The Living Weapon
Narrator: : In November 1969, President Richard Nixon made a startling declaration.
旁白： 1969 年 11 月，理查德·尼克松总统发表了一项令人震惊的声明。
President Nixon (Archival): : The United States of America will renounce the use of any form of deadly biological weapons that either kill or incapacitate.
尼克松总统（档案）：：美利坚合众国将放弃使用任何形式的致死或致残的致命生物武器。
Narrator: : Nixon’s announcement was widely acclaimed, yet few Americans knew that for more than twenty-five years the United States had been operating an extensive research program to harness germs as weapons of mass destruction.
旁白：尼克松的声明受到广泛好评，但很少有美国人知道，二十五年多来，美国一直在实施一项广泛的研究计划，以利用细菌作为大规模杀伤性武器。
Born during a terrible world war, America’s bioweapons program was fueled by fear and insulated with secrecy.
美国的生物武器计划诞生于一场可怕的世界大战期间，恐惧助长了它的发展，并采取了保密措施。
Matthew Meselson, Biologist: : Biological weapons are designed to kill vast numbers of civilians.
生物学家马修·梅塞尔森：：生物武器的设计目的是杀死大量平民。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : You couldn’t have these programs out in the open because the public should not know.
社会学家 Jeanne Guillemin：你不能公开这些项目，因为公众不应该知道。
Narrator: : American researchers would enter uncharted territory as they ran an escalating series of experiments — ultimately using human subjects.
旁白：：美国研究人员将进入未知领域，进行一系列不断升级的实验——最终使用人类受试者。
Norm Covert, Camp Detrick Historian: : I’ve read the day-to-day notebooks of the laboratory scientists.
Norm Covert，德特里克营历史学家：：我读过实验室科学家的日常笔记本。
They never reached an end point.
他们从未到达终点。
They just kept pushing that point farther and farther every day.
他们每天都在不断推动这一点。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : There is an appeal to these weapons to certain members of the scientific community, almost being seduced by the dark side.
病理学家马丁·弗曼斯基：：科学界的某些成员对这些武器很感兴趣，他们几乎是被黑暗面所诱惑。
Brian Balmer, Author: : It’s essentially invisible.
Brian Balmer，作者：：它本质上是看不见的。
You can’t see it, you can’t hear it, you can’t smell it.
你看不到它，听不到它，闻不到它。
Richard Preston, Author: : A biological weapon is alive.
理查德·普雷斯顿，作者：：生物武器是活的。
What it wants to do is survive and reproduce itself — inside a host, the human body.
它想要做的是在宿主（人体）内生存并繁殖自己。
Narrator: : On December 9, 1942, the U.S. government convened a secret meeting at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. Army officers had urgent questions for an elite group of scientists.
旁白： 1942 年 12 月 9 日，美国政府在华盛顿特区的国家科学院召开秘密会议，陆军军官向一群精英科学家提出了紧急问题。
America and its allies were fighting a horrific world war.
美国及其盟国正在打一场可怕的世界大战。
Intelligence suggested that Germany might soon target Britain with a terrifying new weapon — a bomb packed with biological agents.
情报显示，德国可能很快就会用一种可怕的新武器瞄准英国——一颗装有生物制剂的炸弹。
The meeting was called to respond to a critical British request.
召开这次会议是为了回应英国的一项重要要求。
Could the Americans create a large-scale biological warfare program to help their allies — and do it virtually overnight?
美国能否制定一个大规模的生物战计划来帮助他们的盟友——并且几乎在一夜之间就能完成？
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : If you brought all that we knew about microbiology and infectious diseases, into a military context, you could develop a weapon that would be amazingly effective.
社会学家 Jeanne Guillemin：如果将我们所了解的有关微生物学和传染病的知识带入军事环境，您就可以开发出一种非常有效的武器。
It would be dangerous.
这会很危险。
It could change the course of the war.
它可能会改变战争的进程。
Narrator: : Only a few months before, the president of the United States had grappled with the issue of biological weapons.
旁白：：就在几个月前，美国总统还在努力解决生物武器问题。
“I have been loath to believe that any nation,” Franklin Roosevelt said, “even our present enemies, would be willing to loose upon mankind such terrible and inhumane weapons.”
富兰克林·罗斯福说：“我一直不愿意相信任何国家，甚至我们现在的敌人，都会愿意向人类释放如此可怕和不人道的武器。”
Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, thought differently.
战争部长亨利·史汀生却有不同的看法。
“Biological warfare is …
“生物战是……
dirty business,” he wrote to Roosevelt, “but …
肮脏的生意，”他写信给罗斯福，“但是……
I think we must be prepared.”
我认为我们必须做好准备。”
The president approved the launch of America’s biological warfare program.
总统批准启动美国的生物战计划。
For the first time, U.S. researchers would be trying to make weapons from the deadliest germs known to science.
美国研究人员将首次尝试用科学上已知的最致命的细菌制造武器。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : Once you’re looking at a science not strictly for the benefits that it can bring, but for the damage it can inflict on an enemy, you’re in a whole new world.
社会学家珍妮·吉耶曼 (Jeanne Guillemin)：一旦你审视一门科学时，不再严格关注它能带来的好处，而是关注它可能对敌人造成的伤害，那么你就进入了一个全新的世界。
Narrator: : Now, at the request of a desperate ally, America was entering a realm lacking clear ethical limits, where science and secrecy would go hand in hand.
旁白：现在，在一个绝望盟友的要求下，美国正在进入一个缺乏明确道德界限、科学与保密齐头并进的领域。
As the meeting broke up, the researchers were now warned — anyone who leaked details of the discussion would face forty years in prison and a $10,000 fine.
会议结束后，研究人员收到警告——任何泄露讨论细节的人都将面临 40 年监禁和 10,000 美元罚款。
By the time of the Washington meeting, German bombs had been raining down on Britain for two years.
到华盛顿会议召开时，德国的炸弹已经如雨点般落在英国身上已有两年了。
The English feared that the next bomb might carry a biological payload.
英国人担心下一枚炸弹可能携带生物有效载荷。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : You can look at the British in 1940.
Jeanne Guillemin，社会学家：你可以看看 1940 年的英国。
When the Blitz is going on, that’s when they decide that they’re going to start a biological weapons program.
当闪电战进行时，他们决定启动生物武器计划。
They are absolutely at the edge.
他们绝对处于边缘。
They’re really desperate, and they want to seek any kind of defense that they can.
他们真的很绝望，他们想寻求任何可能的防御。
Narrator: : In July 1942, Britain began secret trials of unconventional weapons on a small Scottish island called Gruinard.
旁白： 1942年7月，英国开始在苏格兰一个名叫格鲁伊纳德的小岛上秘密试验非常规武器。
Brian Balmer, Author: : It was picked because of its remoteness — partly because of reasons of secrecy, but also partly because there were very few populated areas around the island.
布莱恩·巴尔默（Brian Balmer），作者：：之所以选择它是因为它地处偏远——部分是因为保密的原因，还有部分是因为岛上人口稠密的地区很少。
Narrator: : The British believed they had a weapon that would disperse infectious germs into the air.
旁白：：英国人相信他们拥有一种可以将传染性细菌传播到空气中的武器。
In their labs they had evaluated a handful of lethal agents.
在他们的实验室中，他们评估了一些致命制剂。
Now in the field, they would test the most promising — the bacterium that causes the dreaded disease anthrax.
现在，他们将在野外测试最有希望的细菌——引起可怕的炭疽病的细菌。
Led by bacteriologist Paul Fildes, the team first considered how far beyond the island wind might spread the germs.
由细菌学家保罗·菲尔德斯（Paul Fildes）领导的研究小组首先考虑了岛屿风可能将细菌传播到多远的地方。
Then they positioned their subjects — a score of sheep purchased from local crofters.
然后他们定位了拍摄对象——从当地佃农那里购买的二十只羊。
A scaffolding held a bomb packed with hardy anthrax spores.
脚手架上装有一枚装满耐寒炭疽孢子的炸弹。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : They really have to turn to an agent like anthrax because the anthrax spore is able to withstand the pressure of an explosion.
