The American Yawp

美国狂吠

· The American Yawp (Stanford open textbook) · 原文

Paul Revere, Landing of the Troops, c.

保罗·里维尔，《部队登陆》，c。

1770.

Courtesy American Antiquarian Society .

由美国古物协会提供。

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

署名-非商业性-相同方式共享 4.0 国际（CC BY-NC-SA 4.0。

* NOTE: You are viewing a chapter from the archived, “First Edition” version of the American Yawp, which stopped receiving updates in spring 2026.

* 注意：您正在查看《American Yawp》存档的“第一版”版本中的章节，该版本已于 2026 年春季停止接收更新。

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In the 1760s, Benjamin Rush, a native of Philadelphia, recounted a visit to Parliament.

1760 年代，费城人本杰明·拉什 (Benjamin Rush) 讲述了一次对议会的访问。

Upon seeing the king’s throne in the House of Lords, Rush said he “felt as if he walked on sacred ground” with “emotions that I cannot describe.” 1 Throughout the eighteenth century, colonists had developed significant emotional ties with both the British monarchy and the British constitution.

当看到上议院国王的宝座时，拉什说，他“感觉自己仿佛走在神圣的土地上”，“心情难以形容”。 1 在整个十八世纪，殖民者与英国君主制和英国宪法都建立了重要的情感联系。

The British North American colonists had just helped to win a world war and most, like Rush, had never been more proud to be British.

英国北美殖民者刚刚帮助赢得了一场世界大战，大多数人像拉什一样，为自己是英国人而感到自豪。

And yet, in a little over a decade, those same colonists would declare their independence and break away from the British Empire.

然而，在十年多一点的时间里，这些殖民者将宣布独立并脱离大英帝国。

Seen from 1763, nothing would have seemed as improbable as the American Revolution.

从 1763 年来看，没有什么比美国革命更不可能发生的了。

The Revolution built institutions and codified the language and ideas that still define Americans’ image of themselves.

革命建立了制度并编纂了至今仍定义美国人自身形象的语言和思想。

Moreover, revolutionaries justified their new nation with radical new ideals that changed the course of history and sparked a global “age of revolution.” But the Revolution was as paradoxical as it was unpredictable.

此外，革命者以激进的新理想为他们的新国家辩护，改变了历史进程并引发了全球“革命时代”。但革命是自相矛盾的，也是不可预测的。

A revolution fought in the name of liberty allowed slavery to persist.

以自由名义进行的革命让奴隶制继续存在。

Resistance to centralized authority tied disparate colonies ever closer together under new governments.

在新政府的领导下，对中央集权的抵制使不同的殖民地更加紧密地联系在一起。

The revolution created politicians eager to foster republican selflessness and protect the public good but also encouraged individual self-interest and personal gain.

革命造就了渴望促进共和主义无私和保护公共利益的政治家，但也鼓励了个人的私利和个人利益。

The “founding fathers” instigated and fought a revolution to secure independence from Britain, but they did not fight that revolution to create a “democracy.” To successfully rebel against Britain, however, required more than a few dozen “founding fathers.” Common colonists joined the fight, unleashing popular forces that shaped the Revolution itself, often in ways not welcomed by elite leaders.

“开国元勋”煽动并进行了一场革命，以确保从英国独立，但他们并不是为了建立“民主”而进行这场革命。然而，要成功反抗英国，需要几十位“开国元勋”。普通殖民者加入了战斗，释放了塑造革命本身的民众力量，但其方式往往不受精英领导人欢迎。

But once unleashed, these popular forces continued to shape the new nation and indeed the rest of American history.

但一旦释放出来，这些民众力量就会继续塑造这个新国家，乃至美国历史的其余部分。

The American Revolution had both long-term origins and short-term causes.

美国革命既有长期的根源，也有短期的原因。

In this section, we will look broadly at some of the long-term political, intellectual, cultural, and economic developments in the eighteenth century that set the context for the crisis of the 1760s and 1770s.

在本节中，我们将广泛审视 18 世纪的一些长期政治、知识、文化和经济发展，这些发展为 1760 年代和 1770 年代的危机奠定了背景。

Between the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the middle of the eighteenth century, Britain had largely failed to define the colonies’ relationship to the empire and institute a coherent program of imperial reform.

从 1688 年光荣革命到 18 世纪中叶，英国基本上未能界定殖民地与帝国的关系，也未能制定连贯的帝国改革计划。

Two factors contributed to these failures.

有两个因素导致了这些失败。

First, Britain was at war from the War of the Spanish Succession at the start of the century through the Seven Years’ War in 1763.

首先，从本世纪初的西班牙王位继承战争到1763年的七年战争，英国一直处于战争状态。

Constant war was politically consuming and economically expensive.

持续不断的战争在政治上消耗巨大，在经济上代价高昂。

Second, competing visions of empire divided British officials.

其次，英国官员对帝国的不同看法存在分歧。

Old Whigs and their Tory supporters envisioned an authoritarian empire, based on conquering territory and extracting resources.

老辉格党人和他们的保守党支持者设想了一个以征服领土和攫取资源为基础的独裁帝国。

They sought to eliminate Britain’s growing national debt by raising taxes and cutting spending on the colonies.

他们试图通过提高税收和削减对殖民地的支出来消除英国日益增长的国债。

The radical (or patriot) Whigs based their imperial vision on trade and manufacturing instead of land and resources.

激进（或爱国）辉格党将他们的帝国愿景建立在贸易和制造业而不是土地和资源上。

They argued that economic growth, not raising taxes, would solve the national debt.

他们认为，解决国家债务的办法是经济增长，而不是提高税收。

Instead of an authoritarian empire, “patriot Whigs” argued that the colonies should have equal status with the mother country.

“爱国辉格党”主张殖民地应与母国享有平等地位，而不是独裁帝国。

There were occasional attempts to reform the administration of the colonies, but debate between the two sides prevented coherent reform.

偶尔有人尝试改革殖民地的管理，但双方之间的争论阻碍了连贯的改革。

Colonists developed their own understanding of how they fit into the empire.

殖民者对如何融入帝国有了自己的理解。

They saw themselves as British subjects “entitled to all the natural, essential, inherent, and inseparable rights of our fellow subjects in Great-Britain.” The eighteenth century brought significant economic and demographic growth in the colonies.

他们认为自己是英国臣民，“有权享有我们大不列颠同胞臣民的所有自然的、基本的、固有的和不可分割的权利”。十八世纪给殖民地带来了显着的经济和人口增长。

This success, they believed, resulted partly from Britain’s hands-off approach to the colonies, an approach that has been called salutary neglect.

他们认为，这一成功部分归功于英国对殖民地不干涉的做法，这种做法被称为有益的忽视。

By midcentury, colonists believed that they held a special place in the empire, which justified Britain’s hands-off policy.

到了本世纪中叶，殖民者相信他们在帝国中占有特殊的地位，这证明了英国的不干涉政策是合理的。

In 1764, James Otis Jr. wrote, “The colonists are entitled to as ample rights, liberties, and privileges as the subjects of the mother country are, and in some respects to more .” 3

1764 年，小詹姆斯·奥蒂斯 (James Otis Jr.) 写道：“殖民者有权与祖国的臣民一样享有充足的权利、自由和特权，在某些方面甚至更多……”。 3

In this same period, the colonies developed their own local political institutions.

在同一时期，殖民地发展了自己的地方政治机构。

Samuel Adams, in the Boston Gazette , described the colonies as each being a “separate body politic” from Britain.

塞缪尔·亚当斯在《波士顿公报》中将这些殖民地描述为独立于英国的“独立政体”。

Almost immediately upon each colony’s settlement, they created a colonial assembly.

几乎在每个殖民地定居之后，他们就立即成立了殖民地议会。

These assemblies assumed many of the same duties as the Commons exercised in Britain, including taxing residents, managing the spending of the colonies’ revenue, and granting salaries to royal officials.

这些议会承担了许多与英国下议院相同的职责，包括向居民征税、管理殖民地收入的支出以及向王室官员发放薪水。

In the early 1700s, colonial leaders unsuccessfully lobbied the British government to define their assemblies’ legal prerogatives, but Britain was too occupied with European wars.

1700 年代初期，殖民地领导人游说英国政府界定其议会的法律特权，但没有成功，但英国却忙于欧洲战争。

In the first half of the eighteenth century, royal governors tasked by the Board of Trade attempted to limit the power of the assemblies, but the assemblies’ power only grew.

十八世纪上半叶，贸易委员会指派的皇家总督试图限制议会的权力，但议会的权力却只增不减。

Many colonists came to see their assemblies as having the same jurisdiction over them that Parliament exercised over those in England.

许多殖民者开始认为他们的议会对他们拥有与议会对英国议会行使的管辖权相同的管辖权。

They interpreted British inaction as justifying their tradition of local governance.

他们将英国的无所作为视为其地方治理传统的合理性。

The Crown and Parliament, however, disagreed.

然而，国王和议会不同意。

Political culture in the colonies also developed differently than that of the mother country.

殖民地的政治文化的发展也与母国不同。

In both Britain and the colonies, land was the key to political participation, but because land was more easily obtained in the colonies, a higher proportion of male colonists participated in politics.

无论是在英国还是在殖民地，土地都是政治参与的关键，但由于殖民地更容易获得土地，因此男性殖民者参与政治的比例更高。

Colonial political culture drew inspiration from the “country” party in Britain.

殖民地政治文化从英国的“乡村”政党中汲取灵感。

These ideas—generally referred to as the ideology of republicanism—stressed the corrupting nature of power and the need for those involved in self-governing to be virtuous (i.e., putting the “public good” over their own self-interest).

这些思想——通常被称为共和主义意识形态——强调权力的腐败本质以及参与自治的人必须保持美德（即将“公共利益”置于自身利益之上）。

Patriots would need to be ever vigilant against the rise of conspiracies, centralized control, and tyranny.

爱国者需要时刻警惕阴谋、集权控制和暴政的兴起。

Only a small fringe in Britain held these ideas, but in the colonies, they were widely accepted.

在英国只有一小部分人持有这些想法，但在殖民地，它们被广泛接受。

In the 1740s, two seemingly conflicting bodies of thought—the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening—began to combine in the colonies and challenge older ideas about authority.

1740 年代，启蒙运动和大觉醒运动这两个看似相互冲突的思想体系开始在殖民地结合起来，挑战关于权威的旧观念。

Perhaps no single philosopher had a greater impact on colonial thinking than John Locke.

也许没有哪个哲学家比约翰·洛克对殖民思想的影响更大。

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding , Locke argued that the mind was originally a tabula rasa (or blank slate) and that individuals were formed primarily by their environment.

洛克在他的《关于人类理解的论文》中认为，心灵最初是一块白板（或白板），个人主要是由他们的环境形成的。

The aristocracy then were wealthy or successful because they had greater access to wealth, education, and patronage and not because they were innately superior.

当时的贵族之所以富有或成功，是因为他们有更多的机会获得财富、教育和赞助，而不是因为他们天生优越。

Locke followed this essay with Some Thoughts Concerning Education , which introduced radical new ideas about the importance of education.

洛克在这篇文章之后发表了《关于教育的一些思考》，其中介绍了关于教育重要性的全新思想。

Education would produce rational human beings capable of thinking for themselves and questioning authority rather than tacitly accepting tradition.

教育将培养出能够独立思考、质疑权威而不是默认接受传统的理性人类。

These ideas slowly came to have far-reaching effects in the colonies and, later, the new nation.

这些想法慢慢地对殖民地乃至后来的新国家产生了深远的影响。

At the same time that Locke’s ideas about knowledge and education spread in North America, the colonies also experienced an unprecedented wave of evangelical Protestant revivalism.

洛克的知识和教育思想在北美传播的同时，殖民地也经历了前所未有的福音派新教复兴浪潮。

Between 1739 and 1740, the Rev.

1739 年至 1740 年间，牧师。

George Whitefield, an enigmatic, itinerant preacher, traveled the colonies preaching Calvinist sermons to huge crowds.

乔治·怀特菲尔德（George Whitefield）是一位神秘的巡回传教士，他走遍殖民地，向广大群众宣讲加尔文主义布道。

Unlike the rationalism of Locke, his sermons were designed to appeal to his listeners’ emotions.

与洛克的理性主义不同，他的布道旨在吸引听众的情感。

Whitefield told his listeners that salvation could only be found by taking personal responsibility for one’s own unmediated relationship with God, a process that came to be known as a “conversion” experience.

怀特菲尔德告诉他的听众，只有通过对自己与上帝的直接关系承担个人责任，才能找到救赎，这个过程后来被称为“皈依”经历。

He also argued that the current Church hierarchies populated by “unconverted” ministers only stood as a barrier between the individual and God.

他还认为，当前由“未皈依”牧师组成的教会等级制度只是个人与上帝之间的障碍。

In his wake, new traveling preachers picked up his message and many congregations split.

在他之后，新的旅行传教士接受了他的信息，许多会众分裂了。

Both Locke and Whitefield had empowered individuals to question authority and to take their lives into their own hands.

洛克和怀特菲尔德都赋予个人质疑权威并将自己的生命掌握在自己手中的权力。

In other ways, eighteenth-century colonists were becoming more culturally similar to Britons, a process often referred to as Anglicization.

在其他方面，十八世纪的殖民者在文化上变得与英国人更加相似，这一过程通常被称为英国化。

As colonial economies grew, they quickly became an important market for British manufacturing exports.

随着殖民地经济的增长，它们迅速成为英国制造业出口的重要市场。

Colonists with disposable income and access to British markets attempted to mimic British culture.

拥有可支配收入和进入英国市场的殖民者试图模仿英国文化。

By the middle of the eighteenth century, middling-class colonists could also afford items previously thought of as luxuries like British fashions, dining wares, and more.

