The American Yawp
“Women competing in low hurdle race, Washington, D.C.,” ca.
“华盛顿特区，女性参加低栏赛”，大约。
1920s.
1920 年代。
Library of Congress (LC-USZ62-65429)
美国国会图书馆 (LC-USZ62-65429)
* NOTE: You are viewing a chapter from the archived, “First Edition” version of the American Yawp, which stopped receiving updates in spring 2026.
* 注意：您正在查看《American Yawp》存档的“第一版”版本中的章节，该版本已于 2026 年春季停止接收更新。
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On a sunny day in early March 1921, Warren G.
1921 年 3 月上旬的一个阳光明媚的日子，Warren G.
Harding took the oath to become the twenty-ninth president of the United States.
哈丁宣誓就任美国第二十九任总统。
He had won a landslide election by promising a “return to normalcy.” “Our supreme task is the resumption of our onward, normal way,” he declared in his inaugural address.
他通过承诺“恢复正常”赢得了压倒性的选举。他在就职演说中宣称：“我们的最高任务是恢复我们前进的正常道路。”
While campaigning, he said, “America’s present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration.” The nation still reeled from the shock of World War I, the explosion of racial violence and political repression in 1919, and, a lingering “Red Scare” sparked by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
他在竞选时表示，“美国当前需要的不是英雄主义，而是治愈；不是灵丹妙药，而是常态；不是革命，而是恢复。”该国仍然深受第一次世界大战的冲击、1919 年种族暴力和政治镇压的爆发以及俄罗斯布尔什维克革命引发的挥之不去的“红色恐慌”的影响。
More than 115,000 American soldiers had lost their lives in barely a year of fighting in Europe.
在欧洲仅仅一年的战斗中，就有超过 115,000 名美国士兵丧生。
Then, between 1918 and 1920, nearly seven hundred thousand Americans died in a flu epidemic that hit nearly 20 percent of the American population.
然后，在 1918 年至 1920 年间，近 70 万美国人死于流感，流感影响了美国近 20% 的人口。
Waves of labor strikes, meanwhile, hit soon after the war.
与此同时，战后不久，工人罢工浪潮袭来。
Radicals bellowed.
激进分子怒吼。
Anarchists and others sent more than thirty bombs through the mail on May 1, 1919.
1919 年 5 月 1 日，无政府主义者和其他人通过邮件寄出了 30 多枚炸弹。
After wartime controls fell, the economy tanked and national unemployment hit 20 percent.
战时管制放松后，经济陷入困境，全国失业率达到 20%。
Farmers’ bankruptcy rates, already egregious, now skyrocketed.
农民的破产率本来就令人震惊，现在又飙升。
Harding could hardly deliver the peace that he promised, but his message nevertheless resonated among a populace wracked by instability.
哈丁很难实现他所承诺的和平，但他的信息仍然在饱受不稳定之苦的民众中引起共鸣。
The 1920s, of course, would be anything but “normal.” The decade so reshaped American life that it came to be called by many names: the New Era, the Jazz Age, the Age of the Flapper, the Prosperity Decade, and, most commonly, the Roaring Twenties.
当然，20 年代绝非“正常”。这十年彻底改变了美国人的生活，以至于有很多名字：新时代、爵士时代、摩登时代、繁荣十年，以及最常见的“咆哮的二十年代”。
The mass production and consumption of automobiles, household appliances, film, and radio fueled a new economy and new standards of living.
汽车、家用电器、电影、广播的大规模生产和消费推动了新经济和新生活水平。
New mass entertainment introduced talking films and jazz while sexual and social restraints loosened.
新的大众娱乐引入了有声电影和爵士乐，同时性和社会限制也放松了。
But at the same time, many Americans turned their back on political and economic reform, denounced America’s shifting demographics, stifled immigration, retreated toward “old-time religion,” and revived the Ku Klux Klan with millions of new members.
但与此同时，许多美国人拒绝政治和经济改革，谴责美国人口结构的变化，抑制移民，退回到“旧式宗教”，并复兴了拥有数百万新成员的三K党。
On the other hand, many Americans fought harder than ever for equal rights and cultural observers noted the appearance of “the New Woman” and “the New Negro.” Old immigrant communities that had predated new immigration quotas, meanwhile, clung to their cultures and their native faiths.
另一方面，许多美国人比以往任何时候都更加努力地争取平等权利，文化观察家注意到“新女性”和“新黑人”的出现。与此同时，在新的移民配额出台之前，老移民社区仍然坚持自己的文化和本土信仰。
The 1920s were a decade of conflict and tension.
20 年代是充满冲突和紧张的十年。
But whatever it was, it was not “normalcy.”
但无论是什么，这都不是“常态”。
To deliver on his promises of stability and prosperity, Harding signed legislation to restore a high protective tariff and dismantled the last wartime controls over industry.
为了兑现他对稳定和繁荣的承诺，哈丁签署了恢复高保护关税的立法，并取消了战时对工业的最后控制。
Meanwhile, the vestiges of America’s involvement in World War I and its propaganda and suspicions of anything less than “100 percent American” pushed Congress to address fears of immigration and foreign populations.
与此同时，美国参与第一次世界大战的痕迹及其宣传和对任何不“100%美国人”的怀疑促使国会解决对移民和外国人口的担忧。
A sour postwar economy led elites to raise the specter of the Russian Revolution and sideline not just the various American socialist and anarchist organizations but nearly all union activism.
战后经济的恶化导致精英们对俄罗斯革命产生了担忧，不仅排斥美国的各种社会主义和无政府主义组织，而且排斥几乎所有的工会激进主义。
During the 1920s, the labor movement suffered a sharp decline in memberships.
20 年代，劳工运动的成员人数急剧下降。
Workers lost not only bargaining power but also the support of courts, politicians, and, in large measure, the American public.
工人们不仅失去了讨价还价的能力，还失去了法院、政客以及在很大程度上美国公众的支持。
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Harding’s presidency would go down in history as among the most corrupt.
哈丁的总统任期将作为最腐败的总统之一载入史册。
Many of Harding’s cabinet appointees, however, were individuals of true stature that answered to various American constituencies.
然而，哈丁任命的许多内阁成员都是具有真正地位的人，能够满足美国各个选区的需要。
For instance, Henry C.
例如，亨利 C.
Wallace, the vocal editor of Wallace’s Farmer and a well-known proponent of scientific farming, was made secretary of agriculture.
华莱士是《华莱士农民》的主编，也是科学农业的著名支持者，他被任命为农业部长。
Herbert Hoover, the popular head and administrator of the wartime Food Administration and a self-made millionaire, was made secretary of commerce.
赫伯特·胡佛 (Herbert Hoover) 是一位颇受欢迎的战时食品管理局局长和行政长官，也是一位白手起家的百万富翁，他被任命为商务部长。
To satisfy business interests, the conservative businessman Andrew Mellon became secretary of the treasury.
为了满足商业利益，保守派商人安德鲁·梅隆出任财政部长。
Mostly, however, it was the appointing of friends and close supporters, dubbed “the Ohio gang,” that led to trouble.
然而，大多数情况下，是由被称为“俄亥俄帮”的朋友和亲密支持者的任命导致了麻烦。
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Harding’s administration suffered a tremendous setback when several officials conspired to lease government land in Wyoming to oil companies in exchange for cash.
当几名官员密谋将怀俄明州的政府土地出租给石油公司以换取现金时，哈丁政府遭受了巨大挫折。
Known as the Teapot Dome scandal (named after the nearby rock formation that resembled a teapot), interior secretary Albert Fall and navy secretary Edwin Denby resigned and Fall was convicted and sent to jail.
被称为茶壶穹顶丑闻（以附近类似茶壶的岩层命名）的内政部长阿尔伯特·法尔和海军部长埃德温·丹比辞职，法尔被定罪并入狱。
Harding took vacation in the summer of 1923 so that he could think deeply on how to deal “with my God-damned friends”—it was his friends, and not his enemies, that kept him up walking the halls at nights.
1923 年夏天，哈丁休假，这样他就可以深入思考如何与“我该死的朋友们”打交道——是他的朋友，而不是他的敌人，让他夜里在大厅里走来走去。
But then, in August 1923, Harding died suddenly of a heart attack and Vice President Calvin Coolidge ascended to the highest office in the land.
但随后，1923 年 8 月，哈丁因心脏病突然去世，副总统卡尔文·柯立芝升任美国最高职位。
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The son of a shopkeeper, Coolidge climbed the Republican ranks from city councilman to governor of Massachusetts.
柯立芝是一位店主的儿子，他在共和党中从市议员一路晋升到马萨诸塞州州长。
As president, Coolidge sought to remove the stain of scandal but otherwise continued Harding’s economic approach, refusing to take actions in defense of workers or consumers against American business.
作为总统，柯立芝试图消除丑闻的污点，但在其他方面继续哈丁的经济方针，拒绝采取行动保护工人或消费者免受美国企业的侵害。
“The chief business of the American people,” the new president stated, “is business.” One observer called Coolidge’s policy “active inactivity,” but Coolidge was not afraid of supporting business interests and wealthy Americans by lowering taxes or maintaining high tariff rates.
新总统表示：“美国人民的首要任务是商业。”一位观察家称柯立芝的政策是“积极不作为”，但柯立芝并不害怕通过降低税收或维持高关税来支持商业利益和富裕的美国人。
Congress, for instance, had already begun to reduce taxes on the wealthy from wartime levels of 66 percent to 20 percent, which Coolidge championed.
例如，国会已经开始将富人的税收从战时的 66% 降低到 20%，这是柯立芝所倡导的。
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While Coolidge supported business, other Americans continued their activism.
在柯立芝支持商业的同时，其他美国人继续积极行动。
The 1920s, for instance, represented a time of great activism among American women, who had won the vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.
例如，20 年代是美国女性积极行动的时期，随着 1920 年第十九修正案的通过，她们赢得了选票。
Female voters, like their male counterparts, pursued many interests.
女性选民与男性选民一样，追求多种利益。
Concerned about squalor, poverty, and domestic violence, women had already lent their efforts to prohibition, which went into effect under the Eighteenth Amendment in January 1920.
出于对肮脏、贫困和家庭暴力的担忧，妇女们已经为禁酒做出了努力，该禁令根据 1920 年 1 月第十八修正案生效。
After that point, alcohol could no longer be manufactured or sold.
从那时起，酒精就不能再生产或销售。
Other reformers urged government action to ameliorate high mortality rates among infants and children, provide federal aid for education, and ensure peace and disarmament.
其他改革者敦促政府采取行动，降低婴儿和儿童的高死亡率，提供联邦教育援助，并确保和平与裁军。
Some activists advocated protective legislation for women and children, while Alice Paul and the National Woman’s Party called for the elimination of all legal distinctions “on account of sex” through the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which was introduced but defeated in Congress.
一些活动人士主张为妇女和儿童制定保护性立法，而爱丽丝·保罗和全国妇女党则呼吁通过拟议的平等权利修正案（ERA）消除“基于性别”的所有法律区别，该修正案已被提出但在国会被否决。
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During the 1920s, the National Woman’s Party fought for the rights of women beyond that of suffrage, which they had secured through the 19th Amendment in 1920.
20 年代，全国妇女党为妇女争取超越选举权的权利，她们通过 1920 年第十九条修正案获得了这些权利。
They organized private events, like the tea party pictured here, and public campaigning, such as the introduction of the Equal Rights Amendment to Congress, as they continued the struggle for equality.
他们在继续争取平等的同时，组织了私人活动（如图中所示的茶会）和公共活动（如向国会提出平等权利修正案）。
Library of Congress .
国会图书馆。
“Change is in the very air Americans breathe, and consumer changes are the very bricks out of which we are building our new kind of civilization,” announced marketing expert and home economist Christine Frederick in her influential 1929 monograph, Selling Mrs. Consumer .
市场营销专家兼家庭经济学家克里斯蒂娜·弗雷德里克 (Christine Frederick) 在其 1929 年颇具影响力的专着《推销消费者夫人》中宣称：“美国人呼吸的空气中弥漫着变化，而消费者的变化正是我们建设新型文明的基石。”
The book, which was based on one of the earliest surveys of American buying habits, advised manufacturers and advertisers how to capture the purchasing power of women, who, according to Frederick, accounted for 90 percent of household expenditures.
