News Of History

历史新闻

· American Heritage · 原文

The gray, water-soaked, mud-stained skeleton of one of America’s first warships has been raised from the bottom of Lake Champlain and is now on the beach below Fort Ticonderoga.

美国第一艘军舰之一的灰色、被水浸透、沾满泥土的骨架已经从尚普兰湖的底部升起，现在位于提康德罗加堡下面的海滩上。

After thorough drying and protection, the hulk will form the nucleus of a naval museum to be erected on the shore below the towering battlements of the fort.

经过彻底干燥和保护后，这艘船将成为海军博物馆的核心，建在堡垒高耸的城垛下方的海岸上。

Other naval relics will be on display with it.

其他海军文物也将与它一起展出。

The hulk is that of the Trumbull , one of the fleet of sixteen ships built by order of General Benedict Arnold in 1776 to contest the British invasion which, one year later, culminated in Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga.

这艘船是特朗布尔号，这是本尼迪克特·阿诺德将军于 1776 年下令建造的由 16 艘船组成的舰队之一，旨在对抗英国的入侵，一年后，伯戈因在萨拉托加惨败。

On October 11, 1776, Arnold’s makeshift fleet, manned by land-lubber soldiers, met a British flotilla of five major warships and a number of gunboats.

1776 年 10 月 11 日，阿诺德的临时舰队由旱鸭子士兵驾驶，遇到了一支由五艘大型战舰和多艘炮艇组成的英国舰队。

The action succeeded in imposing an expensive delay on the British invaders, but all save three of the American ships were either sunk in action, captured by the enemy or scuttled by their crews.

这次行动成功地拖延了英国入侵者的时间，但除了三艘美国船只外，其他船只要么在战斗中沉没，要么被敌人俘获，要么被船员自沉。

The three which remained escaped to Fort Ticonderoga and were sunk in a rough semi-circle near the base of the fort in an attempt to keep enemy ships out of firing range and thus to compel the British to make their attack by land.

剩下的三艘逃到提康德罗加堡，并在堡垒底部附近被击沉成一个大致的半圆形，试图将敌舰排除在射程之外，从而迫使英国人从陆地上进攻。

In the end, winter came on and there was no attack.

最后，冬天来了，没有发生任何袭击。

Late in the following spring, the Americans evacuated the fort.

第二年春末，美国人撤离了这座堡垒。

The Trumbull is one of the three sunk near the fort.

特朗布尔号是在堡垒附近沉没的三艘船之一。

One of the other two was raised in 1909 but has since been badly damaged by weather on its exposed exhibition site.

另外两座雕像中的一座于 1909 年建成，但其裸露的展览场地因天气原因而严重受损。

The third is still under water.

第三个仍在水下。

Five big inflated pontoons were used to lift the Trumbull from the bottom, and at first sight the hulk bore little resemblance to a warship.

五个巨大的充气浮筒被用来将特朗布尔号从底部升起，乍一看，这艘船与一艘军舰几乎没有什么相似之处。

The long oak side planks of the old vessel were rotted through at the seams, and the thick iron spikes that held her together protruded, bent, from the hull.

这艘旧船的长橡木侧板的接缝处已经腐烂，将她固定在一起的粗铁钉从船体上突出、弯曲。

Only one of the two huge foot-square timbers that formed her bow remained, and broken ends of oak ribs rose like enormous fingers above the muddy deck.

构成她船头的两块一英尺见方的巨大木材中只剩下一根，橡木肋骨的断头像巨大的手指一样升起在泥泞的甲板上。

The new naval museum project in which the hulk of the Trumbull will take its place is being financed by the Fort Ticonderoga Foundation, a non-profit organization which maintains the historic fort.

新的海军博物馆项目将取代特朗布尔号的船体，该项目由提康德罗加堡基金会资助，该基金会是一个维护这座历史堡垒的非营利组织。

John H.

约翰·H.

G。

Pell, a Wall Street investment broker, whose family has supported historical restoration in the area since 1816, is director of the Foundation.

佩尔是该基金会的董事，他是一位华尔街投资经纪人，其家族自 1816 年以来一直支持该地区的历史修复。

Back in 1710 an English bureaucrat cleaned out his desk drawers and files preparing for his retirement from public office, and thereby—quite unintentionally—did a great favor for present-day American historians.

早在 1710 年，一位英国官僚清理了他的办公桌抽屉和文件，为从公职退休做准备，从而无意中为当今的美国历史学家带来了很大的帮助。

William Blathwayt, the bureaucrat in question, was colonial administrator, having served for forty years under three kings.

威廉·布拉斯威特（William Blathwayt），这位官僚，是殖民地行政长官，曾在三位国王手下任职四十年。

When he collected personal letters and papers to take home with him, he helped himself to a generous portion of official government papers as well: more than 2,000 documents dealing with the early history of the American colonies.

