The American Yawp

Supporters of defeated U.S. President Donald Trump cheer the breaching of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.

落选美国总统唐纳德·特朗普的支持者为 2021 年 1 月 6 日美国国会大厦被攻破而欢呼。

Via Wikimedia .

通过维基媒体。

* NOTE: You are viewing a chapter from the archived, “First Edition” version of the American Yawp, which stopped receiving updates in spring 2026.

* 注意：您正在查看《American Yawp》存档的“第一版”版本中的章节，该版本已于 2026 年春季停止接收更新。

Click here to access the current, updated edition *

单击此处访问当前的更新版本*

The U.S. Capitol was stormed on January 6, 2021.

2021 年 1 月 6 日，美国国会大厦遭到袭击。

Thousands of right-wing protestors, fueled by an onslaught of lies and fabrications and conspiracy theories surrounding the November 2020 elections, rallied that morning in front of the White House to “Stop the Steal.” Repeating a familiar litany of lies and distortions, the sitting president of the United States then urged them to march on the Capitol and stop the certification of the November electoral vote.

数千名右翼抗议者在围绕 2020 年 11 月选举的大量谎言、捏造和阴谋论的推动下，当天早上在白宫前集会，呼吁“停止盗窃”。美国现任总统重复了一连串熟悉的谎言和歪曲，敦促他们向国会大厦游行并停止认证 11 月的选举人票。

“You’ll never take back our country with weakness,” he said.

“你永远不会以软弱夺回我们的国家，”他说。

“Fight like hell,” he said.

“像地狱一样战斗，”他说。

“If you don’t fight like hell, you’re not going to have a country anymore.” 1 And so they did.

“如果你不拼命战斗，你就不会再有一个国家了。” 1 他们也确实这么做了。

They marched on the capitol, armed themselves with metal pipes, baseball bats, hockey sticks, pepper spray, stun guns, and flag poles, and attacked the police officers barricading the building.

他们向国会大厦游行，用金属管、棒球棒、曲棍球棒、胡椒喷雾、电击枪和旗杆武装自己，袭击了封锁大楼的警察。

“It was like something from a medieval battle,” Capitol Police Officer Aquilino Gonell recalled 2 The mob pulled D.C. Metropolitan Police Officer Michael Fanone into the crowd, beat him with flagpoles, and tasered him.

国会大厦警官阿奎利诺·戈内尔 (Aquilino Gonell) 回忆道：“这就像一场中世纪的战斗。” 2 暴民将华盛顿特区警官迈克尔·法农 (Michael Fanone) 拉入人群，用旗杆殴打他，并对他进行电击。

“Kill him with his own gun,” Fanone remembered the mob shouting just before he lost consciousness.

“用他自己的枪杀了他，”法农记得暴民在他失去知觉之前大喊道。

“I can still hear those words in my head today,” he testified six months later.

“今天我脑子里仍然能听到这些话，”六个月后他作证说。

3

3

The mob breached the barriers and poured into the building, marking perhaps the greatest domestic assault on the American federal government since the Civil War.

暴民冲破栅栏涌入大楼，这可能是自内战以来对美国联邦政府最大规模的国内攻击。

But the events of January 6 were rooted in history.

但 1 月 6 日的事件已成为历史。

Revolutionary technological change, unprecedented global flows of goods and people and capital, an amorphous decades-long War on Terror, accelerating inequality, growing diversity, a changing climate, political stalemate: our present is not an island of circumstance but a product of history.

革命性的技术变革、史无前例的全球货物、人员和资本流动、长达数十年的无定形反恐战争、日益加剧的不平等、日益增长的多样性、不断变化的气候、政治僵局：我们现在不是环境的孤岛，而是历史的产物。

Time marches forever on.

时间永远前进。

The present becomes the past, but, as William Faulkner famously put it, “The past is never dead.

现在已成为过去，但是，正如威廉·福克纳的名言，“过去永远不会消亡。

It’s not even past.” 4 The last several decades of American history have culminated in the present, an era of innovation and advancement but also of stark partisan division, racial and ethnic tension, protests, gender divides, uneven economic growth, widening inequalities, military interventions, bouts of mass violence, and pervasive anxieties about the present and future of the United States.

甚至还没有过去。” 4 美国历史的最后几十年在当今达到了顶峰，这是一个创新和进步的时代，但也存在严重的党派分歧、种族和民族紧张局势、抗议、性别鸿沟、经济增长不平衡、不平等扩大、军事干预、大规模暴力以及对美国现在和未来普遍焦虑的时代。

Through boom and bust, national tragedy, foreign wars, and the maturation of a new generation, a new chapter of American history is busy being written.

经过繁荣与萧条、国家悲剧、对外战争以及新一代的成熟，美国历史的新篇章正在忙于书写。

The conservative Reagan Revolution lingered over the presidential election of 1988.

保守的里根革命在 1988 年总统选举中挥之不去。

At stake was the legacy of a newly empowered conservative movement, a movement that would move forward with Reagan’s vice president, George H.

一场新近获得权力的保守派运动的遗产岌岌可危，这场运动将与里根的副总统乔治·H·布什一起向前推进。

W.

W.

Bush, who triumphed over Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis with a promise to continue the conservative work that had commenced in the 1980s.

布什承诺继续 20 世纪 80 年代开始的保守派工作，从而击败了马萨诸塞州州长迈克尔·杜卡基斯 (Michael Dukakis)。

The son of a U.S. senator from Connecticut, George H.

康涅狄格州美国参议员乔治·H·布什 (George H.

W.

W.

Bush was a World War II veteran, president of a successful oil company, chair of the Republican National Committee, director of the CIA, and member of the House of Representatives from Texas.

布什是一名二战老兵、一家成功石油公司的总裁、共和党全国委员会主席、中央情报局局长以及来自德克萨斯州的众议院议员。

After failing to best Reagan in the 1980 Republican primaries, he was elected as his vice president in 1980 and again in 1984.

在 1980 年共和党初选中未能击败里根后，他于 1980 年和 1984 年再次当选为副总统。

In 1988, Michael Dukakis, a proud liberal from Massachusetts, challenged Bush for the White House.

1988 年，来自马萨诸塞州的骄傲的自由主义者迈克尔·杜卡基斯 (Michael Dukakis) 挑战布什入主白宫。

Dukakis ran a weak campaign.

杜卡基斯的竞选活动表现不佳。

Bush, a Connecticut aristocrat who had never been fully embraced by movement conservatism, particularly the newly animated religious right, nevertheless hammered Dukakis with moral and cultural issues.

布什是康涅狄格州的贵族，从未完全接受保守主义运动，尤其是新近兴起的宗教右翼，但他却用道德和文化问题对杜卡基斯进行了猛烈抨击。

Bush said Dukakis had blocked recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in Massachusetts schools and that he was a “card-carrying member” of the ACLU.

布什表示，杜卡基斯阻止了马萨诸塞州学校宣读效忠誓言，并且他是美国公民自由联盟的“正式成员”。

Bush meanwhile dispatched his eldest son, George W.

与此同时，布什派遣了他的长子乔治·W·布什 (George W.

Bush, as his ambassador to the religious right.

布什担任他的宗教右翼大使。

5 Bush also infamously released a political ad featuring the face of Willie Horton, a Black Massachusetts man and convicted murderer who raped a woman after being released through a prison furlough program during Dukakis’s tenure as governor.

5 布什还臭名昭著地发布了一则以马萨诸塞州黑人威利·霍顿为主角的政治广告，他是一名被定罪的杀人犯，在杜卡基斯担任州长期间通过监狱休假计划释放后强奸了一名妇女。

“By the time we’re finished,” Bush’s campaign manager, Lee Atwater, said, “they’re going to wonder whether Willie Horton is Dukakis’ running mate.” 6 Liberals attacked conservatives for perpetuating the ugly “code word” politics of the old Southern Strategy—the underhanded appeal to white racial resentments perfected by Richard Nixon in the aftermath of civil rights legislation.

“当我们结束时，”布什的竞选经理李·阿特沃特说，“他们会怀疑威利·霍顿是否是杜卡基斯的竞选搭档。” 6 自由派攻击保守派，认为他们延续了旧南方战略中丑陋的“暗号”政治——理查德·尼克松在民权立法后对白人种族怨恨的暗中诉求。

7 Buoyed by such attacks, Bush won a large victory and entered the White House.

7 在这样的攻击的鼓舞下，布什取得了巨大的胜利并入主白宫。

Bush’s election signaled Americans’ continued embrace of Reagan’s conservative program and further evidenced the utter disarray of the Democratic Party.

布什的当选标志着美国人继续拥护里根的保守主义纲领，也进一步证明了民主党的彻底混乱。

American liberalism, so stunningly triumphant in the 1960s, was now in full retreat.

美国自由主义在 20 世纪 60 年代取得了惊人的胜利，现在却全面倒退。

It was still, as one historian put it, the “Age of Reagan.” 8

正如一位历史学家所说，这仍然是“里根时代”。 8

The Soviet Union collapsed during Bush’s tenure.

苏联在布什任期内解体。

Devastated by a stagnant economy, mired in a costly and disastrous war in Afghanistan, confronted with dissident factions in Eastern Europe, and rocked by internal dissent, the Soviet Union crumbled.

受到经济停滞的破坏、陷入代价高昂的灾难性阿富汗战争、面对东欧的持不同政见派别以及内部异议的震动，苏联崩溃了。

Soviet leader and reformer Mikhail Gorbachev loosened the Soviet Union’s tight personal restraints and censorship ( glasnost ) and liberalized the Soviet political machinery ( perestroika ).

苏联领导人和改革家米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫放松了苏联严格的个人限制和审查制度（开放），并开放了苏联政治机制（改革）。

Eastern Bloc nations turned against their communist organizations and declared their independence from the Soviet Union.

东欧集团国家转而反对其共产主义组织并宣布脱离苏联独立。

Gorbachev let them go.

戈尔巴乔夫放走了他们。

Soon, the Soviet Union unraveled.

不久，苏联解体。

On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned his office, declaring that the Soviet Union no longer existed.

1991年12月25日，戈尔巴乔夫辞职，宣布苏联不复存在。

At the Kremlin—Russia’s center of government—the new tricolor flag of the Russian Federation was raised.

在俄罗斯的政府中心克里姆林宫，俄罗斯联邦新的三色旗升起。

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9

The dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the world’s only remaining superpower.

苏联解体，美国成为世界上仅存的超级大国。

Global capitalism seemed triumphant.

全球资本主义似乎取得了胜利。

Observers wondered if some final stage of history had been reached, if the old battles had ended and a new global consensus built around peace and open markets would reign forever.

观察家想知道历史是否已经到达了最后阶段，旧的战斗是否已经结束，围绕和平与开放市场建立的新的全球共识是否将永远占据主导地位。

“What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such,” wrote Francis Fukuyama in his much-talked-about 1989 essay, “The End of History?” 10 Assets in Eastern Europe were privatized and auctioned off as newly independent nations introduced market economies.

弗朗西斯·福山 (Francis Fukuyama) 在其 1989 年广受关注的文章《历史的终结？ 10 随着新独立国家引入市场经济，东欧的资产被私有化和拍卖。

New markets were rising in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.

东南亚和东欧的新市场正在崛起。

India, for instance, began liberalizing its economic laws and opening itself up to international investment in 1991.

例如，印度于 1991 年开始放宽经济法并向国际投资开放。

China’s economic reforms, advanced by Chairman Deng Xiaoping and his handpicked successors, accelerated as privatization and foreign investment proceeded.

在邓小平主席及其精心挑选的继任者的推动下，中国的经济改革随着私有化和外国投资的推进而加速。

The post–Cold War world was not without international conflicts, however.

然而，冷战后的世界并非没有国际冲突。

When Iraq invaded the small but oil-rich nation of Kuwait in 1990, Congress granted President Bush approval to intervene.

1990年，当伊拉克入侵石油资源丰富的小国科威特时，国会批准布什总统进行干预。

The United States laid the groundwork for intervention (Operation Desert Shield) in August and commenced combat operations (Operation Desert Storm) in January 1991.

美国于8月为干预奠定了基础（沙漠盾牌行动），并于1991年1月开始作战行动（沙漠风暴行动）。

With the memories of Vietnam still fresh, many Americans were hesitant to support military action that could expand into a protracted war or long-term commitment of troops.

由于对越南的记忆犹新，许多美国人对于支持可能扩大为持久战争或长期驻军的军事行动犹豫不决。

But the Gulf War was a swift victory for the United States.

但海湾战争对于美国来说是一场迅速的胜利。

New technologies—including laser-guided precision bombing—amazed Americans, who could now watch twenty-four-hour live coverage of the war on the Cable News Network (CNN).

包括激光制导精确轰炸在内的新技术让美国人感到惊讶，他们现在可以在有线电视新闻网 (CNN) 上观看二十四小时的战争现场报道。

The Iraqi army disintegrated after only a hundred hours of ground combat.

伊拉克军队仅经过一百个小时的地面战斗就瓦解了。

President Bush and his advisors opted not to pursue the war into Baghdad and risk an occupation and insurgency.

布什总统和他的顾问们选择不将战争打入巴格达，并冒着被占领和叛乱的风险。

And so the war was won.

于是战争就胜利了。

Many wondered if the “ghosts of Vietnam” had been exorcised.

许多人想知道“越南的鬼魂”是否已经被驱除。

11 Bush won enormous popular support.

11 布什赢得了巨大的民众支持。

Gallup polls showed a job approval rating as high as 89 percent in the weeks after the end of the war.

盖洛普民意调查显示，战争结束后几周内，工作支持率高达 89%。

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During the Gulf War, the Iraqi military set fire to Kuwait’s oil fields, many of which burned for months.

海湾战争期间，伊拉克军队纵火焚烧了科威特的油田，其中许多油田燃烧了数月之久。

March 21, 1991.

1991 年 3 月 21 日。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

President Bush’s popularity seemed to suggest an easy reelection in 1992, but Bush had still not won over the New Right, the aggressively conservative wing of the Republican Party, despite his attacks on Dukakis, his embrace of the flag and the pledge, and his promise, “Read my lips: no new taxes.” He faced a primary challenge from political commentator Patrick Buchanan, a former Reagan and Nixon White House advisor, who cast Bush as a moderate, as an unworthy steward of the conservative movement who was unwilling to fight for conservative Americans in the nation’s ongoing culture war.

布什总统的受欢迎程度似乎表明他将在 1992 年轻松连任，但尽管布什攻击杜卡基斯、拥抱国旗和誓言，并承诺“读我的嘴唇：不征收新税”，但他仍然没有赢得新右派（共和党中激进的保守派）的支持。他面临着来自政治评论员帕特里克·布坎南的主要挑战，帕特里克·布坎南曾担任里根和尼克松的白宫顾问，他将布什视为温和派，是保守派运动的不值得的管家，不愿意在国家正在进行的文化战争中为保守的美国人而战。

Buchanan did not defeat Bush in the Republican primaries, but he inflicted enough damage to weaken his candidacy.

布坎南没有在共和党初选中击败布什，但他造成的损害足以削弱他的候选资格。

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Still thinking that Bush would be unbeatable in 1992, many prominent Democrats passed on a chance to run, and the Democratic Party nominated a relative unknown, Arkansas governor Bill Clinton.

1992 年，许多知名民主党人仍然认为布什将是不可战胜的，因此放弃了参选的机会，民主党提名了相对不知名的阿肯色州州长比尔·克林顿(Bill Clinton)。

Dogged by charges of marital infidelity and draft dodging during the Vietnam War, Clinton was a consummate politician with enormous charisma and a skilled political team.

