The American Yawp

American soldiers recover the dead on Omaha Beach in 1944.

1944 年，美国士兵在奥马哈海滩打捞死者。

Library of Congress .

国会图书馆。

* NOTE: You are viewing a chapter from the archived, “First Edition” version of the American Yawp, which stopped receiving updates in spring 2026.

* 注意：您正在查看《American Yawp》存档的“第一版”版本中的章节，该版本已于 2026 年春季停止接收更新。

Click here to access the current, updated edition *

单击此处访问当前的更新版本*

The 1930s and 1940s were trying times.

20 世纪 30 年代和 1940 年代是艰难时期。

A global economic crisis gave way to a global war that became the deadliest and most destructive in human history.

全球经济危机演变成一场全球战争，这场战争成为人类历史上最致命、最具破坏性的战争。

Perhaps eighty million individuals lost their lives during World War II.

第二次世界大战期间约有八千万人丧生。

The war saw industrialized genocide and nearly threatened the eradication of an entire people.

战争导致了工业化的种族灭绝，几乎威胁到整个民族的灭绝。

It also unleashed the most fearsome technology ever used in war.

它还释放了战争中使用过的最可怕的技术。

And when it ended, the United States found itself alone as the world’s greatest superpower.

当它结束时，美国发现自己成为世界上最强大的超级大国。

Armed with the world’s greatest economy, it looked forward to the fruits of a prosperous consumers’ economy.

拥有世界上最强大的经济体，它期待着繁荣的消费经济的成果。

But the war raised as many questions as it would settle and unleashed new social forces at home and abroad that confronted generations of Americans to come.

但这场战争引发的问题与它将解决的问题一样多，并在国内外释放出新的社会力量，这些力量将困扰未来几代美国人。

Although the United States joined the war in 1941, two years after Europe exploded into conflict in 1939, the path to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, the surprise attack that threw the United States headlong into war, began much earlier.

尽管美国于 1941 年参战，即 1939 年欧洲爆发冲突两年后，但日本轰炸珍珠港这一将美国推入战争的突然袭击的道路却要早得多。

For the Empire of Japan, the war had begun a decade before Pearl Harbor.

对于日本帝国来说，战争在珍珠港事件发生前十年就开始了。

On September 18, 1931, a small explosion tore up railroad tracks controlled by the Japanese-owned South Manchuria Railway near the city of Shenyang (Mukden) in the Chinese province of Manchuria.

1931 年 9 月 18 日，中国满洲省沉阳市（奉天）附近发生小规模爆炸，炸毁了日本南满铁路控制的铁轨。

The railway company condemned the bombing as the work of anti-Japanese Chinese dissidents.

铁路公司谴责爆炸事件是中国反日异见人士所为。

Evidence, though, suggests that the initial explosion was neither an act of Chinese anti-Japanese sentiment nor an accident but an elaborate ruse planned by the Japanese to provide a basis for invasion.

不过，有证据表明，最初的爆炸既不是中国人的反日情绪，也不是意外事件，而是日本人精心策划的诡计，为入侵提供依据。

In response, the privately operated Japanese Guandong (Kwangtung) army began shelling the Shenyang garrison the next day, and the garrison fell before nightfall.

作为回应，日本私营关东军于第二天开始炮击沉阳守军，守军在夜幕降临前被陷落。

Hungry for Chinese territory and witnessing the weakness and disorganization of Chinese forces, but under the pretense of protecting Japanese citizens and investments, the Japanese Imperial Army ordered a full-scale invasion of Manchuria.

日本皇军觊觎中国领土，目睹中国军队的软弱和瓦解，却以保护日本公民和投资为借口，下令全面入侵满洲。

The invasion was swift.

入侵速度很快。

Without a centralized Chinese army, the Japanese quickly defeated isolated Chinese warlords and by the end of February 1932, all of Manchuria was firmly under Japanese control.

由于没有集中的中国军队，日本人很快击败了孤立的中国军阀，到 1932 年 2 月底，整个满洲都牢牢地处于日本的控制之下。

Japan established the nation of Manchukuo out of the former province of Manchuria.

日本在前满洲省的基础上建立了满洲国。

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This seemingly small skirmish—known by the Chinese as the September 18 Incident and the Japanese as the Manchurian Incident—sparked a war that would last thirteen years and claim the lives of over thirty-five million people.

这场看似很小的冲突——中国人称之为“9月18日事变”，日本人称之为“满洲事变”——引发了一场持续十三年的战争，夺走了超过三千五百万人的生命。

Comprehending Japanese motivations for attacking China and the grueling stalemate of the ensuing war are crucial for understanding Japan’s seemingly unprovoked attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, and, therefore, for understanding the involvement of the United States in World War II as well.

理解日本攻击中国的动机以及随后战争的残酷僵局对于理解日本 1941 年 12 月 7 日看似无缘无故地袭击夏威夷珍珠港至关重要，因此也对于理解美国卷入第二次世界大战至关重要。

Despite their rapid advance into Manchuria, the Japanese put off the invasion of China for nearly three years.

尽管日本人迅速挺进满洲，但他们还是推迟了近三年才入侵中国。

Japan occupied a precarious domestic and international position after the September 18 Incident.

9月18日事变后，日本在国内外的地位岌岌可危。

At home, Japan was riven by political factionalism due to its stagnating economy.

在国内，日本因经济停滞而陷入政治派系分裂。

Leaders were torn as to whether to address modernization and lack of natural resources through unilateral expansion (the conquest of resource-rich areas such as Manchuria to export raw materials to domestic Japanese industrial bases such as Hiroshima and Nagasaki) or international cooperation (a philosophy of pan-Asianism in an anti-Western coalition that would push the colonial powers out of Asia).

领导人对于是否通过单方面扩张（征服满洲等资源丰富地区，向广岛和长崎等日本国内工业基地出口原材料）或国际合作（反西方联盟中的泛亚洲主义哲学，将殖民列强赶出亚洲）来解决现代化和自然资源匮乏的问题，陷入了困境。

Ultimately, after a series of political crises and assassinations inflamed tensions, pro-war elements within the Japanese military triumphed over the more moderate civilian government.

最终，在一系列政治危机和暗杀加剧紧张局势之后，日本军方内部的亲战分子战胜了更为温和的文职政府。

Japan committed itself to aggressive military expansion.

日本致力于侵略性的军事扩张。

Chinese leaders Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang appealed to the League of Nations for assistance against Japan.

中国领导人蒋介石和张学良呼吁国际联盟援助抗日。

The United States supported the Chinese protest, proclaiming the Stimson Doctrine in January 1932, which refused to recognize any state established as a result of Japanese aggression.

美国支持中国的抗议，于 1932 年 1 月宣布史汀生主义，拒绝承认任何因日本侵略而建立的国家。

Meanwhile, the League of Nations sent Englishman Victor Bulwer-Lytton to investigate the September 18 Incident.

与此同时，国际联盟派出英国人维克多·布尔沃-利顿(Victor Bulwer-Lytton)调查9月18日事件。

After a six-month investigation, Bulwer-Lytton found the Japanese guilty of inciting the September 18 incident and demanded the return of Manchuria to China.

经过六个月的调查，布尔沃·利顿认定日本人煽动9月18日事件，并要求将满洲归还中国。

The Japanese withdrew from the League of Nations in March 1933.

1933 年 3 月，日本退出国际联盟。

Japan isolated itself from the world.

日本将自己与世界隔绝。

Its diplomatic isolation empowered radical military leaders who could point to Japanese military success in Manchuria and compare it to the diplomatic failures of the civilian government.

它的外交孤立赋予了激进的军事领导人权力，他们可以指出日本在满洲的军事成功，并将其与文官政府的外交失败进行比较。

The military took over Japanese policy.

军方接管了日本的政策。

And in the military’s eyes, the conquest of China would not only provide for Japan’s industrial needs, it would secure Japanese supremacy in East Asia.

在军方看来，征服中国不仅能满足日本的工业需求，还能确保日本在东亚的霸主地位。

The Japanese launched a full-scale invasion of China.

日本发动了对中国的全面侵略。

It assaulted the Marco Polo Bridge on July 7, 1937, and routed the forces of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army led by Chiang Kai-shek.

1937年7月7日，它袭击了卢沟桥，击溃了蒋介石领导的中国国民革命军。

The broken Chinese army gave up Beiping (Beijing) to the Japanese on August 8, Shanghai on November 26, and the capital, Nanjing (Nanking), on December 13.

溃败的中国军队于8月8日将北平拱手让给日军，11月26日将上海拱手让给日军，12月13日将首都南京拱手让给日本人。

Between 250,000 and 300,000 people were killed, and tens of thousands of women were raped, when the Japanese besieged and then sacked Nanjing.

当日本人围攻并洗劫南京时，有 25 万至 30 万人被杀，数万名妇女被强奸。

The Western press labeled it the Rape of Nanjing.

西方媒体将其称为“南京大屠杀”。

To halt the invading enemy, Chiang Kai-shek adopted a scorched-earth strategy of “trading space for time.” His Nationalist government retreated inland, burning villages and destroying dams, and established a new capital at the Yangtze River port of Chongqing (Chungking).

为了阻止敌人的入侵，蒋介石采取了“以空间换时间”的焦土策略。他的国民政府撤退到内陆，烧毁村庄，摧毁水坝，并在长江口岸重庆建立新都。

Although the Nationalists’ scorched-earth policy hurt the Japanese military effort, it alienated scores of dislocated Chinese civilians and became a potent propaganda tool of the emerging Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

尽管国民党的焦土政策损害了日本的军事行动，但它疏远了大批流离失所的中国平民，并成为新兴的中国共产党的有力宣传工具。

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Americans read about the brutal fighting in China, but the United States lacked both the will and the military power to oppose the Japanese invasion.

美国人读到了中国的残酷战斗，但美国缺乏反对日本侵略的意愿和军事力量。

After the gut-wrenching carnage of World War I, many Americans retreated toward isolationism by opposing any involvement in the conflagrations burning in Europe and Asia.

在第一次世界大战惨痛的大屠杀之后，许多美国人反对参与欧洲和亚洲的战火，转向孤立主义。

And even if Americans wished to intervene, their military was lacking.

即使美国人希望干预，他们的军队也缺乏。

The Japanese army was a technologically advanced force consisting of 4,100,000 men and 900,000 Chinese collaborators—and that was in China alone.

日本军队是一支技术先进的军队，由 410 万人和 90 万名中国合作者组成——而且仅在中国。

The Japanese military was armed with modern rifles, artillery, armor, and aircraft.

日本军队装备有现代化的步枪、火炮、装甲和飞机。

By 1940, the Japanese navy was the third-largest and among the most technologically advanced in the world.

到 1940 年，日本海军已成为世界第三大海军，也是技术最先进的海军之一。

Still, Chinese Nationalists lobbied Washington for aid.

尽管如此，中国国民党仍游说华盛顿寻求援助。

Chiang Kai-shek’s wife, Soong May-ling—known to the American public as Madame Chiang—led the effort.

蒋介石的妻子宋美龄（美国公众称为蒋夫人）领导了这一努力。

Born into a wealthy Chinese merchant family in 1898, Madame Chiang spent much of her childhood in the United States and graduated from Wellesley College in 1917 with a major in English literature.

蒋夫人1898年出生于一个富裕的中国商人家庭，童年大部分时间在美国度过，1917年毕业于韦尔斯利学院，主修英国文学。

In contrast to her gruff husband, Madame Chiang was charming and able to use her knowledge of American culture and values to garner support for her husband and his government.

与她粗暴的丈夫相反，蒋夫人很有魅力，能够利用她对美国文化和价值观的了解来赢得对她丈夫和政府的支持。

But while the United States denounced Japanese aggression, it took no action during the 1930s.

尽管美国谴责日本的侵略，但在 20 世纪 30 年代却没有采取任何行动。

As Chinese Nationalists fought for survival, the Communist Party was busy collecting people and supplies in the northwestern Shaanxi Province.

当中国国民党为生存而战时，共产党正忙于在西北陕西省招募人员和物资。

China had been at war with itself when the Japanese came.

日本人到来时，中国正处于内战之中。

Nationalists battled a stubborn communist insurgency.

民族主义者与顽固的共产主义叛乱作斗争。

In 1935 the Nationalists threw the communists out of the fertile Chinese coast, but an ambitious young commander named Mao Zedong recognized the power of the Chinese peasant population.

1935年，国民党将共产党赶出了肥沃的中国海岸，但一位名叫毛泽东的雄心勃勃的年轻指挥官认识到了中国农民的力量。

In Shaanxi, Mao recruited from the local peasantry, building his force from a meager seven thousand survivors at the end of the Long March in 1935 to a robust 1.2 million members by the end of the war.

