Vietnam: A Television History

First a handful of advisers.

首先是一些顾问。

Then the Marines.

然后是海军陆战队。

Finally an army of half a million.

终于有五十万大军了。

That was the Vietnam War.

那是越南战争。

It was an undeclared war.

这是一场不宣而战的战争。

A war without front lines or clear objectives.

一场没有前线或明确目标的战争。

A war against an elusive enemy.

一场针对难以捉摸的敌人的战争。

A war.

一场战争。

Speak to me...What's your name, tell me what your name is...Where're you from?

跟我说话...你叫什么名字，告诉我你叫什么名字...你来自哪里？

Seattle, Washington...It's a good town.

华盛顿州西雅图……这是一个好城镇。

Good town, good town.

好城，好城。

Very good town.

非常好的小镇。

Can I go to sleep, Doc?

我可以去睡觉了吗，医生？

Can I go to sleep?

我可以去睡觉了吗？

We had some precarious situations and we lost some people, but we always won.

我们遇到过一些不稳定的情况，失去了一些人，但我们总是赢。

So to me, we were very successful, you know.

所以对我来说，我们非常成功，你知道。

But as I think of it now, I don't know what we won.

但现在想起来，我不知道我们赢得了什么。

We won a box on a map where the next day we left it and we never came back maybe.

我们赢得了地图上的一个盒子，第二天我们就把它留在了那里，也许我们再也没有回来。

It was a war that blurred the line between friend and enemy.

这是一场模糊了朋友和敌人之间界限的战争。

Wherever the Americans went, they burned and destroyed and killed.

美国人所到之处，都烧毁、破坏、杀戮。

I didn't see any guerrillas being killed, only villagers.

我没有看到游击队被杀，只有村民被杀。

An eight-year-old or nine-year-old can kill you just as quick as a 25- or a 26-year-old man.

一个八岁或九岁的孩子可以像一个 25 岁或 26 岁的男人一样快地杀死你。

Back here in the States, the kids were playing cowboys and indians.

回到美国，孩子们扮演牛仔和印第安人。

Over there they had been playing it for real.

在那里，他们真的在玩它。

It was a war with deep roots, deeper than most Americans knew.

这是一场根深蒂固的战争，比大多数美国人所知的还要深刻。

Ho Chi Minh and his followers fought for decades: against the French, then against the Americans and their South Vietnamese ally.

胡志明和他的追随者进行了数十年的斗争：先对抗法国人，然后对抗美国人及其南越盟友。

I always believed in my country.

我一直相信我的国家。

But instead of sending my sons out to defend their country, I sent them out to die.

但我没有派我的儿子们去保卫自己的国家，而是让他们去送死。

It was a war that turned South Vietnam inside out.

这是一场让南越彻底翻天覆地的战争。

A war that changed the GIs who fought it.

一场改变参战士兵的战争。

"GI, you want Vietnamese cigarette?" For a box of Tide, you could get a carton of pre-packed, pre-rolled marijuana cigarettes soaked in opium.

“GI，你想要越南烟吗？”对于一盒汰渍，你可以得到一盒预先包装、预先卷好的浸有鸦片的大麻香烟。

For ten dollars you could get a vial of pure heroin.

十美元就能买到一瓶纯海洛因。

You could get liquid opium, speed, acid, anything you wanted.

你可以获得液体鸦片、速度、酸，任何你想要的东西。

It was the first television war...

这是第一次电视战争...

Small arms, automatic fire, grenade launcher...

轻武器、自动射击、榴弹发射器……

...with uncensored battle reports flashed to the folks at home.

...未经审查的战斗报告闪现给家里的人们。

What's the hardest part of it?

其中最难的部分是什么？

Not knowing where they are, that's the worst of it.

不知道他们在哪里，这是最糟糕的。

Quite a few.

相当多。

We lost one the other day.

前几天我们失去了一个。

This whole thing stinks, really.

这整件事真的很臭。

It was the first war Americans opposed in huge numbers, openly and passionately.

这是美国人公开、热情地反对的第一场战争。

Are you listening, Nixon?

尼克松，你在听吗？

Are you listening, Agnew?

阿格纽，你在听吗？

The Vietnam War ended when the Communists took Saigon.

当共产党占领西贡时，越南战争结束了。

The end of the war left questions and issues that are still unanswered and unresolved.

战争的结束留下了一些悬而未决的问题。

Vietnam.

越南。

A noble cause?

崇高的事业？

A shameful venture?

可耻的冒险？

Our history, from the time of the Hung kings and the Trung sisters, to the era of President Ho Chi Minh has been a history of great struggle.

我们的历史，从雄王、郑氏姐妹时代到胡志明主席时代，是一部伟大斗争的历史。

Throughout history, the Vietnamese people have always done their best to defend the country and to build the nation.

纵观历史，越南人民始终为保卫祖国、建设民族竭尽全力。

They fought for almost a thousand years after the Trungs to evict the Chinese.

在特朗家族之后，他们为驱逐华人而斗争了近一千年。

Then they pushed south to their present borders, conquering other peoples in their path.

然后他们向南推进到现在的边界，征服了沿途的其他民族。

The country expanded so rapidly that it fragmented in a series of civil wars.

这个国家扩张得如此之快，以至于在一系列内战中四分五裂。

Despite their internal conflicts, the Vietnamese regarded themselves as one country and one people, but they were too weak and divided to fight off the conquering Europeans in the nineteenth century.

尽管存在内部冲突，越南人仍将自己视为一个国家和一个民族，但他们太软弱和分裂，无法抵抗十九世纪征服的欧洲人。

The people here suffered a lot because of high taxes and hard forced labor.

这里的人们因高税收和强迫劳动而遭受了很多苦难。

They worked from dawn until dusk, but they did not have enough to eat.

他们从早干到晚，却没有足够的食物。

The cheap labor profited a few French companies even though Indochina was a financial sinkhole.

尽管印度支那是一个金融深渊，但廉价劳动力使一些法国公司获利。

The French nation spent millions of francs each year to protect and support the colony, while French companies like Michelin Rubber made millions in profits from factories and plantations.

法国国家每年花费数百万法郎来保护和支持殖民地，而米其林橡胶等法国公司则从工厂和种植园中赚取了数百万美元的利润。

There were no major uprisings during these hard years.

在这些艰苦的岁月里，没有发生重大起义。

Vietnamese society was reeling under the impact of Westernization.

越南社会在西化的冲击下摇摇欲坠。

French culture permeated the cities, bringing Western fashions and ideas.

法国文化渗透到城市中，带来了西方的时尚和思想。

The Vietnamese elite began to give their sons a Western education.

越南精英开始让他们的儿子接受西方教育。

Almost all of those who would lead the next resistance to the French were French-educated.

几乎所有领导下一次抵抗法国的人都受过法国教育。

Pathe Journal presents a review of achievements accomplished under the protection of our flag.

《帕泰杂志》回顾了在我们旗帜的保护下所取得的成就。

World War II brought the end of this "grandeur of France." Japan, pursuing its conquest of China, wanted to block the transport of war material through Vietnam.

第二次世界大战结束了这个“法国的辉煌”。日本为了征服中国，想要阻止战争物资通过越南运输。

In June 1940, three days after France fell to Nazi Germany, Japan demanded the right to land forces in Indochina.

1940 年 6 月，即法国落入纳粹德国手中三天后，日本要求获得在印度支那部署陆军的权利。

The Japanese supported several Vietnamese nationalist groups.

日本人支持多个越南民族主义团体。

But other groups were both anti-French and anti-Japanese.

但其他团体既反法又反日。

The most important was the Vietminh, founded in 1941 by Nguyen Ai Quoc.

最重要的是由阮爱国于 1941 年创立的越盟。

He had returned to Vietnam after 30 years, with a new name: Ho Chi Minh, meaning, "He Who Enlightens."

三十年后，他回到了越南，并有了一个新名字：胡志明，意思是“启蒙者”。

After the conference to establish the Vietminh, Uncle Ho sent out a letter calling for the support of the population.

越盟成立会议结束后，胡伯伯发出一封信，呼吁民众支持。

And it was this that rallied the entire country around the movement.

正是这一点让整个国家团结起来支持这场运动。

And when people realized that Ho Chi Minh was actually Nguyen Ai Quoc, their trust in the movement was further established.

当人们意识到胡志明实际上就是阮爱国时，他们对这场运动的信任进一步建立。

This was because the name Nguyen Ai Quoc had been widely known in the country.

这是因为阮爱国这个名字在全国已经家喻户晓。

People knew that he was a great patriot.

人们都知道他是一位伟大的爱国者。

The Vietminh organized guerrilla bases, trained cadres, harassed the French and Japanese and spread propaganda, urging the peasants to resist.

越盟组织游击根据地，训练干部，骚扰法国人和日本人，并进行宣传，敦促农民抵抗。

Why did the Vietminh fight the Japanese while other Asian nationalists collaborated?

为什么越盟与日本作战而其他亚洲民族主义者却相互合作？

(Laugh) I apologize, but this is a very funny question.

（笑）我很抱歉，但这是一个非常有趣的问题。

At that time, the Japanese had already overthrown the French and began to dominate our country, so of course we had to fight the Japanese.

当时日本人已经打倒了法国人，开始称霸我国，所以我们当然要和日本人打仗。

By early 1945, Vietnam was suffering a terrible famine.

1945年初，越南正遭受严重饥荒。

People blamed the French and Japanese, who were hoarding rice, feeding it to Japanese troops, and even exporting it to Japan -- while an estimated two million Vietnamese out of eight million in the northern areas died.

人们指责法国人和日本人囤积大米，喂给日本军队，甚至出口到日本，而北部地区的 800 万越南人中估计有 200 万越南人死亡。

At that time, in our estimate, at least 40,000 starving, poor peasants arrived in Hanoi to beg for food and to wait for handouts, for alms.

据我们估计，当时至少有 40,000 名饥饿的贫农抵达河内乞讨食物并等待施舍和施舍。

The French did not organize any hunger relief.

法国人没有组织任何饥饿救济活动。

And the Japanese specifically forbade us to carry out any hunger relief effort of our own.

日本人还明确禁止我们自己开展任何饥饿救济活动。

People dug into the garbage dumps in order to find any edible thing at all.

人们在垃圾堆里挖洞，寻找任何可以食用的东西。

They also ate rats.

他们还吃老鼠。

But this was not enough to keep them alive.

但这还不足以让他们活下去。

The Vietminh organized the peasants to seize rice stocks, and gained tremendous prestige.

越盟组织农民抢夺稻米，赢得了巨大的威望。

This peasant support gave them a political edge they never lost.

这种农民的支持给了他们从未失去的政治优势。

As the war in Europe drew to a close, Allied attention turned to Asia and the war against Japan.

随着欧洲战争接近尾声，盟军的注意力转向亚洲和对日战争。

One of the pressing needs was intelligence.

迫切的需求之一是情报。

The Vietminh believed Allied statements supporting the rights of oppressed peoples.

越盟相信盟军支持被压迫人民权利的声明。

They had given the Allies information about Japanese troop movements, so the Americans turned to the Vietminh and its leader, Ho Chi Minh.

他们向盟军提供了有关日本军队调动的信息，因此美国人转向越盟及其领导人胡志明。

We knew he was a Communist, but we also felt, as they did, and the way anybody who has known, met Ho Chi Minh, who I've ever talked with, had the same feeling: he was first a nationalist, and second a Communist.

我们知道他是一名共产党员，但我们也像他们一样感觉到，任何认识胡志明的人（我曾与他交谈过）都有同样的感觉：他首先是一名民族主义者，其次是一名共产党员。

That is, he was interested in getting the independence of his people and then he thought probably the best thing for them was the Communist type of government.

也就是说，他对获得人民的独立感兴趣，然后他认为对他们来说最好的事情可能是共产主义类型的政府。

But he was a nationalist first and foremost.

但他首先是一个民族主义者。

The Vietminh agreed to help the Allies.

越盟同意帮助盟军。

Major Patti sent a training group, the Deer Mission, into the northern mountains.

帕蒂少校派遣了一支名为“鹿队”的训练小组前往北部山区。

The Deer team went in and they organized.

鹿队进去并组织起来。

Out of about 500 Vietnamese, we selected, with the help of General Giap, selected 200.

在武元甲将军的帮助下，我们从大约 500 名越南人中选出了 200 名。

We spent the next four weeks training these young men into the art of using automatic weapons, demolition equipment, infiltrating and exfiltrating into various dangerous areas.

在接下来的四个星期里，我们训练这些年轻人使用自动武器、爆破设备、渗透和潜入各种危险区域的艺术。

There, for the first time, we saw what kind of troops the Vietminh were.

在那里，我们第一次看到了越盟是一支什么样的军队。

They were a very willing, fine young nationalist, really what we used to say "gung ho" type.

他们是一位非常愿意、优秀的年轻民族主义者，真正属于我们过去所说的“热心”类型。

They were willing to risk their lives for their cause, the cause of independence against the French.

他们愿意为了自己的事业，即反抗法国的独立事业，冒着生命危险。

Before Ho's men could prove their willingness, World War II was over.

在何的手下能够证明他们的意愿之前，第二次世界大战就结束了。

Two or three days after I met Ho, he asked me to come in and stop and see him at which time he wanted to show me something, and what he wanted to show me was a draft of the Declaration of Independence that he was going to declare several days later.

我见到何先生两三天后，他让我进去看看他，当时他想给我看一些东西，他想给我看的是几天后他要宣布的《独立宣言》草案。

Of course, it was in Vietnamese and I couldn't read it and when it was interpreted to me, I was quite taken aback to hear the words of the American Declaration of Independence.

当然，它是越南语的，我看不懂，当它被翻译给我时，我对美国独立宣言的文字感到非常惊讶。

Words about liberty, life and the pursuit of happiness, etcetera.

关于自由、生命和追求幸福等的词语。

I just couldn't believe my own ears.

我简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。

On September 2, 1945, on board the U.S.S.

1945 年 9 月 2 日，在美国海军舰艇上

Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan formally surrendered.

日本东京湾密苏里州正式投降。

On the same day throughout Vietnam, the Vietnamese celebrated their self-proclaimed Independence Day and the formation of a new country, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

同一天，越南各地庆祝了他们自称为的独立日和新国家越南民主共和国的成立。

In Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh read a speech that began, "All men are created equal.

