraries have improved the general conversation of the Americans, made the common tradesmen and farmers as intelligent as most gentlemen from other countries, and perhaps have contributed in some degree to the stand so generally made throughout the colonies in defense of their privileges.[63]
这些图书馆改善了美国人的一般谈话，使普通商人和农民像大多数来自其他国家的绅士一样聪明，并且也许在某种程度上为整个殖民地普遍捍卫其特权的立场做出了贡献。 [63]
_Mem°._ Thus far was written with the intention express'd in the beginning and therefore contains several little family anecdotes of no importance to others.
_Mem°._ 到目前为止，我写这篇文章的目的是在开头表达的，因此包含了一些对其他人来说并不重要的家庭轶事。
What follows was written many years after in compliance with the advice contain'd in these letters, and accordingly intended for the public.
以下内容是在多年后根据这些信件中的建议写成的，因此面向公众。
The affairs of the Revolution occasion'd the interruption.[64]
革命事件造成了中断。[64]
[63] Here the first part of the _Autobiography_, written at Twyford in 1771, ends.
[63] 1771 年在特怀福德写成的《自传》的第一部分到此结束。
The second part, which follows, was written at Passy in 1784.
接下来的第二部分于 1784 年在帕西写成。
[64] After this memorandum, Franklin inserted letters from Abel James and Benjamin Vaughan, urging him to continue his _Autobiography_.
[64] 在这份备忘录之后，富兰克林插入了阿贝尔·詹姆斯和本杰明·沃恩的信件，敦促他继续他的_自传_。
[_Continuation of the Account of my Life, begun at Passy, near Paris, 1784._]
[_我的一生记述的延续，始于 1784 年巴黎附近的帕西。_]
It is some time since I receiv'd the above letters, but I have been too busy till now to think of complying with the request they contain.
我收到上述信件已经有一段时间了，但到目前为止我一直太忙，没有时间考虑遵守其中的要求。
It might, too, be much better done if I were at home among my papers, which would aid my memory, and help to ascertain dates; but my return being uncertain, and having just now a little leisure, I will endeavour to recollect and write what I can; if I live to get home, it may there be corrected and improv'd.
如果我在家里看我的文件，这也可能会更好，这将有助于我的记忆，并有助于确定日期。但我的归来还不确定，现在有一点闲暇，我将尽力回忆并写下我能想到的；如果我能活着回家，它可能会得到纠正和改进。
Not having any copy here of what is already written, I know not whether an account is given of the means I used to establish the Philadelphia public library, which, from a small beginning, is now become so considerable, though I remember to have come down to near the time of that transaction (1730).
这里没有任何已写的内容，我不知道是否对我用来建立费城公共图书馆的方式进行了说明，该图书馆从一开始的规模很小，现在变得如此巨大，尽管我记得已经下降到接近该交易的时间（1730年）。
I will therefore begin here with an account of it, which may be struck out if found to have been already given.
因此，我将从这里开始对其进行说明，如果发现已经给出了该说明，则可以将其删除。
At the time I establish'd myself in Pennsylvania, there was not a good bookseller's shop in any of the colonies to the southward of Boston.
当我在宾夕法尼亚定居时，波士顿以南的任何殖民地都没有一家好的书店。
In New York and Philad'a the printers were indeed stationers; they sold only paper, etc., almanacs, ballads, and a few common school-books.
在纽约和费拉达，印刷商确实是文具商。他们只卖纸张等、年鉴、歌谣和一些常见的教科书。
Those who lov'd reading were obliged to send for their books from England; the members of the Junto had each a few.
那些热爱读书的人必须从英国寄书来。 Junto的成员每人都有一些。
We had left the alehouse, where we first met, and hired a room to hold our club in.
我们离开了我们第一次见面的酒馆，租了一个房间来容纳我们的俱乐部。
I propos'd that we should all of us bring our books to that room, where they would not only be ready to consult in our conferences, but become a common benefit, each of us being at liberty to borrow such as he wish'd to read at home.
我建议我们所有人都应该把我们的书带到那个房间，在那里它们不仅可以在我们的会议上查阅，而且可以成为一种共同的利益，我们每个人都可以自由借阅他想在家里阅读的书。
This was accordingly done, and for some time contented us.
我们就这样做了，并且在一段时间内让我们感到满意。
Finding the advantage of this little collection, I propos'd to render the benefit from books more common, by commencing a public subscription library.
发现这个小馆藏的优势后，我建议通过建立一个公共订阅图书馆来让书籍的好处变得更加普遍。
I drew a sketch of the plan and rules that would be necessary, and got a skilful conveyancer, Mr. Charles Brockden, to put the whole in form of articles of agreement to be subscribed, by which each subscriber engag'd to pay a certain sum down for the first purchase of books, and an annual contribution for increasing them.
我画了一个计划和必要的规则的草图，并请了一位熟练的转让师查尔斯·布罗克登先生，将整个计划以协议条款的形式写下来供订阅，根据该条款，每个订阅者必须为第一次购买书籍支付一定的金额，并每年为增加书籍支付一笔捐款。
So few were the readers at that time in Philadelphia, and the majority of us so poor, that I was not able, with great industry, to find more than fifty persons, mostly young tradesmen, willing to pay down for this purpose forty shillings each, and ten shillings per annum.
当时费城的读者太少了，而且我们大多数人都很穷，以至于我无法以极大的努力找到五十多个人，其中大多数是年轻的商人，愿意为此目的每人支付四十先令，每年十先令。
On this little fund we began.
我们从这个小基金开始。
The books were imported; the library was opened one day in the week for lending to the subscribers, on their promissory notes to pay double the value if not duly returned.
这些书是进口的；图书馆每周开放一天，向订户借阅本票，如果未及时归还，将支付双倍的费用。
The institution soon manifested its utility, was imitated by other towns, and in other provinces.
该机构很快就显现出其效用，并被其他城镇和其他省份效仿。
The libraries were augmented by donations; reading became fashionable; and our people, having no publick amusements to divert their attention from study, became better acquainted with books, and in a few years were observ'd by strangers to be better instructed and more intelligent than people of the same rank generally are in other countries.
图书馆因捐款而得到扩充；阅读成为一种时尚；我们的人民由于没有公共娱乐来分散他们学习的注意力，因此对书籍更加熟悉，并且在几年之内，陌生人就发现我们比其他国家的同等级别的人受到更好的教育，也更聪明。
When we were about to sign the above mentioned articles, which were to be binding on us, our heirs, etc., for fifty years, Mr. Brockden, the scrivener, said to us, "You are young men, but it is scarcely probable that any of you will live to see the expiration of the term fix'd in the instrument." A number of us, however, are yet living; but the instrument was after a few years rendered null by a charter that incorporated and gave perpetuity to the company.
当我们正要签署上述条款时，这些条款对我们、我们的继承人等具有五十年的约束力，书记员布罗克登先生对我们说：“你们是年轻人，但你们中的任何一个人都不太可能活着看到文书中规定的期限届满。”然而，我们中的许多人还活着；但几年后，该文书因成立公司并赋予公司永久地位的章程而失效。
The objections and reluctances I met with in soliciting the subscriptions, made me soon feel the impropriety of presenting one's self as the proposer of any useful project, that might be suppos'd to raise one's reputation in the smallest degree above that of one's neighbours, when one has need of their assistance to accomplish that project.
我在征集捐款时遇到的反对和不情愿，使我很快就感到，当一个人需要邻居的帮助来完成该项目时，以任何有用项目的提议者的身份出现是不合适的，这可能会在最小程度上提高自己的声誉高于邻居。
I therefore put myself as much as I could out of sight, and stated it as a scheme of a _number of friends_, who had requested me to go about and propose it to such as they thought lovers of reading.
因此，我尽可能地让自己远离人们的视线，并把它说成是一些朋友的计划，他们要求我四处走走，向他们认为是读书爱好者的人提出这个计划。
In this way my affair went on more smoothly, and I ever after practis'd it on such occasions; and, from my frequent successes, can heartily recommend it.
这样我的事情就进展得比较顺利了，以后我也经常在这种场合这么做。而且，从我经常取得的成功来看，我可以衷心推荐它。
The present little sacrifice of your vanity will afterwards be amply repaid.
你现在为虚荣而做出的小小的牺牲，以后将会得到充分的回报。
If it remains a while uncertain to whom the merit belongs, someone more vain than yourself will be encouraged to claim it, and then even envy will be disposed to do you justice by plucking those assumed feathers, and restoring them to their right owner.
如果在一段时间内不确定该功绩属于谁，那么就会鼓励比你更虚荣的人来声称它，然后甚至嫉妒也会通过拔掉那些假定的羽毛并将它们归还给它们正确的主人来对你进行正义。
This library afforded me the means of improvement by constant study, for which I set apart an hour or two each day, and thus repair'd in some degree the loss of the learned education my father once intended for me.
这个图书馆为我提供了通过不断学习来提高的手段，我每天都会抽出一两个小时来学习，从而在某种程度上弥补了我父亲曾经为我提供的学术教育的损失。
Reading was the only amusement I allow'd myself.
阅读是我允许自己进行的唯一娱乐活动。
I spent no time in taverns, games, or frolicks of any kind; and my industry in my business continu'd as indefatigable as it was necessary.
我没有花时间去小酒馆、游戏或任何形式的嬉闹。我继续在我的事业上孜孜不倦地工作，这是必要的。
I was indebted for my printing-house; I had a young family coming on to be educated, and I had to contend with for business two printers, who were established in the place before me.
我感谢我的印刷厂；我有一个年轻的家庭即将接受教育，我不得不与在我之前的地方建立的两台打印机竞争业务。
My circumstances, however, grew daily easier.
然而，我的处境却一天比一天轻松。
My original habits of frugality continuing, and my father having, among his instructions to me when a boy, frequently repeated a proverb of Solomon, "Seest thou a man diligent in his calling, he shall stand before kings, he shall not stand before mean men," I from thence considered industry as a means of obtaining wealth and distinction, which encourag'd me, tho' I did not think that I should ever literally _stand before kings_, which, however, has since happened; for I have stood before _five_, and even had the honor of sitting down with one, the King of Denmark, to dinner.
我最初的节俭习惯仍在继续，我父亲在我还是个孩子时对我的教导中经常重复所罗门的一句谚语：“你看，一个人在他的职业中勤奋，他将站在国王面前，他不会站在小人面前。”从那时起，我认为勤奋是获得财富和荣誉的一种手段，这鼓励了我，尽管我不认为我应该真正地“站在国王面前”，然而，从那时起，这已经发生了；因为我曾站在五人面前，甚至有幸与一位丹麦国王坐下来共进晚餐。
We have an English proverb that says, "_He that would thrive, must ask his wife_." It was lucky for me that I had one as much dispos'd to industry and frugality as myself.
我们有一句英国谚语说：“要想茁壮成长，必须问他的妻子。”我很幸运，有一个和我一样勤奋节俭的人。
She assisted me chearfully in my business, folding and stitching pamphlets, tending shop, purchasing old linen rags for the paper-makers, etc., etc. We kept no idle servants, our table was plain and simple, our furniture of the cheapest.
她热心地协助我做生意，折叠和缝制小册子，照料商店，为造纸厂购买旧亚麻抹布等等。我们没有闲着的仆人，我们的桌子朴素简单，我们的家具是最便宜的。
For instance, my breakfast was a long time break and milk (no tea), and I ate it out of a twopenny earthen porringer, with a pewter spoon.
例如，我的早餐是长时间休息和牛奶（没有茶），我用一个两便士的陶制粥和锡勺子吃它。
But mark how luxury will enter families, and make a progress, in spite of principle: being call'd one morning to breakfast, I found it in a China bowl, with a spoon of silver!
但请注意，奢华将如何进入家庭，并取得进展，尽管有原则：有一天早上，我被叫去吃早餐，我在一个瓷碗里发现了它，还有一勺银勺！
They had been bought for me without my knowledge by my wife, and had cost her the enormous sum of three-and-twenty shillings, for which she had no other excuse or apology to make, but that she thought _her_ husband deserv'd a silver spoon and China bowl as well as any of his neighbors.
它们是我妻子在我不知情的情况下为我买的，花了她三二十先令的巨款，对此她没有其他借口或道歉，但她认为她的丈夫应该像他的任何邻居一样得到一把银汤匙和瓷碗。
This was the first appearance of plate and China in our house, which afterward, in a course of years, as our wealth increas'd, augmented gradually to several hundred pounds in value.
这是盘子和瓷器第一次出现在我们家里，后来，在几年的时间里，随着我们财富的增加，它的价值逐渐增加到几百英镑。
I had been religiously educated as a Presbyterian; and though some of the dogmas of that persuasion, such as the _eternal decrees of God_, _election_, _reprobation_, _etc._, appeared to me unintelligible, others doubtful, and I early absented myself from the public assemblies of the sect, Sunday being my studying day, I never was without some religious principles.
我作为一名长老会教徒接受了宗教教育。尽管这种信仰的一些教条，例如“上帝的永恒法令”、“选举”、“谴责”等，在我看来难以理解，另一些则令人怀疑，而且我很早就缺席了该教派的公开集会，周日是我的学习日，但我从来没有没有过一些宗教原则。
I never doubted, for instance, the existence of the Deity; that he made the world, and govern'd it by his Providence; that the most acceptable service of God was the doing good to man; that our souls are immortal; and that all crime will be punished, and virtue rewarded, either here or hereafter.
例如，我从不怀疑神的存在。他创造了世界，并以他的天意统治着它；上帝最蒙悦纳的服务就是为人类行善；我们的灵魂是不朽的；一切罪行都将受到惩罚，美德将得到奖赏，无论是此时还是今后。
These I esteem'd the essentials of every religion; and, being to be found in all the religions we had in our country, I respected them all, tho' with different degrees of respect, as I found them more or less mix'd with other articles, which, without any tendency to inspire, promote, or confirm morality, serv'd principally to divide us, and make us unfriendly to one another.
我认为这些是每个宗教的本质；而且，由于存在于我们国家的所有宗教中，我尊重它们，尽管尊重程度不同，因为我发现它们或多或少与其他文章混合在一起，这些文章没有任何启发、促进或确认道德的倾向，主要是为了分裂我们，使我们彼此不友好。
This respect to all, with an opinion that the worst had some good effects, induc'd me to avoid all discourse that might tend to lessen the good opinion another might have of his own religion; and as our province increas'd in people, and new places of worship were continually wanted, and generally erected by voluntary contribution, my mite for such purpose, whatever might be the sect, was never refused.
这种对所有人的尊重，以及一种认为最坏的情况也会产生一些好的影响的观点，促使我避免所有可能会削弱他人对自己宗教的好感度的言论；随着我们省人口的增加，不断需要新的礼拜场所，并且通常是通过自愿捐款来建立的，我为此目的付出的小钱，无论是哪个教派，都从未被拒绝过。
Tho' I seldom attended any public worship, I had still an opinion of its propriety, and of its utility when rightly conducted, and I regularly paid my annual subscription for the support of the only Presbyterian minister or meeting we had in Philadelphia.
尽管我很少参加任何公共礼拜，但我仍然认为其适当性以及正确进行时的实用性，并且我定期缴纳年度会费，以支持我们在费城唯一的长老会牧师或会议。
He us'd to visit me sometimes as a friend, and admonished me to attend his administrations, and I was now and then prevail'd on to do so, once for five Sundays successively.
他有时会以朋友的身份来看望我，并劝告我参加他的行政活动，我时不时地说服我这样做，连续五个周日一次。
Had he been in my opinion a good preacher, perhaps I might have continued,[65] notwithstanding the occasion I had for the Sunday's leisure in my course of study; but his discourses were chiefly either polemic arguments, or explications of the peculiar doctrines of our sect, and were all to me very dry, uninteresting, and unedifying, since not a single moral principle was inculcated or enforc'd, their aim seeming to be rather to make us Presbyterians than good citizens.
如果他在我看来是一位优秀的传教士，也许我可能会继续下去，[65]尽管我有机会在周日的空闲时间学习；但他的演讲主要要么是辩论性的论点，要么是对我们教派特有教义的解释，对我来说都非常枯燥、无趣、没有启发性，因为没有一条道德原则被灌输或强制执行，他们的目的似乎是让我们成为长老会教徒，而不是好公民。
[65] Franklin expressed a different view about the duty of attending church later.
[65] 富兰克林对于后来去教堂的义务表达了不同的观点。
At length he took for his text that verse of the fourth chapter of Philippians, "_Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, honest, just, pure, lovely, or of good report, if there be any virtue, or any praise, think on these things._" And I imagin'd, in a sermon on such a text, we could not miss of having some morality.
最后，他把《腓立比书》第四章的那节经文作为自己的经文：“最后，弟兄们，凡是真实的、诚实的、公正的、纯洁的、可爱的或有美名的事物，如果有任何美德或任何赞美，你们都要思想这些事情。”我想，在讲道这样的经文时，我们不能错过一些道德。
But he confin'd himself to five points only, as meant by the apostle, viz.: 1.
但正如使徒所言，他只提出五点，即： 1.
Keeping holy the Sabbath day.
守安息日为圣日。
2.
2.
Being diligent in reading the holy Scriptures.
勤奋研读圣经。
3.
3.
Attending duly the publick worship.
按时参加公众崇拜。
4.
4.
Partaking of the Sacrament.
领受圣餐。
5.
5.
Paying a due respect to God's ministers.
对上帝的传道人给予应有的尊重。
These might be all good things; but, as they were not the kind of good things that I expected from that text, I despaired of ever meeting with them from any other, was disgusted, and attended his preaching no more.
这些也许都是好事；但是，由于它们不是我期望从该文本中得到的那种好东西，因此我对与其他文本中的它们见面感到绝望，感到厌恶，并不再参加他的讲道。
I had some years before compos'd a little Liturgy, or form of prayer, for my own private use (viz., in 1728), entitled, _Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion_.
几年前，我为自己的私人用途（即 1728 年）编写了一些礼拜仪式或祈祷形式，题为《信仰条款和宗教行为》。
I return'd to the use of this, and went no more to the public assemblies.
我又开始使用它，不再去公共集会。
My conduct might be blameable, but I leave it, without attempting further to excuse it; my present purpose being to relate facts, and not to make apologies for them.
我的行为也许应该受到指责，但我还是放弃了，不再试图为它辩解。我现在的目的是讲述事实，而不是为它们道歉。
IX
九
PLAN FOR ATTAINING MORAL PERFECTION
实现道德完美的计划
It was about this time I conceived the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection.
大约就在这个时候，我萌生了实现道德完美的大胆而艰巨的计划。
I wish'd to live without committing any fault at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into.
我愿生活任何时候都没有任何过错；我会克服自然倾向、习惯或同伴可能引导我进入的一切。
As I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other.
正如我所知道的，或者自以为知道的，什么是对的，什么是错的，我不明白为什么我不能总是做一个而避免另一个。
But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty than I had imagined.[66] While my care was employ'd in guarding against one fault, I was often surprised by another; habit took the advantage of inattention; inclination was sometimes too strong for reason.
但我很快发现我承担的任务比我想象的还要困难。 [66]当我小心翼翼地防止一种错误时，我常常对另一种错误感到惊讶。习惯利用了疏忽；有时，这种倾向是出于某种原因而过于强烈。
I concluded, at length, that the mere speculative conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous, was not sufficient to prevent our slipping; and that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired and established, before we can have any dependence on a steady, uniform rectitude of conduct.
最后，我得出的结论是，仅仅凭推测相信完全的道德是我们的利益，并不足以防止我们滑倒；相反，我们的行为是错误的。在我们能够依赖稳定、统一的正直行为之前，必须打破相反的习惯，养成并建立良好的习惯。
For this purpose I therefore contrived the following method.
为此，我设计了以下方法。
[66] Compare Philippians iv, 8.
[66] 比较腓立比书第四章，第八章。
In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I had met with in my reading, I found the catalogue more or less numerous, as different writers included more or fewer ideas under the same name.
在我阅读时遇到的各种道德美德的列举中，我发现目录的数量或多或少，因为不同的作家在同一名称下包含了或多或少的想法。
Temperance, for example, was by some confined to eating and drinking, while by others it was extended to mean the moderating every other pleasure, appetite, inclination, or passion, bodily or mental, even to our avarice and ambition.
例如，节制对一些人来说仅限于饮食，而另一些人则扩展到意味着节制其他一切快乐、食欲、倾向或激情，无论是身体上还是精神上，甚至是我们的贪婪和野心。
I propos'd to myself, for the sake of clearness, to use rather more names, with fewer ideas annex'd to each, than a few names with more ideas; and I included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time occurr'd to me as necessary or desirable, and annexed to each a short precept, which fully express'd the extent I gave to its meaning.
为了清楚起见，我向自己建议，使用更多的名字，每个名字所附加的想法要少，而不是使用几个带有更多想法的名字；我把当时想到的所有必要的或可取的美德归入十三个美德名称下，并为每一个美德附上一条简短的戒律，充分表达了我对其含义的理解。
These names of virtues, with their precepts, were:
这些美德的名称及其戒律是：
1.
1.
Temperance.
节制。
Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.
吃得不要太饱；饮酒不宜升高。
2.
2.
Silence.
沉默。
Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.
只讲对他人或对自己有利的话；避免琐碎的谈话。
3.
3.
Order.
订单。
Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.
让你所有的东西各归其位；让您业务的每个部分都有自己的时间。
4.
4.
Resolution.
决议。
Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.
下定决心去做你应该做的事；一定要执行你所决定的事情。
5.
5.
Frugality.
节俭。
Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; _i.
不花钱，只为他人或自己做好事； _我。
e._, waste nothing.
e._，不浪费任何东西。
6.
6.
INDUSTRY.
工业。
Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.
不失时机;总是从事有用的事情；切断所有不必要的行动。
7.
7.
Sincerity.
真诚。
Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly; and, if you speak, speak accordingly.
不使用有害的欺骗手段；天真地、公正地思考；如果你说话，就相应地说话。
8.
8.
Justice.
正义。
Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
造成伤害或忽略你的职责所带来的好处都没有错。
9.
9.
Moderation.
适度。
Avoid extreams; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
避免极端行为；克制对伤害的怨恨，只要你认为这是他们应得的。
10.
10.
Cleanliness.
清洁度。
Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloaths, or habitation.
不得容忍身体、衣服或住所的不洁。
11.
11.
Tranquillity.
安宁。
Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
不要为琐事或常见或不可避免的事故而烦恼。
12.
12.
Chastity.
贞洁。
Rarely use venery but for Health or Offspring; Never to Dulness, Weakness, or the Injury of your own or another's Peace or Reputation.
很少使用性爱，但为了健康或后代；切勿导致迟钝、虚弱或损害您自己或他人的安宁或声誉。
13.
13.
Humility.
谦虚。
Imitate Jesus and Socrates.
效仿耶稣和苏格拉底。
My intention being to acquire the _habitude_ of all these virtues, I judg'd it would be well not to distract my attention by attempting the whole at once, but to fix it on one of them at a time; and, when I should be master of that, then to proceed to another, and so on, till I should have gone thro' the thirteen; and, as the previous acquisition of some might facilitate the acquisition of certain others, I arrang'd them with that view, as they stand above.
我的目的是要养成所有这些美德的_习惯_，我认为最好不要一次尝试全部美德来分散我的注意力，而是一次将注意力集中在其中一个美德上。当我掌握了这一点时，就开始进行另一件事，依此类推，直到我完成了十三件事为止。而且，由于先前获得的一些可能会促进获得某些其他的，因此我以这种观点排列它们，因为它们位于上方。
Temperance first, as it tends to procure that coolness and clearness of head, which is so necessary where constant vigilance was to be kept up, and guard maintained against the unremitting attraction of ancient habits, and the force of perpetual temptations.
首先是节制，因为它往往会使头脑冷静和清醒，这对于保持持续警惕、防范古老习惯的不断吸引和永久诱惑的力量来说是非常必要的。
This being acquir'd and establish'd, Silence would be more easy; and my desire being to gain knowledge at the same time that I improv'd in virtue, and considering that in conversation it was obtain'd rather by the use of the ears than of the tongue, and therefore wishing to break a habit I was getting into of prattling, punning, and joking, which only made me acceptable to trifling company, I gave _Silence_ the second place.
一旦获得并建立了这一点，沉默就会变得更容易；我的愿望是在提高德行的同时获得知识，考虑到在谈话中知识是通过耳朵而不是舌头获得的，因此希望改掉我养成的喋喋不休、双关语和开玩笑的习惯，这只能让我接受微不足道的同伴，所以我把“沉默”放在了第二位。
This and the next, _Order_, I expected would allow me more time for attending to my project and my studies.
我希望这个和下一个订单可以让我有更多的时间来参加我的项目和学习。
_Resolution_, once become habitual, would keep me firm in my endeavours to obtain all the subsequent virtues; _Frugality_ and Industry freeing me from my remaining debt, and producing affluence and independence, would make more easy the practice of Sincerity and Justice, etc., etc. Conceiving then, that, agreeably to the advice of Pythagoras[67] in his Golden Verses, daily examination would be necessary, I contrived the following method for conducting that examination.
_决心_一旦成为习惯，就会让我坚定地努力获得所有后续的美德； _节俭_和勤奋使我摆脱了剩余的债务，并产生了富裕和独立，将使真诚和正义等的实践变得更加容易。然后，我想到，同意毕达哥拉斯[67]在他的金诗中的建议，每天检查是必要的，我设计了以下方法来进行检查。
I made a little book, in which I allotted a page for each of the virtues.[68] I rul'd each page with red ink, so as to have seven columns, one for each day of the week, marking each column with a letter for the day.
我写了一本小书，为每一种美德分配了一页。[68]我用红墨水画了每一页，这样就有七栏，一栏代表一周中的每一天，每一栏都用一个字母标记当天。
I cross'd these columns with thirteen red lines, marking the beginning of each line with the first letter of one of the virtues, on which line, and in its proper column, I might mark, by a little black spot, every fault I found upon examination to have been committed respecting that virtue upon that day.
我用十三条红线在这些栏上交叉，用其中一种美德的第一个字母标记每行的开头，在该行及其适当的栏上，我可以用一个小黑点标记我在检查时发现的当天在尊重该美德方面所犯的每一个错误。
[67] A famous Greek philosopher, who lived about 582-500 B.
[67] 一位著名的希腊哲学家，大约生活在公元前 582-500 年。
C.
C.
The _Golden Verses_ here ascribed to him are probably of later origin.
这里所说的《金诗篇》可能出自他的手笔。
"The time which he recommends for this work is about even or bed-time, that we may conclude the action of the day with the judgment of conscience, making the examination of our conversation an evening song to God."
“他建议这项工作的时间大约是晚上或就寝时间，这样我们就可以用良心的判断来结束一天的行动，使我们对谈话的审视成为一首献给上帝的晚歌。”
[68] This "little book" is dated July 1, 1733.--W.
[68] 这本“小书”的日期为 1733 年 7 月 1 日。--W.
T.
T。
F.
F。
_Form of the pages._
_页面形式._
TEMPERANCE.
节制。
EAT NOT TO DULLNESS.
不要吃得迟钝。
DRINK NOT TO ELEVATION.
请勿饮酒。
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | TEMPERANCE.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ |节制。
| +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | EAT NOT TO DULLNESS.
| +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ |不要吃得迟钝。
| | DRINK NOT TO ELEVATION.
| |请勿饮酒。
| +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | | S.
| +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | | S。
| M.
| M。
| T.
| T。
| W.
| W.
| T.
| T。
| F.
| F。
| S.
| S。
| +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | T.
| +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | T。
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | S.
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | S。
| * | * | | * | | * | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | O.
| * | * | | * | | * | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ |奥。
| ** | * | * | | * | * | * | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | R.
| ** | * | * | | * | * | * | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | R。
| | | * | | | * | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | F.
| | | * | | | * | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | F。
| | * | | | * | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | I.
| | * | | | * | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ |我。
| | | * | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | S.
| | | * | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | S。
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | J.
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | J。
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | M.
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | M。
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | C.
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | C.
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | T.
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | T。
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | C.
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | C.
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
I determined to give a week's strict attention to each of the virtues successively.
我决定连续一周严格关注每一项美德。
Thus, in the first week, my great guard was to avoid every the least offense against _Temperance_, leaving the other virtues to their ordinary chance, only marking every evening the faults of the day.
因此，在第一周，我的严密戒备是避免对节制的任何最轻微的冒犯，而将其他美德留给他们平常的机会，只在每天晚上标记当天的过错。
Thus, if in the first week I could keep my first line, marked T, clear of spots, I suppos'd the habit of that virtue so much strengthen'd, and its opposite weaken'd, that I might venture extending my attention to include the next, and for the following week keep both lines clear of spots.
因此，如果在第一周我能保持我的第一行标记为T的地方没有斑点，我想这种美德的习惯就会大大加强，而它的相反的习惯就会减弱，我可能会冒险将我的注意力扩展到下一条线上，并在接下来的一周里保持两条线都没有斑点。
Proceeding thus to the last, I could go thro' a course compleat in thirteen weeks, and four courses in a year.
就这样一直进行到最后，我可以在十三周内完成一门课程，一年内完成四门课程。
And like him who, having a garden to weed, does not attempt to eradicate all the bad herbs at once, which would exceed his reach and his strength, but works on one of the beds at a time, and, having accomplish'd the first, proceeds to a second, so I should have, I hoped, the encouraging pleasure of seeing on my pages the progress I made in virtue, by clearing successively my lines of their spots, till in the end, by a number of courses, I should be happy in viewing a clean book, after a thirteen weeks' daily examination.
就像他，有一个花园要除草，不会试图立即根除所有坏草本，这会超出他的能力和力量，而是一次在其中一张床上工作，完成第一个，然后继续第二个，所以我希望，我应该有令人鼓舞的快乐，在我的书页上看到我在美德上所取得的进步，通过连续清除我的线条上的斑点，直到最后，通过一些课程，我应该很高兴看到一本干净的书，在一个十三周的每日检查。
This my little book had for its motto these lines from Addison's _Cato_:
我的这本小书的座右铭来自艾迪生的_Cato_：
"Here will I hold.
“我就守在这儿。
If there's a power above us (And that there is, all nature cries aloud Thro' all her works), He must delight in virtue; And that which he delights in must be happy."
如果有一种力量凌驾于我们之上（事实上，所有的大自然都在大声呼喊着她的作品），那么他一定会喜欢美德；而他所喜爱的，必定是快乐的。”
Another from Cicero,
另一位来自西塞罗，
"O vitæ Philosophia dux!
“哦，这就是哲学！
O virtutum indagatrix expultrixque vitiorum!
O virtutum indagatrix expultrixque vitiorum！
Unus dies, bene et ex præceptis tuis actus, peccanti immortalitati est anteponendus."[69]
Unus dies, bene et ex præceptis tuis actus, peccanti immortalitati est anteponendus.”[69]
[69] "O philosophy, guide of life!
[69]“哲学啊，生活的指南！
O searcher out of virtue and exterminator of vice!
啊，美德的探索者和罪恶的消灭者！
One day spent well and in accordance with thy precepts is worth an immortality of sin."--_Tusculan Inquiries_, Book V.
依照你的戒律好好度过一天，就值得罪孽不朽。”——_Tusculan Inquiries_，第五卷。
Another from the Proverbs of Solomon, speaking of wisdom or virtue:
另一个出自《所罗门箴言》，谈到智慧或美德：
"Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left hand riches and honour.
“长寿在她的右手，财富和荣誉在她的左手。
Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace." iii.
她的道路是愉快的，她所有的道路都是平安。”三.
16, 17.
16、17。
And conceiving God to be the fountain of wisdom, I thought it right and necessary to solicit his assistance for obtaining it; to this end I formed the following little prayer, which was prefix'd to my tables of examination, for daily use.
我认为上帝是智慧的源泉，因此我认为为了获得智慧而寻求他的帮助是正确且必要的。为此，我写了下面的小祷文，放在我的考试表的前面，以供日常使用。
"_O powerful Goodness!
“_哦，强大的上帝！
bountiful Father!
丰富的父亲！
merciful Guide!
仁慈的向导！
Increase in me that wisdom which discovers my truest interest.
增加我的智慧，发现我最真正的兴趣。
Strengthen my resolutions to perform what that wisdom dictates.
坚定我的决心，去执行智慧所指示的事情。
Accept my kind offices to thy other children as the only return in my power for thy continual favours to me_."
请接受我对你其他孩子的善意服务，这是我对你持续不断的恩惠的唯一回报。”
I used also sometimes a little prayer which I took from Thomson's Poems, viz.:
有时我也使用从汤姆森的诗中摘录的一点祈祷，即：
"Father of light and life, thou Good Supreme!
“光与生命之父，您至高无上！
O teach me what is good; teach me Thyself!
哦，教导我什么是善；教我你自己！
Save me from folly, vanity, and vice, From every low pursuit; and fill my soul With knowledge, conscious peace, and virtue pure; Sacred, substantial, never-fading bliss!"
救我脱离愚蠢、虚荣和恶习，脱离一切低级的追求；使我的灵魂充满知识、自觉的平静和纯洁的美德；神圣、充实、永不褪色的幸福！”
The precept of _Order_ requiring that _every part of my business should have its allotted time_, one page in my little book contain'd the following scheme of employment for the twenty-four hours of a natural day.
《命令》的戒律要求“我业务的每个部分都应有其分配的时间”，我的小册子中的一页包含了以下自然日二十四小时的就业计划。
{ 5} Rise, wash, and address { 6} _Powerful Goodness_!
{ 5} 起身、清洗并讲话 { 6} _强大的善良_！
The Morning.
早晨。
{ } Contrive day's _Question._ What good { } business, and take the shall I do this day?
{ } 设计一天的_问题。_ 有什么好的{ } 生意，并考虑我今天应该做什么？
{ } resolution of the day; { 7} prosecute the present { } study, and breakfast.
{ } 当天的决议； { 7} 进行当前的{ }学习，并吃早餐。
8} 9} Work.
8} 9} 工作。
10} 11}
10} 11}
Noon.
中午。
{12} Read, or overlook my { 1} accounts, and dine.
{12}阅读或忽略我的{1}帐户，然后用餐。
2} 3} Work.
2} 3} 工作。
4} 5} Evening.
4} 5} 晚上。
{ 6} Put things in their _Question._ What good { 7} places.
{ 6} 把东西放在他们的_Question._ 多好的{7} 地方。
Supper.
晚餐。
Music have I done to-day?
我今天做了音乐吗？
{ 8} or diversion, or conversation.
{ 8} 或转移注意力，或交谈。
{ 9} Examination of { } the day.
{ 9} { } 日的考试。
Night.
夜晚。
{10} Sleep.
{10}睡觉。
{11} {12} { 1} { 2} { 3} { 4}
{11} {12} { 1} { 2} { 3} { 4}
I enter'd upon the execution of this plan for self-examination, and continu'd it with occasional intermissions for some time.
我开始执行这个自我检查计划，并持续了一段时间，偶尔休息一下。
I was surpris'd to find myself so much fuller of faults than I had imagined; but I had the satisfaction of seeing them diminish.
我惊讶地发现自己的缺点比我想象的要多得多。但我很高兴看到它们逐渐减少。
To avoid the trouble of renewing now and then my little book, which, by scraping out the marks on the paper of old faults to make room for new ones in a new course, became full of holes, I transferr'd my tables and precepts to the ivory leaves of a memorandum book, on which the lines were drawn with red ink, that made a durable stain, and on those lines I mark'd my faults with a black-lead pencil, which marks I could easily wipe out with a wet sponge.
为了避免时不时地更新我的小本子的麻烦，我的小本子通过刮掉纸上的旧过失标记，为新课程中的新过失腾出空间，而变得充满了漏洞，我把我的表格和戒律转移到一本象牙色的备忘录本上，上面的线条是用红墨水画的，这样可以形成持久的污点，在这些线条上我用黑铅铅笔标记我的过失，这些标记我可以很容易地用湿海绵擦掉。
After a while I went thro' one course only in a year, and afterward only one in several years, till at length I omitted them entirely, being employ'd in voyages and business abroad, with a multiplicity of affairs that interfered; but I always carried my little book with me.
过了一段时间，我一年只上一门课程，后来几年只上一门课程，直到最后我完全省略了它们，因为我在国外航行和做生意，有多种事务干扰；但我总是随身带着我的小书。
My scheme of Order gave me the most trouble;[70] and I found that, tho' it might be practicable where a man's business was such as to leave him the disposition of his time, that of a journeyman printer, for instance, it was not possible to be exactly observed by a master, who must mix with the world, and often receive people of business at their own hours.
我的秩序计划给我带来了最大的麻烦；[70]我发现，尽管在一个人的工作中让他自行支配自己的时间（例如熟练印刷工）的情况下，这可能是可行的，但要被一位必须与世界打交道的大师精确观察是不可能的，因为他必须与世界打交道，并且经常在自己的时间接待商务人士。
_Order_, too, with regard to places for things, papers, etc., I found extreamly difficult to acquire.
_订单_，关于物品、文件等的位置，我发现也极难获得。
I had not been early accustomed to it, and, having an exceeding good memory, I was not so sensible of the inconvenience attending want of method.
我并没有很早就习惯了，而且我的记忆力非常好，所以不太意识到由于缺乏方法而带来的不便。
This article, therefore, cost me so much painful attention, and my faults in it vexed me so much, and I made so little progress in amendment, and had such frequent relapses, that I was almost ready to give up the attempt, and content myself with a faulty character in that respect, like the man who, in buying an ax of a smith, my neighbour, desired to have the whole of its surface as bright as the edge.
因此，这篇文章让我花费了太多的精力，其中的错误也让我非常烦恼，我在修改方面进展甚微，而且经常出现旧病，以至于我几乎准备放弃尝试，并满足于自己在这方面的错误性格，就像一个人在给我的邻居铁匠买了一把斧子时，希望它的整个表面像边缘一样光亮。
The smith consented to grind it bright for him if he would turn the wheel; he turn'd, while the smith press'd the broad face of the ax hard and heavily on the stone, which made the turning of it very fatiguing.
铁匠同意，如果他愿意转动轮子，就把它磨得明亮。他转过身来，而铁匠则将斧头的宽面用力地压在石头上，这使得转动它非常疲劳。
The man came every now and then from the wheel to see how the work went on, and at length would take his ax as it was, without farther grinding.
那人时不时地从轮子上过来看看工作进展如何，最后他会照原样拿起斧子，不再进一步打磨。
"No," said the smith, "turn on, turn on; we shall have it bright by-and-by; as yet, it is only speckled." "Yes," says the man, "_but I think I like a speckled ax best_." And I believe this may have been the case with many, who, having, for want of some such means as I employ'd, found the difficulty of obtaining good and breaking bad habits in other points of vice and virtue, have given up the struggle, and concluded that "_a speckled ax was best_"; for something, that pretended to be reason, was every now and then suggesting to me that such extream nicety as I exacted of myself might be a kind of foppery in morals, which, if it were known, would make me ridiculous; that a perfect character might be attended with the inconvenience of being envied and hated; and that a benevolent man should allow a few faults in himself, to keep his friends in countenance.
“不，”铁匠说，“打开，打开；我们很快就会让它变得明亮；到目前为止，它只是有斑点。” “是的，”那人说，“但我想我最喜欢一把有斑点的斧头。”我相信，许多人的情况可能就是这样，因为缺乏我所采用的某些手段，他们发现在其他恶行和美德方面很难养成好习惯并改掉坏习惯，因此放弃了斗争，并得出结论：“有斑点的斧头是最好的”。因为一些假装理性的东西时不时地向我暗示，我对自己要求的这种极端的美好可能是一种道德上的庸俗，如果这被人知道，我会变得可笑。完美的品格可能会伴随着被嫉妒和憎恨的不便；仁慈的人应该允许自己有一些缺点，以博得朋友的好感。
[Illustration: "The smith consented to grind it bright for him if he would turn the wheel"]
[插图：“铁匠同意，如果他愿意转动轮子，就把它磨得明亮”]
[70] Professor McMaster tells us that when Franklin was American Agent in France, his lack of business order was a source of annoyance to his colleagues and friends.
[70] 麦克马斯特教授告诉我们，当富兰克林在法国担任美国特工时，他缺乏商业秩序，这让他的同事和朋友感到烦恼。
"Strangers who came to see him were amazed to behold papers of the greatest importance scattered in the most careless way over the table and floor."
“来看他的陌生人都惊讶地发现最重要的文件以最粗心的方式散落在桌子和地板上。”
In truth, I found myself incorrigible with respect to Order; and now I am grown old, and my memory bad, I feel very sensibly the want of it.
事实上，我发现自己在秩序方面无可救药。现在我年纪大了，记忆力也不好，我很明显地感到自己缺乏记忆。
But, on the whole, tho' I never arrived at the perfection I had been so ambitious of obtaining, but fell far short of it, yet I was, by the endeavour, a better and a happier man than I otherwise should have been if I had not attempted it; as those who aim at perfect writing by imitating the engraved copies, tho' they never reach the wish'd-for excellence of those copies, their hand is mended by the endeavour, and is tolerable while it continues fair and legible.
但是，总的来说，虽然我从未达到我如此雄心勃勃地想要达到的完美，而且还远远没有达到它，但通过我的努力，我已经成为一个比我没有尝试过的情况下更好、更幸福的人了。就像那些通过模仿刻本来追求完美书写的人一样，虽然他们永远达不到那些复制品所希望的卓越，但他们的手通过努力得到了改善，并且在保持公平和清晰的同时是可以忍受的。
It may be well my posterity should be informed that to this little artifice, with the blessing of God, their ancestor ow'd the constant felicity of his life, down to his 79th year, in which this is written.
或许应该告诉我的子孙后代，在上帝的祝福下，他们的祖先在他79岁的时候一直幸福快乐地生活，直到他79岁时才写下这篇文章。
What reverses may attend the remainder is in the hand of Providence; but, if they arrive, the reflection on past happiness enjoy'd ought to help his bearing them with more resignation.
剩下的事情可能发生什么逆转，就掌握在上帝的手中；但是，如果他们到达了，对过去所享受的幸福的反思应该会帮助他更加顺从地忍受他们。
To Temperance he ascribes his long-continued health, and what is still left to him of a good constitution; to Industry and Frugality, the early easiness of his circumstances and acquisition of his fortune, with all that knowledge that enabled him to be a useful citizen, and obtained for him some degree of reputation among the learned; to Sincerity and Justice, the confidence of his country, and the honorable employs it conferred upon him; and to the joint influence of the whole mass of the virtues,[71] even in the imperfect state he was able to acquire them, all that evenness of temper, and that cheerfulness in conversation, which makes his company still sought for, and agreeable even to his younger acquaintance.
他将自己长久以来的健康状况以及至今仍保持的良好体质归功于节制。勤奋和节俭，他早年的安逸生活和财富的获得，以及所有使他成为有用公民的知识，并为他在学者中赢得了一定程度的声誉；感谢他的真诚和正义、国家的信任以及国家赋予他的光荣工作；在所有美德的共同影响下，[71]即使在不完美的状态下，他也能获得这些美德，脾气温和，谈话愉快，这使得他的陪伴仍然受到追捧，甚至对他年轻的朋友来说也很愉快。
I hope, therefore, that some of my descendants may follow the example and reap the benefit.
因此，我希望我的一些子孙能够效仿并从中受益。
[71] While there can be no question that Franklin's moral improvement and happiness were due to the practice of these virtues, yet most people will agree that we shall have to go back of his plan for the impelling motive to a virtuous life.
[71] 毫无疑问，富兰克林的道德进步和幸福归功于这些美德的实践，但大多数人都会同意，我们必须放弃他的计划，以实现高尚的生活。
Franklin's own suggestion that the scheme smacks of "foppery in morals" seems justified.
富兰克林自己认为该计划带有“道德败坏”的味道，这似乎是有道理的。
Woodrow Wilson well puts it: "Men do not take fire from such thoughts, unless something deeper, which is missing here, shine through them.
伍德罗·威尔逊（Woodrow Wilson）说得好：“人们不会因为这样的想法而生气，除非这里缺少的更深层次的东西在他们身上闪耀。
What may have seemed to the eighteenth century a system of morals seems to us nothing more vital than a collection of the precepts of good sense and sound conduct.
在十八世纪看来，道德体系对我们来说，似乎没有比良好理智和健全行为的戒律的集合更重要的了。
What redeems it from pettiness in this book is the scope of power and of usefulness to be seen in Franklin himself, who set these standards up in all seriousness and candor for his own life." See _Galatians_, chapter V, for the Christian plan of moral perfection.
在这本书中，富兰克林本人的力量和用处使它摆脱了琐碎的束缚，他为自己的生活制定了这些标准，非常严肃和坦率。”参见《加拉太书》第五章，了解基督教道德完美的计划。
It will be remark'd that, tho' my scheme was not wholly without religion, there was in it no mark of any of the distinguishing tenets of any particular sect.
值得注意的是，尽管我的计划并非完全没有宗教信仰，但其中并没有任何特定教派的任何独特教义的标志。
I had purposely avoided them; for, being fully persuaded of the utility and excellency of my method, and that it might be serviceable to people in all religions, and intending some time or other to publish it, I would not have anything in it that should prejudice anyone, of any sect, against it.
我故意避开他们；因为，我完全相信我的方法的实用性和卓越性，并且它可能对所有宗教的人们都有用，并打算在某个时候将其出版，所以我不会在其中有任何内容会妨碍任何人，任何教派，反对它。
I purposed writing a little comment on each virtue, in which I would have shown the advantages of possessing it, and the mischiefs attending its opposite vice; and I should have called my book The Art of Virtue,[72] because it would have shown the means and manner of obtaining virtue, which would have distinguished it from the mere exhortation to be good, that does not instruct and indicate the means, but is like the apostle's man of verbal charity, who only without showing to the naked and hungry how or where they might get clothes or victuals, exhorted them to be fed and clothed.--James ii.
我打算对每一种美德写一点评论，在其中我会展示拥有它的好处，以及与它相反的恶习所带来的危害；我应该将我的书命名为《美德的艺术》，[72] 因为它会展示获得美德的手段和方式，这将使其与单纯劝诫行善区分开来，后者并不指导和指示手段，而是像使徒的口头慈善家一样，他只是在没有向赤身裸体和饥饿的人展示他们如何或在哪里可以获得衣服或食物的情况下，规劝他们有食物和衣服。
15, 16.
15、16。
[72] Nothing so likely to make a man's fortune as virtue.--_Marg.
[72] 没有什么比美德更能让一个人发财了。--_玛格。
note_.
笔记_。
But it so happened that my intention of writing and publishing this comment was never fulfilled.
但偏偏我写这篇评论并发表的初衷却始终未能实现。
I did, indeed, from time to time, put down short hints of the sentiments, reasonings, etc., to be made use of in it, some of which I have still by me; but the necessary close attention to private business in the earlier part of my life, and public business since, have occasioned my postponing it; for, it being connected in my mind with _a great and extensive project_, that required the whole man to execute, and which an unforeseen succession of employs prevented my attending to, it has hitherto remain'd unfinish'd.
事实上，我确实时不时地写下了一些简短的暗示，其中包含了要在其中使用的情感、推理等，其中一些我至今还保留着。但由于我早年对私人事务以及此后对公共事务的密切关注，导致我推迟了这件事。因为，在我看来，它与一个伟大而广泛的项目有关，需要整个人来执行，而一系列不可预见的工作使我无法参与，所以迄今为止它仍未完成。
In this piece it was my design to explain and enforce this doctrine, that vicious actions are not hurtful because they are forbidden, but forbidden because they are hurtful, the nature of man alone considered; that it was, therefore, everyone's interest to be virtuous who wish'd to be happy even in this world; and I should, from this circumstance (there being always in the world a number of rich merchants, nobility, states, and princes, who have need of honest instruments for the management of their affairs, and such being so rare), have endeavoured to convince young persons that no qualities were so likely to make a poor man's fortune as those of probity and integrity.
在这篇文章中，我的目的是解释和强化这一学说，即恶毒行为并不是因为被禁止而有害，而是因为它们有害而被禁止，仅考虑人的本性；因此，即使在这个世界上，每个希望幸福的人都应该保持道德。鉴于这种情况（世界上总是有许多富商、贵族、国家和王子，他们需要诚实的工具来管理他们的事务，而这种情况非常罕见），我应该努力让年轻人相信，没有什么品质比诚实和正直更能让穷人发财了。
My list of virtues contain'd at first but twelve; but a Quaker friend having kindly informed me that I was generally thought proud; that my pride show'd itself frequently in conversation; that I was not content with being in the right when discussing any point, but was overbearing, and rather insolent, of which he convinc'd me by mentioning several instances; I determined endeavouring to cure myself, if I could, of this vice or folly among the rest, and I added _Humility_ to my list, giving an extensive meaning to the word.
我的美德清单一开始只有十二项；但一位贵格会朋友好心地告诉我，人们普遍认为我很自豪；我的骄傲经常在谈话中表现出来；在讨论任何问题时，我并不满足于自己是对的，而是专横跋扈，相当傲慢，他通过提到几个例子使我相信了这一点；我决定，如果可以的话，努力治愈自己的这种恶习或其他愚蠢行为，并将“谦逊”添加到我的清单中，赋予这个词广泛的含义。
I cannot boast of much success in acquiring the _reality_ of this virtue, but I had a good deal with regard to the _appearance_ of it.
我不能自夸在获得这种美德的_现实_方面取得了很大的成功，但我对它的_表象_有很多了解。
I made it a rule to forbear all direct contradiction to the sentiments of others, and all positive assertion of my own.
我制定了一条规则，禁止与他人的观点发生任何直接矛盾，以及我自己的所有积极主张。
I even forbid myself, agreeably to the old laws of our Junto, the use of every word or expression in the language that imported a fix'd opinion, such as _certainly, undoubtedly_, etc., and I adopted, instead of them, _I conceive, I apprehend_, or _I imagine_ a thing to be so or so; or it _so appears to me at present_.
我什至禁止自己使用带有固定观点的语言中的每一个单词或表达方式，例如“当然”、“毫无疑问”等，我什至同意自己遵守我们的军政府的旧法，而我采用了“我设想”、“我理解”或“我想象”事物是这样或那样的方式来代替它们；或者_目前在我看来_。
When another asserted something that I thought an error, I deny'd myself the pleasure of contradicting him abruptly, and of showing immediately some absurdity in his proposition; and in answering I began by observing that in certain cases or circumstances his opinion would be right, but in the present case there _appear'd_ or _seem'd_ to me some difference, etc. I soon found the advantage of this change in my manner; the conversations I engag'd in went on more pleasantly.
当另一个人提出了我认为错误的主张时，我拒绝了自己突然反驳他的乐趣，并立即表明他的主张有些荒谬。在回答时，我首先观察到，在某些情况或情况下，他的观点是正确的，但在目前的情况下，在我看来或似乎存在一些差异，等等。我很快就发现了我的态度改变的好处；我参与的谈话进行得更加愉快。
The modest way in which I propos'd my opinions procur'd them a readier reception and less contradiction; I had less mortification when I was found to be in the wrong, and I more easily prevail'd with others to give up their mistakes and join with me when I happened to be in the right.
我以谦虚的方式提出自己的观点，使他们更容易接受，也减少了矛盾。当我被发现是错的时候，我不会感到那么羞愧，当我碰巧是对的时候，我更容易说服别人放弃他们的错误并加入我的行列。
And this mode, which I at first put on with some violence to natural inclination, became at length so easy, and so habitual to me, that perhaps for these fifty years past no one has ever heard a dogmatical expression escape me.
我一开始采用的这种方式有点违背自然倾向，但最终变得如此简单，对我来说如此习惯，以至于在过去的五十年里，也许没有人听过任何教条式的表达方式逃过我的眼睛。
And to this habit (after my character of integrity) I think it principally owing that I had early so much weight with my fellow-citizens when I proposed new institutions, or alterations in the old, and so much influence in public councils when I became a member; for I was but a bad speaker, never eloquent, subject to much hesitation in my choice of words, hardly correct in language, and yet I generally carried my points.