克林顿在越南战争期间受到婚姻不忠和逃兵指控的困扰，是一位完美的政治家，拥有巨大的魅力和一支熟练的政治团队。

He framed himself as a New Democrat, a centrist open to free trade, tax cuts, and welfare reform.

他将自己定位为新民主党人、对自由贸易、减税和福利改革持开放态度的中间派。

Twenty-two years younger than Bush, he was the first baby boomer to make a serious run at the presidency.

他比布什小二十二岁，是第一个认真竞选总统的婴儿潮一代。

Clinton presented the campaign as a generational choice.

克林顿将这次竞选视为一代人的选择。

During the campaign he appeared on MTV, played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show , and told voters that he could offer the United States a new way forward.

竞选期间，他出现在 MTV 上，在阿森尼奥大厅秀中演奏萨克斯管，并告诉选民他可以为美国提供一条新的前进道路。

Bush ran on his experience and against Clinton’s moral failings.

布什凭借自己的经验参选，反对克林顿的道德缺陷。

The GOP convention in Houston that summer featured speeches from Pat Buchanan and religious leader Pat Robertson decrying the moral decay plaguing American life.

那年夏天在休斯敦举行的共和党大会上，帕特·布坎南和宗教领袖帕特·罗伯逊发表了演讲，谴责困扰美国生活的道德败坏。

Clinton was denounced as a social liberal who would weaken the American family through both his policies and his individual moral character.

克林顿被谴责为社会自由主义者，他会通过他的政策和个人道德品质削弱美国家庭。

But Clinton was able to convince voters that his moderated southern brand of liberalism would be more effective than the moderate conservatism of George Bush.

但克林顿能够让选民相信，他温和的南方自由主义风格比乔治布什的温和保守主义更有效。

Bush’s candidacy, of course, was perhaps most damaged by a sudden economic recession.

当然，布什的候选资格可能因突然的经济衰退而受到最大的损害。

As Clinton’s political team reminded the country, “It’s the economy, stupid.”

正如克林顿的政治团队提醒全国的那样，“这就是经济，笨蛋。”

Clinton won the election, but the Reagan Revolution still reigned.

克林顿赢得了选举，但里根革命仍然占主导地位。

Clinton and his running mate, Tennessee senator Albert Gore Jr., both moderate southerners, promised a path away from the old liberalism of the 1970s and 1980s (and the landslide electoral defeats of the 1980s).

克林顿和他的竞选搭档、田纳西州参议员小阿尔伯特·戈尔（Albert Gore Jr.）都是温和的南方人，他们承诺走出一条摆脱 20 世纪 70 年代和 1980 年代旧自由主义（以及 1980 年代选举惨败）的道路。

They were Democrats, but conservative Democrats, so-called New Democrats.

他们是民主党人，但是是保守的民主党人，即所谓的新民主党人。

In his first term, Clinton set out an ambitious agenda that included an economic stimulus package, universal health insurance, a continuation of the Middle East peace talks initiated by Bush’s secretary of state James A.

在第一个任期内，克林顿制定了雄心勃勃的议程，其中包括经济刺激计划、全民医疗保险、继续布什国务卿詹姆斯·A·布什发起的中东和平谈判。

Baker III, welfare reform, and a completion of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to abolish trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

贝克三世、福利改革以及北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA）的完成，以废除美国、墨西哥和加拿大之间的贸易壁垒。

His moves to reform welfare, open trade, and deregulate financial markets were particular hallmarks of Clinton’s Third Way, a new Democratic embrace of heretofore conservative policies.

他改革福利、开放贸易和放松金融市场管制的举措是克林顿第三条道路的独特标志，这是民主党对迄今保守政策的新拥抱。

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With NAFTA, Clinton reversed decades of Democratic opposition to free trade and opened the nation’s northern and southern borders to the free flow of capital and goods.

通过北美自由贸易协定，克林顿扭转了民主党几十年来对自由贸易的反对，开放了美国北部和南部边境，允许资本和货物自由流动。

Critics, particularly in the Midwest’s Rust Belt, blasted the agreement for opening American workers to competition by low-paid foreign workers.

批评者，尤其是中西部铁锈地带的批评者，猛烈抨击了该协议允许美国工人接受低薪外国工人的竞争。

Many American factories relocated and set up shops— maquilas —in northern Mexico that took advantage of Mexico’s low wages.

许多美国工厂搬迁到墨西哥北部，并设立了工厂（加工厂），利用墨西哥的低工资优势。

Thousands of Mexicans rushed to the maquilas .

数以千计的墨西哥人涌向加工厂。

Thousands more continued on past the border.

还有数千人继续越过边境。

If NAFTA opened American borders to goods and services, people still navigated strict legal barriers to immigration.

即使北美自由贸易协定向商品和服务开放美国边境，人们仍然要克服严格的移民法律障碍。

Policy makers believed that free trade would create jobs and wealth that would incentivize Mexican workers to stay home, and yet multitudes continued to leave for opportunities in el norte .

政策制定者相信，自由贸易将创造就业机会和财富，从而激励墨西哥工人留在家里，但仍有大量人继续前往北部寻找机会。

The 1990s proved that prohibiting illegal migration was, if not impossible, exceedingly difficult.

20 世纪 90 年代的事实证明，禁止非法移民即使不是不可能，也是极其困难的。

Poverty, political corruption, violence, and hopes for a better life in the United States—or simply higher wages—continued to lure immigrants across the border.

贫困、政治腐败、暴力以及对美国更好生活的希望——或者仅仅是更高的工资——继续吸引着跨境移民。

Between 1990 and 2010, the proportion of foreign-born individuals in the United States grew from 7.9 percent to 12.9 percent, and the number of undocumented immigrants tripled from 3.5 million to 11.2.

1990年至2010年间，美国外国出生人口的比例从7.9%增长到12.9%，无证移民人数从350万增加到11.2人，增加了两倍。

While large numbers continued to migrate to traditional immigrant destinations—California, Texas, New York, Florida, New Jersey, and Illinois—the 1990s also witnessed unprecedented migration to the American South.

虽然大量人继续迁移到传统的移民目的地——加利福尼亚州、得克萨斯州、纽约州、佛罗里达州、新泽西州和伊利诺伊州——但 20 世纪 90 年代也出现了前所未有的向美国南部的移民。

Among the fastest-growing immigrant destination states were Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Georgia, and North Carolina, all of which had immigration growth rates in excess of 100 percent during the decade.

增长最快的移民目的地州包括肯塔基州、田纳西州、阿肯色州、佐治亚州和北卡罗来纳州，所有这些州在过去十年中的移民增长率均超过 100%。

15

15

In response to the continued influx of immigrants and the vocal complaints of anti-immigration activists, policy makers responded with such initiatives as Operation Gatekeeper and Hold the Line, which attempted to make crossing the border more prohibitive.

为了应对移民的持续涌入和反移民活动人士的直言不讳的抱怨，政策制定者采取了“看门人行动”和“坚守阵线”等举措，试图让越境变得更加令人望而却步。

The new strategy “funneled” immigrants to dangerous and remote crossing areas.

新战略将移民“集中”到危险和偏远的过境地区。

Immigration officials hoped the brutal natural landscape would serve as a natural deterrent.

移民官员希望残酷的自然景观能够起到天然威慑作用。

It wouldn’t.

不会的。

By 2017, hundreds of immigrants died each year of drowning, exposure, and dehydration.

到 2017 年，每年有数百名移民因溺水、暴露和脱水而死亡。

16

16

Clinton, meanwhile, sought to carve out a middle ground in his domestic agenda.

与此同时，克林顿试图在国内议程中找到一个中间立场。

In his first weeks in office, Clinton reviewed Department of Defense policies restricting homosexuals from serving in the armed forces.

在上任的头几周，克林顿审查了国防部限制同性恋者参军的政策。

He pushed through a compromise plan, Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, that removed any questions about sexual orientation in induction interviews but also required that gay military personnel keep their sexual orientation private.

他推行了一项折衷计划“不问，不说”，消除了入职面试中有关性取向的任何问题，但也要求同性恋军人将自己的性取向保密。

The policy alienated many.

这项政策疏远了许多人。

Social conservatives were outraged and his credentials as a conservative southerner suffered, while many liberals recoiled at continued antigay discrimination.

社会保守派人士感到愤怒，他作为保守派南方人的信誉也受到影响，而许多自由派人士则对持续的反同性恋歧视感到退缩。

In his first term, Clinton also put forward universal healthcare as a major policy goal, and first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton played a major role in the initiative.

克林顿在第一任期内也将全民医疗保健作为重大政策目标，第一夫人希拉里·克林顿在这一倡议中发挥了重要作用。

But the push for a national healthcare law collapsed on itself.

但推动国家医疗保健法的努力却自行失败了。

Conservatives revolted, the healthcare industry flooded the airwaves with attack ads, Clinton struggled with congressional Democrats, and voters bristled.

保守派反抗，医疗保健行业充斥着攻击性广告，克林顿与国会民主党人展开斗争，选民们感到愤怒。

A national healthcare system was again repulsed.

国家医疗保健系统再次遭到拒绝。

The midterm elections of 1994 were a disaster for the Democrats, who lost the House of Representatives for the first time since 1952.

1994年的中期选举对民主党来说是一场灾难，民主党自1952年以来首次输掉了众议院席位。

Congressional Republicans, led by Georgia congressman Newt Gingrich and Texas congressman Dick Armey, offered a policy agenda they called the Contract with America.

由佐治亚州议员纽特·金里奇和德克萨斯州议员迪克·阿米领导的国会共和党人提出了一项他们称之为“与美国契约”的政策议程。

Republican candidates from around the nation gathered on the steps of the Capitol to pledge their commitment to a conservative legislative blueprint to be enacted if the GOP won control of the House.

来自全国各地的共和党候选人聚集在国会大厦的台阶上，承诺如果共和党赢得众议院控制权，他们将致力于制定保守的立法蓝图。

The strategy worked.

这个策略奏效了。

Social conservatives were mobilized by an energized group of religious activists, especially the Christian Coalition, led by Pat Robertson and Ralph Reed.

社会保守派被一群充满活力的宗教活动家动员起来，特别是由帕特·罗伯逊和拉尔夫·里德领导的基督教联盟。

Robertson was a television minister and entrepreneur whose 1988 long shot run for the Republican presidential nomination brought him a massive mailing list and a network of religiously motivated voters around the country.

罗伯逊是一位电视部长和企业家，他在 1988 年竞选共和党总统提名时获得了巨大的邮件列表和遍布全国的宗教选民网络。

From that mailing list, the Christian Coalition organized around the country, seeking to influence politics on the local and national level.

从该邮件列表中，基督教联盟在全国各地组织起来，寻求影响地方和国家层面的政治。

In 1996 the generational contest played out again when the Republicans nominated another aging war hero, Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, but Clinton again won the election, becoming the first Democrat to serve back-to-back terms since Franklin Roosevelt.

1996年，当共和党提名另一位老年战争英雄、堪萨斯州参议员鲍勃·多尔时，代际竞争再次上演，但克林顿再次赢得选举，成为自富兰克林·罗斯福以来第一位连续任职的民主党人。

He was aided in part by the amelioration of conservatives by his signing of welfare reform legislation, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, which decreased welfare benefits, restricted eligibility, and turned over many responsibilities to states.

他签署了福利改革立法，即 1996 年《个人责任与工作机会协调法案》，这在一定程度上得益于保守派的改善，该法案减少了福利，限制了资格，并将许多责任移交给各州。

Clinton said it would “break the cycle of dependency.” 17

克林顿表示，这将“打破依赖的循环”。 17 号

Clinton presided over a booming economy fueled by emergent computing technologies.

克林顿领导下的经济在新兴计算技术的推动下蓬勃发展。

Personal computers had skyrocketed in sales, and the Internet became a mass phenomenon.

个人电脑的销量猛增，互联网成为一种大众现象。

Communication and commerce were never again the same.

通讯和商业从此不再一样。

The tech boom was driven by business, and the 1990s saw robust innovation and entrepreneurship.

科技繁荣是由商业推动的，20 世纪 90 年代出现了强劲的创新和创业精神。

Investors scrambled to find the next Microsoft or Apple, suddenly massive computing companies.

投资者争先恐后地寻找下一个微软或苹果，突然间成为大型计算公司。

But it was the Internet that sparked a bonanza.

但真正引发财富的是互联网。

The dot-com boom fueled enormous economic growth and substantial financial speculation to find the next Google or Amazon.

互联网泡沫推动了巨大的经济增长和大量的金融投机，以寻找下一个谷歌或亚马逊。

Republicans, defeated at the polls in 1996 and 1998, looked for other ways to undermine Clinton’s presidency.

共和党在 1996 年和 1998 年的民意调查中落败，开始寻找其他方式来削弱克林顿的总统任期。

Political polarization seemed unprecedented and a sensation-starved, post-Watergate media demanded scandal.

政治两极分化似乎是史无前例的，水门事件后媒体急需丑闻。

The Republican Congress spent millions on investigations hoping to uncover some shred of damning evidence to sink Clinton’s presidency, whether it be real estate deals, White House staffing, or adultery.

共和党国会花费数百万美元进行调查，希望能找到一些足以毁掉克林顿总统职位的证据，无论是房地产交易、白宫人员配置还是通奸。

Rumors of sexual misconduct had always swirled around Clinton.

克林顿周围一直流传着不当性行为的谣言。

The press, which had historically turned a blind eye to such private matters, saturated the media with Clinton’s sex scandals.

历来对此类私人事务视而不见的媒体现在充斥着克林顿的性丑闻。

Congressional investigations targeted the allegations and Clinton denied having “sexual relations” with Monica Lewinsky before a grand jury and in a statement to the American public.

国会针对这些指控进行了调查，克林顿在大陪审团面前和向美国公众发表的声明中否认与莫妮卡·莱温斯基有“性关系”。

Republicans used the testimony to allege perjury.

共和党人利用这些证词来指控其作伪证。

In December 1998, the House of Representatives voted to impeach the president.

1998年12月，众议院投票弹劾总统。

It was a wildly unpopular step.

这是非常不受欢迎的一步。

Two thirds of Americans disapproved, and a majority told Gallup pollsters that Republicans had abused their constitutional authority.

三分之二的美国人表示反对，其中大多数人告诉盖洛普民意调查机构，共和党人滥用了宪法权力。

Clinton’s approval rating, meanwhile, jumped to 78 percent.

与此同时，克林顿的支持率跃升至 78%。

18 In February 1999, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate by a vote that mostly fell along party lines.

18 1999 年 2 月，参议院的投票结果大多符合党派立场，宣告克林顿无罪。

The 2000 election pitted Vice President Albert Gore Jr. against George W.

2000 年的选举中，副总统小阿尔伯特·戈尔 (Albert Gore Jr.) 与乔治·W·布什 (George W.

Bush, the twice-elected Texas governor and son of the former president.

布什，两次当选得克萨斯州州长，也是前总统的儿子。

Gore, wary of Clinton’s recent impeachment despite Clinton’s enduring approval ratings, distanced himself from the president and eight years of relative prosperity.

尽管克林顿的支持率持久，戈尔仍对克林顿最近的弹劾保持警惕，因此与总统和八年来的相对繁荣保持了距离。

Instead, he ran as a pragmatic, moderate liberal.

相反，他以务实、温和的自由派身份参选。

Bush, too, ran as a moderate, claiming to represent a compassionate conservatism and a new faith-based politics.