胡志明在河内宣读了一篇讲话，开头写道：“人人生而平等。

They are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights..."

他们被创造者赋予了某些不可剥夺的权利……”

I can say that the most moving moment was when President Ho Chi Minh climbed the steps and the national anthem was sung.

可以说，最令人感动的时刻是胡志明主席走上台阶，奏响国歌的时刻。

It was the first time that the national anthem of Vietnam was sung in an official ceremony.

这是越南首次在正式仪式上奏唱越南国歌。

Uncle Ho then read the Declaration of Independence, which was a short document.

胡伯伯随后宣读了《独立宣言》，这是一份简短的文件。

As he was reading, Uncle Ho stopped and asked, "Compatriots, can you hear me?" This simple question went into the hearts of everyone there.

胡伯伯在读书时停下来问道：“同胞们，你们能听到我说话吗？”这个简单的问题，走进了在场所有人的心里。

After a moment of silence, they all shouted, "Yes, we hear you!" And I can say that we did not just shout with our mouths but with all our hearts, the hearts of over 400,000 people standing in the square then.

沉默片刻后，大家齐声喊道：“是的，我们听到了！”我可以说，我们不是用嘴喊，而是用心喊，是当时站在广场上40万多人的心。

After Uncle Ho finished reading the Declaration of Independence, an airplane, a small plane, circled over us.

胡伯伯读完《独立宣言》后，一架飞机，一架小飞机，在我们上空盘旋。

We did not know whose plane it was.

我们不知道那架飞机是谁的。

We thought that it was a Vietnamese plane.

我们以为这是一架越南飞机。

But when it swooped down over us, we recognized the American flag.

但当它从我们头上俯冲下来时，我们认出了美国国旗。

The crowd cheered enthusiastically.

众人欢呼雀跃。

Ho appealed to President Harry Truman but he would probably have accepted anyone's support.

何鸿燊向哈里·杜鲁门总统呼吁，但他可能会接受任何人的支持。

Truman did not respond to Ho's letters.

杜鲁门没有回复何的信。

He had been in office only four months in August 1945 and had not had time to formulate a policy on Indochina.

1945年8月，他上任仅四个月，还没有时间制定印度支那政策。

There was quite a division in the State Department over Indochina.

美国国务院在印度支那问题上存在很大分歧。

Both the Far Eastern office and the European office were in complete agreement that we wanted a strong France recovered in Europe from the trauma of Vichy and the defeat in the war, but the European division felt that to help get the French back on their feet we should go along with practically anything that the French wanted.

远东办事处和欧洲办事处都完全同意，我们希望一个强大的法国在欧洲从维希的创伤和战争的失败中恢复过来，但欧洲部门认为，为了帮助法国人重新站起来，我们几乎应该满足法国人的任何要求。

The Allies had worked out a compromise plan to disarm the Japanese.

盟军制定了一项妥协计划来解除日本人的武装。

Above the 16th parallel, the Chinese would take the surrender of Japanese troops.

在北纬16度线以上，中国人将接受日军投降。

The British would do the same in the South.

英国人也会在南方做同样的事情。

They arrived in Saigon in early September.

他们于九月初抵达西贡。

The British commander, General Douglas Gracey, was a seasoned colonial officer with limited political experience.

英国指挥官道格拉斯·格雷西将军是一位经验丰富的殖民军官，政治经验有限。

His orders were to disarm the Japanese, and maintain law and order.

他的命令是解除日本人的武装，并维持法律和秩序。

He had absolutely no mandate whatever to start talking about handing over French Indochina to anyone other than the French.

他绝对没有任何授权开始谈论将法属印度支那移交给法国以外的任何人。

He had his straight, strict instructions.

他有直接、严格的指示。

The Vietminh fought back, but they had few weapons to use against the French troops, and the Vietminh's brutal tactics alienated other southern nationalists.

越盟进行了反击，但他们没有什么武器可以用来对抗法国军队，而且越盟的残酷战术也疏远了其他南方民族主义者。

A truce was concluded.

休战协议达成。

There were to be future negotiations to settle the problems between us and France.

我们和法国之间的问题将在未来进行谈判。

Under these conditions, we allowed a certain number of French troops to take the place of the nearly 200,000 troops of Chiang Kai-shek, which were to evacuate our country as soon as possible.

在这种情况下，我们允许一定数量的法国军队代替蒋介石的近二十万军队，尽快撤离我国。

So we had some breathing time to consolidate our forces.

所以我们有一些喘息的时间来巩固我们的力量。

The French in Hanoi greeted the arriving troops as conquering heroes.

河内的法国人将抵达的军队视为征服英雄。

The Vietnamese stayed home.

越南人呆在家里。

Ho Chi Minh travelled to France to continue the negotiations.

胡志明前往法国继续谈判。

But the French cabinet had collapsed.

但法国内阁已经垮台。

There was no one to negotiate with.

没有人可以与之谈判。

He had to play tourist until a new coalition was formed.

在新的联盟成立之前，他必须扮演游客的角色。

While he waited, the French administration in Saigon, acting on its own, declared the southern part of Vietnam separate from the North.

在他等待的同时，西贡的法国政府自行行动，宣布越南南部与北部分离。

It was a violation of the March agreement and Ho wondered if there was any point to further negotiations.

这违反了三月份的协议，何先生想知道是否有必要进行进一步谈判。

"Should I go back home?" he asked.

“我应该回家吗？”他问道。

He was told the new government would straighten it out in Paris.

他被告知新政府将在巴黎解决这个问题。

In 1946, Ho had been famous as a patriot for a quarter of a century, and the Vietnamese in Paris turned out to welcome this first president of an independent Vietnam.

1946年，胡志明作为爱国者闻名了四分之一个世纪，巴黎的越南人出来欢迎这位独立越南的第一任国家主席。

The French greeted the veteran Communist formally, as a chief of state.

法国人以国家元首的身份正式欢迎这位资深共产党员。

At the time in France, Communists were part of the government.

当时在法国，共产党人是政府的一部分。

In public, relations were cordial, but in fact the French and Vietnamese negotiators were far apart.

在公开场合，法国和越南的谈判代表关系很融洽，但实际上却分歧很大。

The negotiations, held at the historic Fontainebleau chateau, went badly.

谈判在历史悠久的枫丹白露城堡举行，但进展得很糟糕。

The Vietnamese insisted that southern Vietnam was part of their country.

越南人坚称越南南部是他们国家的一部分。

The French would not budge.

法国人不肯让步。

When the meeting began, the chief of the French delegation, Max Andre, said to me: "We only need an ordinary police operation for eight days to clean all of you out." There was no need for negotiations.

会议开始时，法国代表团团长马克斯·安德烈对我说：“我们只需要八天的普通警察行动就能把你们全部清理掉。”没有谈判的必要。

The solution had to come from Fontainebleau.

解决方案必须来自枫丹白露。

Then the negotiations at Fontainebleau failed.

随后枫丹白露谈判失败。

From then on, relationships deteriorated.

从那时起，关系恶化了。

The climate deteriorated.

气候恶化。

The March agreement was dead.

三月份的协议已经失效。

With French and Vietminh forces at close range, the fighting escalated.

由于法国和越盟军队近距离，战斗升级。

There were provocations on both sides.

双方都有挑衅行为。

In November 1946, the French shelled Haiphong.

1946 年 11 月，法军炮击海防。

Many French officers believed only force would stop the Vietminh.

许多法国军官相信只有武力才能阻止越盟。

When we visited Haiphong afterwards, all the Vietnamese neighborhoods were completely wiped out.

后来我们去海防时，越南人的街区全部被夷为平地。

There were dead buried under debris...

废墟下埋着死者……

it is difficult to know the exact figure.

很难知道确切的数字。

But the larger part of the city, it seemed to us from what we saw, almost the entire Vietnamese part of the city had been destroyed.

但从我们所看到的情况来看，这座城市的大部分地区几乎整个越南部分都被摧毁了。

General Fonde tried to reason with General Giap.

丰德将军试图与武元甲将军讲道理。

"Listen," I said, "I know war: murders, deaths, destruction, bridges blown up, burning houses.

“听着，”我说，“我了解战争：谋杀、死亡、破坏、桥梁被炸毁、房屋被烧毁。

This is unthinkable.

这是不可想象的。

We have to prevent this." He said to me, "You listen.

我们必须阻止这种情况发生。”他对我说：“你听着。

Politics come before economics.

政治先于经济。

The destruction is not important.

破坏并不重要。

The deaths -- one million Vietnamese deaths -- not important.

死亡人数——一百万越南人的死亡——并不重要。

The French will die too.

法国人也会死。

We are ready.

我们准备好了。

It will last two years, five years if necessary.

如果有必要的话，它将持续两年，甚至五年。

We will no longer give in."

我们不会再屈服。”

By late 1946, Ho Chi Minh's government was forced out of Hanoi, out of the cities.

1946 年底，胡志明政府被迫撤出河内、撤出城市。

The first Vietnam war had started.

第一次越南战争开始了。

The French were confident that they could wipe out Giap's ragtag army quickly.

法国人有信心能够迅速消灭武元甲的乌合之众。

They were a modern army with modern weapons, some bought with U.S. aid.

他们是一支拥有现代化武器的现代化军队，其中一些是在美国援助下购买的。

The Vietminh had widespread support from the peasants.

越盟得到了农民的广泛支持。

I heard about Uncle Ho who fought for the rights of the peasants and the workers.

我听说胡伯伯为农民和工人的权利而斗争。

So as a peasant who has suffered a lot, I realized that the only correct thing for me to do was to follow the same path.

所以作为一个饱受苦难的农民，我意识到自己唯一正确的做法就是走同样的路。

At first we did not have any weapons except for bamboo spears.

起初我们除了竹矛之外没有任何武器。

But in the northern part of our country, they were producing arms.

但在我国北部，他们正在生产武器。

I was appointed to go there to report on the situation in the South.

我受命去那里报道南方的情况。

Uncle Ho told me that he carried the South in the depth of his heart, and I should tell him what we needed so that the central government could supply us to fight the French and drive them out of the country.

胡伯伯告诉我，他把南方记在心里，我应该告诉他我们需要什么，这样中央政府就能为我们提供抗击法国人的物资，并将他们赶出这个国家。

I replied that we needed guns.

我回答说我们需要枪。

Uncle Ho said that the central government could only give us so many guns because they did not have many.

胡伯伯说中央政府只能给我们这么多枪，因为他们没有很多。

The main thing, he said, was to capture the enemy's guns and use these guns against them.

他说，最主要的是夺取敌人的枪，并用这些枪来对付他们。

The French bogged down in a quicksand war.

法国人陷入了流沙战争。

Again and again they declared an area "pacified," only to find it slipping back into Vietminh control.

他们一次又一次地宣布某个地区“平定”，结果却发现该地区又重新落入越盟的控制之下。

The guerrillas seemed to be everywhere and nowhere.

游击队似乎无处不在，又无处可去。

In an attempt to take popular support away from the Vietminh, the French created a rival Vietnamese government, the State of Vietnam.

为了夺走越盟的民众支持，法国人创建了一个与越南竞争的政府——越南国。

As its ruler, the French picked Vietnam's former emperor, Bao Dai.

法国人选择越南前皇帝保大作为其统治者。

But they placed so many limitations on his regime that to many Vietnamese it did not seem at all independent.

但他们对他的政权施加了如此多的限制，以至于对许多越南人来说，它似乎根本不独立。

Nineteen-fifty brought a new source of help to the Vietminh.

十九点五十分给越盟带来了新的帮助来源。

Mao Zedong's forces arrived at Vietnam's borders, having taken all of China.

毛泽东的军队到达越南边境，占领了整个中国。

They extended diplomatic recognition to Ho's government, the first country to do so.

他们向胡志明市政府提供外交承认，这是第一个这样做的国家。

The Soviet Union followed quickly.

苏联也迅速跟进。

And a week later, the United States recognized Bao Dai's rival state.

一周后，美国承认了保大的竞争对手国家。

Lines were being drawn in a continuing Cold War.

持续的冷战正在划定界限。

In May 1950, for the first time, President Truman authorized direct U.S. aid for the French war in Indochina -- $10 million -- the beginning of an American commitment.

1950 年 5 月，杜鲁门总统首次授权美国为法国印度支那战争提供 1000 万美元的直接援助，这是美国承诺的开始。

...They have proved time after time that their talk about peace is only a cloak for imperialism.

……他们一次又一次地证明，他们所说的和平不过是帝国主义的幌子。

The U.S. commitment deepened after North Korean troops invaded South Korea at the end of June, 1950.

1950 年 6 月底朝鲜军队入侵韩国后，美国的承诺进一步加深。

It was decided on the very weekend of the North Korean attack that we would step up our aid very significantly to the French and to Southeast Asia.

在朝鲜发动袭击的那个周末，我们决定大幅增加对法国和东南亚的援助。

Because we did not know at that point whether or not the Chinese might attempt to move into that area as part of a general offensive in Asia.

因为我们当时不知道中国是否可能试图进入该地区，作为对亚洲总攻势的一部分。

By the end of 1950, the United States had given $150 million in aid to the French forces, including planes, tanks, fuel, ammunition and napalm.

到1950年底，美国已向法国军队提供了1.5亿美元的援助，包括飞机、坦克、燃料、弹药和凝固汽油弹。

As U.S. strategists looked at Asia, they saw a spreading Communist menace.

当美国战略家放眼亚洲时，他们看到了共产主义威胁的蔓延。

The fight in Korea had become an international war.

朝鲜战争已成为一场国际战争。

And in Vietnam, the Vietminh had linked up with Communist China.

在越南，越盟与共产主义中国建立了联系。

Vietminh war capacities improved dramatically.

越盟的战争能力显着提高。

We used the new weapons to mount offensives against the French.

我们使用新武器对法国人发动进攻。

We were able to wipe out two large French units and capture all their weapons.

我们消灭了两支大型法军部队并缴获了他们所有的武器。

The way was cleared for communications between Vietnam and the outside world.

越南与外界的通讯畅通。

Then we received military aid from China, especially equipment.

然后我们得到了中国的军事援助，特别是装备。

The defeats on the northern border were a disaster for the French.