我认为，这种习惯（按照我的正直性格）主要是因为，当我提出新机构或改变旧机构时，我很早就在同胞中享有如此大的影响力，而当我成为一名成员时，我在公共委员会中拥有如此大的影响力；因为我只是一个糟糕的演讲者，从来没有雄辩，在选择词语时经常犹豫不决，语言几乎不正确，但我总体上表达了我的观点。
In reality, there is, perhaps, no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as _pride_.
事实上，也许没有一种自然激情比_骄傲_更难抑制。
Disguise it, struggle with it, beat it down, stifle it, mortify it as much as one pleases, it is still alive, and will every now and then peep out and show itself; you will see it, perhaps, often in this history; for, even if I could conceive that I had compleatly overcome it, I should probably be proud of my humility.
伪装它，与它斗争，打倒它，压制它，羞辱它，随心所欲，它还活着，时不时地探出头来，表现出来；也许你会在这段历史中经常看到它；因为，即使我可以想象我已经完全克服了它，我也应该为我的谦逊感到自豪。
[Thus far written at Passy, 1784.]
[到目前为止写于帕西，1784 年。]
[_"I am now about to write at home, August, 1788, but cannot have the help expected from my papers, many of them being lost in the war.
[_“1788 年 8 月，我现在正要在家里写作，但无法从我的论文中获得预期的帮助，其中许多在战争中丢失了。
I have, however, found the following."_][73]
然而，我发现了以下内容。"_][73]
[73] This is a marginal memorandum.--B.
[73] 这是一份边注备忘录。--B.
Having mentioned _a great and extensive project_ which I had conceiv'd, it seems proper that some account should be here given of that project and its object.
提到了我所设想的“一个伟大而广泛的项目”，似乎应该在这里对该项目及其目标进行一些说明。
Its first rise in my mind appears in the following little paper, accidentally preserv'd, viz.:
它在我脑海中的第一次出现出现在下面的小论文中，意外地保存下来，即：
_Observations_ on my reading history, in Library, May 19th, 1731.
关于我的阅读历史的_观察_，图书馆，1731 年 5 月 19 日。
"That the great affairs of the world, the wars, revolutions, etc., are carried on and effected by parties.
“世界上的伟大事务、战争、革命等，都是由政党来进行和影响的。
"That the view of these parties is their present general interest, or what they take to be such.
“这些政党的观点是他们目前的总体利益，或者他们认为的总体利益。
"That the different views of these different parties occasion all confusion.
“这些不同政党的不同观点引起了混乱。
"That while a party is carrying on a general design, each man has his particular private interest in view.
“当一个政党进行总体设计时，每个人都有他特定的私人利益。
"That as soon as a party has gain'd its general point, each member becomes intent upon his particular interest; which, thwarting others, breaks that party into divisions, and occasions more confusion.
“一旦一个政党获得了其普遍观点，每个成员就会专注于自己的特殊利益；这会阻碍其他人，使该政党陷入分裂，并造成更多混乱。
"That few in public affairs act from a mere view of the good of their country, whatever they may pretend; and, tho' their actings bring real good to their country, yet men primarily considered that their own and their country's interest was united, and did not act from a principle of benevolence.
“在公共事务中，很少有人仅仅出于国家利益的考虑而行事，无论他们如何假装；虽然他们的行为确实为国家带来了好处，但人们主要认为自己和国家的利益是一致的，而不是从仁的原则行事。
"That fewer still, in public affairs, act with a view to the good of mankind.
“在公共事务中，以人类福祉为出发点的人就更少了。
"There seems to me at present to be great occasion for raising a United Party for Virtue, by forming the virtuous and good men of all nations into a regular body, to be govern'd by suitable good and wise rules, which good and wise men may probably be more unanimous in their obedience to, than common people are to common laws.
“在我看来，目前是建立一个美德团结党的好时机，将所有国家的有德行和善良的人组成一个正规团体，由适当的善良和明智的规则来管理，善良和明智的人可能会比普通人更一致地遵守共同的法律。
"I at present think that whoever attempts this aright, and is well qualified, cannot fail of pleasing God, and of meeting with success.
“我目前认为，无论谁正确地尝试这一点，并且有足够的资格，都不会不讨上帝的喜悦，并且会取得成功。
B.
B.
F."
F。”
Revolving this project in my mind, as to be undertaken hereafter, when my circumstances should afford me the necessary leisure, I put down from time to time, on pieces of paper, such thoughts as occurr'd to me respecting it.
在我的脑海中盘旋这个项目，以便以后进行，当我的情况应该给我必要的闲暇时，我时不时地在纸上写下我想到的尊重它的想法。
Most of these are lost; but I find one purporting to be the substance of an intended creed, containing, as I thought, the essentials of every known religion, and being free of everything that might shock the professors of any religion.
其中大部分都已丢失；但我发现它声称是某种信条的实质内容，正如我所想的那样，它包含了每一种已知宗教的本质，并且不含任何可能使任何宗教的教授感到震惊的东西。
It is express'd in these words, viz.:
它用这些话来表达，即：
"That there is one God, who made all things.
“只有一位上帝，他创造了万物。
"That he governs the world by his providence.
“他以他的旨意统治世界。
"That he ought to be worshiped by adoration, prayer, and thanksgiving.
“他应该受到崇拜、祈祷和感恩的崇拜。
"But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man.
“但上帝最可接受的服务就是为人类行善。
"That the soul is immortal.
“灵魂是不朽的。
"And that God will certainly reward virtue and punish vice, either here or hereafter."
“上帝肯定会奖赏美德，惩罚恶行，无论是此时还是今后。”
My ideas at that time were, that the sect should be begun and spread at first among young and single men only; that each person to be initiated should not only declare his assent to such creed, but should have exercised himself with the thirteen weeks' examination and practice of the virtues, as in the beforemention'd model; that the existence of such a society should be kept a secret, till it was become considerable, to prevent solicitations for the admission of improper persons, but that the members should each of them search among his acquaintance for ingenuous, well-disposed youths, to whom, with prudent caution, the scheme should be gradually communicated; that the members should engage to afford their advice, assistance, and support to each other in promoting one another's interests, business, and advancement in life; that, for distinction, we should be call'd _The Society of the Free and Easy_: free, as being, by the general practice and habit of the virtues, free from the dominion of vice; and particularly by the practice of industry and frugality, free from debt, which exposes a man to confinement, and a species of slavery to his creditors.
我当时的想法是，该教派应该首先只在年轻人和单身男子中创立和传播；每个被启蒙的人不仅应该声明他同意这样的信条，而且应该像前面提到的模型一样，通过十三周的美德检查和实践来锻炼自己；这样一个社团的存在应该保密，直到它变得相当大，以防止招揽不适当的人加入，但成员每个人都应该在他的熟人中寻找天真、善良的年轻人，并应谨慎小心地逐步向他们传达该计划；成员应相互提供建议、帮助和支持，以促进彼此的利益、业务和生活进步；为了区别起见，我们应该被称为“自由而轻松的社会”：自由，因为美德的普遍实践和习惯，不受罪恶的统治；尤其是通过勤劳和节俭的做法，摆脱债务，这使一个人受到限制，并成为债权人的一种奴役。
This is as much as I can now recollect of the project, except that I communicated it in part to two young men, who adopted it with some enthusiasm; but my then narrow circumstances, and the necessity I was under of sticking close to my business, occasioned my postponing the further prosecution of it at that time; and my multifarious occupations, public and private, induc'd me to continue postponing, so that it has been omitted till I have no longer strength or activity left sufficient for such an enterprise; though I am still of opinion that it was a practicable scheme, and might have been very useful, by forming a great number of good citizens; and I was not discourag'd by the seeming magnitude of the undertaking, as I have always thought that one man of tolerable abilities may work great changes, and accomplish great affairs among mankind, if he first forms a good plan, and, cutting off all amusements or other employments that would divert his attention, makes the execution of that same plan his sole study and business.
这就是我现在对这个项目所能记得的全部内容，只是我把它部分地传达给了两个年轻人，他们怀着某种热情接受了它。但我当时的处境有限，而且我必须专注于我的事业，导致我当时推迟了进一步的起诉；我的各种职业，无论是公共的还是私人的，都促使我继续推迟，所以它一直被忽略，直到我不再有足够的力量或活动来进行这样的事业；尽管我仍然认为这是一个可行的计划，并且可能非常有用，可以培养大量的好公民；我并没有因为这项看似艰巨的任务而灰心丧气，因为我一直认为，一个有能力的人如果首先制定一个良好的计划，并且戒掉所有会分散他注意力的娱乐或其他工作，把执行同一计划作为他唯一的研究和工作，他就可以做出巨大的改变，并在人类中完成伟大的事业。
X
X
POOR RICHARD'S ALMANAC AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
穷理查德的年鉴和其他活动
In 1732 I first publish'd my Almanack, under the name of _Richard Saunders_; it was continu'd by me about twenty-five years, commonly call'd _Poor Richard's Almanac_.[74] I endeavour'd to make it both entertaining and useful, and it accordingly came to be in such demand, that I reap'd considerable profit from it, vending annually near ten thousand.
1732 年，我以理查德·桑德斯 (Richard Saunders) 的名义首次出版了我的年鉴。我继续写了大约二十五年，通常被称为《穷理查德年鉴》。 [74]我努力让它既有趣又有用，因此它的需求量很大，我从中获得了可观的利润，每年售出近万个。
And observing that it was generally read, scarce any neighborhood in the province being without it, I consider'd it as a proper vehicle for conveying instruction among the common people, who bought scarcely any other books; I therefore filled all the little spaces that occurr'd between the remarkable days in the calendar with proverbial sentences, chiefly such as inculcated industry and frugality, as the means of procuring wealth, and thereby securing virtue; it being more difficult for a man in want, to act always honestly, as, to use here one of those proverbs, _it is hard for an empty sack to stand upright_.
由于观察到这本书被普遍阅读，全省几乎没有哪个社区没有它，我认为它是向普通民众传达指导的适当工具，他们几乎不买任何其他书籍；因此，我用谚语填满了日历中非凡日子之间出现的所有小空间，主要是诸如灌输的勤劳和节俭，作为获得财富的手段，从而确保美德；对于一个贫穷的人来说，始终诚实行事是更困难的，因为，用这里的一句谚语来说，“空袋子很难直立”。
[74] The almanac at that time was a kind of periodical as well as a guide to natural phenomena and the weather.
[74] 当时的年鉴是一种期刊，也是自然现象和天气的指南。
Franklin took his title from _Poor Robin_, a famous English almanac, and from Richard Saunders, a well-known almanac publisher.
富兰克林的头衔取自英国著名年鉴《穷罗宾》和著名年鉴出版商理查德·桑德斯。
For the maxims of Poor Richard, see pages 331-335.
有关穷理查德的格言，请参阅第 331-335 页。
These proverbs, which contained the wisdom of many ages and nations, I assembled and form'd into a connected discourse prefix'd to the Almanack of 1757, as the harangue of a wise old man to the people attending an auction.
这些谚语包含了许多时代和国家的智慧，我将它们汇集起来，形成了一个连贯的话语，前缀于1757年的年鉴中，就像一位睿智的老人对参加拍卖会的人们的长篇大论。
The bringing all these scatter'd councils thus into a focus enabled them to make greater impression.
将所有这些分散的议会集中起来，使他们能够给人留下更深刻的印象。
The piece, being universally approved, was copied in all the newspapers of the Continent; reprinted in Britain on a broadside, to be stuck up in houses; two translations were made of it in French, and great numbers bought by the clergy and gentry, to distribute gratis among their poor parishioners and tenants.
这篇文章得到了普遍认可，被欧洲大陆的所有报纸转载。在英国大版重印，贴在房子里；该书被翻译成法文两个版本，神职人员和贵族大量购买，免费分发给贫穷的教区居民和佃户。
In Pennsylvania, as it discouraged useless expense in foreign superfluities, some thought it had its share of influence in producing that growing plenty of money which was observable for several years after its publication.
在宾夕法尼亚州，由于它阻止了对外国过剩的无用支出，一些人认为它在产生大量不断增长的资金方面发挥了一定的影响力，这一点在其出版后的几年里都可以观察到。
Two pages from _Poor Richard's Almanac_ for 1736.
1736 年《穷理查德年鉴》中的两页。
Size of original.
原件尺寸。
Reproduced from a copy at the New York Public Library.
复制自纽约公共图书馆的副本。
_IV Mon._ June hath xxx days.
_IV 星期一_ 六月有 xxx 天。
Things that are bitter, bitterrer than Gall Physicians say are always physical: Now Women's Tongues if into Powder beaten, May in a Potion or a Pill be eaten, And as there's nought more bitter, I do muse, That Women's Tongues in Physick they ne'er use.
苦的东西，比胆医生所说的更苦的东西总是物理的：现在女性的舌头如果打成粉末，可以在药水或药丸中食用，而且因为没有比胆医生所说的更苦的东西了，所以女性的舌头在物理上他们从不使用。
My self and others who lead restless Lives, Would spare that bitter Member of our Wives.
我自己和其他过着不安宁生活的人，会饶恕我们妻子中那个痛苦的成员。
1 3 _fine weather_, 4 Le 4 36 8 Moon set 10 12 aft 2 4 Ascension Day 5 19 4 35 8 _He that can have_ 3 5 Mars Sat.
1 3 _好天气_，4 Le 4 36 8 月亮落下 10 12 船尾 2 4 升天日 5 19 4 35 8 _可以拥有的人_ 3 5 火星周六。
Ven.
文。
_Sudden_ 6 Vi 4 35 8 _Patience, can_ 4 6 _showers_ 6h 19 4 35 8 _have what he_ 5 7 _of Rain_.
_突然_ 6 Vi 4 35 8 _耐心，可以_ 4 6 _阵雨_ 6h 19 4 35 8 _有他_ 5 7 _下雨_。
7 Li 4 35 8 First Quarter.
7 李 4 35 8 第一节。
6 C Eraudi 8 19 4 35 8 _will._ 7 2 Trine Mars Merc.
6 C Eraudi 8 19 4 35 8 _will._ 7 2 三合火星 Merc。
_thunder_, 9 Sc 4 35 8 Le.
_雷_，9 Sc 4 35 8 Le。
Vi.
维。
Li.
李。
8 3 _perhaps hail._ 10 17 4 35 8 Sun ent.
8 3 _也许冰雹。_ 10 17 4 35 8 太阳进入。
Cn.
cn.
today 9 4 7* rise 2 15 10 Sa 4 34 8 making longest 10 5 _very hot_, 11 13 4 34 8 day 14 h.
今天 9 4 7* 上升 2 15 10 Sa 4 34 8 最长 10 5 _非常热_，11 13 4 34 8 天 14 小时。
51 m.
51 m。
11 6 St. Barnabas.
11 6 圣巴拿巴。
12 26 4 34 8 Full Moon 12 day, 12 7 _then rain_.
12 26 4 34 8 满月 12 天，12 7 _然后下雨_。
1 Cp 4 34 8 at 1 morn.
1 Cp 4 34 8 上午 1 点。
13 C Whitsunday.
13 C 圣灵降临节。
2 20 4 35 8 Moon rise 8 20 aft.
2 20 4 35 8 月亮升起 8 20 船尾
14 2 2h Aq 4 35 8 _Now I've a sheep_ 15 3 K.
14 2 2h Aq 4 35 8 _现在我有一只羊_ 15 3 K.
Geo.
地理。
II.
二.
procl 3 15 4 35 8 _and a cow, every_ 16 4 ff.
procl 3 15 4 35 8 _还有一头牛，每_ 16 4 ff。
Sun Sat.
周日周六。
_wind, rain_, 4 27 4 35 8 _body bids me good_ 17 5 Sxtil Sat.
_风，雨_，4 27 4 35 8 _身体对我好_ 17 5 Sxtil 周六。
Merc.
梅尔。
_hail and_ 5 Pi 4 35 8 _morrow._ 18 6 _thunder_ 6 21 4 35 8 Moon rise 11 10 af.
_冰雹和_ 5 Pi 4 35 8 _morrow._ 18 6 _thunder_ 6 21 4 35 8 月亮升起 11 10 af.
19 7 Day shorter 2 m.
19 7 天缩短 2 m。
6h Ar 4 35 8 20 C Trinity Sund.
6 小时 Ar 4 35 8 20 C 三一太阳。
7 15 4 36 8 Last Quarter 21 2 _If we have rain about_ 8 27 4 36 8 _God helps them_ 22 3 _the Change_, 9 Ta 4 36 8 _that help themselves_ 23 4 _Let not my reader_ 10 22 4 36 8 24 5 St. John Bap.
7 15 4 36 8 最后一个季度 21 2 _如果我们下雨了_ 8 27 4 36 8 _上帝帮助他们_ 22 3 _改变_, 9 Ta 4 36 8 _帮助自己_ 23 4 _不要让我的读者_ 10 22 4 36 8 24 5 圣约翰巴普。
10 Gm 4 36 8 Moon rise 2 morn.
10 Gm 4 36 8 月亮升起 2 早上。
25 6 7* rise 1 8 11 18 4 37 8 _Why does the_ 26 7 vc Sun Jup.
25 6 7* 上升 1 8 11 18 4 37 8 _为什么会这样_ 26 7 vc Sun Jup。
_think it_ 12 Cn 4 37 8 _blind man's wife_ 27 C _strange._ 1 16 4 38 8 New moon 27 day, 28 2 Sxtil Sat.
_想想吧_ 12 Cn 4 37 8 _盲人的妻子_ 27 C _strange._ 1 16 4 38 8 新月 27 天，28 2 Sxtil 星期六。
Mars _hail and_ 2 Le 4 38 8 near noon.
火星_冰雹和_ 2 Le 4 38 8 接近中午。
29 3 St. Peter & Paul 2h 15 4 39 8 _paint herself._ 30 4 Square Mars Ven.
29 3 圣彼得和保罗 2h 15 4 39 8 _画自己。_ 30 4 Square Mars Ven。
_rain_.
_雨_。
3 Vi 4 40 8 Moon sets 9 30
3 Vi 4 40 8 月落 9 30
_V Mon._ July hath xxxi days.
_V 星期一_ 七月有 xxxi 天。
Who can charge _Ebrio_ with Thirst of Wealth?
谁能给_Ebrio_带来财富渴求？
See he consumes his Money, Time and Health, In drunken Frolicks which will all confound, Neglects his Farm, forgets to till his Ground, His Stock grows less that might be kept with ease; In nought but Guts and Debts he finds Encrease.
看到他消耗了他的金钱、时间和健康，在醉酒的嬉闹中，这一切都会变得混乱，忽视了他的农场，忘记耕种他的土地，他的牲畜生长减少了，可以轻松地保持；除了勇气和债务之外，他一无所获。
In Town reels as if he'd shove down each Wall, Yet Walls must stand, poor Soul, or he must fall.
在镇上，他摇摇晃晃，好像他推倒了每堵墙，但墙必须矗立，可怜的灵魂，否则他必须倒下。
1 5 Day short 11 mi.
1 5 天短程 11 英里。
4 15 4 40 8 _None preaches_ 2 6 7* rise 12 32 5 Li 4 41 8 _better than the_ 3 7 _windy weather._ 6 15 4 41 8 _ant, and she says_ 4 C 2 Sund.
4 15 4 40 8 _无人传教_ 2 6 7* 升起 12 32 5 李 4 41 8 _比天气好_ 3 7 _刮风天气。_ 6 15 4 41 8 _蚂蚁，她说_ 4 C 2 周日。
p Trinit 6h Sc 4 42 8 First Quarter.
p Trinit 6h Sc 4 42 8 第一季度。
5 2 Vc Jup.
5 2 Vc Jup。
Ven.
文。
_now_ 7 14 4 43 8 _nothing._ 6 3 _pleasant weather_ 8 27 4 44 8 Moon sets 12 30 m 7 4 _some days_ 9 Sa 4 45 8 _The absent are_ 8 5 _together,_ 10 23 4 48 8 _never without_ 9 6 _but inclines to_ 10 Cp 4 47 8 _fault, nor the_ 10 7 _falling_ 11 18 4 48 8 _present without_ 11 C 3 Sund.
_现在_ 7 14 4 43 8 _没什么。_ 6 3 _宜人的天气_ 8 27 4 44 8 月亮落下 12 30 m 7 4 _某些日子_ 9 Sa 4 45 8 _缺席的是_ 8 5 _一起，_ 10 23 4 48 8 _从来没有没有_ 9 6 _但是倾向于_ 10 Cp 4 47 8 _故障，也不是_ 10 7 _坠落_ 11 18 4 48 8 _存在而没有_ 11 C 3 Sund。
p.
p。
Trin.
特林.
12 Aq 4 49 8 Full moon 11 day, 12 2 Sxtil Sat.
12 Aq 4 49 8 满月 11 天，12 2 Sxtil 星期六。
Merc.
梅尔。
weather.
天气。
1 13 4 50 8 2 afternoon.
1 13 4 50 8 2 下午。
13 3 Dog-days begin 2 25 4 50 8 sun in Leo 14 4 Days 14h.
13 3 狗日开始 2 25 4 50 8 太阳在狮子座 14 4 天 14h。
20 m 2h Pi 4 51 8 Moon rise 8 35 aft.
20 m 2h Pi 4 51 8 月亮升起 8 35 船尾
15 5 St. _Swithin_.
15 5 圣_Swithin_。
3 19 4 52 8 _excuse._ 16 6 Le 1 Li 4 Ar 4 53 8 17 7 conj.
3 19 4 52 8 _借口._ 16 6 Le 1 Li 4 Ar 4 53 8 17 7 连词。
Sun Merc.
太阳默克。
_rain_ 5 13 4 54 8 _Gifts burst_ 18 C 7* rise 11 40 6 25 4 55 8 _rocks_ 19 2 _hail or rain,_ 6h Ta 4 56 8 Last Quarter.
_rain_ 5 13 4 54 8 _礼物爆发_ 18 C 7* 上升 11 40 6 25 4 55 8 _rocks_ 19 2 _冰雹或雨,_ 6h Ta 4 56 8 上个季度。
20 3 Sxtil Sun Sat.
20 月 3 日至周日周六
thunder.
雷声。
7 19 4 57 8 Moon rise 11 52 af 21 4 7* rise 11 18 8 Gm 4 57 8 _If wind blows on_ 22 5 _then high_ 9 14 4 58 8 _you thro' a hole,_ 23 6 _wind._ 10 27 4 59 8 _Make your will_ 24 7 opp.
7 19 4 57 8 月亮升起 11 52 af 21 4 7* 升起 11 18 8 Gm 4 57 8 _如果风吹_ 22 5 _那么高_ 9 14 4 58 8 _你穿过一个洞，_ 23 6 _风._ 10 27 4 59 8 _让你的will_ 24 7 机会。
Sun Jupiter 10 Cn 4 59 8 _and take care of_ 25 C St. James.
太阳木星 10 Cn 4 59 8_并照顾_25 C 圣詹姆斯。
11 25 5 0 7 _your soul._ 26 2 _hail_ 12 Le 5 1 7 New moon 26 day, 27 3 Moon near cor Leo 1 24 5 2 7 near 8 aftern 28 4 opp.
11 25 5 0 7 _你的灵魂。_ 26 2 _冰雹_ 12 Le 5 1 7 新月 26 天，27 3 月亮靠近狮子座 1 24 5 2 7 8 点附近 28 4 opp。
Jup.
杰普。
Ven.
文。
_a clear_ 2 Vi 5 3 7 Moon sets 8 aftern 29 5 _air; and fine_ 2h 24 5 4 7 _The rotten Apple_ 30 6 _weather_ 3 Li 5 5 7 _spoils his_ 31 7 7* rise 10 40 4 23 5 6 7 _Companion._
_a clear_ 2 Vi 5 3 7 月亮落下 8 后 29 5 _air;天气好_ 2h 24 5 4 7 _烂苹果_ 30 6 _天气_ 3 李 5 5 7 _破坏他的_ 31 7 7* 上升 10 40 4 23 5 6 7 _同伴._
[Transcriber's note: Zodiac signs, aspects and symbols of the planets have been replaced by their names and/or by their standard abbreviations.
[抄写员注：星座、行星的相位和符号已被它们的名称和/或它们的标准缩写所取代。
Ar=Aries, Ta=Taurus, Gm=Gemini, Cn=Cancer, Le=Leo, Vi=Virgo, Li=Libra, Sc=Scorpio, Sa=Sagittarius, Cp=Capricorn, Aq=Aqua, Pi=Pisces, Oppos=Opposition, Trine=Trine, Squr=Square, Conj=Conjunction, Sxtil=Sextile, Qucnx= Quincunx.
Ar=白羊座、Ta=金牛座、Gm=双子座、Cn=巨蟹座、Le=狮子座、Vi=处女座、Li=天秤座、Sc=天蝎座、Sa=射手座、Cp=摩羯座、Aq=水色、Pi=双鱼座、Oppos=对分相、Trine=三分相、Squr=四分相、Conj=合相、Sxtil=六合相、Qucnx=梅花相。
Merc=Mercury, Ven=Venus, Mars=Mars, Jup=Jupiter, Sat=Saturn Ura=Uranus, Nep=Neptune, Plu=Pluto.]
Merc=水星，Ven=金星，Mars=火星，Jup=木星，Sat=土星 Ura=天王星，Nep=海王星，Plu=冥王星。]
I considered my newspaper, also, as another means of communicating instruction, and in that view frequently reprinted in it extracts from the Spectator, and other moral writers; and sometimes publish'd little pieces of my own, which had been first composed for reading in our Junto.
我也认为我的报纸是传达指导的另一种方式，因此经常转载《旁观者》和其他道德作家的摘录。有时也会发表我自己的小作品，这些作品最初是在我们的 Junto 中供阅读的。
Of these are a Socratic dialogue, tending to prove that, whatever might be his parts and abilities, a vicious man could not properly be called a man of sense; and a discourse on self-denial, showing that virtue was not secure till its practice became a habitude, and was free from the opposition of contrary inclinations.
其中有一段苏格拉底式的对话，旨在证明，无论恶人的性格和能力如何，他都不能被称为有理智的人。以及关于自我否定的论述，表明美德只有在实践成为一种习惯并且不受相反倾向的反对之后才能得到保障。
These may be found in the papers about the beginning of 1735.[75]
这些可以在 1735 年初的报纸中找到。[75]
[75] June 23 and July 7, 1730.--Smyth.
[75] 1730 年 6 月 23 日和 7 月 7 日。——史密斯。
In the conduct of my newspaper, I carefully excluded all libeling and personal abuse, which is of late years become so disgraceful to our country.
在我的报纸的运作中，我小心翼翼地排除了所有诽谤和人身虐待行为，这些年来这些行为对我们的国家来说变得如此耻辱。
Whenever I was solicited to insert anything of that kind, and the writers pleaded, as they generally did, the liberty of the press, and that a newspaper was like a stage-coach, in which anyone who would pay had a right to a place, my answer was, that I would print the piece separately if desired, and the author might have as many copies as he pleased to distribute himself, but that I would not take upon me to spread his detraction; and that, having contracted with my subscribers to furnish them with what might be either useful or entertaining, I could not fill their papers with private altercation, in which they had no concern, without doing them manifest injustice.
每当我被要求插入任何此类内容时，作家们都会像通常那样恳求新闻自由，报纸就像一辆驿站马车，任何付费的人都有权在其中占有一席之地，我的回答是，如果需要的话，我可以单独印刷这篇文章，作者可以随心所欲地拥有尽可能多的副本，但我不会承担传播他的诽谤的责任；而且，在与我的订阅者签订合同，向他们提供可能有用或有趣的内容之后，我不能在他们的报纸上充满他们毫不关心的私人争吵，否则就会对他们造成明显的不公正。
Now, many of our printers make no scruple of gratifying the malice of individuals by false accusations of the fairest characters among ourselves, augmenting animosity even to the producing of duels; and are, moreover, so indiscreet as to print scurrilous reflections on the government of neighboring states, and even on the conduct of our best national allies, which may be attended with the most pernicious consequences.
现在，我们的许多印刷商不遗余力地通过对我们当中最公正的人物进行虚假指控来满足个人的恶意，甚至加剧了决斗的产生；而且，它们如此轻率，以至于发表对邻国政府、甚至对我们最好的国家盟友的行为的粗鄙反思，这可能会带来最有害的后果。
These things I mention as a caution to young printers, and that they may be encouraged not to pollute their presses and disgrace their profession by such infamous practices, but refuse steadily, as they may see by my example that such a course of conduct will not, on the whole, be injurious to their interests.
我提到这些事情是为了警告年轻的印刷商，并且可以鼓励他们不要通过这种臭名昭著的做法来污染他们的印刷机并羞辱他们的职业，但要坚决拒绝，因为他们可以从我的例子中看到，这种行为方式总体上不会损害他们的利益。
In 1733 I sent one of my journeymen to Charleston, South Carolina, where a printer was wanting.
1733 年，我派了一名熟练工前往南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿，那里需要一台打印机。
I furnish'd him with a press and letters, on an agreement of partnership, by which I was to receive one-third of the profits of the business, paying one-third of the expense.
我根据合伙协议向他提供了一份报纸和信件，根据该协议，我将获得公司三分之一的利润，并支付三分之一的费用。
He was a man of learning, and honest but ignorant in matters of account; and, tho' he sometimes made me remittances, I could get no account from him, nor any satisfactory state of our partnership while he lived.
他是一个有学问的人，为人诚实，但对账目一无所知。尽管他有时会给我汇款，但我无法从他那里得到任何账目，也无法得到他在世期间我们的合作关系的任何令人满意的状况。
On his decease, the business was continued by his widow, who, being born and bred in Holland, where, as I have been inform'd, the knowledge of accounts makes a part of female education, she not only sent me as clear a state as she could find of the transactions past, but continued to account with the greatest regularity and exactness every quarter afterwards, and managed the business with such success, that she not only brought up reputably a family of children, but, at the expiration of the term, was able to purchase of me the printing-house, and establish her son in it.
他去世后，公司由他的遗孀继续经营，她在荷兰出生和长大，据我所知，在荷兰，会计知识是女性教育的一部分，她不仅向我发送了她能找到的尽可能清晰的过去交易情况，而且在之后的每个季度继续以最大的规律性和准确性进行会计，并成功地管理着企业，不仅养育了一个有信誉的孩子的家庭，而且在任期届满时，她能够给我买了一家印刷厂，并让她的儿子在里面安顿下来。
I mention this affair chiefly for the sake of recommending that branch of education for our young females, as likely to be of more use to them and their children, in case of widowhood, than either music or dancing, by preserving them from losses by imposition of crafty men, and enabling them to continue, perhaps, a profitable mercantile house, with establish'd correspondence, till a son is grown up fit to undertake and go on with it, to the lasting advantage and enriching of the family.
我提到这件事主要是为了向我们的年轻女性推荐这一教育分支，在守寡的情况下，这对她们和她们的孩子来说可能比音乐或舞蹈更有用，因为可以保护她们免受狡猾的男人强加的损失，并使她们能够继续，也许，一个有利可图的商业房子，有固定的通信，直到儿子长大后适合承担并继续下去，为家庭带来持久的利益和富裕。
About the year 1734 there arrived among us from Ireland a young Presbyterian preacher, named Hemphill, who delivered with a good voice, and apparently extempore, most excellent discourses, which drew together considerable numbers of different persuasions, who join'd in admiring them.
大约在1734年，有一位年轻的长老会传教士从爱尔兰来到我们中间，名叫亨普希尔，他以优美的嗓音、显然是即兴的演讲，发表了最精彩的演讲，吸引了相当多的不同信仰的人，他们都对他们表示赞赏。
Among the rest, I became one of his constant hearers, his sermons pleasing me, as they had little of the dogmatical kind, but inculcated strongly the practice of virtue, or what in the religious stile are called good works.
在其他人中，我成为他的常听者之一，他的布道令我高兴，因为他们很少教条，但强烈灌输美德的实践，或者在宗教风格中所谓的善行。
Those, however, of our congregation, who considered themselves as orthodox Presbyterians, disapprov'd his doctrine, and were join'd by most of the old clergy, who arraign'd him of heterodoxy before the synod, in order to have him silenc'd.
然而，我们会众中那些自认为是正统长老会的人不同意他的教义，大多数老神职人员也加入了他们的行列，在主教会议上指控他异端，以便让他闭嘴。
I became his zealous partisan, and contributed all I could to raise a party in his favour, and we combated for him awhile with some hopes of success.
我成为了他的热心支持者，并尽我所能来组建一个对他有利的政党，我们为他奋斗了一段时间，并希望取得成功。
There was much scribbling pro and con upon the occasion; and finding that, tho' an elegant preacher, he was but a poor writer, I lent him my pen and wrote for him two or three pamphlets, and one piece in the Gazette of April, 1735.
当时有很多赞成和反对意见。我发现他虽然是位优雅的传教士，但作家却很差，于是我借给他笔，为他写了两三本小册子，其中一篇发表在 1735 年 4 月的公报上。
Those pamphlets, as is generally the case with controversial writings, tho' eagerly read at the time, were soon out of vogue, and I question whether a single copy of them now exists.[76]
这些小册子，就像有争议的著作一样，虽然当时很受欢迎，但很快就过时了，我怀疑现在是否存在它们的单一副本。 [76]
[76] See "A List of Books written by, or relating to Benjamin Franklin," by Paul Leicester Ford.
[76] 参见保罗·莱斯特·福特的“本杰明·富兰克林撰写或与之相关的书籍清单”。
1889.
1889.
p.
p。
15.--Smyth.
15.--史密斯。
During the contest an unlucky occurrence hurt his cause exceedingly.
比赛期间，一件不幸的事情对他的事业造成了极大的伤害。
One of our adversaries having heard him preach a sermon that was much admired, thought he had somewhere read the sermon before, or at least a part of it.
我们的一个对手听过他宣讲了一篇备受赞赏的布道，认为他以前在某处读过这篇布道，或者至少是其中的一部分。
On search, he found that part quoted at length, in one of the British Reviews, from a discourse of Dr. Foster's.[77] This detection gave many of our party disgust, who accordingly abandoned his cause, and occasion'd our more speedy discomfiture in the synod.
在搜索中，他发现英国的一篇评论中详细引用了福斯特博士的一篇演讲中的这一部分。 [77]这一发现让我们党的许多人感到厌恶，他们因此放弃了他的事业，并导致我们在主教会议上更快地陷入困境。
I stuck by him, however, as I rather approv'd his giving us good sermons composed by others, than bad ones of his own manufacture, tho' the latter was the practice of our common teachers.
然而，我还是坚持他，因为我更赞成他给我们讲别人写的好讲道，而不是他自己编造的坏讲道，尽管后者是我们共同老师的做法。
He afterward acknowledg'd to me that none of those he preach'd were his own; adding, that his memory was such as enabled him to retain and repeat any sermon after one reading only.
他后来向我承认，他所宣扬的那些东西都不是他自己的。他补充说，他的记忆力使他能够在读完一遍之后记住并重复任何讲道。
On our defeat, he left us in search elsewhere of better fortune, and I quitted the congregation, never joining it after, tho' I continu'd many years my subscription for the support of its ministers.
在我们失败后，他离开我们去其他地方寻找更好的命运，而我退出了会众，此后再也没有加入过它，尽管多年来我继续捐款以寻求其牧师的支持。
[77] Dr. James Foster (1697-1753):--
[77] 詹姆斯·福斯特博士（1697-1753）：——
"Let modest Foster, if he will excel Ten metropolitans in preaching well."
“谦虚的福斯特，如果他能胜过十位大都市的传道人的话。”
--Pope (Epilogue to the Satires, I, 132).
——波普（讽刺诗后记，I，132）。
"Those who had not heard Farinelli sing and Foster preach were not qualified to appear in genteel company," Hawkins.
“那些没有听过法里内利唱歌和福斯特讲道的人没有资格出现在上流社会，”霍金斯说。
"History of Music."--Smyth.
《音乐史》——史密斯。
I had begun in 1733 to study languages; I soon made myself so much a master of the French as to be able to read the books with ease.
我从 1733 年开始学习语言；很快我就精通了法语，能够轻松地阅读这些书。
I then undertook the Italian.
然后我又学了意大利语。
An acquaintance, who was also learning it, us'd often to tempt me to play chess with him.
一个熟人也在学下棋，我们经常引诱我和他下棋。
Finding this took up too much of the time I had to spare for study, I at length refus'd to play any more, unless on this condition, that the victor in every game should have a right to impose a task, either in parts of the grammar to be got by heart, or in translations, etc., which tasks the vanquish'd was to perform upon honour, before our next meeting.
发现这占用了我太多的学习时间，我最终拒绝再玩了，除非有这样的条件，即每场游戏的胜利者都有权在我们下次见面之前强加一项任务，无论是背诵部分语法，还是翻译等，战败者必须以荣誉完成这些任务。
As we play'd pretty equally, we thus beat one another into that language.
由于我们玩得相当平等，因此我们在使用该语言方面击败了对方。
I afterwards with a little painstaking, acquir'd as much of the Spanish as to read their books also.
后来我花了一点功夫，学会了西班牙语，就像阅读他们的书一样多。
I have already mention'd that I had only one year's instruction in a Latin school, and that when very young, after which I neglected that language entirely.
我已经提到过，我在很小的时候只在一所拉丁语学校接受过一年的教育，之后我就完全忽略了这门语言。
But, when I had attained an acquaintance with the French, Italian, and Spanish, I was surpris'd to find, on looking over a Latin Testament, that I understood so much more of that language than I had imagined, which encouraged me to apply myself again to the study of it, and I met with more success, as those preceding languages had greatly smooth'd my way.
但是，当我熟悉了法语、意大利语和西班牙语后，我惊讶地发现，在翻阅一本拉丁文《圣经》时，我对这些语言的理解比我想象的要多得多，这鼓励我再次投入到对它的研究中，并且我取得了更大的成功，因为前面的语言极大地铺平了我的道路。
From these circumstances, I have thought that there is some inconsistency in our common mode of teaching languages.
从这些情况来看，我认为我们普通的语言教学模式存在一些不一致的地方。
We are told that it is proper to begin first with the Latin, and, having acquir'd that, it will be more easy to attain those modern languages which are deriv'd from it; and yet we do not begin with the Greek, in order more easily to acquire the Latin.
我们被告知，首先从拉丁语开始是正确的，掌握了拉丁语之后，学习从拉丁语衍生出来的现代语言就会更容易。然而，我们并不是从希腊语开始，以便更容易地学习拉丁语。
It is true that, if you can clamber and get to the top of a staircase without using the steps, you will more easily gain them in descending; but certainly, if you begin with the lowest you will with more ease ascend to the top; and I would therefore offer it to the consideration of those who superintend the education of our youth, whether, since many of those who begin with the Latin quit the same after spending some years without having made any great proficiency, and what they have learnt becomes almost useless, so that their time has been lost, it would not have been better to have begun with the French, proceeding to the Italian, etc.; for, tho', after spending the same time, they should quit the study of languages and never arrive at the Latin, they would, however, have acquired another tongue or two, that, being in modern use, might be serviceable to them in common life.[78]
确实，如果你能在不使用台阶的情况下爬到楼梯顶部，那么你在下降时会更容易获得它们；但可以肯定的是，如果你从最低的开始，你会更轻松地登上顶峰。因此，我想请那些监督我们年轻人教育的人考虑一下，既然许多从拉丁语开始学习的人花了几年时间却没有取得任何出色的熟练程度就放弃了同样的学习，而他们所学的东西几乎变得毫无用处，以致他们浪费了时间，所以从法语开始，然后是意大利语等，是否会更好？因为，尽管如此，在花了同样的时间之后，他们应该放弃语言的学习，永远不会学习拉丁语，但是，他们会获得另一种或两种语言，这些语言在现代使用中，可能对他们的日常生活有用。 [78]
[78] "The authority of Franklin, the most eminently practical man of his age, in favor of reserving the study of the dead languages until the mind has reached a certain maturity, is confirmed by the confession of one of the most eminent scholars of any age.
[78] “富兰克林是他那个时代最杰出的务实之人，他的权威主张保留对已消亡语言的研究，直到思想达到一定的成熟度，这一点得到了任何时代最杰出学者之一的自白的证实。
"'Our seminaries of learning,' says Gibbon, 'do not exactly correspond with the precept of a Spartan king, that the child should be instructed in the arts which will be useful to the man; since a finished scholar may emerge from the head of Westminster or Eton, in total ignorance of the business and conversation of English gentlemen in the latter end of the eighteenth century.
“‘我们的神学院，’吉本说，‘并不完全符合斯巴达国王的戒律，即孩子应该接受对男人有用的艺术教育;因为威斯敏斯特或伊顿公学的校长中可能会出现一个完成的学者，但他对 18 世纪末英国绅士的生意和谈话完全无知。
But these schools may assume the merit of teaching all that they pretend to teach, the Latin and Greek languages.'"--Bigelow.
但这些学校可能会自以为教授所有他们假装教授的东西，即拉丁语和希腊语，这是有好处的。”——毕格罗。
After ten years' absence from Boston, and having become easy in my circumstances, I made a journey thither to visit my relations, which I could not sooner well afford.
离开波士顿十年后，我的处境变得轻松起来，我前往那里探望我的亲戚，但我很快就负担不起。
In returning, I call'd at Newport to see my brother, then settled there with his printing-house.
回来时，我到纽波特拜访了我的兄弟，然后在他的印刷厂那里定居下来。
Our former differences were forgotten, and our meeting was very cordial and affectionate.
我们忘记了以前的分歧，我们的见面非常亲切和深情。
He was fast declining in his health, and requested of me that, in case of his death, which he apprehended not far distant, I would take home his son, then but ten years of age, and bring him up to the printing business.
他的健康状况正在迅速恶化，他请求我，万一他在不久的将来去世，我会把他当时才十岁的儿子带回家，让他从事印刷业。
This I accordingly perform'd, sending him a few years to school before I took him into the office.
我相应地做到了这一点，在带他进入办公室之前送他上了几年学。
His mother carried on the business till he was grown up, when I assisted him with an assortment of new types, those of his father being in a manner worn out.
他的母亲一直经营着这个生意，直到他长大，当时我帮助他制作了各种各样的新类型，而他父亲的那些已经有些疲惫了。
Thus it was that I made my brother ample amends for the service I had depriv'd him of by leaving him so early.
因此，我对我哥哥因过早离开而剥夺了他的服务作出了充分的补偿。
[Illustration: "Our former differences were forgotten, and our meeting was very cordial and affectionate"]
【图解：“我们以前的分歧都被遗忘了，我们的见面非常亲切和深情”】
In 1736 I lost one of my sons, a fine boy of four years old, by the small-pox, taken in the common way.
1736 年，我因天花而失去了一个儿子，他是一个四岁的好男孩，以普通方式感染。
I long regretted bitterly, and still regret that I had not given it to him by inoculation.
我后悔已久，至今仍后悔当初没有给他接种。
This I mention for the sake of parents who omit that operation, on the supposition that they should never forgive themselves if a child died under it; my example showing that the regret may be the same either way, and that, therefore, the safer should be chosen.
我提到这一点是为了那些省略手术的父母，因为他们假设如果孩子死于手术，他们永远不会原谅自己；我的例子表明，无论哪种方式，遗憾都可能是相同的，因此，应该选择更安全的。
Our club, the Junto, was found so useful, and afforded such satisfaction to the members, that several were desirous of introducing their friends, which could not well be done without exceeding what we had settled as a convenient number, viz., twelve.
我们的俱乐部，Junto，被发现非常有用，并且给会员带来了很大的满足，以至于有几个人希望介绍他们的朋友，如果不超过我们设定的一个方便的数字，即十二个，这是不可能完成的。
We had from the beginning made it a rule to keep our institution a secret, which was pretty well observ'd; the intention was to avoid applications of improper persons for admittance, some of whom, perhaps, we might find it difficult to refuse.
我们从一开始就制定了对我们机构保密的规定，这一点得到了很好的遵守。其目的是避免不适当的人提出入境申请，其中一些人也许我们可能很难拒绝。
I was one of those who were against any addition to our number, but, instead of it, made in writing a proposal, that every member separately should endeavour to form a subordinate club, with the same rules respecting queries, etc., and without informing them of the connection with the Junto.
我是那些反对增加我们人数的人之一，但我没有这样做，而是以书面形式提出了一项建议，即每个成员都应分别努力组建一个下属俱乐部，在询问等方面遵循相同的规则，并且不告知他们与 Junto 的联系。
The advantages proposed were, the improvement of so many more young citizens by the use of our institutions; our better acquaintance with the general sentiments of the inhabitants on any occasion, as the Junto member might propose what queries we should desire, and was to report to the Junto what pass'd in his separate club; the promotion of our particular interests in business by more extensive recommendation, and the increase of our influence in public affairs, and our power of doing good by spreading thro' the several clubs the sentiments of the Junto.
所提出的好处是，通过利用我们的机构提高更多年轻公民的水平；我们在任何情况下都能更好地了解居民的总体情绪，因为 Junto 成员可能会提出我们应该询问的问题，并向 Junto 报告他单独的俱乐部中通过的情况；通过更广泛的推荐来促进我们在商业上的特殊利益，通过在几个俱乐部传播Junto的情感来增加我们在公共事务中的影响力以及我们做善事的力量。
The project was approv'd, and every member undertook to form his club, but they did not all succeed.
该项目获得批准，每个成员都承诺组建自己的俱乐部，但并非全部成功。
Five or six only were compleated, which were called by different names, as the Vine, the Union, the Band, etc. They were useful to themselves, and afforded us a good deal of amusement, information, and instruction, besides answering, in some considerable degree, our views of influencing the public opinion on particular occasions, of which I shall give some instances in course of time as they happened.
只完成了五六个，它们的名字各不相同，如藤蔓、联盟、乐队等。它们对自己很有用，给我们提供了大量的娱乐、信息和指导，此外，在相当大的程度上回答了我们在特定场合影响公众舆论的观点，我将在这些场合发生时举出一些例子。
My first promotion was my being chosen, in 1736, clerk of the General Assembly.
我的第一次晋升是 1736 年被选为大会书记员。
The choice was made that year without opposition; but the year following, when I was again propos'd (the choice, like that of the members, being annual), a new member made a long speech against me, in order to favour some other candidate.
这一选择是在当年没有遭到反对的情况下做出的。但第二年，当我再次被提名时（与成员的选择一样，每年一次），一位新成员发表了长篇演讲反对我，以支持其他一些候选人。
I was, however, chosen, which was the more agreeable to me, as, besides the pay for the immediate service as clerk, the place gave me a better opportunity of keeping up an interest among the members, which secur'd to me the business of printing the votes, laws, paper money, and other occasional jobbs for the public, that, on the whole, were very profitable.
然而，我被选中了，这对我来说是更令人愉快的，因为除了作为职员的直接服务的报酬之外，这个地方给了我一个更好的机会来保持会员的兴趣，这使我能够从事为公众印制选票、法律、纸币和其他临时工作的业务，总的来说，这是非常有利可图的。
I therefore did not like the opposition of this new member, who was a gentleman of fortune and education, with talents that were likely to give him, in time, great influence in the House, which, indeed, afterwards happened.
因此，我不喜欢这位新议员的反对，他是一位富有、受过教育的绅士，他的才华很可能会给他在众议院带来巨大的影响力，而这确实是后来发生的。
I did not, however, aim at gaining his favour by paying any servile respect to him, but, after some time, took this other method.
然而，我的目的并不是通过对他表示奴性的尊重来赢得他的好感，而是过了一段时间后，采取了另一种方法。
Having heard that he had in his library a certain very scarce and curious book, I wrote a note to him, expressing my desire of perusing that book, and requesting he would do me the favour of lending it to me for a few days.
听说他的图书馆里有一本非常稀缺而好奇的书，我给他写了一张便条，表达了我想读一读那本书的愿望，并请求他帮我借给我几天。
He sent it immediately, and I return'd it in about a week with another note, expressing strongly my sense of the favour.
他立即寄了过来，大约一周后我又寄了一张纸条，强烈表达了我对他的好感。
When we next met in the House, he spoke to me (which he had never done before), and with great civility; and he ever after manifested a readiness to serve me on all occasions, so that we became great friends, and our friendship continued to his death.
当我们下次在众议院见面时，他非常有礼貌地对我说话（这是他以前从未这样做过的）。从那以后，他在任何场合都表现出愿意为我服务，因此我们成为了好朋友，我们的友谊一直持续到他去世。
This is another instance of the truth of an old maxim I had learned, which says, _"He that has once done you a kindness will be more ready to do you another, than he whom you yourself have obliged."_ And it shows how much more profitable it is prudently to remove, than to resent, return, and continue inimical proceedings.
这是我学到的一句古老格言的真理的另一个例子，它说：“曾经对你施过善意的人，会比你自己帮助过的人更愿意为你做另一件事。”它表明，谨慎地去除比怨恨、返回和继续敌意的行为要有利得多。
In 1737, Colonel Spotswood, late governor of Virginia, and then postmaster-general, being dissatisfied with the conduct of his deputy at Philadelphia, respecting some negligence in rendering, and inexactitude of his accounts, took from him the commission and offered it to me.
1737 年，已故弗吉尼亚州州长、当时的邮政局长斯波茨伍德上校，对他在费城的副手的行为感到不满，认为他在翻译过程中存在一些疏忽，账目不准确，因此将他的委托交给了我。
I accepted it readily, and found it of great advantage; for, tho' the salary was small, it facilitated the correspondence that improv'd my newspaper, increas'd the number demanded, as well as the advertisements to be inserted, so that it came to afford me a considerable income.
我欣然接受，发现它有很大的好处。因为，虽然薪水微薄，但它促进了信件往来，改善了我的报纸，增加了需求数量，以及插入的广告，因此它为我提供了可观的收入。
My old competitor's newspaper declin'd proportionately, and I was satisfy'd without retaliating his refusal, while postmaster, to permit my papers being carried by the riders.
我的老竞争对手的报纸相应地下降了，我很满意，没有报复他在担任邮政局长时拒绝允许骑手携带我的报纸。
Thus he suffer'd greatly from his neglect in due accounting; and I mention it as a lesson to those young men who may be employ'd in managing affairs for others, that they should always render accounts, and make remittances, with great clearness and punctuality.
因此，他因疏于适当的会计而蒙受了巨大的损失。我提到这一点是为了给那些可能受雇为他人管理事务的年轻人一个教训，他们应该总是非常清晰和准时地记账和汇款。
The character of observing such a conduct is the most powerful of all recommendations to new employments and increase of business.
遵守这种行为的特征是对新就业和业务增长的所有建议中最有力的。
XI
十一
INTEREST IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS
对公共事务的兴趣
I began now to turn my thoughts a little to public affairs, beginning, however, with small matters.
我现在开始把我的想法稍微转向公共事务，不过是从小事开始。
The city watch was one of the first things that I conceiv'd to want regulation.
城市守卫是我认为最先需要监管的事物之一。
It was managed by the constables of the respective wards in turn; the constable warned a number of housekeepers to attend him for the night.
由各区的警察轮流管理；警察警告一些管家晚上要照顾他。
Those who chose never to attend, paid him six shillings a year to be excus'd, which was suppos'd to be for hiring substitutes, but was, in reality, much more than was necessary for that purpose, and made the constableship a place of profit; and the constable, for a little drink, often got such ragamuffins about him as a watch, that respectable housekeepers did not choose to mix with.
那些选择不参加的人，每年付给他六先令以换取原谅，这本来是为了雇用替代者，但实际上，远远超过了这个目的所需的费用，并使警察职位成为一个利润场所；警察为了喝点酒，经常把这些破破烂烂的衣服当作手表，可敬的管家不会选择与之混在一起。
Walking the rounds, too, was often neglected, and most of the nights spent in tippling.