社会学家 Jeanne Guillemin：：他们确实必须求助于像炭疽这样的媒介，因为炭疽孢子能够承受爆炸的压力。
Brian Balmer, Author: : This was an anti-personnel bomb.
布莱恩·巴尔默（Brian Balmer），作者：：这是一枚杀伤人员炸弹。
But, obviously, doing experiments with humans with anthrax was out of the question.
但是，显然，用炭疽杆菌进行人类实验是不可能的。
Narrator: : Over the next minutes, the cloud of germs passed over the animals.
旁白：：在接下来的几分钟里，大量的细菌从动物身上传过。
For several days, nothing.
一连几天，毫无动静。
Then the sheep began to tremble and stagger.
然后羊开始颤抖、摇摇晃晃。
Blood oozed from their bodies shortly before death.
死亡前不久，鲜血从他们的身体中渗出。
Brian Balmer, Author: : What Fildes’ experience on Gruinard Island had shown was that an anti-personnel biological bomb could be produced.
布莱恩·巴尔默（Brian Balmer），作者：：菲尔德斯在格鲁纳德岛的经历表明，杀伤人员生物炸弹是可以制造的。
What it did convince the allies of was that they had a really potent weapon.
它确实让盟友相信他们拥有一种非常强大的武器。
Narrator: : A potent weapon, but one exceedingly hard to contain.
旁白：：一种强大的武器，但极其难以控制。
Brian Balmer, Author: : The dead sheep were put at the bottom of the cliff with some explosives.
布莱恩·巴尔默 (Brian Balmer)，作者：：死羊与一些炸药一起被放在悬崖底部。
The explosives were let off to bury the sheep.
发射炸药是为了埋葬羊。
One or two of the sheep were blown into the water and floated away.
一两只羊被吹进水里，漂走了。
Narrator: : Soon, animals began to die on the mainland.
旁白：：很快，大陆上的动物开始死亡。
If word of the lethal experiment got out, Fildes feared, the public would panic.
菲尔德斯担心，如果致命实验的消息传出去，公众会感到恐慌。
British security services concocted a story — Greek sailors had tossed infected carcasses overboard.
英国安全部门编造了一个故事：希腊水手将受感染的尸体扔到了海里。
The British reimbursed farmers, “on behalf of the Greek government.”
英国“代表希腊政府”向农民提供补偿。
Fildes had a successful field trial, but scant resources.
菲尔德斯进行了一次成功的现场试验，但资源匮乏。
To move into production, the British would need American help.
为了投入生产，英国需要美国的帮助。
Brian Balmer, Author: : One of the advantages of bringing the U.S. into the research on biological warfare, as far as Britain was concerned, was that they didn’t have the facilities, the resources, the money.
布莱恩·巴尔默（Brian Balmer），作者：：对英国而言，让美国参与生物战研究的优势之一是他们没有设施、资源和资金。
Narrator: : A British politician of the day described the United States as a “gigantic boiler.
旁白：：当时的一位英国政客将美国描述为“巨大的锅炉”。
Once the fire is lighted under it, there is no limit to the power it can generate.”
一旦它下面的火被点燃，它可以产生无限的力量。”
Fildes had lit the boiler.
菲尔德斯点燃了锅炉。
In spring 1943, American scientists and staff began arriving at a sleepy airstrip in rural Maryland.
1943 年春天，美国科学家和工作人员开始抵达马里兰州乡村的一个寂静的机场。
Operating under the Army’s Chemical Warfare Service, Camp Detrick would become the top-secret enclave for enthusiastic American biowarfare researchers.
德特里克营在陆军化学战服务处运作，后来成为热情的美国生物战研究人员的绝密飞地。
Norm Covert, Camp Detrick Historian: : They were passionate about their science.
Norm Covert，德特里克营历史学家：：他们对科学充满热情。
They were the best in the country.
他们是全国最好的。
If someone said to you, “Here is an unlimited budget, here’s all the equipment you need, tell me which kind of building you want to work in, we’ll build it.” You would jump at that opportunity, and that’s exactly what they did.
如果有人对你说：“这里有无限的预算，这里有你需要的所有设备，告诉我你想在哪种建筑中工作，我们会建造它。”你会抓住这个机会，而他们正是这么做的。
But the imperative was, we need results very quickly.
但当务之急是，我们需要尽快得到结果。
Narrator: : The American bioweapons program would embody the same security precautions that the British had adopted.
旁白：：美国的生物武器计划将体现与英国所采取的相同的安全预防措施。
Norm Covert, Camp Detrick Historian: : It was the highest level of secrecy.
Norm Covert，德特里克营历史学家：：这是最高级别的保密。
In some cases, there were only four or five people who actually knew the extent of what was going on at Camp Detrick.
在某些情况下，只有四五个人真正了解德特里克营发生的事情的严重程度。
Mike Foster, Captain, Chemical Warfare Service: : I remember one time we had a party and somebody said, “Hey, lot of bacteriologists here, aren’t there?” That was quickly shushed up.
迈克·福斯特（Mike Foster），化学战服务处上尉：：我记得有一次我们举办一个聚会，有人说，“嘿，这里有很多细菌学家，不是吗？”这件事很快就被压制住了。
We were taught at Detrick, “Don’t talk about Detrick.”
我们在德特里克被教导，“不要谈论德特里克。”
Matthew Meselson, Biologist: : If an activity is conducted in secret, people who can see the mistakes in it or the danger in it, or the false assumptions in it, may not know about it — even people within the government.
生物学家马修·梅塞尔森：如果一项活动是秘密进行的，那些能够看到其中的错误或危险或错误假设的人可能不知道它——甚至是政府内部的人。
And therefore, you might embark upon a course which is disastrous.
因此，你可能会走上灾难性的道路。
Narrator: : Detrick’s scientific director was Ira Baldwin, the forty-seven-year-old chairman of the bacteriology department at the University of Wisconsin.
旁白：：德特里克的科学主任是伊拉·鲍德温，四十七岁，威斯康星大学细菌学系主任。
In one sense, Baldwin was an unlikely choice to lead the project.
从某种意义上说，鲍德温不太可能被选为领导该项目的人选。
Norm Covert, Camp Detrick Historian: : He had Quaker roots, very strict way of living.
Norm Covert，德特里克营历史学家：他有贵格会根源，生活方式非常严格。
And their morality was that war was not the way you do things.
他们的道德观是战争不是做事的方式。
You would think that Doctor Baldwin would have rejected the value of using biological warfare and the ethics of using biological warfare.
你可能会认为鲍德温博士会拒绝使用生物战的价值和使用生物战的道德规范。
Narrator: : Like other Detrick scientists, Baldwin struggled over his decision — but then quickly got down to work.
旁白：：像其他德特里克科学家一样，鲍德温为自己的决定而苦苦挣扎，但很快就开始工作。
It was wartime.
那是战时。
Norm Covert, Camp Detrick Historian: : Not many people today can understand the mindset of 1941, when we were attacked by Japanese.
Norm Covert，德特里克营历史学家：：今天没有多少人能够理解 1941 年日本人袭击时的心态。
The entire nation was at war, so we had a real mission to protect our nation.
整个国家都处于战争状态，所以我们有真正的使命来保护我们的国家。
Mike Foster, Captain, Chemical Warfare Service: : Do I find anything morally wrong with biological warfare as compared with other warfare?
迈克·福斯特（Mike Foster），化学战服务处上尉：：与其他战争相比，我认为生物战在道德上有什么问题吗？
No. I don’t see where there’s any difference.
不，我看不出有什么不同。
The purpose is the same in every case: kill 'em.
在任何情况下，目的都是相同的：杀死他们。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : The people who worked in the biological weapons programs were able to convince themselves that there was a patriotic reason for doing this work.
Jeanne Guillemin，社会学家：：从事生物武器计划的人们能够说服自己，从事这项工作是有爱国原因的。
That the nation-state would be in danger of not surviving if they did not do this work.