北部边境的失败对法国人来说是一场灾难。

The Indochina war was no longer just a colonial conflict.

印度支那战争不再只是一场殖民冲突。

It was still small, but it had become international, supported on both sides by major powers.

它仍然很小，但它已经成为国际性的，并得到了大国的支持。

By the end of 1953, America was paying 80 percent of the war, over a billion dollars a year.

到 1953 年底，美国支付了 80% 的战争费用，每年超过 10 亿美元。

"Le jaunissement" -- France's Vietnamizing of the war -- and other strategies to gain Vietnamese support had failed.

“Le jaunisement”——法国将战争越南化——以及其他获得越南支持的策略都失败了。

The French controlled the cities, but the Vietminh controlled the countryside.

法国人控制了城市，但越盟控制了乡村。

The French controlled the day; the Vietminh, the night.

法国人控制了这一天；越盟，夜晚。

General Henri de Navarre came in as the fifth French commander in five years.

亨利·德·纳瓦拉将军上任，成为五年内第五位法国指挥官。

When General Navarre arrived, he opened a file right away and on that file I wrote "War Goals." We looked for what to tell the troops.

当纳瓦拉将军到达时，他立即打开了一份文件，我在文件上写下了“战争目标”。我们寻找可以告诉部队的信息。

Well, until the end this file remained practically empty.

好吧，直到最后这个文件实际上仍然是空的。

We never could express concretely our war goals.

我们永远无法具体表达我们的战争目标。

General Navarre tried yet another new strategy.

纳瓦拉将军尝试了另一种新策略。

French units were set up in remote areas, supplied by air.

法国部队设立在偏远地区，由空中提供补给。

Their mission was to search out and destroy the Vietminh.

他们的任务是搜寻并摧毁越盟。

I saw all sorts of civilian and military authorities go through Dienbienphu.

我看到各种民事和军事当局经过奠边府。

Unless my memory is completely twisted, I don't remember a single one, absolutely not a single one of these authorities who didn't find that Dienbienphu was a formidable base.

除非我的记忆完全扭曲，否则我不记得任何一个，绝对没有一个这些当局没有发现奠边府是一个强大的基地。

It was the great land and air base, it was "untakeable."

这是伟大的陆地和空军基地，“无法攻克”。

The Vietminh saw Dienbienphu as a great opportunity, but a great gamble, too.

越盟认为奠边府是一个绝佳的机会，但也是一场伟大的赌博。

Ho Chi Minh's forces had lost heavily in attacks on other French strong points.

胡志明的军队在攻击法军其他据点时损失惨重。

But they decided to take the risk.

但他们决定冒险。

From Tahinguyen it took us about 45 days.

从 Tahinguyen 出发，我们花了大约 45 天。

We marched at night and rested during the day.

我们晚上行军，白天休息。

Sometimes we just slept on the roadsides if there were no shelters around.

有时，如果周围没有避难所，我们就睡在路边。

The French command was inviting a battle because they thought the Vietminh would never be able to get enough troops and guns to Dienbienphu.

法国指挥部之所以邀请一场战斗，是因为他们认为越盟永远无法向奠边府提供足够的部队和枪支。

But they did.

但他们做到了。

Fifty-one thousand Vietminh soldiers -- four times the number of French troops -- crossed the mountains, carrying supplies on their backs and bicycles, and hauling guns.

五万名越盟士兵——是法国军队人数的四倍——背着补给品和自行车翻山越岭，并拖着枪。

Both sides had a special reason for wanting to win at Dienbienphu.

双方都有特殊的理由想要在奠边府获胜。

At this same time, January 1954, the great powers were meeting in Berlin.

与此同时，1954 年 1 月，大国正在柏林举行会议。

They set a date and place -- April 26 in Geneva -- to meet and discuss Asian issues, including the Indochina crisis.

他们确定了日期和地点——4月26日在日内瓦——会面并讨论亚洲问题，包括印度支那危机。

On March 13, Giap launched his attack on Dienbienphu.

3月13日，武元甲向奠边府发起进攻。

The battle began with massive "human wave" assaults.

战斗以大规模的“人潮”攻击开始。

The Vietminh guns blanketed French artillery from positions so well dug in and camouflaged that the French planes could not get at them.

越盟的火炮从阵地中掩护了法国炮兵，阵地挖得很深，伪装得很好，法国飞机无法攻击它们。

The first post fell within eight hours.

第一篇文章在八小时内就被删除了。

By the next day, March 14, the Vietminh shelling had destroyed the main airstrip.

到第二天，即 3 月 14 日，越盟的炮击摧毁了主要机场。

The French command staff was shocked.

法军指挥人员震惊不已。

Colonel de Castries became withdrawn, uncommunicative.

德卡斯特里上校变得孤僻、沉默寡言。

On the second night the artillery commander committed suicide saying, "I am completely dishonored." Four days into the battle, the Vietminh controlled the entire perimeter.

第二天晚上，炮兵指挥官自杀了，他说：“我完全蒙羞了。”战斗进行四天后，越盟控制了整个战区。

The cost was high: thousands were dead and wounded among the Vietminh.

代价高昂：越盟有数千人死伤。

Giap decided to change strategy.

武元甲决定改变策略。

This decision on the Dienbienphu front constitutes for me one of the biggest and the most difficult decisions in my fighting life.

对奠边府前线的这一决定对我来说是我战斗生涯中最重大、最困难的决定之一。

As commander, General Vo Nguyen Giap decided to end this attack based on the human-wave tactic.

作为指挥官，武元甲大将决定以人波战术结束这次袭击。

The entire plan was changed.

整个计划都改变了。

The attack was stopped and all the heavy artillery pieces were pulled back to a distance.

攻击停止了，所有的重炮都被拉到了远处。

Then trenches and tunnels were dug and the morale of the troops was rebuilt based on the slogan: "Advance solidly, Fight solidly." Shovels became extremely important weapons.

然后挖战壕、坑道，以“扎扎实实前进、扎扎实实打仗”的口号重塑部队士气。铲子成为极其重要的武器。

All the cadres and soldiers put most of their time and energy into digging trenches and tunnels.

全体干部战士把大部分时间和精力投入到挖战壕、挖隧道上。

We slowly surrounded Dienbienphu with trenches, cutting into the airstrip so it could not be used again, slowly tightening the noose around the necks of the French.

我们慢慢地用战壕包围了奠边府，切断了机场跑道，使其无法再次使用，慢慢地收紧了法国人脖子上的绞索。

With the airstrip out, the French garrison was dependent on parachute drops, but Vietminh anti-aircraft fire forced pilots to fly too high.

机场关闭后，法国驻军只能依靠降落伞降落，但越盟的防空火力迫使飞行员飞得太高。

Supplies began falling into enemy hands.

补给品开始落入敌人手中。

General Giap's change in strategy was working, and he settled in for a long siege.

武元甲将军的战略转变奏效了，他开始进行长期围攻。

For the French, Dienbienphu became a nightmare.

对于法国人来说，奠边府成了一场噩梦。

The rainy season started early with drenching downpours.

雨季来得早，倾盆大雨倾盆而下。

French dugouts and shelters collapsed.

法军防空洞和避难所倒塌。

Clean water became impossible to find.

干净的水变得不可能找到。

Medical supplies ran out.

医疗用品告罄。

No planes could land to evacuate the wounded.

没有飞机能够降落来疏散伤员。

Men who were wounded in the trenches sunk under the yard-high mud to die.

战壕中受伤的士兵陷入一码高的泥浆中死去。

I arrived during the night of May 2, and Dienbienphu fell on May 7.

我是5月2日晚上到达的，奠边府是5月7日落下的。

The memory I keep of it is one block of time.

我对它的记忆是一段时间。

There was no day or night.

没有白天或黑夜。

I never lay down.

我从来没有躺下过。

I never slept.

我从来没有睡觉。

I don't remember eating.

我不记得吃过饭。

At four o'clock in the morning there was a lull.

凌晨四点钟，一切都平静了。

We were 35 left at my post, with one machine gun, one grenade left.

我的岗位上还剩 35 人，还剩下一挺机关枪、一枚手榴弹。

So I asked on the radio, I said, "Since you cannot send reinforcements..." He said, "Where do you want me to get them?

所以我在广播中问，我说，“既然你不能派遣增援……”他说，“你想让我去哪里找他们？

You know there is nothing left." "Then give me the authorization to get out." He answered very simply, "No way.

你知道什么都没有剩下。” “那就给我出去的授权。”他回答得很干脆：“不可能。

You're paratroopers, you're there to die." We built a barricade with corpses at the entrance since we had no sandbags, and we waited.

你们是伞兵，你们是来赴死的。”由于没有沙袋，我们在入口处用尸体搭建了路障，等待着。

And we saw the shadows coming one by one, the Vietminh.

我们看到越盟的影子一一出现。

I decided to throw my grenade and we immediately got return fire.

我决定投掷手榴弹，但我们立即遭到还击。

One of my last impressions was to feel the wall of corpses shivering under the burst of fire.

我最后的印象之一就是感觉到尸体墙在火焰的爆发下颤抖。

Then a grenade must have hit my helmet because the net was burned and the helmet dented.

那么肯定是一枚手榴弹击中了我的头盔，因为网被烧毁，头盔也凹陷了。

American helmets are very solid.

美国的头盔很坚固。

I lost consciousness and when I came to, there was above me, very close, a surgeon's mask from which a voice came: "You are a prisoner of the army of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

我失去了知觉，当我苏醒过来时，我的头顶上，离我很近的地方，有一个外科医生的面具，里面传来一个声音：“你是越南民主共和国军队的俘虏。

Though Vietminh combat cameramen were present at Dienbienphu, scenes of the 55-day battle were restaged by a Soviet director after the French defeat.

尽管越盟的战斗摄影师在奠边府现场，但法国战败后，一位苏联导演重新拍摄了这场持续 55 天的战斗场景。

Some of the film sequences are authentic, some re-enacted.

有些电影片段是真实的，有些是重演的。

Dienbienphu cost the French 1,500 dead, 4,000 wounded, 10,000 taken prisoner.

奠边府造成法军 1,500 人死亡、4,000 人受伤、10,000 人被俘。

Many of the prisoners died in Vietminh camps.

许多囚犯死在越盟集中营里。

The Vietminh victory at Dienbienphu cost them even more: 8,000 dead, 15,000 wounded.

越盟在奠边府的胜利让他们付出了更多的代价：8,000人死亡，15,000人受伤。

The Geneva Conference bogged down almost immediately.

日内瓦会议几乎立即陷入困境。

The United States delegation was ordered to watch and not to talk.

美国代表团被命令只能观看，不能说话。

My instructions were to go to the meetings.

我的指示是去参加会议。

To not participate in them and not to agree to anything but to be there and sit at the table.

不参与其中，也不同意任何事情，只是出席并坐在桌旁。

And I found that a very difficult job, to sit at a table at which people were making discussions and some conclusions were being arrived at, without agreeing to them; in situations in which silence itself tends to give assent.

我发现这是一项非常困难的工作，坐在一张桌子旁，人们正在讨论并得出一些结论，但又没有达成一致；这是一项非常困难的工作。在沉默本身往往表示同意的情况下。

I can tell you that I was very, very unhappy and perspired very, very freely.

我可以告诉你，我非常非常不高兴，而且出汗非常非常随意。

Emperor Bao Dai, head of the State of Vietnam, also sent a delegation to Geneva.

越南国家元首保大皇帝也派代表团访问日内瓦。

I was told I should accept the Communists at the conference table.

有人告诉我我应该在会议桌上接受共产党。

I said, "No, there is only one Vietnamese state.

我说：“不，越南只有一个州。

It is I.

是我。

The Communists are rebels." Given my uncompromising position they turned the political conference into a military conference.

共产党人是叛逆者。”鉴于我的不妥协立场，他们把政治会议变成了军事会议。

In June, the French cabinet fell, and a new prime minister took over, a critic of the war, Pierre Mendes-France.

六月，法国内阁垮台，新任总理、战争批评者皮埃尔·门德斯-弗朗斯接任。

Mendes-France made a promise to the French National Assembly.

门德斯-弗朗斯向法国国民议会做出了承诺。

If he could not resolve the Indochina question at Geneva within 30 days, he would resign.

如果他不能在30天内在日内瓦解决印度支那问题，他将辞职。

The United States feared this meant France might abandon Indochina to the Communists.

美国担心这意味着法国可能将印度支那交给共产党。

Washington was not at all clear as to what kind of an agreement Mendes-France was proposing to make or what agreement he would make -- and if the agreement was going to be something with which we could possibly live or acquiesce, or whether or not we were going to have to denounce it and, in effect, walk out of the conference.

华盛顿根本不清楚门德斯-弗朗斯提议达成什么样的协议，或者他将达成什么样的协议，以及该协议是否是我们可以接受或默许的协议，或者我们是否必须谴责它并实际上退出会议。

After much secret maneuvering, one week before his deadline, Mendes-France got all the participants in place in Geneva.

经过多次秘密演习，门德斯-弗朗斯在最后期限前一周将所有参与者召集到了日内瓦。

On July 20, the day before the deadline, two issues were still unresolved.

7月20日，即截止日期的前一天，仍有两个问题尚未解决。

At the conference there were two issues under discussion: One was the temporary demarcation line between the two regions.

会议讨论了两个问题：一是两个地区的临时分界线。

And the other was the date of the general elections for the reunification of Vietnam.

另一个是越南统一大选的日期。

These two issues were closely connected.

这两个问题密切相关。

That was very clear.

这非常清楚。

The Vietminh, flush with their victory at Dienbienphu, took a hard line on both issues, but on the last day, the Soviets and the Chinese forced them to compromise.

越盟在奠边府取得胜利后，在这两个问题上都采取了强硬立场，但在最后一天，苏联和中国迫使他们妥协。

The Vietminh, who controlled most of the country, would get less than half.

控制了该国大部分地区的越盟只能得到不到一半的利益。

The elections to reunify Vietnam would take place; not soon, when the Vietminh would surely win, but in two years.

越南将举行统一选举；不是很快，那时越盟肯定会获胜，而是两年后。

They had been undercut by their own allies.

他们被自己的盟友削弱了。

The Soviets and Chinese had several motives, among them, fear; if Mendes-France failed, France might keep fighting and America might intervene.