巡视也常常被忽视，大部分夜晚都是在喝酒中度过的。
I thereupon wrote a paper to be read in Junto, representing these irregularities, but insisting more particularly on the inequality of this six-shilling tax of the constables, respecting the circumstances of those who paid it, since a poor widow housekeeper, all whose property to be guarded by the watch did not perhaps exceed the value of fifty pounds, paid as much as the wealthiest merchant, who had thousands of pounds' worth of goods in his stores.
于是我写了一篇在《Junto》上发表的论文，阐述了这些违规行为，但更具体地坚持了这六先令的警察税的不平等，尊重纳税人的情况，因为一个贫穷的寡妇管家，其所有由值班看守的财产可能不超过五十英镑的价值，所支付的金额与最富有的商人一样多，而最富有的商人在他的商店里拥有价值数千英镑的货物。
On the whole, I proposed as a more effectual watch, the hiring of proper men to serve constantly in that business; and as a more equitable way of supporting the charge, the levying a tax that should be proportion'd to the property.
总的来说，作为一种更有效的监督方式，我建议雇用合适的人来不断地从事这项业务。作为一种更公平的支持收费的方式，应按财产比例征收税款。
This idea, being approv'd by the Junto, was communicated to the other clubs, but as arising in each of them; and though the plan was not immediately carried into execution, yet, by preparing the minds of people for the change, it paved the way for the law obtained a few years after, when the members of our clubs were grown into more influence.
这个想法得到了Junto的批准，并传达给了其他俱乐部，但每个俱乐部都在这样做；尽管该计划没有立即实施，但通过让人们为变革做好准备，它为几年后我们俱乐部的成员变得越来越有影响力时获得的法律铺平了道路。
About this time I wrote a paper (first to be read in Junto, but it was afterward publish'd) on the different accidents and carelessnesses by which houses were set on fire, with cautions against them, and means proposed of avoiding them.
大约在这个时候，我写了一篇论文（首先在《Junto》上发表，但后来发表），讨论了房屋着火的不同事故和粗心大意，并提出了预防措施，并提出了避免它们的方法。
This was much spoken of as a useful piece, and gave rise to a project, which soon followed it, of forming a company for the more ready extinguishing of fires, and mutual assistance in removing and securing of goods when in danger.
这被认为是一件有用的事情，并引发了一个项目，随后很快就成立了一家公司，以便更容易地扑灭火灾，并在危险时相互协助搬运和固定货物。
Associates in this scheme were presently found, amounting to thirty.
目前已找到该计划的同伙，总数达三十人。
Our articles of agreement oblig'd every member to keep always in good order, and fit for use, a certain number of leather buckets, with strong bags and baskets (for packing and transporting of goods), which were to be brought to every fire; and we agreed to meet once a month and spend a social evening together, in discoursing and communicating such ideas as occurred to us upon the subjects of fires, as might be useful in our conduct on such occasions.
我们的协议条款要求每个成员始终保持良好状态并适合使用一定数量的皮桶，以及坚固的袋子和篮子（用于包装和运输货物），以便在每次火灾时携带这些东西；我们同意每月会面一次，一起度过一个社交晚会，讨论和交流我们在火灾问题上的想法，这可能对我们在这种场合的行为有所帮助。
The utility of this institution soon appeared, and many more desiring to be admitted than we thought convenient for one company, they were advised to form another, which was accordingly done; and this went on, one new company being formed after another, till they became so numerous as to include most of the inhabitants who were men of property; and now, at the time of my writing this, tho' upward of fifty years since its establishment, that which I first formed, called the Union Fire Company, still subsists and flourishes, tho' the first members are all deceas'd but myself and one, who is older by a year than I am.
这个机构的效用很快就显现出来了，有更多的人希望被接纳，而我们认为对一个公司来说不方便，所以他们被建议成立另一个公司，于是他们就这样做了；就这样继续下去，一个又一个新的团体不断成立，直到人数众多，包括了大多数居民中的有产者。现在，在我写这篇文章的时候，尽管我最初组建的联合消防公司已经成立五十年了，但它仍然存在并蓬勃发展，尽管第一批成员都已去世，除了我和一个比我大一岁的人。
The small fines that have been paid by members for absence at the monthly meetings have been apply'd to the purchase of fire-engines, ladders, fire-hooks, and other useful implements for each company, so that I question whether there is a city in the world better provided with the means of putting a stop to beginning conflagrations; and, in fact, since these institutions, the city has never lost by fire more than one or two houses at a time, and the flames have often been extinguished before the house in which they began has been half consumed.
会员因缺席月会而缴纳的小额罚款已被用于为每个公司购买消防车、梯子、消防钩和其他有用的工具，因此我怀疑世界上是否有一个城市更具备制止火灾的手段；事实上，自从建立这些机构以来，这座城市从来没有一次因火灾而损失过一两栋以上的房屋，而且火焰常常在起火的房屋烧毁一半之前就被扑灭了。
[Illustration: "the flames have often been extinguished"]
【插图：“火焰常常被扑灭”】
In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. Whitefield,[79] who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher.
1739 年，怀特菲尔德牧师先生从爱尔兰来到我们中间，[79] 他作为一名巡回传教士在那里表现出色。
He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refus'd him their pulpits, and he was oblig'd to preach in the fields.
起初他被允许在我们的一些教堂讲道；后来他被允许在我们的一些教堂讲道。但神职人员不喜欢他，很快就拒绝了他的讲坛，他不得不在田野里传教。
The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous, and it was matter of speculation to me, who was one of the number, to observe the extraordinary influence of his oratory on his hearers, and how much they admir'd and respected him, notwithstanding his common abuse of them, by assuring them they were naturally _half beasts and half devils_.
参加他布道的来自各个教派和教派的人数众多，对我来说，作为其中之一，观察他的演讲对听众的非凡影响，以及他们如何钦佩和尊重他，尽管他经常辱骂他们，通过向他们保证他们天生是“半兽半魔鬼”，这对我来说是猜测的问题。
It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants.
很高兴看到我们居民的行为方式很快发生了变化。
From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seem'd as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street.
从对宗教的轻率或漠不关心，似乎整个世界都在变得宗教化，以至于一个人在晚上穿过城镇时，都会听到每条街道上不同家庭所唱的圣诗。
[79] George Whitefield, pronounced Hwit'field (1714-1770), a celebrated English clergyman and pulpit orator, one of the founders of Methodism.
[79] 乔治·怀特菲尔德（George Whitefield），发音为 Hwit'field（1714-1770），英国著名牧师和讲坛演说家，卫理公会创始人之一。
And it being found inconvenient to assemble in the open air, subject to its inclemencies, the building of a house to meet in was no sooner propos'd, and persons appointed to receive contributions, but sufficient sums were soon receiv'd to procure the ground and erect the building, which was one hundred feet long and seventy broad, about the size of Westminster Hall;[80] and the work was carried on with such spirit as to be finished in a much shorter time than could have been expected.
人们发现，由于气候恶劣，在露天集会不方便，因此立即提议建造一所聚会用的房子，并任命专人接受捐款，但很快就收到了足够的资金来购买土地并建造建筑物，该建筑物长一百英尺，宽七十英尺，大约有威斯敏斯特大厅大小；[80]并且工作以这样的精神进行，以便在比本来可以短得多的时间内完成。预计。
Both house and ground were vested in trustees, expressly for the use of any preacher of any religious persuasion who might desire to say something to the people at Philadelphia; the design in building not being to accommodate any particular sect, but the inhabitants in general; so that even if the Mufti of Constantinople were to send a missionary to preach Mohammedanism to us, he would find a pulpit at his service.
房屋和土地都归受托人所有，明确供任何宗教信仰的传教士使用，他们可能想对费城的人民说些什么。建筑的设计不是为了适应任何特定的教派，而是为了适应一般的居民；因此，即使君士坦丁堡的穆夫提派一名传教士向我们传播伊斯兰教，他也会找到一个为他服务的讲坛。
[80] A part of the palace of Westminster, now forming the vestibule to the Houses of Parliament in London.
[80] 威斯敏斯特宫的一部分，现在形成伦敦议会大厦的前厅。
Mr. Whitefield, in leaving us, went preaching all the way thro' the colonies to Georgia.
怀特菲尔德先生离开我们后，一路传教，穿过殖民地，到达佐治亚州。
The settlement of that province had lately been begun, but, instead of being made with hardy, industrious husbandmen, accustomed to labour, the only people fit for such an enterprise, it was with families of broken shop-keepers and other insolvent debtors, many of indolent and idle habits, taken out of the jails, who, being set down in the woods, unqualified for clearing land, and unable to endure the hardships of a new settlement, perished in numbers, leaving many helpless children unprovided for.
该省的定居点最近刚刚开始，但是，不是由勤奋、勤劳、习惯于劳动的农民（唯一适合这种事业的人）组成的，而是由破碎的店主和其他无力偿债的债务人的家庭组成的，他们中的许多人有懒惰和游手好闲的习惯，被从监狱中带出来，他们被安置在树林里，没有资格开垦土地，也无法忍受新定居点的艰辛，大量死亡，使许多人无助。无人抚养的儿童。
The sight of their miserable situation inspir'd the benevolent heart of Mr. Whitefield with the idea of building an Orphan House there, in which they might be supported and educated.
看到他们的悲惨处境，怀特菲尔德先生萌生了在那里建造一所孤儿院的想法，让他们能够在里面得到支持和教育。
Returning northward, he preach'd up this charity, and made large collections, for his eloquence had a wonderful power over the hearts and purses of his hearers, of which I myself was an instance.
回到北方后，他宣扬了这一慈善事业，并筹集了大量善款，因为他的雄辩对听众的心灵和钱包具有神奇的力量，我自己就是一个例子。
I did not disapprove of the design, but, as Georgia was then destitute of materials and workmen, and it was proposed to send them from Philadelphia at a great expense, I thought it would have been better to have built the house here, and brought the children to it.
我并不反对这个设计，但是，由于佐治亚州当时缺乏材料和工人，而且有人建议花巨额费用从费城将他们送到这里，我认为最好在这里建造房子，并把孩子们带到这里。
This I advis'd; but he was resolute in his first project, rejected my counsel, and I therefore refus'd to contribute.
我建议这样做；但他在第一个项目上态度坚决，拒绝了我的建议，因此我拒绝捐款。
I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of which I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved he should get nothing from me.
不久之后，我碰巧参加了他的一次布道，在布道过程中，我意识到他打算以收集来结束，我默默地决定他不应该从我这里得到任何东西。
I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold.
我口袋里有一把铜钱，三四块银元，还有五皮斯托尔金币。
As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers.
当他继续说下去时，我开始软化，并决定给铜币。
Another stroke of his oratory made me asham'd of that, and determin'd me to give the silver; and he finish'd so admirably, that I empty'd my pocket wholly into the collector's dish, gold and all.
他的演说又让我感到羞愧，并决定捐出银子。他的表现令人钦佩，我把口袋里的钱全都掏进了收藏家的盘子里，包括金子和所有的东西。
At this sermon there was also one of our club, who, being of my sentiments respecting the building in Georgia, and suspecting a collection might be intended, had, by precaution, emptied his pockets before he came from home.
在这次布道中，还有我们俱乐部的一位成员，他出于对佐治亚州这座建筑的尊重，并怀疑可能是有意进行收藏，所以出于预防措施，他在回家之前掏空了口袋。
Towards the conclusion of the discourse, however, he felt a strong desire to give, and apply'd to a neighbour who stood near him, to borrow some money for the purpose.
然而，在谈话即将结束时，他感到强烈的奉献欲望，并向站在他附近的邻居申请借一些钱来达到这个目的。
The application was unfortunately [made] to perhaps the only man in the company who had the firmness not to be affected by the preacher.
不幸的是，这个申请的对象可能是公司里唯一一个坚定不被传教士影响的人。
His answer was, "_At any other time, Friend Hopkinson, I would lend to thee freely; but not now, for thee seems to be out of thy right senses._"
他的回答是：“在任何其他时候，朋友霍普金森，我都会无偿借给你；但现在不行，因为你似乎失去了理智。”
Some of Mr. Whitefield's enemies affected to suppose that he would apply these collections to his own private emolument; but I, who was intimately acquainted with him (being employed in printing his Sermons and Journals, etc.), never had the least suspicion of his integrity, but am to this day decidedly of opinion that he was in all his conduct a perfectly _honest man_; and methinks my testimony in his favour ought to have the more weight, as we had no religious connection.
怀特菲尔德先生的一些敌人假装认为他会将这些收藏用作自己的私人报酬。但我，因为与他非常熟悉（受雇印刷他的布道和日记等），从未对他的正直产生过丝毫怀疑，但直到今天我仍然坚定地认为，他在所有行为中都是一个完全诚实的人。我认为我对他有利的证词应该更有分量，因为我们没有宗教联系。
He us'd, indeed, sometimes to pray for my conversion, but never had the satisfaction of believing that his prayers were heard.
确实，他有时会为我的转变而祈祷，但从来没有因为相信他的祈祷被垂听而感到满足。
Ours was a mere civil friendship, sincere on both sides, and lasted to his death.
我们之间的友谊只是一种民间友谊，双方都是真诚的，并且一直持续到他去世为止。
The following instance will show something of the terms on which we stood.
下面的例子将展示我们所坚持的一些条款。
Upon one of his arrivals from England at Boston, he wrote to me that he should come soon to Philadelphia, but knew not where he could lodge when there, as he understood his old friend and host, Mr. Benezet was removed to Germantown.
当他从英国抵达波士顿时，他写信给我说他很快就会到费城，但不知道在那里可以住宿，因为他知道他的老朋友和主人贝内泽先生被搬到了日耳曼敦。
My answer was, "You know my house; if you can make shift with its scanty accommodations, you will be most heartily welcome." He reply'd, that if I made that kind offer for Christ's sake, I should not miss of a reward.
我的回答是：“你了解我的房子；如果你能适应我的房子，我会非常欢迎你。”他回答说，如果我看在上帝的份上做出这样的善意提议，我就不应该错过奖励。
And I returned, "_Don't let me be mistaken; it was not for Christ's sake, but for your sake._" One of our common acquaintance jocosely remark'd, that, knowing it to be the custom of the saints, when they received any favour, to shift the burden of the obligation from off their own shoulders, and place it in heaven, I had contriv'd to fix it on earth.
我回答说：“别让我误会了；这不是为了基督，而是为了你。”我们的一位熟人开玩笑地说，我知道这是圣徒的习惯，当他们受到任何恩惠时，就把自己肩上的责任转移到天上，而我却设法把它固定在地上。
The last time I saw Mr. Whitefield was in London, when he consulted me about his Orphan House concern, and his purpose of appropriating it to the establishment of a college.
我最后一次见到怀特菲尔德先生是在伦敦，当时他向我咨询他对孤儿院的关心，以及他将其用于建立一所大学的目的。
He had a loud and clear voice, and articulated his words and sentences so perfectly, that he might be heard and understood at a great distance, especially as his auditories, however numerous, observ'd the most exact silence.
他的声音响亮而清晰，他的单词和句子表达得如此完美，以至于在很远的地方都可以听到和理解他的意思，特别是当他的听觉，无论有多少，都观察到最精确的沉默时。
He preach'd one evening from the top of the Courthouse steps, which are in the middle of Market-street, and on the west side of Second-street, which crosses it at right angles.
一天晚上，他在法院大楼的台阶顶上讲道，这些台阶位于市场街的中间，第二街的西侧，与市场街成直角。
Both streets were fill'd with his hearers to a considerable distance.
两条街上都挤满了他的听众，距离很远。
Being among the hindmost in Market-street, I had the curiosity to learn how far he could be heard, by retiring backwards down the street towards the river; and I found his voice distinct till I came near Front-street, when some noise in that street obscur'd it.
作为市场街最后面的一员，我很好奇，想知道他的声音能传到多远，于是沿着街道向后退到河边。我发现他的声音很清晰，直到我走到前街附近，那条街上的一些噪音掩盖了我的声音。
Imagining then a semicircle, of which my distance should be the radius, and that it were fill'd with auditors, to each of whom I allow'd two square feet, I computed that he might well be heard by more than thirty thousand.
然后想象一个半圆，我的距离应该是半径，里面挤满了听众，我给每个人留出两平方英尺的空间，我计算出他很可能被三万人听到。
This reconcil'd me to the newspaper accounts of his having preach'd to twenty-five thousand people in the fields, and to the ancient histories of generals haranguing whole armies, of which I had sometimes doubted.
这让我接受了报纸上关于他在田野里向两万五千人讲道的报道，也接受了古代将军对全军长篇大论的历史，而我有时对此表示怀疑。
By hearing him often, I came to distinguish easily between sermons newly compos'd, and those which he had often preach'd in the course of his travels.
通过经常听他讲道，我开始很容易区分新写的布道和他在旅行过程中经常宣讲的布道。
His delivery of the latter was so improv'd by frequent repetitions that every accent, every emphasis, every modulation of voice, was so perfectly well turn'd and well plac'd, that, without being interested in the subject, one could not help being pleas'd with the discourse; a pleasure of much the same kind with that receiv'd from an excellent piece of musick.
他对后者的表达通过频繁的重复而得到了如此的提高，以至于每一个重音、每一个强调、每一个声音的转调都如此完美地转向和放置，以至于即使对这个主题不感兴趣，人们也会情不自禁地对他的演讲感到满意；因为他的演讲非常有趣。这种乐趣与从一首优秀的音乐作品中获得的乐趣几乎是一样的。
This is an advantage itinerant preachers have over those who are stationary, as the latter cannot well improve their delivery of a sermon by so many rehearsals.
这是巡回传教士相对于固定传教士的一个优势，因为后者无法通过如此多的排练来很好地改善他们的讲道。
His writing and printing from time to time gave great advantage to his enemies; unguarded expressions, and even erroneous opinions, delivered in preaching, might have been afterwards explain'd or qualifi'd by supposing others that might have accompani'd them, or they might have been deny'd; but _litera scripta manet_.
他不时的书写和印刷给他的敌人带来了巨大的优势。在讲道中所发表的毫无防备的言论，甚至是错误的观点，事后可能会通过假设可能伴随他们的其他人来解释或限定，否则他们可能会被否认。但是_文学马奈_。
Critics attack'd his writings violently, and with so much appearance of reason as to diminish the number of his votaries and prevent their increase; so that I am of opinion if he had never written anything, he would have left behind him a much more numerous and important sect, and his reputation might in that case have been still growing, even after his death, as there being nothing of his writing on which to found a censure and give him a lower character, his proselytes would be left at liberty to feign for him as great a variety of excellences as their enthusiastic admiration might wish him to have possessed.
批评者们猛烈地攻击他的著作，而且表面上看起来很有道理，以至于减少了他的支持者的数量，并阻止了他们的增加。因此，我认为，如果他从未写过任何东西，他会留下一个数量更多、更重要的教派，在这种情况下，即使在他死后，他的声誉可能仍在增长，因为他的著作中没有任何东西可以引起谴责并降低他的品格，他的皈依者将可以自由地为他假装他们的热情钦佩所希望他拥有的各种卓越之处。
My business was now continually augmenting, and my circumstances growing daily easier, my newspaper having become very profitable, as being for a time almost the only one in this and the neighbouring provinces.
我的生意现在不断扩大，我的处境也日益轻松，我的报纸变得非常有利可图，一度几乎是本省和邻近省份唯一的报纸。
I experienced, too, the truth of the observation, "_that after getting the first hundred pound, it is more easy to get the second_," money itself being of a prolific nature.
我也体验到了观察的真相，“在获得第一百英镑之后，获得第二个一百英镑就更容易了”，金钱本身就具有多产的性质。
The partnership at Carolina having succeeded, I was encourag'd to engage in others, and to promote several of my workmen, who had behaved well, by establishing them with printing-houses in different colonies, on the same terms with that in Carolina.
在卡罗莱纳州的合作取得了成功，我被鼓励与其他人合作，并通过在不同的殖民地建立印刷厂，以与卡罗莱纳州相同的条件来提升我的几名表现良好的工人。
Most of them did well, being enabled at the end of our term, six years, to purchase the types of me and go on working for themselves, by which means several families were raised.
他们中的大多数人都做得很好，在我们的六年任期结束时，他们能够购买我的型号并继续为自己工作，从而养育了几个家庭。
Partnerships often finish in quarrels; but I was happy in this, that mine were all carried on and ended amicably, owing, I think, a good deal to the precaution of having very explicitly settled, in our articles, everything to be done by or expected from each partner, so that there was nothing to dispute, which precaution I would therefore recommend to all who enter into partnerships; for, whatever esteem partners may have for, and confidence in each other at the time of the contract, little jealousies and disgusts may arise, with ideas of inequality in the care and burden of the business, etc., which are attended often with breach of friendship and of the connection, perhaps with lawsuits and other disagreeable consequences.
伙伴关系常常以争吵告终；但我很高兴这一点，我的一切都顺利进行并结束，我认为，很大程度上要归功于在我们的条款中非常明确地解决了每个合作伙伴要做的或期望每个合作伙伴所做的一切的预防措施，因此没有什么可争议的，因此我会向所有建立合作伙伴关系的人推荐这种预防措施；因为，无论合作伙伴在签订合同时对彼此有什么尊重和信任，都可能会产生很少的嫉妒和厌恶，以及在业务的照顾和负担等方面存在不平等的想法，而这往往会导致友谊和联系的破裂，也许还会带来诉讼和其他不愉快的后果。
XII
十二
DEFENSE OF THE PROVINCE
省防卫
I had, on the whole, abundant reason to be satisfied with my being established in Pennsylvania.
总的来说，我有充分的理由对自己在宾夕法尼亚扎根感到满意。
There were, however, two, things that I regretted, there being no provision for defense, nor for a compleat education of youth; no militia, nor any college.
然而，有两件事让我感到遗憾，一是没有提供防御措施，也没有为年轻人提供完整的教育；没有民兵，也没有任何大学。
I therefore, in 1743, drew up a proposal for establishing an academy; and at that time, thinking the Reverend Mr. Peters, who was out of employ, a fit person to superintend such an institution, I communicated the project to him; but he, having more profitable views in the service of the proprietaries, which succeeded, declin'd the undertaking; and, not knowing another at that time suitable for such a trust, I let the scheme lie awhile dormant.
因此，我于1743年起草了建立书院的提案；当时，我认为失业的彼得斯牧师先生是管理这样一个机构的合适人选，所以我把这个项目传达给了他。但他认为为业主服务更有利可图，而且成功了，因此拒绝了这项任务。由于当时不知道还有其他合适的信托，我就让这个计划暂时搁置了。
I succeeded better the next year, 1744, in proposing and establishing a Philosophical Society.
第二年，即 1744 年，我在提议并建立哲学协会方面取得了更大的成功。
The paper I wrote for that purpose will be found among my writings, when collected.
当我收集时，我为此目的写的论文将在我的著作中找到。
With respect to defense, Spain having been several years at war against Great Britain, and being at length join'd by France, which brought us into great danger; and the laboured and long-continued endeavour of our governor, Thomas, to prevail with our Quaker Assembly to pass a militia law, and make other provisions for the security of the province, having proved abortive, I determined to try what might be done by a voluntary association of the people.
在防御方面，西班牙与英国交战多年，最后法国也加入进来，这给我们带来了巨大的危险；我们的总督托马斯为说服我们的贵格会议会通过一项民兵法并为该省的安全制定其他规定进行了艰苦而长期的努力，但事实证明是失败的，我决定尝试通过人民的自愿联合来采取行动。
To promote this, I first wrote and published a pamphlet, entitled Plain Truth, in which I stated our defenceless situation in strong lights, with the necessity of union and discipline for our defense, and promis'd to propose in a few days an association, to be generally signed for that purpose.
为了促进这一点，我首先编写并出版了一本小册子，题为《简单的真相》，在其中我强烈地阐述了我们毫无防备的处境，以及我们防御的必要性：团结和纪律，并承诺在几天内提出一个协会，并为此目的普遍签署。
The pamphlet had a sudden and surprising effect.
这本小册子产生了突然而令人惊讶的效果。
I was call'd upon for the instrument of association, and having settled the draft of it with a few friends, I appointed a meeting of the citizens in the large building before mentioned.
我被要求提供结社文书，并与几个朋友商定了结社草案后，我指定在前面提到的大楼里召开一次公民会议。
The house was pretty full; I had prepared a number of printed copies, and provided pens and ink dispers'd all over the room.
房子里已经挤满了人。我准备了一些印刷本，并提供了钢笔和墨水，散布在整个房间里。
I harangued them a little on the subject, read the paper, and explained it, and then distributed the copies, which were eagerly signed, not the least objection being made.
我就这个问题对他们进行了一番长篇大论，阅读了论文，并进行了解释，然后分发了副本，他们热切地签名，没有提出任何反对意见。
When the company separated, and the papers were collected, we found above twelve hundred hands; and, other copies being dispersed in the country, the subscribers amounted at length to upward of ten thousand.
当连队散去并收集文件时，我们发现了超过一千二百人；而且，其他副本在全国范围内传播，订户总数最终达到一万以上。
These all furnished themselves as soon as they could with arms, formed themselves into companies and regiments, chose their own officers, and met every week to be instructed in the manual exercise, and other parts of military discipline.
他们都尽快配备了武器，组建了连和团，选择了自己的军官，并每周开会接受手动演习和军事纪律其他部分的指导。
The women, by subscriptions among themselves, provided silk colours, which they presented to the companies, painted with different devices and mottos, which I supplied.
妇女们通过相互订阅提供了丝绸颜色，她们将这些颜色赠送给公司，并用我提供的不同的装置和座右铭进行绘制。
[Illustration: One of the flags of the Pennsylvania Association, 1747.
[插图：宾夕法尼亚协会的旗帜之一，1747 年。
Designed by Franklin and made by the women of Philadelphia.]
由富兰克林设计，由费城妇女制造。]
The officers of the companies composing the Philadelphia regiment, being met, chose me for their colonel; but, conceiving myself unfit, I declin'd that station, and recommended Mr. Lawrence, a fine person, and man of influence, who was accordingly appointed.
费城团各连的军官们见面后，选择我作为他们的上校。但是，我认为自己不适合，所以拒绝了这个职位，并推荐了劳伦斯先生，他是一位优秀的人，也是有影响力的人，因此被任命为劳伦斯先生。
I then propos'd a lottery to defray the expense of building a battery below the town, and furnishing it with cannon.
然后我提议通过抽签来支付在城镇下方建造炮台并为其配备大炮的费用。
It filled expeditiously, and the battery was soon erected, the merlons being fram'd of logs and fill'd with earth.
它很快就装满了，炮台很快就竖起来了，城齿是用圆木建造的，里面填满了泥土。
We bought some old cannon from Boston, but, these not being sufficient, we wrote to England for more, soliciting, at the same time, our proprietaries for some assistance, tho' without much expectation of obtaining it.
我们从波士顿买了一些旧大炮，但是这些还不够，我们写信给英国要更多的大炮，同时向我们的所有者寻求一些帮助，尽管并没有太多期望得到它。
Meanwhile, Colonel Lawrence, William Allen, Abram Taylor, Esqr., and myself were sent to New York by the associators, commission'd to borrow some cannon of Governor Clinton.
与此同时，劳伦斯上校、威廉·艾伦、艾布拉姆·泰勒先生和我被协会派往纽约，受委托向克林顿州长借用一些大炮。
He at first refus'd us peremptorily; but at dinner with his council, where there was great drinking of Madeira wine, as the custom of that place then was, he softened by degrees, and said he would lend us six.
起初他断然拒绝了我们；后来他又断然拒绝了我们。但在与他的委员会共进晚餐时，按照当地的习俗，大家都喝了很多马德拉酒，他的态度逐渐软化，说他愿意借给我们六瓶。
After a few more bumpers he advanc'd to ten; and at length he very good-naturedly conceded eighteen.
经过几次碰壁之后，他晋级到了十名；最后他好心地承认了十八个。
They were fine cannon, eighteen-pounders, with their carriages, which we soon transported and mounted on our battery, where the associators kept a nightly guard while the war lasted, and among the rest I regularly took my turn of duty there as a common soldier.
它们是很好的大炮，十八磅炮，还有炮架，我们很快就将它们运输并安装在我们的炮台上，战争持续期间，联军在那里进行夜间守卫，而在其他人中，我经常在那里作为一名普通士兵轮流值班。
[Illustration: "I regularly took my turn of duty there as a common soldier"]
[插图：“我经常作为一名普通士兵在那里轮值”]
My activity in these operations was agreeable to the governor and council; they took me into confidence, and I was consulted by them in every measure wherein their concurrence was thought useful to the association.
我在这些行动中的活动得到了州长和议会的同意；他们对我很信任，他们在一切措施上都征求了我的意见，只要他们的同意对协会有用。
Calling in the aid of religion, I propos'd to them the proclaiming a fast, to promote reformation, and implore the blessing of Heaven on our undertaking.
我呼吁宗教的帮助，建议他们宣布禁食，促进改革，并祈求上天保佑我们的事业。
They embrac'd the motion; but, as it was the first fast ever thought of in the province, the secretary had no precedent from which to draw the proclamation.
他们接受了这项动议；但是，由于这是该省有史以来第一次禁食，部长没有先例可以发布这一公告。
My education in New England, where a fast is proclaimed every year, was here of some advantage: I drew it in the accustomed stile, it was translated into German,[81] printed in both languages, and divulg'd thro' the province.
我在新英格兰接受的教育，那里每年都会宣布禁食，在这里有一些优势：我把它画在习惯的栅格上，它被翻译成德语，[81]用两种语言印刷，并在全省传播。
This gave the clergy of the different sects an opportunity of influencing their congregations to join in the association, and it would probably have been general among all but Quakers if the peace had not soon interven'd.
这给了不同教派的神职人员一个影响他们的会众加入该协会的机会，如果和平没有很快介入的话，除了贵格会之外，这可能会在所有人中普遍存在。
[81] Wm.
[81] Wm。
Penn's agents sought recruits for the colony of Pennsylvania in the low countries of Germany, and there are still in eastern Pennsylvania many Germans, inaccurately called Pennsylvania Dutch.
佩恩的特工在德国低地国家为宾夕法尼亚殖民地寻找新兵，而在宾夕法尼亚东部仍然有许多德国人，不准确地称为宾夕法尼亚荷兰人。
Many of them use a Germanized English.
他们中的许多人使用德语化的英语。
It was thought by some of my friends that, by my activity in these affairs, I should offend that sect, and thereby lose my interest in the Assembly of the province, where they formed a great majority.
我的一些朋友认为，我在这些事务中的活动会冒犯那个教派，从而失去我对省议会的兴趣，而他们在省议会中占绝大多数。
A young gentleman who had likewise some friends in the House, and wished to succeed me as their clerk, acquainted me that it was decided to displace me at the next election; and he, therefore, in good will, advis'd me to resign, as more consistent with my honour than being turn'd out.
一位年轻的绅士在众议院也有一些朋友，他希望接替我担任他们的书记员，他告诉我，他们决定在下次选举中取代我。因此，他善意地建议我辞职，这样比被赶下台更符合我的名誉。
My answer to him was, that I had read or heard of some public man who made it a rule never to ask for an office, and never to refuse one when offer'd to him.
我对他的回答是，我读过或听说过某个公众人物，他规定永远不要申请职位，也永远不要拒绝向他提供的职位。
"I approve," says I, "of his rule, and will practice it with a small addition; I shall never _ask_, never _refuse_, nor ever _resign_ an office.
“我同意，”我说，“他的规则，并将在实践中稍作补充；我永远不会要求，永远不会拒绝，也永远不会辞去职务。
If they will have my office of clerk to dispose of to another, they shall take it from me.
如果他们想将我的文员职位转让给另一个人，他们就会从我手中夺走它。
I will not, by giving it up, lose my right of some time or other making reprisals on my adversaries." I heard, however, no more of this; I was chosen again unanimously as usual at the next election.
我不会因为放弃而失去对我的对手进行报复的权利。”然而，我再也没有听到过这样的事。在下一次选举中，我又像往常一样被一致选中。
Possibly, as they dislik'd my late intimacy with the members of council, who had join'd the governors in all the disputes about military preparations, with which the House had long been harass'd, they might have been pleas'd if I would voluntarily have left them; but they did not care to displace me on account merely of my zeal for the association, and they could not well give another reason.
可能，因为他们不喜欢我最近与议会成员的亲密关系，他们与州长一起参与了所有有关军事准备的争论，众议院长期以来一直受到这些争论的困扰，如果我自愿离开他们，他们可能会很高兴；因为他们可能会很高兴我愿意离开他们。但他们并不愿意仅仅因为我对协会的热情而取代我，而且他们也找不到其他理由。
Indeed I had some cause to believe that the defense of the country was not disagreeable to any of them, provided they were not requir'd to assist in it.
事实上，我有理由相信，保卫国家对他们中的任何一个人来说都没有什么不愉快，只要他们不需要提供协助。
And I found that a much greater number of them than I could have imagined, tho' against offensive war, were clearly for the defensive.
我发现，尽管他们反对进攻性战争，但他们中明显支持防御性战争的人数比我想象的要多得多。
Many pamphlets _pro and con_ were publish'd on the subject, and some by good Quakers, in favour of defense, which I believe convinc'd most of their younger people.
关于这个问题，出版了许多赞成和反对的小册子，其中一些是由优秀的贵格会教徒出版的，赞成辩护，我相信这说服了大多数年轻人。
A transaction in our fire company gave me some insight into their prevailing sentiments.
我们消防公司的一次交易让我对他们普遍的情绪有了一些了解。
It had been propos'd that we should encourage the scheme for building a battery by laying out the present stock, then about sixty pounds, in tickets of the lottery.
有人提议，我们应该通过将目前大约六十英镑的库存放在彩票中来鼓励建造电池的计划。
By our rules, no money could be dispos'd of till the next meeting after the proposal.
根据我们的规定，在提案提交后的下一次会议之前，不得处置任何资金。
The company consisted of thirty members, of which twenty-two were Quakers, and eight only of other persuasions.
该公司由三十名成员组成，其中二十二人是贵格会教徒，八人是其他教派。
We eight punctually attended the meeting; but, tho' we thought that some of the Quakers would join us, we were by no means sure of a majority.
我们八个人准时参加了会议；但是，尽管我们认为一些贵格会教徒会加入我们，但我们绝不能确定会获得多数。
Only one Quaker, Mr. James Morris, appear'd to oppose the measure.
只有贵格会成员詹姆斯·莫里斯先生似乎反对这项措施。
He expressed much sorrow that it had ever been propos'd, as he said _Friends_ were all against it, and it would create such discord as might break up the company.
他对这个建议的提出感到非常悲伤，因为他说，朋友们都反对这个建议，而且这会造成不和谐，甚至可能导致公司解散。
We told him that we saw no reason for that; we were the minority, and if _Friends_ were against the measure, and outvoted us, we must and should, agreeably to the usage of all societies, submit.
我们告诉他我们认为没有理由这样做；我们是少数，如果_朋友_反对这项措施，并投票超过我们，我们必须而且应该，同意所有社会的做法，屈服。
When the hour for business arriv'd it was mov'd to put the vote; he allow'd we might then do it by the rules, but, as he could assure us that a number of members intended to be present for the purpose of opposing it, it would be but candid to allow a little time for their appearing.
上班时间一到，就决定进行投票。他允许我们然后按照规则行事，但是，由于他可以向我们保证，一些成员打算出席会议以反对它，所以坦白地说，允许他们出席一点时间。
While we were disputing this, a waiter came to tell me two gentlemen below desir'd to speak with me.
当我们争论这个问题的时候，一个服务员过来告诉我下面有两位先生想和我说话。
I went down, and found they were two of our Quaker members.
我下去一看，发现他们是我们的两名贵格会成员。
They told me there were eight of them assembled at a tavern just by; that they were determin'd to come and vote with us if there should be occasion, which they hop'd would not be the case, and desir'd we would not call for their assistance if we could do without it, as their voting for such a measure might embroil them with their elders and friends.
他们告诉我，他们中有八个人聚集在附近的一家小酒馆里。如果有机会的话，他们决心与我们一起投票，但他们希望情况不会如此，并且希望如果没有他们的帮助，我们也不会寻求他们的帮助，因为他们投票支持这样的措施可能会让他们与长辈和朋友卷入麻烦。
Being thus secure of a majority, I went up, and after a little seeming hesitation, agreed to a delay of another hour.
就这样确保了多数人的支持，我上去，似乎犹豫了一下，同意再推迟一个小时。
This Mr. Morris allow'd to be extreamly fair.
莫里斯先生说得非常公平。
Not one of his opposing friends appear'd, at which he express'd great surprize; and, at the expiration of the hour, we carri'd the resolution eight to one; and as, of the twenty-two Quakers, eight were ready to vote with us, and thirteen, by their absence, manifested that they were not inclin'd to oppose the measure, I afterward estimated the proportion of Quakers sincerely against defense as one to twenty-one only; for these were all regular members of that society, and in good reputation among them, and had due notice of what was propos'd at that meeting.
他的敌对朋友没有一个出现，对此他表示非常惊讶。一小时结束后，我们以八比一的比分通过了这项决议。由于在二十二名贵格会教徒中，八人准备与我们一起投票，十三人因缺席而表明他们无意反对这项措施，因此我后来估计，真诚反对辩护的贵格会教徒的比例仅为一比二十一；因为他们的缺席表明他们无意反对这项措施。因为这些人都是该协会的正式成员，在他们之中享有良好的声誉，并且对这次会议上提出的建议有充分的了解。
The honorable and learned Mr. Logan, who had always been of that sect, was one who wrote an address to them, declaring his approbation of defensive war, and supporting his opinion by many strong arguments.
尊贵而博学的洛根先生一直属于这一派，他给他们写了一篇演讲，宣布他赞成防御性战争，并用许多强有力的论据来支持他的观点。
He put into my hands sixty pounds to be laid out in lottery tickets for the battery, with directions to apply what prizes might be drawn wholly to that service.
他把六十英镑交到我手里，用来买电池的彩票，并指示我可以将哪些奖金全部用于这项服务。
He told me the following anecdote of his old master, William Penn, respecting defense.
他给我讲了他的老师傅威廉·佩恩关于防守的以下轶事。
He came over from England, when a young man, with that proprietary, and as his secretary.
他年轻时从英国过来，拥有那份财产，并担任他的秘书。
It was war-time, and their ship was chas'd by an armed vessel, suppos'd to be an enemy.
当时正值战争时期，他们的船被一艘武装船只追赶，据说是敌人。
Their captain prepar'd for defense; but told William Penn, and his company of Quakers, that he did not expect their assistance, and they might retire into the cabin, which they did, except James Logan,[82] who chose to stay upon deck, and was quarter'd to a gun.
他们的队长做好了防御准备；但告诉威廉·佩恩和他的贵格会连队，他并没有指望他们的援助，他们可能会撤退到船舱里，他们确实这样做了，除了詹姆斯·洛根，[82]他选择留在甲板上，并被枪杀了。
The suppos'd enemy prov'd a friend, so there was no fighting; but when the secretary went down to communicate the intelligence, William Penn rebuk'd him severely for staying upon deck, and undertaking to assist in defending the vessel, contrary to the principles of _Friends_, especially as it had not been required by the captain.
所谓的敌人变成了朋友，所以没有发生战斗；但是当秘书下楼传达情报时，威廉·佩恩严厉斥责了他留在甲板上并承诺协助保卫船只，这违反了《朋友》的原则，特别是因为船长没有要求。
This reproof, being before all the company, piqu'd the secretary, who answer'd, _"I being thy servant, why did thee not order me to come down?
当着众人的面这样责备，激怒了秘书，秘书回答说：“我是你的仆人，你为什么不命令我下来？
But thee was willing enough that I should stay and help to fight the ship when thee thought there was danger."_
但当你认为有危险时，你很愿意我留下来帮助与船战斗。”_
[82] James Logan (1674-1751) came to America with William Penn in 1699, and was the business agent for the Penn family.
[82] 詹姆斯·洛根（James Logan，1674-1751）于1699年随威廉·佩恩来到美国，担任佩恩家族的商业代理人。
He bequeathed his valuable library, preserved at his country seat, "Senton", to the city of Philadelphia.--Smyth.
他把他保存在乡间别墅“森顿”的珍贵图书馆遗赠给了费城。--史密斯。
My being many years in the Assembly, the majority of which were constantly Quakers, gave me frequent opportunities of seeing the embarrassment given them by their principle against war, whenever application was made to them, by order of the crown, to grant aids for military purposes.
我在议会工作了很多年，其中大多数都是贵格会教徒，这使我经常有机会看到他们的反战原则给他们带来的尴尬，每当国王命令他们申请为军事目的提供援助时。
They were unwilling to offend government, on the one hand, by a direct refusal; and their friends, the body of the Quakers, on the other, by compliance contrary to their principles; hence a variety of evasions to avoid complying, and modes of disguising the compliance when it became unavoidable.
他们一方面不愿意直接拒绝而得罪政府，另一方面又不愿意这样做。另一方面，他们的朋友，即贵格会团体，却违背了他们的原则；因此，人们会采取各种逃避措施来避免遵守规定，并在不可避免时采取各种方式掩饰遵守规定。
The common mode at last was, to grant money under the phrase of its being "_for the king's use_," and never to inquire how it was applied.
最后的常见模式是，在“供国王使用”的短语下授予金钱，并且从不询问它是如何使用的。
But, if the demand was not directly from the crown, that phrase was found not so proper, and some other was to be invented.
但是，如果要求不是直接来自王室，那么这个短语就会被认为不太合适，并且需要发明其他一些短语。
As, when powder was wanting (I think it was for the garrison at Louisburg), and the government of New England solicited a grant of some from Pennsylvania, which was much urg'd on the House by Governor Thomas, they could not grant money to buy powder, because that was an ingredient of war; but they voted an aid to New England of three thousand pounds, to be put into the hands of the governor, and appropriated it for the purchasing of bread, flour, wheat or _other grain_.
因为，当需要火药时（我认为是为路易斯堡的驻军提供的），新英格兰政府向宾夕法尼亚州寻求一些拨款（托马斯州长强烈要求众议院提供这些拨款），但他们无法拨款购买火药，因为那是战争的一个组成部分；但他们投票决定向新英格兰提供三千英镑的援助，交到总督手中，并拨出用于购买面包、面粉、小麦或其他谷物。
Some of the council, desirous of giving the House still further embarrassment, advis'd the governor not to accept provision, as not being the thing he had demanded; but he repli'd, "I shall take the money, for I understand very well their meaning; other grain is gunpowder," which he accordingly bought, and they never objected to it.[83]
一些议会成员希望让众议院更加难堪，建议总督不要接受这一条款，因为这不是他所要求的。但他回答说：“我要收钱，因为我很明白它们的意思；其他谷物是火药。”他因此购买了，他们从未反对过。 [83]
[83] See the votes.--_Marg.
[83] 查看投票。--_Marg。
note_.
笔记_。
It was in allusion to this fact that, when in our fire company we feared the success of our proposal in favour of the lottery, and I had said to my friend Mr. Syng, one of our members, "If we fail, let us move the purchase of a fire-engine with the money; the Quakers can have no objection to that; and then, if you nominate me and I you as a committee for that purpose, we will buy a great gun, which is certainly a _fire-engine_." "I see," says he, "you have improv'd by being so long in the Assembly; your equivocal project would be just a match for their wheat or _other grain_."
正是针对这一事实，当我们的消防公司担心我们支持抽签的提案能否成功时，我对我的朋友辛格先生（我们的成员之一）说：“如果我们失败了，让我们用这笔钱购买一辆消防车；贵格会对此不会反对；然后，如果你提名我和你作为为此目的的委员会，我们将购买一把很棒的枪，这肯定是一辆消防车。” “我明白了，”他说，“你在议会呆了这么久，已经进步了；你模棱两可的项目正好适合他们的小麦或_其他谷物_。”
These embarrassments that the Quakers suffer'd from having establish'd and published it as one of their principles that no kind of war was lawful, and which, being once published, they could not afterwards, however they might change their minds, easily get rid of, reminds me of what I think a more prudent conduct in another sect among us, that of the Dunkers.
贵格会因将“任何形式的战争都是不合法的”这一原则确立并发表为他们的原则之一，而且一旦发表，之后无论他们如何改变主意，都无法轻易摆脱，这些尴尬让我想起了我们当中的另一个教派，即邓克派，我认为更为谨慎的行为。
I was acquainted with one of its founders, Michael Welfare, soon after it appear'd.
它出现后不久，我就认识了它的创始人之一迈克尔·韦尔法。
He complain'd to me that they were grievously calumniated by the zealots of other persuasions, and charg'd with abominable principles and practices to which they were utter strangers.
他向我抱怨说，他们受到了其他教派的狂热分子的严重诽谤，并被指控犯有他们完全陌生的可憎原则和做法。
I told him this had always been the case with new sects, and that, to put a stop to such abuse, I imagin'd it might be well to publish the articles of their belief, and the rules of their discipline.
我告诉他，新教派的情况一直如此，为了制止这种滥用行为，我想最好出版他们的信仰文章和他们的纪律规则。
He said that it had been propos'd among them, but not agreed to, for this reason: "When we were first drawn together as a society," says he, "it had pleased God to enlighten our minds so far as to see that some doctrines, which we once esteemed truths, were errors; and that others, which we had esteemed errors, were real truths.
他说，这是他们之间提出的，但没有得到同意，原因如下：“当我们第一次作为一个社会聚集在一起时，”他说，“上帝很乐意启发我们的思想，让我们看到一些我们曾经认为是真理的教义是错误的；而另一些我们曾经认为是错误的教义却是真正的真理。
From time to time He has been pleased to afford us farther light, and our principles have been improving, and our errors diminishing.
他时不时地乐意为我们提供更多的亮光，我们的原则一直在改进，我们的错误也在减少。
Now we are not sure that we are arrived at the end of this progression, and at the perfection of spiritual or theological knowledge; and we fear that, if we should once print our confession of faith, we should feel ourselves as if bound and confin'd by it, and perhaps be unwilling to receive further improvement, and our successors still more so, as conceiving what we their elders and founders had done, to be something sacred, never to be departed from."
现在我们不确定我们是否已到达这一进程的终点，以及精神或神学知识的完美；我们担心，如果我们一旦将我们的信仰告白印出来，我们就会感到自己似乎受到了它的束缚和限制，也许不愿意接受进一步的改进，而我们的继承者更是如此，因为我们认为我们的长辈和创始人所做的事情是神圣的，永远不能背离。”
This modesty in a sect is perhaps a singular instance in the history of mankind, every other sect supposing itself in possession of all truth, and that those who differ are so far in the wrong; like a man traveling in foggy weather, those at some distance before him on the road he sees wrapped up in the fog, as well as those behind him, and also the people in the fields on each side, but near him all appears clear, tho' in truth he is as much in the fog as any of them.
一个教派中的这种谦虚也许是人类历史上的一个独特的例子，其他所有教派都认为自己掌握了所有真理，而那些持不同意见的人则大错特错。如同一个人在大雾天气中行进，他所看到的道路上远处的人，以及他身后的人，以及两侧田野里的人，都被雾气笼罩着，而他附近的人却都显得清晰，而事实上，他和他们一样都在雾气中。
To avoid this kind of embarrassment, the Quakers have of late years been gradually declining the public service in the Assembly and in the magistracy, choosing rather to quit their power than their principle.
为了避免这种尴尬，贵格会近年来逐渐减少议会和行政长官中的公共服务，选择放弃权力而不是原则。
In order of time, I should have mentioned before, that having, in 1742, invented an open stove[84] for the better warming of rooms, and at the same time saving fuel, as the fresh air admitted was warmed in entering, I made a present of the model to Mr. Robert Grace, one of my early friends, who, having an iron-furnace,[85] found the casting of the plates for these stoves a profitable thing, as they were growing in demand.
按照时间顺序，我之前应该提到过，1742年，我发明了一种开放式炉子[84]，以便更好地为房间供暖，同时节省燃料，因为进入的新鲜空气会被加热，我将这个模型送给了我早期的朋友之一罗伯特·格雷斯先生，他拥有一个铁炉，[85]发现为这些炉子铸造板材是一件有利可图的事情，因为它们的需求不断增长。
To promote that demand, I wrote and published a pamphlet, entitled "_An Account of the new-invented Pennsylvania Fireplaces; wherein their Construction and Manner of Operation is particularly explained; their Advantages above every other Method of warming Rooms demonstrated; and all Objections that have been raised against the Use of them answered and obviated_," etc. This pamphlet had a good effect.
为了促进这一需求，我编写并出版了一本小册子，题为《新发明的宾夕法尼亚壁炉的叙述；其中特别解释了它们的构造和操作方式；展示了它们比其他所有取暖房间的方法所具有的优势；以及对反对使用它们提出的所有反对意见进行了答复和消除》等。这本小册子取得了良好的效果。
Gov'r.
州长。
Thomas was so pleas'd with the construction of this stove, as described in it, that he offered to give me a patent for the sole vending of them for a term of years; but I declin'd it from a principle which has ever weighed with me on such occasions, viz., _That, as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously._
托马斯对这个炉子的结构非常满意，正如其中所描述的那样，他提出给我一项为期数年的独家销售专利。但我拒绝了它，因为我在这种情况下一直考虑着一个原则，即，当我们从别人的发明中享受到巨大的好处时，我们应该很高兴有机会通过我们的任何发明为他人服务；我们应该自由而慷慨地这样做。_
[84] The Franklin stove is still in use.
[84] 富兰克林炉子仍在使用。
[85] Warwick Furnace, Chester County, Pennsylvania, across the Schuylkill River from Pottstown.
[85]沃里克熔炉，宾夕法尼亚州切斯特县，与波茨敦隔斯库尔基尔河相望。
An ironmonger in London however, assuming a good deal of my pamphlet, and working it up into his own, and making some small changes in the machine, which rather hurt its operation, got a patent for it there, and made, as I was told, a little fortune by it.
然而，伦敦的一位五金商，拿走了我的大量小册子，并将其加工成自己的小册子，并对机器进行了一些小改动，这相当损害了它的操作，并在那里获得了专利，并且据我所知，从中赚了一笔小钱。
And this is not the only instance of patents taken out for my inventions by others, tho' not always with the same success, which I never contested, as having no desire of profiting by patents myself, and hating disputes.
这并不是别人为我的发明申请专利的唯一例子，尽管并不总是取得同样的成功，我从未对此提出异议，因为我自己不想通过专利获利，并且讨厌争议。
The use of these fireplaces in very many houses, both of this and the neighbouring colonies, has been, and is, a great saving of wood to the inhabitants.
在这个殖民地和邻近殖民地的许多房屋中使用这些壁炉，过去和现在都为居民节省了大量的木材。
XIII
十三
PUBLIC SERVICES AND DUTIES
公共服务和职责
(1749-1753)
(1749-1753)
Peace being concluded, and the association business therefore at an end, I turn'd my thoughts again to the affair of establishing an academy.
和平结束了，协会的事务也就结束了，我又把心思转向了建立学院的事情上。
The first step I took was to associate in the design a number of active friends, of whom the Junto furnished a good part; the next was to write and publish a pamphlet, entitled _Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania_.
我采取的第一步是在设计中联系一些活跃的朋友，其中 Junto 发挥了很大的作用；接下来是撰写并出版一本小册子，题为《与宾夕法尼亚州青年教育有关的提案》。
This I distributed among the principal inhabitants gratis; and as soon as I could suppose their minds a little prepared by the perusal of it, I set on foot a subscription for opening and supporting an academy; it was to be paid in quotas yearly for five years; by so dividing it, I judg'd the subscription might be larger, and I believe it was so, amounting to no less, if I remember right, than five thousand pounds.
我将其免费分发给主要居民；当我认为他们的思想已经通过阅读这本书而有所准备时，我就开始捐款以开设和支持一所学院。五年内每年按配额支付；通过这样划分，我判断认购额可能会更大，而且我相信确实如此，如果我没记错的话，金额不少于五千英镑。
In the introduction to these proposals, I stated their publication, not as an act of mine, but of some _publick-spirited gentlemen_, avoiding as much as I could, according to my usual rule, the presenting myself to the publick as the author of any scheme for their benefit.