到十八世纪中叶，中产阶级殖民者也能买得起以前被认为是奢侈品的物品，如英国时装、餐具等。

The desire to purchase British goods meshed with the desire to enjoy British liberties.

购买英国商品的愿望与享受英国自由的愿望相结合。

6 These political, intellectual, cultural, and economic developments built tensions that rose to the surface when, after the Seven Years’ War, Britain finally began to implement a program of imperial reform that conflicted with colonists’ understanding of the empire and their place in it.

6这些政治、知识、文化和经济的发展造成了紧张局势，当七年战争结束后，英国最终开始实施一项与殖民者对帝国及其地位的理解相冲突的帝国改革计划时，这种紧张局势就浮出水面。

Most immediately, the American Revolution resulted directly from attempts to reform the British Empire after the Seven Years’ War.

最直接的是，美国革命直接源于七年战争后改革大英帝国的尝试。

The Seven Years’ War culminated nearly a half century of war between Europe’s imperial powers.

七年战争使欧洲列强之间近半个世纪的战争达到了顶峰。

It was truly a world war, fought between multiple empires on multiple continents.

这确实是一场世界大战，是在多个大陆的多个帝国之间进行的。

At its conclusion, the British Empire had never been larger.

到最后，大英帝国的规模达到了前所未有的程度。

Britain now controlled the North American continent east of the Mississippi River, including French Canada.

英国现在控制了密西西比河以东的北美大陆，包括法属加拿大。

It had also consolidated its control over India.

它还巩固了对印度的控制。

But the realities and responsibilities of the postwar empire were daunting.

但战后帝国的现实和责任是令人畏惧的。

War (let alone victory) on such a scale was costly.

如此规模的战争（更不用说胜利）代价高昂。

Britain doubled the national debt to 13.5 times its annual revenue.

英国的国债增加了一倍，达到其年收入的13.5倍。

Britain faced significant new costs required to secure and defend its far-flung empire, especially the western frontiers of the North American colonies.

英国面临着保卫和捍卫其幅员辽阔的帝国所需的巨大新成本，特别是北美殖民地的西部边境。

These factors led Britain in the 1760s to attempt to consolidate control over its North American colonies, which, in turn, led to resistance.

这些因素导致英国在 1760 年代试图巩固对其北美殖民地的控制，但这反过来又导致了抵抗。

King George III took the crown in 1760 and brought Tories into his government after three decades of Whig rule.

乔治三世国王于 1760 年登基，并在辉格党统治三十年后将保守党纳入政府。

They represented an authoritarian vision of empire in which colonies would be subordinate.

它们代表了帝国的独裁愿景，其中殖民地处于从属地位。

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was Britain’s first major postwar imperial action targeting North America.

1763 年的皇家公告是英国战后针对北美的第一个重大帝国行动。

The king forbade settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains in an attempt to limit costly wars with Native Americans.

国王禁止在阿巴拉契亚山脉以西定居，试图限制与美洲原住民发生代价高昂的战争。

Colonists, however, protested and demanded access to the territory for which they had fought alongside the British.

然而，殖民者提出抗议，要求进入他们曾与英国人并肩作战的领土。

In 1764, Parliament passed two more reforms.

1764年，议会又通过了两项改革。

The Sugar Act sought to combat widespread smuggling of molasses in New England by cutting the duty in half but increasing enforcement.

《糖法》旨在通过将关税减半但加强执法力度来打击新英格兰地区广泛存在的糖蜜走私行为。

Also, smugglers would be tried by vice-admiralty courts and not juries.

此外，走私者将由副海事法院而不是陪审团接受审判。

Parliament also passed the Currency Act, which restricted colonies from producing paper money.

议会还通过了《货币法》，限制殖民地生产纸币。

Hard money, such as gold and silver coins, was scarce in the colonies.

金币和银币等硬通货在殖民地很稀缺。

The lack of currency impeded the colonies’ increasingly sophisticated transatlantic economies, but it was especially damaging in 1764 because a postwar recession had already begun.

货币的缺乏阻碍了殖民地日益成熟的跨大西洋经济，但它在 1764 年的破坏性尤其严重，因为战后经济衰退已经开始。

Between the restrictions of the Proclamation of 1763, the Currency Act, and the Sugar Act’s canceling of trials-by-jury for smugglers, some colonists began to fear a pattern of increased taxation and restricted liberties.

在《1763 年公告》、《货币法》和《糖法》取消对走私者进行陪审团审判的限制之间，一些殖民者开始担心增加税收和限制自由的模式。

In March 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act.

1765年3月，议会通过了《印花税法》。

The act required that many documents be printed on paper that had been stamped to show the duty had been paid, including newspapers, pamphlets, diplomas, legal documents, and even playing cards.

该法案要求将许多文件打印在已盖章的纸张上，以表明已缴纳税款，包括报纸、小册子、文凭、法律文件，甚至扑克牌。

The Sugar Act of 1764 was an attempt to get merchants to pay an already existing duty, but the Stamp Act created a new, direct (or “internal”) tax.

1764 年的《糖法》试图让商人缴纳现有的关税，但《印花税法》创建了一种新的直接（或“内部”）税。

Parliament had never before directly taxed the colonists.

议会以前从未直接向殖民者征税。

Instead, colonies contributed to the empire through the payment of indirect, “external” taxes, such as customs duties.

相反，殖民地通过缴纳关税等间接“外部”税收为帝国做出贡献。

In 1765, Daniel Dulany of Maryland wrote, “A right to impose an internal tax on the colonies, without their consent for the single purpose of revenue, is denied, a right to regulate their trade without their consent is, admitted.” 7 Also, unlike the Sugar Act, which primarily affected merchants, the Stamp Act directly affected numerous groups throughout colonial society, including printers, lawyers, college graduates, and even sailors who played cards.

1765 年，马里兰州的丹尼尔·杜拉尼 (Daniel Dulany) 写道：“未经殖民地同意，仅出于收入目的而向殖民地征收内部税的权利被否认，未经殖民地同意监管其贸易的权利被承认。” 7 此外，与主要影响商人的《糖法》不同，《印花税法》直接影响整个殖民地社会的众多群体，包括印刷商、律师、大学毕业生，甚至打牌的水手。

This led, in part, to broader, more popular resistance.

这在一定程度上导致了更广泛、更普遍的抵制。

Resistance to the Stamp Act took three forms, distinguished largely by class: legislative resistance by elites, economic resistance by merchants, and popular protest by common colonists.

对《印花税法》的抵制采取了三种形式，主要按阶级区分：精英的立法抵制、商人的经济抵制以及普通殖民者的民众抗议。

Colonial elites responded by passing resolutions in their assemblies.

殖民地精英的回应是在议会中通过决议。

The most famous of the anti-Stamp Act resolutions were the Virginia Resolves, passed by the House of Burgesses on May 30, 1765, which declared that the colonists were entitled to “all the liberties, privileges, franchises, and immunities .

最著名的反印花税法案决议是 1765 年 5 月 30 日下议院通过的《弗吉尼亚决议》，该决议宣布殖民者有权享有“所有自由、特权、特许权和豁免权……”。

。

possessed by the people of Great Britain.” When the Virginia Resolves were printed throughout the colonies, however, they often included a few extra, far more radical resolutions not passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses, the last of which asserted that only “the general assembly of this colony have any right or power to impose or lay any taxation” and that anyone who argued differently “shall be deemed an enemy to this his majesty’s colony.” 8 These additional items spread throughout the colonies and helped radicalize subsequent responses in other colonial assemblies.

为英国人民所拥有。”然而，当《弗吉尼亚决议》在整个殖民地印制时，它们经常包括一些额外的、更为激进的决议，这些决议并未得到弗吉尼亚下议院的通过，最后一项决议声称，只有“这个殖民地的全体大会才有权利或权力征收或征收任何税收”，而任何持不同意见的人“都将被视为国王陛下的殖民地的敌人”。 8 这些额外的项目遍布整个殖民地，并有助于激化其他殖民地议会随后的反应。

These responses eventually led to the calling of the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765.

这些回应最终导致 1765 年 10 月在纽约召开印花税法案大会。

Nine colonies sent delegates, who included Benjamin Franklin, John Dickinson, Thomas Hutchinson, Philip Livingston, and James Otis.

九个殖民地派出了代表，其中包括本杰明·富兰克林、约翰·狄金森、托马斯·哈钦森、菲利普·利文斯顿和詹姆斯·奥蒂斯。

Men and women politicized the domestic sphere by buying and displaying items that conspicuously revealed their position for or against parliamentary actions.

男人和女人通过购买和展示明显表明他们支持或反对议会行动立场的物品，将家庭领域政治化。

This witty teapot, which celebrates the end of taxation on goods like tea itself, makes clear the owner’s perspective on the egregious taxation.

这个诙谐的茶壶庆祝了对茶叶等商品征税的结束，清楚地表明了主人对巨额税收的看法。

Teapot, Stamp Act Repeal’d, 1786, in Peabody Essex Museum.

茶壶，《印花税法废除》，1786 年，皮博迪·埃塞克斯博物馆。

Salem State University .

塞勒姆州立大学。

The Stamp Act Congress issued a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances,” which, like the Virginia Resolves, declared allegiance to the king and “all due subordination” to Parliament but also reasserted the idea that colonists were entitled to the same rights as Britons.

《印花税法案》国会发布了《权利与不满宣言》，与《弗吉尼亚决议》一样，宣布效忠国王并“完全服从”议会，但也重申了殖民者有权享有与英国人相同的权利。

Those rights included trial by jury, which had been abridged by the Sugar Act, and the right to be taxed only by their own elected representatives.

这些权利包括陪审团审判（已被《糖法》删减），以及仅由自己选出的代表征税的权利。

As Daniel Dulany wrote in 1765, “It is an essential principle of the English constitution, that the subject shall not be taxed without his consent.” 10 Benjamin Franklin called it the “prime Maxim of all free Government.” 11 Because the colonies did not elect members to Parliament, they believed that they were not represented and could not be taxed by that body.

正如丹尼尔·杜拉尼 (Daniel Dulany) 在 1765 年所写，“英国宪法的一项基本原则是，未经臣民同意，不得征税。” 10 本杰明·富兰克林称之为“所有自由政府的首要格言”。 11 由于殖民地不选举议会成员，他们认为自己没有代表权，也不能被该机构征税。

In response, Parliament and the Crown argued that the colonists were “virtually represented,” just like the residents of those boroughs or counties in England that did not elect members to Parliament.

作为回应，议会和王室辩称，殖民者“实际上得到了代表”，就像英格兰那些不选举议会成员的行政区或县的居民一样。

However, the colonists rejected the notion of virtual representation, with one pamphleteer calling it a “monstrous idea.” 12

然而，殖民者拒绝了虚拟代表的概念，一位小册子作者称其为“可怕的想法”。 12

The second type of resistance to the Stamp Act was economic.

对《印花税法》的第二种抵制是经济方面的。

While the Stamp Act Congress deliberated, merchants in major port cities were preparing nonimportation agreements, hoping that their refusal to import British goods would lead British merchants to lobby for the repeal of the Stamp Act.

在国会审议《印花税法》的同时，主要港口城市的商人正在准备不进口协议，希望他们拒绝进口英国商品会导致英国商人游说废除《印花税法》。

In New York City, “upwards of two hundred principal merchants” agreed not to import, sell, or buy “any goods, wares, or merchandises” from Great Britain.

在纽约市，“超过两百名主要商人”同意不从英国进口、出售或购买“任何货物、商品或商品”。

13 In Philadelphia, merchants gathered at “a general meeting” to agree that “they would not Import any Goods from Great-Britain until the Stamp-Act was Repealed.” 14 The plan worked.

13 在费城，商人聚集在“全体会议”上，同意“在印花税法案废除之前，他们不会从英国进口任何货物”。 14 这个计划成功了。

By January 1766, London merchants sent a letter to Parliament arguing that they had been “reduced to the necessity of pending ruin” by the Stamp Act and the subsequent boycotts.

1766 年 1 月，伦敦商人致信议会，声称他们已因《印花税法》和随后的抵制而“陷入破产的境地”。

The third, and perhaps, most crucial type of resistance was popular protest.

第三种，也许也是最关键的抵抗类型是民众抗议。

Riots broke out in Boston.

波士顿爆发骚乱。

Crowds burned the appointed stamp distributor for Massachusetts, Andrew Oliver, in effigy and pulled a building he owned “down to the Ground in five minutes.” 16 Oliver resigned the position the next day.

人群烧毁了马萨诸塞州指定邮票经销商安德鲁·奥利弗的肖像，并“在五分钟内”将他拥有的一座建筑推倒在地。 16 奥利弗第二天就辞职了。

The following week, a crowd also set upon the home of his brother-in-law, Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson, who had publicly argued for submission to the stamp tax.

接下来的一周，一群人还袭击了他的妹夫、副州长托马斯·哈钦森 (Thomas Hutchinson) 的家，后者曾公开主张缴纳印花税。

Before the evening was over, much of Hutchinson’s home and belongings had been destroyed.

当晚结束之前，哈钦森的大部分房屋和财物都被毁坏了。

17 号

Popular violence and intimidation spread quickly throughout the colonies.

民众的暴力和恐吓在整个殖民地迅速蔓延。

In New York City, posted notices read:

在纽约市，张贴的告示上写着：

By November 16, all of the original twelve stamp distributors had resigned, and by 1766, groups calling themselves the Sons of Liberty were formed in most colonies to direct and organize further resistance.

到 11 月 16 日，最初的 12 名邮票发行商全部辞职，到 1766 年，大多数殖民地成立了自称为“自由之子”的团体，以指导和组织进一步的抵抗。

These tactics had the dual effect of sending a message to Parliament and discouraging colonists from accepting appointments as stamp collectors.

这些策略具有双重效果，一方面向议会传达信息，另一方面阻止殖民者接受集邮者的任命。

With no one to distribute the stamps, the act became unenforceable.