在陕西，毛泽东从当地农民中招募士兵，将他的军队从 1935 年长征结束时仅有的 7000 名幸存者发展到战争结束时的 120 万人。

Although Japan had conquered much of the country, the Nationalists regrouped and the communists rearmed.

尽管日本占领了该国的大部分地区，但国民党重新集结，共产党重新武装起来。

An uneasy truce paused the country’s civil war and refocused efforts on the invaders.

不稳定的休战协议暂停了该国的内战，并重新集中精力对付入侵者。

The Chinese could not dislodge the Japanese, but they could stall their advance.

中国人无法驱逐日本人，但他们可以阻止他们的前进。

The war mired in stalemate.

战争陷入胶着状态。

Across the globe in Europe, the continent’s major powers were still struggling with the aftereffects of World War I when the global economic crisis spiraled much of the continent into chaos.

在全球范围内的欧洲，当全球经济危机使欧洲大陆大部分地区陷入混乱时，欧洲大陆的主要大国仍在与第一次世界大战的后果作斗争。

Germany’s Weimar Republic collapsed with the economy, and out of the ashes emerged Adolf Hitler’s National Socialists—the Nazis.

德国魏玛共和国随着经济的崩溃而崩溃，阿道夫·希特勒的国家社会主义者——纳粹从废墟中诞生了。

Championing German racial supremacy, fascist government, and military expansionism, Hitler rose to power and, after aborted attempts to take power in Germany, became chancellor in 1933 and the Nazis conquered German institutions.

希特勒拥护德国种族至上、法西斯政府和军事扩张主义，上台后，在德国掌权的尝试失败后，于 1933 年成为德国总理，纳粹征服了德国机构。

Democratic traditions were smashed.

民主传统被打破了。

Leftist groups were purged.

左翼团体遭到清洗。

Hitler repudiated the punitive damages and strict military limitations of the Treaty of Versailles.

希特勒否认《凡尔赛条约》中的惩罚性赔偿和严格的军事限制。

He rebuilt the German military and navy.

他重建了德国陆军和海军。

He reoccupied regions lost during the war and remilitarized the Rhineland, along the border with France.

他重新占领了战争期间失去的地区，并使与法国接壤的莱茵兰地区重新军事化。

When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, Hitler and Benito Mussolini—the fascist Italian leader who had risen to power in the 1920s—intervened for the Spanish fascists, toppling the communist Spanish Republican Party.

1936年西班牙内战爆发，希特勒和1920年代上台的意大利法西斯领导人贝尼托·墨索里尼为西班牙法西斯进行干预，推翻了共产主义的西班牙共和党。

Britain and France stood by warily and began to rebuild their militaries, anxious in the face of a renewed Germany but still unwilling to draw Europe into another bloody war.

英国和法国警惕地袖手旁观，开始重建军队，他们对复兴的德国感到焦虑，但仍然不愿将欧洲拖入另一场血腥战争。

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In his autobiographical manifesto, Mein Kampf , Hitler advocated for the unification of Europe’s German peoples under one nation and that nation’s need for Lebensraum , or living space, particularly in Eastern Europe, to supply Germans with the land and resources needed for future prosperity.

希特勒在他的自传宣言《我的奋斗》中主张将欧洲的德意志人民统一到一个国家之下，并且该国家需要“生存空间”（Lebensraum）或生存空间，特别是在东欧，以便为德国人提供未来繁荣所需的土地和资源。

The Untermenschen (lesser humans) would have to go.

Untermenschen（低等人类）必须离开。

Once in power, Hitler worked toward the twin goals of unification and expansion.

希特勒掌权后，致力于实现统一和扩张的双重目标。

The massive Nuremberg rallies, such as this one in 1935, instilled a fierce loyalty to (or fearful silence about) Hitler and the National Socialist Party in Germany.

大规模的纽伦堡集会，例如 1935 年的这次集会，向希特勒和德国国家社会党灌输了强烈的忠诚（或令人恐惧的沉默）。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

In 1938, Germany annexed Austria and set its sights on the Sudetenland, a large, ethnically German area of Czechoslovakia.

1938年，德国吞并奥地利，并将目光投向苏台德地区，这是捷克斯洛伐克的一大片德裔聚居区。

Britain and France, alarmed but still anxious to avoid war, agreed—without Czechoslovakia’s input—that Germany could annex the region in return for a promise to stop all future German aggression.

英国和法国虽然感到震惊，但仍然渴望避免战争，在没有捷克斯洛伐克参与的情况下，同意德国可以吞并该地区，以换取停止德国未来所有侵略的承诺。

They thought that Hitler could be appeased, but it became clear that his ambitions would continue pushing German expansion.

他们认为希特勒可以得到安抚，但很明显，他的野心将继续推动德国的扩张。

In March 1939, Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia and began to make demands on Poland.

1939年3月，希特勒占领了捷克斯洛伐克的其余地区，并开始向波兰提出要求。

Britain and France promised war.

英国和法国承诺开战。

And war came.

战争来了。

Hitler signed a secret agreement—the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact—with the Soviet Union that coordinated the splitting of Poland between the two powers and promised nonaggression thereafter.

希特勒与苏联签署了一项秘密协议——《莫洛托夫-里宾特洛甫条约》，协调两国分裂波兰的事宜，并承诺此后互不侵犯。

The European war began when the German Wehrmacht invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.

1939 年 9 月 1 日，德国国防军入侵波兰，欧洲战争开始。

Britain and France declared war two days later and mobilized their armies.

两天后，英国和法国宣战并动员军队。

Britain and France hoped that the Poles could hold out for three to four months, enough time for the Allies to intervene.

英国和法国希望波兰人能够坚持三到四个月，以便盟军有足够的时间进行干预。

Poland fell in three weeks.

波兰在三周内沦陷。

The German army, anxious to avoid the rigid, grinding war of attrition that took so many millions in the stalemate of World War I, built their new modern army for speed and maneuverability.

德国军队急于避免在第一次世界大战的僵局中陷入僵化、残酷的消耗战，因此建立了新的现代化军队，以提高速度和机动性。

German doctrine emphasized the use of tanks, planes, and motorized infantry (infantry that used trucks for transportation instead of marching) to concentrate forces, smash front lines, and wreak havoc behind the enemy’s defenses.

德国的条令强调使用坦克、飞机和摩托化步兵（使用卡车运输而不是行军的步兵）来集中兵力，粉碎前线，并对敌人的防御造成严重破坏。

It was called Blitzkrieg , or lightning war.

这被称为闪电战，或闪电战。

After the fall of Poland, France and its British allies braced for an inevitable German attack.

波兰沦陷后，法国及其英国盟友做好了应对德国不可避免的进攻的准备。

Throughout the winter of 1939–1940, however, fighting was mostly confined to smaller fronts in Norway.

然而，从 1939 年到 1940 年整个冬天，战斗大多局限于挪威的较小战线。

Belligerents called it the Sitzkrieg (sitting war).

交战方称其为静坐战（Sitzkrieg）。

But in May 1940, Hitler launched his attack into Western Europe.

但1940年5月，希特勒向西欧发起进攻。

Mirroring the German’s Schlieffen Plan of 1914 in the previous war, Germany attacked through the Netherlands and Belgium to avoid the prepared French defenses along the French-German border.

德国在上一场战争中效仿了1914年的施利芬计划，通过荷兰和比利时发起进攻，以避开法国在法德边境沿线准备好的防御工事。

Poland had fallen in three weeks; France lasted only a few weeks more.

波兰在三周内就沦陷了；法国只持续了几周。

By June, Hitler was posing for photographs in front of the Eiffel Tower.

六月，希特勒在埃菲尔铁塔前摆好姿势拍照。

Germany split France in half.

德国将法国一分为二。

Germany occupied and governed the north, and the south would be ruled under a puppet government in Vichy.

德国占领并统治了北部，而南部将由维希傀儡政府统治。

With France under heel, Hitler turned to Britain.

随着法国的步步紧逼，希特勒转向了英国。

Operation Sea Lion—the planned German invasion of the British Isles—required air superiority over the English Channel.

海狮行动——德国计划入侵不列颠群岛——需要英吉利海峡上空的空中优势。

From June until October the German Luftwaffe fought the Royal Air Force (RAF) for control of the skies.

从 6 月到 10 月，德国空军与英国皇家空军 (RAF) 争夺制空权。

Despite having fewer planes, British pilots won the so-called Battle of Britain, saving the islands from immediate invasion and prompting the new prime minister, Winston Churchill, to declare, “Never before in the field of human conflict has so much been owed by so many to so few.”

尽管飞机数量较少，英国飞行员还是赢得了所谓的不列颠之战，使这些岛屿免遭立即入侵，并促使新首相温斯顿·丘吉尔宣称：“在人类冲突领域，从来没有这么多人对这么少人负有如此多的责任。”

The German bombing of London left thousands homeless, hurt, or dead.

德国对伦敦的轰炸导致数千人无家可归、受伤或死亡。

This child, holding a stuffed toy, sits in the rubble as adults ponder their fate in the background.

这个孩子拿着一个毛绒玩具，坐在废墟中，而大人们则在背景中思考他们的命运。

1945.

1945年。

Library of Congress .

国会图书馆。

If Britain was safe from invasion, it was not immune from additional air attacks.

如果英国能够免受入侵，它也无法免受更多的空袭。

Stymied in the Battle of Britain, Hitler began the Blitz—a bombing campaign against cities and civilians.

在不列颠之战受阻后，希特勒开始了闪电战——针对城市和平民的轰炸行动。

Hoping to crush the British will to fight, the Luftwaffe bombed the cities of London, Liverpool, and Manchester every night from September to the following May.

为了粉碎英国人的战斗意志，德国空军从 9 月到次年 5 月每晚轰炸伦敦、利物浦和曼彻斯特等城市。

Children were sent far into the countryside to live with strangers to shield them from the bombings.

孩子们被送到遥远的乡村与陌生人住在一起，以保护他们免受爆炸袭击。

Remaining residents took refuge in shelters and subway tunnels, emerging each morning to put out fires and bury the dead.

剩下的居民躲在避难所和地铁隧道里，每天早上都出来灭火并埋葬死者。

The Blitz ended in June 1941, when Hitler, confident that Britain was temporarily out of the fight, launched Operation Barbarossa—the invasion of the Soviet Union.

闪电战于 1941 年 6 月结束，希特勒确信英国暂时退出战斗，发起了巴巴罗萨行动——入侵苏联。

Hoping to capture agricultural lands, seize oil fields, and break the military threat of Stalin’s Soviet Union, Hitler broke the two powers’ 1939 nonaggression pact and, on June 22, invaded the Soviet Union.

为了夺取农田、夺取油田并打破斯大林领导下的苏联的军事威胁，希特勒违反了两国 1939 年签订的互不侵犯条约，并于 6 月 22 日入侵苏联。

It was the largest land invasion in history.

这是历史上最大规模的陆地入侵。

France and Poland had fallen in weeks, and German officials hoped to break Russia before the winter.

法国和波兰在几周内就陷落了，德国官员希望在冬天之前击败俄罗斯。

And initially, the Blitzkrieg worked.

最初，闪电战奏效了。

The German military quickly conquered enormous swaths of land and netted hundreds of thousands of prisoners.

德国军队迅速占领了大片土地并俘虏了数十万囚犯。

But Russia was too big and the Soviets were willing to sacrifice millions to stop the fascist advance.

但俄罗斯太大了，苏联愿意牺牲数百万人来阻止法西斯的前进。

After recovering from the initial shock of the German invasion, Stalin moved his factories east of the Urals, out of range of the Luftwaffe.

从德国入侵的最初震惊中恢复过来后，斯大林将他的工厂迁至乌拉尔山脉以东，远离德国空军的射程。

He ordered his retreating army to adopt a “scorched earth” policy, to move east and destroy food, rails, and shelters to stymie the advancing German army.

他命令撤退的军队采取“焦土”政策，向东推进，摧毁粮食、铁轨和避难所，以阻碍德军的前进。

The German army slogged forward.

德军艰难前行。

It split into three pieces and stood at the gates of Moscow, Stalingrad, and Leningrad, but supply lines now stretched thousands of miles, Soviet infrastructure had been destroyed, partisans harried German lines, and the brutal Russian winter arrived.

它分成三部分，矗立在莫斯科、斯大林格勒和列宁格勒的门口，但补给线现在绵延数千英里，苏联的基础设施已被摧毁，游击队骚扰德国的防线，俄罗斯的严酷冬天到来了。

Germany had won massive gains but the winter found Germany exhausted and overextended.

德国赢得了巨大的收益，但冬天却让德国精疲力尽、不堪重负。

In the north, the German army starved Leningrad to death during an interminable siege; in the south, at Stalingrad, the two armies bled themselves to death in the destroyed city; and, in the center, on the outskirts of Moscow, in sight of the capital city, the German army faltered and fell back.