在这些提案的介绍中，我声明它们的发表不是我的行为，而是一些具有公共精神的绅士的行为，根据我的惯常规则，我尽可能避免向公众展示自己是任何为他们的利益而制定的计划的作者。
The subscribers, to carry the project into immediate execution, chose out of their number twenty-four trustees, and appointed Mr. Francis,[86] then attorney-general, and myself to draw up constitutions for the government of the academy; which being done and signed, a house was hired, masters engag'd, and the schools opened, I think, in the same year, 1749.
为了立即执行该项目，订阅者从他们的24名受托人中选出了24名受托人，并任命当时的总检察长弗朗西斯先生[86]和我本人为学院的政府起草章程；工程完成并签署后，租用了一所房子，聘请了大师，学校开学，我想是在同一年，即 1749 年。
[86] Tench Francis, uncle of Sir Philip Francis, emigrated from England to Maryland, and became attorney for Lord Baltimore.
[86] 坦奇·弗朗西斯（Tench Francis）是菲利普·弗朗西斯爵士的叔叔，从英国移民到马里兰州，并成为巴尔的摩勋爵的律师。
He removed to Philadelphia and was attorney-general of Pennsylvania from 1741 to 1755.
他移居费城，并于 1741 年至 1755 年间担任宾夕法尼亚州总检察长。
He died in Philadelphia August 16, 1758.--Smyth.
1758 年 8 月 16 日他在费城去世。--史密斯。
The scholars increasing fast, the house was soon found too small, and we were looking out for a piece of ground, properly situated, with intention to build, when Providence threw into our way a large house ready built, which, with a few alterations, might well serve our purpose.
学者人数迅速增加，很快我们就发现这座房子太小了，我们正在寻找一块位置合适的土地，打算建造，这时上帝扔给我们一座已经建好的大房子，只要稍作改动，它就可以很好地满足我们的目的。
This was the building before mentioned, erected by the hearers of Mr. Whitefield, and was obtained for us in the following manner.
这就是前面提到的那座建筑，是怀特菲尔德先生的听众建造的，是通过以下方式为我们获得的。
It is to be noted that the contributions to this building being made by people of different sects, care was taken in the nomination of trustees, in whom the building and ground was to be vested, that a predominancy should not be given to any sect, lest in time that predominancy might be a means of appropriating the whole to the use of such sect, contrary to the original intention.
值得注意的是，这座建筑是由不同教派的人贡献的，因此在提名受托人时要小心，建筑物和土地将归属于受托人，不应该让任何教派占据主导地位，以免到时候这种主导地位可能会成为将整个建筑挪用给该教派使用的手段，这与最初的意图背道而驰。
It was therefore that one of each sect was appointed, viz., one Church-of-England man, one Presbyterian, one Baptist, one Moravian, etc., those, in case of vacancy by death, were to fill it by election from among the contributors.
因此，每个教派都被任命了一名，即一名英国教会人士、一名长老会、一名浸信会、一名摩拉维亚人等，如果因死亡而出现空缺，则应从贡献者中选举填补。
The Moravian happen'd not to please his colleagues, and on his death they resolved to have no other of that sect.
摩拉维亚派碰巧不让他的同事们高兴，在他死后，他们决定不再接纳这个教派的其他人。
The difficulty then was, how to avoid having two of some other sect, by means of the new choice.
那么接下来的困难就是，如何通过新的选择，避免出现另外两个宗派的情况。
Several persons were named, and for that reason not agreed to.
有几个人被点名，但因此没有得到同意。
At length one mention'd me, with the observation that I was merely an honest man, and of no sect at all, which prevailed with them to chuse me.
最后，有人提到了我，并认为我只是一个诚实的人，根本不属于任何教派，这让他们选择了我。
The enthusiasm which existed when the house was built had long since abat'd, and its trustees had not been able to procure fresh contributions for paying the ground-rent, and discharging some other debts the building had occasion'd, which embarrass'd them greatly.
建造这座房子时的热情早已消退，它的受托人无法筹集到新的捐款来支付地租，也无法偿还该建筑引起的其他一些债务，这让他们感到非常尴尬。
Being now a member of both sets of trustees, that for the building and that for the academy, I had a good opportunity of negotiating with both, and brought them finally to an agreement, by which the trustees for the building were to cede it to those of the academy, the latter undertaking to discharge the debt, to keep forever open in the building a large hall for occasional preachers, according to the original intention, and maintain a free-school for the instruction of poor children.
现在，作为大楼和学院两方受托人的成员，我有一个很好的机会与双方谈判，并最终使他们达成协议，大楼的受托人将把它转让给学院，后者承诺偿还债务，按照最初的意图，在大楼内永远开放一个大厅，供偶尔传教的人使用，并维持一所免费学校，以教育贫困儿童。
Writings were accordingly drawn, and on paying the debts the trustees of the academy were put in possession of the premises; and by dividing the great and lofty hall into stories, and different rooms above and below for the several schools, and purchasing some additional ground, the whole was soon made fit for our purpose, and the scholars remov'd into the building.
据此制定了书面文件，在偿还债务后，学院的受托人就获得了该校舍的所有权。通过将宏伟而高大的大厅分成几层，并在上面和下面为几所学校划分出不同的房间，并购买了一些额外的土地，整个建筑很快就适合我们的目的，学者们也搬进了这座建筑。
The care and trouble of agreeing with the workmen, purchasing materials, and superintending the work, fell upon me; and I went thro' it the more cheerfully, as it did not then interfere with my private business, having the year before taken a very able, industrious, and honest partner, Mr. David Hall, with whose character I was well acquainted, as he had work'd for me four years.
与工人们达成一致、采购材料、监督工作的关心和麻烦都落在了我身上；我更加高兴地进行了这件事，因为它并没有干扰我的私人事务，因为前一年我有了一位非常能干、勤奋和诚实的合伙人大卫·霍尔先生，我对他的性格很熟悉，因为他已经为我工作了四年。
He took off my hands all care of the printing-office, paying me punctually my share of the profits.
他把印刷厂的一切事务都交给了我，并按时向我支付了我应得的利润。
The partnership continued eighteen years, successfully for us both.
这种伙伴关系持续了十八年，我们双方都取得了成功。
The trustees of the academy, after a while, were incorporated by a charter from the governor; their funds were increas'd by contributions in Britain and grants of land from the proprietaries, to which the Assembly has since made considerable addition; and thus was established the present University of Philadelphia.[87] I have been continued one of its trustees from the beginning, now near forty years, and have had the very great pleasure of seeing a number of the youth who have receiv'd their education in it, distinguish'd by their improv'd abilities, serviceable in public stations, and ornaments to their country.
一段时间后，学院的受托人根据州长的特许成立了。他们的资金因英国的捐款和业主赠予的土地而增加，议会后来又增加了相当多的资金。从而建立了现在的费城大学。[87]我从一开始就一直是它的受托人之一，现在已近四十年了，我非常高兴地看到许多在其中接受教育的年轻人，他们因能力的提高而闻名，在公共车站服务，并为他们的国家增光添彩。
[87] Later called the University of Pennsylvania.
[87]后来称为宾夕法尼亚大学。
When I disengaged myself, as above mentioned, from private business, I flatter'd myself that, by the sufficient tho' moderate fortune I had acquir'd, I had secured leisure during the rest of my life for philosophical studies and amusements.
如上所述，当我摆脱私人事务时，我沾沾自喜地说，凭借我所获得的足够的中等财富，我在余生中获得了闲暇时间用于哲学研究和娱乐。
I purchased all Dr. Spence's apparatus, who had come from England to lecture here, and I proceeded in my electrical experiments with great alacrity; but the publick, now considering me as a man of leisure, laid hold of me for their purposes, every part of our civil government, and almost at the same time, imposing some duty upon me.
我购买了斯彭斯博士从英国来这里讲课的所有仪器，然后我迅速地进行了我的电学实验。但是公众现在认为我是一个有闲人，他们为了他们的目的而控制我，控制我们公民政府的各个部分，几乎同时，还给我施加了一些责任。
The governor put me into the commission of the peace; the corporation of the city chose me of the common council, and soon after an alderman; and the citizens at large chose me a burgess to represent them in Assembly.
总督派我担任和平委员会的职务；市议会选我为市议会议员，不久又选我为市议员。广大公民选我为议员，在议会中代表他们。
This latter station was the more agreeable to me, as I was at length tired with sitting there to hear debates, in which, as clerk, I could take no part, and which were often so unentertaining that I was induc'd to amuse myself with making magic squares or circles, or anything to avoid weariness; and I conceiv'd my becoming a member would enlarge my power of doing good.
后一站对我来说更合适，因为我终于厌倦了坐在那里听辩论，作为书记员，我无法参与其中，而且这些辩论往往很无趣，以至于我不得不用制作魔术方块或圆圈或任何避免疲劳的东西来娱乐自己；我认为成为会员将扩大我行善的力量。
I would not, however, insinuate that my ambition was not flatter'd by all these promotions; it certainly was; for, considering my low beginning, they were great things to me; and they were still more pleasing, as being so many spontaneous testimonies of the public good opinion, and by me entirely unsolicited.
然而，我并不是暗示我的野心并没有因所有这些晋升而得到满足。确实如此；因为，考虑到我的出身低微，它们对我来说是伟大的事情。而且它们更令人高兴，因为它们是公众良好意见的自发见证，而且是我完全不请自来的。
The office of justice of the peace I try'd a little, by attending a few courts, and sitting on the bench to hear causes; but finding that more knowledge of the common law than I possess'd was necessary to act in that station with credit, I gradually withdrew from it, excusing myself by my being oblig'd to attend the higher duties of a legislator in the Assembly.
我尝试过治安司法办公室，参加了几个法庭，坐在法官席上听取理由；但我发现，要想在这个职位上获得信誉，需要比我拥有的更多的普通法知识，于是我逐渐退出了这个职位，并以必须履行议会立法者的更高职责为借口。
My election to this trust was repeated every year for ten years, without my ever asking any elector for his vote, or signifying, either directly or indirectly, any desire of being chosen.
十年来，我每年都会重复当选该信托基金，而我从未要求任何选民投票，也没有直接或间接表示任何被选中的愿望。
On taking my seat in the House, my son was appointed their clerk.
我在众议院就任后，我的儿子被任命为他们的书记员。
The year following, a treaty being to be held with the Indians at Carlisle, the governor sent a message to the House, proposing that they should nominate some of their members, to be join'd with some members of council, as commissioners for that purpose.[88] The House named the speaker (Mr. Norris) and myself; and, being commission'd, we went to Carlisle, and met the Indians accordingly.
次年，在卡莱尔与印第安人签订条约时，州长向众议院发出了一条信息，建议他们提名一些成员，与一些理事会成员一起，作为为此目的的专员。 [88]众议院指定了发言人（诺里斯先生）和我本人；受委托，我们前往卡莱尔，并相应地会见了印第安人。
[88] See the votes to have this more correctly.--_Marg.
[88] 查看投票以更正确地理解这一点。--_Marg。
note._
注意._
As those people are extreamly apt to get drunk, and, when so, are very quarrelsome and disorderly, we strictly forbade the selling any liquor to them; and when they complain'd of this restriction, we told them that if they would continue sober during the treaty, we would give them plenty of rum when business was over.
由于这些人极易喝醉，而且喝醉后又很吵闹、扰乱秩序，所以我们严禁向他们出售任何酒类；当他们抱怨这一限制时，我们告诉他们，如果他们在条约期间继续保持清醒，我们会在生意结束时给他们大量朗姆酒。
They promis'd this, and they kept their promise, because they could get no liquor, and the treaty was conducted very orderly, and concluded to mutual satisfaction.
他们答应了这一点，他们也遵守了诺言，因为他们拿不到酒，条约进行得很有秩序，缔结的双方都满意。
They then claim'd and received the rum; this was in the afternoon: they were near one hundred men, women, and children, and were lodg'd in temporary cabins, built in the form of a square, just without the town.
然后他们认领并收到了朗姆酒；那是在下午：他们有近一百个男人、女人和孩子，住在临时小屋里，小屋是方形的，就在城镇外。
In the evening, hearing a great noise among them, the commissioners walk'd out to see what was the matter.
晚上，委员们听到他们中间有很大的吵闹声，就出去看看发生了什么事。
We found they had made a great bonfire in the middle of the square; they were all drunk, men and women, quarreling and fighting.
我们发现他们在广场中央生了一堆篝火；男人女人都喝醉了，争吵打斗。
Their dark-colour'd bodies, half naked, seen only by the gloomy light of the bonfire, running after and beating one another with firebrands, accompanied by their horrid yellings, form'd a scene the most resembling our ideas of hell that could well be imagin'd; there was no appeasing the tumult, and we retired to our lodging.
他们的深色身体，半裸着，只有在昏暗的篝火光下才能看到，他们用火把互相追逐、殴打，伴随着可怕的叫喊，形成了一幅最像我们想象中的地狱的景象；骚乱并没有平息，我们就回到了住处。
At midnight a number of them came thundering at our door, demanding more rum, of which we took no notice.
午夜时分，他们中的一些人如雷霆般地来到我们家门口，要求更多朗姆酒，但我们没有注意到。
The next day, sensible they had misbehav'd in giving us that disturbance, they sent three of their old counselors to make their apology.
第二天，他们意识到他们对我们造成的干扰是不当行为，于是派了三位以前的顾问来道歉。
The orator acknowledg'd the fault, but laid it upon the rum; and then endeavoured to excuse the rum by saying, "_The Great Spirit, who made all things, made everything for some use, and whatever use he design'd anything for, that use it should always be put to.
演说家承认了错误，但将其归咎于朗姆酒。然后竭力为朗姆酒辩解说：“伟大的神灵，他创造了万物，创造一切都是为了某种用途，无论他设计的任何东西有什么用途，它都应该永远被投入使用。
Now, when_ _he made rum, he said, 'Let this be for the Indians to get drunk with,' and it must be so._" And, indeed, if it be the design of Providence to extirpate these savages in order to make room for cultivators of the earth, it seems not improbable that rum may be the appointed means.
现在，当他酿造朗姆酒时，他说，“让这个印第安人喝醉吧，”事情一定如此。”而且，事实上，如果上帝的计划是消灭这些野蛮人，以便为地球上的耕种者腾出空间，那么朗姆酒可能是指定的手段，这似乎并非不可能。
It has already annihilated all the tribes who formerly inhabited the sea-coast.
它已经消灭了所有以前居住在海岸的部落。
[Illustration: "In the evening, hearing a great noise among them, the commissioners walk'd out to see what was the matter"]
[插图：“晚上，听到他们中间有很大的噪音，委员们就出去看看发生了什么事”]
In 1751, Dr. Thomas Bond, a particular friend of mine, conceived the idea of establishing a hospital in Philadelphia (a very beneficent design, which has been ascrib'd to me, but was originally his), for the reception and cure of poor sick persons, whether inhabitants of the province or strangers.
1751年，我的一位特别朋友托马斯·邦德医生提出了在费城建立一所医院的想法（这是一个非常仁慈的设计，这归功于我，但最初是他的），用于接待和治疗贫困病人，无论是该省的居民还是陌生人。
He was zealous and active in endeavouring to procure subscriptions for it, but the proposal being a novelty in America, and at first not well understood, he met but with small success.
他热心而积极地努力争取订阅，但这个提议在美国还是个新鲜事，一开始并没有得到很好的理解，所以他只取得了很小的成功。
At length he came to me with the compliment that he found there was no such thing as carrying a public-spirited project through without my being concern'd in it.
最后，他来找我，称赞我，他发现，没有我的参与，就不可能完成一个公益性的项目。
"For," says he, "I am often ask'd by those to whom I propose subscribing, Have you consulted Franklin upon this business?
“因为，”他说，“那些我打算订阅的人经常问我，你是否就此事咨询过富兰克林？
And what does he think of it?
他对此有何看法？
And when I tell them that I have not (supposing it rather out of your line), they do not subscribe, but say they will consider of it." I enquired into the nature and probable utility of his scheme, and receiving from him a very satisfactory explanation, I not only subscrib'd to it myself, but engag'd heartily in the design of procuring subscriptions from others.
当我告诉他们我没有（假设这超出了你的界限）时，他们不会订阅，但说他们会考虑它。”我询问了他的计划的性质和可能的用途，并从他那里得到了非常令人满意的解释，我不仅自己订阅了它，而且热心地致力于从其他人那里获取订阅的设计。
Previously, however, to the solicitation, I endeavoured to prepare the minds of the people by writing on the subject in the newspapers, which was my usual custom in such cases, but which he had omitted.
然而，在征集之前，我曾在报纸上就这个主题发表文章，努力让人们做好思想准备，这是我在这种情况下的惯常做法，但他却忽略了。
The subscriptions afterwards were more free and generous; but, beginning to flag, I saw they would be insufficient without some assistance from the Assembly, and therefore propos'd to petition for it, which was done.
后来的订阅更加免费和慷慨；但是，我开始萎靡不振，发现如果没有议会的帮助，这些措施是不够的，因此建议向议会请愿，请求已经完成。
The country members did not at first relish the project; they objected that it could only be serviceable to the city, and therefore the citizens alone should be at the expense of it; and they doubted whether the citizens themselves generally approv'd of it.
各国成员一开始并不喜欢这个项目。他们反对说，它只能为城市服务，因此公民应该独自承担其费用；他们怀疑公民本身是否普遍认可这一做法。
My allegation on the contrary, that it met with such approbation as to leave no doubt of our being able to raise two thousand pounds by voluntary donations, they considered as a most extravagant supposition, and utterly impossible.
相反，我的指控是，它得到了如此多的认可，毫无疑问我们能够通过自愿捐款筹集到两千英镑，他们认为这是一种最奢侈的假设，而且完全不可能。
On this I form'd my plan; and, asking leave to bring in a bill for incorporating the contributors according to the prayer of their petition, and granting them a blank sum of money, which leave was obtained chiefly on the consideration that the House could throw the bill out if they did not like it, I drew it so as to make the important clause a conditional one, viz., "And be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that when the said contributors shall have met and chosen their managers and treasurer, _and shall have raised by their contributions a capital stock of----value_ (the yearly interest of which is to be applied to the accommodating of the sick poor in the said hospital, free of charge for diet, attendance, advice, and medicines), _and shall make the same appear to the satisfaction of the speaker of the Assembly for the time being_, that _then_ it shall and may be lawful for the said speaker, and he is hereby required, to sign an order on the provincial treasurer for the payment of two thousand pounds, in two yearly payments, to the treasurer of the said hospital, to be applied to the founding, building, and finishing of the same."
我就此制定了计划；并请求允许根据捐助者的请愿书提出一项法案，并给予他们一笔空白资金，获得这项许可主要是考虑到如果众议院不喜欢该法案，众议院可以将该法案否决，我起草了该法案，以便使重要条款成为有条件的条款，即“由上述当局颁布，当上述捐助者会面并选择他们的经理和财务主管时，并应通过他们的捐助筹集资金”资本存量为----价值_（其年利息将用于在上述医院中为生病的穷人提供住宿，免费饮食、就诊、咨询和药品），_并且应使目前的议长满意_，那么_那么_对于上述议长来说，这应该是合法的，并且特此要求他签署一项向省财政部长签署的命令，每年两年支付两千英镑向该医院财务主管支付的款项，用于该医院的建立、建设和完工。”
This condition carried the bill through; for the members, who had oppos'd the grant, and now conceiv'd they might have the credit of being charitable without the expense, agreed to its passage; and then, in soliciting subscriptions among the people, we urg'd the conditional promise of the law as an additional motive to give, since every man's donation would be doubled; thus the clause work'd both ways.
这一条件使该法案得以通过。对于那些曾经反对这项拨款的成员来说，现在他们认为自己可以在不花钱的情况下从事慈善事业，因此同意通过这项拨款。然后，在向人们征集捐款时，我们敦促法律的有条件承诺，作为捐赠的额外动机，因为每个人的捐款都会加倍；因此该条款是双向的。
The subscriptions accordingly soon exceeded the requisite sum, and we claim'd and receiv'd the public gift, which enabled us to carry the design into execution.
因此，订阅很快就超过了所需的金额，我们索取并收到了这份公共礼物，这使我们能够将设计付诸实施。
A convenient and handsome building was soon erected; the institution has by constant experience been found useful, and flourishes to this day; and I do not remember any of my political manoeuvers, the success of which gave me at the time more pleasure, or wherein, after thinking of it, I more easily excus'd myself for having made some use of cunning.
一栋方便又美观的大楼很快就拔地而起；根据不断的经验，该机构被证明是有用的，并且一直蓬勃发展到今天。我不记得我有任何政治策略，其中的成功给我当时带来了更多的快乐，或者在思考之后，我更容易为自己使用了一些狡猾而原谅自己。
It was about this time that another projector, the Rev.
大约在这个时候，另一台投影仪 Rev.
Gilbert Tennent[89], came to me with a request that I would assist him in procuring a subscription for erecting a new meeting-house.
吉尔伯特·坦南特 (Gilbert Tennent)[89] 来找我，请求我协助他获得建立新会议室的捐款。
It was to be for the use of a congregation he had gathered among the Presbyterians, who were originally disciples of Mr. Whitefield.
它是供他在长老会中召集的会众使用的，这些会众最初是怀特菲尔德先生的门徒。
Unwilling to make myself disagreeable to my fellow-citizens by too frequently soliciting their contributions, I absolutely refus'd.
我不想因为过于频繁地征求同胞们的捐款而惹恼他们，所以我断然拒绝了。
He then desired I would furnish him with a list of the names of persons I knew by experience to be generous and public-spirited.
然后他希望我向他提供一份我根据经验认识的慷慨且热心公益人士的名单。
I thought it would be unbecoming in me, after their kind compliance with my solicitations, to mark them out to be worried by other beggars, and therefore refus'd also to give such a list.
我认为，在他们善意地答应了我的请求之后，把他们标记为受到其他乞丐的担心，这对我来说是不合适的，因此也拒绝提供这样的清单。
He then desir'd I would at least give him my advice.
然后他希望我至少给他我的建议。
"That I will readily do," said I; "and, in the first place, I advise you to apply to all those whom you know will give something; next, to those whom you are uncertain whether they will give anything or not, and show them the list of those who have given; and, lastly, do not neglect those who you are sure will give nothing, for in some of them you may be mistaken." He laugh'd and thank'd me, and said he would take my advice.
“我会很乐意做的，”我说。 “首先，我建议你向所有你知道会捐献的人申请；其次，向那些你不确定他们是否会捐献的人申请，并向他们出示已捐献者的名单；最后，不要忽视那些你确信不会捐献的人，因为其中一些人你可能会弄错。”他笑着感谢我，并说他会接受我的建议。
He did so, for he ask'd of _everybody_, and he obtain'd a much larger sum than he expected, with which he erected the capacious and very elegant meeting-house that stands in Arch-street.
他这样做了，因为他向所有人提出了要求，他得到了一笔比他预想的多得多的资金，他用这笔钱在拱门街建造了一座宽敞、非常优雅的会议室。
[89] Gilbert Tennent (1703-1764) came to America with his father, Rev.
[89] 吉尔伯特·坦南特（Gilbert Tennent，1703-1764）随父亲牧师来到美国。
William Tennent, and taught for a time in the "Log College," from which sprang the College of New Jersey.--Smyth.
威廉·坦南特，曾在“洛格学院”任教一段时间，新泽西学院就是从该学院诞生的。--史密斯。
Our city, tho' laid out with a beautiful regularity, the streets large, straight, and crossing each other at right angles, had the disgrace of suffering those streets to remain long unpav'd, and in wet weather the wheels of heavy carriages plough'd them into a quagmire, so that it was difficult to cross them; and in dry weather the dust was offensive.
我们的城市虽然布局优美，街道宽阔笔直，相互成直角交叉，但不幸的是，这些街道长期没有铺砌，在潮湿的天气里，重型马车的车轮将它们犁成泥潭，因此很难穿过它们。在干燥的天气里，灰尘很令人讨厌。
I had liv'd near what was call'd the Jersey Market, and saw with pain the inhabitants wading in mud while purchasing their provisions.
我住在泽西市场附近，痛苦地看到居民们在泥里涉水购买食物。
A strip of ground down the middle of that market was at length pav'd with brick, so that, being once in the market, they had firm footing, but were often over shoes in dirt to get there.
市场中间的一条地面终于用砖铺好了，这样，一旦进入市场，他们就站稳了脚跟，但往往要穿鞋踩在泥土里才能到达那里。
By talking and writing on the subject, I was at length instrumental in getting the street pav'd with stone between the market and the brick'd foot-pavement, that was on each side next the houses.
通过就这个主题进行讨论和写作，我终于在市场和房屋两侧的砖砌人行道之间铺上了石头。
This, for some time, gave an easy access to the market dry-shod; but, the rest of the street not being pav'd, whenever a carriage came out of the mud upon this pavement, it shook off and left its dirt upon it, and it was soon cover'd with mire, which was not remov'd, the city as yet having no scavengers.
在一段时间内，这让人们可以轻松地进入市场。但是，街道的其余部分还没有铺好，每当一辆马车从这条人行道上的泥泞中驶出来时，它就会抖落，留下泥土，很快就被泥泞覆盖，而且还没有被清除，城里还没有拾荒者。
After some inquiry, I found a poor, industrious man, who was willing to undertake keeping the pavement clean, by sweeping it twice a week, carrying off the dirt from before all the neighbours' doors, for the sum of sixpence per month, to be paid by each house.
经过一番询问，我找到了一个贫穷而勤劳的人，他愿意承担保持人行道清洁的任务，每周清扫两次，清除所有邻居门前的污垢，每月六便士，由每户人家支付。
I then wrote and printed a paper setting forth the advantages to the neighbourhood that might be obtain'd by this small expense; the greater ease in keeping our houses clean, so much dirt not being brought in by people's feet; the benefit to the shops by more custom, etc., etc., as buyers could more easily get at them; and by not having, in windy weather, the dust blown in upon their goods, etc., etc. I sent one of these papers to each house, and in a day or two went round to see who would subscribe an agreement to pay these sixpences; it was unanimously sign'd, and for a time well executed.
然后我写了一篇论文并打印出来，阐述了这笔小额开支可能给附近带来的好处；更容易保持我们的房屋清洁，人们的脚不会带入太多污垢；更多定制等给商店带来的好处，因为买家可以更容易地获得它们；我给每户人家寄了一张这样的文件，一两天后就去看看谁会签署一份支付这六便士的协议；它得到了一致签署，并且一度得到了很好的执行。
All the inhabitants of the city were delighted with the cleanliness of the pavement that surrounded the market, it being a convenience to all, and this rais'd a general desire to have all the streets paved, and made the people more willing to submit to a tax for that purpose.
城里的所有居民都对市场周围路面的清洁感到高兴，这给所有人带来了便利，这激起了所有街道都铺上路面的普遍愿望，并使人们更愿意为此目的缴纳税款。
After some time I drew a bill for paving the city, and brought it into the Assembly.
一段时间后，我起草了一份铺路城市的法案，并将其提交议会。
It was just before I went to England, in 1757, and did not pass till I was gone,[90] and then with an alteration in the mode of assessment, which I thought not for the better, but with an additional provision for lighting as well as paving the streets, which was a great improvement.
那是在我去英国之前，1757年，直到我离开才通过，[90]然后评估模式发生了变化，我认为这并没有变得更好，但增加了照明和铺路的规定，这是一个很大的进步。
It was by a private person, the late Mr. John Clifton, his giving a sample of the utility of lamps, by placing one at his door, that the people were first impress'd with the idea of enlighting all the city.
已故的约翰·克利夫顿先生，一位私人人士，在他家门口放了一盏灯，展示了灯的实用性，人们第一次对照亮整个城市的想法印象深刻。
The honour of this public benefit has also been ascrib'd to me, but it belongs truly to that gentleman.
这项公益的荣誉也归于我，但它真正属于那位先生。
I did but follow his example, and have only some merit to claim respecting the form of our lamps, as differing from the globe lamps we were at first supply'd with from London.
我只是效仿了他的榜样，并且只有一些优点可以声称尊重我们的灯的形式，因为与我们最初从伦敦供应的球形灯不同。
Those we found inconvenient in these respects: they admitted no air below; the smoke, therefore, did not readily go out above, but circulated in the globe, lodg'd on its inside, and soon obstructed the light they were intended to afford; giving, besides, the daily trouble of wiping them clean; and an accidental stroke on one of them would demolish it, and render it totally useless.
我们发现那些在这些方面不方便的地方：它们下面不允许空气进入；因此，烟雾不会轻易从上面散发出来，而是在地球仪中循环，停留在其内部，很快就遮挡了它们原本要提供的光线。此外，还要每天费力地把它们擦干净；如果其中一个被意外击中，它就会被毁掉，并使其完全失效。
I therefore suggested the composing them of four flat panes, with a long funnel above to draw up the smoke, and crevices admitting air below, to facilitate the ascent of the smoke; by this means they were kept clean, and did not grow dark in a few hours, as the London lamps do, but continu'd bright till morning, and an accidental stroke would generally break but a single pane, easily repair'd.
因此，我建议用四块平板组成，上面有一个长漏斗，用来吸烟，下面有缝隙进气，以便于烟上升；通过这种方式，它们保持清洁，并且不会像伦敦的灯那样在几个小时内变黑，而是持续明亮到早晨，并且意外的中风通常只会打破一块玻璃，很容易修复。
I have sometimes wonder'd that the Londoners did not, from the effect holes in the bottom of the globe lamps us'd at Vauxhall[91] have in keeping them clean, learn to have such holes in their street lamps.
我有时想知道，伦敦人并没有从沃克斯豪尔[91]为保持清洁而在球形灯底部开孔的效果中学会在路灯上开这样的孔。
But, these holes being made for another purpose, viz., to communicate flame more suddenly to the wick by a little flax hanging down thro' them, the other use, of letting in air, seems not to have been thought of; and therefore, after the lamps have been lit a few hours, the streets of London are very poorly illuminated.
但是，这些孔是为了另一个目的而制作的，即通过垂下的一点亚麻将火焰更突然地传递给灯芯，而另一种用途，即让空气进入，似乎没有被想到；因此，在灯亮了几个小时之后，伦敦的街道就变得非常微弱了。
[90] See votes.
[90] 参见投票。
[91] Vauxhall Gardens, once a popular and fashionable London resort, situated on the Thames above Lambeth.
[91] 沃克斯豪尔花园 (Vauxhall Gardens)，曾经是伦敦流行且时尚的度假胜地，位于泰晤士河畔兰贝斯 (Lambeth) 上方。
The Gardens were closed in 1859, but they will always be remembered because of Sir Roger de Coverley's visit to them in the _Spectator_ and from the descriptions in Smollett's _Humphry Clinker_ and Thackeray's _Vanity Fair_.
花园于 1859 年关闭，但人们将永远记住它们，因为罗杰·德·科弗利爵士在《旁观者》中对花园进行了参观，并根据斯莫利特的《汉弗莱·克林克》和萨克雷的《名利场》中的描述进行了描述。
The mention of these improvements puts me in mind of one I propos'd, when in London, to Dr. Fothergill, who was among the best men I have known, and a great promoter of useful projects.
提到这些改进，我想起了我在伦敦时向福瑟吉尔博士提出的一项建议，他是我所认识的最优秀的人之一，也是有用项目的伟大推动者。
I had observ'd that the streets, when dry, were never swept, and the light dust carried away; but it was suffer'd to accumulate till wet weather reduc'd it to mud, and then, after lying some days so deep on the pavement that there was no crossing but in paths kept clean by poor people with brooms, it was with great labour rak'd together and thrown up into carts open above, the sides of which suffered some of the slush at every jolt on the pavement to shake out and fall, sometimes to the annoyance of foot-passengers.
我观察到，街道在干燥时从未被清扫过，轻微的灰尘也被带走了。但它们一直堆积起来，直到潮湿的天气把它变成了泥，然后，在人行道上躺了几天，深到没有交叉路口，只有穷人用扫帚打扫干净的小路，才用大量的劳力把它们耙在一起，扔到上面敞开的车里，人行道上的每一次颠簸，车的侧面都会遭受一些雪泥的摇晃和掉落，有时给步行乘客带来烦恼。
The reason given for not sweeping the dusty streets was that the dust would fly into the windows of shops and houses.
不打扫尘土飞扬的街道的理由是灰尘会飞进商店和房屋的窗户。
[Illustration: "a poor woman sweeping my pavement with a birch broom"]
[插图：“一个可怜的女人用桦木扫帚清扫我的人行道”]
An accidental occurrence had instructed me how much sweeping might be done in a little time.
一次偶然的事件告诉我，短时间内可以完成多少清扫工作。
I found at my door in Craven-street,[92] one morning, a poor woman sweeping my pavement with a birch broom; she appeared very pale and feeble, as just come out of a fit of sickness.
一天早上，我在克雷文街的家门口发现，[92] 一位可怜的妇女用桦木扫帚清扫我的人行道；她看上去非常苍白、虚弱，就像刚从一场病中恢复过来一样。
I ask'd who employ'd her to sweep there; she said, "Nobody, but I am very poor and in distress, and I sweeps before gentle-folkses doors, and hopes they will give me something." I bid her sweep the whole street clean, and I would give her a shilling; this was at nine o'clock; at 12 she came for the shilling.
我问谁雇她去扫地；她说：“没有人，但我很穷，很痛苦，我在绅士们的门前打扫，希望他们能给我一些东西。”我吩咐她把整条街打扫干净，然后给她一先令。此时是九点钟； 12点，她来取先令。
From the slowness I saw at first in her working, I could scarce believe that the work was done so soon, and sent my servant to examine it, who reported that the whole street was swept perfectly clean, and all the dust plac'd in the gutter, which was in the middle; and the next rain wash'd it quite away, so that the pavement and even the kennel were perfectly clean.
从我一开始看到她工作的缓慢，我简直不敢相信工作这么快就完成了，于是派我的仆人去检查，他报告说整条街都被清扫得一尘不染，所有的灰尘都被放在了中间的排水沟里；下一场雨把它冲走了，所以人行道甚至狗窝都非常干净。
[92] A short street near Charing Cross, London.
[92] 伦敦查令十字附近的一条短街。
I then judg'd that, if that feeble woman could sweep such a street in three hours, a strong, active man might have done it in half the time.
我当时就判断，如果那个孱弱的女人能在三个小时内扫完这么一条街，那么一个强壮、活跃的男人可能只需要一半的时间就能扫完。
And here let me remark the convenience of having but one gutter in such a narrow street, running down its middle, instead of two, one on each side, near the footway; for where all the rain that falls on a street runs from the sides and meets in the middle, it forms there a current strong enough to wash away all the mud it meets with; but when divided into two channels, it is often too weak to cleanse either, and only makes the mud it finds more fluid, so that the wheels of carriages and feet of horses throw and dash it upon the foot-pavement, which is thereby rendered foul and slippery, and sometimes splash it upon those who are walking.
在这里，我要说一下，在如此狭窄的街道上，只有一个排水沟沿着中间延伸，而不是两个，靠近人行道，每侧一个，这是很方便的；因为落在街道上的所有雨水都从两侧流到中间，在那里形成一股强大的水流，足以冲走所遇到的所有泥土。但当分成两条通道时，它往往太弱而无法清洁任何一条，只会使其发现的泥土变得更加流动，以致车轮和马脚将其抛掷到人行道上，从而使人行道变得又脏又滑，有时还溅到行走的人身上。
My proposal, communicated to the good doctor, was as follows:
我向好医生传达的建议如下：
"For the more effectual cleaning and keeping clean the streets of London and Westminster, it is proposed that the several watchmen be contracted with to have the dust swept up in dry seasons, and the mud rak'd up at other times, each in the several streets and lanes of his round; that they be furnish'd with brooms and other proper instruments for these purposes, to be kept at their respective stands, ready to furnish the poor people they may employ in the service.
“为了更有效地清洁和保持伦敦和威斯敏斯特的街道，建议与几名守望者签订合同，在旱季扫除灰尘，在其他时间扫除泥土，每个人都在他周围的几条街道和小巷里；为他们提供扫帚和其他适当的工具用于这些目的，放在各自的立场上，准备为他们可能雇用的穷人提供服务。
"That in the dry summer months the dust be all swept up into heaps at proper distances, before the shops and windows of houses are usually opened, when the scavengers, with close-covered carts, shall also carry it all away.
“在干燥的夏季，在商店和房屋窗户通常打开之前，将灰尘全部以适当的距离扫成堆，届时拾荒者也将用密闭的推车将其全部带走。
"That the mud, when rak'd up, be not left in heaps to be spread abroad again by the wheels of carriages and trampling of horses, but that the scavengers be provided with bodies of carts, not plac'd high upon wheels, but low upon sliders, with lattice bottoms, which, being cover'd with straw, will retain the mud thrown into them, and permit the water to drain from it, whereby it will become much lighter, water making the greatest part of its weight; these bodies of carts to be plac'd at convenient distances, and the mud brought to them in wheelbarrows; they remaining where plac'd till the mud is drain'd, and then horses brought to draw them away."
“当泥土被耙起来时，不会被留下成堆，被马车的轮子和马匹的践踏再次散布到外面，而是为拾荒者提供车体，不是放置在高高的轮子上，而是放置在低处的滑块上，底部有格子，上面覆盖着稻草，可以保留扔进去的泥土，并允许水从中排出，从而使泥土变得更轻，水占其重量的最大部分；这些将车体放置在方便的距离处，然后用独轮车将泥土运到它们那里；它们停留在放置的地方，直到泥土排干，然后用马将它们拉走。”
I have since had doubts of the practicability of the latter part of this proposal, on account of the narrowness of some streets, and the difficulty of placing the draining-sleds so as not to encumber too much the passage; but I am still of opinion that the former, requiring the dust to be swept up and carry'd away before the shops are open, is very practicable in the summer, when the days are long; for, in walking thro' the Strand and Fleet-street one morning at seven o'clock, I observ'd there was not one shop open, tho' it had been daylight and the sun up above three hours; the inhabitants of London chusing voluntarily to live much by candle-light, and sleep by sunshine, and yet often complain, a little absurdly, of the duty on candles, and the high price of tallow.
从那时起，我就对这个建议后半部分的实用性产生了怀疑，因为有些街道很狭窄，而且很难放置排水雪橇以免过多妨碍通道；但我仍然认为，前者要求在商店开门前把灰尘扫干净并运走，在夏天白天很长的时候是非常可行的；一天早上七点钟，我在斯特兰德街和舰队街散步时，发现没有一家商店开门，尽管当时是白天，太阳升起三个小时以上；但我发现没有一家商店开门。伦敦的居民自愿选择在烛光下生活，在阳光下睡觉，但经常抱怨蜡烛的关税和牛脂的高价，这有点荒谬。
Some may think these trifling matters not worth minding or relating; but when they consider that tho' dust blown into the eyes of a single person, or into a single shop on a windy day, is but of small importance, yet the great number of the instances in a populous city, and its frequent repetitions give it weight and consequence, perhaps they will not censure very severely those who bestow some attention to affairs of this seemingly low nature.
有些人可能认为这些琐事不值得关心或谈论；但是，当他们考虑到，灰尘被吹进一个人的眼睛，或者在大风天吹进一家商店，虽然无关紧要，但在一个人口稠密的城市中，这种情况的大量发生，以及它的频繁重复，赋予了它重量和后果，也许他们不会非常严厉地谴责那些对这种看似低级的事务给予一定关注的人。
Human felicity is produced not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen, as by little advantages that occur every day.
人类的幸福与其说是由很少发生的巨大好运所创造，不如说是由每天发生的小好处所创造。
Thus, if you teach a poor young man to shave himself, and keep his razor in order, you may contribute more to the happiness of his life than in giving him a thousand guineas.
因此，如果你教一个贫穷的年轻人给自己刮胡子，并保持剃须刀整齐，你对他生活幸福的贡献可能比给他一千几尼还要多。
The money may be soon spent, the regret only remaining of having foolishly consumed it; but in the other case, he escapes the frequent vexation of waiting for barbers, and of their sometimes dirty fingers, offensive breaths, and dull razors; he shaves when most convenient to him, and enjoys daily the pleasure of its being done with a good instrument.
钱可能很快就花完了，留下的只是愚蠢地花掉的遗憾；但在另一种情况下，他摆脱了等待理发师的频繁烦恼，以及他们有时肮脏的手指、难闻的口气和钝的剃刀；他在最方便的时候刮胡子，并且每天都享受着用好工具刮胡子的乐趣。
With these sentiments I have hazarded the few preceding pages, hoping they may afford hints which some time or other may be useful to a city I love, having lived many years in it very happily, and perhaps to some of our towns in America.
带着这些情感，我冒险阅读了前几页，希望它们能提供一些提示，这些提示可能对我所爱的城市有用，也许对我们在美国的一些城镇有用，因为我已经在其中幸福地生活了很多年。
Having been for some time employed by the postmaster-general of America as his comptroller in regulating several offices, and bringing the officers to account, I was, upon his death in 1753, appointed, jointly with Mr. William Hunter, to succeed him, by a commission from the postmaster-general in England.
一段时间以来，我一直受美国邮政总长的聘用，担任他的审计长，负责监管多个办公室，并对官员进行问责。1753 年他去世后，英国邮政总长的一个委员会任命我与威廉·亨特先生共同接替他的职务。
The American office never had hitherto paid anything to that of Britain.
迄今为止，美国办事处从未向英国办事处支付过任何费用。
We were to have six hundred pounds a year between us, if we could make that sum out of the profits of the office.
如果我们能从办公室的利润中赚到这笔钱的话，我们每年就有六百英镑的收入。
To do this, a variety of improvements were necessary; some of these were inevitably at first expensive, so that in the first four years the office became above nine hundred pounds in debt to us.
为此，需要进行各种改进；其中一些起初不可避免地昂贵，因此在最初的四年里，办公室欠我们的债超过了九百英镑。
But it soon after began to repay us; and before I was displac'd by a freak of the ministers, of which I shall speak hereafter, we had brought it to yield _three times_ as much clear revenue to the crown as the post-office of Ireland.
但不久之后它就开始回报我们；在我被一群怪异的部长取代之前（我将在下文中谈到这一点），我们已经使它为国王带来的净收入是爱尔兰邮局的三倍。
Since that imprudent transaction, they have receiv'd from it--not one farthing!
自从那次不谨慎的交易之后，他们已经从中得到一分钱也没有！
The business of the post-office occasion'd my taking a journey this year to New England, where the College of Cambridge, of their own motion, presented me with the degree of Master of Arts.
今年，由于邮局的事情，我去了一趟新英格兰，在那里，剑桥学院主动授予了我文学硕士学位。
Yale College, in Connecticut, had before made me a similar compliment.
康涅狄格州的耶鲁大学此前也曾对我说过类似的赞美。
Thus, without studying in any college, I came to partake of their honours.
因此，我没有在任何大学学习，就分享了他们的荣誉。
They were conferr'd in consideration of my improvements and discoveries in the electric branch of natural philosophy.
授予它们是考虑到我在自然哲学的电学分支方面的改进和发现。
XIV
十四
ALBANY PLAN OF UNION
奥尔巴尼联盟计划
In 1754, war with France being again apprehended, a congress of commissioners from the different colonies was, by an order of the Lords of Trade, to be assembled at Albany, there to confer with the chiefs of the Six Nations concerning the means of defending both their country and ours.
1754年，与法国的战争再次爆发，根据贸易大臣的命令，来自不同殖民地的专员代表大会将在奥尔巴尼召开，在那里与六国的酋长商讨保卫他们的国家和我们的国家的方法。
Governor Hamilton, having receiv'd this order, acquainted the House with it, requesting they would furnish proper presents for the Indians, to be given on this occasion; and naming the speaker (Mr. Norris) and myself to join Mr. Thomas Penn and Mr. Secretary Peters as commissioners to act for Pennsylvania.
汉密尔顿州长收到这一命令后，向众议院通报了这一命令，要求他们为印第安人提供适当的礼物，以便在这个场合赠送。并任命议长（诺里斯先生）和我本人与托马斯·佩恩先生和国务卿彼得斯先生一起担任宾夕法尼亚州的专员。
The House approv'd the nomination, and provided the goods for the present, and tho' they did not much like treating out of the provinces; and we met the other commissioners at Albany about the middle of June.
众议院批准了提名，并提供了目前的物资，尽管他们不太喜欢在外省待客。六月中旬左右，我们在奥尔巴尼会见了其他委员。
In our way thither, I projected and drew a plan for the union of all the colonies under one government, so far as might be necessary for defense, and other important general purposes.
在我们去那里的路上，我规划并制定了一份将所有殖民地联合到一个政府之下的计划，只要国防和其他重要的一般目的可能是必要的。
As we pass'd thro' New York, I had there shown my project to Mr. James Alexander and Mr. Kennedy, two gentlemen of great knowledge in public affairs, and, being fortified by their approbation, I ventur'd to lay it before the Congress.
当我们经过纽约时，我在那里向詹姆斯·亚历山大先生和肯尼迪先生展示了我的计划，这两位在公共事务方面知识渊博的先生，得到了他们的认可，我冒险将其提交给国会。
It then appeared that several of the commissioners had form'd plans of the same kind.
随后看来，几位委员也制定了类似的计划。
A previous question was first taken, whether a union should be established, which pass'd in the affirmative unanimously.
首先提出了是否应该建立工会的问题，一致通过了。
A committee was then appointed, one member from each colony, to consider the several plans and report.
随后任命了一个委员会，每个殖民地一名成员，负责审议多项计划并提出报告。
Mine happen'd to be preferr'd, and, with a few amendments, was accordingly reported.
我的方案恰好更受青睐，经过一些修改后，得到了相应的报告。
[Illustration: JOIN, or DIE.]
[插图：要么加入，要么死亡。]
By this plan the general government was to be administered by a president-general, appointed and supported by the crown, and a grand council was to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, met in their respective assemblies.
根据这项计划，联邦政府将由一位总督管理，并由国王任命和支持，而一个大委员会将由几个殖民地人民的代表选出，并在各自的议会中召开。
The debates upon it in Congress went on daily, hand in hand with the Indian business.
国会对此的辩论每天都在进行，与印度商界齐头并进。
Many objections and difficulties were started, but at length they were all overcome, and the plan was unanimously agreed to, and copies ordered to be transmitted to the Board of Trade and to the assemblies of the several provinces.
提出了许多反对意见和困难，但最终都被克服了，该计划得到一致同意，并下令将副本转交给贸易委员会和几个省的议会。
Its fate was singular; the assemblies did not adopt it, as they all thought there was too much _prerogative_ in it, and in England it was judg'd to have too much of the _democratic_.
它的命运是独一无二的。议会没有通过它，因为他们都认为它有太多的“特权”，而在英国，它被认为有太多的“民主”。
The Board of Trade therefore did not approve of it, nor recommend it for the approbation of his majesty; but another scheme was form'd, supposed to answer the same purpose better, whereby the governors of the provinces, with some members of their respective councils, were to meet and order the raising of troops, building of forts, etc., and to draw on the treasury of Great Britain for the expense, which was afterwards to be refunded by an act of Parliament laying a tax on America.
因此，贸易委员会没有批准它，也没有建议国王陛下批准。但是，制定了另一个计划，据说可以更好地满足同一目的，即各省的总督和各自议会的一些成员开会，下令征集军队，建造堡垒等，并从英国国库中提取费用，随后通过议会向美国征税的法案予以退还。
My plan, with my reasons in support of it, is to be found among my political papers that are printed.
我的计划及其支持的理由可以在我印刷的政治论文中找到。
Being the winter following in Boston, I had much conversation with Governor Shirley upon both the plans.
接下来的冬天，我在波士顿与雪莉州长就这两个计划进行了多次交谈。
Part of what passed between us on the occasion may also be seen among those papers.
我们当时所交流的部分内容也可以在那些报纸中看到。
The different and contrary reasons of dislike to my plan makes me suspect that it was really the true medium; and I am still of opinion it would have been happy for both sides the water if it had been adopted.
不喜欢我的计划的不同且相反的原因使我怀疑它确实是真正的媒介；我仍然认为，如果它被采纳的话，对双方来说都会很高兴。
The colonies, so united, would have been sufficiently strong to have defended themselves; there would then have been no need of troops from England; of course, the subsequent pretence for taxing America, and the bloody contest it occasioned, would have been avoided.
如此团结的殖民地本来就有足够的力量来保卫自己。那时就不需要英国的军队了；当然，随后对美国征税的借口以及由此引发的血腥竞争本来是可以避免的。
But such mistakes are not new; history is full of the errors of states and princes.
但这样的错误并不新鲜。历史上充满了国家和诸侯的错误。
"Look round the habitable world, how few Know their own good, or, knowing it, pursue!"
“环顾整个可居住的世界，知道自己的善，或者知道自己的善而去追求的人有多少！”
Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do not generally like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into execution new projects.
那些手头上有很多事务的执政者通常不喜欢费力地考虑和实施新项目。
The best public measures are therefore seldom _adopted from previous wisdom, but forc'd by the occasion_.
因此，最好的公共措施很少是根据以前的智慧而采取的，而是因时而迫的。
The Governor of Pennsylvania, in sending it down to the Assembly, expressed his approbation of the plan, "as appearing to him to be drawn up with great clearness and strength of judgment, and therefore recommended it as well worthy of their closest and most serious attention." The House, however, by the management of a certain member, took it up when I happen'd to be absent, which I thought not very fair, and reprobated it without paying any attention to it at all, to my no small mortification.
宾夕法尼亚州州长在将其提交给议会时表示了他对该计划的认可，“在他看来，该计划的制定非常清晰且判断力强，因此建议该计划也值得他们最密切和最认真的关注。”然而，众议院在某位议员的管理下，在我碰巧缺席的时候就接手了这件事，我认为这不太公平，并且完全不予理睬就予以谴责，这让我感到不小的羞辱。
XV
十五
QUARRELS WITH THE PROPRIETARY GOVERNORS
与专有管理者的争吵
In my journey to Boston this year, I met at New York with our new governor, Mr. Morris, just arriv'd there from England, with whom I had been before intimately acquainted.
在今年前往波士顿的旅途中，我在纽约会见了刚从英国抵达纽约的新任州长莫里斯先生，我之前与他非常熟悉。
He brought a commission to supersede Mr. Hamilton, who, tir'd with the disputes his proprietary instructions subjected him to, had resign'd.
他任命了一个委员会来取代汉密尔顿先生，汉密尔顿先生厌倦了他的专有指示给他带来的争议，已经辞职了。
Mr. Morris ask'd me if I thought he must expect as uncomfortable an administration.
莫里斯先生问我是否认为他一定会期待这样一个令人不安的政府。
I said, "No; you may, on the contrary, have a very comfortable one, if you will only take care not to enter into any dispute with the Assembly." "My dear friend," says he, pleasantly, "how can you advise my avoiding disputes?
我说：“不；相反，如果你注意不与议会发生任何争执，你可能会过得很舒服。” “我亲爱的朋友，”他愉快地说，“你如何建议我避免争执呢？
You know I love disputing; it is one of my greatest pleasures; however, to show the regard I have for your counsel, I promise you I will, if possible, avoid them." He had some reason for loving to dispute, being eloquent, an acute sophister, and, therefore, generally successful in argumentative conversation.
你知道我喜欢争论；这是我最大的乐趣之一；然而，为了表达我对你的建议的尊重，我向你保证，如果可能的话，我会避免他们。”他喜欢争论是有原因的，他能言善辩，是一位敏锐的诡辩家，因此在辩论谈话中通常很成功。
He had been brought up to it from a boy, his father, as I have heard, accustoming his children to dispute with one another for his diversion, while sitting at table after dinner; but I think the practice was not wise; for, in the course of my observation, these disputing, contradicting, and confuting people are generally unfortunate in their affairs.