当他收集私人信件和文件带回家时，他还慷慨地收集了大量官方政府文件：2000 多份涉及美洲殖民地早期历史的文件。

Included in these are letters from colonial governors—Sir William Phips, of Massachusetts, blamed the witchcraft trials on the devil and his deputy governor, and William Penn wrote fondly: “I like the land, aire and food very well.

其中包括来自殖民地总督的信件——马萨诸塞州的威廉·菲普斯爵士，将巫术审判归咎于魔鬼和他的副总督，威廉·佩恩深情地写道：“我非常喜欢这片土地、空气和食物。

I never eat better in England.” There is material on Indian raids, on the capture of Captain Kidd, and on the strained conditions in early New York during the transfer from Dutch to English rule.

我在英国吃得从来没有这么好过。”其中有关于印第安人的袭击、基德船长的被捕以及纽约早期从荷兰统治转移到英国统治期间的紧张状况的材料。

There are rough drafts of letters arid official papers in Blathwayt’s own hard-to-read scrawl.

布拉斯韦特潦草的潦草字迹中包含了信件和官方文件的草稿。

One of the drafts is the Pennsylvania charter from King Charles II, signed in March, 1681, with numerous additions and corrections in the margin.

其中一份草案是国王查理二世 (King Charles II) 于 1681 年 3 月签署的《宾夕法尼亚宪章》，页边空白处有大量补充和更正。

All in all, Blathwayt’s papers include material on most of the continental American colonies as well as the West Indies, Jamaica and the Bahamas.

总而言之，布拉斯韦特的论文包含了大多数美洲大陆殖民地以及西印度群岛、牙买加和巴哈马的材料。

The American Blathwayt papers are owned by Colonial Williamsburg, the non-profit organization restoring WiIliamsburg, Va., to its pre-Revolutionary setting.

美国布拉斯威特报纸归威廉斯堡殖民地所有，该非营利组织将弗吉尼亚州威廉斯堡恢复到革命前的环境。

They are carefully preserved in a vault there for research work.

它们被小心地保存在那里的一个金库中以供研究工作。

The Philadelphia Antiques Fair this fall marked the 75th anniversary of a widely popular American fad which had its origin in Philadelphia.

今年秋天的费城古董展标志着起源于费城的一种广受欢迎的美国时尚 75 周年。

One of the attractions at the great Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 was a free exhibit called the New England cottage.

1876 年费城百年纪念博览会的一大亮点是名为“新英格兰小屋”的免费展览。

During the six months exhibition, some 10,000 visitors a day visited the New England cottage, which was completely furnished with antiques.

在为期六个月的展览期间，每天大约有 10,000 名参观者参观了这座新英格兰小屋，里面摆满了古董。

Most of the visitors—judging by the tremendous growth in the popularity of antique furniture thereafter—went home to raid their own attics and put the plunder in their best rooms.

从此后古董家具的受欢迎程度大幅增长来看，大多数参观者都回家搜查了自己的阁楼，并将战利品放在了自己最好的房间里。

Those who had no attics haunted country auctions and second-hand furniture stores.

那些没有阁楼的人经常出没于乡村拍卖会和二手家具店。

As a result, apparently, within three years the game of antique-hunting was in full swing and the first dealers were setting up shop.

结果，三年之内，古董狩猎活动如火如荼地进行，第一批经销商开始开设商店。

Now, 75 years later, there are some 8,000 antique shops in the United States, more than 150 of them to be found in Philadelphia itself.

75 年后的今天，美国约有 8,000 家古董店，其中 150 多家位于费城。

We may eventually get a microfilm edition of the Papers of the Continental Congress.

我们最终可能会得到大陆会议文件的缩微版。

The project is being considered by the National Historical Publications Commission, whose purpose it is to promote the publication of historical source materials.

该项目正在由国家历史出版委员会审议，其目的是促进历史资料的出版。

This Commission has been working to considerable effect since 1950, when Congress granted it life-giving-funds; but because its income is still limited it tries primarily to encourage and aid in the initiation of historical publishing projects under non-governmental sponsorship.

自 1950 年国会向其提供维持生命的资金以来，该委员会的工作一直取得了相当大的成效。但由于其收入仍然有限，它主要致力于鼓励和帮助在非政府赞助下启动历史出版项目。

Thus far the Commission has participated in planning for editions of the papers of Henry Clay, John C.

迄今为止，委员会已参与了 Henry Clay、John C.

Calhoun, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Archbishop John Carroll, Bishop Asbury and John Wesley Powell, among others.