在北方，德军在无休止的围困中将列宁格勒饿死。在南方的斯大林格勒，两军在被摧毁的城市中流血而死。在市中心，在莫斯科郊区，在可以看到首都的情况下，德军步履蹒跚，向后撤退。

It was the Soviet Union that broke Hitler’s army.

瓦解希特勒军队的是苏联。

Twenty-five million Soviet soldiers and civilians died during the Great Patriotic War, and roughly 80 percent of all German casualties during the war came on the Eastern Front.

卫国战争期间，有 2500 万苏联士兵和平民死亡，而战争期间德国伤亡人数的大约 80% 都发生在东线。

The German army and its various conscripts suffered 850,000 casualties at the Battle of Stalingrad alone.

仅在斯大林格勒战役中，德军及其各类义务兵就遭受了85万人的伤亡。

4

4

While Hitler marched across Europe, the Japanese continued their war in the Pacific.

当希特勒横扫欧洲时，日本人仍在太平洋继续战争。

In 1939 the United States dissolved its trade treaties with Japan and the following year cut off supplies of war materials by embargoing oil, steel, rubber, and other vital goods.

1939 年，美国解除了与日本的贸易条约，并于次年通过禁运石油、钢铁、橡胶和其他重要商品来切断战争物资的供应。

It was hoped that economic pressure would shut down the Japanese war machine.

人们希望经济压力能够关闭日本的战争机器。

Instead, Japan’s resource-starved military launched invasions across the Pacific to sustain its war effort.

相反，资源匮乏的日本军队向太平洋发起入侵，以维持其战争努力。

The Japanese called their new empire the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and, with the cry of “Asia for the Asians,” made war against European powers and independent nations throughout the region.

日本将他们的新帝国称为大东亚共荣圈，并高喊“亚洲属于亚洲人”，对整个地区的欧洲列强和独立国家发动战争。

Diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States collapsed.

日本与美国的外交关系破裂。

The United States demanded that Japan withdraw from China; Japan considered the oil embargo a de facto declaration of war.

美国要求日本从中国撤军；日本认为石油禁运是事实上的宣战。

5

5

Japanese military planners, believing that American intervention was inevitable, planned a coordinated Pacific offensive to neutralize the United States and other European powers and provide time for Japan to complete its conquests and fortify its positions.

日本军事策划者认为美国的干预是不可避免的，因此计划在太平洋发动协调一致的攻势，以压制美国和其他欧洲列强，并为日本完成征服和巩固地位提供时间。

On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

1941年12月7日上午，日本对美国夏威夷珍珠港海军基地发动突然袭击。

Japanese military planners hoped to destroy enough battleships and aircraft carriers to cripple American naval power for years.

日本军事规划者希望摧毁足够多的战列舰和航空母舰，以削弱美国海军的实力多年。

Twenty-four hundred Americans were killed in the attack.

2400 名美国人在袭击中丧生。

American isolationism fell at Pearl Harbor.

美国的孤立主义在珍珠港事件中崩溃了。

Japan also assaulted Hong Kong, the Philippines, and American holdings throughout the Pacific, but it was the attack on Hawaii that threw the United States into a global conflict.

日本还袭击了香港、菲律宾和整个太平洋地区的美国领土，但正是对夏威夷的袭击才让美国陷入了全球冲突。

Franklin Roosevelt called December 7 “a date which will live in infamy” and called for a declaration of war, which Congress answered within hours.

富兰克林·罗斯福称 12 月 7 日是“一个臭名昭著的日子”，并呼吁宣战，国会在几小时内做出了回应。

Within a week of Pearl Harbor the United States had declared war on the entire Axis, turning two previously separate conflicts into a true world war.

珍珠港事件发生一周内，美国向整个轴心国宣战，将之前两场独立的冲突变成了真正的世界大战。

This pair of U.S. military recruiting posters demonstrates the way that two branches of the military—the Marines and the Women’s Army Corps—borrowed techniques from professional advertisers to “sell” a romantic vision of war to Americans.

这两张美国军队征兵海报展示了海军陆战队和女子陆军这两个军种如何借用专业广告商的技术，向美国人“推销”浪漫的战争愿景。

One shows Marines at war in a lush jungle, reminding viewers that the war was taking place in exotic lands; the other depicted women taking on new jobs as a patriotic duty.

其中一幅展示了海军陆战队在茂密的丛林中作战，提醒观众战争发生在异国他乡；另一篇则将女性接受新工作视为一种爱国义务。

Bradshaw Crandall, Are You a Girl with a Star-Spangled Heart?

布拉德肖·克兰德尔，你是一个拥有星条旗之心的女孩吗？

Recruiting Publicity Bureau, U.S. Women’s Army Corps Recruiting Poster (1943); Unknown, Let’s Go Get ’Em.

征兵宣传局，美国女子陆军征兵海报（1943 年）；未知，我们去抓他们吧。

Beck Engraving Co. (1942).

贝克雕刻公司 (1942)。

Library of Congress.

国会图书馆。

The American war began slowly.

美国战争慢慢开始。

Britain had stood alone militarily in Europe, but American supplies had bolstered their resistance.

英国在欧洲的军事上是孤立无援的，但美国的补给增强了他们的抵抗力。

Hitler unleashed his U-boat “wolf packs” into the Atlantic Ocean with orders to sink anything carrying aid to Britain, but Britain’s and the United States’ superior tactics and technology won them the Battle of the Atlantic.

希特勒向大西洋释放了他的潜艇“狼群”，命令击沉任何向英国运送援助物资的船只，但英国和美国凭借卓越的战术和技术赢得了大西洋战役的胜利。

British code breakers cracked Germany’s radio codes and the surge of intelligence, dubbed Ultra, coupled with massive naval convoys escorted by destroyers armed with sonar and depth charges, gave the advantage to the Allies and by 1942, Hitler’s Kriegsmarine was losing ships faster than they could be built.

英国密码破译者破解了德国的无线电密码，被称为“Ultra”的情报激增，再加上配备声纳和深水炸弹的驱逐舰护航的大规模海军舰队，为盟军带来了优势。到 1942 年，希特勒的德国海军损失船只的速度快于建造速度。

6

6

In North Africa in 1942, British victory at El Alamein began pushing the Germans back.

1942 年在北非，英国在阿拉曼的胜利开始击退德国人。

In November, the first American combat troops entered the European war, landing in French Morocco and pushing the Germans east while the British pushed west.

11月，第一支美国作战部队加入欧洲战争，在法属摩洛哥登陆，将德国人向东推进，而英国则向西推进。

7 By 1943, the Allies had pushed Axis forces out of Africa.

7 到 1943 年，盟军已将轴心国军队赶出非洲。

In January President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met at Casablanca to discuss the next step of the European war.

一月，罗斯福总统和丘吉尔首相在卡萨布兰卡会面，讨论欧洲战争的下一步。

Churchill convinced Roosevelt to chase the Axis up Italy, into the “soft underbelly” of Europe.

丘吉尔说服罗斯福将轴心国追至意大利，进入欧洲的“软肋”。

Afterward, Roosevelt announced to the press that the Allies would accept nothing less than unconditional surrender.

随后，罗斯福向新闻界宣布，盟军将接受无条件投降。

Meanwhile, the Army Air Force (AAF) sent hundreds (and eventually thousands) of bombers to England in preparation for a massive strategic bombing campaign against Germany.

与此同时，陆军空军（AAF）向英国派遣了数百架（最终是数千架）轰炸机，准备对德国进行大规模战略轰炸。

The plan was to bomb Germany around the clock.

该计划是全天候轰炸德国。

American bombers hit German ball-bearing factories, rail yards, oil fields, and manufacturing centers during the day, while the British RAF carpet-bombed German cities at night.

美国轰炸机白天袭击德国滚珠轴承工厂、铁路站场、油田和制造中心，而英国皇家空军则在夜间对德国城市进行地毯式轰炸。

Flying in formation, they initially flew unescorted, since many believed that bombers equipped with defensive firepower flew too high and too fast to be attacked.

编队飞行时，它们最初是在无人护航的情况下飞行的，因为许多人认为配备防御火力的轰炸机飞得太高太快而无法受到攻击。

However, advanced German technology allowed fighters to easily shoot down the lumbering bombers.

然而，先进的德国技术让战斗机能够轻松击落笨重的轰炸机。

On some disastrous missions, the Germans shot down almost 50 percent of American aircraft.

在一些灾难性的任务中，德国人击落了近 50% 的美国飞机。

However, the advent and implementation of a long-range escort fighter let the bombers hit their targets more accurately while fighters confronted opposing German aircraft.

然而，远程护航战斗机​​的出现和实施让轰炸机在战斗机与敌方德国飞机对抗时能够更准确地击中目标。

In 1943, Allied forces began a bombing campaign of railroad and oil targets in Bucharest, part of the wider policy of bombing expeditions meant to incapacitate German transportation.

1943 年，盟军开始对布加勒斯特的铁路和石油目标进行轰炸，这是旨在使德国交通瘫痪的更广泛的轰炸远征政策的一部分。

Bucharest was considered the number one oil target in Europe.

布加勒斯特被认为是欧洲第一大石油目标。

Photograph, August 1, 1943.

照片，1943 年 8 月 1 日。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

Bombings throughout Europe caused complete devastation in some areas, leveling beautiful ancient cities like Cologne, Germany.

整个欧洲的爆炸事件对一些地区造成了彻底的破坏，德国科隆等美丽的古城被夷为平地。

Cologne experienced an astonishing 262 separate air raids by Allied forces, leaving the city in ruins as in the photograph above.

科隆经历了盟军 262 次令人震惊的单独空袭，如上图所示，这座城市变成了废墟。

Amazingly, the Cologne Cathedral stood nearly undamaged even after being hit numerous times, while the area around it crumbled.

令人惊讶的是，科隆大教堂在遭受多次撞击后几乎毫发无伤，而其周围的区域却在倒塌。

Photograph, April 24, 1945.

照片，1945 年 4 月 24 日。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

In the wake of the Soviets’ victory at Stalingrad, the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) met in Tehran in November 1943.

苏联在斯大林格勒取得胜利后，三巨头（罗斯福、丘吉尔和斯大林）于 1943 年 11 月在德黑兰会面。

Dismissing Africa and Italy as a sideshow, Stalin demanded that Britain and the United States invade France to relieve pressure on the Eastern Front.

斯大林将非洲和意大利视为次要戏，要求英国和美国入侵法国，以缓解东线的压力。

Churchill was hesitant, but Roosevelt was eager.

丘吉尔犹豫不决，但罗斯福却跃跃欲试。

The invasion was tentatively scheduled for 1944.

入侵暂定于 1944 年进行。

Back in Italy, the “soft underbelly” turned out to be much tougher than Churchill had imagined.

回到意大利后，事实证明，“软肋”比丘吉尔想象的要艰难得多。

Italy’s narrow, mountainous terrain gave the defending Axis the advantage.

意大利狭窄的多山地形为防御轴心国提供了优势。

Movement up the peninsula was slow, and in some places conditions returned to the trenchlike warfare of World War I.

半岛上的移动缓慢，一些地方的情况又回到了第一次世界大战时的堑壕战状态。

Americans attempted to land troops behind them at Anzio on the western coast of Italy, but, surrounded, they suffered heavy casualties.

美国人试图在意大利西海岸的安齐奥登陆，但由于被包围，他们伤亡惨重。

Still, the Allies pushed up the peninsula, Mussolini’s government revolted, and a new Italian government quickly made peace.

尽管如此，盟军还是推进了半岛，墨索里尼政府起义，新的意大利政府很快实现了和平。

On the day the American army entered Rome, American, British and Canadian forces launched Operation Overlord, the long-awaited invasion of France.

在美军进入罗马的那天，美国、英国和加拿大军队发起了“霸王行动”，即期待已久的入侵法国。

D-Day, as it became popularly known, was the largest amphibious assault in history.

众所周知，诺曼底登陆是历史上最大规模的两栖攻击。

American general Dwight Eisenhower was uncertain enough of the attack’s chances that the night before the invasion he wrote two speeches: one for success and one for failure.

美国将军德怀特·艾森豪威尔对这次袭击的可能性非常不确定，因此在入侵前一天晚上他写了两篇演讲：一篇表示成功，一篇表示失败。

The Allied landings at Normandy were successful, and although progress across France was much slower than hoped for, Paris was liberated roughly two months later.

盟军在诺曼底的登陆取得了成功，尽管法国各地的进展比预期慢得多，但大约两个月后巴黎就被解放了。

Allied bombing expeditions meanwhile continued to level German cities and industrial capacity.

与此同时，盟军的轰炸远征继续摧毁德国的城市和工业能力。

Perhaps four hundred thousand German civilians were killed by allied bombing.