苏联人和中国人有几个动机，其中之一就是恐惧；如果门德斯-弗朗斯失败，法国可能会继续战斗，而美国可能会进行干预。

My own feeling at the end of the conference was that we had probably obtained just about all that could be obtained in the light of the situation on the ground.

会议结束时我个人的感觉是，我们可能已经获得了根据当地情况所能获得的一切。

I don't, I don't think we could have obtained much more.

我不，我不认为我们可以获得更多。

But I must say that very honestly I did not have much optimism that South Vietnam was going to be able to survive.

但我必须说，老实说，我对南越的生存并没有太多乐观的态度。

We thought that having signed the agreements, the French would now be forced by world opinion to carry out the Geneva accords.

我们认为，签署了这些协议后，法国人现在将在世界舆论的压力下执行日内瓦协议。

And we strongly believed that there would be a general election held in two years, and then the Revolution would certainly win.

我们坚信，两年后将举行大选，届时革命一定会获胜。

So we greeted each other, "In two years!" We expected to have a general election and reunification in two years.

于是我们互相打招呼：“两年了！”我们预计两年后会举行大选和统一。

In the fall of 1954, the Vietminh marched into Hanoi, taking back from the French what they had lost eight years before.

1954 年秋天，越盟进军河内，从法国人手中夺回了八年前失去的东西。

To America and the world, it looked like the Vietminh would soon be marching into Saigon, too, as the French pulled out, taking everything: houses, trucks, factories, even their dead.

对于美国和世界来说，越盟似乎很快也会进军西贡，而法国人则撤离并带走一切：房屋、卡车、工厂，甚至死者。

America made a commitment to South Vietnam, and to its President Ngo Dinh Diem in the 1950s under President Eisenhower.

美国对南越以及 20 世纪 50 年代艾森豪威尔总统领导下的南越总统吴庭艳做出了承诺。

By late 1963, Diem was dead, the U.S. government implicated in his downfall.

1963 年底，吴庭艳去世，美国政府认为他的垮台与他的垮台有关。

This is the story of the beginning of America's war in Vietnam.

这是美国越南战争开始的故事。

America had given France more than $2 billion to stop the Communist-led Vietminh in Indochina.

美国已向法国提供超过 20 亿美元，以阻止共产党领导的越盟入侵印度支那。

In the South, American hopes for building an Anti-Communist state centered on Ngo Dinh Diem, a little-known nationalist appointed Prime Minister during the Geneva Conference.

在南方，美国希望建立一个以吴庭艳为中心的反共国家，吴庭艳是一位鲜为人知的民族主义者，在日内瓦会议期间被任命为总理。

Diem had disliked French rule.

吴庭艳不喜欢法国的统治。

Now, he was inheriting their shaky bureaucracy, a demoralized army, and a capital, Saigon, seething with fierce political rivalries.

现在，他继承了他们摇摇欲坠的官僚机构、士气低落的军队和充满激烈政治竞争的首都西贡。

Diem had been appointed by Bao Dai, the playboy emperor picked by the French.

吴庭艳是由法国人挑选的花花公子皇帝保大任命的。

He had few allies in South Vietnam.

他在南越几乎没有盟友。

As austere Catholic, he had gone to America in the early 1950s and secluded himself in a New Jersey seminary.

作为一名严肃的天主教徒，他于 20 世纪 50 年代初前往美国，并隐居于新泽西州的一所神学院。

Father John Keegan.

约翰·基冈神父。

He was, well, a mysterious kind of person because we didn't know quite exactly what he was all about.

嗯，他是一个神秘的人，因为我们不太清楚他到底是个什么样的人。

He didn't seem to us to be very important.

他在我们看来并不是很重要。

He did dishes with us, and people of importance didn't do that; students did that, or brothers did that, and here was Diem, you know, doing dishes at the tables with the rest of the students.

他和我们一起洗碗，重要的人不会这样做；学生们这样做，或者兄弟们这样做，而吴庭艳，你知道，正在餐桌上和其他学生一起洗碗。

We were impressed with his devoutness.

他的虔诚给我们留下了深刻的印象。

As seminarians, we were up at five-thirty in the morning, and Diem would already be in a pew meditating, reflecting.

作为神学院学生，我们早上五点三十分起床，吴庭艳已经坐在长凳上冥想、沉思。

He would attend mass every morning, you know, quite devoutly, as far as we could see, and stay afterwards and pray.

据我们所知，他每天早上都会非常虔诚地参加弥撒，然后留下来祈祷。

It was almost as though he were living the life of a monk.

他几乎过着僧人的生活。

By the fall of 1954, refugees from the North, most of them Catholics, were fleeing towards the South.

1954 年秋天，来自北方的难民（其中大多数是天主教徒）逃往南方。

Many had worked with the French, and they feared Communist reprisals.

许多人曾与法国人合作，他们担心共产党的报复。

Many expected that Diem, a Catholic, would favor them.

许多人预计天主教徒吴廷琰会青睐他们。

The refugees added to the confusion in the South, but Washington saw their value as a solid anti-Communist base for Diem, and as touching symbols of the Cold War.

难民加剧了南方的混乱，但华盛顿认为他们的价值是吴廷琰坚实的反共基础，也是冷战的感人象征。

American agents assigned to the North used propaganda to spur the migration.

派往朝鲜的美国特工利用宣传来刺激移民。

Their chief, a veteran CIA specialist, was Colonel Edward Lansdale.

他们的首领是爱德华·兰斯代尔上校，是一位资深的中央情报局专家。

Some people were very reluctant about leaving home, so that the efforts on the propaganda were informative and also, uh, sort of urging them or nudging them real hard to come to a decision quickly, because there would be a period when free movement wouldn't be permitted.

有些人非常不愿意离开家，因此宣传工作提供了丰富的信息，而且，呃，有点敦促他们或推动他们很难迅速做出决定，因为会有一段时期不允许自由流动。

To signal the growing American commitment to Diem, President Eisenhower dispatched a new special envoy, his World War II colleague General J.

为了表明美国对吴庭艳日益增长的承诺，艾森豪威尔总统派遣了一位新的特使，他的二战同事约翰·吴将军将军。

Lawton Collins.

劳顿·柯林斯.

Collins, instructed to help train an army for Diem, recommended $100 million in aid for the new government.

柯林斯受命帮助吴廷琰训练一支军队，他建议向新政府提供 1 亿美元的援助。

Well, when I arrived in Saigon, it was chaotic.

嗯，当我到达西贡时，情况很混乱。

No question about that.

毫无疑问。

The very day that I arrived the chief of staff of the Vietnamese Army, Hinh, was inveighing against Diem over a radio that was supported, as a matter of fact, by U.S. aid.

我到达的那天，越南陆军参谋长欣正在通过无线电猛烈抨击吴廷琰，而事实上，该无线电是得到美国援助的支持的。

All through the night, command cars and machine gun carriers and army armored cars drove around and around the government palace.

整个晚上，指挥车、机枪车和陆军装甲车在政府大楼周围行驶了一圈又一圈。

Well I put a stop to that right off the bat, I can assure you.

好吧，我可以向你保证，我会立即制止这种行为。

Hinh said he was going to stay on, and he hinted that he would start a rebellion.

Hinh 表示他将留下来，并暗示他将发起叛乱。

I assured him that if he did that, then all military aid to Vietnam would cease.

我向他保证，如果他这样做，那么对越南的所有军事援助都将停止。

And so finally, by putting pressure on Hinh, I got him to leave town in, oh, in about a week.

最后，通过向 Hinh 施加压力，我让他在大约一周内离开小镇。

And as a matter of fact, he never returned again.

事实上，他再也没有回来过。

More challengers emerged from the chaos of South Vietnamese politics.

南越政治的混乱中出现了更多的挑战者。

Two of them headed armed religious factions.

其中两人领导武装宗教派别。

Another, backed by the French, was a former river pirate, now a notorious gangster and opium dealer.

另一个得到法国人支持的人是前河海盗，现在是臭名昭著的黑帮和鸦片贩子。

Bay Vien was his name.

湾维恩是他的名字。

He controlled the secret police, mind you, of Vietnam.

请注意，他控制着越南的秘密警察。

He also controlled all the houses of prostitution and the gambling joints, and this was the source of his strength.

他还控制着所有的妓院和赌场，这就是他的力量源泉。

Bay Vien tried to make a deal with Diem, but Diem refused.

Bay Vien试图与Diem达成协议，但Diem拒绝了。

In open defiance of the powerful gangster, he staged a symbolic burning of opium pipes.

为了公然蔑视强大的歹徒，他象征性地焚烧了鸦片烟斗。

Then he attacked Bay Vien's headquarters -- located in Saigon's central police station.

然后他袭击了Bay Vien 位于西贡中央警察局的总部。

Diem's challenge seemed nearly suicidal to Collins.

在柯林斯看来，吴庭艳的挑战几乎是自杀。

But Lansdale, now Diem's closest American adviser, believed in him.

但现在吴廷琰最亲密的美国顾问兰斯代尔相信他。

Diem was laughing at me.

迪姆在嘲笑我。

We were out on the front porch, and he said, "You are standing about where I think the first shell is going to hit and it's going to be coming in in about 20 minutes and you better get out of here; and I'm not initiating, I'm receiving here." And sure enough, 20 minutes later the firing broke out against him.

我们在前廊上，他说，“你站在我认为第一发炮弹将要击中的地方，大约 20 分钟后炮弹就会射来，你最好离开这里；我不是主动发起的，我是在这里接收的。”果然，20 分钟后，针对他的枪击事件爆发了。

Bay Vien's private army fought Diem's troops through the streets of Saigon.

拜维恩的私人军队在西贡的街道上与吴廷琰的军队作战。

The risks for Diem were enormous.

吴庭艳面临的风险是巨大的。

Unless he could consolidate his power, he would lose American support.

除非他能够巩固自己的权力，否则他将失去美国的支持。

He had already lost Collins.

他已经失去了柯林斯。

I liked Diem, but I became convinced that he did not have the political knack, nor the strength of character, politically, to manage this bizarre collection of people in Vietnam.

我喜欢吴廷琰，但我确信他没有政治技巧，也没有政治上的性格力量来管理越南这群奇怪的人。

Ho Chi Minh's followers believed the country-wide elections in 1956 would bring them to power in a reunified Vietnam.

胡志明的追随者相信 1956 年的全国选举将使他们在统一的越南掌权。

They had withdrawn their troops from the South, but the Geneva agreements allowed their political organizers to remain there and rally support for Ho.

他们已从南方撤军，但日内瓦协议允许他们的政治组织者留在那里并为胡志明争取支持。

I and my family were very happy and supportive of the Geneva agreement because we believed that there would not be any reprisal against the people who re-grouped to the North, and those who remained behind.

我和我的家人非常高兴并支持日内瓦协议，因为我们相信重新聚集到北方的人和留下来的人不会受到任何报复。

We thought that in two years we would have a free and fair election in which the people could freely choose their own government.

我们认为两年后我们将举行自由公正的选举，人民可以自由选择自己的政府。

The U.S. had opposed the Geneva agreements, but pledged to respect them.

美国曾反对日内瓦协议，但承诺尊重这些协议。

Diem, who had condemned the accords, now resisted the nationwide election.

曾谴责这些协议的吴庭艳现在抵制全国大选。

Dulles has to decide what to do.

杜勒斯必须决定该怎么做。

, 1967 Interview There is this about it.

，1967年采访是这样的。

At that time, we had a dictator that was now controlling more than half the country, and with a great deal of the population, and he would get a hundred percent of the vote!

那时我们有一个独裁者，现在控制了大半个国家，人口众多，他会得到百分之一百的选票！

The Americans and Diem carried the day.

美国人和吴庭艳取得了胜利。

There were no country-wide elections.

没有举行全国选举。

Vietnam remained divided, and Washington welcomed Diem as a hero.

越南仍然分裂，华盛顿欢迎吴廷琰作为英雄。

Without American support, Diem would never have survived.

如果没有美国的支持，吴庭艳就不可能生存。

With it, he seemed to have done the impossible.

有了它，他似乎完成了不可能的事情。

Washington held him up to the world as a model of anti-communism, the miracle man of Asia.

华盛顿把他视为反共的典范、亚洲的奇迹人物。

Diem welcomed the weapons and the dollars, but he often resisted the Americans' advice.

吴庭艳欢迎这些武器和美元，但他经常拒绝美国人的建议。

He was polite, but he was rigid and proud, and fiercely nationalistic.

他很有礼貌，但也很刻板、骄傲，并且有强烈的民族主义倾向。

I think he looked upon us as great big children -- well intentioned, powerful, with a lot of technical know-how, but not very sophisticated in dealing with him or his race, or his country's problems.

我认为他把我们视为伟大的大孩子——善意、强大、拥有大量技术知识，但在处理他或他的种族或他的国家的问题时却不太老练。

During the late 1950s, Diem's problems grew.

20 世纪 50 年代末，吴庭艳的问题日益严重。

Like a traditional Vietnamese mandarin, he drew his small circle closer around him, relying on his family, especially his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu and Nhu's wife.

就像一个传统的越南官僚一样，他依靠家人，特别是他的兄弟吴廷儒和阮的妻子，把自己的小圈子拉得更近。

Their secret police, run by Nhu, set out to eliminate Communists and other dissidents.

由努领导的秘密警察着手消灭共产党人和其他持不同政见者。

After the Vietminh army regrouped to the North and the Diem regime took over the South, repression began.

越盟军队重新集结到北方，吴廷琰政权接管南方后，镇压开始了。

Those of us who had directly fought against the French, and people who had helped organize the resistance against them, were the special targets of Diem's revenge.

我们这些直接与法国人作战的人，以及帮助组织抵抗法国人的人，都是吴庭艳报复的特殊目标。

The manners of tortures inflicted upon these people by Ngo Dinh Diem and his hound dogs -- this was our term for the secret police -- were extremely inhumane.

吴庭艳和他的猎犬（这是我们对秘密警察的称呼）对这些人施加的酷刑是极其不人道的。

We were not Catholics; we only worshipped our ancestors.

我们不是天主教徒；我们是天主教徒。我们只崇拜我们的祖先。

And so they forced us to throw the altar to the ancestors away and to become Catholics and to denounce the Communists.