由于没有人分发邮票，该法案变得无法执行。

Violent protest by groups like the Sons of Liberty created quite a stir both in the colonies and in England itself.

自由之子等团体的暴力抗议在殖民地和英国本土引起了不小的轰动。

While extreme acts like the tarring and feathering of Boston’s Commissioner of Customs in 1774 propagated more protest against symbols of Parliament’s tyranny throughout the colonies, violent demonstrations were regarded as acts of terrorism by British officials.

尽管 1774 年波士顿海关专员被涂焦油和羽毛等极端行为在整个殖民地传播了更多对议会暴政象征的抗议，但暴力示威却被英国官员视为恐怖主义行为。

This print of the 1774 event was from the British perspective, picturing the Sons as brutal instigators with almost demonic smiles on their faces as they enacted this excruciating punishment on the Custom Commissioner.

这张 1774 年事件的照片是从英国人的角度出发的，将儿子们描绘成残暴的煽动者，他们在对海关专员实施这种令人痛苦的惩罚时，脸上挂着近乎恶魔般的微笑。

Philip Dawe (attributed), “The Bostonians Paying the Excise-man, or Tarring and Feathering,” Wikimedia .

菲利普·道（Philip Dawe）（出处），“波士顿人付钱给税务员，或者涂焦油和羽毛”，维基媒体。

Pressure on Parliament grew until, in February 1766, it repealed the Stamp Act.

议会面临的压力越来越大，直到 1766 年 2 月废除了《印花税法》。

But to save face and to try to avoid this kind of problem in the future, Parliament also passed the Declaratory Act, asserting that Parliament had the “full power and authority to make laws .

但为了保全面子，并尽量避免将来出现此类问题，议会还通过了《宣言法案》，声称议会拥有“制定法律的充分权力和权威”。

。

to bind the colonies and people of America .

约束美国的殖民地和人民。

。

in all cases whatsoever.” However, colonists were too busy celebrating the repeal of the Stamp Act to take much notice of the Declaratory Act.

无论如何。”然而，殖民者正忙于庆祝《印花税法》的废除，而没有过多关注《宣言法》。

In New York City, the inhabitants raised a huge lead statue of King George III in honor of the Stamp Act’s repeal.

在纽约市，居民竖起了一座巨大的乔治三世国王铅雕像，以纪念《印花税法》的废除。

It could be argued that there was no moment at which colonists felt more proud to be members of the free British Empire than 1766.

可以说，没有哪个时刻比 1766 年更能让殖民者为自己是自由大英帝国的成员而感到自豪了。

But Britain still needed revenue from the colonies.

但英国仍然需要来自殖民地的收入。

The colonies had resisted the implementation of direct taxes, but the Declaratory Act reserved Parliament’s right to impose them.

殖民地曾抵制实施直接税，但《宣言法案》保留了议会征收直接税的权利。

And, in the colonists’ dispatches to Parliament and in numerous pamphlets, they had explicitly acknowledged the right of Parliament to regulate colonial trade.

而且，在殖民者向议会提交的信件和众多小册子中，他们明确承认议会有权监管殖民地贸易。

So Britain’s next attempt to draw revenues from the colonies, the Townshend Acts, were passed in June 1767, creating new customs duties on common items, like lead, glass, paint, and tea, instead of direct taxes.

因此，英国下一次从殖民地获取收入的尝试是《汤森法案》，该法案于 1767 年 6 月通过，对铅、玻璃、油漆和茶叶等普通物品征收新关税，而不是直接税。

The acts also created and strengthened formal mechanisms to enforce compliance, including a new American Board of Customs Commissioners and more vice-admiralty courts to try smugglers.

这些法案还建立并加强了强制遵守的正式机制，包括新的美国海关专员委员会和更多的海军部法院来审判走私者。

Revenues from customs seizures would be used to pay customs officers and other royal officials, including the governors, thereby incentivizing them to convict offenders.

海关扣押的收入将用于支付海关官员和其他王室官员（包括总督）的费用，从而激励他们对罪犯定罪。

These acts increased the presence of the British government in the colonies and circumscribed the authority of the colonial assemblies, since paying the governor’s salary had long given the assemblies significant power over them.

这些法案增加了英国政府在殖民地的存在，并限制了殖民地议会的权力，因为支付总督的薪水长期以来赋予议会对他们的重大权力。

Unsurprisingly, colonists, once again, resisted.

毫不奇怪，殖民者再次进行了抵抗。

Even though these were duties, many colonial resistance authors still referred to them as “taxes,” because they were designed primarily to extract revenues from the colonies not to regulate trade.

尽管这些都是义务，但许多殖民抵抗作者仍然将其称为“税收”，因为它们的主要目的是从殖民地获取收入，而不是监管贸易。

John Dickinson, in his “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” wrote, “That we may legally be bound to pay any general duties on these commodities, relative to the regulation of trade, is granted; but we being obliged by her laws to take them from Great Britain, any special duties imposed on their exportation to us only, with intention to raise a revenue from us only, are as much taxes upon us, as those imposed by the Stamp Act.” Hence, many authors asked: once the colonists assented to a tax in any form , what would stop the British from imposing ever more and greater taxes on the colonists?

约翰·狄金森在他的《宾夕法尼亚州农民的来信》中写道：“我们在法律上有义务对这些商品支付与贸易监管相关的任何一般关税，这是理所当然的；但我们有义务根据她的法律将这些商品从英国运走，任何对这些商品向我们出口征收的特殊关税，只是为了从我们那里增加收入，对我们征收的税款与《印花税法》征收的税款一样多。”因此，许多作者问：一旦殖民者同意以任何形式征税，什么会阻止英国向殖民者征收越来越多的税呢？

New forms of resistance emerged in which elite, middling, and working-class colonists participated together.

新的抵抗形式出现了，精英、中产阶级和工人阶级殖民者共同参与。

Merchants reinstituted nonimportation agreements, and common colonists agreed not to consume these same products.

商人重新制定了非进口协议，普通殖民者同意不消费这些相同的产品。

Lists were circulated with signatories promising not to buy any British goods.

名单已分发，签署者承诺不购买任何英国商品。

These lists were often published in newspapers, bestowing recognition on those who had signed and led to pressure on those who had not.

这些名单经常在报纸上公布，对那些签署的人给予认可，并给那些没有签署的人带来压力。

Women, too, became involved to an unprecedented degree in resistance to the Townshend Acts.

妇女也以前所未有的程度参与了对汤森法案的抵抗。

They circulated subscription lists and gathered signatures.

他们分发订阅名单并收集签名。

The first political commentaries in newspapers written by women appeared.

第一篇由女性撰写的政治评论出现在报纸上。

21 Also, without new imports of British clothes, colonists took to wearing simple, homespun clothing.

21 此外，由于没有新进口的英国服装，殖民者开始穿着简单的土布服装。

Spinning clubs were formed, in which local women would gather at one of their homes and spin cloth for homespun clothing for their families and even for the community.

纺纱俱乐部成立了，当地妇女会聚集在她们的一处家中，为家人甚至社区纺制家布服装。

Homespun clothing quickly became a marker of one’s virtue and patriotism, and women were an important part of this cultural shift.

土布服装很快成为一个人美德和爱国主义的标志，而女性是这种文化转变的重要组成部分。

At the same time, British goods and luxuries previously desired now became symbols of tyranny.

与此同时，以前人们渴望的英国商品和奢侈品现在变成了暴政的象征。

Nonimportation and, especially, nonconsumption agreements changed colonists’ cultural relationship with the mother country.

禁止进口，特别是禁止消费协议改变了殖民者与母国的文化关系。

Committees of Inspection monitored merchants and residents to make sure that no one broke the agreements.

检查委员会对商人和居民进行监督，以确保没有人违反协议。

Offenders could expect to be shamed by having their names and offenses published in the newspaper and in broadsides.

罪犯的名字和罪行可能会在报纸和大版面上公布，从而蒙受羞辱。

Nonimportation and nonconsumption helped forge colonial unity.

不进口和不消费有助于建立殖民团结。

Colonies formed Committees of Correspondence to keep each other informed of the resistance efforts throughout the colonies.

殖民地成立了通信委员会，以便相互通报整个殖民地的抵抗努力。

Newspapers reprinted exploits of resistance, giving colonists a sense that they were part of a broader political community.

报纸转载了抵抗的事迹，让殖民者感觉他们是更广泛的政治共同体的一部分。

The best example of this new “continental conversation” came in the wake of the Boston Massacre.

这种新的“大陆对话”的最好例子是在波士顿大屠杀之后出现的。

Britain sent regiments to Boston in 1768 to help enforce the new acts and quell the resistance.

1768 年，英国派出军团前往波士顿，帮助执行新法案并平息抵抗。

On the evening of March 5, 1770, a crowd gathered outside the Custom House and began hurling insults, snowballs, and perhaps more at the young sentry.

1770 年 3 月 5 日晚上，一群人聚集在海关大楼外，开始辱骂这位年轻的哨兵，扔雪球，或许还有更多的辱骂。

When a small number of soldiers came to the sentry’s aid, the crowd grew increasingly hostile until the soldiers fired.

当少数士兵前来援助哨兵时，人群变得越来越敌对，直到士兵开枪。

After the smoke cleared, five Bostonians were dead, including one of the ringleaders, Crispus Attucks, a formerly enslaved man turned free dockworker.

烟雾散去后，五名波士顿人死亡，其中包括一名头目克里斯普斯·阿塔克斯(Crispus Attucks)，他曾是一名奴隶，后来成为自由码头工人。

The soldiers were tried in Boston and won acquittal, thanks, in part, to their defense attorney, John Adams.

这些士兵在波士顿接受审判并获得无罪释放，这在一定程度上要归功于他们的辩护律师约翰·亚当斯。

News of the Boston Massacre spread quickly through the new resistance communication networks, aided by a famous engraving initially circulated by Paul Revere, which depicted bloodthirsty British soldiers with grins on their faces firing into a peaceful crowd.

波士顿大屠杀的消息在保罗·里维尔最初流传的一幅著名版画的帮助下，通过新的抵抗通讯网络迅速传播，该版画描绘了嗜血的英国士兵，脸上挂着笑容，向和平的人群开枪。

The engraving was quickly circulated and reprinted throughout the colonies, generating sympathy for Boston and anger with Britain.

这幅版画很快在整个殖民地流传和重印，引起了人们对波士顿的同情和对英国的愤怒。

This iconic image of the Boston Massacre by Paul Revere sparked fury in both Americans and the British by portraying the redcoats as brutal slaughterers and the onlookers as helpless victims.

保罗·里维尔（Paul Revere）创作的这张波士顿大屠杀的标志性图片激起了美国人和英国人的愤怒，他将英国军人描绘成残酷的屠杀者，将旁观者描绘成无助的受害者。

The events of March 5, 1770 did not actually play out as Revere pictured them, yet his intention was not simply to recount the affair.

1770 年 3 月 5 日发生的事件实际上并没有像里维尔想象的那样发生，但他的目的不仅仅是重述这件事。

Revere created an effective propaganda piece that lent credence to those demanding that the British authoritarian rule be stopped.

里维尔创作了一篇有效的宣传文章，为那些要求停止英国独裁统治的人提供了信心。

Paul Revere (engraver), “The bloody massacre perpetrated in King Street Boston on March 5th 1770 by a party of the 29th Regt.,” 1770.

Paul Revere（雕刻师），“1770 年 3 月 5 日，第 29 军团的一支队伍在波士顿国王街实施了血腥屠杀”，1770 年。

Library of Congress .

国会图书馆。

Resistance again led to repeal.

再次抵抗导致废除。

In March 1770, Parliament repealed all of the new duties except the one on tea, which, like the Declaratory Act, was left, in part, to save face and assert that Parliament still retained the right to tax the colonies.

1770 年 3 月，议会废除了除茶叶税外的所有新关税，该关税与《宣言法案》一样，部分是为了挽回面子并声称议会仍然保留对殖民地征税的权利。

The character of colonial resistance had changed between 1765 and 1770.

1765 年至 1770 年间，殖民抵抗的性质发生了变化。

During the Stamp Act resistance, elites wrote resolves and held congresses while violent, popular mobs burned effigies and tore down houses, with minimal coordination between colonies.

在《印花税法》抵抗期间，精英们写下了决议并召开了代表大会，而暴力的、受民众欢迎的暴民则烧毁了肖像并拆毁了房屋，而殖民地之间的协调程度极低。

But methods of resistance against the Townshend Acts became more inclusive and more coordinated.

但抵制汤森法案的方法变得更加包容和协调。

Colonists previously excluded from meaningful political participation now gathered signatures, and colonists of all ranks participated in the resistance by not buying British goods and monitoring and enforcing the boycotts.

以前被排除在有意义的政治参与之外的殖民者现在聚集了签名，各级殖民者通过不购买英国商品以及监督和执行抵制活动来参与抵抗。

Britain’s failed attempts at imperial reform in the 1760s created an increasingly vigilant and resistant colonial population and, most importantly, an enlarged political sphere—both on the colonial and continental levels—far beyond anything anyone could have imagined a few years earlier.

英国在 1760 年代帝国改革的失败尝试造成了殖民地人民日益警惕和抵抗，最重要的是，政治范围扩大了——无论是在殖民地还是大陆层面——远远超出了几年前任何人的想象。

A new sense of shared grievances began to join the colonists in a shared American political identity.

一种新的共同不满感开始将殖民者融入到共同的美国政治认同中。

Tensions between the colonies and England eased for a time after the Boston Massacre.

波士顿大屠杀后，殖民地与英格兰之间的紧张关系一度缓解。

The colonial economy improved as the postwar recession receded.

随着战后经济衰退的消退，殖民地经济有所改善。

The Sons of Liberty in some colonies sought to continue nonimportation even after the repeal of the Townshend Acts.