大约有四十万德国平民在盟军轰炸中丧生。

8

8

The Nazis were crumbling on both fronts.

纳粹在两条战线上都崩溃了。

Hitler tried but failed to turn the war in his favor in the west.

希特勒试图扭转西方战局，但未能成功。

The Battle of the Bulge failed to drive the Allies back to the English Channel, but the delay cost the Allies the winter.

突出部战役未能将盟军赶回英吉利海峡，但这次延误让盟军度过了一个冬天。

The invasion of Germany would have to wait, while the Soviet Union continued its relentless push westward, ravaging German populations in retribution for German war crimes.

对德国的入侵必须等待，而苏联则继续无情地向西推进，蹂躏德国人民，以报复德国的战争罪行。

9

9

German counterattacks in the east failed to dislodge the Soviet advance, destroying any last chance Germany might have had to regain the initiative.

德国在东部的反攻未能击退苏联的进攻，摧毁了德国夺回主动权的最后机会。

1945 dawned with the end of European war in sight.

1945 年伊始，欧洲战争即将结束。

The Big Three met again at Yalta in the Soviet Union, where they reaffirmed the demand for Hitler’s unconditional surrender and began to plan for postwar Europe.

三巨头在苏联雅尔塔再次会面，重申了希特勒无条件投降的要求，并开始谋划战后欧洲。

The Soviet Union reached Germany in January, and the Americans crossed the Rhine in March.

苏联于一月到达德国，美国人于三月跨过莱茵河。

In late April American and Soviet troops met at the Elbe while the Soviets pushed relentlessly by Stalin to reach Berlin first and took the capital city in May, days after Hitler and his high command had died by suicide in a city bunker.

4月下旬，美国和苏联军队在易北河会师，而苏联则在斯大林的无情推动下首先到达柏林，并于5月占领了首都，几天前希特勒和他的高级指挥官在城市掩体中自杀身亡。

Germany was conquered.

德国被征服了。

The European war was over.

欧洲战争结束了。

Allied leaders met again, this time at Potsdam, Germany, where it was decided that Germany would be divided into pieces according to current Allied occupation, with Berlin likewise divided, pending future elections.

盟军领导人再次会面，这次是在德国波茨坦，会议决定根据盟军目前的占领将德国分为几部分，柏林也同样分为四部分，等待未来的选举。

Stalin also agreed to join the fight against Japan in approximately three months.

斯大林还同意在大约三个月后参加对日作战。

10

10

As Americans celebrated V-E (Victory in Europe) Day, they redirected their full attention to the still-raging Pacific War.

当美国人庆祝欧洲胜利日时，他们将全部注意力转向仍在激烈进行的太平洋战争。

As in Europe, the war in the Pacific started slowly.

与欧洲一样，太平洋战争缓慢展开。

After Pearl Harbor, the American-controlled Philippine archipelago fell to Japan.

珍珠港事件后，美国控制的菲律宾群岛落入日本手中。

After running out of ammunition and supplies, the garrison of American and Filipino soldiers surrendered.

在弹药和补给耗尽后，驻军的美国和菲律宾士兵投降了。

The prisoners were marched eighty miles to their prisoner-of-war camp without food, water, or rest.

战俘们被行军八十英里赶回战俘营，没有食物、水，也没有休息。

Ten thousand died on the Bataan Death March.

巴丹死亡行军中有一万人死亡。

11

11

But as Americans mobilized their armed forces, the tide turned.

但随着美国人动员武装部队，形势发生了逆转。

In the summer of 1942, American naval victories at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the aircraft carrier duel at the Battle of Midway crippled Japan’s Pacific naval operations.

1942年夏天，美国海军在珊瑚海海战中的胜利和中途岛海战中的航母对决削弱了日本在太平洋的海军行动。

To dislodge Japan’s hold over the Pacific, the U.S. military began island hopping: attacking island after island, bypassing the strongest but seizing those capable of holding airfields to continue pushing Japan out of the region.

为了摆脱日本对太平洋的控制，美军开始跳岛游：攻击一个又一个岛屿，绕过最强大的岛屿，但夺取那些有能力占领机场的岛屿，继续将日本赶出该地区。

Combat was vicious.

战斗是残酷的。

At Guadalcanal American soldiers saw Japanese soldiers launch suicidal charges rather than surrender.

在瓜达尔卡纳尔岛，美国士兵看到日本士兵发起自杀式冲锋，而不是投降。

Many Japanese soldiers refused to be taken prisoner or to take prisoners themselves.

许多日本士兵拒绝被俘虏，或者自己拒绝俘虏。

Such tactics, coupled with American racial prejudice, turned the Pacific Theater into a more brutal and barbarous conflict than the European Theater.

这种策略，加上美国的种族偏见，使太平洋战区变成了比欧洲战区更加残酷和野蛮的冲突。

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Japanese defenders fought tenaciously.

日军守军顽强抵抗。

Few battles were as one-sided as the Battle of the Philippine Sea, or what the Americans called the Japanese counterattack, the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot.

很少有战争像菲律宾海海战或美国人所说的日本反击战“马里亚纳火鸡大射击”那样一边倒。

Japanese soldiers bled the Americans in their advance across the Pacific.

日本士兵在跨越太平洋的过程中让美国人流血了。

At Iwo Jima, an eight-square-mile island of volcanic rock, seventeen thousand Japanese soldiers held the island against seventy thousand Marines for over a month.

在硫磺岛，一座八平方英里的火山岩岛，一万七千名日本士兵与七万海军陆战队对抗了一个多月。

At the cost of nearly their entire force, they inflicted almost thirty thousand casualties before the island was lost.

他们几乎付出了全部力量的代价，在岛屿失守之前造成了近三万人的伤亡。

By February 1945, American bombers were in range of the mainland.

到 1945 年 2 月，美国轰炸机已进入大陆范围。

Bombers hit Japan’s industrial facilities but suffered high casualties.

轰炸机袭击了日本的工业设施，但伤亡惨重。

To spare bomber crews from dangerous daylight raids, and to achieve maximum effect against Japan’s wooden cities, many American bombers dropped incendiary weapons that created massive firestorms and wreaked havoc on Japanese cities.

为了使轰炸机机组人员免受危险的白天袭击，并为了对日本的木制城市发挥最大的效果，许多美国轰炸机投下了燃烧武器，造成了大规模的火灾风暴，对日本城市造成了严重破坏。

Over sixty Japanese cities were fire-bombed.

日本六十多个城市遭到燃烧弹轰炸。

American fire bombs killed one hundred thousand civilians in Tokyo in March 1945.

1945 年 3 月，美国的燃烧弹在东京造成十万平民死亡。

In June 1945, after eighty days of fighting and tens of thousands of casualties, the Americans captured the island of Okinawa.

1945年6月，经过八十天的战斗和数万人的伤亡，美国人占领了冲绳岛。

The mainland of Japan was open before them.

日本本土在他们面前敞开。

It was a viable base from which to launch a full invasion of the Japanese homeland and end the war.

它是发动全面入侵日本本土并结束战争的可行基地。

Estimates varied, but given the tenacity of Japanese soldiers fighting on islands far from their home, some officials estimated that an invasion of the Japanese mainland could cost half a million American casualties and perhaps millions of Japanese civilians.

人们的估计各不相同，但考虑到日本士兵在远离家乡的岛屿上作战的顽强精神，一些官员估计，对日本本土的入侵可能会导致五十万美国人伤亡，或许还会造成数百万日本平民伤亡。

Historians debate the many motivations that ultimately drove the Americans to use atomic weapons against Japan, and many American officials criticized the decision, but these would be the numbers later cited by government leaders and military officials to justify their use.

历史学家对最终促使美国人对日本使用原子武器的多种动机进行了争论，许多美国官员批评了这一决定，但这些数字后来被政府领导人和军方官员引用来证明其使用的合理性。

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Early in the war, fearing that the Germans might develop an atomic bomb, the U.S. government launched the Manhattan Project, a hugely expensive, ambitious program to harness atomic energy and create a single weapon capable of leveling entire cities.

战争初期，由于担心德国人可能研制出原子弹，美国政府启动了曼哈顿计划，这是一项耗资巨大、雄心勃勃的计划，旨在利用原子能并制造一种能够夷平整个城市的单一武器。

The Americans successfully exploded the world’s first nuclear device, Trinity, in New Mexico in July 1945.

1945 年 7 月，美国人在新墨西哥州成功引爆了世界上第一个核装置“三位一体”。

(Physicist J.

（物理学家 J.

Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, where the bomb was designed, later recalled that the event reminded him of Hindu scripture: “Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.”) Two more bombs—Fat Man and Little Boy—were built and detonated over two Japanese cities in August.

设计这颗炸弹的洛斯阿拉莫斯实验室主任罗伯特·奥本海默后来回忆说，这一事件让他想起了印度教经文：“现在我变成了死亡，世界的毁灭者。”）另外两颗炸弹——“胖子”和“小男孩”——被制造出来，并于八月在日本的两座城市上空引爆。

Hiroshima was hit on August 6.

8月6日，广岛遭到袭击。

Over one hundred thousand civilians were killed.

超过十万平民被杀。

Nagasaki followed on August 9.

8月9日，长崎紧随其后。

Perhaps eighty thousand civilians were killed.

或许有八万名平民被杀。

Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of Japan on August 15.

8月15日，裕仁天皇宣布日本投降。

On September 2, aboard the battleship USS Missouri , delegates from the Japanese government formally signed their surrender.

9月2日，日本政府代表在密苏里号战列舰上正式签署投降书。

World War II was finally over.

第二次世界大战终于结束了。

Almost eighteen million men served in World War II.

近 1800 万人在第二次世界大战中服役。

Volunteers rushed to join the military after Pearl Harbor, but the majority—over ten million—were drafted into service.

珍珠港事件后，志愿者们争先恐后地参军，但大多数（超过一千万）都被征召入伍。

Volunteers could express their preference for assignment, and many preempted the draft by volunteering.

志愿者可以表达他们对任务的偏好，许多人通过志愿服务抢占了选秀权。

Regardless, recruits judged I-A, “fit for service,” were moved into basic training, where soldiers were developed physically and trained in the basic use of weapons and military equipment.

不管怎样，被评为“适合服役”的新兵将被转入基础训练，士兵们在训练中得到体能训练，并接受武器和军事装备基本使用的训练。

Soldiers were indoctrinated into the chain of command and introduced to military life.

士兵们被灌输到指挥系统中并进入军事生活。

After basic, soldiers moved on to more specialized training.

基础训练结束后，士兵们开始接受更专业的训练。

For example, combat infantrymen received additional weapons and tactical training, and radio operators learned transmission codes and the operation of field radios.

例如，战斗步兵接受了额外的武器和战术训练，无线电操作员学习了传输代码和野战无线电的操作。

Afterward, an individual’s experience varied depending on what service he entered and to what theater he was assigned.

之后，一个人的经历会根据他参加的服务和被分配到的剧院而有所不同。

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Soldiers and Marines bore the brunt of on-the-ground combat.

士兵和海军陆战队在地面战斗中首当其冲。

After transportation to the front by trains, ships, and trucks, they could expect to march carrying packs weighing anywhere from twenty to fifty pounds containing rations, ammunition, bandages, tools, clothing, and miscellaneous personal items in addition to their weapons.

通过火车、轮船和卡车运送到前线后，他们可能会携带重达二十到五十磅的包裹行军，其中除了武器之外，还包括口粮、弹药、绷带、工具、衣服和各种个人物品。

Sailors, once deployed, spent months at sea operating their assigned vessels.

水手们一旦部署完毕，就会在海上花费数月时间操作分配给他们的船只。

Larger ships, particularly aircraft carriers, were veritable floating cities.

较大的船只，尤其是航空母舰，是名副其实的漂浮城市。

In most, sailors lived and worked in cramped conditions, often sleeping in bunks stacked in rooms housing dozens of sailors.

在大多数情况下，水手们在狭窄的条件下生活和工作，通常睡在容纳数十名水手的房间里的铺位上。

Senior officers received small rooms of their own.

高级军官有自己的小房间。

Sixty thousand American sailors lost their lives in the war.

六万名美国水手在战争中丧生。

During World War II, the Air Force was still a branch of the U.S. Army and soldiers served in ground and air crews.

第二次世界大战期间，空军仍然是美国陆军的一个分支，士兵在地面和空中服役。

World War II saw the institutionalization of massive bombing campaigns against cities and industrial production.

第二次世界大战见证了针对城市和工业生产的大规模轰炸活动的制度化。

Large bombers like the B-17 Flying Fortress required pilots, navigators, bombardiers, radio operators, and four dedicated machine gunners.