布什也以温和派身份参选，声称代表富有同情心的保守主义和新的基于信仰的政治。

Bush was an outspoken evangelical.

布什是一位直言不讳的福音派人士。

In a presidential debate, he declared Jesus Christ his favorite political philosopher.

在一次总统辩论中，他宣布耶稣基督是他最喜欢的政治哲学家。

He promised to bring church leaders into government, and his campaign appealed to churches and clergy to get out the vote.

他承诺让教会领袖进入政府，他的竞选活动呼吁教会和神职人员参与投票。

Moreover, he promised to bring honor, dignity, and integrity to the Oval Office, a clear reference to Clinton.

此外，他承诺为椭圆形办公室带来荣誉、尊严和正直，这明显是指克林顿。

Utterly lacking the political charisma that had propelled Clinton, Gore withered under Bush’s attacks.

戈尔完全缺乏推动克林顿的政治魅力，在布什的攻击下衰落了。

Instead of trumpeting the Clinton presidency, Gore found himself answering the media’s questions about whether he was sufficiently an alpha male and whether he had invented the Internet.

戈尔没有宣扬克林顿的总统任期，而是回答了媒体的问题，即他是否足够是一个大男子主义以及他是否发明了互联网。

Few elections have been as close and contentious as the 2000 election, which ended in a deadlock.

很少有选举像 2000 年的选举那样势均力敌、充满争议，最终陷入僵局。

Gore had won the popular vote by 500,000 votes, but the Electoral College hinged on a contested Florida election.

戈尔以 50 万票的优势赢得了普选，但选举人团的选举结果取决于一场竞争激烈的佛罗里达州选举。

On election night the media called Florida for Gore, but then Bush made late gains and news organizations reversed themselves by declaring the state for Bush—and Bush the probable president-elect.

在选举之夜，媒体称佛罗里达州为戈尔，但随后布什取得了后来的进展，新闻机构扭转了局面，宣布佛罗里达州为布什，并宣布布什为可能的当选总统。

Gore conceded privately to Bush, then backpedaled as the counts edged back toward Gore yet again.

戈尔私下向布什让步，但随着票数再次倒向戈尔，戈尔又改变了立场。

When the nation awoke the next day, it was unclear who had been elected president.

当全国人民第二天醒来时，尚不清楚谁当选为总统。

The close Florida vote triggered an automatic recount.

佛罗里达州的投票结果势均力敌，引发了自动重新计票。

Lawyers descended on Florida.

律师们来到佛罗里达州。

The Gore campaign called for manual recounts in several counties.

戈尔竞选团队呼吁在几个县进行人工重新计票。

Local election boards, Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris, and the Florida Supreme Court all weighed in until the U.S. Supreme Court stepped in and, in an unprecedented 5–4 decision in Bush v.

地方选举委员会、佛罗里达州国务卿凯瑟琳·哈里斯和佛罗里达州最高法院都参与了权衡，直到美国最高法院介入，并在布什诉佛罗里达州案中史无前例地以 5 比 4 做出裁决。

Gore , ruled that the recount had to end.

戈尔裁定重新计票必须结束。

Bush was awarded Florida by a margin of 537 votes, enough to win him the state and give him a majority in the Electoral College.

布什以 537 票的优势赢得了佛罗里达州，这足以让他赢得该州并在选举团中获得多数席位。

He had won the presidency.

他赢得了总统职位。

In his first months in office, Bush fought to push forward enormous tax cuts skewed toward America’s highest earners.

在上任的头几个月里，布什努力推动针对美国最高收入者的大规模减税政策。

The bursting of the dot-com bubble weighed down the economy.

互联网泡沫的破灭拖累了经济。

Old political and cultural fights continued to be fought.

旧有的政治和文化斗争仍在继续。

And then the towers fell.

然后塔楼倒塌了。

On the morning of September 11, 2001, nineteen operatives of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization hijacked four passenger planes on the East Coast.

2001年9月11日上午，“基地”恐怖组织的19名特工在东海岸劫持了四架客机。

American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 8:46 a.m.

美国航空 11 号航班于上午 8 点 46 分撞向纽约世贸中心北塔。

Eastern Daylight Time (EDT).

东部夏令时间 (EDT)。

United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower at 9:03.

联合航空175号航班于9点03分撞向南塔。

American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the western façade of the Pentagon at 9:37.

美国航空 77 号航班于 9 点 37 分撞向五角大楼西立面。

At 9:59, the South Tower of the World Trade Center collapsed.

9时59分，世贸中心南塔倒塌。

At 10:03, United Airlines Flight 93 crashed in a field outside Shanksville, Pennsylvania, brought down by passengers who had received news of the earlier hijackings.

上午 10 点 03 分，联合航空 93 号航班在宾夕法尼亚州尚克斯维尔郊外的一片空地上坠毁，乘客是收到早先劫机事件消息的乘客将其击落。

At 10:28, the North Tower collapsed.

10时28分，北塔倒塌。

In less than two hours, nearly three thousand Americans had been killed.

不到两个小时，近三千名美国人被杀。

Ground Zero six days after the September 11th attacks.

9 月 11 日袭击事件发生六天后，归零地。

Wikimedia , .

维基媒体，.

The attacks stunned Americans.

这次袭击震惊了美国人。

Late that night, Bush addressed the nation and assured the country that “the search is under way for those who are behind these evil acts.” At Ground Zero three days later, Bush thanked first responders for their work.

当天深夜，布什向全国发表讲话，并向全国保证“正在追捕这些邪恶行为的幕后黑手”。三天后，布什在归零地感谢急救人员的工作。

A worker said he couldn’t hear him.

一名工人说他听不到他的声音。

“I can hear you,” Bush shouted back, “The rest of the world hears you.

“我能听到你的声音，”布什喊道，“世界其他地方都听到了你的声音。

And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon.”

那些推倒这些建筑物的人很快就会听到我们的声音。”

President Bush addresses rescue workers at Ground Zero.

布什总统向归零地救援人员发表讲话。

2001.

2001年。

FEMA Photo Library .

联邦应急管理局照片库。

American intelligence agencies quickly identified the radical Islamic militant group al-Qaeda, led by the wealthy Saudi Osama bin Laden, as the perpetrators of the attack.

美国情报机构很快认定，由富有的沙特乌萨马·本·拉登领导的激进伊斯兰激进组织“基地”组织是这次袭击的肇事者。

Sheltered in Afghanistan by the Taliban, the country’s Islamic government, al-Qaeda was responsible for a 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center and a string of attacks at U.S. embassies and military bases across the world.

基地组织在阿富汗受到塔利班（该国伊斯兰政府）的庇护，对 1993 年世贸中心爆炸案以及对世界各地美国大使馆和军事基地的一系列袭击负有责任。

Bin Laden’s Islamic radicalism and his anti-American aggression attracted supporters across the region and, by 2001, al-Qaeda was active in over sixty countries.

本·拉登的伊斯兰激进主义和反美侵略吸引了整个地区的支持者，到 2001 年，基地组织活跃在 60 多个国家。

Although in his presidential campaign Bush had denounced foreign nation-building, he populated his administration with neoconservatives, firm believers in the expansion of American democracy and American interests abroad.

尽管布什在总统竞选中谴责了外国国家建设，但他的政府中充满了新保守主义者，他们坚信美国民主的扩张和美国在海外的利益。

Bush advanced what was sometimes called the Bush Doctrine, a policy in which the United States would have the right to unilaterally and preemptively make war on any regime or terrorist organization that posed a threat to the United States or to U.S. citizens.

布什提出了有时被称为“布什主义”的政策，根据该政策，美国有权单方面先发制人地对任何对美国或美国公民构成威胁的政权或恐怖组织发动战争。

It would lead the United States into protracted conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq and entangle the United States in nations across the world.

它将导致美国在阿富汗和伊拉克陷入旷日持久的冲突，并使美国与世界各国纠缠不清。

Journalist Dexter Filkins called it a Forever War, a perpetual conflict waged against an amorphous and undefeatable enemy.

记者德克斯特·菲尔金斯称其为“永远的战争”，是一场针对无形且不可战胜的敌人的永久冲突。

19 The geopolitical realities of the twenty-first-century world were forever transformed.

19 二十一世纪世界的地缘政治现实发生了永远的改变。

The United States, of course, had a history in Afghanistan.

当然，美国在阿富汗有过历史。

When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December 1979 to quell an insurrection that threatened to topple Kabul’s communist government, the United States financed and armed anti-Soviet insurgents, the Mujahideen.

1979 年 12 月，当苏联入侵阿富汗以平息一场威胁推翻喀布尔共产主义政府的叛乱时，美国资助并武装了反苏叛乱分子圣战者组织。

In 1981, the Reagan administration authorized the CIA to provide the Mujahideen with weapons and training to strengthen the insurgency.

1981年，里根政府授权中央情报局向圣战者组织提供武器和训练，以加强叛乱活动。

An independent wealthy young Saudi, Osama bin Laden, also fought with and funded the Mujahideen.

年轻的独立富有的沙特人奥萨马·本·拉登也曾与圣战者组织作战并为其提供资助。

And they began to win.

他们开始获胜。

Afghanistan bled the Soviet Union dry.

阿富汗榨干了苏联的血。

The costs of the war, coupled with growing instability at home, convinced the Soviets to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1989.

战争的代价，加上国内日益不稳定，促使苏联于 1989 年从阿富汗撤军。

20

20

Osama bin Laden relocated al-Qaeda to Afghanistan after the country fell to the Taliban in 1996.

1996 年阿富汗落入塔利班手中后，乌萨马·本·拉登将基地组织迁往阿富汗。

Under Bill Clinton, the United States launched cruise missiles at al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan in retaliation for al-Qaeda bombings on American embassies in Africa.

在比尔·克林顿的领导下，美国向阿富汗的基地组织营地发射了巡航导弹，以报复基地组织对美国驻非洲大使馆的爆炸事件。

After September 11, with a broad authorization of military force, Bush administration officials made plans for military action against al-Qaeda and the Taliban.

9月11日之后，在获得军事力量的广泛授权后，布什政府官员制定了针对基地组织和塔利班的军事行动计划。

What would become the longest war in American history began with the launching of Operation Enduring Freedom in October 2001.

2001 年 10 月发起“持久自由行动”后，美国历史上持续时间最长的战争开始了。

Air and missile strikes hit targets across Afghanistan.

空中和导弹袭击袭击了阿富汗各地的目标。

U.S. Special Forces joined with fighters in the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance.

美国特种部队与反塔利班北方联盟的战士一起加入。

Major Afghan cities fell in quick succession.

阿富汗主要城市接连沦陷。

The capital, Kabul, fell on November 13.

11 月 13 日，首都喀布尔沦陷。

Bin Laden and al-Qaeda operatives retreated into the rugged mountains along the border of Pakistan in eastern Afghanistan.

本拉登和基地组织成员撤退到阿富汗东部巴基斯坦边境崎岖的山区。

The American occupation of Afghanistan continued.

美国对阿富汗的占领仍在继续。

As American troops struggled to contain the Taliban in Afghanistan, the Bush administration set its sights on Iraq.

当美国军队在阿富汗奋力遏制塔利班时，布什政府把目光投向了伊拉克。

After the conclusion of the Gulf War in 1991, American officials established economic sanctions, weapons inspections, and no-fly zones.

1991年海湾战争结束后，美国官员设立了经济制裁、武器检查和禁飞区。

By mid-1991, American warplanes were routinely patrolling Iraqi skies and coming under periodic fire from Iraqi missile batteries.

到 1991 年中期，美国战机定期在伊拉克上空巡逻，并时不时遭到伊拉克导弹连的攻击。

The overall cost to the United States of maintaining the two no-fly zones over Iraq was roughly $1 billion a year.

美国维持伊拉克上空两个禁飞区的总成本每年约为 10 亿美元。

Related military activities in the region added almost another $500 million to the annual bill.

该地区的相关军事活动使年度账单又增加了近5亿美元。

On the ground in Iraq, meanwhile, Iraqi authorities clashed with UN weapons inspectors.

与此同时，在伊拉克境内，伊拉克当局与联合国武器核查人员发生冲突。

Iraq had suspended its program for weapons of mass destruction, but Saddam Hussein fostered ambiguity about the weapons in the minds of regional leaders to forestall any possible attacks against Iraq.

伊拉克已暂停其大规模杀伤性武器计划，但萨达姆·侯赛因在地区领导人的头脑中对这些武器产生了模糊性，以防止任何可能针对伊拉克的袭击。

In 1998, a standoff between Hussein and the United Nations over weapons inspections led President Bill Clinton to launch punitive strikes aimed at debilitating what was thought to be a developed chemical weapons program.

1998年，侯赛因与联合国在武器检查问题上发生对峙，导致比尔·克林顿总统发起惩罚性打击，旨在削弱被认为已开发的化学武器计划。

Attacks began on December 16, 1998.

袭击于 1998 年 12 月 16 日开始。

More than two hundred cruise missiles fired from U.S. Navy warships and Air Force B-52 bombers flew into Iraq, targeting suspected chemical weapons storage facilities, missile batteries, and command centers.

美国海军军舰和空军 B-52 轰炸机发射的 200 多枚巡航导弹飞入伊拉克，瞄准可疑化学武器储存设施、导弹电池和指挥中心。

Airstrikes continued for three more days, unleashing in total 415 cruise missiles and 600 bombs against 97 targets.

空袭持续了三天，共向 97 个目标发射了 415 枚巡航导弹和 600 枚炸弹。

The number of bombs dropped was nearly double the number used in the 1991 conflict.

投下的炸弹数量几乎是 1991 年冲突中使用数量的两倍。

The United States and Iraq remained at odds throughout the 1990s and early 2000, when Bush administration officials began championing “regime change.” The administration publicly denounced Saddam Hussein’s regime and its alleged weapons of mass destruction.

整个 90 年代和 2000 年代初，当布什政府官员开始倡导“政权更迭”时，美国和伊拉克之间一直存在分歧。美国政府公开谴责萨达姆·侯赛因政权及其所谓的大规模杀伤性武器。

Deceptively tying Saddam Hussein to international terrorists—a majority of Americans linked Hussein to the 9/11 attacks 21 The administration’s push for war was in full swing.

欺骗性地将萨达姆·侯赛因与国际恐怖分子联系起来——大多数美国人将萨达姆·侯赛因与 9/11 袭击联系起来 21 政府正在全力推动战争。

Protests broke out across the country and all over the world, but majorities of Americans supported military action.

全国和世界各地爆发了抗议活动，但大多数美国人支持军事行动。

On October 16, Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq resolution, giving Bush the power to make war in Iraq.

10月16日，国会通过了《授权对伊拉克使用武力》决议，赋予布什对伊拉克发动战争的权力。

Iraq began cooperating with UN weapons inspectors in late 2002, but the Bush administration pressed on.

伊拉克于 2002 年底开始与联合国武器核查人员合作，但布什政府继续施压。

On February 6, 2003, Secretary of State Colin Powell, who had risen to public prominence as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of State during the Persian Gulf War in 1991, presented allegations of a robust Iraqi weapons program to the UN.

2003 年 2 月 6 日，国务卿科林·鲍威尔（Colin Powell）在 1991 年波斯湾战争期间担任参谋长联席会议主席而声名鹊起，他向联合国提出了伊拉克强大武器计划的指控。

Protests continued.

抗议活动仍在继续。

The first American bombs hit Baghdad on March 20, 2003.

2003 年 3 月 20 日，美国第一枚炸弹袭击了巴格达。

Several hundred thousand troops moved into Iraq and Hussein’s regime quickly collapsed.