这本书基于对美国人购买习惯的最早调查之一，建议制造商和广告商如何抓住女性的购买力，据弗雷德里克称，女性占家庭支出的 90%。
Aside from granting advertisers insight into the psychology of the “average” consumer, Frederick’s text captured the tremendous social and economic transformations that had been wrought over the course of her lifetime.
除了让广告商深入了解“普通”消费者的心理之外，弗雷德里克的文字还捕捉到了她一生中所发生的巨大社会和经济变革。
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Indeed, the America of Frederick’s birth looked very different from the one she confronted in 1929.
事实上，弗雷德里克出生时的美国看起来与 1929 年她所面对的美国截然不同。
The consumer change she studied had resulted from the industrial expansion of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
她研究的消费者变化是十九世纪末二十世纪初工业扩张的结果。
With the discovery of new energy sources and manufacturing technologies, industrial output flooded the market with a range of consumer products such as ready-to-wear clothing, convenience foods, and home appliances.
随着新能源和制造技术的发现，工业产出大量涌入市场，包括成衣、方便食品和家用电器等一系列消费品。
By the end of the nineteenth century, output had risen so dramatically that many contemporaries feared supply had outpaced demand and that the nation would soon face the devastating financial consequences of overproduction.
到十九世纪末，产量大幅增长，以至于许多同时代人担心供应超过需求，国家很快将面临生产过剩带来的毁灭性财务后果。
American businessmen attempted to avoid this catastrophe by developing new merchandising and marketing strategies that transformed distribution and stimulated a new culture of consumer desire.
美国商人试图通过开发新的商品和营销策略来避免这场灾难，这些策略改变了分销方式并激发了新的消费欲望文化。
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The department store stood at the center of this early consumer revolution.
百货商店处于这场早期消费革命的中心。
By the 1880s, several large dry-goods houses blossomed into modern retail department stores.
到了 1880 年代，几家大型干货店发展成为现代零售百货商店。
These emporiums concentrated a broad array of goods under a single roof, allowing customers to purchase shirtwaists and gloves alongside toy trains and washbasins.
这些商场将各种商品集中在一个屋檐下，顾客可以购买衬衫和手套以及玩具火车和洗脸盆。
To attract customers, department stores relied on more than variety.
为了吸引顾客，百货公司不仅仅依靠品种。
They also employed innovations in service (such as access to restaurants, writing rooms, and babysitting) and spectacle (such as elaborately decorated store windows, fashion shows, and interior merchandise displays).
他们还在服务（例如进入餐厅、写作室和保姆）和景观（例如精心装饰的商店橱窗、时装秀和室内商品展示）方面进行了创新。
Marshall Field & Co. was among the most successful of these ventures.
马歇尔菲尔德公司 (Marshall Field & Co.) 是这些企业中最成功的企业之一。
Located on State Street in Chicago, the company pioneered many of these strategies, including establishing a tearoom that provided refreshment to the well-heeled female shoppers who composed the store’s clientele.
该公司位于芝加哥州街，开创了许多此类策略，包括建立一个茶室，为该店的富裕女性购物者提供茶点。
Reflecting on the success of Field’s marketing techniques, Thomas W.
反思菲尔德营销技巧的成功，Thomas W.
Goodspeed, an early trustee of the University of Chicago, wrote, “Perhaps the most notable of Mr. Field’s innovations was that he made a store in which it was a joy to buy.” 11
芝加哥大学早期受托人古德斯皮德写道：“也许菲尔德先生最引人注目的创新是他开设了一家让人愉悦购买的商店。” 11
In the 1920s Americans across the country bought magazines like Photoplay in order to get more information about the stars of their new favorite entertainment media: the movies.
20 世纪 20 年代，全国各地的美国人购买《Photoplay》等杂志，以获得有关他们最喜爱的新娱乐媒体——电影——的明星的更多信息。
Advertisers took advantage of this broad audience to promote a wide range of goods and services to both men and women.
广告商利用这一广泛的受众群体向男性和女性推销各种商品和服务。
Archive.org .
Archive.org 。
The joy of buying infected a growing number of Americans in the early twentieth century as the rise of mail-order catalogs, mass-circulation magazines, and national branding further stoked consumer desire.
二十世纪初，随着邮购目录、大众发行杂志和全国品牌的兴起进一步激发了消费者的欲望，购物的乐趣感染了越来越多的美国人。
The automobile industry also fostered the new culture of consumption by promoting the use of credit.
汽车行业还通过推广信用，培育新的消费文化。
By 1927, more than 60 percent of American automobiles were sold on credit, and installment purchasing was made available for nearly every other large consumer purchase.
到 1927 年，超过 60% 的美国汽车都是赊销的，而且几乎所有其他大型消费者购买都可以分期付款。
Spurred by access to easy credit, consumer expenditures for household appliances, for example, grew by more than 120 percent between 1919 and 1929.
例如，在获得宽松信贷的刺激下，1919 年至 1929 年间，家用电器的消费者支出增长了 120% 以上。
Henry Ford’s assembly line, which advanced production strategies practiced within countless industries, brought automobiles within the reach of middle-income Americans and further drove the spirit of consumerism.
亨利·福特的装配线推进了无数行业实践的生产策略，使汽车进入了中等收入的美国人的手中，并进一步推动了消费主义精神。
By 1925, Ford’s factories were turning out a Model-T every ten seconds.
到 1925 年，福特工厂每 10 秒就生产出一辆 T 型车。
The number of registered cars ballooned from just over nine million in 1920 to nearly twenty-seven million by the decade’s end.
注册汽车数量从 1920 年的略高于 900 万辆猛增至 20 世纪末的近 2700 万辆。
Americans owned more cars than Great Britain, Germany, France, and Italy combined.
美国人拥有的汽车数量比英国、德国、法国和意大利的总和还多。
In the late 1920s, 80 percent of the world’s cars drove on American roads.
20 年代末，世界上 80% 的汽车在美国道路上行驶。
As transformative as steam and iron had been in the previous century, gasoline and electricity—embodied most dramatically for many Americans in automobiles, film, and radio—propelled not only consumption but also the famed popular culture in the 1920s.
汽油和电力与上个世纪的蒸汽和钢铁一样具有变革性，对许多美国人来说最引人注目的是汽车、电影和广播，它们不仅推动了消费，还推动了 20 年代著名的流行文化。
“We wish to escape,” wrote Edgar Burroughs, author of the Tarzan series, “.
“我们希望逃离，”《人猿泰山》系列的作者埃德加·巴勒斯写道，“。
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the restrictions of manmade laws, and the inhibitions that society has placed upon us.” Burroughs authored a new Tarzan story nearly every year from 1914 until 1939.
人为法律的限制，以及社会对我们施加的限制。”从 1914 年到 1939 年，巴勒斯几乎每年都会创作一部新的《人猿泰山》故事。
“We would each like to be Tarzan,” he said.
“我们每个人都想成为人猿泰山，”他说。
“At least I would; I admit it.” Like many Americans in the 1920s, Burroughs sought to challenge and escape the constraints of a society that seemed more industrialized with each passing day.
“至少我会；我承认。”与 20 世纪 20 年代的许多美国人一样，巴勒斯试图挑战并摆脱日益工业化的社会的束缚。
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Just like Burroughs, Americans escaped with great speed.
就像巴勒斯一样，美国人以极快的速度逃离。
Whether through the automobile, Hollywood’s latest films, jazz records produced on Tin Pan Alley, or the hours spent listening to radio broadcasts of Jack Dempsey’s prizefights, the public wrapped itself in popular culture.
无论是通过汽车、好莱坞的最新电影、锡盘巷制作的爵士乐唱片，还是花几个小时收听杰克·登普西职业拳击比赛的无线电广播，公众都沉浸在流行文化之中。
One observer estimated that Americans belted out the silly musical hit “Yes, We Have No Bananas” more than “The Star Spangled Banner” and all the hymns in all the hymnals combined.
一位观察家估计，美国人高唱愚蠢的音乐热门歌曲《是的，我们没有香蕉》比《星条旗永不落》和所有赞美诗集中的所有赞美诗的总和还多。
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As the automobile became more popular and more reliable, more people traveled more frequently and attempted greater distances.
随着汽车变得越来越流行、越来越可靠，越来越多的人出行更加频繁，并尝试走更远的距离。
Women increasingly drove themselves to their own activities as well as those of their children.
妇女越来越多地投入到自己和孩子的活动中。
Vacationing Americans sped to Florida to escape northern winters.
度假的美国人纷纷前往佛罗里达州躲避北方的冬天。
Young men and women fled the supervision of courtship, exchanging the staid parlor couch for sexual exploration in the backseat of a sedan.
年轻男女逃离求爱的监督，放弃了古板的客厅沙发，在轿车后座进行性探索。
In order to serve and capture the growing number of drivers, Americans erected gas stations, diners, motels, and billboards along the roadside.
为了服务和吸引越来越多的司机，美国人在路边设立了加油站、餐馆、汽车旅馆和广告牌。
Automobiles themselves became objects of entertainment: nearly one hundred thousand people gathered to watch drivers compete for the $50,000 prize of the Indianapolis 500.
汽车本身也成为了娱乐对象：近十万人聚集在一起观看车手争夺印第安纳波利斯 500 强 50,000 美元的奖金。
Side view of a Ford sedan with four passengers and a woman getting in on the driver’s side, ca.1923.
一辆福特轿车的侧视图，车上有四名乘客，驾驶员一侧有一名女士，拍摄于 1923 年左右。
Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-54096.
美国国会图书馆，LC-USZ62-54096。
Meanwhile, the United States dominated the global film industry.
与此同时，美国主导了全球电影业。
By 1930, as moviemaking became more expensive, a handful of film companies took control of the industry.
到 1930 年，随着电影制作变得更加昂贵，少数电影公司控制了该行业。
Immigrants, mostly of Jewish heritage from central and Eastern Europe, originally “invented Hollywood” because most turn-of-the-century middle- and upper-class Americans viewed cinema as lower-class entertainment.
移民（大多是来自中欧和东欧的犹太裔）最初“发明了好莱坞”，因为大多数世纪之交的中上层美国人将电影视为下层阶级的娱乐。
After their parents emigrated from Poland in 1876, Harry, Albert, Sam, and Jack Warner (who were, according to family lore, given the name when an Ellis Island official could not understand their surname) founded Warner Bros.
1876 年，他们的父母从波兰移民后，哈利、艾伯特、萨姆和杰克·华纳（根据家族传说，由于埃利斯岛官员无法理解他们的姓氏，他们因此而得名）创立了华纳兄弟公司。
In 1918, Universal, Paramount, Columbia, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) were all founded by or led by Jewish executives.
1918 年，环球影业、派拉蒙影业、哥伦比亚影业和米高梅影业 (MGM) 都是由犹太高管创立或领导的。
Aware of their social status as outsiders, these immigrants (or sons of immigrants) purposefully produced films that portrayed American values of opportunity, democracy, and freedom.
这些移民（或移民的儿子）意识到自己作为局外人的社会地位，有目的地制作了描绘机会、民主和自由的美国价值观的电影。
Not content with distributing thirty-minute films in nickelodeons, film moguls produced longer, higher-quality films and showed them in palatial theaters that attracted those who had previously shunned the film industry.
电影大亨们不满足于在五分钱影院发行三十分钟的电影，他们制作了更长、更高质量的电影，并在富丽堂皇的剧院放映，吸引了那些以前回避电影业的人。
But as filmmakers captured the middle and upper classes, they maintained working-class moviegoers by blending traditional and modern values.
但当电影制片人抓住了中上层阶级时，他们通过融合传统和现代价值观来留住工人阶级的电影观众。
Cecil B.
塞西尔·B.
DeMille’s 1923 epic The Ten Commandments depicted orgiastic revelry, for instance, while still managing to celebrate a biblical story.
例如，德米尔 1923 年的史诗《十诫》描绘了狂欢狂欢，同时仍然设法颂扬圣经故事。
But what good was a silver screen in a dingy theater?