据我所知，他是从一个男孩那里长大的，他的父亲习惯了他的孩子们在晚饭后坐在餐桌旁时为了他的消遣而互相争吵；但我认为这种做法并不明智；因为，根据我的观察，这些争论、矛盾和反驳的人通常在他们的事情上是不幸的。
They get victory sometimes, but they never get good will, which would be of more use to them.
他们有时会取得胜利，但他们永远不会获得对他们更有用的善意。
We parted, he going to Philadelphia, and I to Boston.
我们分手了，他去了费城，我去了波士顿。
In returning, I met at New York with the votes of the Assembly, by which it appear'd that, notwithstanding his promise to me, he and the House were already in high contention; and it was a continual battle between them as long as he retain'd the government.
回国时，我在纽约会见了议会的投票，从中看来，尽管他向我做出了承诺，但他和众议院已经陷入了激烈的争论；只要他继续执政，他们之间的斗争就会持续不断。
I had my share of it; for, as soon as I got back to my seat in the Assembly, I was put on every committee for answering his speeches and messages, and by the committees always desired to make the drafts.
我也有自己的一份。因为，当我回到议会的座位上时，我就被安排参加每个委员会，以答复他的演讲和信息，而这些委员会总是希望起草草案。
Our answers, as well as his messages, were often tart, and sometimes indecently abusive; and, as he knew I wrote for the Assembly, one might have imagined that, when we met, we could hardly avoid cutting throats; but he was so good-natur'd a man that no personal difference between him and me was occasion'd by the contest, and we often din'd together.
我们的回答以及他的信息常常是尖酸刻薄的，有时甚至是不雅的辱骂。而且，据他所知，我为大会写了一篇文章，人们可能会想象，当我们见面时，我们很难避免割喉；但他是一个脾气很好的人，比赛并没有引起他和我之间的个人差异，我们经常一起吃饭。
[Illustration: "One afternoon, in the height of this public quarrel, we met in the street"]
[插图：“一天下午，在这场公开争吵最激烈的时候，我们在街上见面了”]
One afternoon, in the height of this public quarrel, we met in the street.
一天下午，在这场公开争吵最激烈的时候，我们在街上见面了。
"Franklin," says he, "you must go home with me and spend the evening; I am to have some company that you will like;" and, taking me by the arm, he led me to his house.
“富兰克林，”他说，“你必须和我一起回家过夜；我会有一些你喜欢的陪伴；”他挽着我的胳膊，带我到他家。
In gay conversation over our wine, after supper, he told us, jokingly, that he much admir'd the idea of Sancho Panza,[93] who, when it was proposed to give him a government, requested it might be a government of _blacks_, as then, if he could not agree with his people, he might sell them.
晚饭后，在我们边喝酒边愉快的交谈中，他开玩笑地告诉我们，他非常钦佩桑乔·潘萨的想法，[93]当有人提议给他一个政府时，桑乔·潘萨要求这可能是一个_黑人_政府，因为那时，如果他不能同意他的人民，他可能会卖掉他们。
One of his friends, who sat next to me, says, "Franklin, why do you continue to side with these damn'd Quakers?
他坐在我旁边的一位朋友说：“富兰克林，你为什么继续站在这些该死的贵格会教徒一边？
Had not you better sell them?
你不是最好把它们卖掉吗？
The proprietor would give you a good price." "The governor," says I, "has not yet _blacked_ them enough." He, indeed, had laboured hard to blacken the Assembly in all his messages, but they wip'd off his colouring as fast as he laid it on, and plac'd it, in return, thick upon his own face; so that, finding he was likely to be negrofied himself, he, as well as Mr. Hamilton, grew tir'd of the contest, and quitted the government.
老板会给你一个好价钱。” “州长，”我说，“对他们的黑化还不够。”事实上，他在所有的信息中都竭尽全力地抹黑议会，但他一涂上颜色，他们就擦掉了他的颜色，作为回报，又把它厚厚地涂在他自己的脸上；因此，当他发现自己可能会被黑人歧视时，他和汉密尔顿先生都厌倦了这场竞争，并退出了政府。
These public quarrels[94] were all at bottom owing to the proprietaries, our hereditary governors, who, when any expense was to be incurred for the defense of their province, with incredible meanness instructed their deputies to pass no act for levying the necessary taxes, unless their vast estates were in the same act expressly excused; and they had even taken bonds of these deputies to observe such instructions.
这些公开的争吵[94]都是由我们的世袭总督、领主们造成的，当他们要为保卫自己的省份而花费任何费用时，他们会以令人难以置信的卑鄙态度指示他们的代表不要通过征收必要税款的法案，除非他们的巨额地产在同一法案中得到明确的宽恕。他们甚至要求这些代表遵守这些指示。
The Assemblies for three years held out against this injustice, tho' constrained to bend at last.
议会三年来一直反对这种不公正现象，但最终被迫屈服。
At length Captain Denny, who was Governor Morris's successor, ventured to disobey those instructions; how that was brought about I shall show hereafter.
最后，莫里斯总督的继任者丹尼船长胆敢违背这些指示。这是如何发生的，我将在下文中说明。
[93] The "round, selfish, and self-important" squire of Don Quixote in Cervantes' romance of that name.
[93] 塞万提斯小说中堂吉诃德的“圆润、自私、自以为是”的侍从。
[94] My acts in Morris's time, military, etc.--_Marg.
[94] 我在莫里斯时代、军事等方面的行为--_玛格。
note_.
笔记_。
But I am got forward too fast with my story: there are still some transactions to be mention'd that happened during the administration of Governor Morris.
但我的故事讲得太快了：在莫里斯州长执政期间，仍然有一些交易值得一提。
War being in a manner commenced with France, the government of Massachusetts Bay projected an attack upon Crown Point,[95] and sent Mr. Quincy to Pennsylvania, and Mr. Pownall, afterward Governor Pownall, to New York, to solicit assistance.
战争以某种方式从法国开始，马萨诸塞湾政府计划对克朗波因特发动攻击，[95] 并派昆西先生前往宾夕法尼亚州，派鲍纳尔先生（后来的鲍纳尔州长）前往纽约寻求援助。
As I was in the Assembly, knew its temper, and was Mr. Quincy's countryman, he appli'd to me for my influence and assistance.
由于我是议会成员，了解议会的脾气，而且是昆西先生的同胞，他向我申请影响力和帮助。
I dictated his address to them, which was well received.
我向他们口述了他的讲话，他们很受欢迎。
They voted an aid of ten thousand pounds, to be laid out in provisions.
他们投票决定提供一万英镑的援助，并以规定形式提供。
But the governor refusing his assent to their bill (which included this with other sums granted for the use of the crown), unless a clause were inserted exempting the proprietary estate from bearing any part of the tax that would be necessary, the Assembly, tho' very desirous of making their grant to New England effectual, were at a loss how to accomplish it.
但是总督拒绝同意他们的法案（其中包括授予王室使用的其他款项），除非插入一项条款，免除专有财产承担任何必要的税款，议会虽然非常希望使他们对新英格兰的拨款生效，但却不知道如何实现这一目标。
Mr. Quincy labored hard with the governor to obtain his assent, but he was obstinate.
昆西先生努力与州长协商以获得他的同意，但他很顽固。
[95] On Lake Champlain, ninety miles north of Albany.
[95] 位于奥尔巴尼以北九十英里的尚普兰湖上。
It was captured by the French in 1731, attacked by the English in 1755 and 1756, and abandoned by the French in 1759.
1731年被法国人占领，1755年和1756年被英国人攻击，1759年被法国人放弃。
It was finally captured from the English by the Americans in 1775.
1775年，美国人终于从英国手中夺取了它。
I then suggested a method of doing the business without the governor, by orders on the trustees of the Loan office, which, by law, the Assembly had the right of drawing.
然后我提出了一种在没有州长的情况下开展业务的方法，通过对贷款办公室受托人的命令，根据法律，议会有权提款。
There was, indeed, little or no money at that time in the office, and therefore I propos'd that the orders should be payable in a year, and to bear an interest of five per cent.
事实上，当时办公室里几乎没有钱，因此我建议订单应在一年内支付，并承担百分之五的利息。
With these orders I suppos'd the provisions might easily be purchas'd.
有了这些命令，我想这些供给品就可以很容易地买到了。
The Assembly, with very little hesitation, adopted the proposal.
大会毫不犹豫地通过了该提案。
The orders were immediately printed, and I was one of the committee directed to sign and dispose of them.
这些命令立即被打印出来，我是被指示签署和处理这些命令的委员会之一。
The fund for paying them was the interest of all the paper currency then extant in the province upon loan, together with the revenue arising from the excise, which being known to be more than sufficient, they obtain'd instant credit, and were not only receiv'd in payment for the provisions, but many money'd people, who had cash lying by them, vested it in those orders, which they found advantageous, as they bore interest while upon hand, and might on any occasion be used as money; so that they were eagerly all bought up, and in a few weeks none of them were to be seen.
支付它们的资金是当时在省内借出的所有纸币的利息，加上消费税产生的收入，众所周知，这些收入绰绰有余，他们获得了即时信贷，不仅收到了供应品的付款，而且许多有钱人，他们手头有现金，将其归属于这些订单，他们发现这是有利的，因为它们在手头上有利息，并且在任何情况下都可以用作货币；因此，他们都急切地被买了下来，几周后就再也看不到他们了。
Thus this important affair was by my means completed.
这样，这件大事就由我完成了。
Mr. Quincy return'd thanks to the Assembly in a handsome memorial, went home highly pleas'd with this success of his embassy, and ever after bore for me the most cordial and affectionate friendship.
昆西先生在一份精美的纪念章中向大会表示感谢，回家后对他的使馆所取得的成功感到非常高兴，并从此对我产生了最诚挚和深情的友谊。
XVI
十六
BRADDOCK'S EXPEDITION
布拉多克的探险队
The British government, not chusing to permit the union of the colonies as propos'd at Albany, and to trust that union with their defense, lest they should thereby grow too military, and feel their own strength, suspicions and jealousies at this time being entertain'd of them, sent over General Braddock with two regiments of regular English troops for that purpose.
英国政府不愿意按照奥尔巴尼的提议允许殖民地联合，也不愿相信联合的防御能力，以免他们变得过于军事化，并感受到自己的力量，此时对他们产生怀疑和嫉妒，为此目的，派了布雷多克将军带着两个英国正规军团过来。
He landed at Alexandria, in Virginia, and thence march'd to Frederictown, in Maryland, where he halted for carriages.
他在弗吉尼亚州的亚历山大登陆，然后前往马里兰州的弗雷德里克敦，在那里停下来等待马车。
Our Assembly apprehending, from some information, that he had conceived violent prejudices against them, as averse to the service, wish'd me to wait upon him, not as from them, but as postmaster-general, under the guise of proposing to settle with him the mode of conducting with most celerity and certainty the despatches between him and the governors of the several provinces, with whom he must necessarily have continual correspondence, and of which they propos'd to pay the expense.
我们的议会从一些消息中了解到，他对他们抱有强烈的偏见，因为厌恶这项服务，希望我以邮政局长的身份来侍候他，不是他们的，而是以邮政局长的身份，以建议与他解决以最迅速和最确定的方式处理他和几个省的州长之间的信件的方式，他必须与他们保持持续的通信，并且他们建议支付这些信件的费用。费用。
My son accompanied me on this journey.
我的儿子陪伴我走过了这段旅程。
We found the general at Frederictown, waiting impatiently for the return of those he had sent thro' the back parts of Maryland and Virginia to collect waggons.
我们在弗雷德里克敦找到了这位将军，他正在不耐烦地等待他派到马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州后部收集马车的人回来。
I stayed with him several days, din'd with him daily, and had full opportunity of removing all his prejudices, by the information of what the Assembly had before his arrival actually done, and were still willing to do, to facilitate his operations.
我和他待了几天，每天和他一起吃饭，并有充分的机会消除他的所有偏见，通过了解大会在他到来之前实际上做了什么，并且仍然愿意做什么，以促进他的行动。
When I was about to depart, the returns of waggons to be obtained were brought in, by which it appear'd that they amounted only to twenty-five, and not all of those were in serviceable condition.
当我正要离开时，要获得的马车归还了进来，看来只有二十五辆，而且并不是所有的都处于可用状态。
The general and all the officers were surpris'd, declar'd the expedition was then at an end, being impossible, and exclaim'd against the ministers for ignorantly landing them in a country destitute of the means of conveying their stores, baggage, etc., not less than one hundred and fifty waggons being necessary.
将军和所有军官都感到惊讶，宣布这次远征已经结束，这是不可能的，并大声斥责大臣们无知地把他们降落在一个缺乏运输物资、行李等手段的国家，至少需要一百五十辆马车。
I happen'd to say I thought it was pity they had not been landed rather in Pennsylvania, as in that country almost every farmer had his waggon.
我碰巧说过，我觉得很遗憾他们没有在宾夕法尼亚州登陆，因为在那个国家几乎每个农民都有他的马车。
The general eagerly laid hold of my words, and said, "Then you, sir, who are a man of interest there, can probably procure them for us; and I beg you will undertake it." I ask'd what terms were to be offer'd the owners of the waggons, and I was desir'd to put on paper the terms that appeared to me necessary.
将军急切地抓住了我的话，说道：“那么，先生，您是当地的一个有兴趣的人，也许可以为我们获得它们；我恳求您接受它。”我询问可以向马车主人提出什么条件，他们希望我把我认为必要的条件写在纸上。
This I did, and they were agreed to, and a commission and instructions accordingly prepar'd immediately.
我这样做了，他们也同意了，并立即准备了相应的委托书和指示。
What those terms were will appear in the advertisement I publish'd as soon as I arriv'd at Lancaster, which being, from the great and sudden effect it produc'd, a piece of some curiosity, I shall insert it at length, as follows:
这些术语的含义将出现在我一到达兰开斯特就发布的广告中，由于它产生的巨大而突然的影响，这是一些好奇心，我将详细插入它，如下：
"Advertisement.
“广告。
"Lancaster, _April_ 26, 1755.
“兰开斯特，1755 年 4 月 26 日。
"Whereas, one hundred and fifty waggons, with four horses to each waggon, and fifteen hundred saddle or pack horses, are wanted for the service of his majesty's forces now about to rendezvous at Will's Creek, and his excellency General Braddock having been pleased to empower me to contract for the hire of the same, I hereby give notice that I shall attend for that purpose at Lancaster from this day to next Wednesday evening, and at York from next Thursday morning till Friday evening, where I shall be ready to agree for waggons and teams, or single horses, on the following terms, viz.: 1.
“然而，需要一百五十辆马车，每辆马车配备四匹马，以及一千五百匹鞍马或驮马，为即将在威尔溪会合的国王陛下的部队提供服务，布雷多克将军阁下很高兴授权我租用同样的马车，我特此通知，我将从今天到下周三晚上在兰开斯特出席，从下周四早上到周五在约克出席。晚上，我将准备好同意货车和团队，或单匹马，条件如下： 1.
That there shall be paid for each waggon, with four good horses and a driver, fifteen shillings per diem; and for each able horse with a pack-saddle, or other saddle and furniture, two shillings per diem; and for each able horse without a saddle, eighteen pence per diem.
每辆马车，四匹好马和一名车夫，每日十五先令；每匹有能力的马，配备驮鞍或其他马鞍和家具，每日两先令；每匹没有马鞍的能干的马，每天十八便士。
2.
2.
That the pay commence from the time of their joining the forces at Will's Creek, which must be on or before the 20th of May ensuing, and that a reasonable allowance be paid over and above for the time necessary for their travelling to Will's Creek and home again after their discharge.
工资从他们在 Will's Creek 入伍时开始计算，必须在随后的 5 月 20 日或之前，并且除了他们退伍后前往 Will's Creek 和回家所需的时间之外，还应支付合理的津贴。
3.
3.
Each waggon and team, and every saddle or pack horse, is to be valued by indifferent persons chosen between me and the owner; and in case of the loss of any waggon, team, or other horse in the service, the price according to such valuation is to be allowed and paid.
每一辆马车和每支车队，每匹鞍子或驮马，都应由我和车主之间选出的无关人员来评估；如果在服务中丢失任何货车、车队或其他马匹，则应允许并支付根据该估价的价格。
4.
4.
Seven days' pay is to be advanced and paid in hand by me to the owner of each waggon and team, or horse, at the time of contracting, if required, and the remainder to be paid by General Braddock, or by the paymaster of the army, at the time of their discharge, or from time to time, as it shall be demanded.
如果需要的话，在签订合同时，我应向每辆马车、车队或马匹的所有者预付和支付 7 天的工资，其余的工资将由布雷多克将军或军队的出纳员在他们退伍时支付，或根据要求不时支付。
5.
5.
No drivers of waggons, or persons taking care of the hired horses, are on any account to be called upon to do the duty of soldiers, or be otherwise employed than in conducting or taking care of their carriages or horses.
任何马车司机或照顾雇佣马匹的人，在任何情况下都不得被要求履行士兵的职责，或从事除管理或照顾马车或马匹以外的其他工作。
6.
6.
All oats, Indian corn, or other forage that waggons or horses bring to the camp, more than is necessary for the subsistence of the horses, is to be taken for the use of the army, and a reasonable price paid for the same.
所有燕麦、印度玉米或马车或马匹带到营地的其他饲料，超过马匹生存所需的，都应被拿来供军队使用，并支付合理的价格。
"Note.--My son, William Franklin, is empowered to enter into like contracts with any person in Cumberland county.
“注：我的儿子威廉·富兰克林有权与坎伯兰县的任何人签订类似的合同。
"B.
“B.
Franklin."
富兰克林。”
_"To the inhabitants of the Counties of Lancaster, York, and Cumberland._
_“致兰开斯特县、约克县和坎伯兰县的居民。_
"Friends and Countrymen,
“朋友们、同胞们，
"Being occasionally[96] at the camp at Frederic a few days since, I found the general and officers extremely exasperated on account of their not being supplied with horses and carriages, which had been expected from this province, as most able to furnish them; but, through the dissensions between our governor and Assembly, money had not been provided, nor any steps taken for that purpose.
“几天后，我偶尔[96]在弗雷德里克的营地，发现将军和军官们非常恼火，因为他们没有得到马匹和马车，而本省大多数有能力提供这些马匹和马车；但是，由于我们的州长和议会之间的分歧，没有提供资金，也没有为此目的采取任何措施。
[96] By chance.
[96] 偶然。
"It was proposed to send an armed force immediately into these counties, to seize as many of the best carriages and horses as should be wanted, and compel as many persons into the service as would be necessary to drive and take care of them.
“建议立即派遣一支武装部队进入这些县，夺取尽可能多的最好的车马，并强迫尽可能多的驾驶和照顾它们的人员服役。
"I apprehended that the progress of British soldiers through these counties on such an occasion, especially considering the temper they are in, and their resentment against us, would be attended with many and great inconveniences to the inhabitants, and therefore more willingly took the trouble of trying first what might be done by fair and equitable means.
“我担心英国士兵在这种情况下通过这些县的进展，特别是考虑到他们的脾气以及他们对我们的怨恨，会给居民带来许多巨大的不便，因此更愿意首先尝试通过公平和公正的手段来解决问题。
The people of these back counties have lately complained to the Assembly that a sufficient currency was wanting; you have an opportunity of receiving and dividing among you a very considerable sum; for, if the service of this expedition should continue, as it is more than probable it will, for one hundred and twenty days, the hire of these waggons and horses will amount to upward of thirty thousand pounds, which will be paid you in silver and gold of the king's money.
这些边远县的人民最近向议会抱怨缺乏足够的货币；你们有机会收到并在你们之间分配一笔非常可观的款项；因为，如果这次远征的服务继续下去（很可能会持续一百二十天），这些马车和马匹的租金将达到三万英镑以上，这些钱将以国王的银子和金子支付给你。
"The service will be light and easy, for the army will scarce march above twelve miles per day, and the waggons and baggage-horses, as they carry those things that are absolutely necessary to the welfare of the army, must march with the army, and no faster; and are, for the army's sake, always placed where they can be most secure, whether in a march or in a camp.
“服务将是轻松和容易的，因为军队每天行军的速度几乎不会超过十二英里，而货车和辎重马，因为它们运载着对军队的福利绝对必要的东西，必须与军队一起行进，而且不能更快；为了军队的利益，他们总是被安置在最安全的地方，无论是行军还是营地。
"If you are really, as I believe you are, good and loyal subjects to his majesty, you may now do a most acceptable service, and make it easy to yourselves; for three or four of such as cannot separately spare from the business of their plantations a waggon and four horses and a driver, may do it together, one furnishing the waggon, another one or two horses, and another the driver, and divide the pay proportionately between you; but if you do not this service to your king and country voluntarily, when such good pay and reasonable terms are offered to you, your loyalty will be strongly suspected.
“如果你们确实像我相信的那样，是国王陛下的善良和忠诚的臣民，那么你们现在可以做一项最可接受的服务，并让自己变得容易；因为三四个人不能单独从他们的种植园的生意中解放一辆马车和四匹马和一个车夫，可以一起做这件事，一个提供马车，另一个提供一两匹马，另一个车夫，并在你们之间按比例分配工资；但是如果你们不为你们的国王和其他人提供这项服务，自愿进入国家，当向你提供如此优厚的报酬和合理的条件时，你的忠诚度将受到强烈怀疑。
The king's business must be done; so many brave troops, come so far for your defense, must not stand idle through your backwardness to do what may be reasonably expected from you; waggons and horses must be had; violent measures will probably be used, and you will be left to seek for a recompense where you can find it, and your case, perhaps, be little pitied or regarded.
国王的事必须完成；这么多勇敢的军队远道而来保卫你们，决不能因为你们的落后而无所事事，去做你们合理期望的事情；必须有车和马；可能会使用暴力手段，而你将不得不在你能找到的地方寻求补偿，而你的情况也许不会受到怜悯或尊重。
"I have no particular interest in this affair, as, except the satisfaction of endeavouring to do good, I shall have only my labour for my pains.
“我对这件事没有特别的兴趣，因为除了努力做好事的满足感之外，我只会用我的劳动来换取我的痛苦。
If this method of obtaining the waggons and horses is not likely to succeed, I am obliged to send word to the general in fourteen days; and I suppose Sir John St. Clair, the hussar, with a body of soldiers, will immediately enter the province for the purpose, which I shall be sorry to hear, because I am very sincerely and truly your friend and well-wisher,
如果这个办法不能成功，我必须在十四天之内通知将军；我想骠骑兵约翰·圣·克莱尔爵士将率领一队士兵立即进入该省，对此我会感到遗憾，因为我是非常真诚和真诚的朋友和祝福者，
"B.
“B.
Franklin."
富兰克林。”
I received of the general about eight hundred pounds, to be disbursed in advance-money to the waggon owners, etc.; but that sum being insufficient, I advanc'd upward of two hundred pounds more, and in two weeks the one hundred and fifty waggons, with two hundred and fifty-nine carrying horses, were on their march for the camp.
我从将军那里收到了大约八百英镑，可以预先支付给马车主人等。但这笔钱不够，我又预付了两百英镑，两周后，一百五十辆马车，两百五十九匹马，就向营地行进了。
The advertisement promised payment according to the valuation, in case any waggon or horse should be lost.
广告上承诺，万一丢失车马，按照估价付款。
The owners, however, alleging they did not know General Braddock, or what dependence might be had on his promise, insisted on my bond for the performance, which I accordingly gave them.
然而，业主声称他们不认识布拉多克将军，也不知道他的承诺可能有什么依赖，所以坚持要我表演保证金，我相应地给了他们。
While I was at the camp, supping one evening with the officers of Colonel Dunbar's regiment, he represented to me his concern for the subalterns, who, he said, were generally not in affluence, and could ill afford, in this dear country, to lay in the stores that might be necessary in so long a march, thro' a wilderness, where nothing was to be purchas'd.
一天晚上，当我在营地与邓巴上校团的军官们共进晚餐时，他向我表达了他对下属的关心，他说，下属们一般都不富裕，在这个可爱的国家，无力储备在穿越荒野、没有任何东西可购买的长途行军中可能需要的物资。
I commiserated their case, and resolved to endeavour procuring them some relief.
我对他们的处境表示同情，并决心尽力为他们提供一些救济。
I said nothing, however, to him of my intention, but wrote the next morning to the committee of the Assembly, who had the disposition of some public money, warmly recommending the case of these officers to their consideration, and proposing that a present should be sent them of necessaries and refreshments.
然而，我没有向他表达我的意图，而是在第二天早上写信给拥有一些公共资金的议会委员会，热情地建议他们考虑这些官员的案件，并建议向他们赠送必需品和茶点礼物。
My son, who had some experience of a camp life, and of its wants, drew up a list for me, which I enclos'd in my letter.
我的儿子对集中营生活及其需求有一定的经验，他为我起草了一份清单，我将其附在我的信中。
The committee approv'd, and used such diligence that, conducted by my son, the stores arrived at the camp as soon as the waggons.
委员会批准了，并且在我儿子的带领下，物资和马车一起到达了营地。
They consisted of twenty parcels, each containing
它们由二十个包裹组成，每个包裹包含
6 lbs.
6 磅。
loaf sugar.
面包糖。
6 lbs.
6 磅。
good Muscovado do.
好的莫斯科瓦多做的。
1 lb.
1 磅。
good green tea.
好绿茶。
1 lb.
1 磅。
good bohea do.
好的博希亚做的。
6 lbs.
6 磅。
good ground coffee.
好的咖啡粉。
6 lbs.
6 磅。
chocolate.
巧克力。
1-2 cwt.
1-2英担。
best white biscuit.
最好的白饼干。
1-2 lb.
1-2 磅
pepper.
胡椒。
1 quart best white wine vinegar.
1 夸脱最好的白葡萄酒醋。
1 Gloucester cheese.
1 格洛斯特奶酪。
1 kegg containing 20 lbs.
1 桶，含 20 磅。
good butter.
好的黄油。
2 doz.
2 点。
old Madeira wine.
老马德拉酒。
2 gallons Jamaica spirits.
2 加仑牙买加烈酒。
1 bottle flour of mustard.
1瓶芥末粉。
2 well-cur'd hams.
2 根腌制好的火腿。
1-2 dozen dry'd tongues.
1-2打干舌头。
6 lbs.
6 磅。
rice.
米。
6 lbs.
6 磅。
raisins.
葡萄干。
These twenty parcels, well pack'd, were placed on as many horses, each parcel, with the horse, being intended as a present for one officer.
这二十个包裹，包装得很好，被放在同样多的马身上，每个包裹连同马，都是作为送给一名军官的礼物。
They were very thankfully receiv'd, and the kindness acknowledg'd by letters to me from the colonels of both regiments, in the most grateful terms.
他们受到了非常感谢的接待，两个团的上校都写信给我，以最感激的措辞表达了对他们的善意。
The general, too, was highly satisfied with my conduct in procuring him the waggons, etc., and readily paid my account of disbursements, thanking me repeatedly, and requesting my farther assistance in sending provisions after him.
将军也对我为他采购马车等的行为非常满意，并欣然支付了我的费用，一再感谢我，并请求我进一步协助为他运送物资。
I undertook this also, and was busily employ'd in it till we heard of his defeat, advancing for the service of my own money, upwards of one thousand pounds sterling, of which I sent him an account.
我也承担了这件事，并忙于此事，直到我们听说他失败为止，我自己垫付了一千英镑以上的钱，我把这笔钱寄给了他一个账户。
It came to his hands, luckily for me, a few days before the battle, and he return'd me immediately an order on the paymaster for the round sum of one thousand pounds, leaving the remainder to the next account.
对我来说幸运的是，它是在战斗前几天到达他手中的，他立即向我出纳员发出了一千英镑的订单，将剩余的钱留给了下一个帐户。
I consider this payment as good luck, having never been able to obtain that remainder, of which more hereafter.
我认为这笔付款是幸运的，因为我从未能够获得剩余的钱，其中的剩余部分在以后会更多。
This general was, I think, a brave man, and might probably have made a figure as a good officer in some European war.
我认为这位将军是一位勇敢的人，并且可能在欧洲的某些战争中成为一名好军官。
But he had too much self-confidence, too high an opinion of the validity of regular troops, and too mean a one of both Americans and Indians.
但他太自信了，对正规军的有效性评价太高，无论是美国人还是印度人，他都太卑鄙了。
George Croghan, our Indian interpreter, join'd him on his march with one hundred of those people, who might have been of great use to his army as guides, scouts, etc., if he had treated them kindly; but he slighted and neglected them, and they gradually left him.
我们的印第安翻译乔治·克罗根（George Croghan）和他一起行军，和一百个人一起行军，如果他善待他们的话，这些人可能会作为向导、侦察兵等对他的军队大有裨益；但他并没有这样做。但他轻视、忽视他们，他们渐渐离开了他。
In conversation with him one day, he was giving me some account of his intended progress.
有一天，在与他交谈时，他向我讲述了他的预期进展。
"After taking Fort Duquesne,"[97] says he, "I am to proceed to Niagara; and, having taken that, to Frontenac,[98] if the season will allow time; and I suppose it will, for Duquesne can hardly detain me above three or four days; and then I see nothing that can obstruct my march to Niagara." Having before revolv'd in my mind the long line his army must make in their march by a very narrow road, to be cut for them thro' the woods and bushes, and also what I had read of a former defeat of fifteen hundred French, who invaded the Iroquois country, I had conceiv'd some doubts and some fears for the event of the campaign.
“在占领杜肯堡之后，”[97]他说，“我将前往尼亚加拉；并且，如果季节允许的话，在占领了杜肯堡之后，我将前往弗龙特纳克，[98]；我想会的，因为杜肯堡几乎不能让我停留超过三到四天；然后我就看不到任何东西可以阻碍我向尼亚加拉进军。”之前，我曾在脑海中盘旋过他的军队在行进时必须走一条非常狭窄的道路，穿过树林和灌木丛，以及我所读到的关于入侵易洛魁国家的一千五百名法国人的失败的消息，我对这次战役的事件产生了一些怀疑和一些恐惧。
But I ventur'd only to say, "To be sure, sir, if you arrive well before Duquesne, with these fine troops, so well provided with artillery, that place not yet completely fortified, and as we hear with no very strong garrison, can probably make but a short resistance.
但我只是冒昧地说：“当然，先生，如果你在杜肯之前到达，带着这些优秀的部队，配备了如此充足的火炮，那个地方还没有完全设防，并且正如我们听说的那样，没有非常强大的驻军，可能只能进行短暂的抵抗。
The only danger I apprehend of obstruction to your march is from ambuscades of Indians, who, by constant practice, are dexterous in laying and executing them; and the slender line, near four miles long, which your army must make, may expose it to be attack'd by surprise in its flanks, and to be cut like a thread into several pieces, which, from their distance, cannot come up in time to support each other."
我担心阻碍你们行军的唯一危险是来自印第安人的伏击，他们通过不断的练习，能够熟练地埋伏和执行伏击；你的军队必须拉出近四英里长的细长线，这可能会使军队在侧翼受到突然袭击，并像一根线一样被切成几段，从距离来看，这些段无法及时上来相互支援。”
[97] Pittsburg.
[97]匹兹堡。
[98] Kingston, at the eastern end of Lake Ontario.
[98] 金斯顿，位于安大略湖东端。
He smil'd at my ignorance, and reply'd, "These savages may, indeed, be a formidable enemy to your raw American militia, but upon the king's regular and disciplin'd troops, sir, it is impossible they should make any impression." I was conscious of an impropriety in my disputing with a military man in matters of his profession, and said no more.
他嘲笑我的无知，然后回答道：“这些野蛮人确实可能是你的美国民兵的可怕敌人，但对于国王的正规军和纪律严明的军队来说，先生，他们不可能给人留下任何印象。”我意识到自己与一名军人就其职业问题争论不妥，于是不再多说什么。
The enemy, however, did not take the advantage of his army which I apprehended its long line of march expos'd it to, but let it advance without interruption till within nine miles of the place; and then, when more in a body (for it had just passed a river, where the front had halted till all were come over), and in a more open part of the woods than any it had pass'd, attack'd its advanced guard by heavy fire from behind trees and bushes, which was the first intelligence the general had of an enemy's being near him.
然而，敌人并没有利用他的军队，我认为他们的军队长长的行军路线使他们暴露在外，而是让他们不间断地前进，直到距该地点九英里以内。然后，当更多的人聚集在一起时（因为它刚刚经过一条河，前线在那里停下来，直到所有人都过来），在比它所经过的任何地方都更开阔的树林里，从树木和灌木丛后面用猛烈的火力攻击它的先头部队，这是将军得知敌人正在靠近他的第一个情报。
This guard being disordered, the general hurried the troops up to their assistance, which was done in great confusion, thro' waggons, baggage, and cattle; and presently the fire came upon their flank: the officers, being on horseback, were more easily distinguish'd, pick'd out as marks, and fell very fast; and the soldiers were crowded together in a huddle, having or hearing no orders, and standing to be shot at till two-thirds of them were killed; and then, being seiz'd with a panick, the whole fled with precipitation.
由于守卫混乱，将军急忙让部队前去支援，但行动却十分混乱，他们用马车、辎重和牲畜来支援。不久，火势就袭击了他们的侧翼：军官们骑在马背上，更容易被辨认出来，作为标记被识别出来，并且倒下得很快。士兵们挤在一起，没有接到任何命令，也没有听到任何命令，站着等待射击，直到三分之二的人被杀。然后，大家惊慌失措，纷纷逃走。
[Illustration: "The only danger I apprehend of obstruction to your march is from ambuscades of Indians"]
[插图：“我担心阻碍你们行军的唯一危险是来自印第安人的伏击”]
The waggoners took each a horse out of his team and scamper'd; their example was immediately followed by others; so that all the waggons, provisions, artillery, and stores were left to the enemy.
马车夫们每人从自己的队伍中抽出一匹马，撒腿就跑。他们的榜样立即被其他人效仿；这样一来，所有的马车、给养、大炮和物资都留给了敌人。
The general, being wounded, was brought off with difficulty; his secretary, Mr. Shirley, was killed by his side; and out of eighty-six officers, sixty-three were killed or wounded, and seven hundred and fourteen men killed out of eleven hundred.
将军受了伤，好不容易才被带走。他的秘书雪莉先生在他身边被杀；八十六名军官中有六十三人阵亡或受伤，一千一百人中七百一十四人阵亡。
These eleven hundred had been picked men from the whole army; the rest had been left behind with Colonel Dunbar, who was to follow with the heavier part of the stores, provisions, and baggage.
这一千一百人是从全军中挑选出来的。其余的都留给了邓巴上校，他将带着较重的补给品、补给品和行李跟在后面。
The flyers, not being pursu'd, arriv'd at Dunbar's camp, and the panick they brought with them instantly seiz'd him and all his people; and, tho' he had now above one thousand men, and the enemy who had beaten Braddock did not at most exceed four hundred Indians and French together, instead of proceeding, and endeavouring to recover some of the lost honour, he ordered all the stores, ammunition, etc., to be destroy'd, that he might have more horses to assist his flight towards the settlements, and less lumber to remove.
传单没有被追捕，而是到达了邓巴的营地，他们带来的恐慌立即抓住了他和他所有的人；尽管他现在有超过一千人，而击败布雷多克的敌人最多也不超过四百名印第安人和法国人，但他没有继续前进，努力挽回一些失去的荣誉，而是下令销毁所有补给品、弹药等，这样他就可以有更多的马匹来帮助他逃往定居点，并减少需要搬走的木材。
He was there met with requests from the governors of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, that he would post his troops on the frontier, so as to afford some protection to the inhabitants; but he continued his hasty march thro' all the country, not thinking himself safe till he arrived at Philadelphia, where the inhabitants could protect him.
在那里，他接到了弗吉尼亚州、马里兰州和宾夕法尼亚州州长的请求，要求他将军队部署在边境，为居民提供一些保护。但他继续匆匆行军，穿越全国，直到到达费城，那里的居民可以保护他，他才认为自己安全了。
This whole transaction gave us Americans the first suspicion that our exalted ideas of the prowess of British regulars had not been well founded.[99]
整个交易让我们美国人第一次怀疑我们对英国正规军英勇的崇高观念并没有充分的根据。 [99]
[99] Other accounts of this expedition and defeat may be found in Fiske's _Washington and his Country_, or Lodge's _George Washington_, Vol. 1.
[99] 关于这次远征和失败的其他记载可以在菲斯克的《华盛顿和他的国家》或洛奇的《乔治·华盛顿》卷中找到。 1.
In their first march, too, from their landing till they got beyond the settlements, they had plundered and stripped the inhabitants, totally ruining some poor families, besides insulting, abusing, and confining the people if they remonstrated.
他们在第一次进军中，从登陆到走出定居点，对居民进行了掠夺和掠夺，一些贫困家庭彻底破产，如果人民提出抗议，他们还会对他们进行侮辱、虐待和限制。
This was enough to put us out of conceit of such defenders, if we had really wanted any.
如果我们真的想要这样的防守者的话，这足以让我们不再自负。
How different was the conduct of our French friends in 1781, who, during a march thro' the most inhabited part of our country from Rhode Island to Virginia, near seven hundred miles, occasioned not the smallest complaint for the loss of a pig, a chicken, or even an apple.
1781 年，我们的法国朋友的行为是多么不同，他们在从罗德岛到弗吉尼亚州的我国人口最多的地区行军，行军近七百英里时，没有因为失去一头猪、一只鸡，甚至一个苹果而抱怨。
Captain Orme, who was one of the general's aids-de-camp, and, being grievously wounded, was brought off with him, and continu'd with him to his death, which happen'd in a few days, told me that he was totally silent all the first day, and at night only said, "_Who would have thought it?_" That he was silent again the following day, saying only at last, "_We shall better know how to deal with them another time_"; and dy'd in a few minutes after.
奥姆上尉是将军的副官之一，受了重伤，被带离了他身边，并一直陪伴着他，几天后就去世了。几分钟后就死了。
The secretary's papers, with all the general's orders, instructions, and correspondence, falling into the enemy's hands, they selected and translated into French a number of the articles, which they printed, to prove the hostile intentions of the British court before the declaration of war.
秘书的文件，连同将军的所有命令、指示和信函，落入敌人手中，他们挑选了一些文章，翻译成法文，印出来，以证明英国宫廷在宣战前的敌对意图。
Among these I saw some letters of the general to the ministry, speaking highly of the great service I had rendered the army, and recommending me to their notice.
其中我看到了一些将军写给国防部的信，高度评价我为军队做出的巨大贡献，并向他们推荐我。
David Hume,[100] too, who was some years after secretary to Lord Hertford, when minister in France, and afterward to General Conway, when secretary of state, told me he had seen among the papers in that office, letters from Braddock highly recommending me.
戴维·休谟（David Hume）[100]也是如此，他在担任法国部长时担任赫特福德勋爵的秘书几年后，又担任国务卿康威将军的秘书，他告诉我，他在该办公室的文件中看到了布拉多克强烈推荐我的信。
But, the expedition having been unfortunate, my service, it seems, was not thought of much value, for those recommendations were never of any use to me.
但是，这次探险很不幸，我的服务似乎没有多大价值，因为那些建议对我来说从来没有任何用处。
[100] A famous Scotch philosopher and historian (1711-1776).
[100] 著名的苏格兰哲学家和历史学家（1711-1776）。
As to rewards from himself, I ask'd only one, which was, that he would give orders to his officers not to enlist any more of our bought servants, and that he would discharge such as had been already enlisted.
至于他本人的报酬，我只要求一个，就是命令他的军官们不再征召我们买来的仆人，并且解雇那些已经征召的人。
This he readily granted, and several were accordingly return'd to their masters, on my application.
他欣然同意了，并且根据我的申请，有几件被归还给了主人。
Dunbar, when the command devolv'd on him, was not so generous.
当邓巴把指挥权交给他时，他就没那么慷慨了。
He being at Philadelphia, on his retreat, or rather flight, I apply'd to him for the discharge of the servants of three poor farmers of Lancaster county that he had enlisted, reminding him of the late general's orders on that head.
他在费城，在撤退，或者更确切地说，逃亡途中，我向他申请解雇他所征召的兰开斯特县三名贫困农民的仆人，提醒他已故将军对此的命令。
He promised me that, if the masters would come to him at Trenton, where he should be in a few days on his march to New York, he would there deliver their men to them.
他向我保证，如果几天后他前往纽约的途中，主人们来到特伦顿找他，他就会在那里把他们的人交给他们。
They accordingly were at the expense and trouble of going to Trenton, and there he refus'd to perform his promise, to their great loss and disappointment.
因此，他们付出了代价和麻烦去特伦顿，而他在那里拒绝履行他的诺言，给他们带来了巨大的损失和失望。
As soon as the loss of the waggons and horses was generally known, all the owners came upon me for the valuation which I had given bond to pay.
当马车和马匹的损失广为人知后，所有的车主都来找我估价，我已保证支付。
Their demands gave me a great deal of trouble, my acquainting them that the money was ready in the paymaster's hands, but that orders for paying it must first be obtained from General Shirley,[101] and my assuring them that I had apply'd to that general by letter; but, he being at a distance, an answer could not soon be receiv'd, and they must have patience, all this was not sufficient to satisfy, and some began to sue me.
他们的要求给我带来了很大的麻烦，我让他们知道钱已经在出纳员手中准备好了，但是支付命令必须首先从雪利将军那里获得，[101]并且我向他们保证我已经通过信件向那位将军提出了申请；但他距离较远，不可能很快得到答复，必须有耐心，这一切还不足以令人满意，有人开始起诉我。
General Shirley at length relieved me from this terrible situation by appointing commissioners to examine the claims, and ordering payment.
雪莉将军任命专员审查索赔并下令付款，最终使我摆脱了这种可怕的局面。
They amounted to near twenty thousand pound, which to pay would have ruined me.
总共有近两万英镑，付了这笔钱我就破产了。
[101] Governor of Massachusetts and commander of the British forces in America.
[101] 马萨诸塞州州长兼驻美英军司令。
Before we had the news of this defeat, the two Doctors Bond came to me with a subscription paper for raising money to defray the expense of a grand firework, which it was intended to exhibit at a rejoicing on receipt of the news of our taking Fort Duquesne.
在我们得知这次失败的消息之前，两位邦德医生带着一份认捐文件来找我，目的是筹集资金以支付一场盛大烟花的费用，打算在收到我们占领杜肯堡的消息后的庆祝活动中展示烟花。
I looked grave, and said it would, I thought, be time enough to prepare for the rejoicing when we knew we should have occasion to rejoice.
我看上去很严肃，并说，我想，当我们知道我们应该有机会庆祝时，就有足够的时间准备庆祝了。
They seem'd surpris'd that I did not immediately comply with their proposal.
他们似乎对我没有立即遵守他们的提议感到惊讶。
"Why the d----l!" says one of them, "you surely don't suppose that the fort will not be taken?" "I don't know that it will not be taken, but I know that the events of war are subject to great uncertainty." I gave them the reasons of my doubting; the subscription was dropt, and the projectors thereby missed the mortification they would have undergone if the firework had been prepared.
“为什么该死！”其中一位说道：“你肯定不认为这座堡垒不会被攻克吧？” “我不知道会不会采取，但我知道战争事件存在很大的不确定性。”我向他们说明了我怀疑的理由；订阅被取消了，投影仪因此错过了如果烟花准备好了他们会经历的屈辱。
Dr. Bond, on some other occasion afterward, said that he did not like Franklin's forebodings.
邦德博士后来在其他场合表示，他不喜欢富兰克林的预感。
Governor Morris, who had continually worried the Assembly with message after message before the defeat of Braddock, to beat them into the making of acts to raise money for the defense of the province, without taxing, among others, the proprietary estates, and had rejected all their bills for not having such an exempting clause, now redoubled his attacks with more hope of success, the danger and necessity being greater.
莫里斯总督在布雷多克被击败之前，不断地向议会发出一条又一条的信息，迫使他们采取行动筹集资金来保卫该省，而不对私有财产征税，并拒绝了他们所有的法案，因为没有这样的豁免条款，现在他加倍攻击，成功的希望更大，危险和必要性也更大。
The Assembly, however, continu'd firm, believing they had justice on their side, and that it would be giving up an essential right if they suffered the governor to amend their money-bills.
然而，议会继续坚定，相信正义站在他们这一边，如果他们允许州长修改他们的货币法案，那就等于放弃一项基本权利。
In one of the last, indeed, which was for granting fifty thousand pounds, his propos'd amendment was only of a single word.
事实上，在最后一项拨款五万英镑的修正案中，他提出的修正案只有一个字。
The bill express'd "that all estates, real and personal, were to be taxed, those of the proprietaries _not_ excepted." His amendment was, for _not_ read _only_: a small, but very material alteration.
该法案表示“所有财产，无论是不动产还是个人财产，都应征税，所有者的财产也不例外”。他的修正案是，仅供阅读：一个小但非常实质性的改变。
However, when the news of this disaster reached England, our friends there whom we had taken care to furnish with all the Assembly's answers to the governor's messages, rais'd a clamor against the proprietaries for their meanness and injustice in giving their governor such instructions; some going so far as to say that, by obstructing the defense of their province, they forfeited their right to it.
然而，当这场灾难的消息传到英国时，我们小心翼翼地向那里的朋友们提供了议会对总督消息的所有答复，他们大声疾呼，反对业主向总督发出这样的指示，指责他们卑鄙和不公正。有些人甚至说，通过阻碍保卫自己的省份，他们就丧失了对自己省份的权利。
They were intimidated by this, and sent orders to their receiver-general to add five thousand pounds of their money to whatever sum might be given by the Assembly for such purpose.
他们对此感到害怕，并向他们的财政总署发出命令，在议会为此目的提供的任何金额上增加五千英镑。
This, being notified to the House, was accepted in lieu of their share of a general tax, and a new bill was form'd, with an exempting clause, which passed accordingly.
众议院接受了这一通知，以代替他们所缴纳的一般税，并制定了一项新法案，其中包含一项豁免条款，该法案相应获得通过。
By this act I was appointed one of the commissioners for disposing of the money, sixty thousand pounds.
通过这项法案，我被任命为负责处置这笔六万英镑资金的专员之一。
I had been active in modelling the bill and procuring its passage, and had, at the same time, drawn a bill for establishing and disciplining a voluntary militia, which I carried thro' the House without much difficulty, as care was taken in it to leave the Quakers at their liberty.
我一直积极参与制定该法案并促使其通过，同时还起草了一项建立和训练志愿民兵的法案，我毫不费力地在众议院通过了该法案，因为法案中小心翼翼地让贵格会教徒享有自由。
To promote the association necessary to form the militia, I wrote a dialogue,[102] stating and answering all the objections I could think of to such a militia, which was printed, and had, as I thought, great effect.
为了促进组建民兵所必需的联合，我写了一篇对话，[102]陈述并回答了我能想到的对这样一个民兵的所有反对意见，该对话被印刷出来，并且正如我认为的那样，产生了巨大的影响。
[102] This dialogue and the militia act are in the Gentleman's Magazine for February and March, 1756.--_Marg.
[102] 这段对话和民兵行动刊登在 1756 年 2 月和 3 月的《绅士杂志》上。--_Marg。
note._
注意._
XVII
十七
FRANKLIN'S DEFENSE OF THE FRONTIER
富兰克林的边境保卫战
While the several companies in the city and country were forming, and learning their exercise, the governor prevail'd with me to take charge of our North-western frontier, which was infested by the enemy, and provide for the defense of the inhabitants by raising troops and building a line of forts.
当城里和乡下的几个连正在组建并学习演习时，总督说服我负责我们的西北边境，那里有敌人出没，并通过集结军队和修建堡垒来保卫居民。
I undertook this military business, tho' I did not conceive myself well qualified for it.
我承担了这项军事业务，尽管我认为自己不具备胜任这项工作的资格。
He gave me a commission with full powers, and a parcel of blank commissions for officers, to be given to whom I thought fit.
他给了我一份全权委任状，以及一包空白的军官委任状，交给我认为合适的人。
I had but little difficulty in raising men, having soon five hundred and sixty under my command.
我毫不费力地招募士兵，很快就拥有了五百六十人。
My son, who had in the preceding war been an officer in the army rais'd against Canada, was my aid-de-camp, and of great use to me.
我的儿子在上次战争中曾是针对加拿大的军队中的一名军官，他是我的副官，对我很有用。
The Indians had burned Gnadenhut,[103] a village settled by the Moravians, and massacred the inhabitants; but the place was thought a good situation for one of the forts.
印第安人烧毁了摩拉维亚人定居的格纳登胡特[103]村庄，并屠杀了居民；但这个地方被认为是建造堡垒之一的好地方。
[103] Pronounced Gna´-den-hoot.
[103] 发音为 Gna´-den-hoot。
In order to march thither, I assembled the companies at Bethlehem, the chief establishment of those people.
为了前往那里，我在伯利恒集结了各连，这是这些人的主要机构。
I was surprised to find it in so good a posture of defense; the destruction of Gnadenhut had made them apprehend danger.
我惊讶地发现它的防御姿态如此之好；格纳登胡特的毁灭让他们意识到了危险。
The principal buildings were defended by a stockade; they had purchased a quantity of arms and ammunition from New York, and had even plac'd quantities of small paving stones between the windows of their high stone houses, for their women to throw down upon the heads of any Indians that should attempt to force into them.
主要建筑有栅栏保护。他们从纽约购买了大量的武器和弹药，甚至在高高的石头房子的窗户之间放置了大量的小铺路石，以便他们的妇女们可以把任何试图强行闯入他们的印第安人扔到他们的头上。
The armed brethren, too, kept watch, and reliev'd as methodically as in any garrison town.
武装起来的弟兄们也像在任何驻军城镇一样保持警惕并有条不紊地进行救援。
In conversation with the bishop, Spangenberg, I mention'd this my surprise; for, knowing they had obtained an act of Parliament exempting them from military duties in the colonies, I had suppos'd they were conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms.
在与斯潘根伯格主教的谈话中，我提到了这一点，这让我感到惊讶；因为，我知道他们已经获得了议会的一项法案，免除了他们在殖民地的军事职责，我以为他们会认真谨慎地携带武器。
He answer'd me that it was not one of their established principles, but that, at the time of their obtaining that act, it was thought to be a principle with many of their people.
他回答我说，这不是他们既定的原则之一，但在他们获得该法案时，这被认为是他们许多人的原则。
On this occasion, however, they, to their surprise, found it adopted by but a few.
然而，这一次，他们惊讶地发现，只有少数人采用了它。
It seems they were either deceiv'd in themselves, or deceiv'd the Parliament; but common sense, aided by present danger, will sometimes be too strong for whimsical opinions.
看来他们要么是自己被欺骗了，要么是议会被欺骗了。但在当前危险的帮助下，常识有时会变得过于强烈，无法产生异想天开的意见。
It was the beginning of January when we set out upon this business of building forts.
一月初，我们开始了建造堡垒的工作。
I sent one detachment toward the Minisink, with instructions to erect one for the security of that upper part of the country, and another to the lower part, with similar instructions; and I concluded to go myself with the rest of my force to Gnadenhut, where a fort was tho't more immediately necessary.
我派出一支分队前往米辛克，并接到指示，为该国上部地区的安全设立一支分队，并派出另一支分队前往下部地区，并发出类似的指示；我决定亲自率领其余部队前往格纳登胡特，那里并不急需一座堡垒。
The Moravians procur'd me five waggons for our tools, stores, baggage, etc.
摩拉维亚人给我买了五辆马车来装我们的工具、物资、行李等。
Just before we left Bethlehem, eleven farmers, who had been driven from their plantations by the Indians, came to me requesting a supply of firearms, that they might go back and fetch off their cattle.
就在我们离开伯利恒之前，十一个被印第安人从种植园赶走的农民来找我，请求提供枪支，以便他们回去取回他们的牛。
I gave them each a gun with suitable ammunition.