即使汤森法案被废除，一些殖民地的自由之子仍寻求继续禁止进口。

But in New York, a door-to-door poll of the population revealed that the majority wanted to end nonimportation.

但在纽约，一项挨家挨户的民意调查显示，大多数人希望结束不进口。

23 Yet Britain’s desire and need to reform imperial administration remained.

23 然而，英国改革帝国行政的愿望和需要依然存在。

In April 1773, Parliament passed two acts to aid the failing East India Company, which had fallen behind in the annual payments it owed Britain.

1773 年 4 月，议会通过了两项法案来援助濒临破产的东印度公司，该公司拖欠了英国的年度付款。

But the company was not only drowning in debt; it was also drowning in tea, with almost fifteen million pounds of it stored in warehouses from India to England.

但该公司不仅负债累累，而且还陷入困境。它还淹没在茶叶中，从印度到英国的仓库里储存着近 1500 万磅茶叶。

In 1773, Parliament passed the Regulating Act, which effectively put the troubled company under government control.

1773 年，议会通过了《监管法案》，有效地将这家陷入困境的公司置于政府控制之下。

It then passed the Tea Act, which would allow the company to sell its tea in the colonies directly and without the company having to pay the usual export tax in London.

随后，它通过了《茶叶法案》，该法案允许该公司直接在殖民地销售茶叶，而无需在伦敦缴纳通常的出口税。

Even though this would greatly lower the cost of tea for colonists, they resisted.

尽管这会大大降低殖民者的茶叶成本，但他们仍然抵制。

Merchants resisted the Tea Act because they resented the East India Company’s monopoly.

商人抵制《茶叶法》是因为他们不满东印度公司的垄断。

But like the Sugar Act, the Tea Act affected only a small, specific group of people.

但与《糖法》一样，《茶法》只影响一小部分特定人群。

The widespread support for resisting the Tea Act had more to do with principles.

抵制《茶叶法案》的广泛支持更多地与原则有关。

By buying tea, even though it was cheaper, colonists would be paying the duty and thereby implicitly acknowledging Parliament’s right to tax them.

通过购买茶叶，即使它更便宜，殖民者也会缴纳关税，从而含蓄地承认议会向他们征税的权利。

According to the Pennsylvania Chronicle , Prime Minister Lord North was a “great schemer” who sought “to out wit us, and to effectually establish that Act, which will forever after be pleaded as a precedent for every imposition the Parliament of Great-Britain shall think proper to saddle us with.” 24

据《宾夕法尼亚纪事报》报道，英国首相诺斯勋爵是一位“伟大的阴谋家”，他试图“智取我们，并有效地制定该法案，该法案将永远被视为英国议会认为适合向我们施加的每一项强制措施的先例”。 24

The Tea Act stipulated that the duty had to be paid when the ship unloaded.

《茶叶法》规定，船舶卸货时必须缴纳关税。

Newspaper essays and letters throughout the summer of 1773 in the major port cities debated what to do upon the ships’ arrival.

1773 年夏天，各大港口城市的报纸文章和信件都在讨论船只抵达后该做什么。

In November, the Boston Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams and John Hancock, resolved to “prevent the landing and sale of the [tea], and the payment of any duty thereon” and to do so “at the risk of their lives and property.” 25 The meeting appointed men to guard the wharfs and make sure the tea remained on the ships until they returned to London.

11 月，由塞缪尔·亚当斯 (Samuel Adams) 和约翰·汉考克 (John Hancock) 领导的波士顿自由之子 (Boston Sons of Liberty) 决定“阻止[茶叶]登陆和销售，并支付任何关税”，并“冒着生命和财产的风险”这样做。 25 会议指定人员守卫码头，确保茶叶留在船上，直到他们返回伦敦。

This worked and the tea did not reach the shore, but by December 16, the ships were still there.

这一招奏效了，茶叶没有到达岸边，但到 12 月 16 日，船只仍然在那里。

Hence, another town meeting was held at the Old South Meeting House, at the end of which dozens of men disguised as Mohawks made their way to the wharf.

因此，在旧南会议厅举行了另一次镇会议，会议结束时，数十名伪装成莫霍克人的男子前往码头。

The Boston Gazette reported what happened next:

《波士顿公报》报道了接下来发生的事情：

But, behold what followed!

但是，看看接下来发生的事情！

A number of brave & resolute men, determined to do all in their power to save their country from the ruin which their enemies had plotted, in less than four hours, emptied every chest of tea on board the three ships .

一群勇敢而坚定的人，决心竭尽全力拯救自己的国家免遭敌人策划的毁灭，不到四个小时，三艘船上的每一箱茶叶都喝光了。

。

amounting to 342 chests, into the sea !

总计342个宝箱，投入大海！

！

without the least damage done to the ships or any other property .

不对船舶或任何其他财产造成最小的损害。

As word spread throughout the colonies, patriots were emboldened to do the same to the tea sitting in their harbors.

随着消息传遍整个殖民地，爱国者们更有勇气对港口里的茶叶做同样的事情。

Tea was either dumped or seized in Charleston, Philadelphia, and New York, with numerous other smaller “tea parties” taking place throughout 1774.

查尔斯顿、费城和纽约的茶叶要么被倾倒，要么被没收，1774 年期间还举办了许多其他较小的“茶会”。

Popular protest spread across the continent and down through all levels of colonial society.

民众抗议蔓延到整个非洲大陆，并渗透到殖民地社会的各个层面。

Fifty-one women in Edenton, North Carolina, for example, signed an agreement—published in numerous newspapers—in which they promised “to do every Thing as far as lies in our Power” to support the boycotts.

例如，北卡罗来纳州伊登顿的 51 名妇女签署了一份在多家报纸上发表的协议，其中她们承诺“尽我们所能”支持抵制活动。

27 The ladies of Edenton were not alone in their desire to support the war effort by what means they could.

27 伊登顿的女士们并不是唯一渴望尽其所能支持战争的人。

Women across the thirteen colonies could most readily express their political sentiments as consumers and producers.

十三个殖民地的妇女最容易表达她们作为消费者和生产者的政治情绪。

Because women often made decisions regarding household purchases, their participation in consumer boycotts held particular weight.

由于女性经常做出家庭采购的决定，因此她们参与消费者抵制活动的影响力尤其重要。

28 Some women also took to the streets as part of more unruly mob actions, participating in grain riots, raids on the offices of royal officials, and demonstrations against the impressment of men into naval service.

28 一些妇女还走上街头，参与更多不守规矩的暴民行动，参与粮食骚乱、袭击王室官员的办公室，以及反对征召男性入伍的示威活动。

The agitation of so many helped elicit responses from both Britain and the colonial elites.

如此多的人的鼓动引起了英国和殖民精英的回应。

Britain’s response was swift.

英国的反应很快。

The following spring, Parliament passed four acts known collectively, by the British, as the Coercive Acts.

第二年春天，议会通过了四项被英国人统称为“强制法案”的法案。

Colonists, however, referred to them as the Intolerable Acts.

然而，殖民者将其称为“不可容忍的行为”。

First, the Boston Port Act shut down the harbor and cut off all trade to and from the city.

首先，《波士顿港口法》关闭了港口并切断了进出该市的所有贸易。

The Massachusetts Government Act put the colonial government entirely under British control, dissolving the assembly and restricting town meetings.

马萨诸塞州政府法案将殖民政府完全置于英国控制之下，解散了议会并限制了城镇会议。

The Administration of Justice Act allowed any royal official accused of a crime to be tried in Britain rather than by Massachusetts courts and juries.

《司法行政法》允许任何被指控犯罪的王室官员在英国而不是由马萨诸塞州法院和陪审团接受审判。

Finally, the Quartering Act, passed for all colonies, allowed the British army to quarter newly arrived soldiers in colonists’ homes.

最后，所有殖民地都通过了《驻营法》，允许英国军队将新抵达的士兵安置在殖民者的家中。

Boston had been deemed in open rebellion, and the king, his advisors, and Parliament acted decisively to end the rebellion.

波士顿被视为公开叛乱，国王、他的顾问和议会果断采取行动结束了叛乱。

The Crown, however, did not anticipate the other colonies coming to the aid of Massachusetts.

然而，国王并没有预料到其他殖民地会来援助马萨诸塞州。

Colonists collected food to send to Boston.

殖民者收集食物送往波士顿。

Virginia’s House of Burgesses called for a day of prayer and fasting to show their support.

弗吉尼亚州下议院呼吁举行一天的祈祷和禁食以表达他们的支持。

Rather than isolating Massachusetts, the Coercive Acts fostered the sense of shared identity created over the previous decade.

强制法案并没有孤立马萨诸塞州，而是培养了过去十年中创造的共同认同感。

After all, if the Crown and Parliament could dissolve Massachusetts’s government, nothing could stop them from doing the same to any of her sister colonies.

毕竟，如果国王和议会能够解散马萨诸塞州政府，那么没有什么可以阻止他们对她的任何姐妹殖民地做同样的事情。

In Massachusetts, patriots created the Provincial Congress, and, throughout 1774, they seized control of local and county governments and courts.

在马萨诸塞州，爱国者创建了省议会，并在整个 1774 年控制了地方和县政府以及法院。

29 In New York, citizens elected committees to direct the colonies’ response to the Coercive Acts, including a Mechanics’ Committee of middling colonists.

29 在纽约，公民选举了委员会来指导殖民地对强制法案的反应，其中包括由中等殖民者组成的机械委员会。

By early 1774, Committees of Correspondence and/or extralegal assemblies were established in all of the colonies except Georgia.

到 1774 年初，除乔治亚州外，所有殖民地都建立了通讯委员会和/或法外集会。

And throughout the year, they followed Massachusetts’s example by seizing the powers of the royal governments.

在这一年里，他们效仿马萨诸塞州的榜样，夺取了王国政府的权力。

Committees of Correspondence agreed to send delegates to a Continental Congress to coordinate an intercolonial response.

通讯委员会同意派遣代表参加大陆会议，以协调殖民地间的应对措施。

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774.

第一届大陆会议于 1774 年 9 月 5 日召开。

Over the next six weeks, elite delegates from every colony but Georgia issued a number of documents, including a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances.” This document repeated the arguments that colonists had been making since 1765: colonists retained all the rights of native Britons, including the right to be taxed only by their own elected representatives as well as the right to a trial by jury.

在接下来的六周内，来自除佐治亚州以外的每个殖民地的精英代表发布了许多文件，其中包括“权利与不满宣言”。这份文件重申了殖民者自 1765 年以来一直提出的论点：殖民者保留了英国本土人的所有权利，包括仅由自己选出的代表征税的权利以及由陪审团审判的权利。

Most importantly, the Congress issued a document known as the “Continental Association.” The Association declared that “the present unhappy situation of our affairs is occasioned by a ruinous system of colony administration adopted by the British Ministry about the year 1763, evidently calculated for enslaving these Colonies, and, with them, the British Empire.” The Association recommended “that a committee be chosen in every county, city, and town .

最重要的是，国会发布了一份名为“大陆协会”的文件。该协会宣称，“我们事务目前的不幸状况是由英国外交部在 1763 年左右采用的毁灭性的殖民地管理制度造成的，显然是为了奴役这些殖民地，以及奴役大英帝国。”该协会建议“每个县、市、镇都选出一个委员会……”。

。

whose business it shall be attentively to observe the conduct of all persons touching this association.” These Committees of Inspection would consist largely of common colonists.

其职责是仔细观察所有与本协会接触的人员的行为。”这些检查委员会主要由普通殖民者组成。

They were effectively deputized to police their communities and instructed to publish the names of anyone who violated the Association so they “may be publicly known, and universally condemned as the enemies of American liberty.” The delegates also agreed to a continental nonimportation, nonconsumption, and nonexportation agreement and to “wholly discontinue the slave trade.” In all, the Continental Association was perhaps the most radical document of the period.

他们实际上被授权负责维护社区治安，并被指示公布任何违反该协会的人的姓名，以便他们“可能被公众所知，并被普遍谴责为美国自由的敌人”。代表们还同意达成大陆不进口、不消费和不出口协议，并“完全停止奴隶贸易”。总而言之，大陆协会也许是这一时期最激进的文件。

It sought to unite and direct twelve revolutionary governments, establish economic and moral policies, and empower common colonists by giving them an important and unprecedented degree of on-the-ground political power.

它寻求联合和指导十二个革命政府，制定经济和道德政策，并通过赋予普通殖民者重要且前所未有的实地政治权力来增强他们的能力。

But not all colonists were patriots.

但并非所有殖民者都是爱国者。

Indeed, many remained faithful to the king and Parliament, while a good number took a neutral stance.

事实上，许多人仍然忠于国王和议会，而很多人则采取中立立场。

As the situation intensified throughout 1774 and early 1775, factions emerged within the resistance movements in many colonies.

随着 1774 年和 1775 年初局势的加剧，许多殖民地的抵抗运动中出现了派系。

Elite merchants who traded primarily with Britain, Anglican clergy, and colonists holding royal offices depended on and received privileges directly from their relationship with Britain.

主要与英国进行贸易的精英商人、英国圣公会神职人员以及担任王室职务的殖民者都依赖于并直接从与英国的关系中获得特权。

Initially, they sought to exert a moderating influence on the resistance committees, but, following the Association, a number of these colonists began to worry that the resistance was too radical and aimed at independence.

最初，他们试图对抵抗委员会施加温和的影响，但是，随着协会的成立，这些殖民者中的一些人开始担心抵抗运动过于激进并且旨在独立。

They, like most colonists in this period, still expected a peaceful conciliation with Britain and grew increasingly suspicious of the resistance movement.

像这一时期的大多数殖民者一样，他们仍然期望与英国和平和解，并对抵抗运动越来越怀疑。

However, by the time the Continental Congress met again in May 1775, war had already broken out in Massachusetts.