但在肮脏的剧院里放银幕有什么用呢？
Moguls and entrepreneurs soon constructed picture palaces.
大亨和企业家很快就建造了宫殿。
Samuel Rothafel’s Roxy Theater in New York held more than six thousand patrons who could be escorted by a uniformed usher past gardens and statues to their cushioned seat.
纽约塞缪尔·罗塔菲尔 (Samuel Rothafel) 设计的罗克西剧院 (Roxy Theatre) 容纳了六千多名顾客，他们在身穿制服的引座员的护送下穿过花园和雕像，来到他们带软垫的座位上。
In order to show The Jazz Singer (1927), the first movie with synchronized words and pictures, the Warners spent half a million to equip two theaters.
为了放映第一部文字与画面同步的电影《爵士歌王》（1927），华纳斥资50万装备了两家影院。
“Sound is a passing fancy,” one MGM producer told his wife, but Warner Bros.’ assets, which increased from just $5,000,000 in 1925 to $230,000,000 in 1930, tell a different story.
一位米高梅制片人告诉他的妻子，“声音只是一时的幻想”，但华纳兄弟的资产从 1925 年的 500 万美元增加到 1930 年的 2.3 亿美元，却讲述了一个不同的故事。
14
14
Americans fell in love with the movies.
美国人爱上了电影。
Whether it was the surroundings, the sound, or the production budgets, weekly movie attendance skyrocketed from sixteen million in 1912 to forty million in the early 1920s.
无论是环境、声音还是制作预算，每周的电影观影人数从 1912 年的 1600 万猛增到 20 年代初的 4000 万。
Hungarian immigrant William Fox, founder of Fox Film Corporation, declared that “the motion picture is a distinctly American institution” because “the rich rub elbows with the poor” in movie theaters.
福克斯电影公司创始人、匈牙利移民威廉·福克斯宣称，“电影是一种明显的美国制度”，因为“富人与穷人在电影院里擦肩而过”。
With no seating restriction, the one-price admission was accessible for nearly all Americans (African Americans, however, were either excluded or segregated).
由于没有座位限制，几乎所有美国人都可以购买同价门票（但非洲裔美国人要么被排除在外，要么被隔离）。
Women represented more than 60 percent of moviegoers, packing theaters to see Mary Pickford, nicknamed “America’s Sweetheart,” who was earning one million dollars a year by 1920 through a combination of film and endorsements contracts.
女性占电影观众的 60% 以上，她们挤满电影院观看绰号为“美国甜心”的玛丽·碧克馥，到 1920 年，她通过电影和代言合同的结合每年赚取 100 万美元。
Pickford and other female stars popularized the “flapper,” a woman who favored short skirts, makeup, and cigarettes.
碧克馥和其他女明星让“摩登女郎”流行起来，即喜欢短裙、化妆和香烟的女性。
Mary Pickford’s film personas led the glamorous and lavish lifestyle that female movie-goers of the 1920s desired so much.
玛丽·碧克馥 (Mary Pickford) 的电影角色引领了 20 年代女性电影观众所向往的迷人而奢华的生活方式。
Mary Pickford, 1920.
玛丽·碧克馥，1920。
Library of Congress .
国会图书馆。
As Americans went to the movies more and more, at home they had the radio.
随着越来越多的美国人看电影，家里也有了收音机。
Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi transmitted the first transatlantic wireless (radio) message in 1901, but radios in the home did not become available until around 1920, when they boomed across the country.
意大利科学家古列尔莫·马可尼 (Guglielmo Marconi) 于 1901 年发送了第一条跨大西洋无线（无线电）信息，但直到 1920 年左右，家用无线电才开始普及，当时无线电在全国范围内蓬勃发展。
Around half of American homes contained a radio by 1930.
到 1930 年，大约一半的美国家庭拥有收音机。
Radio stations brought entertainment directly into the living room through the sale of advertisements and sponsorships, from The Maxwell House Hour to the Lucky Strike Orchestra .
广播电台通过广告销售和赞助将娱乐直接带入客厅，从“麦克斯韦之家时刻”到“幸运罢工管弦乐团”。
Soap companies sponsored daytime dramas so frequently that an entire genre—“soap operas”—was born, providing housewives with audio adventures that stood in stark contrast to common chores.
肥皂剧公司如此频繁地赞助日间电视剧，以至于一种完整的流派——“肥皂剧”——诞生了，为家庭主妇提供了与普通家务形成鲜明对比的音频冒险。
Though radio stations were often under the control of corporations like the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) or the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), radio programs were less constrained by traditional boundaries in order to capture as wide an audience as possible, spreading popular culture on a national level.
尽管广播电台通常受国家广播公司 (NBC) 或哥伦比亚广播系统 (CBS) 等公司的控制，但广播节目较少受到传统界限的限制，以便吸引尽可能广泛的受众，在全国范围内传播流行文化。
Radio exposed Americans to a broad array of music.
广播让美国人接触到各种各样的音乐。
Jazz, a uniquely American musical style popularized by the African-American community in New Orleans, spread primarily through radio stations and records.
爵士乐是一种独特的美国音乐风格，在新奥尔良的非裔美国人社区中流行起来，主要通过广播电台和唱片传播。
The New York Times had ridiculed jazz as “savage” because of its racial heritage, but the music represented cultural independence to others.
《纽约时报》曾因其种族传统而嘲笑爵士乐为“野蛮”，但爵士乐却代表着对其他人的文化独立。
As Harlem-based musician William Dixon put it, “It did seem, to a little boy, that .
正如哈莱姆区音乐家威廉·迪克森 (William Dixon) 所说，“对于一个小男孩来说，确实......
.
。
.
。
white people really owned everything.
白人确实拥有一切。
But that wasn’t entirely true.
但这并不完全正确。
They didn’t own the music that I played.” The fast-paced and spontaneity-laced tunes invited the listener to dance along.
他们并不拥有我演奏的音乐。”快节奏、即兴的曲调邀请听众一起跳舞。
“When a good orchestra plays a ‘rag,’” dance instructor Vernon Castle recalled, “one has simply got to move.” Jazz became a national sensation, played and heard by both white and Black Americans.
“当一支优秀的管弦乐队演奏‘破布’时，”舞蹈教练弗农·卡斯尔回忆道，“人们就必须动起来。”爵士乐轰动全国，美国白人和黑人都演奏和聆听。
Jewish Lithuanian-born singer Al Jolson—whose biography inspired The Jazz Singer and who played the film’s titular character—became the most popular singer in America.
出生于立陶宛的犹太裔歌手艾尔·乔森（Al Jolson）成为美国最受欢迎的歌手，他的传记为《爵士歌手》提供了灵感，并在影片中扮演了同名角色。
15
15
The 1920s also witnessed the maturation of professional sports.
20年代也见证了职业体育的成熟。
Play-by-play radio broadcasts of major collegiate and professional sporting events marked a new era for sports, despite the institutionalization of racial segregation in most.
尽管大多数大学和职业体育赛事都已制度化，但主要大学和职业体育赛事的实况广播标志着体育的新时代。
Suddenly, Jack Dempsey’s left crosses and right uppercuts could almost be felt in homes across the United States.
突然之间，美国各地的家庭几乎都能感受到杰克·邓普西的左交叉拳和右上勾拳。
Dempsey, who held the heavyweight championship for most of the decade, drew million-dollar gates and inaugurated “Dempseymania” in newspapers across the country.
登普西在这十年的大部分时间里一直保持着重量级冠军头衔，他吸引了数百万美元的门票，并在全国各地的报纸上掀起了“登普西狂热”。
Red Grange, who carried the football with a similar recklessness, helped popularize professional football, which was then in the shadow of the college game.
雷德·格兰奇（Red Grange）以同样的鲁莽精神推动了足球运动，帮助普及了当时处于大学比赛阴影下的职业橄榄球。
Grange left the University of Illinois before graduating to join the Chicago Bears in 1925.
格兰奇在 1925 年毕业加入芝加哥熊队之前离开了伊利诺伊大学。
“There had never been such evidence of public interest since our professional league began,” recalled Bears owner George Halas of Grange’s arrival.
“自从我们的职业联赛开始以来，从未有过如此多的公众兴趣，”熊队老板乔治·哈拉斯在谈到格兰奇的到来时回忆道。
16
16
Perhaps no sports figure left a bigger mark than did Babe Ruth.
也许没有哪个体育人物比贝比·鲁斯留下了更大的印记。
Born George Herman Ruth, the “Sultan of Swat” grew up in an orphanage in Baltimore’s slums.
“斯瓦特苏丹”原名乔治·赫尔曼·鲁思，在巴尔的摩贫民窟的一家孤儿院长大。
Ruth’s emergence onto the national scene was much needed, as the baseball world had been rocked by the so-called Black Sox Scandal in which eight players allegedly agreed to throw the 1919 World Series.
露丝在全国舞台上的出现是非常必要的，因为棒球界因所谓的黑袜丑闻而震动，据称八名球员同意参加 1919 年世界职业棒球大赛。
Ruth hit fifty-four home runs in 1920, which was more than any other team combined.
1920 年，露丝打出 54 个本垒打，比任何其他球队的总和还要多。
Baseball writers called Ruth a superman, and more Americans could recognize Ruth than they could then-president Warren G.
棒球作家称露丝为超人，认识露丝的美国人比认识时任总统沃伦·G·肯尼迪的美国人还要多。
Harding.
哈丁。
After an era of destruction and doubt brought about by World War I, Americans craved heroes who seemed to defy convention and break boundaries.
在经历了第一次世界大战带来的破坏和怀疑的时代后，美国人渴望那些似乎藐视惯例、打破界限的英雄。
Dempsey, Grange, and Ruth dominated their respective sports, but only Charles Lindbergh conquered the sky.
邓普西、格兰奇和露丝在各自的运动项目中占据主导地位，但只有查尔斯·林德伯格征服了天空。
On May 21, 1927, Lindbergh concluded the first ever nonstop solo flight from New York to Paris.
1927 年 5 月 21 日，林德伯格完成了有史以来第一次从纽约到巴黎的不间断单人飞行。
Armed with only a few sandwiches, some bottles of water, paper maps, and a flashlight, Lindbergh successfully navigated over the Atlantic Ocean in thirty-three hours.
林德伯格只携带了几个三明治、几瓶水、纸质地图和一个手电筒，在三十三个小时内成功地穿越了大西洋。
Some historians have dubbed Lindbergh the “hero of the decade,” not only for his transatlantic journey but because he helped to restore the faith of many Americans in individual effort and technological advancement.
一些历史学家将林德伯格称为“十年英雄”，不仅因为他的跨大西洋之旅，还因为他帮助恢复了许多美国人对个人努力和技术进步的信心。
In a world so recently devastated by machine guns, submarines, and chemical weapons, Lindbergh’s flight demonstrated that technology could inspire and accomplish great things.
在最近被机枪、潜艇和化学武器摧毁的世界中，林德伯格的飞行证明了技术可以激发并完成伟大的事情。
Outlook Magazine called Lindbergh “the heir of all that we like to think is best in America.” 17
《展望》杂志称林德伯格为“我们认为美国最好的一切的继承人”。 17 号
The decade’s popular culture seemed to revolve around escape.
这十年的流行文化似乎都围绕着逃避。
Coney Island in New York marked new amusements for young and old.
纽约康尼岛为年轻人和老年人带来了新的娱乐活动。
Americans drove their sedans to massive theaters to enjoy major motion pictures.
美国人开着轿车去大剧院欣赏大片。
Radio towers broadcasted the bold new sound of jazz, the adventures of soap operas, and the feats of amazing athletes.
广播塔播放大胆的新爵士乐、肥皂剧的冒险以及令人惊叹的运动员的壮举。
Dempsey and Grange seemed bigger, stronger, and faster than any who dared to challenge them.
邓普西和格兰奇似乎比任何敢于挑战他们的人都更大、更强、更快。
Babe Ruth smashed home runs out of ball parks across the country.
贝比·鲁斯在全国各地的棒球场上打出本垒打。
And Lindbergh escaped the earth’s gravity and crossed an entire ocean.