我给了他们每人一把装有合适弹药的枪。
We had not march'd many miles before it began to rain, and it continued raining all day; there were no habitations on the road to shelter us, till we arriv'd near night at the house of a German, where, and in his barn, we were all huddled together, as wet as water could make us.
我们行军没几英里就开始下雨了，而且雨持续了一整天。路上没有任何住所可以庇护我们，直到夜幕降临，我们到达了一个德国人的家，在那里，在他的谷仓里，我们都挤在一起，湿透了。
It was well we were not attack'd in our march, for our arms were of the most ordinary sort, and our men could not keep their gun locks[104] dry.
还好我们在行军中没有受到攻击，因为我们的武器是最普通的，而且我们的人无法保持枪锁[104]干燥。
The Indians are dexterous in contrivances for that purpose, which we had not.
印第安人为此目的巧妙地设计了一些东西，而我们却没有。
They met that day the eleven poor farmers above mentioned, and killed ten of them.
那天他们遇见了上面提到的十一个贫农，并杀死了十个。
The one who escap'd inform'd that his and his companions' guns would not go off, the priming being wet with the rain.
逃跑的人告诉他，他和同伴的枪不会响，因为底药被雨水打湿了。
[104] Flint-lock guns, discharged by means of a spark struck from flint and steel into powder (priming) in an open pan.
[104] 燧发枪，通过火石和钢在敞口锅中撞击成粉末（底火）的火花来发射。
[Illustration: "We had not march'd many miles before it began to rain"]
[插图：“我们行军没几英里就开始下雨了”]
The next day being fair, we continu'd our march, and arriv'd at the desolated Gnadenhut.
第二天天气晴朗，我们继续行军，到达了荒凉的格纳登胡特。
There was a saw-mill near, round which were left several piles of boards, with which we soon hutted ourselves; an operation the more necessary at that inclement season, as we had no tents.
附近有一家锯木厂，周围留下了几堆木板，我们很快就用这些木板住了下来。在那个恶劣的季节，这项行动更加必要，因为我们没有帐篷。
Our first work was to bury more effectually the dead we found there, who had been half interr'd by the country people.
我们的首要工作是更有效地埋葬我们在那里发现的死者，他们一半是被乡下人埋葬的。
The next morning our fort was plann'd and mark'd out, the circumference measuring four hundred and fifty-five feet, which would require as many palisades to be made of trees, one with another, of a foot diameter each.
第二天早上，我们的堡垒被规划和标出，周长为四百五十五英尺，这就需要用树木建造尽可能多的栅栏，栅栏一根一根地，每根直径一英尺。
Our axes, of which we had seventy, were immediately set to work to cut down trees, and, our men being dexterous in the use of them, great despatch was made.
我们有七十把斧子，立即开始砍树，我们的人熟练地使用它们，效率很高。
Seeing the trees fall so fast, I had the curiosity to look at my watch when two men began to cut at a pine; in six minutes they had it upon the ground, and I found it of fourteen inches diameter.
看到树木倒得如此之快，我好奇地看了看手表，这时两个人开始砍一棵松树；六分钟后，他们把它放在地上，我发现它的直径有十四英寸。
Each pine made three palisades of eighteen feet long, pointed at one end.
每棵松树都有三根十八英尺长的栅栏，一端尖。
While these were preparing, our other men dug a trench all round, of three feet deep, in which the palisades were to be planted; and, our waggons, the bodies being taken off, and the fore and hind wheels separated by taking out the pin which united the two parts of the perch,[105] we had ten carriages, with two horses each, to bring the palisades from the woods to the spot.
当这些人准备的时候，我们的其他人在周围挖了一条三英尺深的沟渠，里面要种植栅栏；我们的马车，车身被卸下，前轮和后轮通过拔掉连接栖息处两部分的销钉而分开，[105]我们有十辆马车，每辆马车两匹马，把栅栏从树林里运到现场。
When they were set up, our carpenters built a stage
当它们搭建好后，我们的木匠搭建了一个舞台
[Illustration: "Our axes ...
[插图：“我们的轴......
were immediately set to work to cut down trees"]
立即开始砍伐树木”]
of boards all round within, about six feet high, for the men to stand on when to fire thro' the loopholes.
里面四周都有木板，大约六英尺高，供人们站在上面射击。
We had one swivel gun, which we mounted on one of the angles, and fir'd it as soon as fix'd, to let the Indians know, if any were within hearing, that we had such pieces; and thus our fort, if such a magnificent name may be given to so miserable a stockade, was finish'd in a week, though it rain'd so hard every other day that the men could not work.
我们有一把旋转枪，我们把它安装在一个角上，一修好就开火，让印第安人知道，如果有的话，我们有这样的武器；因此，我们的堡垒，如果可以给如此悲惨的栅栏起一个如此宏伟的名字的话，一周之内就完工了，尽管每隔一天都会下大雨，人们无法工作。
[105] Here the pole connecting the front and rear wheels of a wagon.
[105] 这里是连接马车前轮和后轮的杆。
This gave me occasion to observe, that, when men are employ'd, they are best content'd; for on the days they worked they were good-natur'd and cheerful, and, with the consciousness of having done a good day's work, they spent the evening jollily; but on our idle days they were mutinous and quarrelsome, finding fault with their pork, the bread, etc., and in continual ill-humour, which put me in mind of a sea-captain, whose rule it was to keep his men constantly at work; and, when his mate once told him that they had done everything, and there was nothing further to employ them about, _"Oh," says he, "make them scour the anchor."_
这使我有机会观察到，当人们有工作时，他们是最满足的；当人们有工作时，他们会感到最满足。因为在工作的日子里，他们脾气很好，心情愉快，而且，他们意识到自己已经完成了一天的工作，晚上也很愉快地度过。但在我们无所事事的日子里，他们却叛逆、争吵，对猪肉、面包等挑剔，而且总是脾气不好，这让我想起了一位船长，他的规则是让他的手下不断工作。而且，当他的伴侣有一次告诉他，他们已经做了所有的事情，没有什么可以再雇用他们时，“哦，”他说，“让他们搜寻锚。”_
This kind of fort, however contemptible, is a sufficient defense against Indians, who have no cannon.
这种堡垒无论多么卑鄙，对于没有大炮的印第安人来说，已经足够防御了。
Finding ourselves now posted securely, and having a place to retreat to on occasion, we ventur'd out in parties to scour the adjacent country.
发现自己现在已经安全地驻守，并且有时有地方可以撤退，我们冒险分队出去搜寻邻近的国家。
We met with no Indians, but we found the places on the neighbouring hills where they had lain to watch our proceedings.
我们没有遇到印第安人，但我们在附近的山上找到了他们躺着观看我们行动的地方。
There was an art in their contrivance of those places that seems worth mention.
他们对这些地方的设计似乎有一种值得一提的艺术。
It being winter, a fire was necessary for them; but a common fire on the surface of the ground would by its light have discover'd their position at a distance.
现在是冬天，他们需要生火。但是地面上的普通火可以通过它的光在远处发现它们的位置。
They had therefore dug holes in the ground about three feet diameter, and somewhat deeper; we saw where they had with their hatchets cut off the charcoal from the sides of burnt logs lying in the woods.
因此，他们在地上挖了直径约三英尺、更深一些的洞。我们看到他们用斧头从树林里燃烧的原木侧面砍下木炭。
With these coals they had made small fires in the bottom of the holes, and we observ'd among the weeds and grass the prints of their bodies, made by their laying all round, with their legs hanging down in the holes to keep their feet warm, which, with them, is an essential point.
他们用这些煤在洞的底部生起小火，我们在杂草和草丛中观察到他们的身体印记，这是他们四面躺着时留下的，他们的腿垂在洞里以保暖，这对他们来说是一个重要的点。
This kind of fire, so manag'd, could not discover them, either by its light, flame, sparks, or even smoke: it appear'd that their number was not great, and it seems they saw we were too many to be attacked by them with prospect of advantage.
这种火，经过如此管理，无论是通过它的光、火焰、火花，还是烟雾，都无法发现他们：看来他们的数量并不多，而且他们似乎看到我们的人数太多，无法被他们以有利的前景攻击。
We had for our chaplain a zealous Presbyterian minister, Mr. Beatty, who complained to me that the men did not generally attend his prayers and exhortations.
我们的牧师是一位热心的长老会牧师比蒂先生，他向我抱怨说这些人一般不参加他的祈祷和劝告。
When they enlisted, they were promised, besides pay and provisions, a gill of rum a day, which was punctually serv'd out to them, half in the morning, and the other half in the evening; and I observed they were as punctual in attending to receive it; upon which I said to Mr. Beatty, "It is, perhaps, below the dignity of your profession to act as steward of the rum, but if you were to deal it out and only just after prayers, you would have them all about you." He liked the tho't, undertook the office, and, with the help of a few hands to measure out the liquor, executed it to satisfaction, and never were prayers more generally and more punctually attended; so that I thought this method preferable to the punishment inflicted by some military laws for non-attendance on divine service.
当他们入伍时，除了工资和给养之外，他们还被许诺每天一桶朗姆酒，并准时地为他们提供服务，一半在早上，另一半在晚上；我发现他们也同样准时地去领取礼物。对此，我对比蒂先生说：“也许，担任朗姆酒管家有损你职业的尊严，但如果你在祈祷后才把它分发出去，那么你就会得到他们的全部帮助。”他喜欢这个想法，承担了这个职务，并在几个人的帮助下量出了酒，满意地执行了它，并且从来没有像现在这样普遍和准时地参加祈祷；因此，我认为这种方法比一些军事法律对不参加礼拜仪式所施加的惩罚更好。
I had hardly finish'd this business, and got my fort well stor'd with provisions, when I receiv'd a letter from the governor, acquainting me that he had call'd the Assembly, and wished my attendance there, if the posture of affairs on the frontiers was such that my remaining there was no longer necessary.
我刚完成这件事，并把我的堡垒储备好粮食，就收到总督的一封信，告诉我他已经召集了议会，并希望我出席，如果边境事态使我不再需要留在那里的话。
My friends, too, of the Assembly, pressing me by their letters to be, if possible, at the meeting, and my three intended forts being now compleated, and the inhabitants contented to remain on their farms under that protection, I resolved to return; the more willingly, as a New England officer, Colonel Clapham, experienced in Indian war, being on a visit to our establishment, consented to accept the command.
我的议会朋友们也写信催促我，如果可能的话，参加会议，而我预定的三座堡垒现已完工，居民们也满足于在这种保护下留在他们的农场里，我决定返回；但我决定返回。作为一名新英格兰军官，经历过印第安战争的克拉彭上校在访问我们的机构时更愿意接受这一指挥。
I gave him a commission, and, parading the garrison, had it read before them, and introduc'd him to them as an officer who, from his skill in military affairs, was much more fit to command them than myself; and, giving them a little exhortation, took my leave.
我给了他一份委任状，在巡游驻军时，在他们面前宣读了委任状，并向他们介绍了他作为一名军官，从他的军事技巧来看，他比我更适合指挥他们。叮嘱了他们几句后，我就告辞了。
I was escorted as far as Bethlehem, where I rested a few days to recover from the fatigue I had undergone.
我被护送到伯利恒，在那里休息了几天，以恢复我所经历的疲劳。
The first night, being in a good bed, I could hardly sleep, it was so different from my hard lodging on the floor of our hut at Gnaden wrapt only in a blanket or two.
第一个晚上，我躺在一张好床上，几乎无法入睡，这与我在格纳登小屋的地板上只裹着一两条毯子的硬住宿有很大不同。
While at Bethlehem, I inquir'd a little into the practice of the Moravians: some of them had accompanied me, and all were very kind to me.
在伯利恒的时候，我对摩拉维亚人的做法做了一些了解：他们中的一些人陪伴着我，而且所有人都对我很好。
I found they work'd for a common stock, ate at common tables, and slept in common dormitories, great numbers together.
我发现他们都在同一家公司工作，吃在共同的餐桌上，睡在共同的宿舍里，很多人在一起。
In the dormitories I observed loopholes, at certain distances all along just under the ceiling, which I thought judiciously placed for change of air.
在宿舍里，我观察到天花板下方有一定距离的漏洞，我认为这些漏洞是为了换气而明智地放置的。
I was at their church, where I was entertain'd with good musick, the organ being accompanied with violins, hautboys, flutes, clarinets, etc. I understood that their sermons were not usually preached to mixed congregations of men, women, and children, as is our common practice, but that they assembled sometimes the married men, at other times their wives, then the young men, the young women, and the little children, each division by itself.
我在他们的教堂里，那里有美妙的音乐供我娱乐，管风琴伴着小提琴、长笛、长笛、单簧管等。我知道，他们的布道通常不会像我们的惯例那样向男女老少混合的会众宣讲，而是他们有时会聚集已婚男人，有时会聚集他们的妻子，然后是青年男子、青年妇女和小孩子，每个部分都是单独的。
The sermon I heard was to the latter, who came in and were plac'd in rows on benches; the boys under the conduct of a young man, their tutor, and the girls conducted by a young woman.
我听到的讲道是针对后者的，他们进来后被安排在长凳上。男孩们由一名年轻男子及其家庭教师带领，而女孩们则由一名年轻女子带领。
The discourse seem'd well adapted to their capacities, and was delivered in a pleasing, familiar manner, coaxing them, as it were, to be good.
这些话语似乎很适合他们的能力，并且以一种令人愉快、熟悉的方式进行，可以说是在哄骗他们做好事。
They behav'd very orderly, but looked pale and unhealthy, which made me suspect they were kept too much within doors, or not allow'd sufficient exercise.
他们表现得非常有秩序，但看起来苍白且不健康，这让我怀疑他们被关在家里太多了，或者不允许足够的运动。
I inquir'd concerning the Moravian marriages, whether the report was true that they were by lot.
我询问摩拉维亚人的婚姻，关于他们是抽签的报道是否属实。
I was told that lots were us'd only in particular cases; that generally, when a young man found himself dispos'd to marry, he inform'd the elders of his class, who consulted the elder ladies that govern'd the young women.
有人告诉我，只有在特殊情况下才会使用批次；一般来说，当一个年轻人发现自己打算结婚时，他会通知班上的长辈，长辈会咨询管理年轻女性的年长女士。
As these elders of the different sexes were well acquainted with the tempers and dispositions of their respective pupils, they could best judge what matches were suitable, and their judgments were generally acquiesc'd in; but if, for example, it should happen that two or three young women were found to be equally proper for the young man, the lot was then recurred to.
这些男女长辈，对于各自弟子的脾气性格，都了如指掌，最能判断出合适的对象，而他们的判断，一般都会得到默许。但是，如果碰巧发现两三个年轻女子同样适合该年轻男子，那么抽签就会重新进行。
I objected, if the matches are not made by the mutual choice of the parties, some of them may chance to be very unhappy.
我反对，如果不是双方共同选择的匹配，有些人可能会很不高兴。
"And so they may," answer'd my informer, "if you let the parties chuse for themselves;" which, indeed, I could not deny.
“所以他们可能会这样，”我的线人回答说，“如果你让各方自己选择的话；”这确实是我无法否认的。
Being returned to Philadelphia, I found the association went on swimmingly, the inhabitants that were not Quakers having pretty generally come into it, formed themselves into companies, and chose their captains, lieutenants, and ensigns, according to the new law.
回到费城后，我发现该协会进展顺利，非贵格会的居民相当普遍地加入其中，组成了连队，并根据新法律选出了他们的队长、中尉和少尉。
Dr. B.
B 博士
visited me, and gave me an account of the pains he had taken to spread a general good liking to the law, and ascribed much to those endeavours.
他拜访了我，向我讲述了他为传播人们对法律的普遍好感所付出的努力，并对这些努力给予了很大的评价。
I had had the vanity to ascribe all to my _Dialogue_; however, not knowing but that he might be in the right, I let him enjoy his opinion, which I take to be generally the best way in such cases.
我有虚荣心，把一切都归咎于我的_对话_；然而，我不知道他可能是对的，所以我让他享受他的意见，我认为在这种情况下这通常是最好的方式。
The officers, meeting, chose me to be colonel of the regiment, which I this time accepted.
军官们开会，推选我担任该团的上校，这次我接受了。
I forget how many companies we had, but we paraded about twelve hundred well-looking men, with a company of artillery, who had been furnished with six brass field-pieces, which they had become so expert in the use of as to fire twelve times in a minute.
我忘记了我们有多少个连，但我们列了大约一千二百名英俊的男人，还有一个炮兵连，他们配备了六门黄铜野战炮，他们在使用这些炮方面非常熟练，可以在一分钟内发射十二次炮弹。
The first time I reviewed my regiment they accompanied me to my house, and would salute me with some rounds fired before my door, which shook down and broke several glasses of my electrical apparatus.
我第一次检阅我的团时，他们陪我到我家，并会在我的门前发射几发子弹向我致敬，门震动并打碎了我电器设备的几块玻璃。
And my new honour proved not much less brittle; for all our commissions were soon after broken by a repeal of the law in England.
事实证明，我的新荣誉也同样脆弱。因为英国法律的废除很快就破坏了我们所有的委托。
During this short time of my colonelship, being about to set out on a journey to Virginia, the officers of my regiment took it into their heads that it would be proper for them to escort me out of town, as far as the Lower Ferry.
在我担任上校的这段时间里，正要启程前往弗吉尼亚州，我团的军官们认为他们应该护送我出城，一直到下渡口。
Just as I was getting on horseback they came to my door, between thirty and forty, mounted, and all in their uniforms.
我刚要上马，他们就来到我家门口，大约有三十到四十人，骑着马，都穿着制服。
I had not been previously acquainted with the project, or I should have prevented it, being naturally averse to the assuming of state on any occasion; and I was a good deal chagrin'd at their appearance, as I could not avoid their accompanying me.
我以前并不熟悉这个项目，或者我应该阻止它，因为我天生反对在任何情况下承担国家责任；我对他们的出现感到非常懊恼，因为我无法避免他们的陪伴。
What made it worse was, that, as soon as we began to move, they drew their swords and rode with them naked all the way.
更糟糕的是，我们一开始行动，他们就拔出了剑，一路赤身裸体地骑马。
Somebody wrote an account of this to the proprietor, and it gave him great offense.
有人向店主写了一份报告，这让他非常生气。
No such honour had been paid him when in the province, nor to any of his governors; and he said it was only proper to princes of the blood royal, which may be true for aught I know, who was, and still am, ignorant of the etiquette in such cases.
他在该省时从未获得过这样的荣誉，他的任何州长也没有获得过这样的荣誉。他说这只适合皇室血统的王子，据我所知，这可能是真的，我过去和现在仍然对这种情况下的礼节一无所知。
This silly affair, however, greatly increased his rancour against me, which was before not a little, on account of my conduct in the Assembly respecting the exemption of his estate from taxation, which I had always oppos'd very warmly, and not without severe reflections on his meanness and injustice of contending for it.
然而，这件愚蠢的事情极大地增加了他对我的怨恨，这种怨恨在以前就已经不少了，因为我在议会中关于免除他的遗产税的行为，我一直非常热烈地反对，并且不无对他争取遗产的卑鄙和不公正进行了严厉的反思。
He accused me to the ministry as being the great obstacle to the King's service, preventing, by my influence in the House, the proper form of the bills for raising money, and he instanced this parade with my officers as a proof of my having an intention to take the government of the province out of his hands by force.
他向内阁指责我是为国王服务的巨大障碍，通过我在众议院的影响力，阻碍了筹集资金的法案的适当形式，他以这次与我的官员的游行为例，证明我打算用武力从他手中夺走该省的政府。
He also applied to Sir Everard Fawkener, the postmaster-general, to deprive me of my office; but it had no other effect than to procure from Sir Everard a gentle admonition.
他还向邮政局长埃弗拉德·福克纳爵士申请解除我的职务；但这除了引起埃弗拉德爵士的温和警告外，没有任何其他作用。
Notwithstanding the continual wrangle between the governor and the House, in which I, as a member, had so large a share, there still subsisted a civil intercourse between that gentleman and myself, and we never had any personal difference.
尽管总督和众议院之间不断发生争执，而我作为议员也有很大一部分参与其中，但我和那位先生之间仍然存在着文明的交往，我们从来没有任何个人分歧。
I have sometimes since thought that his little or no resentment against me, for the answers it was known I drew up to his messages, might be the effect of professional habit, and that, being bred a lawyer, he might consider us both as merely advocates for contending clients in a suit, he for the proprietaries and I for the Assembly.
我有时会想，他对我很少或根本没有怨恨，因为众所周知我对他的信息起草了答案，这可能是职业习惯的影响，而且，作为一名律师，他可能认为我们只是诉讼中相互竞争的委托人的辩护人，他是业主，我是议会。
He would, therefore, sometimes call in a friendly way to advise with me on difficult points, and sometimes, tho' not often, take my advice.
因此，他有时会友好地打电话来就困难问题向我提出建议，有时（虽然不常见）也会听取我的建议。
We acted in concert to supply Braddock's army with provisions; and, when the shocking news arrived of his defeat, the governor sent in haste for me, to consult with him on measures for preventing the desertion of the back counties.
我们齐心协力为布雷多克的军队提供补给；当他战败的消息传来时，总督急忙派人来找我，与他商量防止后郡逃亡的措施。
I forget now the advice I gave; but I think it was, that Dunbar should be written to, and prevail'd with, if possible, to post his troops on the frontiers for their protection, till, by reinforcements from the colonies, he might be able to proceed on the expedition.
我现在忘记了我给过的建议；但我认为，应该写信给邓巴，并说服他，如果可能的话，将他的部队派驻到边境以保护他们，直到有了来自殖民地的增援，他才能够继续远征。
And, after my return from the frontier, he would have had me undertake the conduct of such an expedition with provincial troops, for the reduction of Fort Duquesne, Dunbar and his men being otherwise employed; and he proposed to commission me as general.
而且，在我从边境回来后，他会让我与省级部队一起进行这样的远征，以减少杜肯堡、邓巴和他的部下的其他工作；他提议任命我为将军。
I had not so good an opinion of my military abilities as he profess'd to have, and I believe his professions must have exceeded his real sentiments; but probably he might think that my popularity would facilitate the raising of the men, and my influence in Assembly, the grant of money to pay them, and that, perhaps, without taxing the proprietary estate.
我对我的军事能力的看法并不像他声称的那么好，而且我相信他的表白一定超出了他的真实感情；但他可能会认为，我的声望将有利于人员的培养，以及我在议会中的影响力，有利于向他们提供金钱支付，而且也许不需要对专有财产征税。
Finding me not so forward to engage as he expected, the project was dropt, and he soon after left the government, being superseded by Captain Denny.
由于发现我并不像他预期的那样积极参与，因此该项目被放弃，他很快就离开了政府，由丹尼上尉取代。
XVIII
十八
SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS
科学实验
Before I proceed in relating the part I had in public affairs under this new governor's administration, it may not be amiss here to give some account of the rise and progress of my philosophical reputation.
在我开始讲述我在新州长政府领导下的公共事务中所扮演的角色之前，先介绍一下我的哲学声誉的兴起和进步也许没有什么不妥。
In 1746, being at Boston, I met there with a Dr. Spence, who was lately arrived from Scotland, and show'd me some electric experiments.
1746 年，我在波士顿遇到了一位刚从苏格兰来的斯彭斯博士，他向我展示了一些电实验。
They were imperfectly perform'd, as he was not very expert; but, being on a subject quite new to me, they equally surpris'd and pleased me.
由于他不是很专业，所以他们的表现并不完美。但是，由于这是一个对我来说相当陌生的话题，他们同样让我感到惊讶和高兴。
Soon after my return to Philadelphia, our library company receiv'd from Mr. P.
我回到费城后不久，我们的图书馆公司就收到了 P.
Collinson, Fellow of the Royal Society[106] of London, a present of a glass tube, with some account of the use of it in making such experiments.
伦敦皇家学会会员科林森[106] 赠送了一根玻璃管，并附有一些关于如何使用它进行此类实验的说明。
I eagerly seized the opportunity of repeating what I had seen at Boston; and, by much practice, acquired great readiness in performing those, also, which we had an account of from England, adding a number of new ones.
我迫不及待地抓住机会重复我在波士顿所见的一切。而且，通过大量的练习，我们已经做好了执行这些任务的准备，我们从英国得到了这些记录，并添加了一些新的任务。
I say much practice, for my house was continually full, for some time, with people who came to see these new wonders.
我说的是多练习，因为有一段时间，我的房子里一直挤满了前来观看这些新奇观的人们。
[106] The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge was founded in 1660 and holds the foremost place among English societies for the advancement of science.
[106] 伦敦皇家自然知识促进学会成立于 1660 年，在英国科学进步协会中占有最重要的地位。
To divide a little this incumbrance among my friends, I caused a number of similar tubes to be blown at our glass-house, with which they furnish'd themselves, so that we had at length several performers.
为了在我的朋友们之间分担一点这种负担，我在我们的温室里吹了许多类似的管子，他们自己也用这些管子来装饰，这样我们终于有了几个表演者。
Among these, the principal was Mr. Kinnersley, an ingenious neighbour, who, being out of business, I encouraged to undertake showing the experiments for money, and drew up for him two lectures, in which the experiments were rang'd in such order, and accompanied with such explanations in such method, as that the foregoing should assist in comprehending the following.
其中，校长是金纳斯利先生，他是一位聪明的邻居，由于他没有生意，我鼓励他为了钱而进行展示实验，并为他起草了两篇讲座，其中实验按顺序排列，并附有这样的解释和方法，以便前面的内容有助于理解下面的内容。
He procur'd an elegant apparatus for the purpose, in which all the little machines that I had roughly made for myself were nicely form'd by instrument-makers.
他为此目的购买了一台优雅的仪器，其中所有我为自己粗制滥造的小机器都是由仪器制造商精心制作的。
His lectures were well attended, and gave great satisfaction; and after some time he went thro' the colonies, exhibiting them in every capital town, and pick'd up some money.
他的讲座听众络绎不绝，大家都非常满意。过了一段时间，他走遍了殖民地，在每个首都城镇展示了它们，并赚了一些钱。
In the West India islands, indeed, it was with difficulty the experiments could be made, from the general moisture of the air.
事实上，在西印度群岛，由于空气普遍潮湿，很难进行实验。
Oblig'd as we were to Mr. Collinson for his present of the tube, etc., I thought it right he should be inform'd of our success in using it, and wrote him several letters containing accounts of our experiments.
尽管我们非常感谢科林森先生赠送了管子等，但我认为应该告知他我们成功使用它的情况，并给他写了几封信，其中包含我们的实验说明。
He got them read in the Royal Society, where they were not at first thought worth so much notice as to be printed in their Transactions.
他让皇家学会阅读了这些文章，起初他们认为这些文章并不值得引起太多关注，因此将其印在他们的学报中。
One paper, which I wrote for Mr. Kinnersley, on the sameness of lightning with electricity,[107] I sent to Dr. Mitchel, an acquaintance of mine, and one of the members also of that society, who wrote me word that it had been read, but was laughed at by the connoisseurs.
我为金纳斯利先生写的一篇关于闪电与电的相同性的论文，[107]我寄给了米切尔博士，他是我的熟人，也是该协会的成员之一，他写信给我说这篇论文已被阅读，但被鉴赏家嘲笑。
The papers, however, being shown to Dr. Fothergill, he thought them of too much value to be stifled, and advis'd the printing of them.
然而，当这些文件被展示给福瑟吉尔博士时，他认为它们太有价值了，不能被扼杀，并建议将它们打印出来。
Mr. Collinson then gave them to _Cave_ for publication in his Gentleman's Magazine; but he chose to print them separately in a pamphlet, and Dr. Fothergill wrote the preface.
科林森先生随后将它们交给_Cave_，以便在他的《绅士杂志》上发表。但他选择将它们单独印成小册子，并由福瑟吉尔博士撰写序言。
Cave, it seems, judged rightly for his profit, for by the additions that arrived afterward, they swell'd to a quarto volume, which has had five editions, and cost him nothing for copy-money.
凯夫似乎对自己的利益做出了正确的判断，因为通过后来的补充，它们已经发展到四开本，已经有五个版本，并且没有花费他任何印刷费。
[107] See page 327.
[107] 参见第 327 页。
It was, however, some time before those papers were much taken notice of in England.
然而，这些报纸过了一段时间才在英国受到广泛关注。
A copy of them happening to fall into the hands of the Count de Buffon,[108] a philosopher deservedly of great reputation in France, and, indeed, all over Europe, he prevailed with M.
其中的一本碰巧落入了布冯伯爵的手中，[108] 布冯伯爵是一位在法国当之无愧享有盛誉的哲学家，事实上，在整个欧洲，他都赢得了布冯先生的支持。
Dalibard[109] to translate them into French, and they were printed at Paris.
Dalibard[109] 将它们翻译成法语，并在巴黎印刷。
The publication offended the Abbé Nollet, preceptor in Natural Philosophy to the royal family, and an able experimenter, who had form'd and publish'd a theory of electricity, which then had the general vogue.
该出版物冒犯了王室自然哲学导师、一位能干的实验家诺莱神父，他形成并发表了当时流行的电理论。
He could not at first believe that such a work came from America, and said it must have been fabricated by his enemies at Paris, to decry his system.
他起初不敢相信这样的作品来自美国，并说这一定是他在巴黎的敌人捏造的，以谴责他的制度。
Afterwards, having been assur'd that there really existed such a person as Franklin at Philadelphia, which he had doubted, he wrote and published a volume of Letters, chiefly address'd to me, defending his theory, and denying the verity of my experiments, and of the positions deduc'd from them.
后来，他确信费城确实存在富兰克林这样的人，对此他曾表示怀疑，于是他撰写并出版了一本书信集，主要是写给我的，为他的理论辩护，并否认我的实验以及从中推论出的立场的真实性。
[108] A celebrated French naturalist (1707-1788).
[108] 一位著名的法国博物学家（1707-1788）。
[109] Dalibard, who had translated Franklin's letters to Collinson into French, was the first to demonstrate, in a practical application of Franklin's experiment, that lightning and electricity are the same.
[109] 达利巴德将富兰克林写给柯林森的信翻译成法语，他是第一个在富兰克林实验的实际应用中证明闪电和电是相同的人。
"This was May 10th, 1752, one month before Franklin flew his famous kite at Philadelphia and proved the fact himself."--McMaster.
“这是 1752 年 5 月 10 日，一个月前富兰克林在费城放飞了他著名的风筝，并亲自证明了这一事实。”——麦克马斯特。
I once purpos'd answering the abbé, and actually began the answer; but, on consideration that my writings contained a description of experiments which anyone might repeat and verify, and if not to be verifi'd, could not be defended; or of observations offer'd as conjectures, and not delivered dogmatically, therefore not laying me under any obligation to defend them; and reflecting that a dispute between two persons, writing in different languages, might be lengthened greatly by mistranslations, and thence misconceptions of one another's meaning, much of one of the abbé's letters being founded on an error in the translation, I concluded to let my papers shift for themselves, believing it was better to spend what time I could spare from public business in making new experiments, than in disputing about those already made.
我曾经打算回答神父的问题，实际上我已经开始回答了。但是，考虑到我的著作中包含了任何人都可以重复和验证的实验描述，如果未经验证，就无法辩护；或作为推测提供的观察结果，而不是教条地表达，因此我没有义务为它们辩护；考虑到两个人用不同语言写作的争论可能会因误译而大大延长，从而对彼此的意思产生误解，神父的一封信的大部分都是建立在翻译错误的基础上的，我决定让我的论文自行转移，相信最好把我从公共事务中抽出的时间花在做新的实验上，而不是争论已经做过的实验。
I therefore never answered M.
因此我从来没有回答过M。
Nollet, and the event gave me no cause to repent my silence; for my friend M.
诺莱特，这件事并没有让我有理由后悔我的沉默；给我的朋友M。
le Roy, of the Royal Academy of Sciences, took up my cause and refuted him; my book was translated into the Italian, German, and Latin languages; and the doctrine it contain'd was by degrees universally adopted by the philosophers of Europe, in preference to that of the abbé; so that he lived to see himself the last of his sect, except Monsieur B----, of Paris, his _élève_ and immediate disciple.
英国皇家科学院的勒罗伊支持了我的主张并反驳了他。我的书被翻译成意大利语、德语和拉丁语；它所包含的学说逐渐被欧洲哲学家普遍采用，而不是神父的学说。因此，他活着看到自己是他的教派的最后一个成员，除了巴黎的B先生，他的_leve_和直接弟子。
What gave my book the more sudden and general celebrity, was the success of one of its proposed experiments, made by Messrs.
使我的书突然而普遍受到关注的是其中一项由 Mr. 提出的实验的成功。
Dalibard and De Lor at Marly, for drawing lightning from the clouds.
马尔利的达利巴德和德洛尔从云中引出闪电。
This engag'd the public attention everywhere.
这引起了各地公众的关注。
M.
M。
de Lor, who had an apparatus for experimental philosophy, and lectur'd in that branch of science, undertook to repeat what he called the _Philadelphia Experiments_; and, after they were performed before the king and court, all the curious of Paris flocked to see them.
德洛尔拥有一套实验哲学装置，并在该科学分支中讲授，他致力于重复他所谓的“费城实验”。当他们在国王和宫廷面前演出后，巴黎所有好奇的人都蜂拥而至观看他们的表演。
I will not swell this narrative with an account of that capital experiment, nor of the infinite pleasure I receiv'd in the success of a similar one I made soon after with a kite at Philadelphia, as both are to be found in the histories of electricity.
我不会用对那次资本实验的描述来丰富这个叙述，也不会用我不久后在费城用风筝做的类似实验的成功所获得的无限快乐来扩充这个叙述，因为这两者都可以在电力的历史中找到。
Dr. Wright, an English physician, when at Paris, wrote to a friend, who was of the Royal Society, an account of the high esteem my experiments were in among the learned abroad, and of their wonder that my writings had been so little noticed in England.
赖特博士是一位英国医生，在巴黎时，他写信给一位英国皇家学会的朋友，描述了我的实验在国外学者中受到的高度尊重，以及他们对我的著作在英国很少受到关注的惊讶。
The society, on this, resum'd the consideration of the letters that had been read to them; and the celebrated Dr. Watson drew up a summary account of them, and of all I had afterwards sent to England on the subject, which he accompanied with some praise of the writer.
协会就此重新开始审议已读给他们听的信件。著名的沃森博士对这些内容以及后来我寄给英国的有关该主题的所有内容进行了总结，并附上了对作者的一些赞扬。
This summary was then printed in their Transactions; and some members of the society in London, particularly the very ingenious Mr. Canton, having verified the experiment of procuring lightning from the clouds by a pointed rod, and acquainting them with the success, they soon made me more than amends for the slight with which they had before treated me.
然后，这份摘要被打印在他们的交易中；伦敦社团的一些成员，特别是非常聪明的坎顿先生，在验证了用尖棒从云中获得闪电的实验后，向他们通报了成功的消息，他们很快就为我弥补了他们之前对我的轻视。
Without my having made any application for that honour, they chose me a member, and voted that I should be excus'd the customary payments, which would have amounted to twenty-five guineas; and ever since have given me their Transactions gratis.
在我没有提出任何申请这一荣誉的情况下，他们就选了我为会员，并投票决定免除我的惯常付款，这笔费用相当于二十五基尼；从那时起，他们就免费向我提供了他们的交易。
They also presented me with the gold medal of Sir Godfrey Copley[110] for the year 1753, the delivery of which was accompanied by a very handsome speech of the president, Lord Macclesfield, wherein I was highly honoured.
他们还向我颁发了 1753 年戈弗雷·科普利爵士[110] 的金质奖章，在颁发奖章的同时，总统麦克尔斯菲尔德勋爵发表了非常精彩的演讲，我对此感到非常荣幸。
[110] An English baronet (died in 1709), donator of a fund of £100, "in trust for the Royal Society of London for improving natural knowledge."
[110] 一位英国男爵（卒于 1709 年），捐赠了 100 英镑的基金，“信托伦敦皇家学会以提高自然知识”。
[Illustration: Gold medal of Sir Godfrey Copley.]
[插图：戈弗雷·科普利爵士的金牌。]
XIX
十九
AGENT OF PENNSYLVANIA IN LONDON
宾夕法尼亚州伦敦代理
Our new governor, Captain Denny, brought over for me the before mentioned medal from the Royal Society, which he presented to me at an entertainment given him by the city.
我们的新任州长丹尼上尉为我带来了前面提到的英国皇家学会的奖章，这是他在市政府为他举办的一场招待会上向我颁发的。
He accompanied it with very polite expressions of his esteem for me, having, as he said, been long acquainted with my character.
他同时非常有礼貌地表达了他对我的尊重，正如他所说，他很早就熟悉我的性格。
After dinner, when the company, as was customary at that time, were engag'd in drinking, he took me aside into another room, and acquainted me that he had been advis'd by his friends in England to cultivate a friendship with me, as one who was capable of giving him the best advice, and of contributing most effectually to the making his administration easy; that he therefore desired of all things to have a good understanding with me, and he begged me to be assured of his readiness on all occasions to render me every service that might be in his power.
晚饭后，按照当时的惯例，大家都在喝酒，他把我带到另一个房间，告诉我，他在英国的朋友建议他与我建立友谊，因为我能够为他提供最好的建议，并为他的管理工作做出最有效的贡献；因此，他希望与我有良好的了解，并恳求我保证他随时准备为我提供他力所能及的一切服务。
He said much to me, also, of the proprietor's good disposition towards the province, and of the advantage it might be to us all, and to me in particular, if the opposition that had been so long continu'd to his measures was dropt, and harmony restor'd between him and the people; in effecting which, it was thought no one could be more serviceable than myself; and I might depend on adequate acknowledgments and recompenses, etc., etc. The drinkers, finding we did not return immediately to the table, sent us a decanter of Madeira, which the governor made liberal use of, and in proportion became more profuse of his solicitations and promises.
他还对我说了很多关于业主对该省的良好态度，以及如果长期以来对他的措施的反对意见被消除，并且他和人民之间恢复和谐的话，这可能对我们大家，特别是对我有利。为了实现这一目标，人们认为没有人比我更能发挥作用。酒客们发现我们没有立即回到餐桌上，就给我们送了一瓶马德拉酒，总督大方地使用了它，相应地，他的恳求和承诺也变得更加丰富。
My answers were to this purpose: that my circumstances, thanks to God, were such as to make proprietary favours unnecessary to me; and that, being a member of the Assembly, I could not possibly accept of any; that, however, I had no personal enmity to the proprietary, and that, whenever the public measures he propos'd should appear to be for the good of the people, no one should espouse and forward them more zealously than myself; my past opposition having been founded on this, that the measures which had been urged were evidently intended to serve the proprietary interest, with great prejudice to that of the people; that I was much obliged to him (the governor) for his professions of regard to me, and that he might rely on everything in my power to make his administration as easy as possible, hoping at the same time that he had not brought with him the same unfortunate instruction his predecessor had been hampered with.
我的回答就是为了这个目的：感谢上帝，我的处境使我不需要专有的恩惠；作为议会的一员，我不可能接受任何一个；然而，我对私有者没有个人敌意，而且，每当他提出的公共措施看起来是为了人民的利益时，没有人应该比我更热心地拥护和推动它们；我过去的反对是基于这一点，即所敦促的措施显然是为了服务于私有者的利益，而极大地损害了人民的利益；我非常感谢他（总督）对我的关心，他可以依靠我的一切力量使他的行政工作尽可能轻松，同时希望他没有带来他的前任所受到的同样不幸的指示。
On this he did not then explain himself; but when he afterwards came to do business with the Assembly, they appear'd again, the disputes were renewed, and I was as active as ever in the opposition, being the penman, first, of the request to have a communication of the instructions, and then of the remarks upon them, which may be found in the votes of the time, and in the Historical Review I afterward publish'd.
对此他并没有做出解释。但当他后来来与议会做生意时，他们又出现了，争论又重新出现了，而我一如既往地积极参与反对派，首先是要求传达指示的笔人，然后是对指示的评论，这些评论可以在当时的投票中找到，也可以在我后来出版的历史评论中找到。
But between us personally no enmity arose; we were often together; he was a man of letters, had seen much of the world, and was very entertaining and pleasing in conversation.
但我们之间并没有产生任何敌意；我们经常在一起；他是一位文学家，见识广博，谈吐风趣，令人愉快。
He gave me the first information that my old friend Jas.
他给了我第一个信息，是我的老朋友贾斯。
Ralph was still alive; that he was esteem'd one of the best political writers in England; had been employed in the dispute[111] between Prince Frederic and the king, and had obtain'd a pension of three hundred a year; that his reputation was indeed small as a poet, Pope having damned his poetry in the _Dunciad_,[112] but his prose was thought as good as any man's.
拉尔夫还活着；他被尊为英国最优秀的政治作家之一；曾受雇于弗雷德里克亲王与国王之间的争端[111]，并获得每年三百元的养老金；作为一名诗人，他的名气确实很小，教皇在《邓西亚德》中谴责了他的诗歌，[112]但他的散文被认为和任何人的散文一样好。
[111] Quarrel between George II and his son, Frederick, Prince of Wales, who died before his father.
[111] 乔治二世和他的儿子威尔士亲王腓特烈之间的争吵，腓特烈亲王比他的父亲先死。
[112] A satirical poem by Alexander Pope directed against various contemporary writers.
[112] 亚历山大·波普针对多位当代作家的讽刺诗。
The Assembly finally finding the proprietary obstinately persisted in manacling their deputies with instructions inconsistent not only with the privileges of the people, but with the service of the crown, resolv'd to petition the king against them, and appointed me their agent to go over to England, to present and support the petition.
议会最终发现，业主顽固地坚持用不符合人民特权、而且不符合国王服务的指示来束缚他们的代表，决定向国王请愿反对他们，并任命我为他们的代理人前往英国，提出并支持请愿书。
The House had sent up a bill to the governor, granting a sum of sixty thousand pounds for the king's use (ten thousand pounds of which was subjected to the orders of the then general, Lord Loudoun), which the governor absolutely refus'd to pass, in compliance with his instructions.
众议院向总督提出了一项法案，拨款六万英镑供国王使用（其中一万英镑由当时的将军劳登勋爵下令），总督按照他的指示坚决拒绝通过该法案。
I had agreed with Captain Morris, of the packet at New York, for my passage, and my stores were put on board, when Lord Loudoun arriv'd at Philadelphia, expressly, as he told me, to endeavour an accommodation between the governor and Assembly, that his majesty's service might not be obstructed by their dissensions.
当劳登勋爵抵达费城时，我已同意莫里斯船长的同意，在纽约邮包中允许我通过，并且我的物品已装上船，正如他告诉我的那样，明确地努力在州长和议会之间达成和解，以便国王陛下的服务不会因他们的分歧而受到阻碍。
Accordingly, he desir'd the governor and myself to meet him, that he might hear what was to be said on both sides.
因此，他希望州长和我会见他，以便他可以听到双方的谈话内容。
We met and discussed the business.
我们见面并讨论了业务。
In behalf of the Assembly, I urged all the various arguments that may be found in the public papers of that time, which were of my writing, and are printed with the minutes of the Assembly; and the governor pleaded his instructions, the bond he had given to observe them, and his ruin if he disobey'd, yet seemed not unwilling to hazard himself if Lord Loudoun would advise it.
我代表大会提出了当时的公开文件中可以找到的所有各种论点，这些文件是我撰写的，并与大会记录一起印制；总督以他的指示为借口，以他遵守这些指示的保证为由，如果他不服从，他就会遭到毁灭，但如果劳登勋爵提出建议，他似乎不愿意冒险。
This his lordship did not chuse to do, though I once thought I had nearly prevail'd with him to do it; but finally he rather chose to urge the compliance of the Assembly; and he entreated me to use my endeavours with them for that purpose, declaring that he would spare none of the king's troops for the defense of our frontiers, and that, if we did not continue to provide for that defense ourselves, they must remain expos'd to the enemy.
陛下并没有选择这样做，尽管我曾经以为我几乎已经说服了他这样做；但他并没有这样做。但最后他宁愿选择敦促议会遵守。他恳求我为此目的与他们一起努力，并宣布他将不遗余力地派出国王的任何军队来保卫我们的边境，而且，如果我们自己不继续提供这种防御，他们就必须继续暴露在敌人面前。
I acquainted the House with what had pass'd, and, presenting them with a set of resolutions I had drawn up, declaring our rights, and that we did not relinquish our claim to those rights, but only suspended the exercise of them on this occasion thro' _force_, against which we protested, they at length agreed to drop that bill, and frame another conformable to the proprietary instructions.
我向众议院通报了已经通过的情况，并向他们提交了我起草的一系列决议，声明了我们的权利，我们并没有放弃对这些权利的要求，只是在这次我们抗议的情况下通过武力暂停了这些权利的行使，他们最终同意放弃该法案，并制定另一项符合专有指令的法案。
This of course the governor pass'd, and I was then at liberty to proceed on my voyage.
总督当然同意了，然后我就可以自由地继续我的航行了。
But, in the meantime, the packet had sailed with my sea-stores, which was some loss to me, and my only recompense was his lordship's thanks for my service, all the credit of obtaining the accommodation falling to his share.
但是，与此同时，包裹已经和我的海运物资一起航行了，这对我来说是一些损失，而我唯一的回报是勋爵大人对我的服务的感谢，获得住宿的所有功劳都归于他的份额。
He set out for New York before me; and, as the time for dispatching the packet-boats was at his disposition, and there were two then remaining there, one of which, he said, was to sail very soon, I requested to know the precise time, that I might not miss her by any delay of mine.
他比我先出发去纽约；由于发送邮包船的时间由他决定，当时还剩下两艘船，其中一艘，他说，很快就要启航，我要求知道确切的时间，以免因我的任何延误而错过她。
His answer was, "I have given out that she is to sail on Saturday next; but I may let you know, _entre nous_, that if you are there by Monday morning, you will be in time, but do not delay longer." By some accidental hindrance at a ferry, it was Monday noon before I arrived, and I was much afraid she might have sailed, as the wind was fair; but I was soon made easy by the information that she was still in the harbor, and would not move till the next day.
他的回答是：“我已经宣布她将于下周六起航；但我可以让你知道，如果你在周一早上到达那里，你就会准时到达，但不要拖延太久。”由于在渡轮上发生了一些意外的阻碍，我到达之前已是周一中午，而且我非常担心她可能已经航行了，因为风向很好；但很快我就放心了，因为她还在港口里，而且要到第二天才会搬家。
One would imagine that I was now on the very point of departing for Europe.
人们会想象我现在正要启程前往欧洲。
I thought so; but I was not then so well acquainted with his lordship's character, of which _indecision_ was one of the strongest features.
我是这么想的;但当时我还不太了解勋爵大人的性格，优柔寡断是他最明显的特征之一。
I shall give some instances.
我将举一些例子。
It was about the beginning of April that I came to New York, and I think it was near the end of June before we sail'd.
我大约是四月初来到纽约，我想我们启航之前已经是接近六月底了。
There were then two of the packet-boats, which had been long in port, but were detained for the general's letters, which were always to be ready to-morrow.
当时有两艘邮船，它们已经在港口待了很长时间，但因将军的信件而被扣留，而这些信件总是要在明天准备好。
Another packet arriv'd; she too was detain'd; and, before we sail'd, a fourth was expected.
又一个包裹到达；她也被拘留了；在我们启航之前，预计会有第四艘。
Ours was the first to be dispatch'd, as having been there longest.
我们是第一个被派遣的，因为在那里呆的时间最长。
Passengers were engaged in all, and some extremely impatient to be gone, and the merchants uneasy about their letters, and the orders they had given for insurance (it being war time) for fall goods; but their anxiety avail'd nothing; his lordship's letters were not ready; and yet whoever waited on him found him always at his desk, pen in hand, and concluded he must needs write abundantly.
乘客们都在忙碌着，有些人非常不耐烦地想离开，而商人则对他们的信件和他们为秋季货物下达的保险订单（当时正值战时）感到不安。但他们的焦虑毫无用处；勋爵大人的信还没有准备好；然而，无论谁伺候他，都会发现他总是坐在办公桌前，手里拿着笔，并得出结论，他一定需要写很多东西。
Going myself one morning to pay my respects, I found in his antechamber one Innis, a messenger of Philadelphia, who had come from thence express with a packet from Governor Denny for the general.
一天早上，我亲自去表达敬意，在他的前厅里发现了一位费城的信使伊尼斯，他从费城带来了丹尼州长寄给将军的包裹。
He delivered to me some letters from my friends there, which occasion'd my inquiring when he was to return, and where he lodg'd, that I might send some letters by him.
他给我转交了一些我在那里的朋友写的信，我便询问他什么时候回来，住在哪里，以便我可以由他寄一些信。
He told me he was order'd to call to-morrow at nine for the general's answer to the governor, and should set off immediately.
他告诉我，他奉命明天九点打电话询问将军对州长的答复，并应立即出发。
I put my letters into his hands the same day.
当天我就把信交到了他手里。
A fortnight after I met him again in the same place.
两周后我在同一个地方再次见到他。
"So, you are soon return'd, Innis?" "_Return'd_!
“这么说，你很快就回来了，伊尼斯？” “_回来了_！
no, I am not _gone_ yet." "How so?" "I have called here by order every morning these two weeks past for his lordship's letter, and it is not yet ready." "Is it possible, when he is so great a writer?
不，我还没_走_呢。” “为何如此？” “这两周以来，我每天早上都奉命到这里来索要大人的信，但信还没有准备好。” “当他是一位如此伟大的作家时，这可能吗？
for I see him constantly at his escritoire." "Yes," says Innis, "but he is like St. George on the signs, _always on horseback, and never rides on_." This observation of the messenger was, it seems, well founded; for, when in England, I understood that Mr. Pitt[113] gave it as one reason for removing this general, and sending Generals Amherst and Wolfe, _that the minister never heard from him, and could not know what he was doing_.
因为我经常看到他坐在写字台前。” “是的，”英尼斯说，“但他就像标志上的圣乔治一样，_总是骑在马背上，从不骑马_。”使者的这一观察看来是有根据的。因为，在英国时，我了解到皮特先生[113]将其作为罢免这位将军并派遣阿默斯特和沃尔夫将军的原因之一，“部长从未收到他的消息，也不知道他在做什么”。
[113] William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham (1708-1778), a great English statesman and orator.
[113] 威廉·皮特，第一代查塔姆伯爵（1708-1778），英国伟大的政治家和演说家。
Under his able administration, England won Canada from France.
在他干练的管理下，英国从法国手中赢得了加拿大。
He was a friend of America at the time of our Revolution.
在我们革命时期，他是美国的朋友。
This daily expectation of sailing, and all the three packets going down to Sandy Hook, to join the fleet there, the passengers thought it best to be on board, lest by a sudden order the ships should sail, and they be left behind.
每天都期待着启航，所有三个包裹都将前往桑迪胡克，加入那里的船队，乘客们认为最好留在船上，以免突然命令船只启航，而他们被抛在后面。
There, if I remember right, we were about six weeks, consuming our sea-stores, and oblig'd to procure more.
在那里，如果我没记错的话，我们花了大约六个星期的时间，消耗了我们的海上储备，并且不得不采购更多。
At length the fleet sail'd, the general and all his army on board, bound to Louisburg, with the intent to besiege and take that fortress; all the packet-boats in company ordered to attend the general's ship, ready to receive his dispatches when they should be ready.
最后，舰队起航了，将军和他的所有军队都在船上，开往路易斯堡，意图围攻并占领这座堡垒。所有连队的邮船都被命令前往将军的船上，准备好在应该准备好的时候接收他的派遣。
We were out five days before we got a letter with leave to part, and then our ship quitted the fleet and steered for England.
我们出发五天后，收到一封请假信，然后我们的船退出了舰队，驶向英国。
The other two packets he still detained, carried them with him to Halifax, where he stayed some time to exercise the men in sham attacks upon sham forts, then altered his mind as to besieging Louisburg, and returned to New York, with all his troops, together with the two packets above mentioned, and all their passengers!