数十万军队进入伊拉克，侯赛因政权很快垮台。

Baghdad fell on April 9.

4 月 9 日，巴格达陷落。

On May 1, 2003, aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln , beneath a banner reading Mission Accomplished , George W.

2003 年 5 月 1 日，在亚伯拉罕·林肯号航空母舰上，乔治·W·布什 (George W.

Bush announced that “major combat operations in Iraq have ended.” 22 No evidence of weapons of mass destruction were ever found.

布什宣布“在伊拉克的主要作战行动已经结束”。 22 没有发现大规模毁灭性武器的证据。

And combat operations had not ended, not really.

战斗行动还没有结束，没有真正结束。

The Iraqi insurgency had begun, and the United States would spend the next ten years struggling to contain it.

伊拉克叛乱已经开始，美国将在接下来的十年里努力遏制它。

Despite George W.

尽管乔治·W.

Bush’s ill-conceived photo op under a Mission Accomplished banner in May 2003, combat operations in Iraq continued for years.

2003 年 5 月，布什在“任务完成”的旗帜下拍摄了一张考虑不周的照片，伊拉克的战斗行动持续了数年。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

Efforts by various intelligence gathering agencies led to the capture of Saddam Hussein, hidden in an underground compartment near his hometown, on December 13, 2003.

2003年12月13日，在多个情报收集机构的努力下，萨达姆·侯赛因被抓获，他藏在家乡附近的一个地下隔间里。

The new Iraqi government found him guilty of crimes against humanity and he was hanged on December 30, 2006.

伊拉克新政府认定他犯有反人类罪，并于2006年12月30日被绞死。

But the war in Iraq was not over.

但伊拉克战争还没有结束。

The War on Terror was a centerpiece in the race for the White House in 2004.

反恐战争是 2004 年白宫竞选的核心议题。

The Democratic ticket, headed by Massachusetts senator John F.

以马萨诸塞州参议员约翰·F·肯尼迪（John F.

Kerry, a Vietnam War hero who entered the public consciousness for his subsequent testimony against it, attacked Bush for the ongoing inability to contain the Iraqi insurgency or to find weapons of mass destruction, the revelation and photographic evidence that American soldiers had abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison outside Baghdad, and the inability to find Osama bin Laden.

克里是越战英雄，他后来因反对越战的证词而进入公众视野，他攻击布什一直无法遏制伊拉克叛乱或寻找大规模杀伤性武器，美国士兵在巴格达郊外的阿布格莱布监狱虐待囚犯的事实和照片证据，以及无法找到奥萨马·本·拉登。

Moreover, many enemy combatants who had been captured in Iraq and Afghanistan were “detained” indefinitely at a military prison in Guantanamo Bay in Cuba.

此外，许多在伊拉克和阿富汗被俘的敌方战斗人员被无限期“拘留”在古巴关塔那摩湾的军事监狱中。

“Gitmo” became infamous for its harsh treatment, indefinite detentions, and torture of prisoners.

“关塔那摩”因对囚犯的残酷对待、无限期拘留和酷刑而臭名昭著。

Bush defended the War on Terror, and his allies attacked critics for failing to “support the troops.” Moreover, Kerry had voted for the war—he had to attack the very thing that he had authorized.

布什为反恐战争辩护，他的盟友则攻击批评者未能“支持军队”。此外，克里投票支持战争——他必须攻击他授权的事情。

Bush won a close but clear victory.

布什赢得了一场势均力敌但明显的胜利。

The second Bush term saw the continued deterioration of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but Bush’s presidency would take a bigger hit from his perceived failure to respond to the domestic tragedy that followed Hurricane Katrina’s devastating hit on the Gulf Coast.

在布什的第二个任期内，伊拉克和阿富汗战争持续恶化，但布什的总统任期将因他未能应对卡特里娜飓风对墨西哥湾沿岸造成毁灭性打击后发生的国内悲剧而受到更大的打击。

Katrina had been a category 5 hurricane.

卡特里娜飓风为 5 级飓风。

It was, the New Orleans Times-Picayune reported, “the storm we always feared.” 23

据《新奥尔良时报-皮卡尤恩》报道，这是“我们一直担心的风暴”。 23

New Orleans suffered a direct hit, the levees broke, and the bulk of the city flooded.

新奥尔良遭受直接袭击，堤坝决堤，城市大部分地区被洪水淹没。

Thousands of refugees flocked to the Superdome, where supplies and medical treatment and evacuation were slow to come.

数千名难民涌入超级圆顶体育场，但那里的物资、医疗和疏散却进展缓慢。

Individuals died in the heat.

有人死于高温。

Bodies wasted away.

身体消瘦了。

Americans saw poor Black Americans abandoned.

美国人看到贫穷的美国黑人被抛弃。

Katrina became a symbol of a broken administrative system, a devastated coastline, and irreparable social structures that allowed escape and recovery for some and not for others.

卡特里娜飓风成为破碎的行政体系、遭到破坏的海岸线和无法修复的社会结构的象征，这些社会结构允许一些人逃离和恢复，但不允许其他人。

Critics charged that Bush had staffed his administration with incompetent supporters and had further ignored the displaced poor and Black residents of New Orleans.

批评者指责布什为他的政府配备了无能的支持者，并进一步忽视了新奥尔良流离失所的穷人和黑人居民。

24

24

Hurricane Katrina was one of the deadliest and more destructive hurricanes to hit American soil in U.S. history.

卡特里娜飓风是美国历史上袭击美国领土最致命、最具破坏性的飓风之一。

It nearly destroyed New Orleans, Louisiana, as well as cities, towns, and rural areas across the Gulf Coast.

它几乎摧毁了路易斯安那州的新奥尔良以及墨西哥湾沿岸的城镇和农村地区。

It sent hundreds of thousands of refugees to near-by cities like Houston, Texas, where they temporarily resided in massive structures like the Astrodome.

它将数十万难民送往德克萨斯州休斯顿等附近城市，他们暂时居住在阿斯特罗多姆体育场等大型建筑中。

Photograph, September 1, 2005.

照片，2005 年 9 月 1 日。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

Immigration, meanwhile, had become an increasingly potent political issue.

与此同时，移民已成为一个日益重要的政治问题。

The Clinton administration had overseen the implementation of several anti-immigration policies on the U.S.-Mexico border, but hunger and poverty were stronger incentives than border enforcement policies were deterrents.

克林顿政府监督了美墨边境多项反移民政策的实施，但饥饿和贫困的激励作用强于边境执法政策的威慑作用。

Illegal immigration continued, often at great human cost, but nevertheless fanned widespread anti-immigration sentiment among many American conservatives.

非法移民仍在继续，往往造成巨大的人员伤亡，但仍然在许多美国保守派中煽动了广泛的反移民情绪。

But George W.

但乔治·W.

Bush used the issue to win re-election and Republicans used it in the 2006 mid-terms, passing legislation—with bipartisan support—that provided for a border “fence.” 700 miles of towering steel barriers sliced through border towns and deserts.

布什利用这一问题赢得连任，共和党人在 2006 年中期选举中利用这一问题，在两党支持下通过了设立边境“围栏”的立法。 700 英里高耸的钢铁屏障横亘边境城镇和沙漠。

Many immigrants and their supporters tried to fight back.

许多移民及其支持者试图反击。

The spring and summer of 2006 saw waves of protests across the country.

2006年春夏，全国各地爆发了一波又一波的抗议活动。

Hundreds of thousands marched in Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles, and tens of thousands marched in smaller cities around the country.

芝加哥、纽约和洛杉矶有数十万人游行，全国各地的小城市也有数万人游行。

Legal change, however, went nowhere.

然而，法律改革却毫无进展。

Moderate conservatives feared upsetting business interests’ demand for cheap, exploitable labor and alienating large voting blocs by stifling immigration, and moderate liberals feared upsetting anti-immigrant groups by pushing too hard for liberalization of immigration laws.

温和保守派担心，通过抑制移民，会扰乱商业利益对廉价、可剥削劳动力的需求，并疏远大型投票集团，而温和自由派则担心，过分推动移民法自由化，会扰乱反移民团体。

The fence was built and the border was tightened.

栅栏建起来了，边界也收紧了。

At the same time, Iraq descended further into chaos as insurgents battled against American troops and groups such as Abu Musab al-Zarqawi’s al-Qaeda in Iraq bombed civilians and released video recordings of beheadings.

与此同时，伊拉克进一步陷入混乱，叛乱分子与美国军队以及阿布·穆萨卜·扎卡维的基地组织等组织进行战斗，轰炸平民并公布斩首视频。

In 2007, twenty-seven thousand additional U.S. forces deployed to Iraq under the command of General David Petraeus.

2007年，在戴维·彼得雷乌斯将军的指挥下，美国向伊拉克增派了两万七千名士兵。

The effort, “the surge,” employed more sophisticated anti-insurgency strategies and, combined with Sunni efforts, pacified many of Iraq’s cities and provided cover for the withdrawal of American forces.

这次“增兵”行动采用了更复杂的反叛乱战略，并与逊尼派的努力相结合，平定了伊拉克的许多城市，并为美军的撤军提供了掩护。

On December 4, 2008, the Iraqi government approved the U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement, and U.S. combat forces withdrew from Iraqi cities before June 30, 2009.

2008年12月4日，伊拉克政府批准美伊部队地位协定，美军作战部队于2009年6月30日前撤出伊拉克城市。

The last U.S. combat forces left Iraq on December 18, 2011.

最后一批美国作战部队于 2011 年 12 月 18 日离开伊拉克。

Violence and instability continued to rock the country.

暴力和不稳定继续困扰该国。

Afghanistan, meanwhile, had also continued to deteriorate.

与此同时，阿富汗局势也继续恶化。

In 2006, the Taliban reemerged, as the Afghan government proved both highly corrupt and incapable of providing social services or security for its citizens.

2006年，阿富汗政府高度腐败且无力为其公民提供社会服务或安全，塔利班重新崛起。

The Taliban began re-acquiring territory.

塔利班开始重新夺取领土。

Money and American troops continued to prop up the Afghanistan government until American forces withdrew hastily in August 2021.

金钱和美军继续支撑阿富汗政府，直到美军于 2021 年 8 月仓促撤军。

The Taliban immediately took over the remainder of the country, outlasting America’s twenty-year occupation.

塔利班立即接管了该国的其余地区，比美国二十年的占领更持久。

The Great Recession began, as most American economic catastrophes began, with the bursting of a speculative bubble.

正如大多数美国经济灾难一样，大衰退是随着投机泡沫的破裂而开始的。

Throughout the 1990s and into the new millennium, home prices continued to climb, and financial services firms looked to cash in on what seemed to be a safe but lucrative investment.

整个 90 年代直至进入新千年，房价持续攀升，金融服务公司寻求从看似安全但利润丰厚的投资中获利。

After the dot-com bubble burst, investors searched for a secure investment rooted in clear value, rather than in trendy technological speculation.

互联网泡沫破灭后，投资者寻找植根于明确价值的安全投资，而不是流行的技术投机。

What could be more secure than real estate?

还有什么比房产更安全的呢？

But mortgage companies began writing increasingly risky loans and then bundling them together and selling them over and over again, sometimes so quickly that it became difficult to determine exactly who owned what.

但抵押贷款公司开始发放风险越来越大的贷款，然后将它们捆绑在一起并一遍又一遍地出售，有时速度如此之快，以至于很难确定到底谁拥有什么。

Decades of financial deregulation had rolled back Depression-era restraints and again allowed risky business practices to dominate the world of American finance.

数十年的金融放松管制已经消除了大萧条时期的限制，并再次让高风险的商业行为主宰了美国金融界。

It was a bipartisan agenda.

这是一个两党议程。

In the 1990s, for instance, Bill Clinton signed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, repealing provisions of the 1933 Glass-Steagall Act separating commercial and investment banks, and the Commodity Futures Modernization Act, which exempted credit-default swaps—perhaps the key financial mechanism behind the crash—from regulation.

例如，在 20 世纪 90 年代，比尔·克林顿签署了《格拉姆-里奇-比利利法案》，废除了 1933 年《格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法案》中将商业银行与投资银行分开的条款，以及《商品期货现代化法案》，该法案将信用违约掉期（可能是崩溃背后的关键金融机制）免除监管。

Mortgages had been so heavily leveraged that when American homeowners began to default on their loans, the whole system collapsed.

抵押贷款的杠杆率如此之高，以至于当美国房主开始拖欠贷款时，整个体系就崩溃了。

Major financial services firms such as Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers disappeared almost overnight.

贝尔斯登和雷曼兄弟等主要金融服务公司几乎在一夜之间消失了。

In order to prevent the crisis from spreading, President Bush signed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act and the federal government immediately began pouring billions of dollars into the industry, propping up hobbled banks.

为了防止危机蔓延，布什总统签署了《紧急经济稳定法案》，联邦政府立即开始向该行业注入数十亿美元，支撑陷入困境的银行。

Massive giveaways to bankers created shock waves of resentment throughout the rest of the country, contributing to Obama’s 2008 election.

向银行家提供的大量赠品在全国其他地区引起了强烈的不满情绪，促成了奥巴马 2008 年的当选。

But Obama oversaw the program after his inauguration.

但奥巴马在就职后监督了该计划。

Thereafter, conservative members of the Tea Party decried the cronyism of an incoming Obama administration filled with former Wall Street executives.

此后，茶党的保守派成员谴责即将上任的奥巴马政府中充斥着前华尔街高管的任人唯亲。

The same energies also motivated the Occupy Wall Street movement, as mostly young left-leaning New Yorkers protested an American economy that seemed overwhelmingly tilted toward “the one percent.” 25

同样的能量也激发了占领华尔街运动，因为大多数年轻的左倾纽约人抗议美国经济似乎绝大多数向“百分之一”倾斜。 25

The Great Recession only magnified already rising income and wealth inequalities.

大衰退只会加剧本已加剧的收入和财富不平等。

According to the chief investment officer at JPMorgan Chase, the largest bank in the United States, “profit margins have reached levels not seen in decades,” and “reductions in wages and benefits explain the majority of the net improvement.” 26 A study from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) found that since the late 1970s, after-tax benefits of the wealthiest 1 percent grew by over 300 percent.

美国最大银行摩根大通的首席投资官表示，“利润率已达到几十年来未见的水平”，“工资和福利的减少是净改善的主要原因。” 26 美国国会预算办公室 (CBO) 的一项研究发现，自 20 世纪 70 年代末以来，最富有的 1% 人群的税后福利增长了 300% 以上。

The “average” American’s after-tax benefits had grown 35 percent.

美国人的“平均”税后福利增长了 35%。

Economic trends have disproportionately and objectively benefited the wealthiest Americans.

经济趋势客观上让最富有的美国人受益匪浅。

Still, despite political rhetoric, American frustration failed to generate anything like the social unrest of the early twentieth century.

尽管如此，尽管有政治言论，美国人的挫败感并没有引发像二十世纪初期那样的社会动荡。

A weakened labor movement and a strong conservative bloc continue to stymie serious attempts at reversing or even slowing economic inequalities.

疲弱的劳工运动和强大的保守派集团继续阻碍扭转甚至减缓经济不平等的认真尝试。

Occupy Wall Street managed to generate a fair number of headlines and shift public discussion away from budget cuts and toward inequality, but its membership amounted to only a fraction of the far more influential and money-driven Tea Party.