如果他们不做这项工作，民族国家将面临无法生存的危险。
They lived in a closed, moral order.
他们生活在封闭的道德秩序中。
Narrator: : The British had made two requests.
旁白： ：英国人提出了两个要求。
One was for anthrax.
一种是针对炭疽病的。
Another was for a toxin produced by bacteria — botulinum — the most lethal substance ever discovered.
另一种是针对细菌产生的毒素——肉毒杆菌——这是迄今为止发现的最致命的物质。
Richard Preston, Author: : A person who is poisoned with botulinum toxin develops paralysis.
理查德·普雷斯顿，作者：：肉毒杆菌毒素中毒的人会出现瘫痪。
Doctors can watch it creep through the body.
医生可以观察它在体内的蠕动。
And when the paralysis reaches the center of the chest, you have a breathing arrest and a heart attack.
当麻痹到达胸部中央时，您会出现呼吸停止和心脏病发作。
And you can’t be resuscitated.
而且你无法复苏。
Narrator: : The British provided Detrick with the botulinum recipe.
旁白：：英国人向德特里克提供了肉毒杆菌的配方。
Scaling it up was Ira Baldwin’s job.
扩大规模是艾拉·鲍德温 (Ira Baldwin) 的工作。
He built a temporary tarpaper shack.
他用油纸搭建了一个临时棚屋。
Protected by guards armed with machine guns, it ran twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
在配备机枪的警卫保护下，它每周 7 天、每天 24 小时运行。
Researchers tested the deadly toxin on mice.
研究人员在小鼠身上测试了这种致命毒素。
But no one could say exactly what would happen in human beings.
但没有人能确切地说出人类会发生什么。
Mike Foster, Captain, Chemical Warfare Service: : One milliliter will kill a million mice.
迈克·福斯特（Mike Foster），化学战服务处上尉：：一毫升可以杀死一百万只老鼠。
Now, how much would it take to kill a person?
那么，要花多少钱才能杀死一个人呢？
I can’t answer that.
我无法回答这个问题。
But it’s very, very toxic, very potent.
但它的毒性非常非常大，而且非常有效。
Narrator: : A special plan provided for staff who might be accidentally killed on the job.
旁白：：为可能在工作中意外死亡的员工提供了特别计划。
They were to be buried on Detrick’s grounds, without any report on the cause of death, in airtight metal caskets.
他们将被埋在德特里克的土地上，没有任何关于死因的报告，被埋在密封的金属棺材里。
For decades, nations had debated the use of unconventional weapons.
几十年来，各国一直在争论非常规武器的使用。
In World War I, many saw Germany’s use of chlorine gas, a chemical weapon, as an outrageous violation of the norms of war and a corruption of science.
在第一次世界大战中，许多人认为德国使用氯气这种化学武器是对战争规范的粗暴违反和对科学的腐败。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : Wonderful things came out of modern chemistry that improved people’s lives.
Jeanne Guillemin，社会学家：：现代化学产生了奇妙的东西，改善了人们的生活。
But, unfortunately in World War I, you find that a great science can be exploited for military purposes.
但是，不幸的是，在第一次世界大战中，你发现一门伟大的科学可以被用于军事目的。
Narrator: : In 1925, in Geneva, over thirty nations signed a protocol banning first use of unconventional weapons — germs and chemicals alike.
旁白： 1925 年，三十多个国家在日内瓦签署了一项禁止首次使用非常规武器（细菌和化学品等）的议定书。
Richard Preston, Author: : A chemical weapon is a poison.
理查德·普雷斯顿，作者：：化学武器是一种毒药。
And it kills usually very rapidly.
而且它通常会很快致死。
A biological weapon is a microorganism.
生物武器是一种微生物。
A biological weapon is alive.
生物武器是活的。
And like all other life forms, what it wants to do is survive and reproduce itself.
和所有其他生命形式一样，它想做的就是生存和繁殖自己。
Narrator: : The U.S. signed, but didn’t ratify the Geneva Protocol — an agreement which still permitted research and production of germ weapons.
旁白：：美国签署了《日内瓦议定书》，但没有批准该议定书，该协议仍然允许研究和生产细菌武器。
By the late 1930s, as tensions rose in Europe, the door was open to the scientific creation of new weapons of mass destruction.
到了 20 世纪 30 年代末，随着欧洲紧张局势加剧，科学制造新型大规模杀伤性武器的大门敞开了。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : This war coming in 1939, 1940, was envisioned as a war of scientists against scientists.
Jeanne Guillemin，社会学家：：这场发生在 1939 年、1940 年的战争被认为是一场科学家对抗科学家的战争。
Whoever had the best scientists was going to win this war.
谁拥有最优秀的科学家，谁就将赢得这场战争。
Narrator: : In 1944, V-1 rockets launched from Germany pounded London, raising British fears of a Nazi biological attack.
旁白： 1944 年，从德国发射的 V-1 火箭袭击了伦敦，引发了英国人对纳粹生物袭击的担忧。
The fears would prove unfounded, but not before British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had placed an urgent order with the U.S. for half a million anthrax bomblets.
这种担心最终被证明是毫无根据的，但在此之前英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔已经向美国紧急订购了 50 万枚炭疽炸弹。
“Pray let me know when they will be available,” he wrote.
“请让我知道它们何时可用，”他写道。
“We should regard it as a first installment.”
“我们应该将其视为第一期。”
The British request far exceeded Detrick’s capacity.
英国人的要求远远超出了德特里克的能力。
To fill it, Ira Baldwin began converting an old munitions factory in Vigo, Indiana.
为了填补这一空缺，艾拉·鲍德温开始改造印第安纳州维戈市的一家旧军火工厂。
The new plant was designed as a gigantic industrial assembly line that could produce anthrax bacteria by the ton.
新工厂被设计成一条巨大的工业装配线，可以生产成吨的炭疽细菌。
Still, critics at the highest levels of American government voiced concerns about the germ program.
尽管如此，美国政府最高层的批评者还是对细菌计划表示了担忧。
Admiral William Leahy, President Roosevelt’s chief of staff, said that using germ weapons, “would violate every Christian ethic I have ever heard of and all of the known laws of war.” But in a time of national crisis, Leahy’s objections were not enough to slow the momentum of the U.S. program.
罗斯福总统的幕僚长威廉·莱希海军上将表示，使用细菌武器“将违反我所听说过的每一条基督教道德以及所有已知的战争法。”但在国家危机时期，莱希的反对并不足以减缓美国计划的势头。
In December 1944, reports came of a potential germ attack on the United States — launched by Japan.
1944 年 12 月，有报道称日本可能对美国发动细菌袭击。
Balloons began to fall from the western skies of North America.
气球开始从北美西部的天空坠落。
Amid worries that the balloons might contain a biological agent, Detrick dispatched a scientist to one of the crash sites.
由于担心气球可能含有生物制剂，德特里克派了一名科学家前往坠机地点之一。
The balloons contained only explosives.
气球中只装有炸药。
Still, the incident fueled the fears that kept America’s biological program moving forward.
尽管如此，这一事件还是加剧了人们的担忧，而正是这些担忧促使美国的生物计划继续前进。
By August 1945, the American biological program had spent sixty million dollars.
到 1945 年 8 月，美国生物计划已花费 6000 万美元。
Thousands of workers at Detrick and satellite facilities had sacrificed over half a million experimental animals while investigating a dozen devastating illnesses.
德特里克和卫星设施的数千名工作人员在调查十几种毁灭性疾病时牺牲了超过 50 万只实验动物。
And soon the new Vigo plant would be ready for its first anthrax run.
很快，新的维戈工厂将准备好进行首次炭疽试验。
But then came surprising news from Japan.
但随后从日本传来了令人惊讶的消息。
As citizens, the biowarfare researchers celebrated the American victory.
作为公民，生物战研究人员庆祝了美国的胜利。
But as government scientists, they knew they had a problem.
但作为政府科学家，他们知道自己遇到了问题。
Another unconventional weapon had proved itself in war.
另一种非常规武器已经在战争中证明了自己的实力。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : After Hiroshima and Nagasaki, biological weapons were put in a kind of a shadow.