像 B-17 飞行堡垒这样的大型轰炸机需要飞行员、领航员、投弹手、无线电操作员和四名专用机枪手。

Airmen on bombing raids left from bases in England or Italy or from Pacific islands and endured hours of flight before approaching enemy territory.

参加轰炸袭击的飞行员从英国、意大利或太平洋岛屿的基地起飞，在接近敌方领土之前经历了数小时的飞行。

At high altitude, and without pressurized cabins, crews used oxygen tanks to breathe and on-board temperatures plummeted.

在高海拔地区，由于没有加压舱，机组人员只能使用氧气瓶呼吸，机上温度骤降。

Once in enemy airspace, crews confronted enemy fighters and anti-aircraft flak from the ground.

一旦进入敌方领空，机组人员就会遭遇来自地面的敌方战斗机和防空炮火。

While fighter pilots flew as escorts, the Air Corps suffered heavy casualties.

当战斗机飞行员进行护航时，空军部队伤亡惨重。

Tens of thousands of airmen lost their lives.

数万名飞行员丧生。

On the ground, conditions varied.

实地情况各不相同。

Soldiers in Europe endured freezing winters, impenetrable French hedgerows, Italian mountain ranges, and dense forests.

欧洲的士兵们忍受着寒冷的冬天、坚不可摧的法国树篱、意大利的山脉和茂密的森林。

Germans fought with a Western mentality familiar to Americans.

德国人以美国人熟悉的西方心态进行战斗。

Soldiers in the Pacific endured heat and humidity, monsoons, jungles, and tropical diseases.

太平洋上的士兵忍受着炎热和潮湿、季风、丛林和热带疾病。

And they confronted an unfamiliar foe.

他们遇到了一个陌生的敌人。

Americans, for instance, could understand surrender as prudent; many Japanese soldiers saw it as cowardice.

例如，美国人可能认为投降是谨慎的；许多日本士兵认为这是懦弱的表现。

What Americans saw as a fanatical waste of life, the Japanese saw as brave and honorable.

美国人认为这是对生命的狂热浪费，而日本人则认为这是勇敢和光荣的。

Moreover, American soldiers and American military leadership brought their historical anti-Asian prejudices to bear against the Japanese.

此外，美国士兵和美国军事领导层将他们历史上的反亚洲偏见强加给日本人。

Atrocities flourished in the Pacific at a level unmatched in Europe.

太平洋地区的暴行猖獗，其程度在欧洲是无与伦比的。

Economies win wars no less than militaries.

经济赢得战争并不亚于军队。

The war converted American factories to wartime production, reawakened Americans’ economic might, armed Allied belligerents and the American armed forces, effectively pulled America out of the Great Depression, and ushered in an era of unparalleled economic prosperity.

战争使美国工厂转为战时生产，重新唤醒了美国的经济实力，武装了盟军交战国和美国武装部队，有效地将美国从大萧条中拉了出来，迎来了一个空前的经济繁荣时代。

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Roosevelt’s New Deal had ameliorated the worst of the Depression, but the economy still limped its way forward into the 1930s.

罗斯福的新政缓解了大萧条最严重的时期，但经济仍然一瘸一拐地迈入 20 世纪 30 年代。

But then Europe fell into war, and, despite its isolationism, Americans were glad to sell the Allies arms and supplies.

但随后欧洲陷入战争，尽管实行孤立主义，美国人还是很乐意向盟军出售武器和物资。

And then Pearl Harbor changed everything.

然后珍珠港事件改变了一切。

The United States drafted the economy into war service.

美国将经济纳入战争服务。

The “sleeping giant” mobilized its unrivaled economic capacity to wage worldwide war.

这个“沉睡的巨人”动员其无与伦比的经济能力发动世界范围的战争。

Governmental entities such as the War Production Board and the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion managed economic production for the war effort and economic output exploded.

战争生产委员会和战争动员和重建办公室等政府实体管理着战争的经济生产，经济产出呈爆炸式增长。

An economy that was unable to provide work for a quarter of the workforce less than a decade earlier now struggled to fill vacant positions.

不到十年前，一个经济体还无法为四分之一的劳动力提供工作，现在却难以填补空缺职位。

Government spending during the four years of war doubled all federal spending in all of American history up to that point.

四年战争期间的政府支出是美国历史上所有联邦支出的两倍。

The budget deficit soared, but, just as Depression-era economists had counseled, the government’s massive intervention annihilated unemployment and propelled growth.

预算赤字飙升，但正如大萧条时期经济学家所建议的那样，政府的大规模干预消除了失业并推动了增长。

The economy that came out of the war looked nothing like the one that had begun it.

战争结束后的经济看起来与战争开始时完全不同。

Military production came at the expense of the civilian consumer economy.

军事生产是以牺牲民用消费经济为代价的。

Appliance and automobile manufacturers converted their plants to produce weapons and vehicles.

电器和汽车制造商将其工厂改造为生产武器和车辆。

Consumer choice was foreclosed.

消费者的选择被取消。

Every American received rationing cards and, legally, goods such as gasoline, coffee, meat, cheese, butter, processed food, firewood, and sugar could not be purchased without them.

每个美国人都会收到配给卡，从法律上讲，没有配给卡就无法购买汽油、咖啡、肉类、奶酪、黄油、加工食品、木柴和糖等商品。

The housing industry was shut down, and the cities became overcrowded.

房地产业被关闭，城市变得人满为患。

But the wartime economy boomed.

但战时经济蓬勃发展。

The Roosevelt administration urged citizens to save their earnings or buy war bonds to prevent inflation.

罗斯福政府敦促公民储蓄收入或购买战争债券以防止通货膨胀。

Bond drives were held nationally and headlined by Hollywood celebrities.

邦德活动在全国范围内举行，并由好莱坞名人担任主角。

Such drives were hugely successful.

这些举措取得了巨大成功。

They not only funded much of the war effort, they helped tame inflation as well.

它们不仅为战争提供了大部分资金，还帮助抑制了通货膨胀。

So too did tax rates.

税率也是如此。

The federal government raised income taxes and boosted the top marginal tax rate to 94 percent.

联邦政府提高了所得税并将最高边际税率提高至 94%。

As in World War I, citizens were urged to buy war bonds to support the effort overseas.

与第一次世界大战一样，公民被敦促购买战争债券以支持海外的努力。

Rallies, such as this 1943 event, appealed to Americans’ sense of patriotism.

像 1943 年的这次集会这样的集会唤起了美国人的爱国主义意识。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

With the economy booming and twenty million American workers placed into military service, unemployment virtually disappeared.

随着经济的蓬勃发展和两千万美国工人入伍，失业几乎消失了。

More and more African Americans continued to leave the agrarian South for the industrial North.

越来越多的非裔美国人继续离开南方农业地区前往北方工业地区。

And as more and more men joined the military, and more and more positions went unfilled, women joined the workforce en masse.

随着越来越多的男性参军，越来越多的职位空缺，女性纷纷加入劳动力队伍。

Other American producers looked outside the United States, southward, to Mexico, to fill its labor force.

其他美国生产商将目光投向美国以外的地区，向南到墨西哥，以填补其劳动力缺口。

Between 1942 and 1964, the United States contracted thousands of Mexican nationals to work in American agriculture and railroads in the Bracero Program.

1942 年至 1964 年间，美国通过布拉塞罗计划与数千名墨西哥国民签订了合同，在美国农业和铁路领域工作。

Jointly administered by the State Department, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Justice, the binational agreement secured five million contracts across twenty-four states.

该两国协议由国务院、劳工部和司法部共同管理，在 24 个州获得了 500 万份合同。

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With factory work proliferating across the country and agricultural labor experiencing severe labor shortages, the presidents of Mexico and the United States signed an agreement in July 1942 to bring the first group of legally contracted workers to California.

随着工厂工作在全国范围内激增，农业劳动力面临严重的劳动力短缺，墨西哥和美国总统于 1942 年 7 月签署协议，将第一批合法合同工带到加州。

Discriminatory policies toward people of Mexican descent prevented bracero contracts in Texas until 1947.

直到 1947 年，针对墨西哥裔人的歧视性政策才导致德克萨斯州无法签订合同。

The Bracero Program survived the war, enshrined in law until the 1960s, when the United States liberalized its immigration laws.

Bracero 计划在战争中幸存下来，并被写入法律，直到 20 世纪 60 年代美国放宽了移民法。

Though braceros suffered exploitative labor conditions, for the men who participated the program was a mixed blessing.

尽管布拉克斯遭受了剥削性的劳动条件，但对于参与该计划的人来说却是喜忧参半。

Interviews with ex-braceros captured the complexity.

对前护卫队队员的采访揭示了其中的复杂性。

“They would call us pigs .

“他们会称我们为猪。

.

。

.

。

they didn’t have to treat us that way,” one said of his employers, while another said, “For me it was a blessing, the United States was a blessing .

“他们不必这样对待我们，”一位员工谈到他的雇主时说道，而另一位员工则表示，“对我来说，这是一种祝福，美国是一种祝福……”

.

。

.

。

it is a nation I fell in love with because of the excess work and good pay.” 17 After the exodus of Mexican migrants during the Depression, the program helped reestablish Mexican migration, institutionalized migrant farm work across much of the country, and further planted a Mexican presence in the southern and western United States.

因为超额的工作和丰厚的报酬，我爱上了这个国家。” 17 在大萧条期间墨西哥移民大量外流后，该计划帮助重建了墨西哥移民，将全国大部分地区的移民农场工作制度化，并进一步在美国南部和西部建立了墨西哥的影响力。

President Franklin D.

总统富兰克林·D.

Roosevelt and his administration had encouraged all able-bodied American women to help the war effort.

罗斯福和他的政府鼓励所有身体健全的美国妇女帮助战争。

He considered the role of women in the war critical for American victory, and the public expected women to assume various functions to free men for active military service.

他认为女性在战争中的作用对于美国的胜利至关重要，公众期望女性承担各种职能，以解放男性服兵役。

While most women opted to remain at home or volunteer with charitable organizations, many went to work or donned a military uniform.

虽然大多数女性选择留在家里或在慈善组织做志愿者，但许多女性还是去上班或穿上军装。

World War II brought unprecedented labor opportunities for American women.

第二次世界大战给美国妇女带来了前所未有的劳动机会。

Industrial labor, an occupational sphere dominated by men, shifted in part to women for the duration of wartime mobilization.

工业劳动是由男性主导的职业领域，在战时动员期间部分转向女性。

Women applied for jobs in converted munitions factories.

妇女在改装的军火工厂申请工作。

The iconic illustrated image of Rosie the Riveter, a muscular woman dressed in coveralls with her hair in a kerchief and inscribed with the phrase We Can Do It!

铆工罗西 (Rosie the Riveter) 的标志性插图，是一位肌肉发达的女性，穿着工作服，头发包着头巾，上面刻着“我们能做到！”的字样。

, came to stand for female factory labor during the war.

，开始代表战争期间的工厂女工。

But women also worked in various auxiliary positions for the government.

但妇女也在政府的各种辅助岗位上工作。

Although such jobs were often traditionally gendered female, over a million administrative jobs at the local, state, and national levels were transferred from men to women for the duration of the war.

尽管这些工作传统上通常是女性，但在战争期间，地方、州和国家各级的超过一百万个行政工作岗位从男性转移到了女性。

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With so many American workers deployed overseas and so many new positions created by war production, women entered the work force in massive numbers.

由于大量美国工人被派往海外，战争生产创造了许多新职位，大量女性进入了劳动力队伍。

Wikimedia Commons .

维基共享资源。

For women who elected not to work, many volunteer opportunities presented themselves.

对于选择不工作的女性来说，许多志愿者机会自然而然出现。

The American Red Cross, the largest charitable organization in the nation, encouraged women to volunteer with local city chapters.

美国红十字会是美国最大的慈善组织，鼓励女性在当地城市分会中担任志愿者。

Millions of women organized community social events for families, packed and shipped almost half a million tons of medical supplies overseas, and prepared twenty-seven million care packages of nonperishable items for American and other Allied prisoners of war.

数以百万计的妇女为家庭组织了社区社交活动，包装并运送了近 50 万吨医疗用品到海外，并为美国和其他盟军战俘准备了 2700 万个不易腐烂物品的护理包。

The American Red Cross further required all female volunteers to certify as nurse’s aides, providing an extra benefit and work opportunity for hospital staffs that suffered severe personnel losses.

美国红十字会进一步要求所有女性志愿者获得护士助理认证，为人员流失严重的医院工作人员提供额外的福利和工作机会。

Other charity organizations, such as church and synagogue affiliates, benevolent associations, and social club auxiliaries, gave women further outlets for volunteer work.

其他慈善组织，如教堂和犹太教堂附属机构、慈善协会和社交俱乐部附属机构，为妇女提供了更多的志愿工作渠道。

Military service was another option for women who wanted to join the war effort.