占领华尔街运动成功地成为了相当多的头条新闻，并将公众讨论从削减预算转向不平等，但其成员只占影响力更大、以金钱为导向的茶党的一小部分。

Its presence on the public stage was fleeting.

它在公共舞台上的存在转瞬即逝。

The Great Recession, however, was not.

然而，大衰退却并非如此。

While American banks quickly recovered and recaptured their steady profits, and the American stock market climbed again to new heights, American workers continued to lag.

尽管美国银行迅速复苏并重新获得稳定利润，美国股市再次攀升至新高，但美国工人却继续落后。

Job growth was slow and unemployment rates would remain stubbornly high for years.

就业增长缓慢，失业率多年来仍将居高不下。

Wages froze, meanwhile, and well-paying full-time jobs that were lost were too often replaced by low-paying, part-time work.

与此同时，工资冻结，失去的高薪全职工作往往被低薪兼职工作所取代。

A generation of workers coming of age within the crisis, moreover, had been savaged by the economic collapse.

此外，在危机中成长起来的一代工人还遭受了经济崩溃的摧残。

Unemployment among young Americans hovered for years at rates nearly double the national average.

美国年轻人的失业率多年来一直徘徊在几乎是全国平均水平两倍的水平。

In 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American elected to the presidency.

2008年，巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)成为第一位当选总统的非裔美国人。

In this official White House photo from May, 2009, 5-year-old Jacob Philadelphia said, “I want to know if my hair is just like yours.” The White House via Flickr .

在这张 2009 年 5 月的白宫官方照片中，5 岁的雅各布·费城说道：“我想知道我的头发是不是和你的一样。”白宫来自 Flickr。

By the 2008 election, with Iraq still in chaos, Democrats were ready to embrace the antiwar position and sought a candidate who had consistently opposed military action in Iraq.

到 2008 年大选时，伊拉克仍处于混乱之中，民主党准备好接受反战立场，并寻找一位一贯反对在伊拉克采取军事行动的候选人。

Senator Barack Obama had only been a member of the Illinois state senate when Congress debated the war actions, but he had publicly denounced the war, predicting the sectarian violence that would ensue, and remained critical of the invasion through his 2004 campaign for the U.S. Senate.

当国会就战争行动进行辩论时，参议员巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)只是伊利诺伊州参议员，但他公开谴责了这场战争，预测随之而来的宗派暴力，并在2004年竞选美国参议院时仍然对入侵持批评态度。

He began running for president almost immediately after arriving in Washington.

他抵达华盛顿后几乎立即开始竞选总统。

A former law professor and community activist, Obama became the first African American candidate to ever capture the nomination of a major political party.

作为前法学教授和社区活动家，奥巴马成为第一位获得主要政党提名的非裔美国候选人。

27 During the election, Obama won the support of an increasingly antiwar electorate.

27 在选举期间，奥巴马赢得了日益反战的选民的支持。

When an already fragile economy finally collapsed in 2007 and 2008, Bush’s policies were widely blamed.

当本已脆弱的经济在 2007 年和 2008 年最终崩溃时，布什的政策受到广泛指责。

Obama’s opponent, Republican senator John McCain, was tied to those policies and struggled to fight off the nation’s desire for a new political direction.

奥巴马的对手、共和党参议员约翰·麦凯恩与这些政策息息相关，并努力抵制国家对新政治方向的渴望。

Obama won a convincing victory in the fall and became the nation’s first African American president.

奥巴马在秋天赢得了令人信服的胜利，成为美国第一位非裔美国总统。

President Obama’s first term was marked by domestic affairs, especially his efforts to combat the Great Recession and to pass a national healthcare law.

奥巴马总统的第一个任期以国内事务为标志，特别是他为应对大衰退和通过国家医疗保健法所做的努力。

Obama came into office as the economy continued to deteriorate.

奥巴马上任之际，经济持续恶化。

He continued the bank bailout begun under his predecessor and launched a limited economic stimulus plan to provide government spending to reignite the economy.

他继续执行其前任所开始的银行救助计划，并启动了有限的经济刺激计划，以提供政府支出来重振经济。

Despite Obama’s dominant electoral victory, national politics fractured, and a conservative Republican firewall quickly arose against the Obama administration.

尽管奥巴马在选举中取得了压倒性的胜利，但国家政治却出现了分裂，保守的共和党防火墙很快就出现了反对奥巴马政府的局面。

The Tea Party became a catch-all term for a diffuse movement of fiercely conservative and politically frustrated American voters.

茶党成为一个包罗万象的术语，指的是由极度保守和政治失意的美国选民组成的广泛运动。

Typically whiter, older, and richer than the average American, flush with support from wealthy backers, and clothed with the iconography of the Founding Fathers, Tea Party activists registered their deep suspicions of the federal government.

茶党活动分子通常比普通美国人更白、更年长、更富有，得到了富有支持者的支持，并穿着开国元勋的肖像，他们对联邦政府表现出深深的怀疑。

28 Tea Party protests dominated the public eye in 2009 and activists steered the Republican Party far to the right, capturing primary elections all across the country.

28 2009 年，茶党抗议活动占据了公众的视线，活动人士将共和党引导至极右翼，赢得了全国各地的初选。

Obama’s most substantive legislative achievement proved to be a national healthcare law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare).

事实证明，奥巴马最实质性的立法成就是一项国家医疗保健法，即《患者保护和平价医疗法案》（奥巴马医改法案）。

Presidents since Theodore Roosevelt had striven to pass national healthcare reform and failed.

自西奥多·罗斯福以来的历届总统都曾努力通过国家医疗改革，但都失败了。

Obama’s plan forsook liberal models of a national healthcare system and instead adopted a heretofore conservative model of subsidized private care (similar plans had been put forward by Republicans Richard Nixon, Newt Gingrich, and Obama’s 2012 opponent, Mitt Romney).

奥巴马的计划放弃了自由主义的国家医疗体系模式，转而采用迄今为止保守的私人医疗补贴模式（共和党人理查德·尼克松、纽特·金里奇和奥巴马 2012 年的对手米特·罗姆尼也提出了类似的计划）。

Beset by conservative protests, Obama’s healthcare reform narrowly passed through Congress.

在保守派抗议的困扰下，奥巴马的医疗改革以微弱优势在国会获得通过。

It abolished pre-existing conditions as a cause for denying care, scrapped junk plans, provided for state-run healthcare exchanges (allowing individuals without healthcare to pool their purchasing power), offered states funds to subsidize an expansion of Medicaid, and required all Americans to provide proof of a health insurance plan that measured up to government-established standards (those who did not purchase a plan would pay a penalty tax, and those who could not afford insurance would be eligible for federal subsidies).

它废除了以已有疾病为由拒绝医疗的规定，废除了垃圾计划，规定了国营医疗保健交换（允许没有医疗保健的个人集中购买力），提供各州资金来补贴医疗补助的扩大，并要求所有美国人提供符合政府制定标准的健康保险计划的证明（那些不购买计划的人将缴纳罚款，而那些无力承担保险的人将有资格获得联邦补贴）。

The number of uninsured Americans remained stubbornly high, however, and conservatives spent most of the next decade attacking the bill.

然而，没有保险的美国人数量仍然居高不下，保守派在接下来十年的大部分时间里都在攻击这项法案。

Meanwhile, in 2009, President Barack Obama deployed seventeen thousand additional troops to Afghanistan as part of a counterinsurgency campaign that aimed to “disrupt, dismantle, and defeat” al-Qaeda and the Taliban.

与此同时，2009年，美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)向阿富汗增派了一万七千名士兵，作为旨在“瓦解、瓦解和击败”基地组织和塔利班的反叛乱行动的一部分。

Meanwhile, U.S. Special Forces and CIA drones targeted al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders.

与此同时，美国特种部队和中央情报局的无人机瞄准了基地组织和塔利班领导人。

In May 2011, U.S. Navy Sea, Air and Land Forces (SEALs) conducted a raid deep into Pakistan that led to the killing of Osama bin Laden.

2011年5月，美国海军海、空、陆三军（海豹突击队）深入巴基斯坦发动突袭，击毙奥萨马·本·拉登。

The United States and NATO began a phased withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2011, with an aim of removing all combat troops by 2014.

美国和北约于2011年开始分阶段从阿富汗撤军，目标是到2014年撤出所有作战部队。

Although weak militarily, the Taliban remained politically influential in south and eastern Afghanistan.

尽管军事力量薄弱，塔利班在阿富汗南部和东部仍然具有政治影响力。

Al-Qaeda remained active in Pakistan but shifted its bases to Yemen and the Horn of Africa.

基地组织在巴基斯坦仍然活跃，但将其基地转移到也门和非洲之角。

As of December 2013, the war in Afghanistan had claimed the lives of 3,397 U.S. service members.

截至2013年12月，阿富汗战争已夺去了3,397名美国军人的生命。

Former Taliban fighters surrender their arms to the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan during a reintegration ceremony at the provincial governor’s compound in May 2012.

2012 年 5 月，在省长官邸举行的重返社会仪式上，前塔利班武装分子向阿富汗伊斯兰共和国政府交出武器。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

In 2012, Barack Obama won a second term by defeating Republican Mitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts.

2012年，巴拉克·奥巴马击败前马萨诸塞州州长、共和党人米特·罗姆尼，赢得连任。

However, Obama’s inability to control Congress and the ascendancy of Tea Party Republicans stunted the passage of meaningful legislation.

然而，奥巴马无法控制国会以及茶党共和党的崛起阻碍了有意义的立法的通过。

Obama was a lame duck before he ever won reelection, and gridlocked government came to represent an acute sense that much of American life—whether in politics, economics, or race relations—had grown stagnant.

奥巴马在赢得连任之前就是一只跛脚鸭，陷入僵局的政府代表了一种敏锐的感觉，即美国生活的大部分——无论是在政治、经济还是种族关系方面——已经变得停滞不前。

The economy continued its halfhearted recovery from the Great Recession.

经济继续从大衰退中半心半意地复苏。

The Obama administration campaigned on little to specifically address the crisis and, faced with congressional intransigence, accomplished even less.

奥巴马政府在竞选活动中几乎没有采取任何具体措施来解决这场危机，而且面对国会的顽固态度，取得的成就甚至更少。

While corporate profits climbed and stock markets soared, wages stagnated and employment sagged for years after the Great Recession.

尽管企业利润攀升、股市飙升，但大衰退后的数年里，工资却停滞不前，就业率下降。

By 2016, the statistically average American worker had not received a raise in almost forty years.

到 2016 年，从统计上看，美国工人的平均水平已经近四十年没有加薪了。

The average worker in January 1973 earned $4.03 an hour.

1973 年 1 月，工人的平均工资为每小时 4.03 美元。

Adjusted for inflation, that wage was about two dollars per hour more than the average American earned in 2014.

考虑到通货膨胀因素，这一工资比 2014 年美国人的平均收入高出约两美元/小时。

Working Americans were losing ground.

美国工薪阶层正在节节败退。

Moreover, most income gains in the economy had been largely captured by a small number of wealthy earners.

此外，经济中的大部分收入增长主要被少数富有的人攫取。

Between 2009 and 2013, 85 percent of all new income in the United States went to the top 1 percent of the population.

2009年至2013年间，美国85%的新增收入流向了最富有的1%人口。

29

29

But if money no longer flowed to American workers, it saturated American politics.

但如果金钱不再流向美国工人，美国政治就会饱和。

In 2000, George W.

2000 年，乔治·W.

Bush raised a record $172 million for his campaign.

布什为竞选筹集了创纪录的 1.72 亿美元资金。

In 2008, Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate to decline public funds (removing any applicable caps to his total fund-raising) and raised nearly three quarters of a billion dollars for his campaign.

2008 年，巴拉克·奥巴马 (Barack Obama) 成为第一位拒绝公共资金的总统候选人（取消了其筹款总额的任何适用上限），并为其竞选筹集了近四分之三的十亿美元。

The average House seat, meanwhile, cost about $1.6 million, and the average Senate Seat over $10 million.

与此同时，众议院席位的平均成本约为 160 万美元，参议院席位的平均成本超过 1000 万美元。

30 The Supreme Court, meanwhile, removed barriers to outside political spending.

30 与此同时，最高法院消除了外部政治支出的障碍。

In 2002, Senators John McCain and Russ Feingold had crossed party lines to pass the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, bolstering campaign finance laws passed in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal in the 1970s.

2002 年，参议员约翰·麦凯恩 (John McCain) 和拉斯·法因戈尔德 (Russ Feingold) 跨越党派界限，通过了《两党竞选改革法案》，支持了 20 世纪 70 年代水门丑闻后通过的竞选财务法。

But political organizations—particularly PACs—exploited loopholes to raise large sums of money and, in 2010, the Supreme Court ruled in Citizens United v.

但政治组织——尤其是政治行动委员会——利用漏洞筹集大笔资金，2010 年，最高法院在“公民联合诉美国”一案中做出了裁决。

FEC that no limits could be placed on political spending by corporations, unions, and nonprofits.

联邦选举委员会认为，企业、工会和非营利组织的政治支出不得受到限制。

Money flowed even deeper into politics.

金钱更加深入地流入政治。

The influence of money in politics only heightened partisan gridlock, further blocking bipartisan progress on particular political issues.

金钱对政治的影响只会加剧党派僵局，进一步阻碍两党在特定政治问题上取得进展。

Climate change, for instance, has failed to transcend partisan barriers.

例如，气候变化未能超越党派障碍。

In the 1970s and 1980s, experts substantiated the theory of anthropogenic (human-caused) global warming.

20世纪70年代和80年代，专家证实了人为全球变暖的理论。

Eventually, the most influential of these panels, the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded in 1995 that there was a “discernible human influence on global climate.” 31 This conclusion, though stated conservatively, was by that point essentially a scientific consensus.

最终，这些小组中最具影响力的联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会 (IPCC) 于 1995 年得出结论，“人类对全球气候产生了明显的影响”。 31 这一结论虽然表述得保守，但在当时基本上已成为科学共识。

By 2007, the IPCC considered the evidence “unequivocal” and warned that “unmitigated climate change would, in the long term, be likely to exceed the capacity of natural, managed and human systems to adapt.” 32

到 2007 年，政府间气候变化专门委员会 (IPCC) 认为这些证据“明确”，并警告说，“从长远来看，如果气候变化得不到缓解，很可能会超出自然、管理和人类系统的适应能力。” 32

Climate change became a permanent and major topic of public discussion and policy in the twenty-first century.

气候变化成为二十一世纪公众讨论和政策的一个永久的主要话题。

Fueled by popular coverage, most notably, perhaps, the documentary An Inconvenient Truth , based on Al Gore’s book and presentations of the same name, addressing climate change became a plank of the American left and a point of denial for the American right.

在大众报道的推动下，也许最著名的是根据阿尔·戈尔的书和同名演讲改编的纪录片《难以忽视的真相》，解决气候变化问题成为美国左翼的一大支柱，也是美国右翼的否认点。

American public opinion and political action still lagged far behind the scientific consensus on the dangers of global warming.

美国的舆论和政治行动仍然远远落后于对全球变暖危险的科学共识。

Conservative politicians, conservative think tanks, and energy companies waged war to sow questions in the minds of Americans, who remain divided on the question, and so many others.

保守派政客、保守派智囊团和能源公司发动战争，在美国人和许多其他人的心中播下问题，美国人在这个问题上仍然存在分歧。

Much of the resistance to addressing climate change is economic.

应对气候变化的大部分阻力来自经济因素。

As Americans looked over their shoulder at China, many refused to sacrifice immediate economic growth for long-term environmental security.