卡尔霍恩、本杰明·富兰克林、詹姆斯·麦迪逊、约翰·卡罗尔大主教、阿斯伯里主教和约翰·韦斯利·鲍威尔等。

It has also begun assembling materials for two major publications that are badly needed and that should properly be issued under the Federal government’s auspices—a documentary history of the ratification by the states of the Constitution and its first ten amendments, and a similar work embracing the debates and proceedings of the first Congress under the Constitution, 1789–1791.

它还开始为急需的两份主要出版物收集材料，这两份出版物应在联邦政府的支持下适当发行——一本是各州批准宪法及其前十项修正案的文献历史，另一本是包含 1789 年至 1791 年宪法下第一届国会辩论和程序的类似著作。

Perhaps the most important task the Commission has undertaken so far is a Guide to Archives and Manuscripts in the United States.

也许委员会迄今为止承担的最重要的任务是美国档案和手稿指南。

This will be a one-volume directory of all institutions known to hold historical manuscripts, together with brief descriptions of their holdings and references to more extended descriptions in print.

这将是一本单卷的目录，其中列出了所有已知保存历史手稿的机构，并附有其馆藏的简要说明以及对印刷版更详细说明的引用。

More than 1,800 depositories have now been listed.

目前已上市托管机构超过1,800家。

The Detroit Institute of Arts has established the Archives of American Art, for the collection in one central place of documentary material on American painters, sculptors and craftsmen.

底特律艺术学院建立了美国艺术档案馆，在一个中心位置收藏有关美国画家、雕塑家和工匠的文献材料。

The Archives will consist of original records or reproductions of records preserved permanently in other collections.

档案将包括原始记录或永久保存在其他馆藏中的记录的复制品。

The big idea here is to assemble everything that will ultimately make the collection the most effective center for research on American art.

这里的重要想法是汇集一切，最终使该收藏成为美国艺术研究最有效的中心。

Whatever may throw light on the arts in America, from the first landings of Europeans down to date—letters, journals, sketchbooks, clippings, biographies, monographs, catalogs, periodicals and photographs of works of art—will be included.

从欧洲人第一次登陆至今，任何能够阐明美国艺术的东西——信件、日记、速写本、剪报、传记、专着、目录、期刊和艺术作品的照片——都将被包括在内。

The Archives will be administered by the Institute’s reference library and will be open for free reference by accredited scholars under proper safeguards.

该档案将由研究所的参考图书馆管理，并在适当的保障下向经过认证的学者免费开放。

Records of collectors, dealers, critics and historians will be selected largely as they pertain to American art, and those of institutions and societies will be concerned with art and artists rather than with the records of the institutions themselves.

收藏家、经销商、评论家和历史学家的记录将主要根据与美国艺术相关的内容进行选择，而机构和社会的记录将关注艺术和艺术家，而不是机构本身的记录。

The epithet “American” is intended to cover North America through the colonial period.

“美国”这个绰号旨在涵盖整个殖民时期的北美。

After the revolution, the scope is confined to the United States.

革命后，范围仅限于美国。

Native Indian art will be excluded unless the artist is known by name.

除非知道艺术家的名字，否则印度本土艺术将被排除在外。

The Archives is supported by private contributions under the management and framework of the Detroit Institute of Arts.

该档案馆在底特律艺术学院的管理和框架下得到私人捐款的支持。

Funds are on hand for a preliminary survey of available material in leading institutions, and an initial gift of original letters from a number of American artists has been made.

目前已有资金用于对领先机构的现有材料进行初步调查，并且已经提供了一些美国艺术家的原始信件作为初始礼物。

Under the supervision of the director of the Nebraska State Historical Society’s museum, an archaeological field party has finished its study of a prehistoric Indian village site which presently will be lost to view forever under the rising waters of the Missouri River, impounded in the Fort Randall Reservoir near Chamberlain, South Dakota.

在内布拉斯加州历史学会博物馆馆长的监督下，考古现场小组完成了对史前印第安村庄遗址的研究，该遗址目前将在南达科他州张伯伦附近的兰德尔堡水库蓄水的密苏里河水位上涨的水下永远消失。

The work was carried on as a cooperative project with the U.

这项工作是作为与美国的合作项目进行的。

S。

National Park Service.

国家公园管理局。

The village site contains depressions marking the existence of some fifty house floors, all enclosed by a deep ditch dug by the original inhabitants for defensive purposes.

村庄遗址上有一些洼地，标志着大约五十层房屋的存在，所有房屋都被原住民为了防御目的而挖的深沟包围着。

On a lower terrace, an earlier group of people had built houses, overlaid now by the remains of the later people.

在一个较低的平台上，早期的人们建造了房屋，现在被后来的人们的遗骸所覆盖。

Houses of both groups were rectangular in form; both groups were farmers as well as hunters, and their storage pits contained charred corn cobs and the remains of other crops.