对于想要参战的女性来说，服兵役是另一种选择。

Over 350,000 women served in several all-female units of the military branches.

超过 350,000 名女性在军事部门的多个全女性部队中服役。

The Army and Navy Nurse Corps Reserves, the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps, the Navy’s Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service, the Coast Guard’s SPARs (named for the Coast Guard motto, Semper Paratus , “Always Ready”), and Marine Corps units gave women the opportunity to serve as either commissioned officers or enlisted members at military bases at home and abroad.

陆军和海军护士预备队、陆军女子辅助队、海军接受志愿紧急服务的妇女、海岸警卫队的 SPAR（以海岸警卫队座右铭“Semper Paratus”“随时准备”命名）和海军陆战队部队为女性提供了在国内外军事基地担任军官或入伍成员的机会。

The Nurse Corps Reserves alone commissioned 105,000 army and navy nurses recruited by the American Red Cross.

仅护士军团预备役就委托了美国红十字会招募的 105,000 名陆军和海军护士。

Military nurses worked at base hospitals, mobile medical units, and onboard hospital “mercy” ships.

军队护士在基地医院、流动医疗队和医院“仁慈”船上工作。

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Jim Crow segregation in both the civilian and military sectors remained a problem for Black women who wanted to join the war effort.

对于想要加入战争的黑人妇女来说，民事和军事部门的吉姆·克劳种族隔离仍然是一个问题。

Even after President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802 in 1941, supervisors who hired Black women still often relegated them to the most menial tasks on factory floors.

即使罗斯福总统于 1941 年签署了第 8802 号行政命令，雇用黑人女性的主管仍然经常让她们从事工厂车间最卑微的工作。

Segregation was further upheld in factory lunchrooms, and many Black women were forced to work at night to keep them separate from whites.

工厂餐厅进一步坚持种族隔离，许多黑人妇女被迫在晚上工作，以将她们与白人分开。

In the military, only the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps and the Nurse Corps Reserves accepted Black women for active service, and the army set a limited quota of 10 percent of total end strength for Black female officers and enlisted women and segregated Black units on active duty.

在军队中，只有女子陆军辅助军团和护士军团预备役接受黑人女性现役，军队为黑人女性军官和入伍女性设定了总兵力10%的有限配额，并将现役黑人部队隔离开来。

The American Red Cross, meanwhile, recruited only four hundred Black nurses for the Army and Navy Nurse Corps Reserves, and Black Army and Navy nurses worked in segregated military hospitals on bases stateside and overseas.

与此同时，美国红十字会只为陆军和海军护士队预备役招募了四百名黑人护士，而黑人陆军和海军护士在美国本土和海外基地的隔离军事医院工作。

And for all of the postwar celebration of Rosie the Riveter, after the war ended the men returned and most women voluntarily left the workforce or lost their jobs.

尽管战后人们对铆工罗西进行了庆祝，但战争结束后，男性回归，大多数女性自愿离开劳动力队伍或失业。

Meanwhile, former military women faced a litany of obstacles in obtaining veteran’s benefits during their transition to civilian life.

与此同时，前女军人在过渡到平民生活的过程中，在获得退伍军人福利方面面临着一系列障碍。

The nation that beckoned the call for assistance to millions of women during the four-year crisis hardly stood ready to accommodate their postwar needs and demands.

在四年危机期间向数百万妇女发出援助呼吁的国家几乎没有准备好满足她们的战后需求和要求。

World War II affected nearly every aspect of life in the United States, and America’s racial relationships were not immune.

第二次世界大战几乎影响了美国生活的方方面面，美国的种族关系也未能幸免。

African Americans, Mexicans and Mexican Americans, Jews, and Japanese Americans were profoundly impacted.

非裔美国人、墨西哥人和墨西哥裔美国人、犹太人和日裔美国人受到了深远的影响。

In early 1941, months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, A.

1941 年初，即日本袭击珍珠港前几个月，A.

Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the largest Black trade union in the nation, made headlines by threatening President Roosevelt with a march on Washington, D.C. In this “crisis of democracy,” Randolph said, many defense contractors still refused to hire Black workers and the armed forces remained segregated.

美国最大的黑人工会睡车搬运工兄弟会主席菲利普·兰道夫 (Philip Randolph) 因威胁罗斯福总统在华盛顿特区游行而成为头条新闻。兰道夫说，在这场“民主危机”中，许多国防承包商仍然拒绝雇用黑人工人，武装部队仍然实行种族隔离。

In exchange for Randolph calling off the march, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, the Fair Employment Practice in Defense Industries Act, banning racial and religious discrimination in defense industries and establishing the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) to monitor defense industry hiring practices.

作为兰道夫取消游行的交换条件，罗斯福发布了第 8802 号行政命令，即《国防工业公平就业实践法》，禁止国防工业中的种族和宗教歧视，并成立公平就业实践委员会 (FEPC) 来监督国防工业的招聘实践。

While the armed forces remained segregated throughout the war, and the FEPC had limited influence, the order showed that the federal government could stand against discrimination.

尽管武装部队在整个战争期间仍然处于隔离状态，而且 FEPC 的影响力有限，但该命令表明联邦政府可以反对歧视。

The Black workforce in defense industries rose from 3 percent in 1942 to 9 percent in 1945.

国防工业中的黑人劳动力从 1942 年的 3% 上升到 1945 年的 9%。

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More than one million African Americans fought in the war.

超过一百万非裔美国人参加了战争。

Most Black servicemen served in segregated, noncombat units led by white officers.

大多数黑人军人在白人军官领导的隔离非战斗部队中服役。

Some gains were made, however.

不过，我们还是取得了一些成果。

The number of Black officers increased from five in 1940 to over seven thousand in 1945.

黑人军官的人数从 1940 年的 5 人增加到 1945 年的 7000 多人。

The all-Black pilot squadrons, known as the Tuskegee Airmen, completed more than 1,500 missions, escorted heavy bombers into Germany, and earned several hundred merits and medals.

这支全黑人飞行员中队被称为“塔斯基吉飞行员”，完成了 1,500 多次任务，护送重型轰炸机进入德国，并获得了数百枚功绩和奖章。

Many bomber crews specifically requested the Red Tail Angels as escorts.

许多轰炸机机组人员特别要求红尾天使作为护航。

And near the end of the war, the army and navy began integrating some of their units and facilities, before the U.S. government finally ordered the full integration of its armed forces in 1948.

战争临近结束时，陆军和海军开始整合部分部队和设施，直到 1948 年美国政府最终下令全面整合其武装部队。

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The Tuskegee Airmen stand at attention in 1941 as Major James A.

1941 年，塔斯基吉空军士兵立正，詹姆斯·A·少校 (Major James A.

Ellison returns the salute of Mac Ross, one of the first graduates of the Tuskegee cadets.

埃里森向塔斯基吉学员的第一批毕业生之一麦克·罗斯致礼。

The photographscaptures the pride and poise of the Tuskegee Airmen, who continued the tradition of African Americans’ military service despite widespread racial discrimination and inequality at home.

这些照片捕捉到了塔斯基吉飞行员的自豪和泰然自若，尽管国内存在广泛的种族歧视和不平等，他们仍然延续了非裔美国人服兵役的传统。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

While Black Americans served in the armed forces (though they were segregated), on the home front they became riveters and welders, rationed food and gasoline, and bought victory bonds.

虽然美国黑人在武装部队服役（尽管他们被隔离），但在后方，他们成为铆工和焊工，配给食物和汽油，并购买胜利债券。

But many Black Americans saw the war as an opportunity not only to serve their country but to improve it.

但许多美国黑人认为这场战争不仅是为国家服务的机会，也是改善国家的机会。

The Pittsburgh Courier , a leading Black newspaper, spearheaded the Double V campaign.

《匹兹堡信使报》是一家领先的黑人报纸，带头发起了“双 V”运动。

It called on African Americans to fight two wars: the war against Nazism and fascism abroad and the war against racial inequality at home.

它呼吁非裔美国人打两场战争：在国外反对纳粹主义和法西斯主义的战争，以及在国内反对种族不平等的战争。

To achieve victory, to achieve “real democracy,” the Courier encouraged its readers to enlist in the armed forces, volunteer on the home front, and fight against racial segregation and discrimination.

为了取得胜利，为了实现“真正的民主”，《信使》鼓励读者参军，在后方做志愿者，反对种族隔离和歧视。

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During the war, membership in the NAACP jumped tenfold, from fifty thousand to five hundred thousand.

战争期间，全国有色人种协进会的成员数量增加了十倍，从五万增加到五十万。

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was formed in 1942 and spearheaded the method of nonviolent direct action to achieve desegregation.

种族平等大会 (CORE) 成立于 1942 年，率先采用非暴力直接行动来实现废除种族隔离。

Between 1940 and 1950, some 1.5 million Black southerners, the largest number of any decade since the beginning of the Great Migration, also indirectly demonstrated their opposition to racism and violence by migrating out of the Jim Crow South to the North.

1940年至1950年间，约150万南方黑人通过从种族隔离制度下的南方移民到北方，间接表达了他们对种族主义和暴力的反对，这是自大迁徙开始以来任何十年中人数最多的一次。

But transitions were not easy.

但转变并不容易。

Racial tensions erupted in 1943 in a series of riots in cities such as Mobile, Beaumont, and Harlem.

1943 年，莫比尔、博蒙特和哈莱姆等城市爆发了一系列骚乱，种族关系紧张。

The bloodiest race riot occurred in Detroit and resulted in the death of twenty-five Black and nine White Americans.

最血腥的种族骚乱发生在底特律，导致 25 名美国黑人和 9 名美国白人死亡。

Still, the war ignited in African Americans an urgency for equality that they would carry with them into the subsequent years.

尽管如此，战争还是在非裔美国人中点燃了对平等的紧迫感，并将这种紧迫感带入了随后的岁月。

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Many Americans had to navigate American prejudice, and America’s entry into the war left foreign nationals from the belligerent nations in a precarious position.

许多美国人不得不面对美国的偏见，而美国的参战让交战国的外国人陷入了危险的境地。

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) targeted many on suspicions of disloyalty for detainment, hearings, and possible internment under the Alien Enemy Act.

联邦调查局 (FBI) 以涉嫌不忠为由，对许多人进行了拘留、听证会，并可能根据《外敌法》进行拘留。

Those who received an order for internment were sent to government camps secured by barbed wire and armed guards.

那些收到拘留命令的人被送往由铁丝网和武装警卫保护的政府营地。

Such internments were supposed to be for cause.

这种拘留应该是有原因的。

Then, on February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing the removal of any persons from designated “exclusion zones”—which ultimately covered nearly a third of the country—at the discretion of military commanders.

随后，1942 年 2 月 19 日，罗斯福总统签署了第 9066 号行政命令，授权军事指挥官酌情将任何人驱逐出指定的“禁区”（该禁区最终覆盖了全国近三分之一的地区）。

Thirty thousand Japanese Americans fought for the United States in World War II, but wartime anti-Japanese sentiment built on historical prejudices, and under the order, people of Japanese descent, both immigrants and American citizens, were detained and placed under the custody of the War Relocation Authority, the civil agency that supervised their relocation to internment camps.

三万名日裔美国人在第二次世界大战中为美国而战，但战时的反日情绪建立在历史偏见的基础上，根据该命令，日裔后裔，无论是移民还是美国公民，都被拘留并置于战时安置管理局（War Relocation Authority）的监管之下，该机构是负责监督他们搬迁到拘留营的民事机构。

They lost their homes and jobs.

他们失去了家园和工作。

Over ten thousand German nationals and a smaller number of Italian nationals were interned at various times in the United States during World War II, but American policies disproportionately targeted Japanese-descended populations, and individuals did not receive personalized reviews prior to their internment.

二战期间，一万多名德国国民和少数意大利国民在美国不同时期被拘留，但美国的政策不成比例地针对日本后裔，个人在被拘留之前没有接受个性化审查。

This policy of mass exclusion and detention affected over 110,000 Japanese and Japanese-descended individuals.

这种大规模排斥和拘留政策影响了超过 110,000 名日本人和日本人后裔。

Seventy thousand were American citizens.

七万名美国公民。

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In its 1982 report, Personal Justice Denied , the congressionally appointed Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians concluded that “the broad historical causes” shaping the relocation program were “race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.” 25 Although the exclusion orders were found to have been constitutionally permissible under the vagaries of national security, they were later judged, even by the military and judicial leaders of the time, to have been a grave injustice against people of Japanese descent.