Jeanne Guillemin，社会学家： ：在广岛和长崎之后，生物武器被置于某种阴影之中。
They didn’t look as powerful or promising as they had before the revelations about what a nuclear weapon could do.
它们看起来并不像核武器的威力被揭露之前那样强大或有前途。
Narrator: : Nuclear weapons were now in ascendance.
旁白： ：核武器现在正处于优势地位。
After three frantic years, the U.S. biological warfare program seemed headed for extinction.
经过疯狂的三年后，美国的生物战计划似乎濒临灭绝。
Then, an unexpected reprieve.
然后，意想不到的缓刑。
Not long after the war’s end, the U.S. received unconfirmed intelligence of biological weapons research conducted by America’s wartime ally — the Soviet Union.
战争结束后不久，美国收到了美国战时盟友苏联进行生物武器研究的未经证实的情报。
The looming Cold War would drive the American program for decades to come.
迫在眉睫的冷战将在未来几十年推动美国的计划。
The U.S. germ program was launched in World War II because of reports of German and Japanese bioweapons research.
由于德国和日本生物武器研究的报道，美国在第二次世界大战期间启动了细菌计划。
Now with the war over, America dispatched investigators to uncover the real extent of its defeated enemies’ germ technology.
战争结束后，美国派遣调查人员去调查其战败敌人的细菌技术的真实情况。
In Germany, the U.S. had expected to find a large biological program.
美国曾期望在德国找到一个大型生物计划。
But no one calculated that Hitler, wounded in a chemical attack in World War I, would constrain the development of a German program.
但没有人想到，在第一次世界大战中的化学袭击中受伤的希特勒会限制德国计划的发展。
Brian Balmer, Author: : As it turned out, the German program was very scattered, and Hitler himself had given an order very early in the war that there was to be no offensive biological weapons research.
布莱恩·巴尔默（Brian Balmer），作者： 事实证明，德国的计划非常分散，希特勒本人在战争初期就下令不得进行进攻性生物武器研究。
Narrator: : But in Japan, Americans were surprised by the ways that germ research surpassed what wartime intelligence had suggested.
旁白：：但在日本，美国人对细菌研究超出战时情报建议的程度感到惊讶。
The name of one officer and physician kept coming up.
一名官员和医生的名字不断出现。
One informant called him “the germ man.” Another said his entire career, “starts with germs and ends with germs.” He was Shiro Ishii, the driving force behind Japan’s secret biological weapons program.
一位线人称他为“细菌人”。另一位人士说，他的整个职业生涯“始于细菌，也结束于细菌”。他就是石井四郎，日本秘密生物武器计划的幕后推手。
Ishii was interrogated by Detrick investigators in May 1947.
1947 年 5 月，石井受到德特里克调查员的审讯。
And what came out exceeded anything the British or Americans had imagined.
结果超出了英国人和美国人的想象。
Detrick researchers could now piece together the story of Japan’s no-holds-barred germ warfare program.
德特里克的研究人员现在可以拼凑出日本无限制细菌战计划的故事。
Its headquarters was a facility called Unit 731 in a Japanese-controlled region of China.
其总部位于中国日军控制区的一处名为“731部队”的设施。
The site housed 3,000 Japanese personnel and included labs, a Shinto temple, a cinema and a brothel.
该地点容纳了 3,000 名日本人员，包括实验室、一座神道寺庙、一家电影院和一家妓院。
Ishii, like his Allied counterparts, understood the need for the utmost secrecy.
石井和他的盟军同行一样，明白高度保密的必要性。
He operated under a cover as “Chief of the Water Purification and Epidemic Corps.”
他以“净水防疫总队总队长”为幌子进行活动。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : He had tremendous access to human subjects, to mostly peasant Han Chinese.
Jeanne Guillemin，社会学家：：他有大量接触人类对象的机会，其中大部分是汉族农民。
He would just pick people up out of their homes or off the street and bring them in and keep them captive, and also then perform on them really atrocious experiments equal to anything that was ever conducted in the Nazi death camps.
他只是把人们从家里或街上抓起来，把他们带进来，囚禁起来，然后对他们进行非常残暴的实验，就像在纳粹死亡营里进行过的任何实验一样。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : The human experiments always ended in death.
Martin Furmanski，病理学家：：人体实验总是以死亡告终。
Even those who recovered from the disease were killed so that their autopsies could be completed and added to the files.
即使那些从疾病中康复的人也被杀害，以便完成尸检并添加到档案中。
They sought the scientific information so avidly, they often did the autopsy before the patient died so that the tissues would be perfectly fresh.
他们如此热衷于寻求科学信息，经常在病人去世前进行尸检，以便组织是完全新鲜的。
If you look at the number of people who were murdered in the facility in experiments, there were at least three thousand, and more likely closer to ten thousand people.
如果你看看实验中在该设施中被谋杀的人数，至少有三千人，更有可能接近一万人。
Narrator: : Ishii and his team infected people with germs causing plague, cholera, dysentery and typhoid.
旁白：：石井和他的团队让人们感染了引起鼠疫、霍乱、痢疾和伤寒的细菌。
But they had a preferred lethal agent.
但他们有一个首选的致命剂。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : They conducted human subjects experiments with anthrax — something that the United States and the United Kingdom scientists may have theorized, but they had never brought themselves to that actuality.
社会学家 Jeanne Guillemin：他们用炭疽进行了人体实验——美国和英国的科学家可能已经理论化了这一点，但他们从未将自己变成现实。
Richard Preston, Author: : If you inhale anthrax spores into your lungs, you can come down with pulmonary anthrax.
理查德·普雷斯顿，作者：：如果您将炭疽孢子吸入肺部，您可能会患上肺炭疽。
It’s a very bad disease that is very hard to survive.
这是一种非常严重的疾病，很难生存。
Your lungs fill up with fluid.
你的肺部充满了液体。
Your skin turns blue.
你的皮肤变蓝。
The lymph nodes inside the chest can swell up to the size of tennis balls and can rupture.
胸腔内的淋巴结可以肿大到网球大小并可能破裂。
It’s a very painful, grizzly death.
这是一次非常痛苦、灰暗的死亡。
Narrator: : The Japanese experiments were not confined to the laboratory.
旁白：：日本的实验并不局限于实验室。
They also took place in Chinese cities.
它们也发生在中国的城市。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : One of the weapons that Ishii developed were fleas that had been infected with the plague bacterium.
病理学家 Martin Furmanski：石井开发的武器之一是感染鼠疫细菌的跳蚤。
These were released from airplanes and dropped over Chinese cities.
它们从飞机上释放并投放到中国城市上空。
Narrator: : Outside Ishii’s compounds, thousands of Chinese were infected with Black Death and other diseases spread by Japan’s forces.
旁白：：在石井大院外，成千上万的中国人感染了黑死病和日本军队传播的其他疾病。
The extent of Ishii’s experiments amazed the American investigators.
石井实验的规模令美国研究人员感到惊讶。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : The more they learned about the Japanese program, the more they wanted to know about the Japanese program.
Jeanne Guillemin，社会学家：：他们对日本项目了解得越多，他们就越想了解日本项目。
The work that the Japanese did was beyond the experience of those American scientists.
日本人所做的工作超出了那些美国科学家的经验。
Narrator: : The Japanese had crossed an ethical line.
旁白：：日本人已经跨越了道德底线。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : All of the work in America had been done on animals.
Martin Furmanski，病理学家：：美国的所有工作都是在动物身上完成的。
The Japanese data was a proof test.
日本的数据是一个验证测试。
It showed that a weapon could kill people.
这表明武器可以杀人。
Narrator: : Ishii had kept what appeared to be meticulous records, including autopsy diagrams and microscope slides of human tissue.
旁白：：石井保留了看似细致的记录，包括尸检图和人体组织的显微镜幻灯片。
In exchange for his human data, Ishii wanted immunity from war crimes prosecution for himself and his colleagues.
作为交换人类数据的条件，石井希望自己和同事免受战争罪起诉。
His case came to the top allied commander in post-war Japan — General Douglas MacArthur.