所以他们强迫我们扔掉祖先的祭坛，皈依天主教，谴责共产党。

They had, in some provinces, eliminated most of the stay-behind political agents, the ones that had exposed themselves and proselytized the people and began to complain against the government.

在一些省份，他们消灭了大部分留守的政治代理人，这些人暴露自己、劝说人民并开始抱怨政府。

But in doing this with this heavy-handed police apparatus that he had set up, they also harmed and incarcerated and eliminated a lot of people who were not involved with the Communist movement.

但在他建立的这个高压警察机构的同时，他们也伤害、监禁、消灭了很多不参与共产主义运动的人。

As the Americans and Diem became more and more repressive, people started telling us we'd have to fight.

随着美国人和吴庭艳变得越来越镇压，人们开始告诉我们必须战斗。

They said we'd be wiped out if we kept to our plan of just political struggle.

他们说，如果我们坚持正义政治斗争的计划，我们就会被消灭。

At the U.N., Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev encouraged wars of national liberation.

在联合国，苏联总理尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫鼓励民族解放战争。

The new president took over in an atmosphere of grave threats and confrontation between East and West.

新总统是在东西方严重威胁和对抗的气氛中上任的。

Kennedy sent his vice president, Lyndon Johnson, to Saigon to reassure Diem.

肯尼迪派副总统林登·约翰逊前往西贡安抚吴廷琰。

The U.S. seemed to be faltering, and Diem was worried.

美国似乎步履蹒跚，吴廷琰很担心。

Johnson performed like a Texas politician on the campaign trail.

约翰逊在竞选过程中的表现就像一位德克萨斯州政客。

President Kennedy was determined on this one because of a number of early setbacks -- the Bay of Pigs, to begin; the dressing-down, in effect, that he got from Khruschchev in the Vienna Conference when he first...when they first met each other...

肯尼迪总统之所以决定采取这一行动，是因为早期的一系列挫折——首先是猪湾事件；事实上，他在维也纳会议上第一次……当他们第一次见面时……受到了赫鲁晓夫的训斥。

And finally, the Berlin Wall.

最后是柏林墙。

So Vietnam was the point.

所以越南就是重点。

Kennedy and his men saw themselves in a struggle with Khrushchev for the loyalty of new nations.

肯尼迪和他的部下认为自己正在与赫鲁晓夫争夺新国家的忠诚度。

To them, "national liberation" was code for "Communist aggression."

对他们来说，“民族解放”就是“共产主义侵略”的代号。

In October 1961, two key Kennedy advisers, General Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow, arrived in Vietnam.

1961 年 10 月，肯尼迪的两位重要顾问麦克斯韦·泰勒将军和沃尔特·罗斯托抵达越南。

Their visit coincided with a serious flood.

他们的访问正值一场严重的洪水。

They recommended a big increase in military aid, including U.S. combat troops disguised as flood fighters.

他们建议大幅增加军事援助，包括伪装成抗洪战士的美国作战部队。

He feared an overwhelming American influence.

他担心美国的压倒性影响力。

That was one of the reasons he didn't want American combat forces.

这是他不想要美国作战部队的原因之一。

He was, to my mind, prescient in this, and said, in effect, he thought it would be a bonanza for the Vietcong.

在我看来，他在这方面很有先见之明，他说，实际上，他认为这对越共来说是一笔财富。

Kennedy, too, was reluctant to send ground troops, but he wanted to be tough.

肯尼迪也不愿意派遣地面部队，但他想采取强硬态度。

The answer for "little wars" -- guerrilla wars like South Vietnam's -- was counterinsurgency.

“小战争”——像南越那样的游击战——的答案是反叛乱。

Special forces, like the Green Berets, were sent to train the troops of threatened countries.

像绿色贝雷帽这样的特种部队被派去训练受威胁国家的军队。

They went in small numbers, but they brought with them the best of American military technology.

他们人数不多，但带来了美国最好的军事技术。

My idea was that the role of the special forces were to train Vietnamese to behave as guerrillas, harassing the supply lines down through the mountains of the Vietcong.

我的想法是，特种部队的作用是训练越南人表现得像游击队，骚扰越共山区的补给线。

And the special -- American special forces were to train their special forces to do that.

美国特种部队将训练他们的特种部队来做到这一点。

The Communist-led movement in the South, now termed the Vietcong, had made big gains in 1961.

南方共产党领导的运动（现称为越共）在 1961 年取得了巨大进展。

With increased U.S. aid and the new counterinsurgency program, Kennedy raised America's ante.

随着美国援助的增加和新的反叛乱计划，肯尼迪提高了美国的赌注。

He would win this limited war -- with a few American advisers, a lot of American hardware, and a positive attitude...

他将赢得这场有限的战争——凭借一些美国顾问、大量美国硬件和积极的态度……

I feel that being humble and putting yourself in their position is the way to do it.

我觉得保持谦虚并设身处地为他们着想才是做到这一点的方法。

I have gone out and helped them pick watermelons.

我已经出去帮他们摘西瓜了。

I walk around with my bodyguard, he and I, and we go visit them and drink tea with them in their houses -- in their houses -- and this is an oddity to them because they, they can't imagine that an American can put himself in this position.

我和我的保镖，他和我一起走来走去，我们去拜访他们，在他们的房子里和他们一起喝茶——在他们的房子里——这对他们来说很奇怪，因为他们无法想象一个美国人可以把自己置于这个位置。

So there-fore, it's going to be the man who can give them the most, show them that he...they can support them better that will win their confidence and win their support.

因此，只有那个能给他们最多的人，向他们展示他……他们可以更好地支持他们，才能赢得他们的信心并赢得他们的支持。

And, as you know, it's the man who gets the support of this farmer who is going to eventually win this war.

而且，如您所知，只有得到这位农民支持的人才能最终赢得这场战争。

The ceremonies hid widening cracks inside the regime.

这些仪式掩盖了政权内部日益扩大的裂痕。

In early 1962, two of Diem's own air force officers bombed the palace, hoping to topple the tightly-knit ruling family.

1962 年初，吴廷琰手下的两名空军军官轰炸了宫殿，希望推翻这个紧密团结的统治家族。

Madame Nhu was injured.

胡女士受伤。

The Vietcong had assassinated 500 civilians and Diem officials, and killed 1,500 of his troops in the first half of 1961.

1961 年上半年，越共暗杀了 500 名平民和吴廷琰官员，并杀害了 1,500 名吴廷琰士兵。

VC influence in the country-side was growing.

风险投资在农村的影响力不断增强。

In reality, life inside the spiky perimeter didn't measure up to the ideal.

事实上，尖刺周边内的生活并没有达到理想的状态。

Diem's half-hearted land reform in the '50s had failed, and now the already resentful farmers were forced to relocate to the hamlets, which were targets for Vietcong attacks.

吴庭艳在20世纪50年代半心半意的土地改革失败了，现在本已心怀怨恨的农民被迫搬迁到小村庄，这些小村庄成为越共的攻击目标。

Defense Secretary McNamara toured some hamlets with Ambassador Nolting in May 1962.

1962 年 5 月，国防部长麦克纳马拉与诺尔廷大使一起参观了一些村庄。

Though American officials had private reservations about the program, McNamara publicly praised it.

尽管美国官员私下对该计划持保留态度，但麦克纳马拉公开赞扬了它。

But there was rising opposition to Diem's government, especially to his brother Nhu, who controlled the secret police and an elaborate intelligence network.

但吴廷琰政府的反对声音越来越大，尤其是他的弟弟吴廷琰，后者控制着秘密警察和复杂的情报网络。

Brilliant and eccentric, Nhu was at war not only with the Communists, but with all critics of the regime.

努胡才华横溢，性格古怪，他不仅与共产党人交战，还与所有对该政权的批评者交战。

My husband, he was very unhappy with...

我老公对他很不满意...

on one side his brother, the other side, his wife.

一侧是他的兄弟，另一侧是他的妻子。

He considered both of us babes in the woods.

他认为我们俩都是树林里的宝贝。

He said to his brother, "You should be a monk," and "You," to me, "just keep quiet -- don't say anything."

他对他的兄弟说，“你应该出家”，而“你，”对我说，“保持安静——什么也别说。”

Vietnam had been a concern to the Kennedy Administration, but it was not a major concern.

越南一直是肯尼迪政府关注的一个问题，但这并不是一个主要问题。

Suddenly, in the spring of 1963, it became a crisis.

1963年春天，突然之间，它变成了一场危机。

Buddhist groups, protesting that Diem's soldiers had killed eight worshippers while breaking up a gathering in Hue, began a series of demonstrations.

佛教团体抗议吴庭艳的士兵在驱散顺化的一次集会时杀害了八名信徒，并开始了一系列示威活动。

My brother Diem, the president, never stopped giving aid and good advice to the Buddhists.

我的兄弟吴廷琰，总统，从未停止向佛教徒提供援助和良好建议。

He used to say to them, "Try to do something to reorganize your religion.

他常常对他们说：“尝试做一些事情来重组你们的宗教。

As it is now, just about anyone can say he's a good Buddhist.

现在，几乎任何人都可以说他是一个好的佛教徒。

All he has to do is shave his head and eyebrows and put on a robe."

他所要做的就是剃掉头发和眉毛，然后穿上长袍。”

As the demonstrations grew, Diem rejected compromise and met the challengers with force.

随着示威活动的加剧，吴庭艳拒绝妥协，并以武力应对挑战者。

A Buddhist monk, Thich Quang Duc, countered with a traditional act that horrified the West.

佛教僧人释广德 (Thich Quang Duc) 以一种令西方震惊的传统行为进行反击。

The Reverend Quang Duc decided to dedicate his body as a torch to light the struggle to preserve religious teaching.

广德牧师决定将自己的遗体奉献为火炬，以照亮维护宗教教义的斗争。

I saw him step out of his car and assume the lotus position.

我看见他从车里走出来，盘腿而坐。

Then a monk stepped forward and helped the Reverend pour gasoline on himself.

这时，一个和尚走上前，帮牧师给自己倒了汽油。

At that moment, a flame engulfed his body.

就在这时，一股火焰吞噬了他的身体。

The photos hit the front pages in America and were on Kennedy's desk in the morning.

这些照片登上了美国的头版，并于早上出现在肯尼迪的办公桌上。

Quang Duc had become a martyr.

光德已成为烈士。

Saigon students joined the Buddhists and the protests against Diem exploded.

西贡学生加入佛教徒，针对吴庭艳的抗议活动爆发。

During the Reverend Quang Duc's cremation, everything was burned except for his heart, which remained intact.

广德法师火葬时，除了他的心脏完好无损之外，一切都被烧毁了。

His heart was set on fire two more times, but it still did not burn.

他的心又被点燃了两次，但仍然没有燃烧。

The Buddhists bit, tasted a little political blood, bit harder, tasted more political blood, and then finally began to use American television.

佛教徒咬咬牙，尝到了一点政治血腥味，再努力一点，尝到了更多政治血腥味，最后终于开始使用美国电视。

They would -- none of them spoke English but their signs were all in English.

他们会——他们都不会说英语，但他们的标志都是英文的。

In the convulsive summer of 1963, events raced far beyond Washington's control.

1963 年那个动荡的夏天，事态的发展远远超出了华盛顿的控制。

The Buddhists became the rallying point for long-simmering opposition to Diem.

佛教徒成为长期反对吴廷琰的集结点。

Alarmed, Diem's senior army officers began to talk of ousting him.

吴廷琰的高级军官感到震惊，开始讨论罢免他。

Ambassador Nolting stood by Diem.

诺尔廷大使支持吴廷琰。

I never felt that President Diem was a prisoner of his own family, or of any particular group, Roman Catholic or any other.

我从来没有觉得吴庭艳总统是他自己家庭的囚犯，或者是任何特定团体（罗马天主教或任何其他团体）的囚犯。

I felt that he had a very difficult job to govern the country in a way which would not permit the Vietcong to take over.

我觉得他的工作非常困难，要以不允许越共接管的方式来治理国家。

But Hilsman and others in Washington had decided that Diem and Nhu should go.

但希尔斯曼和华盛顿的其他人决定吴廷琰和努胡应该下台。

Ambassador Nolting, Diem's ally, returned home.

吴庭艳的盟友诺尔廷大使回国。

Diem and Nhu struck again at the Buddhists even before Lodge reached Saigon.

甚至在洛奇到达西贡之前，吴庭艳和努胡就再次袭击了佛教徒。

Nhu's special forces raided the temples, sealed them shut, and arrested thousands of Buddhists.

吴的特种部队突袭了寺庙，将其封锁，并逮捕了数千名佛教徒。

Diem's generals, increasingly frustrated, started to plot against the government.

吴庭艳的将军们越来越沮丧，开始密谋反对政府。

In the Vietnamese army, a majority of the soldiers were Buddhists.

在越南军队中，大多数士兵都是佛教徒。

I am a Buddhist.

我是佛教徒。

I had a lot of trouble with my family, who reproached me for having attacked the pagodas.

我和家人闹了很多麻烦，他们责怪我袭击了佛塔。

But it wasn't true.

但这不是真的。

People were saying that the army staged the attacks, but actually it was units loyal to Diem who attacked the pagodas.

人们说袭击是军队策划的，但实际上袭击佛塔的是忠于吴庭艳的部队。

But that doesn't matter.

但这并不重要。

We were equally responsible.

我们同样负有责任。

So then we had to do something to show Diem: either he had to change his policies, or we would have to change Mr. Diem.

因此，我们必须做一些事情来向吴庭艳展示：要么他必须改变他的政策，要么我们必须改变吴庭艳先生。

I talked to, specifically to General Don, and I talked to other generals.

我与唐将军进行了交谈，特别是与其他将军进行了交谈。

And then this was the first indication that I had that there was really something serious going on -- that there was actually a coup, so to speak, being thought of by the senior officers of the Vietnamese army.

然后，这是我得到的第一个迹象，表明确实发生了一些严重的事情——可以说，越南军队的高级军官正在考虑发生一场政变。

The U.S. was now spending a million and a half dollars a day on the war.

美国现在每天在战争上花费一百万五美元。

There were 16,000 American soldiers in South Vietnam, still called "advisers," but inevitably seeing action.