国会任命的战时重新安置和拘留平民委员会在 1982 年的报告《个人正义被拒绝》中得出结论，造成重新安置计划的“广泛历史原因”是“种族偏见、战争歇斯底里和政治领导的失败”。 25 尽管在国家安全的变幻莫测的情况下，排除令被认为是宪法所允许的，但后来即使是当时的军事和司法领导人也认为这些驱逐令是对日本人后裔的严重不公正。

In 1988, President Reagan signed a law that formally apologized for internment and provided reparations to surviving internees.

1988年，里根总统签署了一项法律，正式为拘留行为道歉，并向幸存的被拘留者提供赔偿。

But if actions taken during war would later prove repugnant, so too could inaction.

但如果战争期间采取的行动后来被证明令人反感，那么无所作为也可能会令人反感。

As the Allies pushed into Germany and Poland, they uncovered the full extent of Hitler’s genocidal atrocities.

当盟军深入德国和波兰时，他们揭露了希特勒种族灭绝暴行的全部内容。

The Allies liberated massive camp systems set up for the imprisonment, forced labor, and extermination of all those deemed racially, ideologically, or biologically “unfit” by Nazi Germany.

盟军解放了大规模的集中营系统，这些集中营系统是为了监禁、强迫劳动和消灭所有被纳粹德国认为在种族、意识形态或生物学上“不适合”的人而设立的。

But the Holocaust—the systematic murder of eleven million civilians, including six million Jews—had been under way for years.

但大屠杀——有计划地谋杀 1100 万平民，其中包括 600 万犹太人——已经持续多年。

How did America respond?

美国如何回应？

This photograph, originally from Jürgen Stroop’s May 1943 report to Heinrich Himmler, circulated throughout Europe and America as an image of the Nazi Party’s brutality.

这张照片最初出自尤尔根·斯特鲁普 1943 年 5 月向海因里希·希姆莱提交的报告，作为纳粹党残暴的形象在欧洲和美国流传。

The original German caption read: “Forcibly pulled out of dug-outs”.

最初的德文标题是：“强行从防空洞中撤出”。

Wikimedia Commons .

维基共享资源。

Initially, American officials expressed little official concern for Nazi persecutions.

最初，美国官员对纳粹迫害几乎没有表示官方担忧。

At the first signs of trouble in the 1930s, the State Department and most U.S. embassies did relatively little to aid European Jews.

在 20 世纪 30 年代出现麻烦的最初迹象时，国务院和大多数美国大使馆对欧洲犹太人的援助相对较少。

Roosevelt publicly spoke out against the persecution and even withdrew the U.S. ambassador to Germany after Kristallnacht.

罗斯福公开反对迫害，甚至在水晶之夜后撤回了美国驻德国大使。

He pushed for the 1938 Evian Conference in France, in which international leaders discussed the Jewish refugee problem and worked to expand Jewish immigration quotas by tens of thousands of people per year.

他推动 1938 年在法国举行埃维昂会议，国际领导人在会上讨论了犹太难民问题，并努力每年扩大数万人的犹太移民配额。

But the conference came to nothing, and the United States turned away countless Jewish refugees who requested asylum in the United States.

但这次会议毫无结果，美国拒绝了无数在美国寻求庇护的犹太难民。

In 1939, the German ship St. Louis carried over nine hundred Jewish refugees.

1939 年，德国圣路易斯号船载运了 900 多名犹太难民。

They could not find a country that would take them.

他们找不到一个愿意接纳他们的国家。

The passengers could not receive visas under the U.S. quota system.

根据美国配额制度，这些乘客无法获得签证。

A State Department wire to one passenger read that all must “await their turns on the waiting list and qualify for and obtain immigration visas before they may be admissible into the United States.” The ship cabled the president for special privilege, but the president said nothing.

美国国务院在给一名乘客的电报中写道，所有人都必须“等待轮到他们的候补名单，并有资格获得移民签证，然后才能被允许进入美国。”该船向总统发电报要求享有特权，但总统什么也没说。

The ship was forced to return to Europe.

该船被迫返回欧洲。

Hundreds of the St. Louis ’s passengers would perish in the Holocaust.

数百名圣路易斯号乘客在大屠杀中丧生。

Anti-Semitism still permeated the United States.

反犹太主义仍然弥漫在美国。

Even if Roosevelt wanted to do more—it’s difficult to trace his own thoughts and personal views—he judged the political price for increasing immigration quotas as too high.

即使罗斯福想要做得更多——很难追踪他自己的想法和个人观点——他认为增加移民配额的政治代价太高了。

In 1938 and 1939, the U.S. Congress debated the Wagner-Rogers Bill, an act to allow twenty thousand German-Jewish children into the United States.

1938 年和 1939 年，美国国会就《瓦格纳-罗杰斯法案》进行了辩论，该法案允许两万名德国犹太儿童进入美国。

First lady Eleanor Roosevelt endorsed the measure, but the president remained publicly silent.

第一夫人埃莉诺·罗斯福支持这项措施，但总统在公开场合保持沉默。

The bill was opposed by roughly two thirds of the American public and was defeated.

该法案遭到大约三分之二的美国公众的反对并被否决。

Historians speculate that Roosevelt, anxious to protect the New Deal and his rearmament programs, was unwilling to expend political capital to protect foreign groups that the American public had little interest in protecting.

历史学家推测，罗斯福急于保护新政和他的重整军备计划，不愿意花费政治资本来保护美国公众没有兴趣保护的外国团体。

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Knowledge of the full extent of the Holocaust was slow in coming.

对大屠杀全部范围的了解进展缓慢。

When the war began, American officials, including Roosevelt, doubted initial reports of industrial death camps.

战争开始时，包括罗斯福在内的美国官员对工业死亡营的最初报道表示怀疑。

But even when they conceded their existence, officials pointed to their genuinely limited options.

但即使他们承认自己的存在，官员们也指出他们的选择确实有限。

The most plausible response for the U.S. military was to bomb either the camps or the railroads leading to them, but those options were rejected by military and civilian officials who argued that it would do little to stop the deportations, would distract from the war effort, and could cause casualties among concentration camp prisoners.

对美军来说，最合理的反应是轰炸集中营或通往集中营的铁路，但这些选择遭到了军方和文职官员的拒绝，他们认为这对阻止驱逐无济于事，会分散对战争努力的注意力，并可能导致集中营囚犯伤亡。

Whether bombing would have saved lives remains a hotly debated question.

轰炸是否能挽救生命仍然是一个备受争议的问题。

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Late in the war, secretary of the treasury Henry Morgenthau, himself born into a wealthy New York Jewish family, pushed through major changes in American policy.

战争后期，财政部长亨利·摩根索出生于纽约一个富裕的犹太家庭，他推动了美国政策的重大变革。

In 1944, he formed the War Refugees Board (WRB) and became a passionate advocate for Jewish refugees.

1944 年，他成立了战争难民委员会 (WRB)，并成为犹太难民的热情倡导者。

The WRB saved perhaps two hundred thousand Jews and twenty thousand others.

WRB 拯救了大约二十万名犹太人和两万名其他人。

Morgenthau also convinced Roosevelt to issue a public statement condemning the Nazi’s persecution.

摩根索还说服罗斯福发表公开声明谴责纳粹的迫害。

But it was already 1944, and such policies were far too little, far too late.

但现在已经是 1944 年了，此类政策的力度太小，也太晚了。

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Americans celebrated the end of the war.

美国人庆祝战争结束。

At home and abroad, the United States looked to create a postwar order that would guarantee global peace and domestic prosperity.

在国内外，美国希望建立一个保证全球和平和国内繁荣的战后秩序。

Although the alliance of convenience with Stalin’s Soviet Union would collapse, Americans nevertheless looked for the means to ensure postwar stability and economic security for returning veterans.

尽管与斯大林领导下的苏联的便利联盟将会崩溃，但美国人仍在寻求确保战后稳定和回国退伍军人经济安全的方法。

The inability of the League of Nations to stop German, Italian, and Japanese aggressions caused many to question whether any global organization or agreements could ever ensure world peace.

国际联盟无力阻止德国、意大利和日本的侵略，导致许多人质疑是否有任何全球组织或协议能够确保世界和平。

This included Franklin Roosevelt, who, as Woodrow Wilson’s undersecretary of the navy, witnessed the rejection of this idea by both the American people and the Senate.

其中包括富兰克林·罗斯福，他作为伍德罗·威尔逊的海军副部长，目睹了美国人民和参议院对这一想法的拒绝。

In 1941, Roosevelt believed that postwar security could be maintained by an informal agreement between what he termed the Four Policemen—the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and China—instead of a rejuvenated League of Nations.

1941年，罗斯福相信，战后的安全可以通过他所谓的“四大警察”——美国、英国、苏联和中国——之间的非正式协议来维持，而不是通过一个重新焕发活力的国际联盟。

But others, including secretary of state Cordell Hull and British prime minister Winston Churchill, disagreed and convinced Roosevelt to push for a new global organization.

但包括国务卿科德尔·赫尔和英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔在内的其他人不同意，并说服罗斯福推动建立一个新的全球组织。

As the war ran its course, Roosevelt came around to the idea.

随着战争的进行，罗斯福转变了这个想法。

And so did the American public.

美国公众也是如此。

Pollster George Gallup noted a “profound change” in American attitudes.

民意调查专家乔治·盖洛普指出美国人的态度发生了“深刻的变化”。

The United States had rejected membership in the League of Nations after World War I, and in 1937 only a third of Americans polled supported such an idea.

第一次世界大战后，美国拒绝加入国际联盟，1937 年，只有三分之一的受访美国人支持这一想法。

But as war broke out in Europe, half of Americans did.

但随着战争在欧洲爆发，一半的美国人也这么做了。

America’s entry into the war bolstered support, and, by 1945, with the war closing, 81 percent of Americans favored the idea.

美国参战增强了支持率，到 1945 年战争结束时，81% 的美国人支持这个想法。

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Whatever his support, Roosevelt had long shown enthusiasm for the ideas later enshrined in the United Nations (UN) charter.

无论他的支持如何，罗斯福长期以来一直对后来载入联合国宪章的想法表现出热情。

In January 1941, he announced his Four Freedoms—freedom of speech, of worship, from want, and from fear—that all of the world’s citizens should enjoy.

1941 年 1 月，他宣布了全世界所有公民都应享有的四大自由——言论自由、信仰自由、免于匮乏和免于恐惧的自由。

That same year he signed the Atlantic Charter with Churchill, which reinforced those ideas and added the right of self-determination and promised some sort of postwar economic and political cooperation.

同年，他与丘吉尔签署了《大西洋宪章》，该宪章强化了这些想法，增加了自决权，并承诺进行某种战后的经济和政治合作。

Roosevelt first used the term united nations to describe the Allied powers, not the subsequent postwar organization.

罗斯福首先使用联合国一词来描述同盟国，而不是随后的战后组织。

But the name stuck.

但这个名字却被卡住了。

At Tehran in 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill convinced Stalin to send a Soviet delegation to a conference at Dumbarton Oaks, in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in August 1944, where they agreed on the basic structure of the new organization.

1943 年，罗斯福和丘吉尔在德黑兰说服斯大林派遣苏联代表团参加 1944 年 8 月在华盛顿特区乔治敦附近的敦巴顿橡树园举行的会议，他们在会上就新组织的基本结构达成了一致。

It would have a Security Council—the original Four Policemen, plus France—which would consult on how best to keep the peace and when to deploy the military power of the assembled nations.

它将设立一个安理会——最初的四位警察，加上法国——负责就如何最好地维护和平以及何时部署各国的军事力量进行磋商。

According to one historian, the organization demonstrated an understanding that “only the Great Powers, working together, could provide real security.” But the plan was a kind of hybrid between Roosevelt’s policemen idea and a global organization of equal representation.

一位历史学家表示，该组织表现出一种理解，即“只有大国共同努力，才能提供真正的安全”。但该计划是罗斯福警察理念和平等代表制全球组织的混合体。

There would also be a General Assembly, made up of all nations; an International Court of Justice; and a council for economic and social matters.

还将有一个由所有国家组成的大会；国际法院；以及经济和社会事务委员会。

Dumbarton Oaks was a mixed success—the Soviets especially expressed concern over how the Security Council would work—but the powers agreed to meet again in San Francisco between April and June 1945 for further negotiations.

敦巴顿橡树园会议的成功与否——苏联尤其对安理会如何运作表示担忧——但各国同意于 1945 年 4 月至 6 月期间在旧金山再次举行会议，进行进一步谈判。

There, on June 26, 1945, fifty nations signed the UN charter.

1945 年 6 月 26 日，五十个国家在那里签署了《联合国宪章》。

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Anticipating victory in World War II, leaders not only looked to the postwar global order, they looked to the fate of returning American servicemen.

预见到第二次世界大战的胜利，领导人不仅关注战后的全球秩序，还关注回国的美国军人的命运。

American politicians and interest groups sought to avoid another economic depression—the economy had tanked after World War I—by gradually easing returning veterans back into the civilian economy.