林德伯格摆脱了地球引力，穿越了整个海洋。
Neither Dempsey nor Ruth nor Lindbergh made Americans forget the horrors of World War I and the chaos that followed, but they made it seem as if the future would be that much brighter.
邓普西、露丝和林德伯格都没有让美国人忘记第一次世界大战的恐怖和随之而来的混乱，但他们让未来看起来似乎更加光明。
Babe Ruth’s incredible talent accelerated the popularity of baseball, cementing it as America’s pastime.
贝比·鲁斯令人难以置信的天赋加速了棒球运动的普及，巩固了它作为美国消遣活动的地位。
Ruth’s propensity to shatter records made him a national hero.
露丝打破记录的倾向使他成为民族英雄。
Library of Congress .
国会图书馆。
This “new breed” of women – known as the flapper – went against the gender proscriptions of the era, bobbing their hair, wearing short dresses, listening to jazz, and flouting social and sexual norms.
这种被称为“摩登女郎”的“新一代”女性违反了那个时代的性别禁令，剪短发，穿短裙，听爵士乐，蔑视社会和性规范。
While liberating in many ways, these behaviors also reinforced stereotypes of female carelessness and obsessive consumerism that would continue throughout the twentieth century.
这些行为在许多方面带来了解放，但也强化了对女性粗心和强迫性消费主义的刻板印象，而这种印象将持续整个二十世纪。
Library of Congress .
国会图书馆。
The rising emphasis on spending and accumulation nurtured a national ethos of materialism and individual pleasure.
对消费和积累的日益重视培育了物质主义和个人享乐的民族精神。
These impulses were embodied in the figure of the flapper, whose bobbed hair, short skirts, makeup, cigarettes, and carefree spirit captured the attention of American novelists such as F.
这些冲动体现在摩登女郎的形象中，她们的短发、短裙、化妆、香烟和无忧无虑的精神吸引了 F.
Scott Fitzgerald and Sinclair Lewis.
斯科特·菲茨杰拉德和辛克莱·刘易斯。
Rejecting the old Victorian values of desexualized modesty and self-restraint, young “flappers” seized opportunities for the public coed pleasures offered by new commercial leisure institutions, such as dance halls, cabarets, and nickelodeons, not to mention the illicit blind tigers and speakeasies spawned by Prohibition.
年轻的“时髦女郎”拒绝了维多利亚时代去性化的谦虚和自我克制的旧价值观，抓住了舞厅、歌舞厅和五分钱电影院等新的商业休闲机构提供的公共男女混合娱乐的机会，更不用说禁酒令催生的非法盲虎和地下酒吧了。
So doing, young American women had helped usher in a new morality that permitted women greater independence, freedom of movement, and access to the delights of urban living.
这样做，年轻的美国女性帮助开创了一种新的道德观，让女性拥有更大的独立性、行动自由，并享受城市生活的乐趣。
In the words of psychologist G.
用心理学家G的话来说
Stanley Hall, “She was out to see the world and, incidentally, be seen of it.”
斯坦利·霍尔（Stanley Hall）：“她出去看看这个世界，顺便说一句，也是为了让别人看到这个世界。”
Such sentiments were repeated in an oft-cited advertisement in a 1930 edition of the Chicago Tribune : “Today’s woman gets what she wants.
1930 年版《芝加哥论坛报》上一则经常被引用的广告重复了这样的观点：“今天的女人得到了她想要的东西。
The vote.
投票。
Slim sheaths of silk to replace voluminous petticoats.
纤细的丝绸紧身衣取代了宽松的衬裙。
Glassware in sapphire blue or glowing amber.
宝石蓝色或发光琥珀色的玻璃器皿。
The right to a career.
职业权利。
Soap to match her bathroom’s color scheme.” As with so much else in the 1920s, however, sex and gender were in many ways a study in contradictions.
与她浴室的配色方案相匹配的肥皂。”然而，与 20 年代的许多其他事物一样，性和性别在很多方面都是矛盾的研究。
It was the decade of the “New Woman,” and one in which only 10 percent of married women—although nearly half of unmarried women—worked outside the home.
那是“新女性”的十年，其中只有 10% 的已婚女性（尽管近一半的未婚女性）在外面工作。
18 It was a decade in which new technologies decreased time requirements for household chores, and one in which standards of cleanliness and order in the home rose to often impossible standards.
18 在这十年中，新技术减少了家务劳动的时间要求，家庭清洁和秩序的标准上升到了往往不可能的标准。
It was a decade in which women finally could exercise their right to vote, and one in which the often thinly bound women’s coalitions that had won that victory splintered into various causes.
在这十年里，妇女终于可以行使投票权，而赢得这一胜利的妇女联盟往往关系薄弱，但在这十年里，妇女联盟却分裂成各种事业。
Finally, it was a decade in which images such as the “flapper” gave women new modes of representing femininity, and one in which such representations were often inaccessible to women of certain races, ages, and socioeconomic classes.
最后，在这十年中，诸如“摩登女郎”之类的形象为女性提供了代表女性气质的新模式，而在这一十年中，某些种族、年龄和社会经济阶层的女性往往无法获得这种代表。
Women undoubtedly gained much in the 1920s.
毫无疑问，女性在 20 年代获得了很多成就。
There was a profound and keenly felt cultural shift that, for many women, meant increased opportunity to work outside the home.
对于许多女性来说，这是一种深刻而敏锐的文化转变，这意味着外出工作的机会增加。
The number of professional women, for example, significantly rose in the decade.
例如，职业女性的数量在这十年中显着增加。
But limits still existed, even for professional women.
但即使对于职业女性来说，限制仍然存在。
Occupations such as law and medicine remained overwhelmingly male: most female professionals were in feminized professions such as teaching and nursing.
法律和医学等职业仍然绝大多数是男性：大多数女性专业人士从事女性化的职业，如教学和护理。
And even within these fields, it was difficult for women to rise to leadership positions.
即使在这些领域，女性也很难晋升到领导职位。
Further, it is crucial not to overgeneralize the experience of all women based on the experiences of a much-commented-upon subset of the population.
此外，重要的是不要根据广受好评的人口子集的经历来过度概括所有女性的经历。
A woman’s race, class, ethnicity, and marital status all had an impact on both the likelihood that she worked outside the home and the types of opportunities that were available to her.
女性的种族、阶级、民族和婚姻状况都会影响她外出工作的可能性以及她可以获得的机会类型。
While there were exceptions, for many minority women, work outside the home was not a cultural statement but rather a financial necessity (or both), and physically demanding, low-paying domestic service work continued to be the most common job type.
虽然也有例外，但对于许多少数族裔妇女来说，外出工作不是一种文化声明，而是一种经济需要（或两者兼而有之），体力要求高、工资低的家政服务工作仍然是最常见的工作类型。
Young, working-class white women were joining the workforce more frequently, too, but often in order to help support their struggling mothers and fathers.
年轻的工薪阶层白人女性也更频繁地加入劳动力队伍，但往往是为了帮助养活陷入困境的父母。
For young, middle-class, white women—those most likely to fit the image of the carefree flapper—the most common workplace was the office.
对于年轻的中产阶级白人女性——她们最有可能符合无忧无虑的摩登女郎的形象——最常见的工作场所是办公室。
These predominantly single women increasingly became clerks, jobs that had been primarily male earlier in the century.
这些主要是单身女性的人越来越多地成为文员，这些工作在本世纪初主要由男性担任。
But here, too, there was a clear ceiling.
但这里也有一个明显的天花板。
While entry-level clerk jobs became increasingly feminized, jobs at a higher, more lucrative level remained dominated by men.
虽然初级文员工作变得越来越女性化，但更高、更有利可图的职位仍然由男性主导。
Further, rather than changing the culture of the workplace, the entrance of women into lower-level jobs primarily changed the coding of the jobs themselves.
此外，女性进入较低级别的工作并没有改变工作场所的文化，而是主要改变了工作本身的编码。
Such positions simply became “women’s work.”
这些职位简直成了“女性的工作”。
The frivolity, decadence, and obliviousness of the 1920s was embodied in the image of the flapper, the stereotyped carefree and indulgent woman of the Roaring Twenties depicted by Russell Patterson’s drawing.
20 年代的轻浮、颓废和遗忘在拉塞尔·帕特森 (Russell Patterson) 的画中所描绘的摩登女郎形象中得到了体现，她是咆哮的二十年代那种无忧无虑、放纵的刻板女性。
Library of Congress .
国会图书馆。
Finally, as these same women grew older and married, social changes became even subtler.
最后，随着这些女性逐渐变老并结婚，社会变化变得更加微妙。
Married women were, for the most part, expected to remain in the domestic sphere.
大多数已婚妇女都被期望留在家庭领域。
And while new patterns of consumption gave them more power and, arguably, more autonomy, new household technologies and philosophies of marriage and child-rearing increased expectations, further tying these women to the home—a paradox that becomes clear in advertisements such as the one in the Chicago Tribune .
虽然新的消费模式给了她们更多的权力，可以说，更多的自主权，但新的家庭技术以及婚姻和育儿理念提高了期望，进一步将这些女性与家庭联系在一起——这一悖论在《芝加哥论坛报》等广告中变得显而易见。
Of course, the number of women in the workplace cannot exclusively measure changes in sex and gender norms.
当然，工作场所女性人数并不能完全衡量性别和性别规范的变化。
Attitudes towards sex, for example, continued to change in the 1920s as well, a process that had begun decades before.
例如，人们对性的态度在 20 年代也持续发生变化，这一过程早在几十年前就开始了。
This, too, had significantly different impacts on different social groups.
这对不同的社会群体也产生了显着不同的影响。
But for many women—particularly young, college-educated white women—an attempt to rebel against what they saw as a repressive Victorian notion of sexuality led to an increase in premarital sexual activity strong enough that it became, in the words of one historian, “almost a matter of conformity.” 19
但对许多女性来说——尤其是年轻的、受过大学教育的白人女性——试图反抗她们所认为的维多利亚时代压抑的性观念，导致婚前性活动的增加，用一位历史学家的话说，“几乎成了一种顺从的问题”。 19
Meanwhile, especially in urban centers such as New York, the gay community flourished.
与此同时，特别是在纽约等城市中心，同性恋社区蓬勃发展。
While gay males had to contend with the increased policing of their daily lives, especially later in the decade, they generally lived more openly in such cities than they would be able to for many decades following World War II.
虽然男性同性恋者必须应对日常生活中加强的监管，尤其是在本世纪后期，但他们在这些城市中的生活普遍比二战后几十年更加公开。
20 At the same time, for many lesbians in the decade, the increased sexualization of women brought new scrutiny to same-sex female relationships previously dismissed as harmless.
20 与此同时，对于这十年来的许多女同性恋者来说，女性性化程度的提高给以前被视为无害的同性女性关系带来了新的审视。
21
21
Ultimately, the most enduring symbol of the changing notions of gender in the 1920s remains the flapper.
最终，20 年代性别观念变化的最持久的象征仍然是摩登女郎。
And indeed, that image was a “new” available representation of womanhood in the 1920s.
事实上，这个形象是 20 年代女性形象的“新”可用代表。
But it is just that: a representation of womanhood of the 1920s.
但这只是 20 年代女性气质的代表。
There were many women in the decade of differing races, classes, ethnicities, and experiences, just as there were many men with different experiences.
这十年里有很多不同种族、阶级、民族和经历的女性，就像有很多有不同经历的男性一样。
For some women, the 1920s were a time of reorganization, new representations, and new opportunities.
对于一些女性来说，20 年代是一个重组、新代表和新机遇的时代。
For others, it was a decade of confusion, contradiction, new pressures, and struggles new and old.
对于其他人来说，这是一个充满困惑、矛盾、新压力和新旧斗争的十年。
The iniquities of Jim Crow segregation, the barbarities of America’s lynching epidemic, and the depravities of 1919’s Red Summer weighed heavily upon Black Americans as they entered the 1920s.
吉姆·克劳种族隔离的罪恶、美国私刑流行的野蛮行径以及 1919 年红色夏天的堕落给进入 20 年代的美国黑人带来了沉重的压力。
The injustices and the violence continued.