然而，当大陆会议于 1775 年 5 月再次召开时，马萨诸塞州已经爆发战争。

On April 19, 1775, British regiments set out to seize local militias’ arms and powder stores in Lexington and Concord.

1775 年 4 月 19 日，英国军团开始夺取列克星敦和康科德当地民兵的武器和火药库。

The town militia met them at the Lexington Green.

镇民兵在列克星敦绿地与他们会面。

The British ordered the militia to disperse when someone fired, setting off a volley from the British.

当有人开枪时，英国人命令民兵解散，引发了英国人的齐射。

The battle continued all the way to the next town, Concord.

战斗一直持续到下一个城镇康科德。

News of the events at Lexington spread rapidly throughout the countryside.

列克星敦事件的消息迅速传遍整个乡村。

Militia members, known as minutemen, responded quickly and inflicted significant casualties on the British regiments as they chased them back to Boston.

被称为“民兵”的民兵成员迅速做出反应，在将英军追回波士顿的过程中给他们造成了重大伤亡。

Approximately twenty thousand colonial militiamen laid siege to Boston, effectively trapping the British.

大约两万名殖民地民兵围攻波士顿，有效地困住了英国人。

In June, the militia set up fortifications on Breed’s Hill overlooking the city.

六月，民兵在俯瞰城市的布里德山上建立了防御工事。

In the misnamed “Battle of Bunker Hill,” the British attempted to dislodge them from the position with a frontal assault, and, despite eventually taking the hill, they suffered severe casualties at the hands of the colonists.

在被错误命名的“邦克山战役”中，英国人试图通过正面攻击将他们从阵地中驱逐出去，尽管最终占领了这座山，但他们却在殖民者手中遭受了严重伤亡。

“The Battle of Lexington,” Published by John H.

《列克星敦之战》，约翰·H·出版

Daniels & Son, c1903.

丹尼尔斯父子，c1903。

Library of Congress .

国会图书馆。

While men in Boston fought and died, the Continental Congress struggled to organize a response.

当波士顿的人们奋战并牺牲时，大陆会议却在努力组织应对行动。

The radical Massachusetts delegates—including John Adams, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock—implored the Congress to support the Massachusetts militia, who without supplies were laying siege to Boston.

激进的马萨诸塞州代表——包括约翰·亚当斯、塞缪尔·亚当斯和约翰·汉考克——恳求国会支持马萨诸塞州民兵，他们在没有补给的情况下围攻波士顿。

Meanwhile, many delegates from the Middle Colonies—including New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia—took a more moderate position, calling for renewed attempts at reconciliation.

与此同时，来自中部殖民地——包括纽约、新泽西和费城——的许多代表采取了更为温和的立场，呼吁重新尝试和解。

In the South, the Virginia delegation contained radicals such as Richard Henry Lee and Thomas Jefferson, while South Carolina’s delegation included moderates like John and Edward Rutledge.

在南方，弗吉尼亚州代表团包括理查德·亨利·李和托马斯·杰斐逊等激进分子，而南卡罗来纳州代表团则包括约翰·拉特利奇和爱德华·拉特利奇等温和派。

The moderates worried that supporting the Massachusetts militia would be akin to declaring war.

温和派担心支持马萨诸塞州民兵无异于宣战。

The Congress struck a compromise, agreeing to adopt the Massachusetts militia and form a Continental Army, naming Virginia delegate George Washington commander in chief.

国会达成妥协，同意采用马萨诸塞州民兵并组建大陆军，并任命弗吉尼亚州代表乔治·华盛顿为总司令。

They also issued a “Declaration of the Causes of Necessity of Taking Up Arms” to justify the decision.

他们还发表了一份“拿起武器的必要性声明”来证明这一决定的合理性。

At the same time, the moderates drafted an “Olive Branch Petition,” which assured the king that the colonists “most ardently desire[d] the former Harmony between [the mother country] and these Colonies.” Many understood that the opportunities for reconciliation were running out.

与此同时，温和派起草了一份“橄榄枝请愿书”，向国王保证，殖民者“最热切地希望[祖国]与这些殖民地之间恢复以前的和谐”。许多人明白和解的机会已经不多了。

After Congress had approved the document, Benjamin Franklin wrote to a friend saying, “The Congress will send one more Petition to the King which I suppose will be treated as the former was, and therefore will probably be the last.” 31 Congress was in the strange position of attempting reconciliation while publicly raising an army.

国会批准该文件后，本杰明·富兰克林写信给一位朋友说：“国会将向国王再发送一份请愿书，我认为该请愿书将像前一份请愿书一样对待，因此可能是最后一份请愿书。” 31 国会处于一种奇怪的境地，一边试图和解，一边公开征召军队。

The petition arrived in England on August 13, 1775, but before it was delivered, the king issued his own “Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition.” He believed his subjects in North America were being “misled by dangerous and ill-designing men,” who were “traitorously preparing, ordering, and levying war against us.” In an October speech to Parliament, he dismissed the colonists’ petition.

请愿书于 1775 年 8 月 13 日抵达英国，但在送达之前，国王发布了自己的《镇压叛乱和煽动叛乱公告》。他相信他在北美的臣民“被危险且设计不良的人误导”，他们“叛国地准备、命令和发动针对我们的战争”。在十月份向议会发表的演讲中，他驳回了殖民者的请愿书。

The king had no doubt that the resistance was “manifestly carried on for the purpose of establishing an independent empire.” 32 By the start of 1776, talk of independence was growing while the prospect of reconciliation dimmed.

国王毫不怀疑，这场抵抗“显然是为了建立一个独立的帝国”。 32 到了 1776 年初，关于独立的讨论越来越多，而和解的前景却越来越暗淡。

In the opening months of 1776, independence, for the first time, became part of the popular debate.

1776 年初的几个月里，独立首次成为民众辩论的一部分。

Town meetings approved resolutions in support of independence.

镇会议批准了支持独立的决议。

Yet, with moderates still hanging on, it would take another seven months before the Continental Congress officially passed the independence resolution.

然而，由于温和派仍在坚持，大陆会议还需要七个月才能正式通过独立决议。

A small forty-six-page pamphlet published in Philadelphia and written by a recent immigrant from England captured the American conversation.

费城出版的一本四十六页的小册子，由一位来自英国的新移民撰写，记录了美国人的谈话。

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense argued for independence by denouncing monarchy and challenging the logic behind the British Empire, saying, “There is something absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island.” 33 His combination of easy language, biblical references, and fiery rhetoric proved potent, and the pamphlet was quickly published and dispersed.

托马斯·潘恩的《常识》通过谴责君主制并挑战大英帝国背后的逻辑来主张独立，他说：“假设一个大陆永远由一个岛屿统治，这是荒谬的。” 33 他将通俗易懂的语言、圣经参考资料和激烈的言辞结合起来，效果非常好，这本小册子很快出版并传播开来。

Arguments over political philosophy and rumors of battlefield developments filled taverns throughout the colonies.

关于政治哲学的争论和战场发展的谣言充斥着整个殖民地的酒馆。

George Washington had taken control of the army and after laying siege to Boston forced the British to retreat to Halifax.

乔治·华盛顿控制了军队，围攻波士顿后迫使英国人撤退到哈利法克斯。

In Virginia, the royal governor, Lord Dunmore, issued a proclamation declaring martial law and offering freedom to “all indentured servants, Negros, and others” if they would leave their enslavers and join the British.

在弗吉尼亚州，皇家总督邓莫尔勋爵发布公告，宣布戒严，并为“所有契约仆人、黑人和其他人”提供自由，条件是他们愿意离开奴隶制并加入英国。

Though only about five hundred to a thousand enslaved people joined Lord Dunmore’s “Ethiopian regiment,” thousands more flocked to the British later in the war, risking capture and punishment for a chance at freedom.

尽管只有大约五百到一千名奴隶加入了邓莫尔勋爵的“埃塞俄比亚军团”，但在战争后期，还有数千人涌向英国，冒着被捕和惩罚的风险，以换取自由的机会。

Formerly enslaved people occasionally fought, but primarily served in companies called Black Pioneers as laborers, skilled workers, and spies.

以前的奴隶偶尔会参加战斗，但主要在名为“黑人先锋”的公司中担任劳工、技术工人和间谍。

British motives for offering freedom were practical rather than humanitarian, but the proclamation was the first mass emancipation of enslaved people in American history.

英国提供自由的动机是实际的而不是人道主义的，但这一宣言是美国历史上第一次大规模解放被奴役的人民。

Enslaved people could now choose to run and risk their lives for possible freedom with the British army or hope that the United States would live up to its ideals of liberty.

被奴役的人们现在可以选择冒着生命危险与英国军队一起逃亡，以争取可能的自由，或者希望美国能够实现其自由理想。

Dunmore’s proclamation unnerved white southerners already suspicious of rising antislavery sentiments in the mother country.

邓莫尔的声明让南方白人感到不安，他们本来就对祖国反奴隶制情绪的高涨感到怀疑。

Four years earlier, English courts dealt a serious blow to slavery in the empire.

四年前，英国法院严厉打击了帝国的奴隶制。

In Somerset v Stewart , James Somerset sued for his freedom, and the court not only granted it but also undercut the very legality of slavery on the British mainland.

在萨默塞特诉斯图尔特一案中，詹姆斯·萨默塞特起诉要求获得自由，法院不仅给予了自由，而且还削弱了奴隶制在英国大陆的合法性。

Somerset and now Dunmore began to convince some enslavers that a new independent nation might offer a surer protection for slavery.

萨默塞特和现在的邓莫尔开始说服一些奴隶主，一个新的独立国家可能会为奴隶制提供更可靠的保护。

Indeed, the proclamation laid the groundwork for the very unrest that loyal southerners had hoped to avoid.

事实上，该公告为忠诚的南方人希望避免的动乱奠定了基础。

Consequently, enslavers often used violence to prevent their enslaved laborers from joining the British or rising against them.

因此，奴隶主经常使用暴力来阻止被奴役的劳工加入英国人或反抗他们。

Virginia enacted regulations to prevent freedom-seeking, threatening to ship rebellious enslaved people to the West Indies or execute them.

弗吉尼亚州制定了禁止寻求自由的法规，威胁将叛乱的奴隶运往西印度群岛或处决他们。

Many enslavers transported their enslaved people inland, away from the coastal temptation to join the British armies, sometimes separating families in the process.

许多奴隶主将他们的奴隶运往内陆，远离沿海地区加入英国军队的诱惑，有时在这个过程中会导致家庭离散。

On May 10, 1776, nearly two months before the Declaration of Independence, the Congress voted on a resolution calling on all colonies that had not already established revolutionary governments to do so and to wrest control from royal officials.

1776 年 5 月 10 日，距离《独立宣言》发表近两个月，国会投票通过了一项决议，呼吁所有尚未建立革命政府的殖民地建立革命政府，并从王室官员手中夺取控制权。

35 The Congress also recommended that the colonies should begin preparing new written constitutions.

35 国会还建议殖民地开始制定新的成文宪法。

In many ways, this was the Congress’s first declaration of independence.

从很多方面来说，这是国会首次宣布独立。

A few weeks later, on June 7, Richard Henry Lee offered the following resolution:

几周后，即 6 月 7 日，理查德·亨利·李 (Richard Henry Lee) 提出了以下决议：

Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved .

决议：这些联合殖民地是而且理应是自由独立国家，它们免除对英国王室的所有效忠，它们与大不列颠国家之间的所有政治联系都而且应该完全解除。

Delegates went scurrying back to their assemblies for new instructions and nearly a month later, on July 2, the resolution finally came to a vote.

代表们匆忙返回会议寻求新的指示，近一个月后的 7 月 2 日，该决议终于进行了投票。

It passed 12–0, with New York, under imminent threat of British invasion, abstaining.

比赛以 12 比 0 的比分通过，纽约在英国入侵的迫在眉睫的威胁下弃权。

The passage of Lee’s resolution was the official legal declaration of independence, but, between the proposal and vote, a committee had been named to draft a public declaration in case the resolution passed.

李明博决议的通过是正式的合法独立宣言，但在提案和投票之间，已指定一个委员会起草一份公开声明，以防该决议获得通过。

Virginian Thomas Jefferson drafted the document, with edits being made by his fellow committee members John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, and then again by the Congress as a whole.

弗吉尼亚州的托马斯·杰斐逊起草了这份文件，由他的委员会成员约翰·亚当斯和本杰明·富兰克林进行编辑，然后由整个国会再次进行编辑。

The famous preamble went beyond the arguments about the rights of British subjects under the British Constitution, instead referring to “natural law”:

著名的序言超出了英国宪法规定的英国臣民权利的论点，而是提到了“自然法”：

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的，即人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们某些不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government.

为了确保这些权利，政府是在人类之间建立的，其正当权力来自被统治者的同意，每当任何形式的政府破坏这些目标时，人民都有权改变或废除它，并建立新的政府。

The majority of the document outlined a list of specific grievances that the colonists had with British attempts to reform imperial administration during the 1760s and 1770s.

该文件的大部分内容概述了殖民者对 1760 年代和 1770 年代英国试图改革帝国行政的一系列具体不满。

An early draft blamed the British for the transatlantic slave trade and even for discouraging attempts by the colonists to promote abolition.

一份早期草案指责英国进行跨大西洋奴隶贸易，甚至阻止殖民者推动废除奴隶制的努力。

Delegates from South Carolina and Georgia as well as those from northern states who profited from the trade all opposed this language, and it was removed.

来自南卡罗来纳州和佐治亚州的代表以及从贸易中获利的北方各州的代表都反对这种语言，因此它被删除了。

Neither the grievances nor the rhetoric of the preamble were new.

序言中的不满和言辞都不是新鲜事。

Instead, they were the culmination of both a decade of popular resistance to imperial reform and decades more of long-term developments that saw both sides develop incompatible understandings of the British Empire and the colonies’ place within it.