他的案子落到了战后日本的盟军最高指挥官——道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军的手中。
He took the matter to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
他将此事提交给参谋长联席会议。
They gave MacArthur a free hand, but stressed the importance of hiding biowarfare information from the Soviets.
他们让麦克阿瑟放手一搏，但强调向苏联隐瞒生物战信息的重要性。
By early 1948, the U.S. understood that it was fighting a Cold War with its former ally.
1948 年初，美国意识到自己正在与其前盟友打一场冷战。
Americans saw the Soviet Union, already in control of Eastern Europe, as a ruthless nation in pursuit of unconventional weapons.
美国人将已经控制了东欧的苏联视为一个追求非常规武器的无情国家。
That March, MacArthur formally approved a highly secret deal with Ishii.
那年三月，麦克阿瑟正式批准了与石井的一项高度秘密的协议。
In Nuremberg, Germany, Nazi doctors had been convicted and hanged.
在德国纽伦堡，纳粹医生被定罪并被绞死。
The Tokyo War Crimes trial would play out differently.
东京战争罪审判的结果将会有所不同。
Not a single biowarfare case was prosecuted.
没有一起生物战案件被起诉。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : The immunity deal was a disgrace.
病理学家 Martin Furmanski：免疫协议是一种耻辱。
The Japanese workers deserved to be tried for their war crimes.
日本工人应该因其战争罪行而受到审判。
If that had happened, there would have been a precedent against such things.
如果发生这种情况，就会有反对此类事情的先例。
Narrator: : Detrick researchers considered the deal helpful for the American germ program.
旁白：：德特里克研究人员认为这笔交易对美国细菌计划有帮助。
It put unique human data in their hands.
它将独特的人类数据交给了他们。
It suppressed testimony that might have encouraged Soviet scientists.
它压制了可能鼓励苏联科学家的证词。
And it offered something else just as important.
它还提供了其他同样重要的东西。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : The United States got secrecy around its own program.
社会学家 Jeanne Guillemin：：美国对其自己的计划保密。
Think of it.
想一想吧。
If the Japanese scientists had been prosecuted in Tokyo, the world would have reacted with such horror that it would have been very difficult for Americans to move forward with an offensive biological weapons program.
如果日本科学家在东京受到起诉，全世界的反应将会如此恐怖，以至于美国人将很难推进进攻性生物武器计划。
Narrator: : But thanks to the deal, the program was advancing once again — faster than ever.
旁白：：但由于这笔交易，该计划再次取得进展——比以往任何时候都快。
In the early years of the Cold War, many Americans — and Detrick workers in particular — feared the worst from the Soviets.
冷战初期，许多美国人——尤其是德特里克工人——担心苏联会带来最坏的结果。
Bill Patrick, Microbiologist: : We felt very strongly that the Soviet Union had a very strong program in biological warfare and that we were putting our lives at risk to work with all these nasty organisms.
微生物学家比尔·帕特里克：我们强烈地感觉到苏联在生物战方面有一个非常强大的计划，我们冒着生命危险与所有这些令人讨厌的生物体打交道。
Narrator: : The U.S. military concluded it had to make plans, despite not knowing if the Soviets really had germ weapons.
旁白：：尽管不知道苏联人是否真的拥有细菌武器，但美国军方得出的结论是必须制定计划。
Matthew Meselson, Biologist: : If they do, do you need them yourself?
生物学家 Matthew Meselson：如果有的话，您自己需要吗？
If you had no nuclear weapons, I think the decision would have been, we’d better have a biological capability.
如果没有核武器，我认为我们的决定就是，我们最好拥有生物能力。
And we would be in bad shape if we found out that they did, and had nothing of that sort ourselves.
如果我们发现他们这样做了，我们的处境就会很糟糕，而我们自己却没有这样的东西。
Narrator: : Because the U.S. still had few nuclear bombs, germ weapons got a boost.
旁白：：由于美国的核弹还很少，细菌武器得到了加强。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : The biological weapons program was able to step up and at least claim that it could provide a weapon of mass destruction that would augment the atomic arsenal.
病理学家马丁·弗曼斯基：生物武器计划得以推进，至少声称它可以提供一种大规模杀伤性武器，从而增强原子武库。
Narrator: : With the American biological warfare program ramping up, Detrick researchers had high hopes for the human data from Japan.
旁白：随着美国生物战计划的加强，德特里克研究人员对来自日本的人类数据寄予厚望。
They were deeply disappointed.
他们深感失望。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : It turned out that Shiro Ishii was not the kind of scientist they wanted.
Martin Furmanski，病理学家：：事实证明，石井四郎并不是他们想要的那种科学家。
What they wanted was a scientist who would tell them how many airborne bacteria would infect people a half a mile downwind.
他们想要的是一位科学家能够告诉他们有多少空气传播的细菌会感染顺风半英里处的人们。
There was nothing like this in the Japanese documents.
日本的文件中没有这样的内容。
Narrator: : The U.S. had let war criminals go free in exchange for junk science.
旁白：：美国释放了战犯，以换取垃圾科学。
American bioweapons researchers now came to a sobering realization; if they wanted reliable human data, they would have to get it themselves.
美国生物武器研究人员现在清醒地认识到：如果他们想要可靠的人类数据，他们就必须自己获取。
On a sticky August day in 1949, technicians from Detrick visited the Pentagon on a secret mission.
1949 年 8 月一个闷热的一天，德特里克的技术人员前往五角大楼执行一项秘密任务。
Disguised as maintenance workers, they used “simulants” — non-infectious bacteria — to assess the vulnerability of people inside large buildings to attack.
他们伪装成维修工人，使用“模拟物”——非传染性细菌——来评估大型建筑内的人们受到攻击的脆弱性。
Only a few of the Pentagon’s employees were aware of the test.
只有少数五角大楼员工知道这次测试。
A technical success, the Pentagon trial revealed the threat, and promise, of germs for sabotage.
五角大楼的试验在技术上取得了成功，揭示了细菌破坏的威胁和前景。
But the American biological program had ambitions beyond workers in buildings.
但美国生物计划的野心超出了建筑工人的范围。
Matthew Meselson, Biologist: : The characteristic of biological weapons is the ability to cover very large areas with windborne disease organisms.
生物学家马修·梅塞尔森：：生物武器的特点是能够用风传播的疾病生物体覆盖非常大的区域。
Automatically that tells you that if there is any utility to biological weapons, it lies in the attack of civilians.
这自然会告诉你，如果生物武器有任何用处的话，那就是攻击平民。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : This is a great change in notions of conducting war, waging war in the twentieth century.
社会学家 Jeanne Guillemin：这是 20 世纪进行战争、发动战争的观念的巨大变化。
You have to start thinking of the enemy civilian as aiding and abetting the enemy, as part and parcel of the aggression that you’re trying to overcome.
你必须开始将敌方平民视为协助和教唆敌人，作为你试图克服的侵略的重要组成部分。
So your victory may depend greatly on the killing of civilians.
所以你的胜利可能在很大程度上取决于对平民的杀戮。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : A series of tests were done on American cities.
病理学家 Martin Furmanski：：在美国城市进行了一系列测试。
There was still some doubt that biological weapons could be effective against a target the size of a city.
人们仍然怀疑生物武器能否有效打击城市大小的目标。
Narrator: : An early trial took place in San Francisco in September 1950.
旁白：：1950 年 9 月在旧金山进行了一次早期审判。
Outside the Golden Gate Bridge, a Navy ship sailed a carefully charted course.
金门大桥外，一艘海军舰艇沿着精心绘制的航线航行。
It released a plume of simulant bacteria that dispersed like anthrax germs.
它释放出一股模拟细菌，像炭疽病菌一样扩散。
If the test had been real, most of San Francisco’s 800,000 residents would have been exposed to anthrax, and a large number would have been infected.
如果测试是真实的，旧金山 80 万居民中的大多数都会接触炭疽病，并且大量人会被感染。
Three years later, as the Cold War raged on, American planners took their secret exercises into the American heartland.