不公正和暴力仍在继续。
In Tulsa, Oklahoma, Black Americans had built up the Greenwood District with commerce and prosperity.
在俄克拉荷马州塔尔萨，美国黑人建立了商业繁荣的格林伍德区。
Booker T.
布克·T.
Washington called it the “Black Wall Street.” On the evening of May 31, 1921, spurred by a false claim of sexual assault levied against a young Black man–nineteen-year-old Dick Rowland had likely either tripped over a young white elevator operator’s foot or tripped and brushed the woman’s shoulder with his hand–a white mob mobilized, armed themselves, and destroyed the prosperous neighborhood.
华盛顿称其为“黑色华尔街”。 1921 年 5 月 31 日晚，在一名年轻黑人男子（19 岁的迪克·罗兰）遭受性侵犯的虚假指控的刺激下，19 岁的迪克·罗兰很可能被一名年轻白人电梯操作员的脚绊倒，或者被绊倒并用手擦过这名女子的肩膀，一群白人暴徒动员起来，武装起来，摧毁了这个繁荣的社区。
Over thirty square blocks were destroyed.
三十多个方块被毁。
Mobs burned over 1,000 homes and killed as many as several hundred Black Tulsans.
暴民烧毁了 1,000 多所房屋，并杀害了数百名黑人图尔桑人。
Survivors recalled the mob using heavy machine guns, and others reported planes circling overhead, firing rifles and dropping firebombs.
幸存者回忆起暴徒使用重机枪的情况，其他人则报告说飞机在头顶盘旋，开枪射击并投掷燃烧弹。
When order was finally restored the next day, the bodies of the victims were buried in mass graves.
当第二天秩序终于恢复时，受害者的尸体被埋葬在万人坑中。
Thousands of survivors were left homeless.
数千名幸存者无家可归。
The relentlessness of racial violence awoke a new generation of Black Americans to new alternatives.
无情的种族暴力唤醒了新一代美国黑人，他们开始寻求新的选择。
The Great Migration had pulled enormous numbers of Black southerners northward, and, just as cultural limits loosened across the nation, the 1920s represented a period of self-reflection among African Americans, especially those in northern cities.
大迁徙将大量南方黑人拉向北方，随着全国范围内文化限制的放松，20 年代代表了非裔美国人，尤其是北方城市非裔美国人的自我反思时期。
New York City was a popular destination of Black Americans during the Great Migration.
纽约市是大迁徙期间美国黑人的热门目的地。
The city’s Black population grew 257 percent, from 91,709 in 1910 to 327,706 by 1930 (the white population grew only 20 percent).
该市的黑人人口增长了 257%，从 1910 年的 91,709 人增加到 1930 年的 327,706 人（白人人口仅增长了 20%）。
22 Moreover, by 1930, some 98,620 foreign-born Black people had migrated to the United States.
22 此外，到 1930 年，约有 98,620 名外国出生的黑人移民到美国。
Nearly half made their home in Manhattan’s Harlem district.
近一半的人在曼哈顿哈莱姆区安家。
23
23
Harlem originally lay between Fifth Avenue and Eighth Avenue and 130th Street to 145th Street.
哈莱姆区最初位于第五大道和第八大道以及第 130 街和第 145 街之间。
By 1930, the district had expanded to 155th Street and was home to 164,000 people, mostly African Americans.
到 1930 年，该区已扩展到 155 街，居住着 164,000 人，其中大部分是非裔美国人。
Continuous relocation to “the greatest Negro City in the world” exacerbated problems with crime, health, housing, and unemployment.
不断搬迁到“世界上最伟大的黑人城市”加剧了犯罪、健康、住房和失业问题。
24 Nevertheless, it brought together a mass of Black people energized by race pride, military service in World War I, the urban environment, and, for many, ideas of Pan-Africanism or Garveyism (discussed shortly).
24 尽管如此，它还是聚集了大批黑人，他们因种族自豪感、第一次世界大战中的兵役、城市环境以及对许多人来说泛非主义或加维主义（稍后讨论）的思想而充满活力。
James Weldon Johnson called Harlem “the Culture Capital.” 25 The area’s cultural ferment produced the Harlem Renaissance and fostered what was then termed the New Negro Movement.
詹姆斯·韦尔登·约翰逊 (James Weldon Johnson) 称哈莱姆区为“文化之都”。 25 该地区的文化发酵产生了哈莱姆文艺复兴，并促进了当时所谓的新黑人运动。
Alain Locke did not coin the term New Negro , but he did much to popularize it.
阿兰·洛克并没有创造“新黑人”这个词，但他为普及这个词做了很多努力。
In the 1925 book The New Negro , Locke proclaimed that the generation of subservience was no more—“we are achieving something like a spiritual emancipation.” Bringing together writings by men and women, young and old, Black and white, Locke produced an anthology that was of African Americans, rather than only about them.
在 1925 年出版的《新黑人》一书中，洛克宣称屈从的时代已不复存在——“我们正在实现类似精神解放的目标。”洛克汇集了男性和女性、年轻人和老年人、黑人和白人的作品，创作了一本关于非裔美国人的选集，而不仅仅是关于他们。
The book joined many others.
这本书加入了许多其他书籍的行列。
Popular Harlem Renaissance writers published some twenty-six novels, ten volumes of poetry, and countless short stories between 1922 and 1935.
1922 年至 1935 年间，哈莱姆文艺复兴时期的热门作家出版了约 26 部小说、十卷诗集和无数短篇小说。
26 Alongside the well-known Langston Hughes and Claude McKay, female writers like Jessie Redmon Fauset and Zora Neale Hurston published nearly one third of these novels.
26 除了著名的兰斯顿·休斯和克劳德·麦凯之外，杰西·雷德蒙·福塞特和佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿等女作家出版了近三分之一的小说。
While themes varied, the literature frequently explored and countered pervading stereotypes and forms of American racial prejudice.
虽然主题各不相同，但这些文献经常探讨和反驳普遍存在的美国种族偏见的刻板印象和形式。
The Harlem Renaissance was manifested in theater, art, and music.
哈莱姆文艺复兴体现在戏剧、艺术和音乐上。
For the first time, Broadway presented Black actors in serious roles.
百老汇首次让黑人演员出演严肃的角色。
The 1924 production Dixie to Broadway was the first all-Black show with mainstream showings.
1924 年制作的《迪克西到百老汇》是第一部主流演出的全黑人演出。
27 In art, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Aaron Douglas, and Palmer Hayden showcased Black cultural heritage and captured the population’s current experience.
27 在艺术方面，Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller、Aaron Douglas 和 Palmer Hayden 展示了黑人文化遗产并捕捉了人们当前的经历。
In music, jazz rocketed in popularity.
在音乐方面，爵士乐迅速流行。
Eager to hear “real jazz,” whites journeyed to Harlem’s Cotton Club and Smalls.
渴望听到“真正的爵士乐”的白人前往哈莱姆区的 Cotton Club 和 Smalls。
Next to Greenwich Village, Harlem’s nightclubs and speakeasies (venues where alcohol was publicly consumed) presented a place where sexual freedom and gay life thrived.
格林威治村旁边，哈莱姆区的夜总会和地下酒吧（公开饮酒的场所）是性自由和同性恋生活蓬勃发展的地方。
Unfortunately, while headliners like Duke Ellington were hired to entertain at Harlem’s venues, the surrounding Black community was usually excluded.
不幸的是，虽然像艾灵顿公爵这样的头条人物被聘请在哈莱姆区的场地进行娱乐，但周围的黑人社区通常被排除在外。
Furthermore, Black performers were often restricted from restroom use and relegated to service door entry.
此外，黑人表演者经常被限制使用卫生间，并只能进入服务门。
As the Renaissance faded to a close, several Harlem Renaissance artists went on to produce important works indicating that this movement was but one component in African American’s long history of cultural and intellectual achievements.
随着文艺复兴的结束，几位哈莱姆文艺复兴艺术家继续创作了重要的作品，表明这场运动只是非裔美国人悠久的文化和智力成就历史的一个组成部分。
28
28
Garveyism, criticized as too radical, nevertheless formed a substantial following and was a major stimulus for later Black nationalistic movements.
加维主义被批评过于激进，但仍然拥有大量追随者，并成为后来黑人民族主义运动的主要刺激因素。
Photograph of Marcus Garvey, August 5, 1924.
马库斯·加维 (Marcus Garvey) 的照片，1924 年 8 月 5 日。
Library of Congress .
国会图书馆。
The explosion of African American self-expression found multiple outlets in politics.
非裔美国人自我表达的爆发在政治中找到了多种出路。
In the 1910s and 1920s, perhaps no one so attracted disaffected Black activists as Marcus Garvey.
在 1910 年代和 1920 年代，也许没有人能像马库斯·加维那样吸引心怀不满的黑人活动人士。
Garvey was a Jamaican publisher and labor organizer who arrived in New York City in 1916.
加维是一位牙买加出版商和劳工组织者，于 1916 年抵达纽约市。
Within just a few years of his arrival, he built the largest Black nationalist organization in the world, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).
在他到达后的短短几年内，他建立了世界上最大的黑人民族主义组织——普遍黑人进步协会（UNIA）。
29 Inspired by Pan-Africanism and Booker T.
29 受到泛非主义和 Booker T. 的启发。
Washington’s model of industrial education, and critical of what he saw as Du Bois’s elitist strategies in service of Black elites, Garvey sought to promote racial pride, encourage Black economic independence, and root out racial oppression in Africa and the Diaspora.
加维遵循华盛顿的工业教育模式，并对他所认为的杜波依斯为黑人精英服务的精英主义策略提出批评，他寻求促进种族自豪感，鼓励黑人经济独立，并根除非洲和侨民的种族压迫。
30
30
Headquartered in Harlem, the UNIA published a newspaper, Negro World , and organized elaborate parades in which members, known as Garveyites, dressed in ornate, militaristic regalia and marched down city streets.
总部位于哈莱姆区的 UNIA 出版了一份报纸《黑人世界》，并组织了精心策划的游行，其中被称为加维派的成员身着华丽的军国主义服饰，沿着城市街道游行。
The organization criticized the slow pace of the judicial focus of the NAACP as well as its acceptance of memberships and funds from whites.
该组织批评全国有色人种协进会在司法重点方面进展缓慢，并批评其接受白人的会员资格和资金。
“For the Negro to depend on the ballot and his industrial progress alone,” Garvey opined, “will be hopeless as it does not help him when he is lynched, burned, jim-crowed, and segregated.” In 1919, the UNIA announced plans to develop a shipping company called the Black Star Line as part of a plan that pushed for Black Americans to reject the political system and to “return to Africa” instead.
加维认为，“对于黑人来说，仅仅依靠选票和工业进步是没有希望的，因为当他被私刑、烧死、欺凌和种族隔离时，这对他没有帮助。” 1919 年，UNIA 宣布计划发展一家名为“黑星航运”的航运公司，作为推动美国黑人拒绝政治制度并“返回非洲”计划的一部分。
Most of the investments came in the form of shares purchased by UNIA members, many of whom heard Garvey give rousing speeches across the country about the importance of establishing commercial ventures between African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Africans.
大多数投资以 UNIA 成员购买股票的形式出现，其中许多人听到加维在全国各地发表激动人心的演讲，讲述非裔美国人、非裔加勒比人和非洲人之间建立商业企业的重要性。
31
31
Garvey’s detractors disparaged these public displays and poorly managed business ventures, and they criticized Garvey for peddling empty gestures in place of measures that addressed the material concerns of African Americans.
加维的批评者贬低了这些公开展示和管理不善的商业企业，他们批评加维兜售空洞的姿态，而不是解决非裔美国人物质问题的措施。
NAACP leaders depicted Garvey’s plan as one that simply said, “Give up!
全国有色人种协进会领导人将加维的计划描述为简单地说：“放弃！
Surrender!