美国政界人士和利益集团试图通过逐步放宽退伍军人重返民用经济的方式，避免另一场经济萧条（第一次世界大战后经济陷入困境）。

The brainchild of Henry Colmery, the former head of the American Legion, the G.I.

G.I. 是美国军团前任团长亨利·科尔默里 (Henry Colmery) 的创意。

Bill won support from progressives and conservatives alike.

比尔赢得了进步派和保守派的支持。

Passed in 1944, the G.I.

1944 年通过，G.I.

Bill was a multifaceted, multibillion-dollar entitlement program that rewarded honorably discharged veterans with numerous benefits.

比尔是一个多方面、数十亿美元的福利计划，为光荣退役的退伍军人提供多种福利。

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Faced with the prospect of over fifteen million members of the armed services (including approximately 350,000 women) suddenly returning to civilian life, the G.I.

面对超过 1500 万武装部队成员（包括约 35 万女性）突然重返平民生活的前景，美国大兵 (G.I.)

Bill offered a bevy of inducements to slow their influx into the civilian workforce as well as reward their service with public benefits.

比尔提供了一系列诱因来减缓他们进入文职劳动力的速度，并用公共福利来奖励他们的服务。

The legislation offered a year’s worth of unemployment benefits for veterans unable to secure work.

该立法为无法找到工作的退伍军人提供一年的失业救济金。

About half of American veterans (eight million) received $4 billion in unemployment benefits over the life of the bill.

大约一半的美国退伍军人（800 万）在该法案有效期内领取了 40 亿美元的失业救济金。

The G.I.

美军士兵

Bill also made postsecondary education a reality for many.

比尔还让高等教育成为许多人的现实。

The Veterans Administration (VA) paid the lion’s share of educational expenses, including tuition, fees, supplies, and even stipends for living expenses.

退伍军人管理局（VA）支付了大部分教育费用，包括学费、杂费、用品，甚至生活费津贴。

The G.I.

美军士兵

Bill sparked a boom in higher education.

比尔引发了高等教育的繁荣。

Enrollments at accredited colleges, universities, and technical and professional schools spiked, rising from 1.5 million in 1940 to 3.6 million in 1960.

经认可的学院、大学以及技术和专业学校的入学人数激增，从 1940 年的 150 万人增加到 1960 年的 360 万人。

The VA disbursed over $14 billon in educational aid in just over a decade.

VA 在短短十年内支付了超过 140 亿美元的教育援助。

Furthermore, the bill encouraged home ownership.

此外，该法案还鼓励拥有住房。

Roughly 40 percent of Americans owned homes in 1945, but that figure climbed to 60 percent a decade after the close of the war.

1945 年，大约 40% 的美国人拥有房屋，但在战争结束十年后，这一数字攀升至 60%。

Because the bill did away with down payment requirements, veterans could obtain home loans for as little as $1 down.

由于该法案取消了首付要求，退伍军人仅需 1 美元首付即可获得住房贷款。

Close to four million veterans purchased homes through the G.I.

近 400 万退伍军人通过 G.I. 购买了房屋。

Bill, sparking a construction bonanza that fueled postwar growth.

比尔引发了建筑业的繁荣，推动了战后的经济增长。

In addition, the VA also helped nearly two hundred thousand veterans secure farms and offered thousands more guaranteed financing for small businesses.

此外，退伍军人管理局还帮助近二十万名退伍军人确保农场安全，并为小企业提供了数千美元的担保融资。

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Not all Americans, however, benefited equally from the G.I.

然而，并非所有美国人都从退伍军人权利中平等受益。

Bill.

账单。

Indirectly, since the military limited the number of female personnel, men qualified for the bill’s benefits in far higher numbers.

间接地，由于军队限制了女性人员的数量，因此有资格享受该法案福利的男性人数要多得多。

Colleges also limited the number of female applicants to guarantee space for male veterans.

大学还限制女性申请者的数量，以保证男性退伍军人的名额。

African Americans, too, faced discrimination.

非裔美国人也面临歧视。

Segregation forced Black veterans into overcrowded “historically Black colleges” that had to turn away close to twenty thousand applicants.

种族隔离迫使黑人退伍军人进入人满为患的“历史上的黑人大学”，这些大学不得不拒绝近两万名申请者。

Meanwhile, residential segregation limited Black home ownership in various neighborhoods, denying Black homeowners the equity and investment that would come with home ownership.

与此同时，住宅隔离限制了黑人在各个社区的住房所有权，剥夺了黑人房主随住房所有权而来的股权和投资。

There were other limits and other disadvantaged groups.

还有其他限制和其他弱势群体。

Veterans accused of homosexuality, for instance, were similarly unable to claim GI benefits.

例如，被指控同性恋的退伍军人同样无法申请退伍军人福利。

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The effects of the G.I.

G.I. 的影响

Bill were significant and long-lasting.

比尔意义重大且持久。

It helped sustain the great postwar economic boom and, even if many could not attain it, it nevertheless established the hallmarks of American middle class life.

它帮助维持了战后巨大的经济繁荣，即使许多人无法实现这一目标，它仍然确立了美国中产阶级生活的标志。

The United States entered the war in a crippling economic depression and exited at the beginning of an unparalleled economic boom.

美国在经济严重萧条时参战，又在经济空前繁荣之初退出。

The war had been won, the United States was stronger than ever, and Americans looked forward to a prosperous future.

战争已经胜利，美国比以往任何时候都更加强大，美国人期待着繁荣的未来。

And yet new problems loomed.

然而新的问题又出现了。

Stalin’s Soviet Union and the proliferation of nuclear weapons would disrupt postwar dreams of global harmony.

斯大林的苏联和核武器的扩散将破坏战后全球和谐的梦想。

Meanwhile, Americans who had fought a war for global democracy would find that very democracy eradicated around the world in reestablished colonial regimes and at home in segregation and injustice.

与此同时，为全球民主而战的美国人会发现，民主在世界各地因殖民政权的重建而被根除，而在国内则因种族隔离和不公正而被根除。

The war had unleashed powerful forces that would reshape the United States at home and abroad.

这场战争释放了强大的力量，将在国内外重塑美国。

Charles Lindbergh won international fame in 1927 after completing the first non-stop, solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

1927 年，查尔斯·林德伯格 (Charles Lindbergh) 完成首次不间断单人飞越大西洋的飞行，赢得了国际声誉。

As Hitler’s armies marched across the European continent, many Americans began to imagine American participation in the war.

当希特勒的军队横扫欧洲大陆时，许多美国人开始想象美国参与这场战争。

Charles Lindbergh and the America First Committee, advocating “America First,” championed American isolationism.

查尔斯·林德伯格和美国第一委员会主张“美国优先”，拥护美国孤立主义。

2.

2.

A.

A.

Phillip Randolph and Franklin Roosevelt on Racial Discrimination in the Defense Industry (1941)

菲利普·兰道夫和富兰克林·罗斯福谈国防工业中的种族歧视 (1941)

As the United States prepared for war, Black labor leader A.

当美国准备战争时，黑人劳工领袖 A.

Philip Randolph recoiled at rampant employment discrimination in the defense industry.

菲利普·伦道夫对国防工业中猖獗的就业歧视感到反感。

Together with NAACP head Walter White and other leaders, Randolph planned “a mass March on Washington” to push for fair employment practices.

兰道夫与全国有色人种协进会主席沃尔特·怀特和其他领导人一起计划“华盛顿大规模游行”，以推动公平就业做法。

President Franklin Roosevelt met with Randolph and White on June 18, and, faced with mobilized discontent and a possible disruption of wartime industries, Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802 on June 25.

富兰克林·罗斯福总统于 6 月 18 日会见了伦道夫和怀特，面对动员的不满情绪和战时工业可能受到的破坏，罗斯福于 6 月 25 日签署了第 8802 号行政命令。

The order prohibited racial discrimination in the defense industry.

该命令禁止国防工业中的种族歧视。

Randolph and other leaders declared victory and called off the march.

伦道夫和其他领导人宣布胜利并取消了游行。

The leaders of the United States and United Kingdom signed the Atlantic Charter in August 1941.

1941年8月，美国和英国领导人签署了《大西洋宪章》。

The short document neatly outlined an idealized vision for political and economic order of the postwar world.

这份简短的文件简洁地概述了战后世界政治和经济秩序的理想化愿景。

During World War II, the federal government removed over 120,000 men, women, and children of Japanese descent (both foreign-born “issei” and native-born “nisei”) from the West Coast and interned in camps.

第二次世界大战期间，联邦政府将超过 120,000 名日本血统的男人、女人和儿童（包括外国出生的“issei”和本土出生的“nisei”）从西海岸转移到难民营中。

President Roosevelt authorized the internments with his Executive Order No. 9066, issued on February 19, 1942.

罗斯福总统于 1942 年 2 月 19 日发布了第 9066 号行政命令，授权实施拘留。

Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga was born in 1924 in Los Angeles, California.

爱子·赫齐格·吉永 (Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga) 1924 年出生于加利福尼亚州洛杉矶。

A second-generation (“Nisei”) Japanese American, she was incarcerated at the Manzanar internment camp in California and later at other internment camps in Arkansas.

她是第二代（“Nisei”）日裔美国人，曾被监禁在加利福尼亚州的曼扎纳尔拘留营，后来又被监禁在阿肯色州的其他拘留营。

Her she describes learning about Pearl Harbor, her family’s forced evacuation, and her impressions of her internment camp.

她描述了珍珠港事件、家人被迫撤离以及她对拘留营的印象。

6.

6.

Harry Truman Announcing the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima (1945)

哈里·杜鲁门宣布对广岛进行原子弹爆炸 (1945)

On August 6, 1945, Harry Truman disclosed to the American public that the United States had detonated an atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japan.

1945年8月6日，哈里·杜鲁门向美国公众透露，美国在日本广岛引爆了原子弹。

7.

7.

Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945)

越南民主共和国独立宣言 (1945)

Vietnam, which had been colonized by the French and then by the Japanese, declared their independence from colonial rule—particularly the re-imposition of a French colonial regime—in the aftermath of Japan’s defeat in World War II.

越南曾先后被法国和日本殖民，在日本二战战败后，越南宣布摆脱殖民统治，特别是法国重新实行殖民统治，获得独立。

Proclaimed by Ho Chi Minh in September 1945, Vietnam’s Declaration of Independence reflected back the early promises of the Allies in World War II and even borrowed directly from the American Declaration of Independence.

1945年9月，胡志明宣布《越南独立宣言》，反映了盟军在二战中的早期承诺，甚至直接借鉴了美国《独立宣言》。

The Tuskegee Airmen stand at attention as Major James A.

塔斯基吉空军士兵立正，詹姆斯·A·少校 (Major James A.

Ellison returns the salute of Mac Ross, one of the first graduates of the Tuskegee cadets.

埃里森向塔斯基吉学员的第一批毕业生之一麦克·罗斯致礼。

The Tuskegee Airmen who continued a tradition of African American military service while honorably serving a country that still considered them second-class citizens.

塔斯基吉飞行员延续了非裔美国兵役的传统，同时光荣地为一个仍将他们视为二等公民的国家服务。

This pair of US Military recruiting posters demonstrates the way that two branches of the military—the Marines and the Women’s Army Corps—borrowed techniques from advertising professionals to “sell” a romantic vision of war to Americans.

这两张美国军队征兵海报展示了海军陆战队和女子陆军这两个军种如何借用广告专业人士的技巧，向美国人“推销”浪漫的战争愿景。

These two images take different strategies: one shows Marines at war in a lush jungle, reminding viewers that the war was taking place in exotic lands, the other depicted women taking on new jobs as a patriotic duty.

这两幅图像采取了不同的策略：一幅展示了海军陆战队在茂密的丛林中作战，提醒观众战争是在异国他乡发生的，另一幅则描绘了女性承担新的工作作为一种爱国义务。

This chapter was edited by Joseph Locke, with content contributions by Mary Beth Chopas, Andrew David, Ashton Ellett, Paula Fortier, Joseph Locke, Jennifer Mandel, Valerie Martinez, Ryan Menath, Chris Thomas.

本章由 Joseph Locke 编辑，内容贡献者包括 Mary Beth Chopas、Andrew David、Ashton Ellett、Paula Fortier、Joseph Locke、Jennifer Mandel、Valerie Martinez、Ryan Menath、Chris Thomas。

Recommended citation: Mary Beth Chopas et al., “World War II,” Joseph Locke, ed., in The American Yawp , eds.

推荐引用：Mary Beth Chopas 等人，“第二次世界大战”，Joseph Locke 编辑，载于 The American Yawp 编辑。

Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018).

约瑟夫·洛克和本·赖特（加利福尼亚州斯坦福：斯坦福大学出版社，2018 年）。