南越有 16,000 名美国士兵，他们仍然被称为“顾问”，但不可避免地会看到行动。

The growing crisis in the cities threatened the Diem government and the whole war effort.

城市中日益严重的危机威胁着吴廷琰政府和整个战争努力。

The generals, through Conein, secretly asked Lodge for American support in their plot to topple Diem.

将军们通过科奈恩秘密请求洛奇美国支持他们推翻吴廷琰的阴谋。

Suspecting a coup, Diem and Nhu declared martial law.

由于怀疑政变，吴廷琰和努胡宣布戒严。

Lodge cabled Washington for instructions.

洛奇致电华盛顿寻求指示。

I brought up this question of getting Nhu out of the country, and he, he absolutely refused to discuss any of the things that I was instructed to discuss.

我提出了让 Nhu 离开这个国家的问题，他，他绝对拒绝讨论我被指示讨论的任何事情。

And it gave me a little jolt, frankly.

坦白说，这让我有点震惊。

I think that when an ambassador goes to call on a chief of state and he has been instructed by the President to bring up certain things, the chief of state ought to at least talk about them.

我认为，当大使去拜访国家元首，并且总统指示他提出某些事情时，国家元首至少应该谈论这些事情。

Without him, the president would not be...

Without him, the president would not be...

I don't think that it would be easy for him to rule, to rule the country -- to govern the country.

我认为他统治这个国家并不容易。

That's why when it was...

这就是为什么当它...

requested...

要求...

he was requested to...

他被要求...

to send away my husband, he...

为了送走我的丈夫，他...

he said, it was absolutely a stupid demand because he knew very well that my husband can do without him, but he, he could not do without my husband.

他说,这绝对是一个愚蠢的要求,因为他很清楚,我丈夫可以没有他,但是他,他不能没有我丈夫。

The Buddhists continued their protests, and the tensions in Saigon now reverberated in Washington, where Kennedy still had doubts about a coup.

佛教徒继续抗议，西贡的紧张局势现在在华盛顿引起了反响，肯尼迪仍然对政变抱有怀疑。

The President wavered; then, in a television interview, he sent a subtle but sharp signal to Diem.

总统动摇了；然后，在一次电视采访中，他向吴廷琰发出了微妙但尖锐的信号。

We wanted to be certain that if we succeeded with the coup we would have American support afterward, that the Americans agreed with us because we needed their aid to continue the war.

我们想确定，如果我们政变成功，我们会得到美国的支持，美国人同意我们的观点，因为我们需要他们的援助来继续战争。

I don't have any files on the dates of the conversation, or anything like that.

我没有任何有关谈话日期或类似信息的文件。

So I don't really know at what point...

所以我真的不知道什么时候...

I know that I gave them a green light prior to the coup -- upon the instruction of my government.

我知道我在政变之前就根据我国政府的指示给他们开了绿灯。

Madame Nhu toured America, trying to rally support for the beleaguered regime.

胡夫人访问美国，试图为陷入困境的政权争取支持。

At the same time, Nhu hinted that he might make a deal with the Communists.

与此同时，胡先生暗示他可能会与共产党达成协议。

On October 26, Vietnam's national day, Diem reviewed the troops.

10月26日，越南国庆日，吴廷琰检阅部队。

He knew that a coup was being planned.

He knew that a coup was being planned.

And he was -- I bet you he had every...

And he was -- I bet you he had every...

every possible resource that he had at his disposal out trying to find out where they were and how to, how to destroy it.

他动用了所有可能的资源，试图找出它们在哪里，以及如何摧毁它们。

Lodge, through Conein, had signaled his approval of the generals' plan.

洛奇通过科奈表示他同意将军们的计划。

But suspecting a double-cross, the generals refused to reveal the date for the coup.

但将军们怀疑有人出卖，因此拒绝透露政变的日期。

Lodge: And it was just a little after one when we heard the first shell go off.

洛奇：不久之后，我们听到第一枚炮弹爆炸了。

And then we went up onto the roof and you could see the planes dropping bombs and you could see the troops starting to come down the street, and the thing was really on.

然后我们爬上屋顶，你可以看到飞机投下炸弹，你可以看到军队开始沿着街道走来，事情真的开始了。

At three-thirty on the morning of November 2, the generals' infantry and tanks began their assault on the palace.

11月2日凌晨三点三十分，将军的步兵和坦克开始向宫殿发起进攻。

As the soldiers sacked the palace, the generals searched for Diem and Nhu.

当士兵洗劫宫殿时，将军们搜寻吴廷琰和努。

Finally, they made contact and General Minh -- called "Big" Minh -- dispatched a convoy to get them.

最后，他们取得了联系，明将军——被称为“大明”——派遣了一支车队去接他们。

One of the group who'd gone to get the two brothers, a general named Mai Huu Xuan, came to the door of the office, saluted and said to Big Minh: "Mission accomplished."

去接两兄弟的队伍中，有一位名叫麦友轩的将军来到办公室门口，向大明行礼并说道：“任务完成了。”

Within minutes after he was killed I got the word.

他被杀后几分钟内我就得到了消息。

He and his brother left the palace -- the Gia Long Palace -- and went in this underground passageway to this Chinese merchant's house in Cholon, the Chinese section of Saigon.

他和他的兄弟离开了皇宫——嘉隆宫——沿着这条地下通道，来到了位于西贡华人区堤岸的这位中国商人的家。

And in the morning they went into the Roman Catholic Chinese church, and when they came out there were armed men and an armored car, and they were pushed into the armored car and, I believe, shot inside the armored car.

早上他们进入罗马天主教中国教堂，当他们出来时，有武装人员和一辆装甲车，他们被推进装甲车，我相信是在装甲车内被枪杀的。

In a very real sense, the ultimate responsibility for the coup lay with President Ngo Dinh Diem, because he did things that we told him over and over again that if he did them we would have to publicly disapprove of them, and that this would encourage a coup.

从非常现实的意义上说，政变的最终责任在于总统吴庭艳，因为他做了我们一遍又一遍告诉他的事情，如果他这样做，我们将不得不公开反对他们，这将鼓励政变。

And he said, "I know." Now he went ahead and did them, and we had to publicly disapprove of them.

他说：“我知道。”现在他竟然这么做了，我们不得不公开表示反对。

There was no choice.

别无选择。

All that is...

这一切都是...

how do you say...

你怎么说...

arrogance, comes from arrogance.

arrogance, comes from arrogance.

The U.S. was convinced it possessed the truth, and was full of contempt.

美国自以为掌握了真相，对此充满蔑视。

My own view was that, even at that point, we would have done much better to stick with the constitutional government, or at the very least, to have let them know that our policy was changing.

我自己的观点是，即使到了那个时候，如果我们坚持宪政，或者至少让他们知道我们的政策正在改变，我们会做得更好。

I don't think it was fair, just or honorable to an ally of nine years, to do this behind his back.

我认为，对于一个九年的盟友来说，背着他做这件事是不公平、公正或光荣的。

John F.

约翰·F.

Kennedy's government had been complicit in Diem's overthrow, and that complicity deepened America's involvement in Southeast Asia.

肯尼迪政府是吴庭艳被推翻的同谋，而这种同谋加深了美国对东南亚的介入。

January 20, 1961: Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty...

1961 年 1 月 20 日：让每个国家知道，无论它希望我们好还是坏，我们将付出任何代价，承担任何负担，应对任何困难，支持任何朋友，反对任何敌人，以确保自由的生存和成功......

Lyndon Johnson inherited America's commitment to an anti-Communist government in South Vietnam, and 16,000 military advisers.

林登·约翰逊继承了美国对南越反共政府和 16,000 名军事顾问的承诺。

Some were more than advisers in the war against the Communist-led insurgents, the Vietcong.

有些人不仅仅是对抗共产党领导的叛乱分子越共的战争中的顾问。

Voice #2: Tigerlee, Tigerlee, Tiger 6, Tiger 6

声音#2：Tigerlee、Tigerlee、Tiger 6、Tiger 6

Johnson's main concern at the time was not this growing war in Asia, but another war at home.

约翰逊当时主要担心的不是这场愈演愈烈的亚洲战争，而是另一场国内战争。

Few American presidents have been as successful as Johnson in promoting their programs in Congress.

很少有美国总统能像约翰逊那样在国会推动自己的计划如此成功。

He later called his "The Great Society."

后来他将他的组织称为“伟大的社会”。

But there was Vietnam.

但还有越南。

As Johnson took office, peasants, often helped by the Vietcong, destroyed the strategic hamlets designed to isolate them from the Vietcong.

约翰逊上任后，农民经常在越共的帮助下摧毁了旨在将他们与越共隔离开来的战略村庄。

President Diem had built them, but now Diem was dead.

它们是吴庭艳总统建造的，但现在吴庭艳去世了。

And the structure he had created with American support was being smashed.

他在美国支持下建立的结构正在被摧毁。

President Johnson offered America's full support to this new, untried leader.

约翰逊总统表示美国将全力支持这位未经考验的新领导人。

Good morning ladies and gentlemen.

女士们先生们早上好。

General Taylor and I have known General Khanh for a considerable period of time.

泰勒将军和我认识汗将军已有相当一段时间了。

He has our admiration, our respect and our complete support.

他得到我们的钦佩、尊重和全力支持。

McNamara barnstormed South Vietnam with Khanh, trying to promote him to his own people.

麦克纳马拉与可汗一起在南越进行巡回演讲，试图向自己的人民宣传他。

Privately McNamara was gloomy.

麦克纳马拉私下里很沮丧。

He warned Johnson that the Vietcong controlled 40 percent of the countryside.

他警告约翰逊，越共控制了 40% 的农村地区。

We are here to emphasize that the United States will maintain its interest and its presence in your country.

我们在此强调，美国将维持其在贵国的利益和存在。

There is no question whatsoever of our abandoning that interest.

毫无疑问，我们会放弃这种兴趣。

We'll stay for as long as it takes.

只要需要，我们就会留下来。

We shall provide whatever help is required to win the battle against the Communist insurgents.

我们将提供一切必要的帮助来赢得对共产党叛乱分子的战斗。

To the Communists in Hanoi, America's presence in the South was yet another act of foreign aggression.

对于河内的共产党人来说，美国在南方的存在是又一次外国侵略行为。

They recalled 1,000 years of struggle against foreign invaders: Chinese, Japanese, French.

他们回顾了 1000 年来与外国侵略者（中国人、日本人、法国人）的斗争。

And now they faced Americans.

现在他们面对的是美国人。

During the final months of 1963, Diem was shot and Kennedy was assassinated.

1963 年的最后几个月，吴庭艳被枪杀，肯尼迪被暗杀。

So the situation in the South changed.

于是南方的局势发生了变化。

Just at that time, President Ho Chi Minh called on all Vietnamese to double their efforts to help the people in the South.

恰在此时，胡志明主席呼吁全体越南人加倍努力帮助南方人民。

The resistance forces in the South were still very weak and badly equipped.

南方的抵抗力量仍然非常薄弱，装备也很差。

In certain areas, they had trouble recruiting troops.

在某些地区，他们招募军队遇到困难。

Therefore, we decided that well-equipped and larger forces had to be sent to the South.

因此，我们决定必须向南方派遣装备精良、规模较大的部队。

Hanoi decided to escalate the war.

河内决定将战争升级。

And the Vietcong stepped up their attacks in the countryside.

越共加强了对乡村的攻击。

In 1964 the pressure on Johnson to hold the line against communism came from Republican conservatives.

1964年，共和党保守派向约翰逊施加压力，要求他坚持反对共产主义的路线。

In July they nominated Senator Barry Goldwater for president.

七月，他们提名参议员巴里·戈德华特为总统。

He was an outspoken anti-Communist.

他是一位直言不讳的反共人士。

Johnson wanted a big victory.

约翰逊想要一场大胜利。

And he wanted to keep Vietnam out of the campaign.

他希望越南不参与竞选活动。

As early as May he had his aides draft a resolution of Congressional support for the war effort.

早在五月，他就让助手起草了一份国会支持战争努力的决议。

It was discovered, however, in researching the Senate that the introduction of such a resolution would cause a very major filibuster by two or three strong opponents of the war at the time and, therefore, do more harm than good, create not consensus but conflict.

然而，研究参议院后发现，这样一项决议的出台，会引起当时两三个强烈反对战争的人的非常大的阻挠，因此弊大于利，造成的不是共识而是冲突。

Therefore, by June 15, 1964, the idea of a resolution had been shelved.

因此，到了1964年6月15日，决议的想法就被搁置了。

In late July, the U.S.S.

7月下旬，美国

Maddox , a destroyer on an intelligence mission, sailed into the Gulf of Tonkin off North Vietnam.

马多克斯号是一艘执行情报任务的驱逐舰，驶入北越附近的北部湾。

It was later joined by the U.S.S.

后来美国也加入了。

Turner Joy .

特纳·乔伊。

These two destroyers became involved in an incident which brought the Congressional resolution off the shelf.

这两艘驱逐舰卷入了一起事件，导致国会决议被搁置。

The Navy explained the incident this way:

海军是这样解释这一事件的：

In international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin, destroyers of the United States Navy are assigned routine patrols from time to time.

在北部湾国际水域，美国海军驱逐舰不时执行例行巡逻任务。

Sunday, August the 2, 1964, the destroyer Maddox was on such a patrol.

1964 年 8 月 2 日星期日，马多克斯号驱逐舰正在进行这样的巡逻。

Shortly after noon, the calm of the day is broken as general quarters sound.

中午过后不久，宿舍里的喧闹声打破了一天的平静。

The film charged an unprovoked attack.

这部电影指控无端攻击。

But it left out crucial facts.

但它遗漏了关键事实。

Early in the morning of July 31, unmarked South Vietnamese patrol boats had attacked two North Vietnamese island bases -- part of a covert operation supported by the CIA.

7 月 31 日清晨，没有标记的南越巡逻艇袭击了北越的两个岛屿基地，这是中央情报局支持的秘密行动的一部分。

The next night the Maddox was cruising up the coast, at one point as close as five miles.

第二天晚上，马多克斯号沿着海岸巡航，有一次距离最远五英里。

It changed course.

它改变了方向。

And early on August 2 was ten miles off one of the islands raided earlier.