相反，它们是十年来民众抵制帝国改革和数十年长期发展的顶峰，双方对大英帝国及其殖民地的地位产生了不相容的理解。

The Congress approved the document on July 4, 1776.

国会于 1776 年 7 月 4 日批准了该文件。

However, it was one thing to declare independence; it was quite another to win it on the battlefield.

然而，宣布独立是一回事，宣布独立又是一回事。在战场上获胜又是另一回事了。

The Declaration of Independence, National Archives and Records Administration .

《独立宣言》，国家档案和记录管理局。

The war began at Lexington and Concord, more than a year before Congress declared independence.

战争在列克星敦和康科德爆发，一年多前国会宣布独立。

In 1775, the British believed that the mere threat of war and a few minor incursions to seize supplies would be enough to cow the colonial rebellion.

1775年，英国人相信，仅仅战争威胁和为夺取物资而进行的几次小规模入侵就足以震慑殖民叛乱。

Those minor incursions, however, turned into a full-out military conflict.

然而，这些小规模的入侵演变成全面的军事冲突。

Despite an early American victory at Boston, the new states faced the daunting task of taking on the world’s largest military.

尽管美国早早在波士顿取得了胜利，但新成立的各州仍面临着与世界上最强大军队较量的艰巨任务。

In the summer of 1776, the British forces that had abandoned Boston arrived at New York.

1776年夏天，放弃波士顿的英军抵达纽约。

The largest expeditionary force in British history, including tens of thousands of German mercenaries known as Hessians, followed soon after.

英国历史上最大规模的远征军，包括数万名被称为“黑森人”的德国雇佣兵也紧随其后。

New York was the perfect location to launch expeditions aimed at seizing control of the Hudson River and isolating New England from the rest of the continent.

纽约是发起探险活动的完美地点，目的是夺取哈德逊河的控制权并将新英格兰与大陆其他地区隔离。

Also, New York contained many loyalists, particularly among its merchant and Anglican communities.

此外，纽约还有许多效忠者，特别是其商人和英国圣公会社区。

In October, the British finally launched an attack on Brooklyn and Manhattan.

十月，英军终于对布鲁克林和曼哈顿发动了进攻。

The Continental Army took severe losses before retreating through New Jersey.

大陆军在通过新泽西撤退之前遭受了严重损失。

39 With the onset of winter, Washington needed something to lift morale and encourage reenlistment.

39 随着冬天的到来，华盛顿需要一些东西来鼓舞士气并鼓励重新入伍。

Therefore, he launched a successful surprise attack on the Hessian camp at Trenton on Christmas Day by ferrying the few thousand men he had left across the Delaware River under the cover of night.

因此，他在圣诞节当天对特伦顿的黑森营地发动了一次成功的突然袭击，在夜色的掩护下将他留下的几千人渡过特拉华河。

The victory won the Continental Army much-needed supplies and a morale boost following the disaster at New York.

这场胜利为大陆军赢得了纽约灾难后急需的物资并鼓舞了士气。

An even greater success followed in upstate New York.

随后在纽约州北部取得了更大的成功。

In 1777, British general John Burgoyne led an army from Canada to secure the Hudson River.

1777 年，英国将军约翰·伯戈因 (John Burgoyne) 率领加拿大军队保卫哈德逊河。

In upstate New York, he was to meet up with a detachment of General William Howe’s forces marching north from Manhattan.

在纽约州北部，他将与威廉·豪将军的一支部队会合，该部队从曼哈顿向北进军。

However, Howe abandoned the plan without telling Burgoyne and instead sailed to Philadelphia to capture the new nation’s capital.

然而，豪在没有告诉伯戈因的情况下放弃了该计划，转而航行到费城，占领了新国家的首都。

The Continental Army defeated Burgoyne’s men at Saratoga, New York.

大陆军在纽约萨拉托加击败了伯戈因的军队。

41 This victory proved a major turning point in the war.

41 这次胜利成为战争的一个重大转折点。

Benjamin Franklin had been in Paris trying to secure a treaty of alliance with the French.

本杰明·富兰克林一直在巴黎试图与法国签订同盟条约。

However, the French were reluctant to back what seemed like an unlikely cause.

然而，法国人不愿意支持这个看似不太可能的事业。

News of the victory at Saratoga convinced the French that the cause might not have been as unlikely as they had thought.

萨拉托加胜利的消息让法国人相信，这场胜利可能并不像他们想象的那么不可能。

A Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed on February 6, 1778.

1778 年 2 月 6 日签署了《友好通商条约》。

The treaty effectively turned a colonial rebellion into a global war as fighting between the British and French soon broke out in Europe and India.

该条约有效地将殖民叛乱变成了全球战争，英国和法国之间的战斗很快在欧洲和印度爆发。

In this 1782 cartoon, the British lion faces a spaniel (Spain), a rooster (France), a rattlesnake (America), and a pug dog (Netherlands).

在这部 1782 年的动画片中，英国狮子面对的是西班牙猎犬（西班牙）、公鸡（法国）、响尾蛇（美国）和哈巴狗（荷兰）。

Though the caption predicts Britain’s success, it illustrates that Britain faced challenges—and therefore drains on their military and treasury—from more than just the American rebels.

尽管标题预测了英国的成功，但它表明英国面临的挑战——因此耗尽了他们的军事和财政——不仅仅是来自美国叛军。

J。

Barrow, The British Lion Engaging Four Powers, 1782.

巴罗，《英国狮子与四种力量交战》，1782 年。

National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London .

国家海事博物馆，格林威治，伦敦。

Howe had taken Philadelphia in 1777 but returned to New York once winter ended.

豪于 1777 年占领费城，但在冬季结束后返回纽约。

He slowly realized that European military tactics would not work in North America.

他慢慢意识到欧洲的军事战术在北美行不通。

In Europe, armies fought head-on battles in attempt to seize major cities.

在欧洲，军队进行正面战斗，试图夺取主要城市。

However, in 1777, the British had held Philadelphia and New York and yet still weakened their position.

然而，1777年，英国人虽然占领了费城和纽约，但地位仍然受到削弱。

Meanwhile, Washington realized after New York that the largely untrained Continental Army could not win head-on battles with the professional British army.

与此同时，华盛顿在纽约之后意识到，基本上未经训练的大陆军无法赢得与专业英国军队的正面战斗。

So he developed his own logic of warfare that involved smaller, more frequent skirmishes and avoided major engagements that would risk his entire army.

因此，他发展了自己的战争逻辑，其中涉及更小、更频繁的小冲突，并避免可能危及全军的重大交战。

As long as he kept the army intact, the war would continue, no matter how many cities the British captured.

只要他保持军队完好无损，无论英国占领了多少城市，战争就会继续下去。

In 1778, the British shifted their attentions to the South, where they believed they enjoyed more popular support.

1778年，英国人将注意力转向南方，他们相信自己在那里能得到更多民众的支持。

Campaigns from Virginia to South Carolina and Georgia captured major cities, but the British simply did not have the manpower to retain military control.

从弗吉尼亚州到南卡罗来纳州和佐治亚州的战役占领了主要城市，但英国人根本没有足够的人力来保持军事控制。

And upon their departures, severe fighting ensued between local patriots and loyalists, often pitting family members against one another.

他们离开后，当地爱国者和效忠者之间发生了激烈的战斗，经常使家庭成员相互对立。

The war in the South was truly a civil war.

南方的战争确实是一场内战。

By 1781, the British were also fighting France, Spain, and Holland.

到 1781 年，英国还与法国、西班牙和荷兰作战。

The British public’s support for the costly war in North America was quickly waning.

英国公众对代价高昂的北美战争的支持迅速减弱。

The Americans took advantage of the British southern strategy with significant aid from the French army and navy.

美国人在法国陆军和海军的大力援助下利用了英国的南方战略。

In October, Washington marched his troops from New York to Virginia in an effort to trap the British southern army under the command of General Charles Cornwallis.

十月，华盛顿率军从纽约进军弗吉尼亚，试图困住查尔斯·康沃利斯将军指挥下的英国南方军队。

Cornwallis had dug his men in at Yorktown awaiting supplies and reinforcements from New York.

康沃利斯把他的部队驻扎在约克镇，等待来自纽约的补给和增援。

However, the Continental and French armies arrived first, quickly followed by a French navy contingent, encircling Cornwallis’s forces and, after laying siege to the city, forcing his surrender.

然而，大陆军和法国军队首先抵达，法国海军特遣队紧随其后，包围了康沃利斯的军队，并在围攻这座城市后迫使他投降。

The capture of another army left the British without a new strategy and without public support to continue the war.

另一支军队的俘虏使英国人失去了新的战略，也没有公众支持继续战争。

Peace negotiations took place in France, and the war came to an official end on September 3, 1783.

和平谈判在法国举行，战争于 1783 年 9 月 3 日正式结束。

Lord Cornwallis’s surrender signaled the victory of the American revolutionaries over what they considered to be the despotic rule of Britain.

康沃利斯勋爵的投降标志着美国革命者战胜了他们认为的英国专制统治。

This moment would live on in American memory as a pivotal one in the nation’s origin story, prompting the United States government to commission artist John Trumbull to create this painting of the event in 1817.

这一时刻作为国家起源故事中的关键时刻而留在美国人的记忆中，促使美国政府委托艺术家约翰·特朗布尔 (John Trumbull) 创作这幅 1817 年这一事件的画作。

John Trumbull, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, 1820.

约翰·特朗布尔，康沃利斯勋爵投降，1820 年。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

Americans celebrated their victory, but it came at great cost.

美国人庆祝了他们的胜利，但也付出了巨大的代价。

Soldiers suffered through brutal winters with inadequate resources.

士兵们在资源不足的情况下度过了严冬。

During the single winter at Valley Forge in 1777–1778, over 2,500 Americans died from disease and exposure.

1777 年至 1778 年福吉谷的一个冬天，就有超过 2,500 名美国人因疾病和暴露而死亡。

Life was not easy on the home front either.

家庭生活也并不轻松。

Women on both sides of the conflict were frequently left alone to care for their households.

冲突双方的妇女常常被迫独自照顾家庭。

In addition to their existing duties, women took on roles usually assigned to men on farms and in shops and taverns.

除了现有的职责外，女性还承担了农场、商店和酒馆中通常分配给男性的角色。

Abigail Adams addressed the difficulties she encountered while “minding family affairs” on their farm in Braintree, Massachusetts.

阿比盖尔·亚当斯谈到了她在马萨诸塞州布伦特里的农场“照顾家庭事务”时遇到的困难。

Abigail managed the planting and harvesting of crops, in the midst of severe labor shortages and inflation, while dealing with several tenants on the Adams property, raising her children, and making clothing and other household goods.

阿比盖尔在劳动力严重短缺和通货膨胀的情况下负责农作物的种植和收割，同时与亚当斯财产上的几个租户打交道，抚养孩子，制作衣服和其他家庭用品。

In order to support the family economically during John’s frequent absences and the uncertainties of war, Abigail also invested in several speculative schemes and sold imported goods.

在约翰经常缺席和战争的不确定性期间，为了在经济上支持家庭，阿比盖尔还投资了几个投机计划并出售进口商品。

While Abigail remained safely out of the fray, other women were not so fortunate.

虽然阿比盖尔安全地避开了这场争斗，但其他女性却没有那么幸运。

The Revolution was not only fought on distant battlefields.

革命不仅仅发生在遥远的战场上。

It was fought on women’s very doorsteps, in the fields next to their homes.

这场战斗是在妇女家门口、她们家附近的田野里进行的。

There was no way for women to avoid the conflict or the disruptions and devastations it caused.

妇女无法避免冲突或其造成的破坏和破坏。

As the leader of the state militia during the Revolution, Mary Silliman’s husband, Gold, was absent from their home for much of the conflict.

作为革命期间州民兵的领导人，玛丽·西利曼的丈夫戈尔德在冲突的大部分时间都不在家。

On the morning of July 7, 1779, when a British fleet attacked nearby Fairfield, Connecticut, it was Mary who calmly evacuated her household, including her children and servants, to North Stratford.

1779 年 7 月 7 日早晨，当一支英国舰队袭击康涅狄格州费尔菲尔德附近时，玛丽平静地将她的家人（包括孩子和仆人）疏散到北斯特拉特福。

When Gold was captured by loyalists and held prisoner, Mary, six months pregnant with their second child, wrote letters to try to secure his release.

当戈尔德被效忠者抓获并囚禁时，怀着第二个孩子六个月的玛丽写信试图确保他获释。

When such appeals were ineffectual, Mary spearheaded an effort, along with Connecticut Governor, John Trumbull, to capture a prominent Tory leader to exchange for her husband’s freedom.

当这些呼吁无效时，玛丽与康涅狄格州州长约翰·特朗布尔一起带头努力抓捕一位著名的保守党领袖，以换取她丈夫的自由。

American soldiers came from a variety of backgrounds and had numerous reasons for fighting with the American army.

美国士兵来自不同的背景，有多种理由与美国军队一起作战。

Jean-Baptiste-Antoine DeVerger, a French sublieutenant at the Battle of Yorktown, painted this watercolor soon after that battle and chose to depict four men in men military dress: an African American soldier from the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment, a man in the homespun of the militia, another wearing the common “hunting shirt” of the frontier, and the French soldier on the end.

约克镇战役中的法国中尉让·巴蒂斯特·安托万·德韦尔热 (Jean-Baptiste-Antoine DeVerger) 在这场战斗结束后不久画了这幅水彩画，并选择描绘四名穿着男士军装的男子：一名来自罗德岛第二团的非洲裔美国士兵，一名穿着民兵朴素衣服的男子，另一名穿着边境常见的“狩猎衬衫”，最后是法国士兵。

Jean-Baptiste-Antoine DeVerger, “American soldiers at the siege of Yorktown,” 1781.