三年后，随着冷战的愈演愈烈，美国策划者将他们的秘密演习带到了美国腹地。
In St. Louis and Minneapolis, two cities thought to resemble potential Soviet targets, sprayers hidden in cars dispersed invisible clouds of simulants.
在圣路易斯和明尼阿波利斯这两个被认为类似于苏联潜在目标的城市，隐藏在汽车中的喷雾器散布着看不见的模拟物云。
U.S. citizens knew almost nothing about the American germ program.
美国公民对美国的细菌计划几乎一无所知。
Nor did most of their representatives in Washington.
他们在华盛顿的大多数代表也没有这样做。
Every year, the House Appropriations Committee approved biowarfare spending within the defense budget.
每年，众议院拨款委员会都会批准国防预算内的生物战支出。
In closed meetings, only a few selected congressmen were briefed on the details.
在非公开会议上，只有少数选定的国会议员了解了细节。
What the American public was told was how to respond to a biological attack.
美国公众被告知如何应对生物攻击。
Actor 1, What You Should Know About Biological Warfare (archival): : Biological warfare?
演员 1，关于生物战你应该知道什么（档案）：：生物战？
What do they expect me to do about it?
他们希望我对此做什么？
It’s not my headache.
这不是我的头痛。
Narrator, What You Should Know About Biological Warfare (archival): : You’re wrong.
旁白，关于生物战你应该知道什么（档案）：：你错了。
You had better find out the facts about biological warfare, or BW.
你最好了解有关生物战（BW）的事实。
Actor 2, What You Should Know About Biological Warfare (archival): : There’s a new poison.
演员 2，关于生物战你应该知道什么（档案）：：有一种新毒药。
One ounce can kill all the people in the United States.
一盎司可以杀死全美国的人。
Actress, What You Should Know About Biological Warfare (archival): : Germ warfare can wipe out an entire city!
女演员，关于生物战你应该知道什么（档案）：：细菌战可以消灭整个城市！
Narrator: : In a period of escalating Cold War tensions, Americans were encouraged by their government to prepare for a germ assault by a ruthless Soviet enemy thousands of miles away.
旁白：：在冷战紧张局势不断升级的时期，政府鼓励美国人做好准备，应对千里之外残酷的苏联敌人的细菌袭击。
Few were aware of what the U.S. had already done within its own borders.
很少有人知道美国在自己境内已经做了什么。
Fewer still knew what was coming next.
更少人知道接下来会发生什么。
In 1954, a group of American servicemen — all volunteers — began participating in a series of experiments at Detrick.
1954 年，一群美国军人（全部是志愿者）开始参加德特里克的一系列实验。
They stepped up to a new testing facility.
他们走向了一个新的测试设施。
The “eight-ball” was a million-liter sphere, the largest known aerosol testing chamber in the world.
“八球”是一个百万升的球体，是世界上已知最大的气溶胶测试室。
Inside, a sprayer or bomb set up a cloud of microbes.
在里面，喷雾器或炸弹会产生一团微生物。
The human subjects were Seventh Day Adventists.
人类受试者是基督复临安息日会信徒。
Conscientious objectors, they refused to carry arms.
他们出于良心拒服兵役，拒绝携带武器。
But 2,200 of them — called the “Whitecoats” — agreed to serve in experiments, including inhaling germs they knew might make them sick.
但其中 2,200 名被称为“白大衣”的人同意参与实验，包括吸入他们知道可能会使自己生病的细菌。
All human studies were approved by the Secretary of Defense.
所有人体研究均得到国防部长的批准。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : The Seventh Day Adventists presented an ideal population for testing biological weapons.
马丁·弗曼斯基，病理学家：：基督复临安息日会为测试生物武器提供了理想的人群。
Their religious beliefs prevented them from smoking, from drinking, and in general, their religion taught them to live a healthy lifestyle.
他们的宗教信仰禁止他们吸烟、饮酒，总的来说，他们的宗教信仰教导他们过健康的生活方式。
Even among healthy army recruits, they were perhaps the healthiest.
即使在健康的新兵中，他们也可能是最健康的。
Narrator: : Some Whitecoat trials evaluated new vaccines developed at Detrick.
旁白：：一些 Whitecoat 试验评估了德特里克开发的新疫苗。
But curing disease was not the primary goal of the studies.
但治愈疾病并不是这些研究的主要目标。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : The Adventists were told that they were undergoing these experiments in order to save lives.
马丁·弗曼斯基，病理学家：：复临信徒被告知，他们正在进行这些实验是为了拯救生命。
But, in fact, they were undergoing the experiments in order to calibrate a weapon to take lives.
但事实上，他们正在进行实验是为了校准夺取生命的武器。
Narrator: : Bill Patrick helped prepare the germs inhaled by the Whitecoats.
旁白：：比尔·帕特里克帮助准备了白衣党吸入的细菌。
Bill Patrick, Microbiologist: : You stick your nose into a hood that’s attached to a tank and you don’t smell it, you don’t see it.
比尔·帕特里克，微生物学家：：你把鼻子伸进连接在水箱上的引擎盖里，你既闻不到它的味道，也看不到它。
The psychological impact of this, I think, would be very, very difficult to take.
我认为，这种心理影响将是非常非常难以承受的。
Narrator: : In the Whitecoat era, Detrick scientists worked with a wider variety of germs.
旁白：：在白衣时代，德特里克科学家研究了更广泛的细菌。
Richard Preston, Author: : The American biowarfare program seemed to emphasize research into non-lethal biological weapons — weapons that wouldn’t necessarily make an enemy soldier dead, but would make that person pig-sick for a long time.
理查德·普雷斯顿（Richard Preston），作者：：美国生物战计划似乎强调对非致命生物武器的研究——这种武器不一定会使敌方士兵死亡，但会让那个人长期生病。
A sick soldier is more damaging to an Army than a dead soldier.
生病的士兵比死去的士兵对军队的伤害更大。
If a soldier is killed, all you need to do is just leave the soldier and continue with the campaign.
如果一名士兵被杀，你所需要做的就是离开该士兵并继续战役。
But an ill soldier is going to require several people to take care of that person.
但是一个生病的士兵需要几个人来照顾他。
Narrator: : Hundreds of Whitecoats would eventually inhale germs, including those causing tularemia and sandfly fever.
旁白：：数百名白大衣最终会吸入细菌，包括引起兔热病和白蛉热的细菌。
At least half of the exposed men became sick, but all eventually recuperated.
至少有一半的暴露者生病了，但最终都康复了。
Researchers knew that it’s one thing to test disease agents in the lab, but quite another to make them work on the battlefield.
研究人员知道，在实验室中测试病原体是一回事，但让它们在战场上发挥作用则完全是另一回事。
So in 1955, Detrick scientists prepared for America’s first outdoor test of infectious germs on human subjects.
因此，1955 年，德特里克的科学家们为美国首次针对人类受试者的传染性细菌进行户外测试做准备。
They arranged for a group of Whitecoats to be flown to Utah.
他们安排了一群白衣军人飞往犹他州。
Lloyd Long, Whitecoat Volunteer: : I know that they were not intentionally going to harm us in any way, that they had our best interests at heart.
劳埃德·朗（Lloyd Long），白衣志愿者：：我知道他们无意以任何方式伤害我们，他们把我们的最大利益放在心上。
You have to remember we’re eighteen-, nineteen-year-old kids.
你必须记住我们是十八、十九岁的孩子。
It was all kind of a big adventure.
这真是一次大冒险。
Narrator: : The site chosen for the experiment was the Dugway Proving Ground, located on a remote stretch of desert.
旁白： ：实验选择的地点是达格威试验场，位于一片偏远的沙漠上。
At the end of a July day, scientists prepared to release an aerosol of germs that cause Q fever — a debilitating infection.
七月末的一天，科学家们准备释放一种细菌气溶胶，这种气溶胶会引起 Q 热（一种使人衰弱的感染）。
Downwind, Whitecoats waited.
白衣军顺风而行，等待着。
A half-mile line of platforms held thirty men, three hundred guinea pigs, and seventy-five monkeys.