投降！
The struggle is useless.” Enflamed by his aggressive attacks on other Black activists and his radical ideas of racial independence, many African American and Afro-Caribbean leaders worked with government officials and launched the “Garvey Must Go” campaign, which culminated in his 1922 indictment and 1925 imprisonment and subsequent deportation for “using the mails for fraudulent purposes.” The UNIA never recovered its popularity or financial support, even after Garvey’s pardon in 1927, but his movement made a lasting impact on Black consciousness in the United States and abroad.
挣扎是没有用的。”受到他对其他黑人活动人士的攻击性攻击和激进的种族独立思想的激怒，许多非裔美国人和非洲裔加勒比领导人与政府官员合作，发起了“加维必须下台”运动，最终导致他于 1922 年被起诉，并于 1925 年因“利用邮件进行欺诈”而被监禁和驱逐出境。即使在 1927 年加维被赦免之后，UNIA 也从未恢复其受欢迎程度或财政支持，但他的运动对美国和国外的黑人意识产生了持久的影响。
He inspired the likes of Malcolm X, whose parents were Garveyites, and Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana.
他启发了马尔科姆·艾克斯（其父母是加维派）和加纳第一任总统夸梅·恩克鲁玛等人。
Garvey’s message, perhaps best captured by his rallying cry, “Up, you mighty race,” resonated with African Americans who found in Garveyism a dignity not granted them in their everyday lives.
加维的信息也许最好地体现在他的战斗口号“起来，你强大的种族”中，这引起了非裔美国人的共鸣，他们在加维主义中找到了日常生活中不曾给予他们的尊严。
In that sense, it was all too typical of the Harlem Renaissance.
从这个意义上说，这太典型了哈莱姆文艺复兴。
32
32
For all of its cultural ferment, however, the 1920s were also a difficult time for radicals and immigrants and anything “modern.” Fear of foreign radicals led to the executions of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists, in 1927.
然而，尽管文化动荡，20 年代对于激进分子、移民和任何“现代”事物来说也是一段艰难的时期。 1927 年，由于对外国激进分子的恐惧，两名意大利无政府主义者尼古拉·萨科 (Nicola Sacco) 和巴托洛梅奥·万泽蒂 (Bartolomeo Vanzetti) 被处决。
In May 1920, the two had been arrested for robbery and murder connected with an incident at a Massachusetts factory.
1920 年 5 月，两人因与马萨诸塞州一家工厂发生的事件有关的抢劫和谋杀罪被捕。
Their guilty verdicts were appealed for years as the evidence surrounding their convictions was slim.
由于围绕他们定罪的证据很少，他们的有罪判决被上诉多年。
For instance, while one eyewitness claimed that Vanzetti drove the getaway car, accounts of others described a different person altogether.
例如，虽然一名目击者声称万泽蒂驾驶了逃跑的汽车，但其他人的描述却完全是另一个人。
Nevertheless, despite worldwide lobbying by radicals and a respectable movement among middle-class Italian organizations in the United States, the two men were executed on August 23, 1927.
然而，尽管激进分子在世界范围内进行游说，并且在美国的意大利中产阶级组织中发起了一场令人尊敬的运动，这两个人还是于 1927 年 8 月 23 日被处决。
Vanzetti conceivably provided the most succinct reason for his death, saying, “This is what I say .
可以想象，万泽蒂提供了他死亡的最简洁的原因，他说：“这就是我所说的……”
.
。
.
。
.
。
I am suffering because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because I was an Italian, and indeed I am an Italian.” 33
我受苦是因为我是一个激进分子，而且我确实是一个激进分子；我受苦是因为我是意大利人，而且我确实是意大利人。” 33
Many Americans expressed anxieties about the changes that had remade the United States and, seeking scapegoats, many middle-class white Americans pointed to Eastern European and Latin American immigrants (Asian immigration had already been almost completely prohibited), African Americans who now pushed harder for civil rights, and, after migrating out of the American South to northern cities as a part of the Great Migration, the mass exodus that carried nearly half a million Black Southerners out of the South between 1910 and 1920.
许多美国人对重塑美国的变化表示焦虑，在寻求替罪羊时，许多中产阶级白人将东欧和拉丁美洲移民（亚洲移民几乎被完全禁止）、现在更加努力争取公民权利的非洲裔美国人以及作为大迁徙的一部分从美国南部移居到北部城市之后的大规模外流，在1910年至1920年间将近50万南方黑人从南方带走。
Protestants, meanwhile, continued to denounce the Roman Catholic Church and charged that American Catholics gave their allegiance to the pope and not to their country.
与此同时，新教徒继续谴责罗马天主教会，并指责美国天主教徒效忠教皇而不是他们的国家。
In 1921, Congress passed the Emergency Immigration Act as a stopgap immigration measure and then, three years later, permanently established country-of-origin quotas through the National Origins Act.
1921 年，国会通过了《紧急移民法》作为权宜之计的移民措施，三年后，又通过《国籍法》永久设立了原籍国配额。
The number of immigrants annually admitted to the United States from each nation was restricted to 2 percent of the population who had come from that country and resided in the United States in 1890.
每年从每个国家进入美国的移民人数仅限于 1890 年来自该国家并居住在美国的人口的 2%。
(By pushing back three decades, past the recent waves of “new” immigrants from southern and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia, the law made it extremely difficult for immigrants outside northern Europe to legally enter the United States.) The act also explicitly excluded all Asians, although, to satisfy southern and western growers, it temporarily omitted restrictions on Mexican immigrants.
（通过将最近来自南欧和东欧、拉丁美洲和亚洲的“新”移民浪潮推迟三十年，该法律使北欧以外的移民合法进入美国变得极其困难。）该法案还明确排除了所有亚洲人，不过，为了满足南部和西部种植者的要求，它暂时省略了对墨西哥移民的限制。
The Sacco and Vanzetti trial and sweeping immigration restrictions pointed to a rampant nativism.
萨科和万泽蒂的审判以及全面的移民限制表明本土主义猖獗。
A great number of Americans worried about a burgeoning America that did not resemble the one of times past.
许多美国人担心蓬勃发展的美国与过去不同。
Many writers perceived that the country was now riven by a culture war.
许多作家认为这个国家现在正因文化战争而四分五裂。
In addition to alarms over immigration and the growing presence of Catholicism and Judaism, a new core of Christian fundamentalists were very much concerned about relaxed sexual mores and increased social freedoms, especially as found in city centers.
除了对移民以及天主教和犹太教日益增长的担忧之外，基督教原教旨主义者的新核心非常关注放宽的性习俗和增加的社会自由，尤其是在市中心。
Although never a centralized group, most fundamentalists lashed out against what they saw as a sagging public morality, a world in which Protestantism seemed challenged by Catholicism, women exercised ever greater sexual freedoms, public amusements encouraged selfish and empty pleasures, and critics mocked Prohibition through bootlegging and speakeasies.
虽然从来都不是一个集中的团体，但大多数原教旨主义者猛烈抨击他们所认为的公共道德的下滑，在这个世界里，新教似乎受到天主教的挑战，妇女行使着越来越大的性自由，公共娱乐鼓励自私和空洞的快乐，批评者通过走私和地下酒吧嘲笑禁酒令。
Christian Fundamentalism arose most directly from a doctrinal dispute among Protestant leaders.
基督教原教旨主义最直接地源于新教领袖之间的教义争论。
Liberal theologians sought to intertwine religion with science and secular culture.
自由派神学家试图将宗教与科学和世俗文化交织在一起。
These Modernists, influenced by the biblical scholarship of nineteenth-century German academics, argued that Christian doctrines about the miraculous might be best understood metaphorically.
这些现代主义者受到十九世纪德国学者圣经学术的影响，认为基督教关于奇迹的教义可能最好通过隐喻来理解。
The Church, they said, needed to adapt itself to the world.
他们说，教会需要适应世界。
According to the Baptist pastor Harry Emerson Fosdick, the “coming of Christ” might occur “slowly .
根据浸信会牧师哈里·爱默生·福斯迪克的说法，“基督的降临”可能会“缓慢地”发生。
.
。
.
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but surely, [as] His will and principles [are] worked out by God’s grace in human life and institutions.” 34 The social gospel, which encouraged Christians to build the Kingdom of God on earth by working against social and economic inequality, was very much tied to liberal theology.
但可以肯定的是，他的意志和原则是通过上帝的恩典在人类生活和机构中实现的。” 34 社会福音鼓励基督徒通过反对社会和经济不平等来在地球上建立上帝的王国，它与自由神学密切相关。
During the 1910s, funding from oil barons Lyman and Milton Stewart enabled the evangelist A.
1910 年代，在石油大亨莱曼 (Lyman) 和米尔顿·斯图尔特 (Milton Stewart) 的资助下，传教士 A.
C.
C.
Dixon to commission some ninety essays to combat religious liberalism.
狄克逊委托撰写约九十篇文章来反对宗教自由主义。
The collection, known as The Fundamentals , became the foundational documents of Christian fundamentalism, from which the movement’s name is drawn.
该集被称为《基本原理》，成为基督教原教旨主义的基础文件，该运动的名称也由此而来。
Contributors agreed that Christian faith rested on literal truths, that Jesus, for instance, would physically return to earth at the end of time to redeem the righteous and damn the wicked.
撰稿人一致认为，基督教信仰建立在字面上的真理之上，例如，耶稣将在末日重返地球，拯救正义者并诅咒恶人。
Some of the essays put forth that human endeavor would not build the Kingdom of God, while others covered such subjects as the virgin birth and biblical inerrancy.
一些文章提出人类的努力无法建立上帝的王国，而另一些文章则涵盖了诸如童女生子和圣经无误等主题。
American fundamentalists spanned Protestant denominations and borrowed from diverse philosophies and theologies, most notably the holiness movement, the larger revivalism of the nineteenth century, and new dispensationalist theology (in which history proceeded, and would end, through “dispensations” by God).
美国原教旨主义者跨越新教教派，借鉴了不同的哲学和神学，最引人注目的是圣洁运动、十九世纪更大的复兴主义和新时代论神学（其中历史通过上帝的“时代”进行和结束）。
They did, however, all agree that modernism was the enemy and the Bible was the inerrant word of God.
然而，他们确实都同意现代主义是敌人，而圣经是上帝无误的话语。
It was a fluid movement often without clear boundaries, but it featured many prominent clergymen, including the well-established and extremely vocal John Roach Straton (New York), J.
这是一场流畅的运动，通常没有明确的界限，但它有许多杰出的神职人员，包括地位稳固、声音极大的约翰·罗奇·斯特拉顿 (John Roach Straton)（纽约）、J·罗奇·斯特拉顿 (J.
Frank Norris (Texas), and William Bell Riley (Minnesota).
弗兰克·诺里斯（德克萨斯州）和威廉·贝尔·莱利（明尼苏达州）。
35
35
On March 21, 1925, in a tiny courtroom in Dayton, Tennessee, fundamentalists gathered to tackle the issues of creation and evolution.
1925 年 3 月 21 日，在田纳西州代顿的一个小法庭里，原教旨主义者聚集在一起讨论创造和进化的问题。
A young biology teacher, John T.
一位年轻的生物老师，约翰·T.
Scopes, was being tried for teaching his students evolutionary theory in violation of the Butler Act, a state law preventing evolutionary theory or any theory that denied “the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible” from being taught in publicly funded Tennessee classrooms.
斯科普斯因违反《巴特勒法案》向学生教授进化论而受到审判，该法案禁止在公共资助的田纳西州课堂上教授进化论或任何否认“圣经中所教导的人类神圣创造”的理论。
Seeing the act as a threat to personal liberty, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) immediately sought a volunteer for a “test” case, hoping that the conviction and subsequent appeals would lead to a day in the Supreme Court, testing the constitutionality of the law.
美国公民自由联盟（ACLU）认为该行为是对个人自由的威胁，立即寻找一名志愿者来进行“测试”案件，希望定罪和随后的上诉能够在最高法院举行，测试该法律的合宪性。
It was then that Scopes, a part-time teacher and coach, stepped up and voluntarily admitted to teaching evolution (Scopes’s violation of the law was never in question).