Jean-Baptiste-Antoine DeVerger，《围攻约克镇的美国士兵》，1781 年。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

Black Americans, enslaved and free, also impacted (and were impacted by) the Revolution.

美国黑人，无论是被奴役的还是自由的，也影响了革命（也受到了革命的影响）。

The British were the first to recruit Black (or “Ethiopian”) regiments, as early as Dunmore’s Proclamation of 1775 in Virginia, which promised freedom to any enslaved person who would escape their enslavers and join the British cause.

英国是第一个招募黑人（或“埃塞俄比亚”）军团的国家，早在 1775 年邓莫尔在弗吉尼亚州发布的公告中，该公告就向任何逃离奴隶制并加入英国事业的被奴役者承诺自由。

At first, Washington, an enslaver himself, resisted allowing Black men to join the Continental Army, but he eventually relented.

起初，身为奴隶主的华盛顿拒绝让黑人加入大陆军，但他最终态度软化了。

In 1775, Peter Salem’s enslaver freed him to fight with the militia.

1775 年，彼得·塞勒姆的奴隶主释放了他，让他可以与民兵作战。

Salem faced British Regulars in the battles at Lexington and Bunker Hill, where he fought valiantly with around three dozen other Black Americans.

塞勒姆在列克星敦和邦克山的战斗中面对英国正规军，在那里他与大约三打其他美国黑人英勇作战。

Salem not only contributed to the cause, he earned the ability to determine his own life after his enlistment ended.

塞勒姆不仅为这项事业做出了贡献，而且在入伍结束后他获得了决定自己生活的能力。

Salem was not alone, but many more enslaved people seized on the tumult of war to run away and secure their own freedom directly.

塞勒姆并不孤单，还有更多的奴隶抓住战争的喧嚣逃跑，直接确保自己的自由。

Historians estimate that between thirty thousand and one hundred thousand formerly enslaved people deserted their enslavers during the war.

历史学家估计，战争期间有三万到十万以前被奴役的人抛弃了他们的奴隶主。

Men and women together struggled through years of war and hardship.

男人和女人一起经历了多年的战争和苦难。

For patriots (and those who remained neutral), victory brought new political, social, and economic opportunities, but it also brought new uncertainties.

对于爱国者（以及那些保持中立的人）来说，胜利带来了新的政治、社会和经济机会，但也带来了新的不确定性。

The war decimated entire communities, particularly in the South.

战争摧毁了整个社区，特别是在南方。

Thousands of women throughout the nation had been widowed.

全国有数以千计的妇女成为寡妇。

The American economy, weighed down by war debt and depreciated currencies, would have to be rebuilt following the war.

受到战争债务和货币贬值拖累的美国经济必须在战后重建。

State constitutions had created governments, but now men would have to figure out how to govern.

州宪法创造了政府，但现在人们必须弄清楚如何治理。

The opportunities created by the Revolution had come at great cost, in both lives and fortune, and it was left to the survivors to seize those opportunities and help forge and define the new nation-state.

革命创造的机会付出了巨大的生命和财富代价，幸存者必须抓住这些机会，帮助建立和定义新的民族国家。

Another John Trumbull piece commissioned for the Capitol in 1817, this painting depicts what would be remembered as the moment the new United States became a republic.

这是约翰·特朗布尔 (John Trumbull) 于 1817 年为国会大厦创作的另一幅作品，这幅画描绘了新美国成为共和国那一刻被人们铭记的场景。

On December 23, 1783, George Washington, widely considered the hero of the Revolution, resigned his position as the most powerful man in the former thirteen colonies.

1783 年 12 月 23 日，被广泛认为是革命英雄的乔治·华盛顿辞去了前 13 个殖民地最有权势的人物的职务。

Giving up his role as Commander-in-Chief of the Army ensured that civilian rule would define the new nation and that a republic would be set in place rather than a dictatorship.

放弃陆军总司令的角色确保了文官统治将定义新国家，并建立一个共和国而不是独裁统治。

John Trumbull, General George Washington Resigning His Commission, c.

约翰·特朗布尔，乔治·华盛顿将军辞去职务，c。

1817-1824.

1817-1824。

From the Architect of the Capitol .

来自国会大厦的建筑师。

Like the earlier distinction between “origins” and “causes,” the Revolution also had short- and long-term consequences.

就像早期“起源”和“原因”之间的区别一样，革命也产生了短期和长期的后果。

Perhaps the most important immediate consequence of declaring independence was the creation of state constitutions in 1776 and 1777.

也许宣布独立最重要的直接后果是 1776 年和 1777 年制定的州宪法。

The Revolution also unleashed powerful political, social, and economic forces that would transform the new nation’s politics and society, including increased participation in politics and governance, the legal institutionalization of religious toleration, and the growth and diffusion of the population, particularly westward.

革命还释放了强大的政治、社会和经济力量，这些力量将改变新国家的政治和社会，包括更多地参与政治和治理、宗教宽容的法律制度化以及人口的增长和扩散，特别是向西人口的增长和扩散。

The Revolution affected Native Americans by opening up western settlement and creating governments hostile to their territorial claims.

革命通过开放西部定居点和创建对其领土主张怀有敌意的政府，影响了美洲原住民。

Even more broadly, the Revolution ended the mercantilist economy, opening new opportunities in trade and manufacturing.

更广泛地说，革命结束了重商主义经济，为贸易和制造业开辟了新的机会。

The new states drafted written constitutions, which, at the time, was an important innovation from the traditionally unwritten British Constitution.

新各州起草了成文宪法，这在当时是对传统不成文英国宪法的一项重要创新。

These new state constitutions were based on the idea of “popular sovereignty,” that is, that the power and authority of the government derived from the people.

这些新的州宪法基于“人民主权”的理念，即政府的权力和权威来自人民。

48 Most created weak governors and strong legislatures with more regular elections and moderately increased the size of the electorate.

48 大多数国家设立了软弱的州长和强大的立法机构，并进行了更定期的选举，并适度增加了选民规模。

A number of states followed the example of Virginia and included a declaration or “bill” of rights in their constitution designed to protect the rights of individuals and circumscribe the prerogative of the government.

许多州效仿弗吉尼亚州，在宪法中纳入了权利宣言或“法案”，旨在保护个人权利并限制政府的特权。

Pennsylvania’s first state constitution was the most radical and democratic.

宾夕法尼亚州的第一部州宪法是最激进和民主的。

They created a unicameral legislature and an Executive Council but no genuine executive.

他们建立了一个一院制立法机构和一个执行委员会，但没有真正的行政部门。

All free men could vote, including those who did not own property.

所有自由人都可以投票，包括那些没有财产的人。

Massachusetts’s constitution, passed in 1780, was less democratic in structure but underwent a more popular process of ratification.

马萨诸塞州于 1780 年通过的宪法在结构上不太民主，但批准过程却更受欢迎。

In the fall of 1779, each town sent delegates—312 in all—to a constitutional convention in Cambridge.

1779 年秋天，每个城镇都派出代表（总共 312 名）参加在剑桥举行的制宪会议。

Town meetings debated the constitution draft and offered suggestions.

镇会议对宪法草案进行了辩论并提出了建议。

Anticipating the later federal constitution, Massachusetts established a three-branch government based on checks and balances between the branches.

预见到后来的联邦宪法，马萨诸塞州建立了三个分支政府，各分支之间相互制衡。

Independence came in 1776, and so did an unprecedented period of constitution making and state building.

1776 年独立，随之而来的是前所未有的制宪和国家建设时期。

The Continental Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation in 1781.

1781年大陆会议批准了《邦联条例》。

The articles allowed each state one vote in the Continental Congress.

这些条款允许每个州在大陆会议上拥有一票。

But the articles are perhaps most notable for what they did not allow.

但这些文章最引人注目的可能是它们不允许的内容。

Congress was given no power to levy or collect taxes, regulate foreign or interstate commerce, or establish a federal judiciary.

国会无权征税、监管外国或州际贸易或建立联邦司法机构。

These shortcomings rendered the postwar Congress weak and largely ineffectual.

这些缺点使得战后国会变得软弱且基本上无效。

Political and social life changed drastically after independence.

独立后，政治和社会生活发生了巨大变化。

Political participation grew as more people gained the right to vote, leading to greater importance being placed on representation within government.

随着越来越多的人获得投票权，政治参与度也随之提高，政府内部的代表权也变得更加重要。

49 In addition, more common citizens (or “new men”) played increasingly important roles in local and state governance.

49 此外，更多的普通公民（或“新人”）在地方和国家治理中发挥着越来越重要的作用。

Hierarchy within the states underwent significant changes.

各州内部的等级制度发生了重大变化。

Society became less deferential and more egalitarian, less aristocratic and more meritocratic.

社会变得不再那么恭顺，而变得更加平等，不再那么贵族化，而更加精英化。

The Revolution’s most important long-term economic consequence was the end of mercantilism.

革命最重要的长期经济后果是重商主义的终结。

The British Empire had imposed various restrictions on the colonial economies including limiting trade, settlement, and manufacturing.

大英帝国对殖民地经济施加了各种限制，包括限制贸易、定居和制造业。

The Revolution opened new markets and new trade relationships.

革命开辟了新的市场和新的贸易关系。

The Americans’ victory also opened the western territories for invasion and settlement, which created new domestic markets.

美国人的胜利也为入侵和定居开辟了西部领土，从而创造了新的国内市场。

Americans began to create their own manufactures, no longer content to rely on those in Britain.

美国人开始创建自己的制造业，不再满足于依赖英国的制造业。

Despite these important changes, the American Revolution had its limits.

尽管有这些重要的变化，美国革命也有其局限性。

Following their unprecedented expansion into political affairs during the imperial resistance, women also served the patriot cause during the war.

继帝国抵抗时期妇女空前涉足政治事务之后，妇女也在战争期间为爱国事业服务。

However, the Revolution did not result in civic equality for women.

然而，革命并没有给妇女带来公民平等。

Instead, during the immediate postwar period, women became incorporated into the polity to some degree as “republican mothers.” Republican societies required virtuous citizens, and it became mothers’ responsibility to raise and educate future citizens.

相反，在战后不久的时期，女性在某种程度上作为“共和母亲”融入了政体。共和社会需要有道德的公民，抚养和教育未来公民成为母亲的责任。

This opened opportunity for women regarding education, but they still remained largely on the peripheries of the new American polity.

这为妇女提供了接受教育的机会，但她们在很大程度上仍然处于美国新政体的边缘。

In the thirteen colonies, boycotting women were seen as patriots.

在十三个殖民地，抵制的妇女被视为爱国者。

In British prints such as this, they were mocked as immoral harlots sticking their noses in the business of men.

在诸如此类的英国版画中，她们被嘲笑为不道德的妓女，对男人的事务嗤之以鼻。

Philip Dawe, A Society of Patriotic Ladies at Edenton in North Carolina, March 1775.

菲利普·道 (Philip Dawe)，北卡罗来纳州伊登顿爱国妇女协会，1775 年 3 月。

Metropolitan Museum of Art .

大都会艺术博物馆。

Approximately sixty thousand loyalists ended up leaving America because of the Revolution.

由于革命，大约六万名效忠者最终离开了美国。

Loyalists came from all ranks of American society, and many lived the rest of their lives in exile from their homeland.

效忠者来自美国社会的各个阶层，许多人在远离祖国的流亡中度过了余生。

A clause in the Treaty of Paris was supposed to protect their property and require the Americans to compensate Loyalists who had lost property during the war because of their allegiance.

《巴黎条约》中的一项条款本应保护他们的财产，并要求美国人赔偿因效忠而在战争期间失去财产的保皇派。

The Americans, however, reneged on this promise and, throughout the 1780s, states continued seizing property held by Loyalists.

然而，美国人违背了这一承诺，在整个 1780 年代，各州继续没收保皇派持有的财产。

Some colonists went to England, where they were strangers and outsiders in what they had thought of as their mother country.

一些殖民者去了英国，他们在他们心目中的祖国是陌生人和局外人。

Many more, however, settled on the peripheries of the British Empire throughout the world, especially Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec.

然而，还有更多的人定居在大英帝国的边缘地区，尤其是新斯科舍省、新不伦瑞克省和魁北克省。

The Loyalists had come out on the losing side of a Revolution, and many lost everything they had and were forced to create new lives far from the land of their birth.

效忠派在革命中处于失败的一方，许多人失去了他们所拥有的一切，被迫在远离出生地的地方创造新的生活。

In 1783, thousands of formerly enslaved Loyalists fled with the British army.

1783 年，数千名以前被奴役的效忠派随英国军队逃亡。

They hoped that the British government would uphold the promise of freedom and help them establish new homes elsewhere in the Empire.

他们希望英国政府信守自由的承诺，帮助他们在帝国其他地方建立新家园。

The Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, demanded that British troops leave formerly enslaved people behind, but the British military commanders upheld earlier promises and evacuated thousands of freedmen, transporting them to Canada, the Caribbean, or Great Britain.

结束战争的《巴黎条约》要求英国军队抛弃以前的奴隶，但英国军事指挥官坚持先前的承诺，疏散了数千名自由民，将他们运送到加拿大、加勒比地区或英国。

They would eventually play a role in settling Nova Scotia, and through the subsequent efforts of David George, a Black loyalist and Baptist preacher, some settled in Sierra Leone in Africa.

他们最终在新斯科舍省的定居中发挥了作用，并通过黑人忠诚者和浸信会传教士大卫·乔治随后的努力，一些人定居在非洲的塞拉利昂。

Black loyalists, however, continued to face social and economic marginalization, including restrictions on land ownership within the British Empire.

然而，黑人效忠者继续面临社会和经济边缘化，包括大英帝国境内土地所有权的限制。

Joseph Brandt as painted by George Romney.