半英里长的平台上载着三十个人、三百只豚鼠和七十五只猴子。
Lloyd Long, Whitecoat Volunteer: : The monkey’s faces were blue.
劳埃德·朗（Lloyd Long），白大衣志愿者：：猴子的脸是蓝色的。
It was cold.
天气很冷。
The wind was coming right at us.
风正朝我们吹来。
I took my blanket and I put it over the monkeys.
我拿起毯子，盖在猴子身上。
We knew that when the siren blew, this was the signal to get up, sit on the stool, face the wind, just breathe naturally.
我们知道，当警笛响起时，这是起床的信号，坐在凳子上，面朝风，自然呼吸。
Narrator: : It took four minutes for the infectious cloud to reach the test stands.
旁白：：传染性云花了四分钟才到达测试台。
After the trials, men, monkeys and guinea pigs sat in the silence of the desert.
试验结束后，人类、猴子和豚鼠坐在寂静的沙漠中。
Forty-five minutes later, the Whitecoats were picked up.
四十五分钟后，白衣队员被接走。
Their contaminated clothes were incinerated, and the men boarded a flight to return to Maryland that night.
他们被污染的衣服被焚烧，当晚，这些人登上了返回马里兰州的航班。
Back at Detrick, the Whitecoats passed the time as the researchers waited to see if they’d come down with Q fever.
回到德特里克，白衣兄弟俩在研究人员等待观察他们是否患有 Q 热的过程中度过了一段时光。
Lloyd Long, Whitecoat Volunteer: : They had all kinds of activities for us to do.
Lloyd Long，白衣志愿者： ：他们为我们准备了各种各样的活动。
We could eat.
我们可以吃。
We played games.
我们玩游戏。
We had ping-pong.
我们打了乒乓球。
We shot pool.
我们打台球。
Narrator: : After about two weeks, most of the exposed men began to fall ill.
旁白： ：大约两周后，大多数暴露的男性开始生病。
Lloyd Long, Whitecoat Volunteer: : I woke up feeling I was coming down with the worst case of flu that I ever had.
白衣志愿者劳埃德·朗 (Lloyd Long)：：我醒来时感觉自己患上了有史以来最严重的流感。
My eyes were very, very sensitive to light.
我的眼睛对光非常非常敏感。
I wanted the room dark.
我希望房间是黑暗的。
I ached everywhere.
我浑身上下都痛。
I was just incredibly sick, just very, very sick.
我病得很厉害，病得很重。
Narrator: : The ill men took antibiotics.
旁白：：病人服用了抗生素。
Though one was hospitalized for months, all of the Whitecoats recovered.
尽管其中一人住院数月，但所有白衣人都康复了。
With the cooperation of Seventh Day Adventists, researchers had proved that windborne germs could infect a small group of people under field conditions.
在基督复临安息日会的合作下，研究人员证明风传细菌可以在野外条件下感染一小群人。
Now with the help of monkeys, they would try to determine if a biological weapon could match the impact of a hydrogen bomb.
现在，在猴子的帮助下，他们将尝试确定生物武器是否可以与氢弹的影响相媲美。
The tests began early in 1965, as barges took position near a Pacific atoll called Johnston.
测试于 1965 年初开始，当时驳船停泊在名为约翰斯顿的太平洋环礁附近。
Richard Preston, Author: : Inside the barges were cages filled with monkeys.
理查德·普雷斯顿，作者：：驳船上有装满猴子的笼子。
The monkeys were both on the deck of the barge and inside the hold of the barge.
这些猴子既在驳船的甲板上，又在驳船的货舱内。
There were also human beings wearing space suits and probably quite nervous.
还有穿着宇航服的人类，可能很紧张。
Narrator: : A low-flying military plane sprayed a thirty-two-mile line of germs, germs that cause a lethal disease — tularemia, or rabbit fever.
旁白：一架低空飞行的军用飞机向三十二英里长的线喷洒了细菌，这些细菌会引起致命的疾病——兔热病或兔热病。
Drifting over a vast swath of ocean, the microbes remained infectious for sixty miles.
这些微生物漂流在一大片海洋上，在六十英里内仍然具有传染性。
Richard Preston, Author: : The barges were towed back to the island.
理查德·普雷斯顿，作者：：驳船被拖回岛上。
And in the next days, the monkeys became ill.
在接下来的几天里，猴子们生病了。
Ultimately, about half of the monkeys became sick, and of them, most of them died.
最终，大约一半的猴子患病，其中大部分死亡。
Bill Patrick, Microbiologist: : These large-scale field tests demonstrated, beyond any shadow of a doubt, the feasibility of biological warfare.
微生物学家比尔·帕特里克：这些大规模的现场测试毫无疑问地证明了生物战的可行性。
And that is why we know that one particular agent, when properly stabilized and properly disseminated, is a terrific, very effective weapon system.
这就是为什么我们知道，一种特定的制剂，当得到适当的稳定和适当的传播时，是一种非常棒的、非常有效的武器系统。
Richard Preston, Author: : In theory, a single jet could knock out a city.
理查德·普雷斯顿 (Richard Preston)，作者： 理论上，一架喷气式飞机就可以摧毁一座城市。
It could perhaps infect as many as half the people in Los Angeles with tularemia.
它可能会使洛杉矶多达一半的人感染兔热病。
Narrator: : Though skeptics said the results were oversold, Detrick researchers were jubilant.
旁白：尽管怀疑论者认为结果被夸大了，但德特里克研究人员却欣喜若狂。
After twenty years of hard work, they believed they had made the case that biological weapons deserved a place in the U.S. arsenal.
经过二十年的努力，他们相信自己已经证明生物武器值得在美国武库中占有一席之地。
In fact, they may have succeeded too well.
事实上，他们可能做得太好了。
Richard Preston, Author: : I think it frightened the U.S. government.
理查德·普雷斯顿，作者：：我认为这吓坏了美国政府。
It was relatively easy to make biological weapons, relatively easy to disperse them.
制造生物武器相对容易，驱散它们也相对容易。
It wasn’t as difficult by any means as building a hydrogen bomb.
无论如何，这并不像制造氢弹那么困难。
There was a thinking here that we don’t really want to publicize how powerful these weapons are.
这里有一种想法，我们真的不想宣传这些武器有多强大。
Because all we’re really doing is proving to the rest of the world that biological weapons work.
因为我们真正要做的就是向世界其他地方证明生物武器是有效的。
Narrator: : Even as the trials were being conducted in the Pacific, other events were casting all unconventional weapons in a negative light.
旁白：：即使试验是在太平洋进行的，其他事件也给所有非常规武器带来了负面影响。
News stories broke about the American use of tear gas in Vietnam, the first combat use of a chemical weapon by the U.S. since World War I.
有关美国在越南使用催泪瓦斯的新闻报道是自第一次世界大战以来美国首次在战斗中使用化学武器。
America was also spraying a chemical defoliant tested at Detrick — Agent Orange.
美国还在德特里克喷洒了一种化学脱叶剂——橙剂。
Public protest erupted.
公众抗议爆发。
Reporter (archival): : Do you think germ warfare would be justified in Vietnam if it shortened the war and saved the lives of U.S. servicemen?
记者（档案）：如果细菌战能缩短战争时间并挽救美国军人的生命，您认为在越南进行细菌战是否合理？
Protestor (archival): : I feel that the best way to save lives of U.S. servicemen is to pull them out of Vietnam immediately.
抗议者（档案）：我认为拯救美国军人生命的最好方法就是立即将他们撤出越南。
Narrator: : Adding to the controversy, a news story in February 1969 disclosed an accident at the Army’s Dugway Proving Ground.
旁白： 1969 年 2 月的一则新闻报道披露了陆军杜格威试验场发生的一起事故，这进一步加剧了争议。
At a nearby Utah ranch, an errant cloud of nerve gas was claimed to have killed 6,000 sheep.
据称，在附近的犹他州牧场，一团错误的神经毒气杀死了 6,000 只羊。
Civilian (archival): : The Army finally admitted that they had conducted experiments in the area with nerve gas agents.