当美国人审视中国时，许多人拒绝为了长期环境安全而牺牲眼前的经济增长。

Twenty-first-century relations with China remained characterized by contradictions and interdependence.

二十一世纪与中国的关系仍然充满矛盾和相互依存。

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, China reinvigorated its efforts to modernize its country.

苏联解体后，中国重振国家现代化进程。

By liberating and subsidizing much of its economy and drawing enormous foreign investments, China has posted massive growth rates during the last several decades.

通过解放和补贴大部分经济并吸引大量外国投资，中国在过去几十年中实现了巨大的增长率。

Enormous cities rise by the day.

大城市日渐崛起。

In 2000, China had a GDP around an eighth the size of U.S. GDP.

2000年，中国的GDP约为美国GDP的八分之一。

Based on growth rates and trends, analysts suggest that China’s economy will bypass that of the United States soon.

根据增长率和趋势，分析人士认为中国经济将很快超越美国。

American concerns about China’s political system have persisted, but money sometimes matters more to Americans.

美国人对中国政治制度的担忧持续存在，但有时金钱对美国人来说更重要。

China has become one of the country’s leading trade partners.

中国已成为该国主要贸易伙伴之一。

Cultural exchange has increased, and more and more Americans visit China each year, with many settling down to work and study.

文化交流日益增多，每年有越来越多的美国人访问中国，其中许多人定居中国工作和学习。

By 2016, American voters were fed up.

到 2016 年，美国选民已经厌倦了。

In that year’s presidential race, Republicans spurned their political establishment and nominated a real estate developer and celebrity billionaire, Donald Trump, who, decrying the tyranny of political correctness and promising to Make America Great Again, promised to build a wall to keep out Mexican immigrants and bar Muslim immigrants.

在那一年的总统竞选中，共和党人抛弃了他们的政治建制，提名了房地产开发商和名人亿万富翁唐纳德·特朗普。特朗普谴责政治正确的暴政，承诺让美国再次伟大，承诺修建一堵墙，将墨西哥移民拒之门外，并禁止穆斯林移民。

The Democrats, meanwhile, flirted with the candidacy of Senator Bernie Sanders, a self-described democratic socialist from Vermont, before ultimately nominating Hillary Clinton, who, after eight years as first lady in the 1990s, had served eight years in the Senate and four more as secretary of state.

与此同时，民主党对来自佛蒙特州的自称为民主社会主义者的参议员伯尼·桑德斯(Bernie Sanders)进行了候选资格，最终提名希拉里·克林顿(Hillary Clinton)。希拉里·克林顿在20世纪90年代担任第一夫人八年后，在参议院任职八年，又担任国务卿四年。

Voters despaired: Trump and Clinton were the most unpopular nominees in modern American history.

选民们绝望了：特朗普和克林顿是美国现代历史上最不受欢迎的提名人。

Majorities of Americans viewed each candidate unfavorably and majorities in both parties said, early in the election season, that they were motivated more by voting against their rival candidate than for their own.

大多数美国人对每位候选人都持负面态度，两党中的大多数人都表示，在选举季节初期，他们更愿意投票反对对手候选人，而不是投票支持自己的候选人。

33 With incomes frozen, politics gridlocked, race relations tense, and headlines full of violence, such frustrations only channeled a larger sense of stagnation, which upset traditional political allegiances.

33 由于收入冻结、政治陷入僵局、种族关系紧张、头条新闻充满暴力，这种挫败感只会带来更大的停滞感，从而破坏传统的政治忠诚。

In the end, despite winning nearly three million more votes nationwide, Clinton failed to carry key Midwestern states where frustrated white, working-class voters abandoned the Democratic Party—a Republican president hadn’t carried Wisconsin, Michigan, or Pennsylvania, for instance, since the 1980s—and swung their support to the Republicans.

最终，尽管在全国范围内赢得了近 300 万张选票，克林顿还是未能赢得中西部主要州的支持，这些州的白人、工薪阶层选民感到沮丧，放弃了民主党——例如，自 20 世纪 80 年代以来，共和党总统就没有赢得过威斯康星州、密歇根州或宾夕法尼亚州的支持——并把支持转向了共和党。

Donald Trump won the presidency.

唐纳德·特朗普赢得了总统职位。

Donald Trump speaking at a 2018 rally.

唐纳德·特朗普在 2018 年集会上发表讲话。

Photo by Gage Skidmore.

盖奇·斯基德莫尔拍摄。

Via Wikimedia.

通过维基媒体。

Political divisions only deepened after the election.

选举后政治分歧进一步加深。

A nation already deeply split by income, culture, race, geography, and ideology continued to come apart.

一个已经因收入、文化、种族、地理和意识形态而严重分裂的国家继续分裂。

Trump’s presidency consumed national attention.

特朗普的总统任期吸引了全国的关注。

Traditional print media and the consumers and producers of social media could not help but throw themselves at the ins and outs of Trump’s norm-smashing first years while seemingly refracting every major event through the prism of the Trump presidency.

传统印刷媒体以及社交媒体的消费者和生产者情不自禁地沉浸在特朗普第一年打破常规的细节中，同时似乎通过特朗普总统任期的棱镜折射了每一个重大事件。

Robert Mueller’s investigation of Russian election-meddling and the alleged collusion of campaign officials in that effort produced countless headlines.

罗伯特·穆勒对俄罗斯干预选举的调查以及竞选官员涉嫌串通的调查引起了无数头条新闻。

New policies, meanwhile, enflamed widening cultural divisions.

与此同时，新政策加剧了文化分歧的扩大。

Border apprehensions and deportations reached record levels under the Obama administration, and Trump pushed even farther.

在奥巴马政府执政期间，边境逮捕和驱逐人数达到了创纪录的水平，而特朗普则走得更远。

He pushed for a massive wall along the border to supplement the fence built under the Bush administration.

他推动在边境修建一座巨大的隔离墙，以补充布什政府时期修建的围栏。

He began ordering the deportation of so-called Dreamers—students who were born elsewhere but grew up in the United States—and immigration officials separated refugee-status-seeking parents and children at the border.

他开始下令驱逐所谓的“梦想家”——在其他地方出生但在美国长大的学生——移民官员在边境将寻求难民身份的父母和孩子分开。

Trump’s border policies heartened his base and aggravated his opponents.

特朗普的边境政策鼓舞了他的支持者，也激怒了他的对手。

While Trump enflamed America’s enduring culture war, his narrowly passed 2017 tax cut continued the redistribution of American wealth toward corporations and wealthy individuals.

尽管特朗普激起了美国持久的文化战争，但他在 2017 年勉强通过的减税政策继续将美国财富重新分配给企业和富有的个人。

The tax cut grew the federal deficit and further exacerbated America’s widening economic inequality.

减税增加了联邦赤字，进一步加剧了美国日益扩大的经济不平等。

In his inaugural address, Donald Trump promised to end what he called “American carnage”—a nation ravaged, he said, by illegal immigrants, crime, and foreign economic competition.

唐纳德·特朗普在就职演说中承诺结束他所谓的“美国大屠杀”——他说，这个国家饱受非法移民、犯罪和外国经济竞争的蹂躏。

But, under his presidency, the nation only spiraled deeper into cultural and racial divisions, domestic unrest, and growing anxiety about the nation’s future.

但是，在他的总统任期内，这个国家只会更深地陷入文化和种族分歧、国内动荡以及对国家未来日益增长的焦虑之中。

Trump represented an aggressive, pugilistic anti-liberalism, and, as president, never missing an opportunity to fuel on the fires of right-wing rage.

特朗普代表了一种咄咄逼人、好斗的反自由主义，作为总统，他从来不放过任何煽动右翼愤怒之火的机会。

Refusing to settle for the careful statement or defer to bureaucrats, Trump smashed many of the norms of the presidency and raged on his personal Twitter account.

特朗普拒绝接受谨慎的声明或听从官僚，他打破了总统任期的许多规范，并在他的个人推特账户上愤怒不已。

And he refused to be governed by the truth.

他拒绝受真理的支配。

Few Americans, especially after the Johnson and Nixon administrations, believed that presidents never lied.

很少有美国人，特别是在约翰逊和尼克松政府之后，相信总统从不撒谎。

But perhaps no president ever lied so boldly or so often as Donald Trump, who made, according to one accounting, an untrue statement every day for the first forty days of his presidency.

但也许没有哪位总统像唐纳德·特朗普那样大胆或频繁地撒谎，根据一项统计，他在担任总统的前四十天里每天都发表不实声明。

34 By the latter years of his presidency, only about a third of Americans counted him as trustworthy.

34 在他担任总统的最后几年，只有大约三分之一的美国人认为他值得信赖。

35 And that compulsive dishonesty led directly to January 6, 2021.

35 这种强迫性的不诚实行为直接导致了 2021 年 1 月 6 日的到来。

In November 2020, Joseph R.

2020 年 11 月，约瑟夫·R.

Biden, a longtime senator from Delaware and former Vice President under Barack Obama, running alongside Kamala Harris, a California senator who would become the nation’s first female vice president, convincingly defeated Donald Trump at the polls: Biden won the popular vote by a margin of four percent and the electoral vote by a margin of 74 votes, marking the first time an incumbent president had been defeated in over thirty years.

长期担任特拉华州参议员、巴拉克·奥巴马政府的前副总统的拜登与后来成为美国第一位女副总统的加州参议员卡玛拉·哈里斯一起竞选，在民意调查中令人信服地击败了唐纳德·特朗普：拜登以 4% 的优势赢得普选票，以 74 票的优势赢得选举人票，这是三十多年来现任总统首次被击败。

But Trump refused to concede the election.

但特朗普拒绝承认选举结果。

He said it had been stolen.

他说它被偷了。

He said votes had been manufactured.

他说选票已经制造出来了。

He said it was all rigged.

他说这一切都是被操纵的。

The claims were easily debunked, but it didn’t seem to matter: months after the election, somewhere between one-half and two-thirds of self-identified Republicans judged the election stolen.

这些说法很容易被揭穿，但这似乎并不重要：选举几个月后，一半到三分之二的自认为是共和党人的人认为选举被窃取了。

36 So when, on the afternoon of January 6, 2021, the president again articulated a litany of lies about the election and told the crowd of angry conspiracy-minded protestors to march to the Capitol and “fight like hell,” they did.

36 因此，当 2021 年 1 月 6 日下午，总统再次就选举发表一连串谎言，并告诉一群愤怒的阴谋论抗议者游行到国会大厦并“拼命战斗”时，他们就这么做了。

Thousands of Trump’s followers converged on the Capitol.

数千名特朗普的追随者聚集在国会大厦。

Roughly one in seven of the more than 500 rioters later arrested were affiliated with extremist groups organized around conspiracy theories, white supremacy, and the right-wing militia movement.

后来被捕的 500 多名骚乱者中，大约有七分之一属于围绕阴谋论、白人至上和右翼民兵运动组织的极端主义团体。

37 They waved American and Confederate flags, displayed conspiracy theory slogans and white supremacist icons, carried Christian iconography, and, above all, bore flags, hats, shirts, and other emblazoned with the name of Donald Trump.

37 他们挥舞着美国和南部邦联的旗帜，展示阴谋论口号和白人至上主义图标，携带基督教肖像，最重要的是，他们的旗帜、帽子、衬衫和其他印有唐纳德·特朗普名字的东西。

38 Arming themselves for hand-to-hand combat, they pushed past barriers and battled barricaded police officers.

38 他们武装好自己，进行肉搏战，冲过障碍物，与封锁的警察展开战斗。

The Capitol attackers injured about 150 of them.

国会大厦袭击者造成约 150 人受伤。

39 Officers suffered concussions, burns, bruises, stab wounds, and broken bones.

39 名警官遭受脑震荡、烧伤、瘀伤、刺伤和骨折。

40 One suffered a non-fatal heart attack after being shocked repeatedly by a stun gun.

40 一名男子在被电击枪反复电击后心脏病发作，但并未致命。

Capitol Police Officer Brian D.

国会大厦警察布赖恩·D.

Sicknick was killed, either by repeated attacks with a fire extinguisher or from mace or bear spray.

西克尼克被灭火器反复攻击、狼牙棒或防熊喷雾剂杀死。

Four other officers later died by suicide.

另外四名警官后来自杀身亡。

As the rioters breached the building, officers inside the House chamber moved furniture to barricade the doors as House members huddled together on the floor, waiting for a breach.

当骚乱者冲进大楼时，众议院议事厅内的官员搬动家具挡住门，而众议院议员则挤在地板上，等待突破口。

Ashli Babbitt, a thirty-five-year-old Air Force veteran consumed by social-media conspiracy theories, and wearing a Trump flag around her neck, was shot and killed by a Capitol Police officer when she attempted to storm the chamber.

阿什莉·巴比特 (Ashli​​ Babbitt) 是一名 35 岁的空军退伍军人，深受社交媒体阴谋论的影响，脖子上挂着特朗普旗帜，在试图冲进国会大厦时被国会警察开枪打死。

The House Chamber held, but attackers breached the Senate Chamber on the opposite end of the building.

众议院会议厅守住了，但袭击者攻破了大楼另一端的参议院会议厅。

Lawmakers had already been evacuated.

议员们已经撤离。

The rioters held the Capitol for several hours before the National Guard cleared it that evening.

骚乱者占领了国会大厦几个小时，国民警卫队于当晚将其清理干净。

Congress, refusing to back down, stayed that evening to certify the results of the election.

国会拒绝让步，当晚留下来确认选举结果。

And yet, despite everything that had happened the day, the president’s unfounded claims of election fraud kept their grip on on Republican lawmakers.

然而，尽管当天发生了一切，总统毫无根据的选举舞弊指控仍然控制着共和党议员。

Eleven Republican senators and 150 of the House’s 212 Republicans lodged objections to the certification.

11 名共和党参议员和众议院 212 名共和党人中的 150 名对这一认证提出了反对。

And a little more than a month later, they refused to convict Donald Trump during his quickly organized second impeachment trial, this time for “incitement of insurrection.”

一个多月后，他们在唐纳德·特朗普迅速组织的第二次弹劾审判中拒绝对他定罪，这次的罪名是“煽动叛乱”。

In the winter of 2019 and 2020, a new respiratory virus, Covid-19, emerged in Wuhan, China.

2019年和2020年冬天，一种新型呼吸道病毒Covid-19在中国武汉出现。

It was a coronavirus, named after its spiky, crown-like appearance under a microscope.

这是一种冠状病毒，因其在显微镜下呈尖刺状、皇冠状的外观而得名。

Other coronaviruses had been identified and contained in previous years, but, by December, Chinese doctors were treating dozens of cases, and, by January, hundreds.

其他冠状病毒在前几年已经被发现并得到控制，但到 12 月，中国医生已经治疗了数十例病例，到 1 月，治疗了数百例。

Wuhan shut down to contain the outbreak but the virus escaped.

武汉封城以遏制疫情，但病毒却逃走了。

By January, the United States confirmed its first case.

到一月份，美国确认了第一例病例。

Deaths were reported in the Philippines and in France.

菲律宾和法国都有死亡报告。

Outbreaks struck Italy and Iran.

意大利和伊朗爆发疫情。

And American case counts grew.

美国的病例数有所增加。

Countries began locking down.

各国开始封锁。

Air travel slowed.

航空旅行放缓。

The virus was highly contagious and could be spread before the onset of symptoms.

该病毒具有高度传染性，可以在症状出现之前传播。

Many who had the virus were asymptomatic: they didn’t exhibit any symptoms at all.