8 月 2 日早些时候，距离早些时候袭击的岛屿之一有 10 英里。

North Vietnam's patrol boats attacked the Maddox six hours later.

六小时后，北越巡逻艇袭击了马多克斯号。

At the time Secretary McNamara stressed that the Maddox was simply on a routine patrol.

当时麦克纳马拉部长强调，马多克斯号只是进行例行巡逻。

No, it has no special relationship to any operations in that area.

不，它与该领域的任何业务没有特殊关系。

We're carrying routine patrols of this kind on all over the world all the time.

我们一直在世界各地进行此类例行巡逻。

Following the Sunday attack, the Maddox is joined by the U.S.S.

周日袭击事件发生后，美国号航空母舰也加入了马多克斯号的行列。

Turner Joy.

特纳·乔伊.

As directed by the President of the United States, the Maddox and Turner Joy resume patrol operations in the Gulf of Tonkin.

根据美国总统的指示，马多克斯号和特纳·乔伊号恢复在北部湾的巡逻行动。

On the night of August the 4th, North Vietnamese patrol boats strike again, as filmed in this re-creation.

8 月 4 日晚上，北越巡逻艇再次发动袭击，正如本次重现中所拍摄的那样。

For the first time, American aircraft bombed North Vietnam.

美国飞机首次轰炸北越。

The retaliation came after the second incident -- an incident Hanoi has always denied.

这次报复是在第二起事件发生后发生的——河内一直否认这一事件。

On the night of August 4, the United States made public that so-called "Gulf of Tonkin incident." But the story was a fabrication, created by the U.S. National Security Council.

8月4日晚，美国公开了所谓“北部湾事件”。但这个故事是美国国家安全委员会捏造的。

Even as the National Security Council met, American aircraft were being sent to destroy several areas of our country.

就在国家安全委员会召开会议时，美国飞机也被派去摧毁我国的几个地区。

In reality, the second Gulf of Tonkin incident never happened.

事实上，第二次北部湾事件从未发生过。

At that time, I felt it was questionable whether the second incident took place.

当时我就觉得第二件事是否发生是值得怀疑的。

I simply was not sure.

我只是不确定。

It was not until after a number of days of collation of reports from the field had taken place that many of the reports which seemed to relate to the second incident were proved either to be unsound or to relate to the first incident.

直到经过几天的现场报告整理后，许多看似与第二起事件有关的报告被证明要么不可靠，要么与第一起事件有关。

First Man: Well, I think that President Johnson has done the correct thing.

第一人称：嗯，我认为约翰逊总统做了正确的事情。

I really do.

我真的这么做。

The minute incident number one happened, the attack on our ships, the resolution was brought right back off the shelf, put right to Congress and of course, after incident number two, sailed through with virtually no dissent.

第一件事发生后，我们的船只遭到袭击，该决议立即被搁置，直接提交给国会，当然，第二件事发生后，几乎没有任何异议，该决议就顺利通过了。

A blank check.

一张空白支票。

Senator William Fulbright, persuaded that the second incident had occurred, whisked the resolution through Congress in two days.

参议员威廉·富布赖特（William Fulbright）相信第二起事件已经发生，并在两天内迅速在国会通过了该决议。

Being in the minority never proves that you're wrong.

成为少数并不能证明你是错的。

In fact, history is going to record that Senator Greuning and I voted in the interest of the American people this morning when we voted against this resolution.

事实上，历史将会记录，格罗宁参议员和我今天早上投票反对这项决议，是为了美国人民的利益。

Lyndon Johnson signed into law the Tonkin Gulf Resolution.

林登·约翰逊签署《北部湾决议》成为法律。

Congress gave the President full authority for military action in Southeast Asia.

国会赋予总统在东南亚采取军事行动的全部权力。

Backed by both political parties, Johnson had removed the war as an issue from the campaign.

在两个政党的支持下，约翰逊将战争作为一个问题从竞选中剔除。

Johnson didn't seek a wider war.

约翰逊并不寻求更广泛的战争。

He didn't want a wider war.

他不想要一场更广泛的战争。

He knew the war would engulf everything that he wanted to do in this country.

他知道战争将吞噬他在这个国家想做的一切。

At the same time, he also knew that if he didn't fulfill what he thought was an honorable commitment from the United States to South Vietnam, his administration could be lost as well.

与此同时，他也知道，如果他不履行他认为的美国对南越的光荣承诺，他的政府也可能会失败。

Girl in Campaign "Daisy Commercial": Five, seven, six, six, eight, nine, nine.

“雏菊广告”活动中的女孩：五、七、六、六、八、九、九。

Thus Johnson portrayed Goldwater as irresponsible and himself as the candidate of restraint.

因此，约翰逊将戈德华特描述为不负责任的人，而他自己则是克制的候选人。

He won a landslide victory.

他赢得了压倒性的胜利。

I recommended a retaliatory air strike for the bombing of Bienhoa airbase which was occupied largely by American aircraft, and the losses in personnel were all American.

我建议对比恩霍亚空军基地的轰炸进行报复性空袭，该基地大部分被美国飞机占领，人员损失全部是美国人。

This was the first time the enemy had ever, had ever attacked a major military installation of the Americans.

这是敌人第一次袭击美国的主要军事设施。

It was a change of tactics.

这是战术的改变。

It shouldn't be shrugged off, I thought, as just another thing -- incident of the war.

我想，这不应该被视为另一件事——战争事件而被忽视。

It was something new, and it was an excellent reason to have a retaliatory strike.

这是新事物，也是进行报复性打击的绝佳理由。

American carriers were poised.

美国航空公司已做好准备。

But President Johnson refused his ambassador's recommendation to bomb North Vietnam.

但约翰逊总统拒绝了大使关于轰炸北越的建议。

The Vietcong attacked again.

越共再次进攻。

At the end of November, I was given the order to attack the Brink's Hotel which housed high American officers.

11月底，我接到命令攻击美国高级军官所在的布林克酒店。

All the crimes committed by the Americans were directed from this nerve center.

美国人犯下的所有罪行都是这个神经中枢指挥的。

I sat in a nearby cafe to wait for the explosion, which occurred at exactly five forty-five on the afternoon of December 24, the anniversary of the founding of the People's Army of Vietnam.

我坐在附近的一家咖啡馆里等待爆炸，爆炸发生在12月24日下午五点四十五分整，越南人民军成立周年纪念日。

Our commanders had ordered us to attack the place when the most Americans were there.

我们的指挥官命令我们在美国人最多的时候攻击那个地方。

And it was precisely as we had expected, since they were at the Brink's Hotel to plan their Christmas activities.

果然不出我们所料，他们是在布林克酒店计划圣诞节活动。

Many Americans had also gone there from the Rex Hotel.

许多美国人也从雷克斯酒店去了那里。

As a result, the attack succeeded and we were never detected.

结果，攻击成功了，我们从未被发现。

The Christmas Eve attack was the second major assault on Americans in two months.

平安夜袭击是两个月内针对美国人的第二次重大袭击。

Ambassador Taylor called once more for a bombing strike against the North.

泰勒大使再次呼吁对朝鲜进行轰炸。

Again, Johnson refused.

约翰逊再次拒绝了。

Again, recommended retaliation, got turned down.

再次建议报复，遭到拒绝。

I felt reasonably sure, who wants to bomb Santy Claus?

我相当确定，谁想轰炸圣诞老人？

Four days after the Vietcong team blew up the Brink's Hotel, two Vietcong regiments prepared to strike the village of Binh Gia near Saigon.

越共部队炸毁布林克酒店四天后，两个越共团准备袭击西贡附近的平嘉村。

They inflicted the first of a series of devastating defeats on Saigon's army.

他们对西贡军队造成了一系列毁灭性失败中的第​​一次。

This was the use of battalion sized units, reinforced battalion sized units, by the enemy, and the successful use that I feared would spread and was perhaps the beginning of a gradual movement toward a major effort, using not guerrillas, not small units, but large units.

这是敌人对营级部队、加强营级部队的使用，我担心这种成功的使用会蔓延，也许是逐步走向重大努力的开始，使用的不是游击队，不是小部队，而是大部队。

National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy already favored a greater effort when he arrived in Saigon in early February 1965.

1965 年 2 月初，国家安全顾问麦克乔治·邦迪 (McGeorge Bundy) 抵达西贡时，就已经赞成采取更大的努力。

He had recently urged the President to bomb North Vietnam.

他最近敦促总统轰炸北越。

, February 1965: The President has asked me to extend the New Year's greeting to all the people of Vietnam and to express his conviction that the Year of the Snake can be one in which security and prosperity grow in Vietnam.

1965 年 2 月：主席请我向全体越南人民致以新年问候，并表达他的信念：蛇年将成为越南安全与繁荣的一年。

While McGeorge Bundy was in Saigon, the Vietcong attacked an American outpost at Pleiku, in the Central Highlands.

当麦乔治·邦迪在西贡时，越共袭击了位于中部高地波来古市的美国前哨基地。

It was the third attack on Americans in three months.

这是三个月内针对美国人的第三次袭击。

Eight died.

八人死亡。

One hundred twenty-six were wounded.

一百二十六人受伤。

We found our friends in Washington on the wire, and they wanted our recommendation.

我们通过电话找到了华盛顿的朋友，他们想要我们的推荐。

It took us a little while to concert a view which was that this episode did call for a reply.

我们花了一段时间才达成共识，认为这一集确实需要回应。

A few days later, Johnson gave the green light to sustained bombing in North Vietnam.

几天后，约翰逊为北越的持续轰炸开了绿灯。

He hoped to bolster Saigon's morale.

他希望能够鼓舞西贡的士气。

But there was a coup attempt in Saigon on February 19.

但2月19日西贡发生了未遂政变。

The bombing was to begin the next day coordinated with the Saigon government.

爆炸事件将于第二天在西贡政府的协调下开始。

Ambassador Taylor cancelled it.

泰勒大使取消了它。

The government was in turmoil.

政府陷入混乱。

In fact, it had been in turmoil for months.

事实上，几个月来，它一直处于混乱之中。

When Khanh took advantage of the Tonkin incidents the previous August to tighten his grip, students had rioted.

去年八月，当汗利用东京事件加强控制时，学生们发生了骚乱。

Buddhists also protested.

佛教徒也提出抗议。

But demonstrating Buddhists threatened the Catholics.

但示威的佛教徒威胁天主教徒。

They staged a sit-down strike.

他们举行静坐罢工。

After ten days, Khanh formed a triumvirate to try to rule South Vietnam.

十天后，庆组成了三头政治联盟，试图统治南越。

Four days later, Khanh resigned.

四天后，Khanh 辞职了。

He said he was ill.

他说他病了。

Acting Prime Minister Nguyen Oanh, a Harvard-educated economist, lasted three days.

受过哈佛大学教育的经济学家阮映担任代总理，任期三天。

Then Khanh returned.

然后Khanh回来了。

A week later, in mid-September, there was a coup attempt.

一周后，即九月中旬，发生了一场政变。

The thing that worried Johnson -- and constantly worried him -- was the instability of the South Vietnamese government.

让约翰逊担心的——而且一直让他担心的——是南越政府的不稳定。

I guess you might call -- the coat of arms of the Vietnamese government was a turnstile, for God's sake.

我想你可能会说——越南政府的徽章是旋转栅门，天啊。

And, and I remember very vividly somebody would come in his office and say, "Looks like there's a coup beginning in Vietnam." There'd be another coup.

而且，我非常清楚地记得有人会走进他的办公室说：“看起来越南正在发生政变。”还会有另一场政变。

You know, coups were like fleas on a dog, and Johnson said, "I don't want to hear any more about this coup shit.

你知道，政变就像狗身上的跳蚤，约翰逊说：“我不想再听到有关政变的事情了。

I've had enough of it, and we've got to find a way to stabilize those people out there."

我已经受够了，我们必须找到一种方法来稳定那些人的处境。”

That proved difficult.

事实证明这很困难。

Khanh turned the government over to civilians in the fall, but continued to intrigue as head of the armed forces.

汗于秋季将政府移交给文职人员，但仍以武装部队首脑的身份继续勾心斗角。

The political turmoil intensified.

政治动荡加剧。

In February, with Ambassador Taylor's approval, Khanh's own military colleagues rebelled against him and banished him to the United Nations.

2月，在泰勒大使的批准下，汗自己的军事同僚反抗他，并将他驱逐到联合国。

Though a stable government remained elusive, the campaign of bombing North Vietnam began.

尽管稳定的政府仍难以实现，但轰炸北越的行动已经开始。

It was called "Rolling Thunder."

它被称为“雷霆滚滚”。

We thought that at a certain point -- and in conjunction with a situation within the South that was turned around -- it would be a decisive thing in getting Hanoi to say, "All right, we can't get there now, we will fall back, not abandon the objective of taking over the South, but drop it for now." We never had the view that bombing would bring about quick results; certainly not on the essentially measured scale that was actually carried out.

我们认为，在某个时刻——并且结合南方内部局势的扭转——这将是决定性的事情，让河内说：“好吧，我们现在无法到达那里，我们将后退，不是放弃接管南方的目标，而是暂时放弃它。”我们从来不认为轰炸能立竿见影；当然不是按照实际进行的基本测量规模。

We thought it would cut down the amount of the infiltration -- that by hitting the supply lines, you'd make it much more difficult.

我们认为这会减少渗透的数量——通过攻击补给线，你会让渗透变得更加困难。

I had been a director of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey at the, toward the end of the Second World War.

第二次世界大战快结束时，我曾担任美国战略轰炸调查中心的主任。

And we'd made a detailed study of the effects of strategic bombing on not only the German war economy, but on the psychology of the German people.

我们还详细研究了战略轰炸不仅对德国战时经济的影响，而且对德国人民心理的影响。

I was convinced that we were not going to achieve our will by bombing the North; that in the first place, it was a fairly primitive industrial society, and that there weren't the kind of targets that were adapted for strategic bombing.

我确信我们不会通过轰炸北方来实现我们的愿望；首先，这是一个相当原始的工业社会，并且不存在适合战略轰炸的目标。

And secondly, I was convinced that we would never break the will of a determined people by simply bombing; and in fact, we would probably tend to unite them more than ever.