两组房屋的形状都是长方形的。这两个群体都是农民和猎人，他们的储藏坑里存放着烧焦的玉米棒子和其他农作物的残骸。

The work done here is an example of an attempt being made by state and federal institutions to salvage the early history of Missouri Valley people before extensive river improvements submerge lands where ancient village sites are to be found.

这里所做的工作是州和联邦机构在大规模河流改造淹没古老村庄遗址之前挽救密苏里河谷人民早期历史的尝试的一个例子。

An extremely unusual course in American history is offered this year by the State Teachers College of Oneonta, State University of New York, in cooperation with the New York State Historical Association and its Farmers’ Museum at Cooperstown.

今年，纽约州立大学奥尼昂塔州立师范学院与纽约州历史协会及其位于库珀斯敦的农民博物馆合作，开设了一门极其不寻常的美国历史课程。

This course, titled “History of New York Folk,” carries three hours credit each semester, and meets Thursday evenings and Saturday mornings in Fenimore House and the Farmers’ Museum to study the way life was lived when New York State was a frontier.

这门课程名为“纽约民俗史”，每学期有三个小时的学分，周四晚上和周六早上在费尼莫尔故居和农民博物馆举行，学习纽约州作为边境时的生活方式。

It deals with the origins, migrations, folkways and habits of life and thought of early New York settlers, takes students into museums and crafts shops, and apparently represents the first time that American museums and history resources have been used by a college course in this way.

它讲述了早期纽约定居者的起源、移民、民风、生活习惯和思想，带领学生参观博物馆和工艺品商店，这显然代表了美国博物馆和历史资源第一次被大学课程以这种方式使用。

A fifteen-year publishing venture centered around the papers of four generations of the Adams family is under way.

一项为期十五年、以亚当斯家族四代人的论文为中心的出版事业正在进行中。

Announced at the annual meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the work of editing and publishing this unparalleled private collection of 300,000 manuscript pages of diaries, letters and other writings, will be carried on under the joint auspices of the Society, the Adams Manuscript Trust, Harvard University and Life , Lyman H.

马萨诸塞州历史学会年会上宣布，编辑和出版这本无与伦比的私人收藏，包括 30 万页日记、信件和其他著作的手稿，将在该学会、亚当斯手稿信托基金、哈佛大学和《生活》、莱曼·H.

Butterfield, director of the Institute of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg, Va., who was associate editor of the Thomas Jefferson papers from 1946 to 1951, will serve as editor-in-chief.

弗吉尼亚州威廉斯堡美国早期历史与文化研究所所长巴特菲尔德（Butterfield）将担任主编，他曾于 1946 年至 1951 年担任托马斯·杰斐逊论文的副主编。

The collection, of which less than one-third has been published, covers four complete diaries of John Adams, John Quincy Adams and two Charles Francis Adamses, dealing with subjects, according to Mr. Butterfield, “as far apart as the campaigns of the French and Indian War and the political parties of the Garfield-Cleveland era, and with the whole vast sweep of American life in between.”

该集已出版的还不到三分之一，涵盖了约翰·亚当斯、约翰·昆西·亚当斯和查尔斯·弗朗西斯·亚当斯的四本完整日记，根据巴特菲尔德先生的说法，这些日记涉及的主题“远至法印战争的战役和加菲尔德-克利夫兰时代的政党，以及其间的整个美国生活”。

Thomas Boylston Adams and John Quincy Adams, the present trustees of the Adams Manuscript Trust which was formed in 1905 to run for forty years, made the decision to open the record.

托马斯·博伊斯顿·亚当斯 (Thomas Boylston Adams) 和约翰·昆西·亚当斯 (John Quincy Adams) 是亚当斯手稿信托基金会 (Adams Manuscript Trust) 的现任受托人，该信托基金会成立于 1905 年，已运行四十年，他们决定公开该记录。

They plan to give the papers to the Massachusetts Historical Society and the complete collection will be placed on microfilm and made available to scholars in major research libraries throughout the country.

他们计划将这些论文交给马萨诸塞州历史学会，完整的藏品将制作成缩微胶卷，供全国主要研究图书馆的学者使用。

For over 75 years, American Heritage has chronicled our nation's history like no other publication.

75 年来，《美国遗产》以无与伦比的方式记录了我们国家的历史。

Please support our trusted, non-partisan historical writing and the volunteers that sustain it by donating today.

请通过今天的捐赠来支持我们值得信赖的、无党派的历史写作以及维持它的志愿者。

We rely on contributions from readers like you to survive.

我们依靠像您这样的读者的贡献才能生存。

Donate

捐赠

For 75 years, American Heritage has been the leading magazine of U.S. history, politics, and culture.

75 年来，《美国遗产》一直是美国历史、政治和文化的领先杂志。