就在那时，兼职教师兼教练斯科普斯主动承认教授进化论（斯科普斯的违法行为是毫无疑问的）。
Thus the stage was set for the pivotal courtroom showdown—“the trial of the century”—between the champions and opponents of evolution that marked a key moment in an enduring American “culture war.” 36
因此，进化论的拥护者和反对者之间关键的法庭对决——“世纪审判”——就这样搭建好了，这标志着一场持久的美国“文化战争”的关键时刻。 36
The case became a public spectacle.
此案成为公众关注的焦点。
Clarence Darrow, an agnostic attorney and a keen liberal mind from Chicago, volunteered to aid the defense and came up against William Jennings Bryan.
来自芝加哥的克拉伦斯·达罗（Clarence Darrow）是一位不可知论律师，具有敏锐的自由主义思想，他自愿协助辩护并与威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩（William Jennings Bryan）对抗。
Bryan, the “Great Commoner,” was the three-time presidential candidate who in his younger days had led the political crusade against corporate greed.
“伟大的平民”布莱恩是三届总统候选人，他年轻时曾领导过反对企业贪婪的政治运动。
He had done so then with a firm belief in the righteousness of his cause, and now he defended biblical literalism in similar terms.
当时他是怀着对自己事业正义性的坚定信念这样做的，而现在他又以类似的措辞捍卫圣经字面主义。
The theory of evolution, Bryan said, with its emphasis on the survival of the fittest, “would eliminate love and carry man back to a struggle of tooth and claw.” 37
布莱恩说，进化论强调适者生存，“会消除爱情，让人类重新陷入牙齿与利爪的斗争。” 37
During the Scopes Trial, Clarence Darrow (right) savaged the idea of a literal interpretation of the Bible.
在斯科普斯审判期间，克拉伦斯·达罗（右）猛烈抨击了按字面解释圣经的想法。
“Dudley Field Malone, Dr. John R.
“达德利·菲尔德·马龙，约翰·R.
Neal, and Clarence Darrow in Chicago, Illinois.” The Clarence Darrow Digital Collection , University of Minnesota.
尼尔和克拉伦斯·达罗在伊利诺伊州芝加哥。”明尼苏达大学克拉伦斯·达罗数字馆藏。
Newspapermen and spectators flooded the small town of Dayton.
报纸和观众涌入代顿小镇。
Across the nation, Americans tuned their radios to the national broadcasts of a trial that dealt with questions of religious liberty, academic freedom, parental rights, and the moral responsibility of education.
在全国范围内，美国人将收音机调到全国广播的一场审判，该审判涉及宗教自由、学术自由、父母权利和教育的道德责任等问题。
For six days in July, the men and women of America were captivated as Bryan presented his argument on the morally corrupting influence of evolutionary theory (and pointed out that Darrow made a similar argument about the corruptive potential of education during his defense of the famed killers Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb a year before).
七月的六天里，布莱恩提出了他关于进化论对道德败坏影响的论点（并指出达罗在一年前为著名杀手内森·利奥波德和理查德·勒布辩护时，也提出了关于教育的败坏潜力的类似论点），美国的男女都着迷。
Darrow eloquently fought for academic freedom.
达罗雄辩地为学术自由而奋斗。
38
38
At the request of the defense, Bryan took the stand as an “expert witness” on the Bible.
应辩方要求，布莱恩以圣经“专家证人”的身份出庭。
At his age, he was no match for Darrow’s famous skills as a trial lawyer and his answers came across as blundering and incoherent, particularly as he was not in fact a literal believer in all of the Genesis account (believing—as many anti-evolutionists did—that the meaning of the word day in the book of Genesis could be taken as allegory) and only hesitantly admitted as much, not wishing to alienate his fundamentalist followers.
在他这个年纪，他无法与达罗作为出庭律师的著名技能相比，他的回答显得错误和语无伦次，特别是因为他实际上并不是创世记所有记载的真正信徒（像许多反进化论者一样，相信创世记中“日”一词的含义可以被视为寓言），并且只是犹豫地承认了这一点，不想疏远他的原教旨主义追随者。
Additionally, Darrow posed a series of unanswerable questions: Was the “great fish” that swallowed the prophet Jonah created for that specific purpose?
此外，达罗提出了一系列无法回答的问题：吞下先知约拿的“大鱼”是为了这个特定目的而创造的吗？
What precisely happened astronomically when God made the sun stand still?
当上帝让太阳静止不动时，天文学上到底发生了什么？
Bryan, of course, could cite only his faith in miracles.
当然，布莱恩只能引用他对奇迹的信仰。
Tied into logical contradictions, Bryan’s testimony was a public relations disaster, although his statements were expunged from the record the next day and no further experts were allowed—Scopes’s guilt being established, the jury delivered a guilty verdict in minutes.
由于逻辑上的矛盾，布莱恩的证词是一场公共关系灾难，尽管他的陈述第二天被从记录中删除，并且不允许进一步的专家进入——斯科普斯有罪，陪审团在几分钟内就做出了有罪判决。
The case was later thrown out on a technicality.
该案后来因技术原因被驳回。
But few cared about the verdict.
但很少有人关心判决结果。
Darrow had, in many ways, at least to his defenders, already won: the fundamentalists seemed to have taken a beating in the national limelight.
达罗在很多方面，至少对他的捍卫者来说，已经赢了：原教旨主义者似乎在全国的聚光灯下受到了打击。
Journalist and satirist H.
记者兼讽刺作家 H.
L.
L。
Mencken characterized the “circus in Tennessee” as an embarrassment for fundamentalism, and modernists remembered the “Monkey Trial” as a smashing victory.
门肯将“田纳西马戏团”描述为原教旨主义的耻辱，而现代主义者则将“猴子审判”视为一次压倒性的胜利。
If fundamentalists retreated from the public sphere, they did not disappear entirely.
即使原教旨主义者退出公共领域，他们也不会完全消失。
Instead, they went local, built a vibrant subculture, and emerged many decades later stronger than ever.
相反，他们走向本地，建立了充满活力的亚文化，并在几十年后变得比以往任何时候都更加强大。
39
39
This photo by popular news photographers Underwood and Underwood shows a gathering of a reported three hundred Ku Klux Klansmen just outside Washington DC to initiate a new group of men into their order.
这张由著名新闻摄影师安德伍德和安德伍德拍摄的照片显示了据报道有 300 名三K党成员在华盛顿特区郊外聚集，准备招募一批新成员加入他们的组织。
The proximity of the photographer to his subjects for one of the Klan’s notorious night-time rituals suggests that this was yet another of the Klan’s numerous publicity stunts.
在三K党臭名昭著的夜间仪式中，摄影师与拍摄对象的距离很近，这表明这是三K党众多宣传噱头中的又一个。
Underwood and Underwood, “Klan assembles Short Distance from U.S. Capitol,” (ca.
安德伍德和安德伍德，“三K党在距离美国国会大厦不远的地方集结”（约
1920’s).
1920 年代）。
Library of Congress .
国会图书馆。
Suspicions of immigrants, Catholics, and modernists contributed to a string of reactionary organizations.
对移民、天主教徒和现代主义者的怀疑催生了一系列反动组织。
None so captured the imaginations of the country as the reborn Ku Klux Klan (KKK), a white supremacist organization that expanded beyond its Reconstruction Era anti-Black politics to now claim to protect American values and the American way of life from Black people, feminists (and other radicals), immigrants, Catholics, Jews, atheists, bootleggers, and a host of other imagined moral enemies.
重生的三K党（KKK）最能激发这个国家的想象力。这个白人至上主义组织超越了重建时代的反黑人政治，现在声称要保护美国价值观和美国生活方式，免受黑人、女权主义者（和其他激进分子）、移民、天主教徒、犹太人、无神论者、走私犯和许多其他想象中的道德敌人的侵害。
Two events in 1915 are widely credited with inspiring the rebirth of the Klan: the lynching of Leo Frank and the release of The Birth of a Nation , a popular and groundbreaking film that valorized the Reconstruction Era Klan as a protector of feminine virtue and white racial purity.
1915 年发生的两件事被广泛认为激发了三K党的重生：利奥·弗兰克 (Leo Frank) 被处以私刑，以及《一个国家的诞生》(The Birth of a Nation) 的上映，这是一部广受欢迎的开创性电影，将重建时期的三K党视为女性美德和白人种族纯洁性的保护者。
Taking advantage of this sudden surge of popularity, Colonel William Joseph Simmons organized what is often called the “second” Ku Klux Klan in Georgia in late 1915.
威廉·约瑟夫·西蒙斯上校利用人气突然飙升的机会，于 1915 年底在佐治亚州组织了所谓的“第二个”三K党。
This new Klan, modeled after other fraternal organizations with elaborate rituals and a hierarchy, remained largely confined to Georgia and Alabama until 1920, when Simmons began a professional recruiting effort that resulted in individual chapters being formed across the country and membership rising to an estimated five million.
这个新的三K党仿照其他具有复杂仪式和等级制度的兄弟组织，在1920年之前主要局限于佐治亚州和阿拉巴马州，当时西蒙斯开始进行专业招募工作，导致在全国各地成立了单独的分会，成员估计增加到500万。
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40
Partly in response to the migration of Black southerners to northern cities during World War I, the KKK expanded above the Mason-Dixon Line.
部分是为了应对第一次世界大战期间南方黑人向北方城市迁移的情况，三K党的扩张范围超过了梅森-迪克森线。
Membership soared in Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, and Portland, while Klan-endorsed mayoral candidates won in Indianapolis, Denver, and Atlanta.
费城、底特律、芝加哥和波特兰的会员人数激增，而三K党支持的市长候选人在印第安纳波利斯、丹佛和亚特兰大获胜。
41 The Klan often recruited through fraternal organizations such as the Freemasons and through various Protestant churches.
41 三K党经常通过共济会等兄弟组织和各种新教教堂招募成员。
In many areas, local Klansmen visited churches of which they approved and bestowed a gift of money on the presiding minister, often during services.
在许多地区，当地的三K党成员会参观他们认可的教堂，并经常在礼拜期间向主持牧师赠送金钱礼物。
The Klan also enticed people to join through large picnics, parades, rallies, and ceremonies.
三K党还通过大型野餐、游行、集会和仪式吸引人们加入。
The Klan established a women’s auxiliary in 1923 headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas.
三K党于 1923 年成立了妇女辅助队，总部设在阿肯色州小石城。
The Women of the Ku Klux Klan mirrored the KKK in practice and ideology and soon had chapters in all forty-eight states, often attracting women who were already part of the Prohibition movement, the defense of which was a centerpiece of Klan activism.
三K党妇女组织在实践和意识形态上模仿了三K党，很快就在全美四十八个州设立了分会，经常吸引已经加入禁酒运动的女性，而捍卫禁酒运动是三K党活动的核心内容。
42
42
Contrary to its perception of as a primarily southern and lower-class phenomenon, the second Klan had a national reach composed largely of middle-class people.
与人们对第二个三K党主要是南方和下层阶级现象的看法相反，第二个三K党的影响力主要由中产阶级组成。
Sociologist Rory McVeigh surveyed the KKK newspaper Imperial Night-Hawk for the years 1923 and 1924, at the organization’s peak, and found the largest number of Klan-related activities to have occurred in Texas, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, and Georgia.
社会学家罗里·麦克维 (Rory McVeigh) 对 3K 党报纸《帝国夜鹰》在 1923 年和 1924 年该组织鼎盛时期的情况进行了调查，发现与三K党相关的活动数量最多的地区是德克萨斯州、宾夕法尼亚州、印第安纳州、伊利诺伊州和佐治亚州。
The Klan was even present in Canada, where it was a powerful force within Saskatchewan’s Conservative Party.
三K党甚至出现在加拿大，是萨斯喀彻温省保守党内的一支强大力量。
In many states and localities, the Klan dominated politics to such a level that one could not be elected without the support of the KKK.
在许多州和地方，三K党在政治上占据主导地位，以至于没有三K党的支持就无法当选。
For example, in 1924, the Klan supported William Lee Cazort for governor of Arkansas, leading his opponent in the Democratic Party primary, Thomas Terral, to seek honorary membership through a Louisiana klavern so as not to be tagged as the anti-Klan candidate.