他仍然扣留着另外两个包裹，将它们带到了哈利法克斯，在那里他停留了一段时间，训练这些人对假堡垒进行虚假攻击，然后改变了围攻路易斯堡的想法，并带着他的所有部队，连同上面提到的两个包裹，以及他们的所有乘客，回到了纽约！
During his absence the French and savages had taken Fort George, on the frontier of that province, and the savages had massacred many of the garrison after capitulation.
在他离开期间，法国人和野蛮人占领了该省边境的乔治堡，野蛮人在投降后屠杀了许多驻军。
I saw afterwards in London Captain Bonnell, who commanded one of those packets.
后来我在伦敦见到了邦内尔船长，他指挥着其中一个包裹。
He told me that, when he had been detain'd a month, he acquainted his lordship that his ship was grown foul, to a degree that must necessarily hinder her fast sailing, a point of consequence for a packet-boat, and requested an allowance of time to heave her down and clean her bottom.
他告诉我，当他被拘留一个月后，他告诉大人，他的船已经变得肮脏，其程度必然会阻碍她的快速航行，这对于一艘分组船来说是一个后果，并要求给予一定的时间将她放下并清理她的底部。
He was asked how long time that would require.
有人问他这需要多长时间。
He answered, three days.
他回答说，三天。
The general replied, "If you can do it in one day, I give leave; otherwise not; for you must certainly sail the day after to-morrow." So he never obtain'd leave, though detained afterwards from day to day during full three months.
将军回答说：“如果你能在一天内完成，我就允许；否则不行，因为你必须在后天起航。”因此，尽管后来在整整三个月的时间里日复一日地被拘留，但他始终没有获得许可。
I saw also in London one of Bonnell's passengers, who was so enrag'd against his lordship for deceiving and detaining him so long at New York, and then carrying him to Halifax and back again, that he swore he would sue him for damages.
我还在伦敦看到了邦内尔的一位乘客，他对勋爵大人在纽约欺骗和拘留他这么长时间，然后把他带到哈利法克斯再回来感到非常愤怒，他发誓要起诉他要求赔偿。
Whether he did or not, I never heard; but, as he represented the injury to his affairs, it was very considerable.
不管他有没有，我从来没有听说过；但是，由于他表示他的事务受到的损害是非常严重的。
On the whole, I wonder'd much how such a man came to be intrusted[114] with so important a business as the conduct of a great army; but, having since seen more of the great world, and the means of obtaining, and motives for giving places, my wonder is diminished.
总的来说，我很想知道这样一个人是如何被委托[114]负责指挥一支伟大军队这样重要的事情的。但是，随着对这个伟大的世界有了更多的了解，了解了获取名额的手段以及让出名额的动机，我的好奇心就减少了。
General Shirley, on whom the command of the army devolved upon the death of Braddock, would, in my opinion, if continued in place, have made a much better campaign than that of Loudoun in 1757, which was frivolous, expensive, and disgraceful to our nation beyond conception; for, tho' Shirley was not a bred soldier, he was sensible and sagacious in himself, and attentive to good advice from others, capable of forming judicious plans, and quick and active in carrying them into execution.
布拉多克死后，军队指挥权移交给了雪利将军，在我看来，如果他继续留在原地，他会打出比 1757 年劳登战役更好的战役，那场战役是轻浮的、昂贵的，对我们国家来说是难以想象的耻辱。因为，尽管雪莉不是一个出身于军人的人，但他本身是明智而睿智的，并且善于听取别人的好建议，能够制定明智的计划，并迅速而积极地将其付诸实施。
Loudoun, instead of defending the colonies with his great army, left them totally expos'd while he paraded idly at Halifax, by which means Fort George was lost, besides, he derang'd all our mercantile operations, and distress'd our trade, by a long embargo on the exportation of provisions, on pretence of keeping supplies from being obtain'd by the enemy, but in reality for beating down their price in favour of the contractors, in whose profits, it was said, perhaps from suspicion only, he had a share.
劳登没有用他的大军保卫殖民地，而是让他们在哈利法克斯无所事事地游行时让它们完全暴露在外，这意味着乔治堡被丢了，此外，他还扰乱了我们所有的商业活动，并通过长期禁运粮食出口，使我们的贸易陷入困境，借口是防止敌人获得物资，但实际上却压低了价格，有利于承包商，而承包商的利润是由承包商获得的。他说，也许只是出于怀疑，他有一份。
And, when at length the embargo was taken off, by neglecting to send notice of it to Charlestown, the Carolina fleet was detain'd near three months longer, whereby their bottoms were so much damaged by the worm that a great part of them foundered in their passage home.
当禁运最终解除时，由于没有向查尔斯敦发出通知，卡罗莱纳舰队被滞留了近三个月，其底部被蠕虫严重损坏，大部分在回家途中沉没。
[114] This relation illustrates the corruption that characterized English public life in the eighteenth century.
[114]这种关系说明了十八世纪英国公共生活的腐败现象。
(See page 308).
（参见第 308 页）。
It was gradually overcome in the early part of the next century.
到了下世纪初，这一问题逐渐被克服。
Shirley was, I believe, sincerely glad of being relieved from so burdensome a charge as the conduct of an army must be to a man unacquainted with military business.
我相信，对于一个不熟悉军事事务的人来说，军队的行为必然是如此繁重的负担，雪莉感到由衷的高兴。
I was at the entertainment given by the city of New York to Lord Loudoun, on his taking upon him the command.
我参加了纽约市为劳登勋爵接任指挥权而举行的招待会。
Shirley, tho' thereby superseded, was present also.
雪莉虽然因此被取代，但也出席了会议。
There was a great company of officers, citizens, and strangers, and, some chairs having been borrowed in the neighborhood, there was one among them very low, which fell to the lot of Mr. Shirley.
那里有一大群官员、市民和陌生人，有些椅子是从附近借来的，其中有一把很低，落在雪利先生的椅子上。
Perceiving it as I sat by him, I said, "They have given you, sir, too low a seat." "No matter," says he, "Mr. Franklin, I find _a low seat_ the easiest."
当我坐在他旁边时，我察觉到了这一点，于是说道：“先生，他们给你的座位太低了。” “不管怎样，”他说，“富兰克林先生，我发现_一个低矮的座位_最容易坐。”
While I was, as afore mention'd, detain'd at New York, I receiv'd all the accounts of the provisions, etc., that I had furnish'd to Braddock, some of which accounts could not sooner be obtain'd from the different persons I had employ'd to assist in the business.
正如前面提到的，当我被拘留在纽约时，我收到了我向布雷多克提供的所有物资等的账目，其中一些账目无法尽快从我雇用来协助处理业务的不同人员那里获得。
I presented them to Lord Loudoun, desiring to be paid the balance.
我把它们交给劳登勋爵，希望得到余款。
He caus'd them to be regularly examined by the proper officer, who, after comparing every article with its voucher, certified them to be right; and the balance due for which his lordship promis'd to give me an order on the paymaster.
他让相关官员定期检查这些物品，这些官员在将每件物品与其凭证进行比较后，证明它们是正确的。以及阁下答应向我出纳的命令所欠的余额。
This was, however, put off from time to time; and tho' I call'd often for it by appointment, I did not get it.
然而，这件事有时会被推迟。虽然我经常打电话预约，但我没有收到。
At length, just before my departure, he told me he had, on better consideration, concluded not to mix his accounts with those of his predecessors.
最后，就在我离开之前，他告诉我，经过深思熟虑，他决定不将自己的账目与前任的账目混为一谈。
"And you," says he, "when in England, have only to exhibit your accounts at the treasury, and you will be paid immediately."
“而你，”他说，“在英国时，只需在国库出示你的账户，你就会立即得到报酬。”
I mention'd, but without effect, the great and unexpected expense I had been put to by being detain'd so long at New York, as a reason for my desiring to be presently paid; and on my observing that it was not right I should be put to any further trouble or delay in obtaining the money I had advanc'd, as I charged no commission for my service, "O, Sir," says he, "you must not think of persuading us that you are no gainer; we understand better those affairs, and know that every one concerned in supplying the army finds means, in the doing it, to fill his own pockets." I assur'd him that was not my case, and that I had not pocketed a farthing; but he appear'd clearly not to believe me; and, indeed, I have since learnt that immense fortunes are often made in such employments.
我提到，我在纽约被拘留这么久，给我带来了巨大的、意想不到的费用，但没有效果，以此作为我希望立即得到报酬的理由；但没有效果。我发现，在获得预付的款项方面，我应该陷入任何进一步的麻烦或拖延，因为我没有为我的服务收取佣金，“哦，先生，”他说，“您一定不要想说服我们，您不是赢家；我们更了解这些事务，并且知道每一个参与供应军队的人都会在这样做的过程中找到办法来充实自己的口袋。”我向他保证这不是我的情况，而且我没有把一文钱装进自己的口袋。但他显然不相信我；事实上，从那以后我了解到，此类工作往往能带来巨大的财富。
As to my balance, I am not paid it to this day, of which more hereafter.
至于我的余额，我至今仍未收到付款，以后还会有更多。
Our captain of the paquet had boasted much, before we sailed, of the swiftness of his ship; unfortunately, when we came to sea, she proved the dullest of ninety-six sail, to his no small mortification.
在我们启航之前，我们的船长曾多次吹嘘他的船的速度。不幸的是，当我们出海时，她被证明是九十六次航行中最乏味的，这让他感到不小的羞辱。
After many conjectures respecting the cause, when we were near another ship almost as dull as ours, which, however, gain'd upon us, the captain ordered all hands to come aft, and stand as near the ensign staff as possible.
经过对原因的许多猜测后，当我们靠近另一艘几乎和我们的船一样沉闷的船时，这艘船却逼近了我们，船长命令所有船员都到船尾，尽可能靠近少尉。
We were, passengers included, about forty persons.
包括乘客在内，我们大约有四十人。
While we stood there, the ship mended her pace, and soon left her neighbour far behind, which prov'd clearly what our captain suspected, that she was loaded too much by the head.
当我们站在那里时，船加快了速度，很快就把她的邻居远远抛在了后面，这清楚地证明了我们船长的怀疑，她的头部负载过重。
The casks of water, it seems, had been all plac'd forward; these he therefore order'd to be mov'd further aft, on which the ship recover'd her character, and proved the best sailer in the fleet.
看来，水桶已经全部放在前面了。因此，他下令将这些船移到更靠后的位置，这样船就恢复了她的性格，并被证明是舰队中最好的水手。
The captain said she had once gone at the rate of thirteen knots, which is accounted thirteen miles per hour.
船长说她曾经以十三节的速度航行，即每小时十三英里。
We had on board, as a passenger, Captain Kennedy, of the Navy, who contended that it was impossible, and that no ship ever sailed so fast, and that there must have been some error in the division of the log-line, or some mistake in heaving the log.[115] A wager ensu'd between the two captains, to be decided when there should be sufficient wind.
我们船上有一位乘客，海军的肯尼迪上尉，他认为这是不可能的，没有哪艘船航行得这么快，而且在圆木线的划分中一定存在一些错误，或者在提升圆木时出现了一些错误。 [115]两位船长之间进行了打赌，决定何时有足够的风。
Kennedy thereupon examin'd rigorously the log-line, and, being satisfi'd with that, he determin'd to throw the log himself.
肯尼迪随即严格检查了原木线，对此感到满意，他决定亲自扔掉原木。
Accordingly some days after, when the wind blew very fair and fresh, and the captain of the paquet, Lutwidge, said he believ'd she then went at the rate of thirteen knots, Kennedy made the experiment, and own'd his wager lost.
因此，几天后，当风吹得非常清新，小船的船长路特维奇说，他相信她当时的航速是十三节时，肯尼迪进行了实验，并承认他的赌注输了。
[115] A piece of wood shaped and weighted so as to keep it stable when in the water.
[115] 一块木头，其形状和重量使其在水中时保持稳定。
To this is attached a line knotted at regular distances.
其上附有一条以规则距离打结的线。
By these devices it is possible to tell the speed of a ship.
通过这些设备可以判断船舶的速度。
The above fact I give for the sake of the following observation.
我给出上述事实是为了进行以下观察。
It has been remark'd, as an imperfection in the art of ship-building, that it can never be known, till she is tried, whether a new ship will or will not be a good sailer; for that the model of a good-sailing ship has been exactly follow'd in a new one, which has prov'd, on the contrary, remarkably dull.
有人指出，作为造船艺术的缺陷，在经过试验之前，永远无法知道一艘新船是否会成为一名优秀的航海者。因为一艘新船完全遵循了一艘航行良好的船的模型，而事实证明，这艘新船却非常乏味。
I apprehend that this may partly be occasion'd by the different opinions of seamen respecting the modes of lading, rigging, and sailing of a ship; each has his system; and the same vessel, laden by the judgment and orders of one captain, shall sail better or worse than when by the orders of another.
我认为，造成这种情况的部分原因可能是海员们对船舶的装货、索具和航行方式有不同的看法；每个人都有他的系统；同一艘船，由一位船长的判断和命令装载的货物，将比根据另一位船长的命令航行更好或更差。
Besides, it scarce ever happens that a ship is form'd, fitted for the sea, and sail'd by the same person.
此外，很少有一艘船是由同一个人建造、装配和航行的。
One man builds the hull, another rigs her, a third lades and sails her.
一名男子建造船体，另一名男子安装船只，第三名男子负责装载并航行。
No one of these has the advantage of knowing all the ideas and experience of the others, and, therefore, cannot draw just conclusions from a combination of the whole.
其中没有一个人具有了解其他人的所有想法和经验的优势，因此无法从整体的组合中得出公正的结论。
Even in the simple operation of sailing when at sea, I have often observ'd different judgments in the officers who commanded the successive watches, the wind being the same.
即使是在海上航行的简单操作中，我也经常观察到，在风向相同的情况下，指挥连续值班的军官们有不同的判断。
One would have the sails trimm'd sharper or flatter than another, so that they seem'd to have no certain rule to govern by.
一个人会把帆修剪得比另一个人更锋利或更平坦，这样他们就似乎没有一定的规则可以遵循。
Yet I think a set of experiments might be instituted; first, to determine the most proper form of the hull for swift sailing; next, the best dimensions and properest place for the masts; then the form and quantity of sails, and their position, as the wind may be; and, lastly, the disposition of the lading.
但我认为可以进行一系列实验；首先，确定最适合快速航行的船体形式；其次，桅杆的最佳尺寸和最合适的位置；然后是帆的形式和数量，以及它们的位置，视风向而定；最后，提货的处置。
This is an age of experiments, and I think a set accurately made and combin'd would be of great use.
这是一个实验的时代，我认为精确制作和组合的一套会有很大用处。
I am persuaded, therefore, that ere long some ingenious philosopher will undertake it, to whom I wish success.
因此，我相信不久之后就会有一位聪明的哲学家来承担这项工作，我祝愿他取得成功。
[Illustration: Sailing ship]
【插图：帆船】
We were several times chas'd in our passage, but out-sail'd every thing, and in thirty days had soundings.
我们在航道上被追赶了好几次，但我们都战胜了一切，三十天内就完成了水深探测。
We had a good observation, and the captain judg'd himself so near our port, Falmouth, that, if we made a good run in the night, we might be off the mouth of that harbor in the morning, and by running in the night might escape the notice of the enemy's privateers, who often cruis'd near the entrance of the channel.
我们观察得很好，船长判断自己离我们的港口法尔茅斯如此之近，如果我们在夜间跑得好，我们可能会在早上离开港口，而在夜间奔跑可能会逃脱敌人私掠船的注意，他们经常在航道入口附近巡航。
Accordingly, all the sail was set that we could possibly make, and the wind being very fresh and fair, we went right before it, and made great way.
因此，我们尽可能地扬起了所有的帆，而且风非常清新而且顺风，我们就在它前面航行，并且走了很远的路。
The captain, after his observation, shap'd his course, as he thought, so as to pass wide of the Scilly Isles; but it seems there is sometimes a strong indraught setting up St. George's Channel, which deceives seamen and caused the loss of Sir Cloudesley Shovel's squadron.
船长根据他的观察，按照他的想法调整了航线，以便绕过锡利群岛。但圣乔治海峡有时似乎会出现强烈的气流，这会欺骗海员并导致克劳德斯利·肖维尔爵士的中队损失。
This indraught was probably the cause of what happened to us.
这股气流可能就是我们发生的事情的原因。
We had a watchman plac'd in the bow, to whom they often called, "_Look well out before there_," and he as often answered, "_Ay, ay_"; but perhaps had his eyes shut, and was half asleep at the time, they sometimes answering, as is said, mechanically; for he did not see a light just before us, which had been hid by the studding-sails from the man at the helm, and from the rest of the watch, but by an accidental yaw of the ship was discover'd, and occasion'd a great alarm, we being very near it, the light appearing to me as big as a cartwheel.
我们在船头安排了一名守望员，他们经常对他喊：“前面小心点”，他也经常回答：“是，是”；但也许他当时闭着眼睛，处于半睡半醒的状态，正如所说的那样，他们有时会机械地回答。因为他没有看到我们前面有光，那光被舵手和其他值班人员的角帆遮住了，但船的意外偏航被发现了，引起了巨大的警报，我们离它很近，在我看来，光像车轮一样大。
It was midnight, and our captain fast asleep; but Captain Kennedy, jumping upon deck, and seeing the danger, ordered the ship to wear round, all sails standing; an operation dangerous to the masts, but it carried us clear, and we escaped shipwreck, for we were running right upon the rocks on which the lighthouse was erected.
当时是半夜，我们的船长正在熟睡。但是肯尼迪船长跳上甲板，看到了危险，命令船转头，所有的帆都竖着。这次行动对桅杆来说是危险的，但它让我们脱离了危险，我们逃过了海难，因为我们正跑到灯塔所在的岩石上。
This deliverance impressed me strongly with the utility of lighthouses, and made me resolve to encourage the building more of them in America if I should live to return there.
这次拯救让我对灯塔的实用性印象深刻，并让我决心鼓励在美国建造更多的灯塔，如果我能活着回到那里的话。
In the morning it was found by the soundings, etc., that we were near our port, but a thick fog hid the land from our sight.
早上，通过水深探测等发现我们已经靠近港口，但浓雾遮住了我们的视线。
About nine o'clock the fog began to rise, and seem'd to be lifted up from the water like the curtain at a play-house, discovering underneath, the town of Falmouth, the vessels in its harbor, and the fields that surrounded it.
大约九点钟，雾气开始升起，似乎像剧场的幕布一样从水面升起，在下面发现了法尔茅斯镇、港口里的船只以及周围的田野。
This was a most pleasing spectacle to those who had been so long without any other prospects than the uniform view of a vacant ocean, and it gave us the more pleasure as we were now free from the anxieties which the state of war occasion'd.
对于那些长期以来除了空荡荡的海洋之外没有任何其他前景的人来说，这是一个最令人愉悦的景象，它给我们带来了更多的快乐，因为我们现在摆脱了战争状态所带来的焦虑。
I set out immediately, with my son, for London, and we only stopt a little by the way to view Stonehenge[116] on Salisbury Plain, and Lord Pembroke's house and gardens, with his very curious antiquities at Wilton.
我立即带着儿子出发前往伦敦，途中只短暂停留，参观了索尔兹伯里平原上的巨石阵[116]，以及彭布罗克勋爵的房屋和花园，以及他在威尔顿的非常奇特的古物。
We arrived in London the 27th of July, 1757.[117]
1757 年 7 月 27 日我们抵达伦敦。[117]
[116] A celebrated prehistoric ruin, probably of a temple built by the early Britons, near Salisbury, England.
[116] 一个著名的史前遗址，可能是早期英国人在英格兰索尔兹伯里附近建造的一座寺庙。
It consists of inner and outer circles of enormous stones, some of which are connected by stone slabs.
它由内圈和外圈的巨大石头组成，其中一些石头由石板连接。
[117] "Here terminates the _Autobiography_, as published by Wm.
[117] “Wm 出版的《自传》到此结束。
Temple Franklin and his successors.
坦普尔·富兰克林和他的继任者。
What follows was written in the last year of Dr. Franklin's life, and was never before printed in English."--Mr. Bigelow's note in his edition of 1868.
以下内容是在富兰克林博士生命的最后一年写成的，之前从未以英文印刷过。”——富兰克林先生毕格罗在 1868 年版本中的注释。
As soon as I was settled in a lodging Mr. Charles had provided for me, I went to visit Dr. Fothergill, to whom I was strongly recommended, and whose counsel respecting my proceedings I was advis'd to obtain.
当我在查尔斯先生为我提供的住处安顿下来后，我就去拜访了福瑟吉尔博士，他强烈推荐我去见他，并建议我就我的诉讼程序寻求他的建议。
He was against an immediate complaint to government, and thought the proprietaries should first be personally appli'd to, who might possibly be induc'd by the interposition and persuasion of some private friends, to accommodate matters amicably.
他反对立即向政府投诉，并认为应该首先向业主个人提出申请，他们可能会在一些私人朋友的介入和说服下友好地解决问题。
I then waited on my old friend and correspondent, Mr. Peter Collinson, who told me that John Hanbury, the great Virginia merchant, had requested to be informed when I should arrive, that he might carry me to Lord Granville's,[118] who was then President of the Council and wished to see me as soon as possible.
然后我等待我的老朋友兼通讯员彼得·科林森先生，他告诉我，伟大的弗吉尼亚商人约翰·汉伯里要求通知我何时到达，以便他可以带我去格兰维尔勋爵那里，[118] 他当时是议会主席，希望尽快见到我。
I agreed to go with him the next morning.
我同意第二天早上和他一起去。
Accordingly Mr. Hanbury called for me and took me in his carriage to that nobleman's, who receiv'd me with great civility; and after some questions respecting the present state of affairs in America and discourse thereupon, he said to me: "You Americans have wrong ideas of the nature of your constitution; you contend that the king's instructions to his governors are not laws, and think yourselves at liberty to regard or disregard them at your own discretion.
因此，汉伯里先生来找我，并用他的马车带我去了那位贵族的家，他非常有礼貌地接待了我。在问了一些关于美国现状的问题并就此进行了讨论后，他对我说：“你们美国人对你们宪法的性质有错误的认识；你们认为国王给总督的指示不是法律，并认为你们可以自由地根据自己的判断尊重或忽视它们。
But those instructions are not like the pocket instructions given to a minister going abroad, for regulating his conduct in some trifling point of ceremony.
但这些指示并不像给出国部长的袖珍指示，用于规范他在一些琐碎仪式上的行为。
They are first drawn up by judges learned in the laws; they are then considered, debated, and perhaps amended in Council, after which they are signed by the king.
它们首先由精通法律的法官起草；然后，它们会在议会中进行审议、辩论，或许还有修正，最后由国王签署。
They are then, so far as they relate to you, the _law of the land_, for the king is the Legislator of the Colonies,"[119] I told his lordship this was new doctrine to me.
那么，就与您相关的而言，它们就是_土地的法律_，因为国王是殖民地的立法者，“[119]我告诉勋爵，这对我来说是新的学说。
I had always understood from our charters that our laws were to be made by our Assemblies, to be presented indeed to the king for his royal assent, but that being once given the king could not repeal or alter them.
我一直从我们的宪章中了解到，我们的法律应由我们的议会制定，并提交给国王以获得他的皇家批准，但一旦颁布，国王就不能废除或改变它们。
And as the Assemblies could not make permanent laws without his assent, so neither could he make a law for them without theirs.
由于未经他的同意，议会不能制定永久性法律，因此，未经议会同意，他也不能为议会制定法律。
He assur'd me I was totally mistaken.
他向我保证我完全错了。
I did not think so, however, and his lordship's conversation having a little alarm'd me as to what might be the sentiments of the court concerning us, I wrote it down as soon as I return'd to my lodgings.
然而我并不这么认为，大人的谈话让我有点担心宫廷对我们的看法，我一回到住处就把它写下来。
I recollected that about 20 years before, a clause in a bill brought into Parliament by the ministry had propos'd to make the king's instructions laws in the colonies, but the clause was thrown out by the Commons, for which we adored them as our friends and friends of liberty, till by their conduct towards us in 1765 it seem'd that they had refus'd that point of sovereignty to the king only that they might reserve it for themselves.
我记得大约20年前，内阁向议会提交的一项法案中的一项条款提议在殖民地制定国王指令法，但该条款被下议院否决了，为此我们将他们视为我们的朋友和自由之友，直到1765年他们对我们的行为看来，他们拒绝了国王的主权，只是为了自己保留主权。
[118] George Granville or Grenville (1712-1770).
[118] 乔治·格兰维尔或格伦维尔（1712-1770）。
As English premier from 1763 to 1765, he introduced the direct taxation of the American Colonies and has sometimes been called the immediate cause of the Revolution.
1763 年至 1765 年担任英国首相时，他引入了对美洲殖民地的直接征税，有时被称为革命的直接原因。
[119] This whole passage shows how hopelessly divergent were the English and American views on the relations between the mother country and her colonies.
[119] 整段话表明，英国和美国对母国与其殖民地之间关系的看法是多么分歧。
Grenville here made clear that the Americans were to have no voice in making or amending their laws.
格伦维尔在此明确表示，美国人在制定或修改法律方面没有发言权。
Parliament and the king were to have absolute power over the colonies.
议会和国王对殖民地拥有绝对权力。
No wonder Franklin was alarmed by this new doctrine.
难怪富兰克林对这一新学说感到震惊。
With his keen insight into human nature and his consequent knowledge of American character, he foresaw the inevitable result of such an attitude on the part of England.
凭借对人性的敏锐洞察以及对美国人性格的了解，他预见到了英国这种态度的必然结果。
This conversation with Grenville makes these last pages of the _Autobiography_ one of its most important parts.
与格伦维尔的这次对话使《自传》的最后几页成为其最重要的部分之一。
After some days, Dr. Fothergill having spoken to the proprietaries, they agreed to a meeting with me at Mr. T.
几天后，福瑟吉尔博士与业主交谈后，他们同意在 Mr. T. 与我会面。
Penn's house in Spring Garden.
佩恩在春天花园的房子。
The conversation at first consisted of mutual declarations of disposition to reasonable accommodations, but I suppose each party had its own ideas of what should be meant by _reasonable_.
谈话一开始包括相互声明对合理便利的处置，但我想每一方对于“合理”的含义都有自己的想法。
We then went into consideration of our several points of complaint, which I enumerated.
然后我们考虑了我列举的几个投诉点。
The proprietaries justify'd their conduct as well as they could, and I the Assembly's.
业主们尽其所能地为自己的行为辩护，而我也为议会的行为辩护。
We now appeared very wide, and so far from each other in our opinions as to discourage all hope of agreement.
现在，我们的意见分歧很大，意见相去甚远，以致于所有达成一致的希望都破灭了。
However, it was concluded that I should give them the heads of our complaints in writing, and they promis'd then to consider them.
然而，我们得出的结论是，我应该以书面形式向他们提供我们的投诉要点，然后他们承诺会考虑这些投诉。
I did so soon after, but they put the paper into the hands of their solicitor, Ferdinand John Paris, who managed for them all their law business in their great suit with the neighbouring proprietary of Maryland, Lord Baltimore, which had subsisted 70 years, and wrote for them all their papers and messages in their dispute with the Assembly.
我很快就这样做了，但他们把文件交给了他们的律师费迪南德·约翰·帕里斯，后者在与邻近的马里兰州业主巴尔的摩勋爵（已经存在了 70 年）的大诉讼中为他们管理了所有的法律业务，并为他们撰写了他们与议会争论的所有文件和信息。
He was a proud, angry man, and as I had occasionally in the answers of the Assembly treated his papers with some severity, they being really weak in point of argument and haughty in expression, he had conceived a mortal enmity to me, which discovering itself whenever we met, I declin'd the proprietary's proposal that he and I should discuss the heads of complaint between our two selves, and refus'd treating with anyone but them.
他是一个骄傲、愤怒的人，正如我偶尔在议会的答复中严厉对待他的文件一样，这些文件在争论方面确实软弱，而且在表达上傲慢，他对我怀有致命的敌意，每当我们见面时，这种敌意就会显现出来，我拒绝了业主的建议，即他和我应该在我们两个人之间讨论抱怨的要点，并且拒绝与除了他们之外的任何人打交道。
They then by his advice put the paper into the hands of the Attorney and Solicitor-General for their opinion and counsel upon it, where it lay unanswered a year wanting eight days, during which time I made frequent demands of an answer from the proprietaries, but without obtaining any other than that they had not yet received the opinion of the Attorney and Solicitor-General.
然后，他们根据他的建议，将文件交给总检察长和副检察长，征求他们的意见和建议，一年后八天都没有得到答复，在此期间，我经常要求业主答复，但除了他们尚未收到总检察长和副检察长的意见外，没有得到任何其他信息。
What it was when they did receive it I never learnt, for they did not communicate it to me, but sent a long message to the Assembly drawn and signed by Paris, reciting my paper, complaining of its want of formality, as a rudeness on my part, and giving a flimsy justification of their conduct, adding that they should be willing to accommodate matters if the Assembly would send out _some person of candour_ to treat with them for that purpose, intimating thereby that I was not such.
我不知道他们收到的内容是什么，因为他们没有将其传达给我，而是向议会发出了一份由巴黎起草和签署的长电文，背诵了我的文件，抱怨其缺乏正式性，认为我的粗鲁，并为他们的行为提供了站不住脚的理由，并补充说，如果议会派出“某个坦率的人”为此目的与他们会面，他们应该愿意迁就此事，从而暗示我不是这样的人。
[Illustration: "We now appeared very wide, and so far from each other in our opinions as to discourage all hope of agreement"]
[插图：“现在我们的意见分歧很大，彼此的意见相去甚远，以致于所有达成一致的希望都破灭了”]
The want of formality or rudeness was, probably, my not having address'd the paper to them with their assum'd titles of True and Absolute Proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania, which I omitted as not thinking it necessary in a paper, the intention of which was only to reduce to a certainty by writing, what in conversation I had delivered _viva voce_.
缺乏正式或粗鲁，可能是因为我没有在论文中注明宾夕法尼亚省真实和绝对所有权的假定标题，我认为在论文中没有必要，所以将其省略，其目的只是通过写作来减少确定性，我在谈话中所表达的_viva voce_。
But during this delay, the Assembly having prevailed with Gov'r Denny to pass an act taxing the proprietary estate in common with the estates of the people, which was the grand point in dispute, they omitted answering the message.
但在这次拖延期间，议会说服丹尼州长通过了一项法案，对私有财产与人民的财产共同征税，这是争议的焦点，但他们没有回复这一信息。
When this act however came over, the proprietaries, counselled by Paris, determined to oppose its receiving the royal assent.
然而，当这一法案通过后，业主们在巴黎的建议下，决定反对其获得王室同意。
Accordingly they petitioned the king in Council, and a hearing was appointed in which two lawyers were employ'd by them against the act, and two by me in support of it.
因此，他们向国王请愿，并任命了一次听证会，他们聘请了两名律师反对该法案，我聘请了两名律师支持该法案。
They alledg'd that the act was intended to load the proprietary estate in order to spare those of the people, and that if it were suffer'd to continue in force, and the proprietaries, who were in odium with the people, left to their mercy in proportioning the taxes, they would inevitably be ruined.
他们声称，该法案的目的是为了减轻人民的负担，加重私有财产的负担，如果该法案继续有效，而受人民憎恶的私有财产在税收分配方面任由他们摆布，他们将不可避免地破产。
We reply'd that the act had no such intention, and would have no such effect.
我们答复说，该法案没有这样的意图，也不会产生这样的效果。
That the assessors were honest and discreet men under an oath to assess fairly and equitably, and that any advantage each of them might expect in lessening his own tax by augmenting that of the proprietaries was too trifling to induce them to perjure themselves.
评估员都是诚实而谨慎的人，他们发誓要公平公正地进行评估，他们每个人在通过增加所有者的税收来减少自己的税收方面所期望的任何好处都太微不足道了，无法诱使他们作伪证。
This is the purport of what I remember as urged by both sides, except that we insisted strongly on the mischievous consequences that must attend a repeal, for that the money, £100,000, being printed and given to the king's use, expended in his service, and now spread among the people, the repeal would strike it dead in their hands to the ruin of many, and the total discouragement of future grants, and the selfishness of the proprietors in soliciting such a general catastrophe, merely from a groundless fear of their estate being taxed too highly, was insisted on in the strongest terms.
这就是我记得双方都极力主张的主旨，只是我们强烈地坚持废除必须带来恶作剧的后果，因为那笔10万英镑的钱，被印制并交给国王使用，为他服务，现在在人民中传播，废除将把它打死在他们手中，造成许多人的破产，以及未来拨款的彻底挫败，以及业主在征求此类拨款时的自私。仅仅出于对他们的遗产征税过高的毫无根据的恐惧，人们以最强烈的措辞坚持要发生一场普遍的灾难。
On this, Lord Mansfield, one of the counsel, rose, and beckoning me took me into the clerk's chamber, while the lawyers were pleading, and asked me if I was really of opinion that no injury would be done the proprietary estate in the execution of the act.
对此，律师之一曼斯菲尔德勋爵站了起来，示意我带我进入书记官室，而律师们正在恳求，并问我是否真的认为在执行该法案时不会对专有财产造成任何损害。
I said certainly.
我说当然。
"Then," says he, "you can have little objection to enter into an engagement to assure that point." I answer'd, "None at all." He then call'd in Paris, and after some discourse, his lordship's proposition was accepted on both sides; a paper to the purpose was drawn up by the Clerk of the Council, which I sign'd with Mr. Charles, who was also an Agent of the Province for their ordinary affairs, when Lord Mansfield returned to the Council Chamber, where finally the law was allowed to pass.
“那么，”他说，“你就可以毫无异议地签订契约来确保这一点。”我回答说：“一点也没有。”随后他拜访了巴黎，经过一番讨论，勋爵大人的提议得到了双方的接受。当曼斯菲尔德勋爵回到议会厅时，议会书记员为此目的起草了一份文件，我与查尔斯先生签署了该文件，查尔斯先生也是该省处理日常事务的代理人，最终法律被允许通过。
Some changes were however recommended and we also engaged they should be made by a subsequent law, but the Assembly did not think them necessary; for one year's tax having been levied by the act before the order of Council arrived, they appointed a committee to examine the proceedings of the assessors, and on this committee they put several particular friends of the proprietaries.
然而，我们建议进行一些修改，我们也承诺应通过后续法律进行修改，但议会认为没有必要；由于在理事会的命令到达之前，该法案已经征收了一年的税款，因此他们任命了一个委员会来审查评估员的程序，并在该委员会中任命了几位业主的特殊朋友。
After a full enquiry, they unanimously sign'd a report that they found the tax had been assess'd with perfect equity.
经过全面询问后，他们一致签署了一份报告，发现税收的评估是完全公平的。
The Assembly looked into my entering into the first part of the engagement, as an essential service to the Province, since it secured the credit of the paper money then spread over all the country.
议会考虑了我参与第一部分的工作，作为对该省的一项重要服务，因为它确保了纸币的信用，然后传播到全国各地。
They gave me their thanks in form when I return'd.
当我回来时，他们正式向我表示感谢。
But the proprietaries were enraged at Governor Denny for having pass'd the act, and turn'd him out with threats of suing him for breach of instructions which he had given bond to observe.
但业主们对丹尼州长通过了这项法案感到愤怒，并威胁要起诉他，因为他违反了他已承诺遵守的指示。
He, however, having done it at the instance of the General, and for His Majesty's service, and having some powerful interest at court, despis'd the threats and they were never put in execution....
然而，他是在将军的要求下这样做的，为了陛下的服务，并且在法庭上有一些强大的利益，他蔑视这些威胁，而且这些威胁从未被执行……
[unfinished]
[未完成]
[Illustration: Medal with inscription: BENJ.
[插图：奖章上刻有：BENJ。
FRANLIN NATUS BOSTON XVII, JAN.
弗兰林·纳图斯 (FRANLIN NATUS) 波士顿 XVII，一月
MDCCVI.]
MDCCVI.]
APPENDIX
附录
ELECTRICAL KITE
电动风筝
To Peter Collinson
致彼得·科林森
[Philadelphia], Oct.
[费城]，十月
19, 1752.
1752 年 19 日。
Sir,
先生，
As frequent mention is made in public papers from Europe of the success of the _Philadelphia_ experiment for drawing the electric fire from clouds by means of pointed rods of iron erected on high buildings, &c., it may be agreeable to the curious to be informed, that the same experiment has succeeded in _Philadelphia_, though made in a different and more easy manner, which is as follows:
由于欧洲的公共报纸经常提到“费城”实验的成功，该实验通过竖立在高层建筑上的尖铁棒从云中引出电火，等等，好奇的人可能会同意，同样的实验在“费城”已经成功，尽管是以不同且更简单的方式进行的，具体如下：
Make a small cross of two light strips of cedar, the arms so long as to reach to the four corners of a large, thin silk handkerchief when extended; tie the corners of the handkerchief to the extremities of the cross, so you have the body of a kite; which being properly accommodated with a tail, loop, and string, will rise in the air, like those made of paper; but this being of silk, is fitter to bear the wet and wind of a thunder-gust without tearing.
用两条浅色的雪松条做一个小十字，手臂伸展时可以达到一块又大又薄的丝绸手帕的四个角；将手帕的角系在十字架的末端，这样你就得到了风筝的身体；适当地配有尾巴、环和绳子，它会像纸做的一样升到空中；但这种丝绸材质的东西，更能承受雷阵雨的潮湿和风而不撕裂。
To the top of the upright stick of the cross is to be fixed a very sharp-pointed wire, rising a foot or more above the wood.
十字架的直立棍的顶部应固定一根非常锋利的金属丝，该金属丝高出木头一英尺或更高。
To the end of the twine, next the hand, is to be tied a silk ribbon, and where the silk and twine join, a key may be fastened.
在麻线的末端，靠近手的地方，要系一条丝带，在丝线和麻线的连接处，可以系上一把钥匙。
This kite is to be raised when a thunder-gust appears to be coming on, and the person who holds the string must stand within a door or window, or under some cover, so that the silk ribbon may not be wet; and care must be taken that the twine does not touch the frame of the door or window.
风筝要在雷阵雨来临的时候放起，持线的人必须站在门窗内或有遮盖物下，以免丝带被淋湿；必须注意麻线不要接触门窗的框架。
As soon as any of the thunder clouds come over the kite, the pointed wire will draw the electric fire from them, and the kite, with all the twine will be electrified, and the loose filaments of the twine will stand out every way and be attracted by an approaching finger.
一旦雷雨云降临到风筝上，尖头的金属丝就会从雷雨云中引出电火，风筝和所有的线都会带电，松散的线会从各个方向突出，并被靠近的手指吸引。
And when the rain has wet the kite and twine, so that it can conduct the electric fire freely, you will find it stream out plentifully from the key on the approach of your knuckle.
而当雨水打湿了风筝和线，使其可以自由传导电火时，在靠近指关节的地方，你会发现电火从钥匙中大量流出。
At this key the phial may be charged; and from electric fire thus obtained, spirits may be kindled, and all the electric experiments be performed, which are usually done by the help of a rubbed glass globe or tube, and thereby the sameness of the electric matter with that of lightning completely demonstrated.
按此键可对小瓶充电；由此获得的电火可以点燃精神，并进行所有的电实验，这些实验通常是借助摩擦的玻璃球或管来完成的，从而完全证明了电物质与闪电的相同性。
B.
B.
Franklin.
富兰克林.
[Illustration: "You will find it stream out plentifully from the key on the approach of your knuckle"]
[插图：“当你指关节接近时，你会发现它从钥匙中大量流出”]
[Illustration: Father _Abraham_ in his STUDY with the following text:
[插图：亚伯拉罕神父在他的书房中，文字如下：
The Shade of Him who Counsel can bestow, Still pleas'd to teach, and yet not proud to know; Unbias'd or by Favour or by Spite; Nor dully prepossess'd, nor blindly right; Thô learn'd, well-bred; and, thô well-bred, sincere; Modestly bold, and humanely severe; Who to a Friend his Faults can sweetly show.
顾问可以赐予他的阴影，仍然乐于教导，但并不以了解为荣；不偏不倚或偏爱或恶意；既不是迟钝的先入之见，也不是盲目的正确；你有学识，有教养；而且，虽然有教养，但真诚；谦虚大胆，人性严厉；谁可以向朋友甜蜜地展示他的缺点。
And gladly praise the Merit of a Foe.
并高兴地赞扬敌人的优点。
Here, there he sits, his chearful Aid to lend; A firm, unshaken, uncorrupted Friend, Averse alike to flatter or offend.
他坐在这里，在那里，他乐意提供帮助；坚定、坚定、廉洁的朋友，反对奉承或冒犯。
_Printed by_ Benjamin Mecom, _at the_ New Printing-Office, (_near the_ Town-House, _in_ Boston) _where_ BOOKS _are Sold, and_ PRINTING-WORK _done, Cheap_.
_印刷者_本杰明·梅科姆，_在_新印刷办公室，（_靠近_联排别墅，_波士顿）_哪里有_书籍_出售，并且_印刷工作_完成，便宜_。
He's rarely _warm_ in Censure or in Praise:
他在谴责或赞扬时很少_热情_：
_Good-Nature, Wit_, and _Judgment_ round him wait; And thus he sits _inthron'd_ in _Classick-State_:
他周围的_善良、机智_和_判断力_等待着；因此，他坐在_Classick-State_的_王座_上：
To Failings mild, but zealous for Desert; The clearest Head, and the sincerest Heart.
对失败温和，但对沙漠热心；最清醒的头脑，最真诚的心。
Few Men deserve our _Passion_ either Ways.]
不管怎样，很少有人值得我们的_激情_。]
From "Father Abraham's Speech," 1760.
摘自《亚伯拉罕神父的演讲》，1760 年。
Reproduced from a copy at the New York Public Library.
复制自纽约公共图书馆的副本。
THE WAY TO WEALTH
致富之路
(From "Father Abraham's Speech," forming the preface to Poor _Richard's Almanac_ for 1758.)
（摘自《亚伯拉罕神父的演讲》，为 1758 年《可怜的理查德年鉴》作序。）
It would be thought a hard Government that should tax its People one-tenth Part of their _Time_, to be employed in its Service.
人们会认为，一个强硬的政府应该向其人民的十分之一的_时间_征税，以供其服务。
But _Idleness_ taxes many of us much more, if we reckon all that is spent in absolute _Sloth_, or doing of nothing, with that which is spent in idle Employments or Amusements, that amount to nothing.
但是，如果我们把所有花在绝对“懒惰”或无所事事上的钱与花在无所事事或娱乐上的钱一起计算在内，那么“无所事事”对我们许多人的负担就更大了。
_Sloth_, by bringing on Diseases, absolutely shortens Life.
_懒惰_会带来疾病，绝对会缩短寿命。
_Sloth, like Rust, consumes faster than Labor wears; while the used key is always bright, as Poor Richard says.
_懒惰，就像铁锈一样，消耗速度比劳动磨损快；而用过的钥匙总是亮的，正如可怜的理查德所说。
But dost thou love Life, then do not squander Time, for that's the stuff Life is made of, as Poor Richard_ says.
但如果你热爱生命，就不要浪费时间，因为正如可怜的理查德所说，时间就是生命的组成部分。
How much more than is necessary do we spend in sleep, forgetting that _The sleeping Fox catches no Poultry_, and that _There will be sleeping enough in the Grave_, as _Poor Richard_ says.
我们在睡眠上花费的时间比必要的多了多少，忘记了“熟睡的狐狸抓不到家禽”，而且正如“可怜的理查德”所说，“坟墓里会有足够的睡眠”。
_If Time be of all Things the most precious, wasting Time must be, as Poor Richard_ says, _the_ _greatest Prodigality_; since, as he elsewhere tells us, _Lost Time is never found again; and what we call Time enough, always proves little enough_: Let us then up and be doing, and doing to the Purpose; so by Diligence shall we do more with less Perplexity.
如果时间是所有事物中最宝贵的，那么浪费时间一定是，正如可怜的理查德所说，是最伟大的挥霍；因为，正如他在其他地方告诉我们的那样，_失去的时间再也找不回来了；我们所说的时间足够了，但事实证明时间还不够多：那就让我们起来行动吧，为目标而行动；因此，通过勤奋，我们可以做得更多，减少困惑。
_Sloth makes all Things difficult, but Industry all easy_, as _Poor Richard_ says; and _He that riseth late must trot all Day, and shall scarce overtake his Business at Night; while Laziness travels so slowly, that Poverty soon overtakes him_, as we read in _Poor Richard_, who adds, _Drive thy Business, let not that drive thee_; and _Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise._
正如_可怜的理查德_所说，_懒惰使一切变得困难，但勤奋却使一切变得容易_；起床晚的人必须整天小跑，晚上也很难赶上他的工作。当懒惰进展得如此缓慢时，贫困很快就会追上他，正如我们在《可怜的理查德》中读到的那样，他补充道，“驱动你的事业，不要让它驱动你”； _早睡早起，使人健康、富有、明智。_
_Industry need not wish, and he that lives upon Hope will die fasting._
_勤奋不需要希望，靠希望生活的人将会禁食而死。_
_There are no Gains without Pains._
_没有付出就没有收获。_
_He that hath a Trade hath an Estate; and he that hath a Calling, hath an Office of Profit and Honor_; but then the _Trade_ must be worked at, and the _Calling_ well followed, or neither the _Estate_ nor the _Office_ will enable us to pay our Taxes.
_有贸易就有地产；凡有使命的人，就有利润和荣誉的职位；但接下来必须开展_贸易_，并且_调用_必须得到很好的遵循，否则_庄园_和_办公室_都无法使我们能够缴纳税款。
What though you have found no Treasure, nor has any rich Relation left you a Legacy, _Diligence is the Mother of Good-luck_, as _Poor Richard_ says, _and God gives all Things to Industry_.
尽管你没有找到宝藏，也没有任何富有的关系给你留下遗产，但_勤奋是好运之母_，正如_可怜的理查德_所说，_上帝将一切都赐予工业_。
_One To-day is worth two To-morrows_, and farther, _Have you somewhat to do To-morrow, do it To-day_.
_一个今天胜过两个明天_，更进一步，_明天你有什么事要做，就今天做吧_。
If you were a Servant, would you not be ashamed that a good Master should catch you idle?
如果你是Servant的话，被好主人抓到闲着的话，你不会感到羞耻吗？
Are you then your own Master, _be ashamed to catch yourself idle_.
那么你是你自己的主人吗，_羞于发现自己无所事事_。
Stick to it steadily; and you will see great Effects, for _Constant Dropping wears away Stones_, and by _Diligence and Patience the Mouse ate in two the Cable_; and _Little Strokes fell great Oaks_.
坚定地坚持下去；你会看到巨大的效果，因为_不断的掉落会磨损石头_，并且通过_勤奋和耐心，老鼠将电缆吃成两段_；和_小笔画击垮了伟大的橡树_。
Methinks I hear some of you say, _Must a Man afford himself no Leisure_?
我想我听到你们中的一些人说，“一个人必须不让自己有闲暇吗”？
I will tell thee, my friend, what _Poor Richard_ says, _Employ thy Time well, if thou meanest to gain Leisure; and, since thou art not sure of a Minute, throw not away an Hour_.
我的朋友，我会告诉你《可怜的理查德》所说的话，《好好利用你的时间，如果你想获得休闲》；而且，既然你不确定一分钟，就不要浪费一小时。
Leisure, is Time for doing something useful; this Leisure the diligent Man will obtain, but the lazy Man never; so that, as _Poor Richard_ says, _A Life of Leisure and a Life of Laziness are two things_.
闲暇，就是做一些有用的事情的时间；勤奋的人可以获得这种闲暇，而懒惰的人则永远得不到；因此，正如_可怜的理查德_所说，_悠闲的生活和懒惰的生活是两件事_。
_Keep thy Shop, and thy Shop will keep thee_; and again, _If you would have your business done, go; if not, send._
_保留你的商店，你的商店将保留你_；再说一次，_如果你想完成你的事情，那就走吧；如果没有，请发送._
If you would have a faithful Servant, and one that you like, serve yourself.
如果你想要一位忠诚的仆人，并且是你喜欢的仆人，那就为自己服务吧。
_A little Neglect may breed great Mischief:_ adding, _for want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy; all for the want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail_.
_一点疏忽可能会酿成大祸：_补充说，_由于缺少钉子，鞋子丢失了；_由于缺少鞋子，马丢失了；由于缺少马匹，骑手迷失了方向，被敌人追上并杀死。一切都是为了关心马蹄钉_。
So much for Industry, my Friends, and Attention to one's own Business; but to these we must add _Frugality_.
我的朋友们，工业界就讲这么多了，还有对自己的事业的关注；但除此之外我们还必须加上_节俭_。
_What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children_.
_维持一个恶习，就会养育两个孩子_。
You may think perhaps, that a _little_ Tea, or a _little_ Punch now and then, Diet a _little_ more costly, Clothes a _little_ finer, and a _little_ Entertainment now and then, can be no _great_ Matter; but remember what _Poor Richard_ says, _Many a Little makes a Mickle._
也许你会认为，喝一点茶，偶尔喝一点潘趣酒，饮食贵一点，衣服精致一点，偶尔娱乐一点，也没什么大不了的；但请记住_可怜的理查德_说过的话，_积少成多。_
_Beware of little expenses; A small Leak will sink a great Ship_; and again, _Who Dainties love, shall Beggars prove_; and moreover, _Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them._
_谨防小额开支；小泄漏将沉没大船_；再说一次，“乞丐会证明谁是美食的爱者”；而且，_愚人设宴，智者食之。_
Buy what thou hast no Need of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy Necessaries.
买你不需要的东西，不久你就会卖掉你的必需品。
If you would know the Value of Money, go and try to borrow some; for, he that goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing.
如果你想知道金钱的价值，就去尝试借一些；因为，借钱的人就会悲伤。
The second Vice is Lying, the first is running in Debt.
第二个恶习是说谎，第一个恶习是负债。
_Lying rides upon Debt's Back_.
_谎言骑在债务的背上_。
Poverty often deprives a Man of all Spirit and Virtue: '_Tis hard for an empty Bag to stand upright_.
贫穷常常剥夺一个人所有的精神和美德：“空袋难立”。
And now to conclude, _Experience keeps a dear School, but Fools will learn in no other, and scarce in that_; for it is true, _we may give Advice, but we cannot give Conduct_, as _Poor Richard_ says: However, remember this, _They that won't be counseled, can't be helped_, as _Poor Richard_ says: and farther, That _if you will not hear Reason, she'll surely rap your Knuckles_.
现在总结一下，“经验是一所可爱的学校，但傻瓜不会在其他地方学习，而且那里很少”；因为确实如此，_我们可以提供建议，但我们不能提供行为_，正如_可怜的理查德_所说：但是，请记住这一点，_那些不会得到咨询的人，无法得到帮助_，正如_可怜的理查德_所说：而且更进一步，_如果你不听理性，她肯定会敲打你的指关节_。
THE WHISTLE
哨子
To Madame Brillon
致布里永夫人
Passy, November 10, 1779.
帕西，1779 年 11 月 10 日。
I am charmed with your description of Paradise, and with your plan of living there; and I approve much of your conclusion, that, in the meantime, we should draw all the good we can from this world.
我对你对天堂的描述以及你在那里生活的计划着迷。我非常赞同你的结论，即与此同时，我们应该从这个世界上汲取一切我们能得到的好处。
In my opinion, we might all draw more good from it than we do, and suffer less evil, if we would take care not to give too much for whistles.
在我看来，如果我们注意不要为口哨付出太多，我们都可以从中获得更多的好处，并减少遭受的邪恶。
For to me it seems, that most of the unhappy people we meet with, are become so by neglect of that caution.
对我来说，我们遇到的大多数不快乐的人似乎都是因为忽视了这种谨慎而变得如此。
You ask what I mean?
你问我什么意思？
You love stories, and will excuse my telling one of myself.