平民（档案）：：陆军最终承认他们在该地区进行了神经毒气实验。
Military officer (archival): : There are too many confusing aspects.
军官（档案）：：有太多令人困惑的方面。
We have been working in this area for twenty-five years, in this particular part of this country, and we have never done anything to damage the surrounding area.
我们在这个地区、在这个国家的这个特定地区工作了二十五年，我们从未做过任何破坏周边地区的事情。
If we are the cause of this, we have a problem.
如果我们是造成这种情况的原因，那么我们就有问题了。
Narrator: : For critics, the incident strengthened the argument that unconventional weapons of all types could not be controlled.
旁白：对于批评者来说，这一事件强化了所有类型的非常规武器都无法受到控制的论点。
For biowarfare researchers, it reinforced the need for secrecy established long ago at Gruinard Island.
对于生物战研究人员来说，它强化了格鲁纳德岛很久以前建立的保密的必要性。
Germ weapons programs could not survive the sunlight of public scrutiny.
细菌武器计划无法经受公众监督。
In Washington, President Richard Nixon was feeling the mounting political pressure.
在华盛顿，理查德·尼克松总统感受到了越来越大的政治压力。
His National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, ordered a full review of American chemical and biological weapons policy in May 1969.
1969 年 5 月，他的国家安全顾问亨利·基辛格下令对美国的化学和生物武器政策进行全面审查。
Among the invited contributors was Harvard biologist Matthew Meselson.
受邀撰稿人包括哈佛大学生物学家马修·梅塞尔森 (Matthew Meselson)。
Meselson had been pushing for a re-assessment of America’s unconventional weapons strategy.
梅塞尔森一直在推动重新评估美国的非常规武器战略。
Working for the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, he had visited Fort Detrick.
他在美国军备控制和裁军局工作，曾访问过德特里克堡。
Matthew Meselson, Biologist: : I asked my hosts what value they saw in these weapons.
生物学家马修·梅塞尔森：：我问东道主他们认为这些武器有什么价值。
And the main answer I got back was that it would save money, that it was cheaper than nuclear weapons.
我得到的主要答案是它可以省钱，比核武器便宜。
I was amazed at this answer.
我对这个答案感到惊讶。
It took a little thought, but not much, to realize that to pioneer a cheap weapon of mass destruction is exactly what the United States should never do.
经过一点思考，但并不需要太多思考，我们就意识到，开创一种廉价的大规模杀伤性武器正是美国永远不应该做的事情。
Narrator: : Kissinger presented Nixon with Meselson’s brief, arguing that biological weapons were redundant with nuclear weapons and easier for poor countries to make.
旁白：：基辛格向尼克松提交了梅塞尔森的简报，认为生物武器与核武器相比是多余的，而且贫穷国家更容易制造。
The U.S. had been developing biological warfare since World War II.
美国自二战以来一直在发展生物战。
Now, the president’s advisors undercut the weapons: they had a short shelf life, they were sensitive to weather, and germs might get out of control.
现在，总统的顾问们对这些武器进行了削弱：它们的保质期很短，对天气很敏感，而且细菌可能会失控。
On November 25, 1969, Nixon surprised the world.
1969 年 11 月 25 日，尼克松令世界震惊。
President Nixon (Archival): : Biological warfare — which is commonly called “germ warfare.” This has massive unpredictable and potentially uncontrollable consequences.
尼克松总统（档案）：：生物战——通常称为“细菌战”。这会产生巨大的不可预测且可能无法控制的后果。
It may produce global epidemics and profoundly affect the health of future generations.
它可能会产生全球流行病，并深刻影响子孙后代的健康。
Therefore, I have decided that the United States of America will renounce the use of any form of deadly biological weapons that either kill or incapacitate.
因此，我决定美利坚合众国将放弃使用任何形式的致死或致残的致命生物武器。
Mankind already carries in its own hands too many of the seeds of its own destruction.
人类手中已经埋下了太多自我毁灭的种子。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : Nixon was under great pressure to do something.
病理学家马丁·弗曼斯基：尼克松面临着做某事的巨大压力。
And disavowing biological weapons was an easy bone to throw to his critics.
否认生物武器很容易成为批评他的人的一块骨头。
Narrator: : Nixon had killed the American offensive biological weapons program after nearly three decades of secret work.
旁白：经过近三十年的秘密工作，尼克松终止了美国进攻性生物武器计划。
Richard Preston, Author: : It enabled us to take the moral high ground and to say, “We’ve ended our program.
理查德·普雷斯顿，作者：：它使我们能够占据道德制高点并说：“我们已经结束了我们的计划。
And other countries should do the same.”
其他国家也应该这样做。”
Matthew Meselson, Biologist: : I thought that the decision he made was historic.
生物学家 Matthew Meselson：我认为他做出的决定是历史性的。
It was good for the United States, even better — good for all of humanity.
这对美国有好处，甚至更好——对全人类都有好处。
Narrator: : In 1975, the U.S. finally ratified the 1925 Geneva Protocol, banning first use of germ weapons.
旁白： : 1975年，美国终于批准了1925年日内瓦议定书，禁止首次使用细菌武器。
And a new international agreement went further, prohibiting the development and possession of germ weapons.
新的国际协议更进一步，禁止发展和拥有细菌武器。
The Biological Weapons Convention outlawed, for the first time in history, an entire class of weapons.
《生物武器公约》历史上首次宣布一整类武器为非法。
Martin Furmanski, Pathologist: : One of the ironies of the United States’ biological weapons program was that it created its own monster.
病理学家马丁·弗曼斯基：：美国生物武器计划的讽刺之一是它创造了自己的怪物。
Although it was designed to reduce threats to the United States, it in fact increased the threats.
虽然其目的是减少对美国的威胁，但事实上却增加了威胁。
Jeanne Guillemin, Sociologist: : There’s something in the military thinking about war and honor, which puts biological weapons in a very negative category.
社会学家 Jeanne Guillemin：军队中存在一些关于战争和荣誉的想法，这将生物武器置于非常消极的类别。
It’s like dirty weapons, it’s like poison, it’s like something that somebody does on the sly who really lacks a sense of honor.
这就像肮脏的武器，就像毒药，就像一个真正缺乏荣誉感的人偷偷做的事情。
Matthew Meselson, Biologist: : We don’t fight with poisons.
Matthew Meselson，生物学家：：我们不使用毒药进行战斗。
We don’t fight with illness.
我们不与疾病作斗争。
This is alien.
这是外星人。
Knight and germ warrior, Sir Paul Fildes ran the biology department at Britain's secret Porton Down facility and oversaw his country's first attempts to develop biological weapons.
保罗·菲尔德斯爵士是一名骑士和细菌斗士，他负责管理英国波顿当秘密设施的生物部门，并监督了该国开发生物武器的首次尝试。
Japanese medical officer Shiro Ishii unleashed some of nature's deadliest pathogens on helpless humans, with horrifying results.
日本医务官石井四郎向无助的人类释放了一些自然界最致命的病原体，造成了可怕的结果。
Determined to anticipate possible Soviet attacks, the U.S. staged more than 200 domestic tests aimed at assessing national vulnerabilities to biological warfare.
美国决心预见到苏联可能发动的袭击，因此在国内进行了 200 多次测试，旨在评估国家对生物战的脆弱性。
The international race to develop biological weapons during the 20th century, the challenges scientists faced, and the moral dilemmas posed by their eventual success.
20 世纪开发生物武器的国际竞赛、科学家面临的挑战以及最终成功带来的道德困境。
This timeline recounts the history of biological weapons, from 1763 to 2003.
这条时间线讲述了从 1763 年到 2003 年的生物武器历史。
Ira Baldwin became a noted agricultural bacteriologist at the University of Wisconsin and the civilian science director of the United States biological weapons research program at Camp Detrick.
艾拉·鲍德温 (Ira Baldwin) 成为威斯康星大学著名的农业细菌学家和德特里克营美国生物武器研究项目的民用科学主任。