例如，1924年，三K党支持威廉·李·卡佐特竞选阿肯色州州长，并带领他的民主党初选对手托马斯·泰拉尔通过路易斯安那州的一个克拉文寻求荣誉会员身份，以免被贴上反三K党候选人的标签。
In 1922, Texans elected Earle B.
1922 年，德克萨斯人选举厄尔·B.
Mayfield, an avowed Klansman who ran openly as that year’s “klandidate,” to the U.S. Senate.
梅菲尔德是一名公开的三K党成员，并作为当年的“三K党成员”公开竞选美国参议院议员。
At its peak the Klan claimed between four and five million members.
在其鼎盛时期，三K党拥有四到五百万成员。
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Despite the breadth of its political activism, the Klan is today remembered largely as a violent vigilante group—and not without reason.
尽管三K党的政治活动范围很广，但如今人们对三K党的印象主要是作为一个暴力的治安维持者组织——这并非没有道理。
Members of the Klan and affiliated organizations often carried out acts of lynching and “nightriding”—the physical harassment of bootleggers, union activists, civil rights workers, or any others deemed “immoral” (such as suspected adulterers) under the cover of darkness or while wearing their hoods and robes.
三K党及其附属组织的成员经常实施私刑和“夜骑”行为，即在黑暗的掩护下或戴着头巾和长袍对走私者、工会活动分子、民权工作者或任何其他被视为“不道德”的人（例如涉嫌通奸者）进行身体骚扰。
In fact, Klan violence was extensive enough in Oklahoma that Governor John C.
事实上，三K党的暴力活动在俄克拉荷马州非常广泛，以至于州长约翰·C·
Walton placed the entire state under martial law in 1923.
1923 年，沃尔顿将整个州置于戒严状态。
Witnesses testifying before the military court disclosed accounts of Klan violence ranging from the flogging of clandestine brewers to the disfiguring of a prominent Black Tulsan for registering African Americans to vote.
在军事法庭作证的目击者披露了三K党的暴力行为，从鞭打秘密酿酒商到因登记非裔美国人投票而毁坏著名黑人图尔桑的容貌。
In Houston, Texas, the Klan maintained an extensive system of surveillance that included tapping telephone lines and putting spies in the local post office in order to root out “undesirables.” A mob organized and led by Klan members in Aiken, South Carolina, lynched Bertha Lowman and her two brothers in 1926, but no one was ever prosecuted: the sheriff, deputies, city attorney, and state representative all belonged to the Klan.
在德克萨斯州休斯顿，三K党维持着广泛的监视系统，包括窃听电话线以及在当地邮局安插间谍，以根除“不良分子”。 1926 年，南卡罗来纳州艾肯的一群由三K党成员组织和领导的暴徒私刑处决了贝莎·洛曼和她的两个兄弟，但没有人受到起诉：治安官、副手、市检察官和州代表都属于三K党。
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The Klan dwindled in the face of scandal and diminished energy over the last years of the 1920s.
20 世纪 20 年代最后几年，三K党因丑闻和活力的减弱而日渐衰弱。
By 1930, the Klan only had about thirty thousand members and it was largely spent as a national force, only to appear again as a much diminished force during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.
到 1930 年，三K党只有大约三万名成员，而且大部分都作为一支全国性力量使用，但在 20 世纪 50 年代和 1960 年代的民权运动期间，其力量再次大幅削弱。
In his inauguration speech in 1929, Herbert Hoover told Americans that the Republican Party had brought prosperity.
1929年，赫伯特·胡佛在就职演说中告诉美国人，共和党带来了繁荣。
Even ignoring stubbornly large rates of poverty and unparalleled levels of inequality, he could not see the weaknesses behind the decade’s economy.
即使忽略居高不下的贫困率和空前的不平等程度，他也看不到这十年经济背后的弱点。
Even as the new culture of consumption promoted new freedoms, it also promoted new insecurities.
尽管新的消费文化促进了新的自由，但它也带来了新的不安全感。
An economy built on credit exposed the nation to tremendous risk.
建立在信贷之上的经济使国家面临巨大的风险。
Flailing European economies, high tariffs, wealth inequality, a construction bubble, and an ever-more flooded consumer market loomed dangerously until the Roaring Twenties ground to a halt.
欧洲经济低迷、高关税、财富不平等、建筑泡沫和日益泛滥的消费市场都在危险地逼近，直到咆哮的二十年代陷入停顿。
In a moment the nation’s glitz and glamour seemed to give way to decay and despair.
刹那间，这个国家的浮华和魅力似乎让位于腐朽和绝望。
For farmers, racial minorities, unionized workers, and other populations that did not share in 1920s prosperity, the veneer of a Jazz Age and a booming economy had always been a fiction.
对于农民、少数族裔、工会工人和其他没有享受到 1920 年代繁荣的人群来说，爵士乐时代和繁荣经济的外表一直是虚构的。
But for them, as for millions of Americans, the end of an era was close.
但对于他们以及数百万美国人来说，一个时代的终结已经临近。
The Great Depression loomed.
大萧条迫在眉睫。
Republican Senator and presidential candidate Warren G.
共和党参议员兼总统候选人沃伦·G.
Harding of Ohio delivered the following address to the Home Market Club of Boston on May 14, 1920.
俄亥俄州的哈丁于 1920 年 5 月 14 日向波士顿家庭市场俱乐部发表了以下讲话。
In it, Harding outlined his hope that the United States would, after a decade of progressive politics and foreign interventions, return to “normalcy.” In November, Harding received the highest percentage of the popular vote in a presidential election up to that time.
哈丁在其中概述了他的希望，即美国在经过十年的进步政治和外国干预之后，能够恢复“正常状态”。 11月，哈丁在总统选举中获得了迄今为止最高的普选票。
In the following selection, Crystal Eastman, a socialist and feminist, considered what women should fight for following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, which granted American women the right to vote.
在接下来的选择中，社会主义者和女权主义者克里斯托·伊士曼（Crystal Eastman）思考了在赋予美国妇女投票权的第十九修正案获得批准后，妇女应该争取什么。
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Explanation of the Objects of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (1921)
普遍黑人进步协会的目标说明（1921）
Inspired by the writings of Booker T.
受到 Booker T. 著作的启发。
Washington, Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey became the most prominent Black Nationalist in the United States.
出生于牙买加华盛顿的马库斯·加维成为美国最著名的黑人民族主义者。
He championed the back-to-Africa movement, advocated for Black-owned businesses—he founded the Black Star Line, a transnational shipping company—and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
他倡导重返非洲运动，倡导黑人拥有的企业——他创立了跨国航运公司黑星航运公司——并创立了环球黑人进步协会。
Thousands of UNIA chapters formed all across the world.
UNIA 在世界各地成立了数千个分会。
In 1921, Garvey recorded a message in a New York studio explaining the object of the UNIA.
1921 年，加维在纽约的一家录音室录制了一条信息，解释了 UNIA 的目标。
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Hiram Evans on the “The Klan’s Fight for Americanism” (1926)
海勒姆·埃文斯谈“三K党为美国主义而战”（1926 年）
The “Second” Ku Klux Klan rose to prominence in the 1920s and, at its peak, claimed millions of Americans as members.
“第二个”三K党在 20 年代声名鹊起，在其鼎盛时期拥有数百万美国人为其成员。
Klansmen wrapped themselves in the flag and the cross and proclaimed themselves the moral guardians of America.
三K党成员将自己包裹在旗帜和十字架中，并宣称自己是美国的道德卫士。
The organization appealed to many “respectable,” middle-class Americans.
该组织吸引了许多“受人尊敬的”美国中产阶级。
Here, Imperial Wizard Hiram Evans, a dentist from Dallas, Texas, outlines the Second Klan’s potent mix of Americanism, Protestantism, and white supremacy.
在这里，来自得克萨斯州达拉斯的牙医、帝国巫师海勒姆·埃文斯 (Hiram Evans) 概述了第二三K党将美国主义、新教和白人至上主义结合在一起的强大力量。
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5.
Herbert Hoover, “Principles and Ideals of the United States Government” (1928)
赫伯特·胡佛，“美国政府的原则和理想”(1928)
Republican Herbert Hoover embodied the political conservatism of the 1920s.
共和党人赫伯特·胡佛 (Herbert Hoover) 体现了 20 年代政治保守主义。
He denounced the regulation of business and championed the individual against “bureaucracy.” In November 1928, Hoover, a Protestant from the Midwest, soundly defeated Al Smith, an Irish Catholic from New York City.
他谴责商业监管，并支持个人反对“官僚主义”。 1928 年 11 月，来自中西部的新教徒胡佛彻底击败了来自纽约市的爱尔兰天主教徒阿尔·史密斯。
Here, in a speech delivered in late October, Hoover outlined his vision of American government.
胡佛在 10 月底发表的一次演讲中概述了他对美国政府的愿景。
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Ellen Welles Page, “A Flapper’s Appeal to Parents” (1922)
艾伦·威尔斯·佩吉，《摩登女郎对父母的呼吁》（1922）
By 1922, “the Flapper” had become a full-blown cultural phenomenon.
到 1922 年，“摩登女郎”已成为一种成熟的文化现象。
In the following article, Ellen Welles Page, a self-described “semi-flapper,” attempted to explain the appeal of the flapper and pled with America’s mothers and fathers not to reflexively judge their flapper daughters.
在接下来的文章中，自称为“半时髦女郎”的艾伦·威尔斯·佩奇试图解释时髦女郎的吸引力，并恳求美国的父母不要本能地评判他们的时髦女郎。
Alain Locke, a leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance, was a distinguished academic—the first African American Rhodes Scholar, he obtained a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard—who taught at Howard University for 35 years.
阿兰·洛克（Alain Locke）是哈莱姆文艺复兴运动的领军人物，杰出的学者，第一位非裔美国罗德学者，获得博士学位。哈佛大学哲学博士，在霍华德大学任教 35 年。
In 1925, he published an essay, “Enter the New Negro,” that described an African American population busy seeing “a new vision of opportunity.”
1925 年，他发表了一篇文章《进入新黑人》，描述了非洲裔美国人忙于看到“机会的新愿景”。
In the 1920’s Americans across the country bought magazines like Photoplay in order to get more information about the stars of their new favorite entertainment media: the movies.
1920 年代，全国各地的美国人都购买《Photoplay》等杂志，以便获得有关他们最喜欢的新娱乐媒体——电影——的明星的更多信息。
Advertisers took advantage of this broad audience to promote a wide range of goods and services to both men and women who enjoyed the proliferation of consumer culture during this time.
广告商利用这一广泛的受众群体，向享受这一时期消费文化繁荣的男性和女性推销各种商品和服务。
This photo by popular news photographers Underwood and Underwood shows a gathering of a reported 300 Ku Klux Klansmen just outside Washington DC to initiate a new group of men into their order.
这张由热门新闻摄影师安德伍德和安德伍德拍摄的照片显示，据报道，300 名三K党成员在华盛顿特区郊外聚集，准备招募一批新成员加入他们的组织。
The proximity of the photographer to his subjects for one of the Klan’s notorious night-time rituals suggests that this was yet another of the Klan’s numerous publicity stunts.
在三K党臭名昭著的夜间仪式中，摄影师与拍摄对象的距离很近，这表明这是三K党众多宣传噱头中的又一个。
This chapter was edited by Brandy Thomas Wells, with content contributions by Micah Childress, Mari Crabtree, Maggie Flamingo, Guy Lancaster, Emily Remus, Colin Reynolds, Kristopher Shields, and Brandy Thomas Wells.
本章由 Brandy Thomas Wells 编辑，内容由 Micah Childress、Mari Crabtree、Maggie Flamingo、Guy Lancaster、Emily Remus、Colin Reynolds、Kristopher Shields 和 Brandy Thomas Wells 贡献。
Recommended citation: Micah Childress et al., “The New Era,” Brandy Thomas Wells, ed., in The American Yawp , eds.
推荐引用：Micah Childress 等人，“新时代”，Brandy Thomas Wells 编辑，载于 The American Yawp 编辑。
Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018).
约瑟夫·洛克和本·赖特（加利福尼亚州斯坦福：斯坦福大学出版社，2018 年）。