许多感染病毒的人没有症状：他们根本没有表现出任何症状。

But others, especially the elderly and those with “co-morbidities,” were struck down.

但其他人，尤其是老年人和患有“合并症”的人，却被击倒了。

The virus attacked their airways, suffocating them.

病毒攻击了他们的呼吸道，使他们窒息。

Doctors didn’t know what they were battling.

医生们不知道他们在与什么作斗争。

They struggled to procure oxygen and respirators and incubated the worst cases with what they had.

他们努力采购氧气和呼吸器，并用他们所拥有的东西来培养最糟糕的病例。

But the deaths piled up.

但死亡人数不断增加。

The virus hit New York City in the spring.

该病毒于春季袭击了纽约市。

The city was devastated.

这座城市被毁了。

Hospitals overflowed as doctors struggled to treat a disease they barely understood.

医生们努力治疗他们几乎不了解的疾病，医院人满为患。

By April, thousands of patients were dying every day.

到四月，每天都有数千名患者死亡。

The city couldn’t keep up with the bodies.

这座城市无法跟上尸体的速度。

Dozens of “mobile morgues” were set up to house bodies which wouldn’t be processed for months.

建立了数十个“移动太平间”来存放几个月后才得到处理的尸体。

41

41

With medical-grade masks in short supply, Americans made their own homemade cloth masks.

由于医用级口罩供不应求，美国人自己制作了布口罩。

Many right-wing Americans notably refused to wear them at all, further exposing workers and family members to the virus.

值得注意的是，许多美国右翼人士根本拒绝佩戴它们，这进一步使工人和家庭成员暴露在病毒之下。

Failing to contain the outbreak, the country shut down.

由于未能控制疫情，该国关闭了。

Flights stopped.

航班停止了。

Schools and restaurants closed.

学校和餐馆关闭。

White-collar workers transitioned to working from home when offices shut down.

当办公室关闭时，白领工人转向在家工作。

But others weren’t so lucky.

但其他人就没那么幸运了。

By April, 10 million Americans had lost their jobs.

截至 4 月，已有 1000 万美国人失业。

42

42

But shutdowns were scattered and incomplete.

但停工是分散且不彻底的。

States were left to fend for themselves, setting their own policies and competing with one another to acquire scarce personal protective equipment (PPE).

各国只能自力更生，制定自己的政策并相互竞争以获得稀缺的个人防护装备（PPE）。

Many workers couldn’t stay home.

许多工人无法呆在家里。

Hourly workers, lacking paid sick leave, often had to choose between a paycheck and reporting to work having been exposed or even when presenting symptoms.

小时工缺乏带薪病假，常常不得不在领取工资和在接触病毒后甚至出现症状时上班之间做出选择。

Mask-wearing, meanwhile, was politicized.

与此同时，戴口罩被政治化。

By May, 100,000 Americans were dead.

到五月，已有 10 万美国人死亡。

A new wave of cases hit the South in July and August, overwhelming hospitals across much of the region.

七月和八月，新一波病例袭击了南方，导致该地区大部分地区的医院不堪重负。

But the worst came in the winter, when the outbreak went fully national.

但最糟糕的情况发生在冬天，当时疫情全面蔓延至全国。

Hundreds of thousands tested positive for the virus every day and nearly three-thousand Americans died every day throughout January and much of February.

整个一月和二月的大部分时间里，每天都有数十万人的病毒检测呈阳性，每天有近三千美国人死亡。

The outbreak retreated in the spring, and pharmaceutical labs, flush with federal dollars, released new, cutting-edge vaccines.

疫情在春季消退，制药实验室在联邦资金充足的情况下推出了新的尖端疫苗。

By late spring, Americans were getting vaccinated by the millions.

到春末，已有数百万人接种了疫苗。

The virus looked like it could be defeated.

病毒看起来可以被击败。

But many Americans, variously swayed by conspiracy theories peddled on social media or simply politically radicalized into associating vaccinations with anti-Trump politics, refused them.

但许多美国人拒绝了这些疫苗，他们要么受到社交媒体上兜售的阴谋论的影响，要么只是政治激进，将疫苗接种与反特朗普政治联系起来。

By late summer, barely a majority of those eligible for vaccines were fully vaccinated.

到夏末，几乎所有有资格接种疫苗的人都完全接种了疫苗。

More contagious and elusive strains evolved and spread and the virus continued churning through the population, sending many, especially the elderly, chronically ill, and unvaccinated, to hospitals and to early deaths.

更具传染性和难以捉摸的毒株进化和传播，病毒继续在人群中传播，导致许多患有慢性病且未接种疫苗的人，尤其是老年人，被送往医院并过早死亡。

By the end of the summer of 2021, according to official counts, over 600,000 Americans had died from Covid-19.

根据官方统计，截至 2021 年夏末，已有超过 60 万美国人死于 Covid-19。

By May 2022, the official death toll in the United States crossed one million.

到 2022 年 5 月，美国官方公布的死亡人数已突破 100 万。

Americans looked anxiously to the future, and yet also, often, to a new generation busy discovering, perhaps, that change was not impossible.

美国人焦急地展望未来，但也常常期待新一代忙于发现也许改变并非不可能。

Much public commentary in the early twenty-first century concerned “Millennials” and “Generation Z,” the generations that came of age during the new millennium.

二十一世纪初的许多公众评论都涉及“千禧一代”和“Z 世代”，即在新千年期间成年的一代人。

Commentators, demographers, and political prognosticators continued to ask what the new generation will bring.

评论家、人口统计学家和政治预言家不断询问新一代将带来什么。

Time ’s May 20, 2013, cover, for instance, read Millennials Are Lazy, Entitled Narcissists Who Still Live with Their Parents: Why They’ll Save Us All .

例如，《时代》杂志 2013 年 5 月 20 日的封面读到了《千禧一代很懒，标题为仍与父母住在一起的自恋者：为什么他们会拯救我们所有人》。

Pollsters focused on features that distinguish millennials from older Americans: millennials, the pollsters said, were more diverse, more liberal, less religious, and wracked by economic insecurity.

民意调查者关注的是千禧一代与年长美国人的区别特征：民意调查者表示，千禧一代更加多元化，更加自由，宗教信仰较少，并且受到经济不安全感的困扰。

“They are,” as one Pew report read, “relatively unattached to organized politics and religion, linked by social media, burdened by debt, distrustful of people, in no rush to marry—and optimistic about the future.” 43

正如皮尤研究中心的一份报告所述，“他们相对不依赖有组织的政治和宗教，通过社交媒体联系在一起，背负着债务负担，不信任别人，不急于结婚，而且对未来持乐观态度。” 43

Millennial attitudes toward homosexuality and gay marriage reflected one of the most dramatic changes in the popular attitudes of recent years.

千禧一代对同性恋和同性婚姻的态度反映了近年来流行态度中最显着的变化之一。

After decades of advocacy, American attitudes shifted rapidly.

经过几十年的倡导，美国人的态度迅速转变。

In 2006, a majority of Americans still told Gallup pollsters that “gay or lesbian relations” was “morally wrong.” 44 But prejudice against homosexuality plummeted and greater public acceptance of coming out opened the culture–in 2001, 73 percent of Americans said they knew someone who was gay, lesbian, or bisexual; in 1983, only 24 percent did.

2006年，大多数美国人仍然告诉盖洛普民意调查机构，“同性恋关系”是“道德上错误的”。 44 但是，对同性恋的偏见大幅下降，公众对出柜的接受程度也提高了，这开启了文化的大门——2001 年，73% 的美国人表示他们认识同性恋者或双性恋者； 1983 年，只有 24% 的人这样做。

Gay characters—and in particular, gay characters with depth and complexity—could be found across the cultural landscape.

同性恋角色——尤其是具有深度和复​​杂性的同性恋角色——可以在整个文化景观中找到。

Attitudes shifted such that, by the 2010s, polls registered majority support for the legalization of gay marriage.

人们的态度发生了转变，到了 2010 年代，民意调查显示大多数人支持同性婚姻合法化。

A writer for the Wall Street Journal called it “one of the fastest-moving changes in social attitudes of this generation.” 45

《华尔街日报》的一位撰稿人称其为“这一代人社会态度发生最快的变化之一”。 45

Such change was, in many respects, a generational one: on average, younger Americans supported gay marriage in higher numbers than older Americans.

从许多方面来看，这种变化是代际变化：平均而言，年轻的美国人支持同性婚姻的人数高于年长的美国人。

The Obama administration, meanwhile, moved tentatively.

与此同时，奥巴马政府试探性地采取了行动。

Refusing to push for national interventions on the gay marriage front, Obama did, however, direct a review of Defense Department policies that repealed the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell policy in 2011.

然而，奥巴马拒绝推动对同性婚姻问题进行全国性干预，而是指示对国防部政策进行审查，该政策废除了 2011 年的“不问、不说”政策。

Without the support of national politicians, gay marriage was left to the courts.

没有国家政治家的支持，同性婚姻就被留给了法庭。

Beginning in Massachusetts in 2003, state courts had begun slowly ruling against gay marriage bans.

从 2003 年开始，马萨诸塞州法院开始慢慢裁定反对同性婚姻禁令。

Then, in June 2015, the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in Obergefell v.

随后，2015 年 6 月，最高法院以 5 比 4 的裁决结果对“奥伯格菲尔诉美国”案（Obergefell v.

Hodges that same-sex marriage was a constitutional right.

霍奇斯认为同性婚姻是一项宪法权利。

Nearly two thirds of Americans supported the position.

近三分之二的美国人支持这一立场。

46

46

While liberal social attitudes marked the younger generation, perhaps nothing defined young Americans more than the embrace of technology.

虽然自由的社会态度是年轻一代的标志，但也许没有什么比拥抱技术更能定义美国年轻人了。

The Internet in particular, liberated from desktop modems, shaped more of daily life than ever before.

特别是互联网，从桌面调制解调器中解放出来，比以往任何时候都更加深刻地影响着日常生活。

The release of the Apple iPhone in 2007 popularized the concept of smartphones for millions of consumers and, by 2011, about a third of Americans owned a mobile computing device.

2007 年苹果 iPhone 的发布让智能手机的概念在数百万消费者中普及，到 2011 年，大约三分之一的美国人拥有移动计算设备。

Four years later, two thirds did.

四年后，三分之二的人这样做了。

47 .

47.

Together with the advent of social media, Americans used their smartphones and their desktops to stay in touch with old acquaintances, chat with friends, share photos, and interpret the world—as newspaper and magazine subscriptions dwindled, Americans increasingly turned to their social media networks for news and information.

随着社交媒体的出现，美国人使用智能手机和台式机与老熟人保持联系、与朋友聊天、分享照片和解读世界——随着报纸和杂志订阅量的减少，美国人越来越多地转向社交媒体网络获取新闻和信息。

48 Ambitious new online media companies, hungry for clicks and the ad revenue they represented, churned out provocatively titled, easy-to-digest stories that could be linked and tweeted and shared widely among like-minded online communities, 49 but even traditional media companies, forced to downsize their newsrooms to accommodate shrinking revenues, fought to adapt to their new online consumers.

48 雄心勃勃的新在线媒体公司渴望点击量和它们所代表的广告收入，大量制作标题具有挑衅性、易于理解的故事，这些故事可以在志同道合的在线社区中链接、发布和广泛分享，49 但即使是传统媒体公司，也被迫缩小新闻编辑室规模以适应收入萎缩，也在努力适应新的在线消费者。

The ability of individuals to share stories through social media apps revolutionized the media landscape—smartphone technology and the democratization of media reshaped political debates and introduced new political questions.

个人通过社交媒体应用程序分享故事的能力彻底改变了媒体格局——智能手机技术和媒体民主化重塑了政治辩论并引入了新的政治问题。

The easy accessibility of video capturing and the ability for stories to go viral outside traditional media, for instance, brought new attention to the tense and often violent relations between municipal police officers and African Americans.

例如，视频捕捉的便捷性以及故事在传统媒体之外传播的能力，让人们重新关注市政警察和非裔美国人之间紧张且经常发生暴力的关系。

The 2014 death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, sparked protests and focused the issue.

2014 年，迈克尔·布朗 (Michael Brown) 在密苏里州弗格森去世，引发了抗议活动，并使问题成为焦点。

It perhaps became a testament to the power of social media platforms such as Twitter that a hashtag, #blacklivesmatter, became a rallying cry for protesters and counterhashtags, #alllivesmatter and #bluelivesmatter, for critics.

标签#blacklivesmatter 成为抗议者的战斗口号，反标签#alllivesmatter 和#bluelivesmatter 则成为批评者的口号，这或许证明了 Twitter 等社交媒体平台的力量。

50 But a relentless number of videos documenting the deaths of Black men at the hands of police officers continued to circulated across social media networks.

50 但记录黑人男子死于警察之手的大量视频继续在社交媒体网络上流传。

The deaths of Eric Garner, twelve-year-old Tamir Rice, Philando Castile, and were captured on cell phone cameras and went viral.

埃里克·加纳 (Eric Garner)、12 岁的塔米尔·赖斯 (Tamir Rice)、菲兰多·卡斯提尔 (Philando Castile) 的死亡被手机摄像头捕捉到并在网上疯传。

So too did the stories of Breonna Taylor and Botham Jean.

布伦娜·泰勒和博瑟姆·吉恩的故事也是如此。

“Say their names,” a popular chant at Black Lives Matters marches went.

“说出他们的名字，”“黑人生命也是命”游行中流行的口号如此。

And then George Floyd was murdered.

然后乔治·弗洛伊德被谋杀了。

George Floyd’s murder in 2020 sparked the largest protests in American history.

2020 年乔治·弗洛伊德被谋杀引发了美国历史上最大规模的抗议活动。

Here, crowds holding homemade signs protest in New York City.

纽约市，人群举着自​​制标语进行抗议。

Via Wikimedia.

通过维基媒体。

On May 25, 2020, a teenager, Darnella Frazier, filmed Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin with his knee on the neck of George Floyd.

2020 年 5 月 25 日，青少年达内拉·弗雷泽 (Darnella Frazier) 拍摄到明尼阿波利斯警官德里克·肖万 (Derek Chauvin) 用膝盖抵住乔治·弗洛伊德 (George Floyd) 的脖子。

“I can’t breathe,” Floyd said.

“我无法呼吸，”弗洛伊德说。

Despite his pleas, and those of bystanders, Chauvin kept his knee on Floyd’s neck for nine minutes.

尽管肖万和旁观者纷纷恳求，他还是用膝盖抵在弗洛伊德的脖子上长达九分钟。

Floyd’s body had long gone limp.

弗洛伊德的身体早已瘫软。

The horrific footage shocked much of the country.

这段可怕的镜头震惊了全国大部分地区。

Despite state and local lockdowns to slow the spread of Covid-19, spontaneous demonstrations broke out across the country.

尽管各州和地方采取封锁措施以减缓Covid-19的传播，全国各地还是爆发了自发示威活动。

Protests erupted not only in major cities but in small towns and rural communities.

抗议活动不仅在大城市爆发，也在小城镇和农村社区爆发。

The demonstrations dwarfed, in raw numbers, any comparable protest in American history.

从原始数量来看，这次示威活动使美国历史上任何类似的抗议活动都相形见绌。

Taken together, as many as 25-million Americans may have participated in racial justice demonstrations that summer.

加起来，那个夏天可能有多达 2500 万美国人参加了种族正义示威活动。

51 And yet, despite the marches, no great national policy changes quickly followed.

51 然而，尽管发生了游行，但国家政策并没有很快发生重大变化。

The “system” resisted calls to address “systemic racism.” Localities made efforts, of course.