乔治·罗姆尼画的约瑟夫·勃兰特。

Brandt was a Mohawk leader who led Mohawk and British forces in western New York.

布兰特是莫霍克族领导人，在纽约西部领导莫霍克族和英国军队。

Wikimedia .

维基媒体。

The fight for liberty led some Americans to manumit their enslaved laborers, and most of the new northern states soon passed gradual emancipation laws.

争取自由的斗争导致一些美国人释放了被奴役的劳工，大多数新的北方州很快就通过了渐进解放法。

Some manumissions also occurred in the Upper South, but in the Lower South, some enslavers revoked their offers of freedom for service, and other freedmen were forced back into bondage.

上南方也发生了一些解放，但在下南方，一些奴隶主撤销了他们提供的自由服务，其他自由民被迫重新受奴役。

The Revolution’s rhetoric of equality created a “revolutionary generation” of enslaved people and free Black Americans that would eventually encourage the antislavery movement.

革命的平等言论创造了由被奴役者和自由黑人组成的“革命一代”，这最终将鼓励反奴隶制运动。

Slave revolts began to incorporate claims for freedom based on revolutionary ideals.

奴隶起义开始融入基于革命理想的自由主张。

In the long term, the Revolution failed to reconcile slavery with these new egalitarian republican societies, a tension that eventually boiled over in the 1830s and 1840s and effectively tore the nation in two in the 1850s and 1860s.

从长远来看，革命未能调和奴隶制与这些新的平等主义共和社会，这种紧张局势最终在 1830 年代和 1840 年代爆发，并在 1850 年代和 1860 年代实际上将国家一分为二。

Native Americans, too, participated in and were affected by the Revolution.

美洲原住民也参与了革命并受到其影响。

Many Native American groups, such as the Shawnee, Creek, Cherokee, and Iroquois, had sided with the British.

许多美洲原住民群体，如肖尼族、克里克族、切罗基族和易洛魁族，都站在英国一边。

They had hoped for a British victory that would continue to restrain the land-hungry colonial settlers from moving west beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

他们原本希望英国的胜利能够继续阻止渴望土地的殖民定居者向西越过阿巴拉契亚山脉。

Unfortunately, the Americans’ victory and Native Americans’ support for the British created a pretense for justifying rapid and often brutal expansion into the western territories.

不幸的是，美国人的胜利和美洲原住民对英国人的支持为英国人向西部领土的快速且往往残酷的扩张提供了借口。

Native American peoples would continue to be displaced and pushed farther west throughout the nineteenth century.

在整个十九世纪，美洲原住民继续流离失所，并被推向更远的西部。

Ultimately, American independence marked the beginning of the end of what had remained of Native American independence.

最终，美国独立标志着美洲原住民独立的终结的开始。

The American Revolution freed colonists from British rule and offered the first blow in what historians have called “the age of democratic revolutions.” The American Revolution was a global event.

美国革命将殖民者从英国统治下解放出来，并为历史学家所说的“民主革命时代”带来了第一次打击。美国革命是一个全球性事件。

53 Revolutions followed in France, then Haiti, and then South America.

53 随后法国、海地和南美洲爆发了革命。

The American Revolution meanwhile wrought significant changes to the British Empire.

与此同时，美国革命给大英帝国带来了重大变化。

Many British historians even use the Revolution as a dividing point between a “first British Empire” and a “second British Empire.” At home, however, the Revolution created a new nation-state, the United States of America.

许多英国历史学家甚至将革命作为“第一大英帝国”和“第二大英帝国”的分界点。然而，在国内，革命创造了一个新的民族国家，即美利坚合众国。

By September 1783, independence had been won.

1783 年 9 月，赢得了独立。

What the new nation would look like, however, was still very much up for grabs.

然而，这个新国家将会是什么样子，仍然有很大的争议。

In the 1780s, Americans would shape and then reshape that nation-state, first with the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, and then with the Constitution in 1787 and 1788.

在 1780 年代，美国人塑造并重塑了这个民族国家，首先是 1781 年批准的《邦联条款》，然后是 1787 年和 1788 年的宪法。

Historians have long argued over the causes and character of the American Revolution.

历史学家长期以来一直对美国革命的原因和特征争论不休。

Was the Revolution caused by British imperial policy or by internal tensions within the colonies?

革命是由大英帝国的政策还是殖民地内部的紧张局势引起的？

Were colonists primarily motivated by constitutional principles, ideals of equality, or economic self-interest?

殖民者的主要动机是宪法原则、平等理想还是经济自身利益？

Was the Revolution radical or conservative?

革命是激进的还是保守的？

But such questions are hardly limited to historians.

但此类问题不仅限于历史学家。

From Abraham Lincoln’s use of the Declaration of Independence in the Gettysburg Address to twenty-first-century Tea Party members wearing knee breeches, the Revolution has remained at the center of American political culture.

从亚伯拉罕·林肯在葛底斯堡演说中使用《独立宣言》到二十世纪茶党成员穿着及膝马裤，革命一直是美国政治文化的中心。

Indeed, how one understands the Revolution often dictates how one defines what it means to be American.

事实上，一个人如何理解革命往往决定了一个人如何定义作为美国人的意义。

The Revolution was not won by a few founding fathers.

革命并不是由少数开国元勋赢得的。

Men and women of all ranks contributed to the colonies’ most improbable victory, from the commoners who protested the Stamp Act to the women who helped organize boycotts against the Townshend duties; from the men, Black and white, who fought in the army to the women who contributed to its support.

各个阶层的男女都为殖民地最不可能的胜利做出了贡献，从抗议《印花税法》的平民到帮助组织抵制汤森税的妇女；从在军队中作战的黑人和白人男性到为军队做出贡献的女性。

The Revolution, however, did not aim to end all social and civic inequalities in the new nation, and, in the case of Native Americans, it created new inequalities.

然而，革命的目的并不是要结束新国家的所有社会和公民不平等，而且就美洲原住民而言，它创造了新的不平等。

But over time, the Revolution’s rhetoric of equality, as encapsulated in the Declaration of Independence, helped highlight some of those inequalities and became a shared aspiration for future social and political movements, including, among others, the abolitionist and women’s rights movements of the nineteenth century, the suffragist and civil rights movements of the twentieth century, and the gay rights movement of the twenty-first century.

但随着时间的推移，《独立宣言》中所体现的革命的平等言论有助于凸显其中一些不平等，并成为未来社会和政治运动的共同愿望，其中包括十九世纪的废奴主义和女权运动、二十世纪的选举权运动和民权运动以及二十一世纪的同性恋权利运动。

George R.

乔治·R。

T。

Hewes, A retrospect of the Boston Tea-party, 1834

休斯，《波士顿茶党回顾》，1834 年

George R.T.

乔治 R.T.

Hewes wrote the following reminiscence of the Boston Tea Party almost 61 years after it occurred.

波士顿倾茶事件发生近 61 年后，休斯写下了以下回忆录。

It is likely that his memories included more than a few stories he picked up well after 1773.

他的记忆中很可能包含了许多他在 1773 年之后才听到的故事。

Nonetheless Hews provides a highly detailed account of this important event.

尽管如此，休斯还是对这一重要事件进行了非常详细的描述。

Britons had long understood themselves as the freest people on earth, blessed with a limited monarchy and an enlightened parliament.

英国人长期以来一直认为自己是地球上最自由的人民，拥有有限的君主制和开明的议会。

Paine’s pamphlet offered a very different portrayal of the British government.

潘恩的小册子对英国政府进行了截然不同的描述。

His criticisms swept across the North American continent and generated widespread support for American independence.

他的批评席卷了北美大陆，并引发了对美国独立的广泛支持。

It is hard to overstate the significance of the Declaration of Independence.

《独立宣言》的重要性怎么强调都不为过。

Designed as a measured justification for the severing of ties with Britain, the document has also functioned as a transformative piece of political philosophy.

该文件旨在为与英国断绝关系提供审慎的理由，同时也起到了政治哲学变革的作用。

Most of the conflicts of American history from this point forward emerged from attempts to understand and implement what it means to believe “all men are created equal.”

从那时起，美国历史上的大多数冲突都源于试图理解和落实“人人生而平等”这一信念的含义。

The British faced the difficult task of fighting a war without pushing more colonists into the hands of the revolutionaries.

英国人面临着一项艰巨的任务：既要打一场战争，又不能将更多的殖民者推入革命者手中。

As a result, the Revolutionary War included little direct attacks on civilians, but that does not mean that civilians did not suffer.

因此，独立战争中很少有针对平民的直接袭击，但这并不意味着平民没有遭受苦难。

The following account from Eliza Wilkinson describes the stress faced by non-combatants who had to face the British army.

伊丽莎·威尔金森 (Eliza Wilkinson) 的以下叙述描述了必须面对英国军队的非战斗人员所面临的压力。

The Oneida nation, one of the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), issued a formal declaration of neutrality on June 19, 1775 to the governor of Connecticut after the imperial crisis between Great Britain and their North American colonies erupted into violence.

1775 年 6 月 19 日，在英国与其北美殖民地之间的帝国危机爆发为暴力事件后，奥奈达族是豪德诺索尼族（易洛魁族）六族之一，向康涅狄格州总督正式宣布中立。

This declaration hints at the Oneida conceptions of their own sovereignty among the Six Nations confederacy, the independence of other Native American nations, and how the Oneida understand the conflict as a war “between two brothers.” Samuel Kirkland, a missionary living in Iroquois country, interpreted and transcribed the Oneida’s words and sent them to Governor Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut.

这一声明暗示了奥奈达人对自己在六国联盟中的主权、其他美洲原住民民族的独立的看法，以及奥奈达人如何将这场冲突理解为“两兄弟之间”的战争。居住在易洛魁国家的传教士塞缪尔·柯克兰（Samuel Kirkland）翻译并抄录了奥奈达人的话语，并将其发送给康涅狄格州州长乔纳森·特朗布尔（Jonathan Trumbull）。

Boston King recalls fighting for the British and securing his freedom, 1798

波士顿·金 (Boston King) 回忆起为英国人而战并获得自由的经历，1798 年

Boston King was born into slavery in South Carolina in 1760.

波士顿·金 (Boston King) 1760 年出生于南卡罗来纳州的奴隶家庭。

He escaped to the British Army during their invasion of South Carolina in 1780.

1780 年，英国军队入侵南卡罗来纳州时，他逃往英国军队。

He served as a Loyalist in the British Army, and participated in several important battles.

他在英国陆军中担任效忠派，并参加了几次重要的战斗。

Although captured, and once again enslaved by the Americans, King was able to escape to the British again, who secured his freedom by sending him and other Black Loyalists to Canada.

尽管金被俘虏并再次被美国人奴役，但他还是能够再次逃到英国人那里，英国人将他和其他黑人保皇派送往加拿大，从而确保了他的自由。

Many Black colonists sought freedom by joining with the British, with estimates as high as 5,000.

许多黑人殖民者通过加入英国人来寻求自由，估计人数高达 5,000 人。

King later became a missionary and one of the first Black Canadian settlers of Sierra Leone in West Africa.

金后来成为一名传教士，也是西非塞拉利昂的第一批加拿大黑人定居者之一。

The American Revolution invited a reconsideration of all social inequalities.

美国革命引发了对所有社会不平等的重新思考。

Abigail Adams, in this letter to her husband John Adams, asked her husband to “remember the ladies” in any new laws he may create.

阿比盖尔·亚当斯在写给丈夫约翰·亚当斯的信中要求她的丈夫在他可能制定的任何新法律中“记住女士们”。

In his reply, John Adams treated this sentiment as a joke, demonstrating the limits of revolutionary liberty.

约翰·亚当斯在回复中将这种情绪视为一个笑话，表明了革命自由的局限性。

Political cartoons provide insight into public opinion and the decisions made by politicians.

政治漫画提供了对公众舆论和政客决策的洞察。

These cartoons became an important medium for voicing criticism and dissent during the American Revolution.

这些漫画成为美国革命期间表达批评和异议的重要媒介。

In this 1782 cartoon, the British lion faces a spaniel (Spain), a rooster (France), a rattlesnake (America), and a pug dog (Netherlands).

在这部 1782 年的动画片中，英国狮子面对的是西班牙猎犬（西班牙）、公鸡（法国）、响尾蛇（美国）和哈巴狗（荷兰）。

Though the caption predicts Britain’s success, it illustrates that Britain faced challenges –and therefore drains on their military and treasury—from more than just the American rebels.

尽管标题预测了英国的成功，但它表明英国面临的挑战 — — 因此耗尽了其军事和财政 — — 不仅仅是来自美国叛军。

Drawings of the uniforms of the American Revolution, 1781

美国革命制服图纸，1781 年

American soldiers came from a variety of backgrounds and had numerous reasons for fighting with the American army.

美国士兵来自不同的背景，有多种理由与美国军队一起作战。

This chapter was edited by Michael Hattem, with content contributions by James Ambuske, Alexander Burns, Joshua Beatty, Christina Carrick, Christopher Consolino, Michael Hattem, Timothy C.

本章由 Michael Hattem 编辑，内容贡献者包括 James Ambuske、Alexander Burns、Joshua Beatty、Christina Carrick、Christopher Consolino、Michael Hattem、Timothy C.

Hemmis, Joseph Moore, Emily Romeo, and Christopher Sparshott.

赫米斯、约瑟夫·摩尔、艾米丽·罗密欧和克里斯托弗·斯帕肖特。

Recommended citation: James Ambuske et al., “The American Revolution,” Michael Hattem, ed., in The American Yawp , eds.

推荐引用：James Ambuske 等人，“美国革命”，Michael Hattem 编辑，载于 The American Yawp 编辑。

Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018).

约瑟夫·洛克和本·赖特（加利福尼亚州斯坦福：斯坦福大学出版社，2018 年）。

中文为机器翻译，仅供参考。