你喜欢故事，请原谅我讲一个我自己的故事。
When I was a child of seven year old, my friends, on a holiday, filled my pocket with coppers.
当我七岁的时候，我的朋友们在假期里给我的口袋装满了铜板。
I went directly to a shop where they sold toys for children; and being charmed with the sound of a _whistle_, that I met by the way in the hands of another boy, I voluntarily offered and gave all my money for one.
我直接去了一家卖儿童玩具的商店；我被另一个男孩手中的口哨声迷住了，我自愿拿出我所有的钱买一个。
I then came home, and went whistling all over the house, much pleased with my _whistle_, but disturbing all the family.
然后我回到家，在整个房子里吹口哨，对我的口哨很满意，但打扰了全家人。
My brothers, and sisters, and cousins, understanding the bargain I had made, told me I had given four times as much for it as it was worth; put me in mind what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money; and laughed at me so much for my folly, that I cried with vexation; and the reflection gave me more chagrin than the _whistle_ gave me pleasure.
我的兄弟姐妹和表兄弟姐妹了解了我所做的交易，并告诉我，我为此付出了四倍的代价；我的钱是它的价值的四倍。让我记住我可以用剩下的钱买什么好东西；他们嘲笑我的愚蠢，使我懊恼地哭泣。倒影给我带来的懊恼比口哨给我带来的快乐还要多。
This, however, was afterwards of use to me, the impression continuing on my mind; so that often, when I was tempted to buy some unnecessary thing, I said to myself, _Don't give too much for the whistle_; and I saved my money.
然而，这后来对我有用，这个印象一直留在我的脑海里。因此，当我经常想买一些不必要的东西时，我对自己说：“不要为哨子付出太多”；我省了钱。
As I grew up, came into the world, and observed the actions of men, I thought I met with many, very many, who _gave too much for the whistle_.
当我长大，来到这个世界，观察人们的行为时，我想我遇到了很多很多人，他们_为哨子付出了太多_。
When I saw one too ambitious of court favor, sacrificing his time in attendance on levees, his repose, his liberty, his virtue, and perhaps his friends, to attain it, I have said to myself, _This man gives too much for his whistle_.
当我看到一个野心勃勃的宫廷恩惠者，牺牲了他在堤坝上的时间、他的休息、他的自由、他的美德，也许还有他的朋友来获得它时，我对自己说，“这个人为他的哨子付出了太多”。
When I saw another fond of popularity, constantly employing himself in political bustles, neglecting his own affairs, and ruining them by neglect, _He pays, indeed_, said I, _too much for his whistle_.
当我看到另一个喜欢出名的人，不断地忙于政治喧嚣，忽视自己的事情，并因疏忽而毁掉自己的事情时，我说，“他确实为他的哨子付出了太多的代价”。
If I knew a miser who gave up every kind of comfortable living, all the pleasure of doing good to others, all the esteem of his fellow citizens, and the joys of benevolent friendship, for the sake of accumulating wealth, _Poor man_, said I, _you pay too much for your whistle_.
如果我认识一个守财奴，他为了积累财富而放弃了各种舒适的生活、所有为他人行善的乐趣、所有同胞的尊重以及仁慈友谊的乐趣，“可怜的人”，我说，“你为你的哨子付出了太多的代价”。
When I met with a man of pleasure, sacrificing every laudable improvement of the mind, or of his fortune, to mere corporeal sensations, and ruining his health in their pursuit, _Mistaken man_, said I, _you are providing pain for yourself, instead of pleasure; you give too much for your whistle_.
当我遇到一个享乐的人时，他为了纯粹的肉体感觉而牺牲了精神或财富上每一个值得称赞的进步，并在追求这些感觉的过程中毁掉了他的健康，“错误的人”，我说，“你给自己带来了痛苦，而不是快乐；你为你的口哨付出了太多_。
If I see one fond of appearance, or fine clothes, fine houses, fine furniture, fine equipages, all above his fortune, for which he contracts debts, and ends his career in a prison, _Alas_!
如果我看到一个人喜欢外表、漂亮的衣服、漂亮的房子、漂亮的家具、漂亮的马车，所有这些都超过了他的财富，而他为此负债累累，并在监狱里结束了他的职业生涯，唉！
say I, _he has paid dear, very dear, for his whistle_.
我说，他为他的哨子付出了高昂的代价。
When I see a beautiful, sweet-tempered girl married to an ill-natured brute of a husband, _What a pity_, say I, _that she should pay so much for a whistle_!
当我看到一个美丽、性情甜美的女孩嫁给了一个脾气暴躁的丈夫时，我说，“多么遗憾啊，她竟然要为一只哨子付这么多钱”！
In short, I conceive that great part of the miseries of mankind are brought upon them by the false estimates they have made of the value of things, and by their _giving too much for their whistles_.
简而言之，我认为人类的大部分苦难都是由于他们对事物价值的错误估计以及他们“为口哨付出太多”而造成的。
Yet I ought to have charity for these unhappy people, when I consider, that, with all this wisdom of which I am boasting, there are certain things in the world so tempting, for example, the apples of King John, which happily are not to be bought; for if they were put to sale by auction, I might very easily be led to ruin myself in the purchase, and find that I had once more given too much for the _whistle_.
然而，当我考虑到，以我所吹嘘的所有智慧，世界上有些东西如此诱人时，我应该对这些不幸的人抱有仁慈，例如，约翰国王的苹果，幸运的是，它们是买不到的；因为如果它们通过拍卖出售，我可能很容易在购买中毁掉自己，并发现我再次为哨子付出了太多。
Adieu, my dear friend, and believe me ever yours very sincerely and with unalterable affection,
再见，我亲爱的朋友，请相信我永远是你的真诚和不可改变的感情，
B.
B.
Franklin.
富兰克林.
A LETTER TO SAMUEL MATHER
给塞缪尔·马瑟的一封信
Passy, May 12, 1784.
帕西，1784 年 5 月 12 日。
Revd Sir,
牧师先生，
It is now more than 60 years since I left Boston, but I remember well both your father and grandfather, having heard them both in the pulpit, and seen them in their houses.
我离开波士顿已有 60 多年了，但我清楚地记得你的父亲和祖父，在讲坛上听过他们的演讲，在他们的家里见过他们。
The last time I saw your father was in the beginning of 1724, when I visited him after my first trip to Pennsylvania.
我最后一次见到你父亲是在 1724 年初，当时我第一次去宾夕法尼亚州后拜访了他。
He received me in his library, and on my taking leave showed me a shorter way out of the house through a narrow passage, which was crossed by a beam overhead.
他在他的图书馆接待了我，在我离开时，他给我指了一条更短的路，穿过一条狭窄的通道，离开了房子，通道上方有一根横梁穿过。
We were still talking as I withdrew, he accompanying me behind, and I turning partly towards him, when he said hastily, "_Stoop, stoop!_" I did not understand him, till I felt my head hit against the beam.
当我退出时，我们还在说话，他陪着我在后面，当我转向他时，他急忙说：“弯腰，弯腰！”我没听懂他的话，直到我感觉我的头撞到了横梁上。
He was a man that never missed any occasion of giving instruction, and upon this he said to me, "_You are young, and have the world before you; stoop as you go through it, and you will miss many hard thumps_." This advice, thus beat into my head, has frequently been of use to me; and I often think of it, when I see pride mortified, and misfortunes brought upon people by their carrying their heads too high.
他是一个从来不会错过任何给予指导的机会的人，就此他对我说：“你还年轻，世界就在你面前；在你经历它的时候弯腰，你会错过许多艰难的重击。”这个建议深深地印在我的脑海里，经常对我有用。当我看到自尊心受到侮辱，人们因昂首阔步而遭受不幸时，我常常想起这一点。
B.
B.
Franklin.
富兰克林.
THE END
结局
BIBLIOGRAPHY
参考书目
The last and most complete edition of Franklin's works is that by the late Professor Albert H.
富兰克林著作的最后也是最完整的版本是已故教授艾伯特·H·富兰克林 (Albert H.
Smyth, published in ten volumes by the Macmillan Company, New York, under the title, _The Writings of Benjamin Franklin_.
史密斯的著作，由纽约麦克米伦公司出版，共十卷，标题为_本杰明·富兰克林的著作_。
The other standard edition is the _Works of Benjamin Franklin_ by John Bigelow (New York, 1887).
另一个标准版本是约翰·毕格罗的《本杰明·富兰克林作品》（纽约，1887 年）。
Mr. Bigelow's first edition of the _Autobiography_ in one volume was published by the J.
毕格罗先生的《自传》第一版单卷由 J.
B.
B.
Lippincott Company of Philadelphia in 1868.
1868 年，费城利平科特公司。
The life of Franklin as a writer is well treated by J.
J. 富兰克林作为作家的一生受到了很好的对待。
B.
B.
McMaster in a volume of _The American Men of Letters Series_; his life as a statesman and diplomat, by J.
麦克马斯特在《美国文人丛书》一卷中；他作为政治家和外交官的一生，J.
T.
T。
Morse, _American Statesmen Series_, one volume; Houghton, Mifflin Company publish both books.
莫尔斯，_美国政治家系列_，一卷；霍顿米夫林公司出版了这两本书。
A more exhaustive account of the life and times of Franklin may be found in James Parton's _Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin_ (2 vols., New York, 1864).
关于富兰克林的生平和时代的更详尽的描述可以在詹姆斯·帕顿的《本杰明·富兰克林的生平和时代》（第 2 卷，纽约，1864 年）中找到。
Paul Leicester Ford's _The Many-Sided Franklin_ is a most chatty and readable book, replete with anecdotes and excellently and fully illustrated.
保罗·莱斯特·福特的《多面的富兰克林》是一本最健谈、最易读的书，充满了轶事，插图也非常精美。
An excellent criticism by Woodrow Wilson introduces an edition of the _Autobiography_ in _The Century Classics_ (Century Co., New York, 1901).
伍德罗·威尔逊 (Woodrow Wilson) 的精彩批评在《世纪经典》（Century Co.，纽约，1901 年）中介绍了《自传》的一个版本。
Interesting magazine articles are those of E.
有趣的杂志文章是 E.
E.
E.
Hale, _Christian Examiner_, lxxi, 447; W.
黑尔，_基督教审查员_，lxxi，447； W.
P.
P。
Trent, _McClure's Magazine_, viii, 273; John Hay, _The Century Magazine_, lxxi, 447.
特伦特，《麦克卢尔杂志》，viii，273；约翰·海伊，《世纪杂志》，lxxi，447。
See also the histories of American literature by C.
另请参阅 C. 的《美国文学史》。
F.
F。
Richardson, Moses Coit Tyler, Brander Matthews, John Nichol, and Barrett Wendell, as well as the various encyclopedias.
理查森、摩西·科伊特·泰勒、布兰德·马修斯、约翰·尼科尔和巴雷特·温德尔，以及各种百科全书。
An excellent bibliography of Franklin is that of Paul Leicester Ford, entitled _A List of Books Written by, or Relating to Benjamin Franklin_ (New York, 1889).
保罗·莱斯特·福特 (Paul Leicester Ford) 的一本优秀的富兰克林参考书目，题为《本杰明·富兰克林所著或与之相关的书籍清单》（纽约，1889 年）。
The following list of Franklin's works contains the more interesting publications, together with the dates of first issue.
以下富兰克林的作品列表包含了更有趣的出版物，以及第一期的日期。
_1722.
_1722.
Dogood Papers._
多古德论文._
Letters in the style of Addison's _Spectator_, contributed to James Franklin's newspaper and signed "Silence Dogood."
艾迪生《旁观者》风格的信件投稿给詹姆斯·富兰克林的报纸，署名是“沉默多古德”。
_1729.
_1729。
The Busybody._
多管闲事的人._
A series of essays published in Bradford's Philadelphia _Weekly Mercury_, six of which only are ascribed to Franklin.
在布拉德福德的费城《水星周刊》上发表的一系列文章，其中只有六篇被认为是富兰克林的作品。
They are essays on morality, philosophy and politics, similar to the _Dogood Papers_.
它们是关于道德、哲学和政治的文章，类似于《多古德论文》。
_1729.
_1729。
A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency._
对纸币的性质和必要性的谦虚探究。_
_1732.
_1732.
to 1757.
至 1757 年。
Prefaces to Poor Richard's Almanac._
穷理查德年鉴序言._
Among these are _Hints for those that would be Rich_, 1737; and _Plan for saving one hundred thousand pounds to New Jersey, 1756_.
其中包括《致富者的提示》，1737 年；以及_1756年为新泽西州节省十万英镑的计划_。
1_743.
1_743。
A Proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge Among the British Plantations in America._
关于在美国的英国种植园中推广有用知识的提案。_
"This paper appears to contain the first suggestion, in any public form, for an _American Philosophical Society_." Sparks.
“这篇论文似乎包含了第一个以任何公开形式提出的关于_美国哲学会_的建议。”火花。
_1744.
_1744。
An Account of the New Invented Pennsylvania Fire-Places._
新发明的宾夕法尼亚壁炉的记述._
_1749.
_1749。
Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania._
有关宾夕法尼亚州青少年教育的提案._
Contains the plan for the school which later became the University of Pennsylvania.
包含后来成为宾夕法尼亚大学的学校的计划。
_1752.
_1752.
Electrical Kite._
电动风筝._
A description of the famous kite experiment, first written in a letter to Peter Collinson, dated Oct.
对著名风筝实验的描述，首先写在一封写给彼得·科林森的信中，日期为 10 月 12 日。
19, 1752, which was published later in the same year in _The Gentleman's Magazine_.
1752 年 10 月 19 日，同年晚些时候发表在《绅士杂志》上。
_1754.
_1754.
Plan of Union._
联盟计划._
A plan for the union of the colonies presented to the colonial convention at Albany.
向奥尔巴尼殖民地会议提交了一份殖民地联盟计划。
_1755.
_1755。
A Dialogue Between X, Y and Z._
X、Y 和 Z 之间的对话._
An appeal to enlist in the provincial army for the defense of Pennsylvania.
呼吁加入省军队保卫宾夕法尼亚州。
_1758.
_1758。
Father Abraham's Speech._
亚伯拉罕神父的演讲._
Published as a preface to Poor Richard's Almanac and gathering into one writing the maxims of Poor Richard, which had already appeared in previous numbers of the Almanac.
作为《穷理查德年鉴》的序言出版，并将穷理查德的格言汇集成一篇，这些格言已经出现在《穷理查德年鉴》的前几期中。
_The Speech_ was afterwards published in pamphlet form as the _Way to Wealth_.
《演讲》后来以小册子的形式出版，名为《致富之路》。
_1760.
_1760。
Of the Means of disposing the Enemy to Peace._
论消灭敌人以实现和平的方法._
A satirical plea for the prosecution of the war against France.
讽刺性地呼吁对法国发动战争。
_1760.
_1760。
The Interest of Great Britain Considered, with regard to her Colonies, and the Acquisitions of Canada and Guadaloupe._
考虑英国对其殖民地的利益以及对加拿大和瓜达罗普岛的收购。_
_1764.
_1764.
Cool Thoughts on the Present Situation of our Public Affairs._
对我们公共事务现状的冷静思考。_
A pamphlet favoring a Royal Government for Pennsylvania in exchange for that of the Proprietors.
一本支持宾夕法尼亚州皇家政府以换取业主政府的小册子。
_1766.
_1766.
The Examination of Doctor Benjamin Franklin, etc., in The British House of Commons, Relative to The Repeal of The American Stamp Act._
英国下议院对本杰明·富兰克林博士等的审查，相对于美国印花税法案的废除_
_1773.
_1773.
Rules by which A Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One._
一个伟大帝国可能被缩减为一个小帝国的规则._
Some twenty satirical rules embodying the line of conduct England was pursuing with America.
大约二十条讽刺规则体现了英国对美国所追求的行为路线。
_1773.
_1773.
An Edict of The King of Prussia._
普鲁士国王的法令._
A satire in which the King of Prussia was made to treat England as England was treating America because England was originally settled by Germans.
讽刺的是，普鲁士国王被迫像英格兰对待美国一样对待英格兰，因为英格兰最初是德国人定居的。
_1777.
_1777.
Comparison of Great Britain and the United States in Regard to the Basis of Credit in The Two Countries._
英国与美国两国信用基础比较_
One of several similar pamphlets written to effect loans for the American cause.
为美国事业提供贷款而编写的几本类似小册子之一。
_1782.
_1782.
On the Theory of the Earth._
论地球理论._
The best of Franklin's papers on geology.
富兰克林最好的地质学论文。
_1782.
_1782.
Letter purporting to emanate from a petty German Prince and to be addressed to his officer in Command in America._
这封信据称是一位德国小王子写给他在美国的指挥官的。_
_1785.
_1785。
On the Causes and Cure of Smoky Chimneys._
浅谈烟囱冒黑烟的原因及解决方法_
_1786.
_1786。
Retort Courteous._
有礼貌地反驳._
_Sending Felons to America._
_将重罪犯送到美国._
Answers to the British clamor for the payment of American debts.
对英国要求偿还美国债务的呼声的回应。
1789.
1789.
_Address to the Public from the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting Abolition of Slavery._
_宾夕法尼亚州促进废除奴隶制协会向公众发表的讲话。_
1789.
1789.
_An Account of the Supremest Court of Judicature in Pennsylvania, viz.
_宾夕法尼亚州最高法院的记录，即。
The Court of the Press._
新闻法院._
1790.
1790.
_Martin's Account of his Consulship._
_马丁对其执政官职位的描述._
A parody of a pro-slavery speech in Congress.
对国会支持奴隶制演讲的模仿。
1791.
1791.
_Autobiography._
_自传._
The first edition.
第一版。
1818.
1818.
_Bagatelles._
_小事._
The Bagatelles were first published in 1818 in William Temple Franklin's edition of his grandfather's works.
《小事》于 1818 年在威廉·坦普尔·富兰克林 (William Temple Franklin) 的祖父作品版本中首次出版。
The following are the most famous of these essays and the dates when they were written:
以下是这些文章中最著名的文章及其撰写日期：
1774?
1774?
_A Parable Against Persecution._
_反对迫害的寓言._
Franklin called this the LI Chapter of Genesis.
富兰克林将此称为“创世记中的 LI 章”。
1774?
1774?
_A Parable on Brotherly Love._
_关于兄弟之爱的寓言._
1778.
1778.
_The Ephemera, an Emblem of Human Life._
_蜉蝣，人类生命的象征._
A new rendition of an earlier essay on Human Vanity.
早期一篇关于人类虚荣心的文章的新演绎。
1779.
1779.
_The Story of the Whistle._
_哨子的故事._
1779?
1779?
_The Levee._
_堤坝._
1779?
1779?
_Proposed New Version of the Bible._
_提议的新版圣经._
Part of the first chapter of _Job_ modernized.
_Job_第一章的部分现代化。
(1779.
（1779。
Published) _The Morals of Chess._
已出版）_国际象棋的道德._
1780?
1780？
_The Handsome and Deformed Leg._
_帅气又畸形的腿._
1780.
1780.
_Dialogue between Franklin and the Gout._
_富兰克林与痛风之间的对话._
(Published in 1802.)
（发表于 1802 年。）
1802.
1802.
_A Petition of the Left Hand._
_左手的请愿书._
1806.
1806.
_The Art of Procuring Pleasant Dreams._
_获得美好梦想的艺术._
[Illustration: MEDAL GIVEN BY THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS FROM THE FRANKLIN FUND]
【插图：富兰克林基金会波士顿公立学校颁发的奖章】
[Transcriptions of newspaper pages]
[报纸版面抄录]
[Page 1 of _The Pennsylvania Gazette_,].
[《宾夕法尼亚州公报》第 1 页]。
Numb.
麻木的。
XL.
XL。
THE
的
Pennsylvania _GAZETTE_.
宾夕法尼亚_公报_。
Containing the freshest Advices Foreign and Domestick.
包含国内外最新的建议。
From Thursday, September 25.
从 9 月 25 日星期四开始。
to Thursday, October 2.
至 10 月 2 日星期四。
1729.
1729.
_The_ Pennsylvania Gazette _being now to be carry'd on by other Hands, the Reader may expect some Account of the Method we design to proceed in._
_《宾夕法尼亚公报》_现在由其他人继续进行，读者可能会期望对我们设计的方法进行一些说明。_
_Upon a View of Chambers's great Dictionaries, from whence were taken the Materials of the_ Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences, _which usually made the First Part of this Paper, we find that besides their containing many Things abstruse or insignificant to us, it will probably be fifty Years before the Whole can be gone thro' in this Manner of Publication.
_根据钱伯斯的伟大词典的观点，从那里获取_所有艺术和科学的通用导师的材料，_这些材料通常构成本文的第一部分，我们发现除了它们包含许多对我们来说深奥或无关紧要的东西之外，可能还需要五十年才能以这种出版方式完成全部内容。
There are likewise in those Books continual References from Things under one Letter of the Alphabet to those under another, which relate to the same Subject, and are necessary to explain and compleat it; those are taken in their Turn may perhaps be Ten Years distant; and since it is likely that they who desire to acquaint themselves with any particular Art or Science, would gladly have the whole before them in a much less Time, we believe our Readers will not think such a Method of communicating Knowledge to be a proper One._
同样，在这些书中，不断地从字母表中的一个字母下的事物到另一个字母下的事物的参考文献，这些参考文献涉及同一主题，并且是解释和完善它所必需的；轮到他们的时候可能还需要十年；由于那些想要熟悉任何特定艺术或科学的人很可能会很高兴在更短的时间内掌握全部知识，我们相信我们的读者不会认为这种交流知识的方法是一个合适的方法。_
_However, tho' we do not intend to continue the Publication of those Dictionaries in a regular Alphabetical Method, as has hitherto been done; yet as several Things exhibited from them in the Course of these Papers, have been entertaining to such of the Curious, who never had and cannot have the Advantage of good Libraries; and as there are many Things still behind, which being in this Manner made generally known, may perhaps become of considerable Use, by giving such Hints to the excellent natural Genius's of our Country, as may contribute either to the Improvement of our present Manufactures, or towards the Invention of new Ones; we propose from Time to Time to communicate such particular Parts as appear to be of the most general Consequence._
_然而，我们不打算像迄今为止所做的那样继续以常规字母顺序方法出版这些词典；然而，正如在这些论文的过程中所展示的一些事情，对于好奇的人来说很有趣，他们从来没有也不可能拥有好的图书馆的优势；由于还有许多事情仍然落后，以这种方式众所周知，通过向我们国家的优秀天才提供这样的提示，也许会变得相当有用，这可能有助于改进我们现有的制造业，或者有助于发明新的制造业；我们不时建议传达似乎具有最普遍后果的特定部分。_
_As to the_ Religious Courtship, _Part of which has been retal'd to the Publick in these Papers, the Reader may be inform'd, that the whole Book will probably in a little Time be printed and bound up by it-self; and those who approve of it, will doubtless be better pleas'd to have it entire, than in this broken interrupted Manner._
至于《宗教求爱》，其中的一部分已在这些文件中向公众公开，读者可能会被告知，整本书可能会在不久的将来印刷并装订成册；那些赞同它的人无疑会更高兴拥有它的完整，而不是以这种破碎的中断的方式。_
_There are many who have long desired to see a good News-Paper in_ Pennsylvania; _and we hope those Gentlemen who are able, will contribute towards the making This such.
_有许多人长期以来一直希望在_宾夕法尼亚州看到一份好报纸； _我们希望那些有能力的先生们能够为实现这一目标做出贡献。
We ask Assistance, because we are fully sensible, that to publish a good New-Paper is not so easy an Undertaking as many People imagine it to be.
我们请求帮助，因为我们完全明白，发表一篇好的报纸并不像许多人想象的那么容易。
The Author of a Gazette (in the Opinion of the Learned) ought to be qualified with an extensive Acquaintance with Languages, a great Easiness and Command of Writing and Relating Things cleanly and intelligibly, and in few Words; he should be able to speak of War both by Land and Sea; be well acquainted with Geography, with the History of the Time, with the several Interests of Princes and States, the Secrets of Courts, and the Manners and Customs of all Nations.
公报的作者（根据学者的观点）应该具备对语言的广泛了解，能够轻松自如地以简洁易懂的方式用很少的文字来写作和关联事物；他应该能够谈论陆战和海上战争；通晓地理，通晓当时的历史，通晓诸侯国的利益，通晓宫廷的秘密，通晓各国的风俗习惯。
Men thus accomplish'd are very rare in this remote Part of the World; and it would be well if the Writer of these Papers could make up among his Friends what is wanting in himself._
在世界的这个偏远地区，有如此成就的人非常罕见。如果这些论文的作者能够在他的朋友中弥补自己的不足，那就太好了。_
_Upon the Whole, we may assure the Publick, that as far as the Encouragement we meet with will enable us, no Care and Pains shall be omitted, that may make the_ Pennsylvania Gazette _as agreeable and useful an Entertainment as the Nature of the Thing will allow._
_总的来说，我们可以向公众保证，只要我们遇到的鼓励使我们能够，就不会忽略任何关心和痛苦，这可能会使_宾夕法尼亚公报_成为一种令人愉快和有用的娱乐，因为事物的性质将允许。_
The Following is the last Message sent by his Excellency Governor _Burnet_, to the House of Representatives in _Boston_.
以下是伯内特州长阁下向波士顿众议院发出的最后一封信。
_Gentlemen of the House of Representatives,_
_众议院的先生们，_
It is not with so vain a Hope as to convince you, that I take the Trouble to answer your Messages, but, if possible, to open the Eyes of the deluded People whom you represent, and whom you are at so much Pains to keep in Ignorance of the true State of their Affairs.
我并不是怀着如此徒劳的希望来说服你们，所以我不厌其烦地回答你们的信息，而是，如果可能的话，要打开你们所代表的受迷惑人民的眼睛，你们千辛万苦地让他们对他们事务的真实状况一无所知。
I need not go further for an undeniable Proof of this Endeavour to blind them, than your ordering the Letter of Messieurs _Wilks_ and _Belcher_ of the 7th of _June_ last to your Speaker to be published.
我不需要进一步证明这一努力的不可否认的证据来蒙蔽他们，比你命令出版 _Wilks_ 和_Belcher_ 先生于 6 月 7 日给你的议长的信还要进一步。
This Letter is said (in _Page_ 1.
这封信是这么说的（在_Page_ 1.
of your Votes) _to inclose a Copy of the Report of the Lords of the Committee of His Majesty's Privy Council, with his Majesty's Approbation and Orders thereon in Council_; Yet these Gentlemen had at the same time the unparallell'd Presumption to write to the Speaker in this Manner; _You'll observe by the Conclusion, what is proposed to be the Consequence of your not complying with his Majesty's Instruction (the whole Matter to be laid_
附上国王陛下枢密院委员会上议院报告的副本，以及国王陛下的批准和枢密院的命令；然而，这些先生们同时又拥有无与伦比的自信，以这种方式给议长写信。 _你将从结论中观察到，如果你不遵守陛下的指示，将会产生什么后果（整个问题待解决_
[Page 4 of _The Pennsylvania Gazette_.]
[《宾夕法尼亚州公报》第 4 页。]
*terfeited but those of 13 _d_.
* terfeited 但那些 13 _d_。
And it is remarkable that all Attempts of this Kind upon the Paper Money of this and the neighbouring Provinces, have been detected and met with ill Success.
值得注意的是，所有针对本省及邻近省份纸币的此类尝试均已被发现，但均未取得成功。
_Custom-House, Philadelphia_, Entred Inwards.
_费城海关大楼_，向内进入。
Sloop Hope, Elias Naudain, from Boston.
单桅帆船霍普 (Sloop Hope)，埃利亚斯·诺丹 (Elias Nudain)，来自波士顿。
Sloop Dove, John Howel, from Antigua.
单桅帆船，约翰·豪威尔，来自安提瓜岛。
Brigt, Pennswood, Thomas Braly, from Madera.
Brigt、Pennswood、Thomas Braly，来自马德拉。
_Entred Outwards._
_向外进入._
Scooner John, Thomas Wright, to Boston.
斯库纳·约翰·托马斯·赖特前往波士顿。
Brigt.
布里特。
Richard and William, W.
理查德和威廉，W.
Mayle, for Lisbon.
梅尔，前往里斯本。
Ship Diligence, James Bayley, for Maryland
船舶勤奋，詹姆斯·贝利，马里兰州
_Cleared for Departure._
_已获准出发。_
Ship London Hope, Thomas Annis, for London.
运送托马斯·安尼斯的《伦敦希望号》前往伦敦。
Ship John and Anna, James Sherley, for Plymouth.
约翰和安娜号，詹姆斯·谢利号，前往普利茅斯。
Advertisements.
广告。
To be Sold by _Edward Shippen_, choice Hard Soap, very Reasonable.
由_Edward Shippen_出售，选择硬皂，非常合理。
Run away on the 25th of _September_ past, from _Rice Prichard_ of _Whiteland_ in _Chester_ County, a Servant Man named _John Cresswel_, of a middle Stature and ruddy Countenance, his Hair inclining to Red: He had on when he went away, a little white short Wig, an old Hat, Drugget Wastcoat, the Body lined with Linnen; coarse Linnen Breeches, grey woollen Stockings, and round toe'd Shoes.
过去九月二十五日，从切斯特县怀特兰的赖斯·普里查德那里逃走的，是一个名叫约翰·克雷斯韦尔的仆人，中等身材，面色红润，头发呈红色：他走时戴着一顶白色短假发，一顶旧帽子，穿着一件毒品背心，身上衬着亚麻布；粗麻布马裤、灰色羊毛长袜和圆头鞋。
Whoever shall secure the said Servant so that his Master may have him again, shall have _Three Pounds_ Reward, and reasonable Charges paid, by
凡能保护上述仆人以便他的主人可以再次拥有他的人，应获得三英镑的奖励，并支付合理的费用，由
_Rice Prichard._
_赖斯·普里查德._
Run away on the 10th of _September_ past, from _William Dewees_ of _Germantown_ Township, in _Philadelphia_ County, a Servant Man named _Mekbizedarh Arnold_, of a middle Stature and reddish curled Hair: He had on when he went away, a good Felt Hat, a dark Cinnamon-colour'd Coat, black Drugget Jacket, mouse-colour'd drugget Breeches, grey Stockings, and new Shoes.
九月 10 日，从费城县日耳曼敦镇的威廉·杜威逃跑，有一个名叫梅克比泽达尔·阿诺德的仆人，身材中等，头发微红：他走时戴着一顶好毡帽，一件深肉桂色外套，一件老鼠色的黑色毒品夹克。毒药马裤、灰色长袜和新鞋子。
Whoever secures the said Runaway, so that his Master may have him again, shall have _Twenty Shillings_ Reward, and reasonable Charges paid, by me
无论谁抓住了上述逃亡者，以便他的主人可以再次抓到他，我将给予他二十先令的奖励，并支付合理的费用
_William Dewees._
_威廉·杜威._
_Lately Re-printed and Sold at the New Printing-Office near the Market._
_最近重新印刷并在市场附近的新印刷办公室出售。_
The _PSALMS_ of _David_, Imitated in the Language of the _New Testament_, and apply'd to the Christian State and Worship By _I.
_大卫_的_诗篇_，以_新约_的语言模仿，并应用于基督教国家和崇拜。
Watts_, V D M The Seventh Edition.
Watts_，V D M 第七版。
N.
N。
B.
B.
_This Work has met with such a general good Reception and Esteem among the Protestant Dissenters in_ Great Britain, &c.
_这部作品在英国等地的新教持不同政见者中受到了广泛的好评和尊重。
_whether_ Presbyterians, Independents, _or_ Baptists, _that Six large Impressions before This have been sold off in a very short Time._
_无论_长老会、独立派、_还是_浸信会，_在此之前的六大印象都在很短的时间内被卖掉了。_
_The chief Design of this excellent Performance (as the Author acquaints us in his Advertisement to the Reader) is "to improve_ Psalmody _or_ Religious Singing," _and so encourage and assist the frequent Practice of it in publick Assemblies and private Families with more Honour and Delight; yet the Reading of it may also entertain the Parlour and the Closet with devout Pleasure and holy Meditations.
_这一出色表演的主要设计（正如作者在向读者发布的广告中向我们介绍的那样）是“改进_诗篇_或_宗教歌唱”，_因此鼓励和协助在公共集会和私人家庭中以更多的荣誉和喜悦经常练习它；然而，阅读它也可以让客厅和衣柜里充满虔诚的快乐和神圣的沉思。
Therefore he would request his Readers, at proper Seasons, to peruse it thro', and among 340 sacred Hymns they may find out several that suit their own Case and Temper, or the Circumstances of their Families or Friends, they may teach their Children such as are proper for their Age and by treasuring them in their Memory they may be furnish'd for pious Retirement, or may entertain their Friends with holy Melody._
因此，他会要求他的读者，在适当的季节，仔细阅读它，在340首神圣的赞美诗中，他们可以找到一些适合自己的情况和脾气，或他们的家庭或朋友的情况，他们可以教他们的孩子，适合他们的年龄，并通过在他们的记忆中珍藏它们，他们可以为虔诚的退休提供装备，或者可以用神圣的旋律招待他们的朋友。
Lately Imported from _London_, by _Johu Le_, and are to be sold by him at the lowest Prices, either by Wholesale or Retale, at his Shop in _Market Street_, over against the _Presbyterian_ Meeting-House, these Goods following, _viz._
最近由_Johu Le_从_伦敦_进口，并将由他以最低价格出售，无论是批发还是零售，在_市场街_的他的商店，在_长老会_会议室对面，这些货物如下，_即._
Callicoes, divers Sorts.
Callicoes，多种多样。
Hollands, and several sorts of Sheeting Linnen.
荷兰，以及几种亚麻布。
Several sorts of Diapers and Table-Cloths.
几种尿布和桌布。
Several sorts of Cambricks.
几种坎布里克。
Mantua Silks, and Grassets.
曼托瓦丝绸和草。
Beryllan, and plain Callimanco.
Beryllan 和普通的 Callimanco。
Tamie yard-wide.
Tamie 院子宽。
Men's dyed shammie Gloves.
男士染色沙米手套。
Women's _Ditto_, Lamb.
女子_同上_，羔羊。
Stitching Silk, Thread and Silk.
缝合丝、线和丝。
Twist for Women.
女性扭转。
Silk and Ribbands.
丝绸和丝带。
Double Thread Stockings.
双线丝袜。
Men's white shammie Gloves.
男士白色沙米手套。
Silk Handkerchiefs, & other sorts of Handkerchiefs.
丝绸手帕和其他种类的手帕。
Men's glaz'd Gloves, Topp'd.
男士釉面手套，顶部。
Men's Shoe-Buckles, Bath-metal.
男式鞋扣，浴金属。
Masks for Women.
女士口罩。
Several sorts of Penknives.
几种小刀。
Plain metal Buttons for Men's Coats and Jackets.
适用于男士外套和夹克的纯金属纽扣。
Ivory Case-Knives, and several sorts of Pocket-Knives.
象牙盒刀和几种小刀。
Dowlasses several sorts.
道格拉斯有好几种。
Huckabags, and Russia Linnen.
Huckabags 和俄罗斯 Linnen。
Oznaburghs.
奥兹纳堡。
Several sorts of Looking Glasses.
几种眼镜。
Garlicks and brown Holland.
大蒜和棕色荷兰。
Bag-Holland _Ditto_.
Bag-Holland _同上_。
Several sorts of Druggets.
几种毒品。
Fine Kerseys.
精美的克西。
Superfine double-mill'd Drab.
超细双磨土褐色。
Broad-Cloths.
宽幅布料。
London Shalloons.
伦敦沙隆。
Fine and coarse Hats.
帽子有细帽子和粗帽子。
Men and Women's _English_ Shoes.
男士和女士_English_ 鞋。
Stockings, several sorts, for Men, Women and Children.
长筒袜有多种类型，适合男士、女士和儿童。
Several sorts of Caps.
几种帽子。
Women's Bonnets.
女式帽子。
Several sorts of Horn and Ivory Combs.
几种角梳和象牙梳。
Gun-powder, Shot, and Flints.
火药、弹丸和燧石。
Bibles of several sorts.
圣经有好几种。
Testaments, Psalters and Primers.
遗嘱、诗篇和入门书。
Large Paper Books, and small ones, with Pocket-Books, and other Stationary Ware.
大纸质书籍、小纸质书籍、袖珍书籍和其他文具。
Several sorts of Checquer'd Linnen.
几种格纹亚麻布。
Flannels and Duroys.
法兰绒和杜鲁瓦。
Scots-Snuff.
苏格兰鼻烟。
_To be LET by the above Person.
_由上述人员许可。
One Half of the House he now possesseth._ Enquire of him and know further.
他现在拥有一半的房子。_询问他并进一步了解。
Bibles, Testaments, Psalters, Psalm-Books, Accompt-Books, Bills of Lading bound and unbound, Common Blank Bonds for Money, Bonds with Judgment, Counterbonds, Arbitration Bonds, Arbitration Bonds with Umpirage, Bail Bonds, Counterbonds to save Bail harmless, Bills of Sale, Powers of Attorney, Writs, Summons, Apprentices Indentures, Servants Indentures, Penal Bills, Promisory Notes, &c.
圣经、遗嘱、诗篇、诗篇书籍、Accompt 书籍、装订和非装订提单、普通空白债券、判决债券、反债券、仲裁债券、仲裁债券、保释债券、保护保释无害的反债券、销售票据、授权书、令状、传票、学徒契约、仆人契约、刑事票据、本票等。
all the Blanks in the most authentick Forms, and correctly printed; may be had At the Publishers of this Paper, who perform all above sorts of Printing at reasonable Rates.
所有空白均采用最真实的表格，并正确打印；可以在本文的出版商处获得，他们以合理的价格进行上述所有类型的印刷。
Very good Live-Geese Feathers to be sold at _Evan Powel's_ in Chesnut-street, next Door but one to _Andrew Hamilton_, Esq;
非常好的活鹅羽毛将在切斯纳特街的埃文·鲍威尔店出售，隔壁，但其中一根卖给了安德鲁·汉密尔顿先生；
_Just Published:_
_刚刚发布：_
Titan Leeds's Almanack, for the Year, 1730 in his usual plain Method; being far preferable to any yet published in _America_ To be Sold by _David Harry_ at the late Printing Office of _Samuel Keimer_, at Three Shillings and nine-pence per Dozen.
Titan Leeds 的年历，1730 年，采用他惯用的简单方法；比《美国》中尚未出版的任何一本都要好得多，由《大卫·哈利》在《塞缪尔·凯默》已故的印刷厂出售，每打三先令九便士。
N.
N。
B.
B.
_As this Almanack for its Worth has met with universal Reception, it has raised the Price of the Copy to 25l.
_由于这本年鉴的价值受到了普遍的欢迎，它已将副本的价格提高到 25 升。
a year, for which Reason the Printer cannot afford them under the above-mentioned Price: But gives this Friendly Caution to the Publick, That when they buy Almanacks for 3s.
一年，因此印刷商无法以上述价格购买年鉴：但请向公众发出友好的警告，当他们以 3 美元购买年鉴时。
a Dozen they must not expect Titan Leeds's, or any so valuable._
一打他们不能指望泰坦利兹的，或任何如此有价值的。_
_Speedily will be Published:_
_很快就会发布：_
Godfrey's Almanack, for the Year 1730.
戈弗雷年鉴，1730 年。
Containing the Lunations, Eclipses, Judgment of the Weather, the Spring Tides, _Moon's Rising and Setting_, Sun's Rising and Setting, Length of Days, Seven Stars Rising, Southing and Setting, Time of High-Water, Fairs, Courts, and observable Days.
包含月相、日食、天气判断、春潮、月亮的升起和落下、太阳的升起和落下、白昼的长度、七颗星的升起、南落和落下、高潮时间、集市、法庭和可观测的日子。
Fitted to the Latitude of 40 Degrees, and a Meridian of Five Hours West from London.
适合纬度 40 度、距离伦敦以西 5 小时的子午线。
_Beautifully Printed in Red and Black, on One Side of a large Demi Sheet of Paper, after the London Mariner_.
_在一张大半张纸的一面上以红色和黑色精美印刷，仿照伦敦水手号_。
To be Sold by the Printers hereof, at the New Printing-Office near the Market, for 3 _s._ per Dozen.
由印刷商在市场附近的新印刷办公室出售，每打 3 _s._。
_Philadelphia_: Printed by _B.
_费城_：由 _B 印刷。
Franklin_ and _H.
富兰克林_和_H.
Meredith_, at the New Printing-Office near the Market, where Advertisements are taken in, and all Persons may be supplied with this Paper, at _Ten Shillings_ a Year.
梅雷迪思_，在市场附近的新印刷局，在那里接收广告，并且可以向所有人提供这张纸，每年十先令。
[First page of _The New England Courant_.]
[_新英格兰报_的首页。]
[N^{o} 19
[N^{o} 19
THE
的
New-England Courant.
新英格兰报。
From MONDAY December 4.
从 12 月 4 日星期一开始。
to MONDAY December 11.
至 12 月 11 日星期一。
1721.
1721.
_On_ SYLVIA _the Fair_.
_在_西尔维娅_集市上_。
A Jingle.
一首叮当。
A Swarm of Sparks, young, gay, and bold, Lov'd _Sylvia_ long, but she was cold; In'trest and Pride the Nymph control'd, So they in vain their Passion told.
一群火花，年轻，快乐，大胆，爱西尔维娅很久了，但她很冷；宁芙控制着不安和骄傲，所以他们徒劳地讲述了他们的激情。
At last came Dalman, he was old; Nay, he was ugly, but had Gold.
达尔曼终于来了，他已经老了。不，他很丑，但有金牌。
He came, and saw, and took the Hold, While t'other Beaux their Loss Condol'd.
他来了，看到了，并占领了要塞，而其他人则在哀悼他们的损失。
Some say, she's Wed; I say, she's sold.
有人说，她是Wed；有人说，她是Wed；有人说，她是Wed。我说，她被卖了。
_The Letter against Inoculating the Small Pox, (Sign'd Absinthium) giving an Account of the Number of Persons who have dy'd under that Operation, will be Inserted in our next._
_反对接种天花的信（签名为苦艾酒），其中列出了在该手术中死亡的人数，将插入我们的下一篇文章中。_
FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
外交事务。
_Ispahan, March 6._ The Conspiracy form'd by the Grand Vizir last January was Twelvemonth, with design to make himself King of Persia, was seasonably discover'd, and himself and Accomplices secured; since which the State hath enjoy'd its former Tranquility, and a new Vizir is appointed in his room, The old one's Eyes being both put out, he is kept alive (but in Prison) to make him discover all his Riches; which must be immensely great, since they found in one of his Chests four hundred thousand Persian Ducats, beside Foreign Coin, and in another Place abundance of Jewels, Gold and Silver; and so in proportion among several of his Accomplices; by the help of which Treasure they hoped to compass their Ends.
_伊斯帕罕，3 月 6 日。去年 1 月，大维齐尔策划的阴谋，旨在使自己成为波斯国王，很快就被发现了，他自己和同伙都安全了；从那时起，国家就享受到了以前的安宁，一位新的维齐尔被任命在他的房间里，旧的维齐尔的眼睛都被挖掉了，他还活着（但在监狱里），让他发现他所有的财富；这一定是非常巨大的，因为他们在他的一个箱子里发现了四十万波斯杜卡特，还有外国硬币，在另一个地方还发现了大量的珠宝、金银；在他的几个同谋中也是如此；他们希望通过宝藏的帮助来实现他们的目标。
_Tripoli, July 12._ As soon as our Squadron fitted out against the Famous Baffaw Gianur, Cogia, appear'd off Dasna and Bengan, with two thousand five hundred Moorish Horse, and a thousand Foot, and skirmish'd a little with his Squadron, he abandon'd both those Places, and fled to the Island of Serby in the Territories of Tunis; But the Bey of that Place having deny'd him Shelter, he sail'd farther away, in a French Barque, we know not whether; and his own Galleys and Barques, are gone after him, so that we are now entirely rid of that troublesome Guest.
的黎波里，7 月 12 日。当我们的中队列队迎战著名的巴夫·贾努尔·科吉亚号时，他们带着两千五百匹摩尔人马和一千名步兵出现在达斯纳和本甘附近，并与他的中队发生了一些小规模冲突，他放弃了这两个地方，逃到了突尼斯地区的塞尔比岛。但是那个地方的贝伊拒绝了他的庇护，他乘坐一艘法国三桅帆船驶向更远的地方，我们不知道是否如此；他自己的战船和三桅帆船也都追随他而去，所以我们现在完全摆脱了这位麻烦的客人。
Our Rovers keep all in Port, for Fear of the Malteze.
我们的流浪者将一切都留在了港口，因为害怕马尔特兹。
_Cadiz, Aug.
_加的斯，八月
12._ The Flota is expected Home from the West-Indies before the End of this Month.
12._ Flota 预计于本月底前从西印度群岛回国。
Thirteen Pieces of Cannon and two Mortars were lately sent from hence to Ceuta.
十三门大炮和两门迫击炮最近从这里运往休达。
The three Spanish Men of War of 50 to 60 Guns each, which carried the Spanish Cardinals to Italy, are now at Alicant: It is said they are to join the Dutch Vice-Admiral, who is now in this Bay with four Ships of his Squadron of 50 Guns each, and cruize against the Algerines.
载着西班牙红衣主教队前往意大利的三艘西班牙战舰，每艘 50 到 60 门炮，现在正停靠在阿利坎特：据说，他们将与荷兰海军中将会合，荷兰海军中将带着他的中队中的四艘舰，每艘 50 门炮，巡航到阿尔及利亚。
Wheat and Barley being very cheap in these Parts, great Quantities have been sent lately to the Canaries, where for some Time past the Inhabitants have been in great Want of Corn.
这些地区的小麦和大麦非常便宜，最近有大量小麦和大麦被运往加那利群岛，一段时间以来，那里的居民一直非常缺乏玉米。
On the 9th Instant died Mr. Charles, His Britannick Majesty's Consul at St. Lucas.
9 日，英国驻圣卢卡斯领事查尔斯先生去世。
_Berne, Aug.
_伯尔尼，八月
20._ The Deputies of this Canton who went to the Diet at Frawenfeldt, are now assembled at Baden with those of Zurich and Glaris, to regulate certain Affairs relating to the Town and County of Baden, which formerly belonged to the Eight Eldest Cantons, but in the last Swiss War was given up to Zurich and Berne in Propriety, with a Reservation to the Canton of Glaris (which is mostly Protestant) of the Share it had before in the Sovereignty of that District.
20._ 前往弗拉文费尔特议会的该州代表，现在与苏黎世和格拉里斯州的代表聚集在巴登，负责管理与巴登镇和县有关的某些事务，该镇和县以前属于八个最古老的州，但在上次瑞士战争中，在礼节上被交给了苏黎世和伯尔尼，并保留了格拉里斯州（主要是新教徒）以前在瑞士的份额。该区的主权。
The three Deputies of Zurich, Lucern &c Ury, who were commissioned by the late General Dyet to go to Wilchingen, to try to compose the Differences which have been long standing between the Inhabitants of that Place and the Canton of Schafhuysen whose Subjects they are, have offered those Inhabitonts a full Pardon for all past Misbehavior, and the Maintenance of their Privileges for the future, provided they forthwith return to their Duty; but it is advised that those of Wilchingen persist hitherto in this Disobedience.
苏黎世的三位代表，卢塞恩和乌里，受已故戴特将军的委托前往威尔欣根，试图弥补该地居民与沙夫海森州之间长期存在的分歧，他们是其臣民，他们向这些居民提供了对过去所有不当行为的充分赦免，并在未来维持他们的特权，条件是他们立即返回自己的职责；但我们建议威尔金根的那些人迄今为止仍坚持这种不服从行为。
_Schaffhausen Sept.
_沙夫豪森九月
1._ They write from Italy, that the Plague is no longer observ'd at Marseilles, Aix, & several other Places; and that at Toulon it is very much decreas'd: But alas!
1._ 他们从意大利写信说，马赛、艾克斯和其他几个地方不再观察到鼠疫；而在土伦则大大减少了：但是唉！
how should it be otherwise, when the Distemper hath hardly any Objects left to work upon?
当瘟疫几乎没有任何对象可供利用时，情况又会怎样呢？
At Arles it is likewise abated, we fear for the same Reason.
在阿尔勒，这种现象也同样减弱，我们出于同样的原因担心。
Mean while, it spreads in the Gevaudan; and two large Villages in the Neighbourhood of Frejus were attack'd the beginning of this Month.
与此同时，它在热沃当传播开来。本月初，弗雷瑞斯附近的两个大村庄遭到袭击。
The French Court hath prohibited all communication with the Gevaudan upon severe Penalties.
法国法院禁止与热沃丹的一切交流，否则将处以严厉处罚。
The Plague is certainly got into the small Town of Marvegue in that District, which Town is shut in by eight hundred Men.
瘟疫确实蔓延到了该地区的马尔维格小镇，该小镇被八百人围困。
Letters from Geneva say, the two Battalions employ'd in surrounding La Canourgue, are infected; and that Maages is very much suspected.
来自日内瓦的信件称，在拉卡努尔格周围部署的两个营已被感染；马吉斯非常值得怀疑。
The Marquis de Quelus had retired to a Castle near Avignon; but the Sickness being got among his Domesticks, he was fled farther away.
克卢斯侯爵已经隐退到阿维尼翁附近的一座城堡。但他的家畜感染了疾病，他逃到了更远的地方。
_Paris, Sept.
_巴黎，九月
5._ The District over which the Duke of Berwick is to have the Command, extends to the Borders of the Bourbonnois; and the Court puts a great Confidence in the Care of that General to hinder the Infection from spreading.
5._贝里克公爵管辖的地区延伸至波旁王朝的边界；法院对那位将军的照顾非常有信心，以阻止感染的蔓延。
The Marquis de Verceil is actually drawing Lines to shut in the Gevaudan; and twelve Regiments of Foot, and as many of Dragoons, are marching to reinforce the Troops already posted on that side.
维塞尔侯爵实际上正在划线以关闭热沃当河。十二个步兵团和许多龙骑兵正在行进，以增援已经驻扎在这一侧的部队。
The Plague seems to have almost spent itself in Provence.
瘟疫似乎在普罗旺斯几乎已经过去了。
Tho' it is yet a great way off of us, Men talk nevertheless of laying up Magazines of all sort of Provisions here, and of making twenty thousand Beds, to be set up in the Hospitals and Tennis-Courts.
虽然它离我们还有很远，但人们仍然谈论在这里放置各种物资的杂志，并在医院和网球场设立两万张床位。
_Hague, Sept.
_海牙，九月
9._ The Deputies of our Admiralties had, last Saturday, an extraordinary Conference with those of the States General, upon the spreading of a Report, that ten or twelve Persons died daily at a certain Place in Normandy, which was therefore suspected to have received the Contagion; But upon the matter, it doth not appear there was the least Foundation for such a Report; tho' it is too plain the Distemper gains ground space in the Southern Parts of France.
9._ 上周六，我们海军部的代表与各国议会的代表举行了一次特别会议，根据一份报告称，诺曼底的某个地方每天有十到十二人死亡，因此怀疑该地点受到了传染病；但就此事而言，这样一份报告似乎没有任何基础；但很明显，犬瘟热已在法国南部地区蔓延。
We can by no means penetrate into the Designs of the Czar; who, notwithstanding 'tis confidently written that the Peace between him and Sweden is as good as concluded, hath a Fleet of thirty Men of War and two hundred Galleys at Sea near Aland.
我们根本无法洞察沙皇的阴谋；尽管他自信地写道，他与瑞典之间的和平已经达成，但他在奥兰附近的海上拥有一支由三十艘战舰和两百艘桨帆船组成的舰队。
However, an Express gone by from Stockholm, doth not confirm.
然而，一份从斯德哥尔摩经过的快车并未证实这一点。
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