该“体系”拒绝了解决“系统性种族主义”的呼吁。当然，各地也做出了努力。

Criminal justice reformers won elections as district attorneys.

刑事司法改革者赢得了地区检察官选举。

Police departments mandated their officers carry body cameras.

警察部门要求他们的警员携带随身摄像机。

As cries of “defund the police” sounded among left-wing Americans, some cities experimented with alternative emergency services that emphasized mediation and mental health.

随着“撤资警察”的呼声在美国左翼中响起，一些城市尝试了强调调解和心理健康的替代紧急服务。

Meanwhile, at a symbolic level, Democratic-leaning towns and cities in the South pulled down their Confederate iconography.

与此同时，在象征层面上，南方倾向民主党的城镇拆除了南方邦联的肖像。

But the intractable racial injustices embedded deeply within American life had not been uprooted and racial disparities in wealth, education, health, and other measures persevered, as they already had, in the United States, for hundreds of years.

但根深蒂固地根植于美国人生活中的棘手的种族不公正现象并没有被根除，财富、教育、健康和其他措施方面的种族差异仍然持续存在，就像在美国已经存在了数百年一样。

As the Black Lives Matter movement captured national attention, another social media phenomenon, the #MeToo movement, began as the magnification of and outrage toward the past sexual crimes of notable male celebrities before injecting a greater intolerance toward those accused of sexual harassment and violence into much of the rest of American society.

随着“黑人的命也是命”运动引起全国关注，另一种社交媒体现象“#MeToo”运动开始于对著名男性名人过去性犯罪的放大和愤怒，然后给美国社会的其他大部分人注入了对那些被指控性骚扰和暴力的人更大的不容忍。

The sudden zero tolerance reflected the new political energies of many American women, sparked in large part by the candidacy and presidency of Donald Trump.

突然的零容忍反映了许多美国女性的新政治活力，这在很大程度上是由唐纳德·特朗普的候选资格和总统任期引发的。

The day after Trump’s inauguration, between five hundred thousand and one million people descended on Washington, D.C., for the Women’s March, and millions more demonstrated in cities and towns around the country to show a broadly defined commitment toward the rights of women and others in the face of the Trump presidency.

特朗普就职后的第二天，有五十万到一百万人聚集在华盛顿特区参加妇女大游行，还有数百万人在全国各地的城镇示威，以表达在特朗普总统任期内对妇女和其他人权利的广泛承诺。

And with three appointments to the Supreme Court, Donald Trump’s legacy persisted past his presidency.

唐纳德·特朗普任命了三名最高法院法官，他的遗产在他的总统任期结束后仍然存在。

On June 24, 2022, the new conservative majority decided Dobbs v.

2022 年 6 月 24 日，新保守派多数派就多布斯诉.

Jackson , overturning Roe v.

杰克逊推翻罗伊诉。

Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v.

韦德 (1973) 和计划生育协会诉。

Casey (1992), cases that established a constitutional right to abortion.

Casey (1992)，确立宪法堕胎权的案例。

Meanwhile, other avenues of sexual politics opened across the country.

与此同时，性政治的其他途径在全国范围内开放。

By the 2020s, the broader American culture increasingly featured transgender individuals in media and many Americans began making their preferred pronouns explicit–as well as deploying “they” as a gender-neutral pronoun–to undermine fixed notions of gender.

到了 2020 年代，更广泛的美国文化越来越多地在媒体中出现跨性别者，许多美国人开始明确他们喜欢的代词，并将“他们”用作中性代词，以破坏固定的性别观念。

Many conservatives, however, fought back.

然而，许多保守派人士进行了反击。

State legislators around the country sponsored “bathroom bills” to keep transgender individuals out of the bathroom of their identified gender, alleging that they posed a violent sexual risk.

全国各地的州立法者发起了“厕所法案”，以阻止跨性别者进入他们所确定的性别的浴室，声称他们构成了暴力性风险。

In Texas, Attorney General Ken Paxton declared pediatric gender-affirming care to be child abuse.

在德克萨斯州，总检察长肯·帕克斯顿宣布儿科性别肯定护理属于虐待儿童。

As issues of race and gender captured much public discussion, immigration continued on as a potent political issue.

由于种族和性别问题引起了公众的广泛讨论，移民仍然是一个重要的政治问题。

Even as anti-immigrant initiatives like California’s Proposition 187 (1994) and Arizona’s SB1070 (2010) reflected the anxieties of many white Americans, younger Americans proved far more comfortable with immigration and diversity (which makes sense, given that they are the most diverse American generation in living memory).

尽管加利福尼亚州的第 187 号提案（1994 年）和亚利桑那州的 SB1070（2010 年）等反移民举措反映了许多美国白人的焦虑，但事实证明，年轻的美国人对移民和多样性更加满意（这是有道理的，因为他们是人们记忆中最多样化的美国一代）。

Since Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society liberalized immigration laws in the 1960s, the demographics of the United States have been transformed.

自 20 世纪 60 年代林登·约翰逊 (Lyndon Johnson) 的“伟大社会”(Great Society) 放宽移民法以来，美国的人口结构发生了变化。

In 2012, nearly one quarter of all Americans were immigrants or the sons and daughters of immigrants.

2012年，近四分之一的美国人是移民或移民的子女。

Half came from Latin America.

一半来自拉丁美洲。

The ongoing Hispanicization of the United States and the ever-shrinking proportion of non-Hispanic whites have been the most talked about trends among demographic observers.

美国持续的西班牙裔化和非西班牙裔白人比例的不断缩小一直是人口观察人士最常谈论的趋势。

By 2013, 17 percent of the nation was Hispanic.

到 2013 年，西班牙裔人口占全国人口的 17%。

In 2014, Latinos surpassed non-Latino whites to become the largest ethnic group in California.

2014年，拉丁裔超过非拉丁裔白人，成为加州最大的族裔群体。

In Texas, the image of a white cowboy hardly captures the demographics of a minority-majority state in which Hispanic Texans will soon become the largest ethnic group.

在德克萨斯州，白人牛仔的形象很难反映这个少数族裔占多数的州的人口统计数据，而西班牙裔德克萨斯人很快将成为该州最大的族裔群体。

For the nearly 1.5 million people of Texas’s Rio Grande Valley, for instance, where most residents speak Spanish at home, a full three fourths of the population is bilingual.

例如，德克萨斯州里奥格兰德河谷有近 150 万人口，大多数居民在家说西班牙语，而其中四分之三的人口会说双语。

52 Political commentators often wonder what political transformations these populations will bring about when they come of age and begin voting in larger numbers.

52 政治评论家常常想知道，当这些人成年并开始大量投票时，他们会带来什么样的政治变革。

The collapse of the Soviet Union brought neither global peace nor stability, and the attacks of September 11, 2001, plunged the United States into interminable conflicts around the world.

苏联的解体既没有给全球带来和平也没有带来稳定，而2001年9月11日的袭击则让美国在世界各地陷入了无休无止的冲突。

At home, economic recession, a slow recovery, stagnant wage growth, and general pessimism infected American life as contentious politics and cultural divisions poisoned social harmony, leading directly to the January 6, 2021 attack on the U.S. Capitol.

在国内，经济衰退、复苏缓慢、工资增长停滞和普遍悲观情绪影响了美国人的生活，有争议的政治和文化分歧毒害了社会和谐，直接导致了 2021 年 1 月 6 日美国国会大厦遇袭事件。

And yet the stream of history changes its course.

然而历史的潮流却改变了方向。

Trends shift, things change, and events turn.

趋势在变化，事物在变化，事件也在转变。

New generations bring with them new perspectives, and they share new ideas.

新一代带来新观点，分享新想法。

Our world is not foreordained.

我们的世界不是注定的。

It is the product of history, the ever-evolving culmination of a longer and broader story, of a larger history, of a raw, distinctive, American Yawp.

它是历史的产物，是一个更长、更广泛的故事、一个更广阔的历史、一个原始的、独特的美国咆哮的不断发展的顶峰。

1.

1.

Bill Clinton on Free Trade and Financial Deregulation (1993-2000)

比尔·克林顿论自由贸易和金融放松管制（1993-2000）

During his time in office, Bill Clinton passed the North American Free Trade Act (NAFTA) in 1993, allowing for the free movement of goods between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, signed legislation repealing the Glass-Steagall Act, a major plank of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal banking regulation, and deregulated the trading of derivatives, including credit default swaps, a complicated financial instrument that would play a key role in the 2007-2008 economic crash.

比尔·克林顿在任期间于 1993 年通过了《北美自由贸易法案》(NAFTA)，允许货物在墨西哥、美国和加拿大之间自由流动，签署了废除《格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法案》（富兰克林·罗斯福新政银行业监管的主要内容）的立法，并放松了对衍生品交易的管制，其中包括信用违约掉期，这是一种复杂的金融工具，在 2007 年至 2008 年的经济崩溃中发挥了关键作用。

In the following signing statements, Clinton offers his support of free trade and deregulation.

在随后的签署声明中，克林顿表达了对自由贸易和放松管制的支持。

2.

2.

9/11 Commission Report, “Reflecting On A Generational Challenge” (2004)

9/11 委员会报告，“反思一代人的挑战”（2004 年）

On July 22, 2004, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States—or, the 9/11 Commission—delivered a 500-plus-page report that investigated the origins of the 9/11 attacks and America’s response and offered policy prescriptions for a post-9/11 world.

2004 年 7 月 22 日，美国国家恐怖袭击委员会（即 9/11 委员会）提交了一份 500 多页的报告，调查了 9/11 袭击的起源和美国的反应，并为 9/11 后的世界提供了政策处方。

In his 2002 State of the Union Address, George W.

乔治·W·布什 (George W.

Bush proclaimed that the attacks of September 11 signaled a new, dangerous world that demanded American interventions.

布什宣称，9 月 11 日的袭击标志着一个新的、危险的世界，需要美国进行干预。

Bush identified an “Axis of Evil” and provided a justification for a broad “war on terror.”

布什确定了“邪恶轴心”，并为广泛的“反恐战争”提供了理由。

In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v.

2015年，最高法院对奥伯格费尔诉.

Hodges that prohibitions against same-sex marriage were unconstitutional.

霍奇斯认为，禁止同性婚姻是违宪的。

Gay marriage had been a divisive issue in American politics for well over a decade.

十多年来，同性婚姻一直是美国政治中的一个分裂问题。

Many states passed referendums and constitutional amendments barring same-sex marriages and, in 1996, Bill Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act, defining marriage at the federal level as between a man and a woman.

许多州通过了公投和宪法修正案，禁止同性婚姻，1996 年，比尔·克林顿签署了《婚姻保护法》，将联邦层面的婚姻定义为一男一女之间。

In 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Court struck down Massachusetts’ state’s prohibition, making it the first state to legally marry same-sex couples.

2003年，马萨诸塞州最高法院推翻了马萨诸塞州的禁令，使其成为第一个同性伴侣合法结婚的州。

More followed and public opinion began to turn.

更多的事情随之而来，公众舆论开始转变。

Although President Obama still refused to support it, by 2011 a majority of Americans believed same-sex marriages should be legally recognized.

尽管奥巴马总统仍然拒绝支持，但到 2011 年，大多数美国人认为同性婚姻应该得到法律承认。

Four years later, the Supreme Court issued its Obergefell decision.

四年后，最高法院发布了奥伯格费尔判决。

The majority opinion, written by Justice Anthony Kennedy, considered the relationship between history and shifting notions of liberty and injustice.

由大法官安东尼·肯尼迪撰写的多数意见考虑了历史与不断变化的自由和不公正观念之间的关系。

Pedro Lopez immigrated to Postville, Iowa, with his family as a young child.

佩德罗·洛佩兹小时候与家人一起移民到爱荷华州波斯特维尔。

On May 12, 2008, Pedro Lopez’s mother, an undocumented immigrant from Mexico, was arrested, jailed, and deported to Mexico.

2008年5月12日，佩德罗·洛佩兹的母亲，一名来自墨西哥的无证移民，被捕、入狱并被驱逐到墨西哥。

Pedro was 13.

佩德罗当时13岁。

Here, he describes the experience.

在这里，他描述了这段经历。

Chelsea Manning, a U.S. Army intelligence analyst, was convicted in 2013 for violating the Espionage Act by leaking classified documents revealing the killing of civilians, the torture of prisoners, and other nefarious actions committed by the United States in the War on Terror.

美国陆军情报分析员切尔西·曼宁 (Chelsea Manning) 于 2013 年因违反《间谍法》而被定罪，因为他泄露了揭露美国在反恐战争中杀害平民、折磨囚犯以及其他邪恶行为的机密文件。

After being sentenced to thirty-five years in federal prison, she delivered a statement, through her attorney, explaining her actions and requesting a pardon from President Barack Obama.

在被判处在联邦监狱服刑三十五年后，她通过律师发表了一份声明，解释了她的行为并请求巴拉克·奥巴马总统赦免。

Manning’s sentence was commuted in 2017.

曼宁的刑期于2017年获得减刑。

On January 18, 2015, Stanford University student Brock Turner sexually assaulted an unconscious woman outside of a university fraternity house.

2015 年 1 月 18 日，斯坦福大学学生布洛克·特纳 (Brock Turner) 在大学兄弟会会所外对一名昏迷不醒的妇女进行性侵犯。

At his sentencing on June 2, 2016, his unnamed victim (“Emily Doe”) read a 7,000-word victim impact statement describing the effect of the assault on her life.

在 2016 年 6 月 2 日宣判时，他的未透露姓名的受害者（“Emily Doe”）宣读了一份 7,000 字的受害者影响声明，描述了这次袭击对她生活的影响。

[Note: Chanel Miller identified herself publicly as Emily Doe in September 2019.]

[注：香奈儿·米勒 (Chanel Miller) 于 2019 年 9 月公开称自己为艾米丽·多伊 (Emily Doe)。]

A worker stands in front of rubble from the World Trade Center at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan several weeks after the September 11 attacks.

9 月 11 日袭击发生几周后，一名工人站在曼哈顿下城归零地世贸中心的废墟前。

In 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American elected to the presidency.

2008年，巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)成为第一位当选总统的非裔美国人。

In this official White House photo from May, 2009, 5-year-old Jacob Philadelphia said, “I want to know if my hair is just like yours.”

在这张 2009 年 5 月的白宫官方照片中，5 岁的雅各布·费城说道：“我想知道我的头发是不是和你的一样。”

This chapter was edited by Michael Hammond, with content contributions by Eladio Bobadilla, Andrew Chadwick, Zach Fredman, Leif Fredrickson, Michael Hammond, Richara Hayward, Joseph Locke, Mark Kukis, Shaul Mitelpunkt, Michelle Reeves, Elizabeth Skilton, Bill Speer, and Ben Wright.

本章由 Michael Hammond 编辑，内容由 Eladio Bobadilla、Andrew Chadwick、Zach Fredman、Leif Fredrickson、Michael Hammond、Richara Hayward、Joseph Locke、Mark Kukis、Shaul Mitelpunkt、Michelle Reeves、Elizabeth Skilton、Bill Speer 和 Ben Wright 贡献。

Recommended citation: Eladio Bobadilla et al., “The Recent Past,” Michael Hammond, ed., in The American Yawp , eds.

推荐引用：Eladio Bobadilla 等人，“最近的过去”，Michael Hammond 编辑，载于 The American Yawp 编辑。

Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018).

约瑟夫·洛克和本·赖特（加利福尼亚州斯坦福：斯坦福大学出版社，2018 年）。