其次，我坚信，我们永远不会通过简单的轰炸来摧毁坚定的人民的意志。事实上，我们可能比以往任何时候都更倾向于将他们团结起来。

The Thanh Hoa Bridge, 80 miles from Hanoi, was an important target in the spring of 1965.

距离河内 80 英里的清化大桥是 1965 年春天的一个重要目标。

It was bombed and repaired, year after year.

年复一年，它被轰炸又被修复。

When the bombing program started, I realized that the airfields -- and we had three jet-capable airfields -- were extremely vulnerable.

当轰炸计划开始时，我意识到这些机场——我们有三个可起飞喷气式飞机的机场——非常脆弱。

If that strategy was to be a viable one, we had to protect those airfields.

如果这一战略要可行，我们就必须保护这些机场。

I feared that the Vietnamese did not have the capability of protecting the American aircraft on those airfields, and therefore, my first request for troops was associated with protecting the airfields.

我担心越南人没有能力保护这些机场上的美国飞机，因此，我对部队的第一个要求就是保护机场。

The President granted Westmoreland's request with little debate.

总统几乎没有争论就批准了威斯特摩兰的请求。

On March 8, 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines landed to protect the air base at Danang.

1965 年 3 月 8 日，3,500 名美国海军陆战队员登陆保护岘港空军基地。

The decision to deploy these first Marines was not part of a plan for a massive troop buildup.

部署第一批海军陆战队的决定并不是大规模增兵计划的一部分。

But 200,000 troops would be committed by the end of the year.

但到今年年底将投入20万军队。

My opinion was: Let's not bring any ground forces in until we have to.

我的意见是：除非必要，否则我们不要派遣任何地面部队。

Once you get into this business, how do you turn back?" No one was blind about the danger of that first soldier, marine coming ashore.

一旦你进入这个行业，你如何回头？”没有人对第一个上岸的士兵、海军陆战队员的危险视而不见。

I certainly wasn't.

我当然不是。

Once that decision was made and the Marines started coming ashore, as far as I was concerned, that's that.

一旦做出决定并且海军陆战队开始上岸，就我而言，就是这样。

Let's go, boys, as fast as we can receive these troops logistically and have a real mission for them.

孩子们，我们走吧，只要我们能够在后勤上尽快接收这些部队并为他们执行真正的任务。

Three weeks after the Marines landed, the Vietcong attacked the American Embassy in Saigon.

海军陆战队登陆三周后，越共袭击了美国驻西贡大使馆。

In early April, Johnson tried to keep the troop deployments a secret.

4月初，约翰逊试图对部队部署保密。

In fact, two additional Marine battalions had already hit the beach as Secretary McNamara spoke.

事实上，在麦克纳马拉部长讲话时，另外两个海军陆战队营已经抵达海滩。

Others followed, week by week, with little fanfare.

其他人一周又一周地紧随其后，但没有大肆宣传。

Seventy-two thousand troops were committed that spring.

那年春天，投入了七万二千人的军队。

One of the reasons for this gradualness in our buildup of resistance in South Vietnam was due to the fact that we did not want to present Moscow and Hanoi with a major new situation during any given week, which would require them to go through an orgasm of decision-making based upon worldwide strategic considerations.

我们在南越逐步集结抵抗的原因之一是我们不想在任何一周内给莫斯科和河内带来重大的新形势，这将要求他们经历基于全球战略考虑的决策高潮。

And so each week was not all that different than the week before.

所以每周都与前一周没有太大不同。

In early April, Johnson also changed the mission of troops.

4月初，约翰逊还改变了部队的使命。

The passive defense of air bases lasted less than a month.

空军基地的被动防御持续了不到一个月。

A U.S. president, for the first time, had authorized ground troops for offensive operations in Vietnam.

美国总统首次授权地面部队在越南开展进攻行动。

Their patrols were limited to a 50-mile radius of coastal bases.

他们的巡逻范围仅限于沿海基地半径 50 英里的范围内。

Johnson was moving with caution.

约翰逊行事谨慎。

But these additional troops -- and their expanded role -- were also designed to show Ho Chi Minh his determination.

但这些增派部队及其扩大的作用也是为了表明胡志明的决心。

Five days after he committed them, Johnson made Ho an offer.

在他做出承诺五天后，约翰逊向何提出了要约。

Johnson offered Ho a vast development project to benefit all of Southeast Asia if Ho would abandon his goals.

约翰逊向何鸿燊提出了一个巨大的发展项目，如果何鸿燊放弃他的目标，该项目将使整个东南亚受益。

And we remain ready with this purpose, for unconditional discussions.

为此，我们随时准备进行无条件的讨论。

Coming back in the helicopter from that speech in 1965 at Johns Hopkins University -- where he had promised a T.V.A.

1965 年，他在约翰·霍普金斯大学发表演讲，乘直升机回来——他曾承诺在那里获得 T.V.A. 奖。

for the Mekong valley, if only Ho Chi Minh would be reasonable -- he leaned across to an assistant, put his hand on his knee, and said, "Old Ho can't turn that down.

对于湄公河流域，如果胡志明能通情达理就好了——他向助手倾身，把手放在膝盖上，说道：“老胡不能拒绝。

Old Ho can't turn that down." You see, if Ho Chi Minh had been George Meany, Lyndon Johnson would have had a deal.

老胡不能拒绝。”你看，如果胡志明是乔治·米尼，林登·约翰逊就会达成协议。

This film was staged by the East Germans.

这部电影是东德人拍摄的。

But the message was true.

但这个消息是真的。

The bombing campaign was not working.

轰炸行动没有奏效。

Supplies from North Vietnam were reaching far into the South.

来自北越的物资正在深入南方。

In the spring of 1965, every report -- the CIA, the military, the embassy, independent observers who had been there -- were saying Vietnam is on the verge of collapse.

1965 年春天，每一份报告——中央情报局、军方、大使馆、到过那里的独立观察员——都在说越南正处于崩溃的边缘。

And the President says, "I feel like a hitchhiker caught in a hailstorm on a Texas highway.

总统说：“我感觉就像一个在德克萨斯州高速公路上遭遇冰雹的搭便车的人。

I can't run, I can't hide, and I can't make it stop."

我无法逃跑，无法隐藏，也无法让它停止。”

By the spring of 1965, the war had changed.

到了1965年春天，战局发生了变化。

Large units of Vietcong replaced guerrillas as the main fighting force.

越共的大型部队取代游击队成为主要战斗力量。

In June they destroyed the military outpost of Dong Xoai.

六月，他们摧毁了东小艾的军事哨所。

And much of the village.

还有村里的大部分地方。

Saigon lost 800 of its best troops.

西贡损失了 800 名精锐部队。

The army of South Vietnam was near collapse.

南越军队几近崩溃。

The civilian government did collapse at that time.

文官政府当时确实垮台了。

And the military took over.

军方接管了。

I asked all of them -- 60 or 70 of them, you know, in the room.

我问了所有人——你知道，房间里有 60 或 70 个人。

I said, "Okay -- ah, one more time.

我说：“好吧——啊，再来一次。

Anyone want to be prime minister?" And they said no. So Thieu said, "I propose Ky." And all of them just stood up and accept the offer.

有人想当总理吗？”他们说不。所以 Thieu 说，“我推荐 Ky。”然后所有人都站起来接受这个提议。

But then I, I didn't give them the answer.

但是后来我,我没有给他们答案。

I said, "I have to go back and talk with my wife first." And when I told her about that offer, you know, she was not excited.

我说：“我得先回去和我老婆谈谈。”当我告诉她这个提议时，你知道，她并不兴奋。

She said, "Oh no!

她说：“哦不！

Not that job!

不是那个工作！

Not as a prime minister!" Ha, ha.

还不是当首相！”哈哈哈。

I'm not a good politician.

我不是一个好的政治家。

I'm not a good diplomat.

我不是一个好的外交官。

You know, I think all I know, the only thing I can do well is, you know, flying the airplane.

你知道，我想我所知道的、我唯一能做好的事情就是驾驶飞机。

I said, "Well?

我说：“嗯？

What can I do now?"

我现在能做什么？”

The situation was desperate.

情况十分危急。

Westmoreland conferred in July with Secretary McNamara and General Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs.

威斯特摩兰于 7 月与国务卿麦克纳马拉和参谋长联席会议主席惠勒将军进行了会谈。

He had asked for an immediate troop increase to 125,000 men, 200,000 by year's end.

他要求立即增兵至125,000人，到年底增至200,000人。

Secretary McNamara framed the three options.

麦克纳马拉国务卿提出了三个选择。

Option number one was to cut our losses and get out.

第一个选择是减少损失并退出。

Option number two was a middle course.

第二个选择是中间路线。

Option number three was to give the military in Vietnam what it wanted.

第三个选择是给予越南军队他们想要的东西。

Listen to the way the first option was phrased: "cut our losses and withdraw under the best conditions that can be arranged.

听听第一个选项的措辞：“减少我们的损失，并在可以安排的最佳条件下撤军。

Almost certainly, conditions humiliating the United States and very damaging to our future effectiveness on the world scene." Now you're president, and you have this memorandum from the secretary of defense, and it says you can cut our losses and withdraw under the best conditions; however, it's going to make a fool of you in the world.

几乎可以肯定的是，这些条件使美国蒙羞，并且对我们未来在世界舞台上的效力造成极大损害。”现在你是总统，你有国防部长的这份备忘录，它说你可以减少我们的损失，并在最好的条件下撤军；然而，它会让世界愚弄你。

I mean, that was an option the very framing of which presumed its rejection.

我的意思是，这个选择的框架本身就意味着它会遭到拒绝。

Our reputation as a nation consisted of many things.

我们作为一个国家的声誉由很多因素组成。

Not the least of which was that we had some sense of perspective and, therefore, had some judgment.

最重要的是，我们有一定的远见，因此有一定的判断力。

While many of our allied countries were beginning to think that we had, we were out of our minds to pursue such a futile war.

虽然我们的许多盟国开始认为我们已经做到了，但我们已经失去了进行这样一场徒劳的战争的想法。

I found him the most sympathetic of all of the people in the entourage.

我发现他是随行人员中最有同情心的一个。

He was the one who seemed to take my cautionary views most seriously.

他似乎是最认真对待我的警告性观点的人。

He was the one who seemed to be probing more and more deeply for a way out.

他似乎是那个越来越深入地探寻出路的人。

But he could never reconcile extrication with his personal commitment that he would not be the first president to lose a war.

但他永远无法调和解救与他个人的承诺，即他不会成为第一个输掉战争的总统。

There was no major address before Congress.

国会前没有发表重要讲话。

Johnson already had his Tonkin Gulf Resolution.

约翰逊已经提出了他的东京湾决议。

And there was no major announcement on prime time television.

黄金时段电视上也没有重大消息发布。

Johnson disclosed his decision in a press conference at midday.

约翰逊在中午的新闻发布会上透露了他的决定。

We did make a deliberate decision not to create a war fever in this country.

我们确实做出了一个深思熟虑的决定，不在这个国家制造战争热潮。

You didn't see members of the armed forces or units of the armed forces parading through American cities.

你没有看到武装部队成员或武装部队部队在美国城市游行。

You didn't see pretty movie stars out selling bonds in factories and things like that -- all the things we did during World War II -- because we felt that in this nuclear world, where thousands of megatons are lying around in the hands of frail human beings, it's just too dangerous for an entire people to become too angry.

你不会看到漂亮的电影明星在工厂里出售债券之类的东西——我们在二战期间所做的所有事情——因为我们觉得在这个核世界里，数千万吨的资源掌握在脆弱的人类手中，整个民族变得太愤怒太危险了。

As Lyndon Johnson spoke on the White House lawn, a Marine rifle company left Danang for a cluster of hamlets nearby.

当林登·约翰逊在白宫草坪上发表讲话时，一个海军陆战队步枪连离开岘港前往附近的一群小村庄。

Vietcong from this area had recently hit Danang in a mortar attack.

来自该地区的越共最近在一次迫击炮袭击中袭击了岘港。

And they had shot seven marines on an earlier sweep.

他们在早些时候的扫荡中射杀了七名海军陆战队员。

If I resist them, if I deter them, if we keep our commitment that three presidents have made -- President Eisenhower, President Kennedy and the present president -- then the people say, "Well, you should come on home.

如果我抵制他们，如果我阻止他们，如果我们遵守三位总统——艾森豪威尔总统、肯尼迪总统和现任总统——做出的承诺，那么人们就会说：“好吧，你应该回家。

What happens there doesn't matter." If you stay there, there's some that say, "Well, you ought to get it over with in a hurry." So some want to go and blow up every-thing.

那里发生什么并不重要。”如果你留在那里，有人会说：“好吧，你应该赶紧结束这件事。”所以有些人想要去炸毁一切。

Some want to come and blow up nothing and leave and get out and forget them.

有些人想来，炸掉任何东西，然后离开，出去，忘记他们。

Johnson called it invasion.

约翰逊称之为入侵。

Hanoi called it liberation.

河内称之为解放。

In the fall of 1965, three North Vietnamese regiments massed in the Central Highlands.

1965 年秋，三个北越军团在中部高地集结。

Nearly two years had passed since Johnson renewed the U.S. commitment to defend South Vietnam.

自约翰逊重申美国保卫南越的承诺以来，已经过去近两年了。

Nearly two years had passed since Ho Chi Minh renewed his commitment to liberate the South.

自胡志明重申解放南方的承诺以来，已经过去近两年了。

Now their two armies braced for battle.

现在，他们的两军已经做好了战斗的准备。

Westmoreland feared the North Vietnamese would cut South Vietnam in two.

威斯特摩兰担心北越会将南越一分为二。

He would block them with his skytroopers, the First Air Cavalry.

他会用他的空骑兵第一空中骑兵队来阻挡他们。

Now, America wins the wars that she undertakes; make no mistake about it.

现在，美国赢得了她所发动的战争；毫无疑问。

And we have declared war on ignorance and illiteracy.

我们已经向无知和文盲宣战。

We have declared war on poverty.

我们已经向贫困宣战了。

We have declared war on disease.

我们已经向疾病宣战了。

And we have declared war on tyranny and aggression.

我们已经向暴政和侵略宣战。

And we not only stand for these things, but we're willing to stand up and die for these things.

我们不仅支持这些事情，而且我们愿意为这些事情挺身而出。

Westmoreland sent the Air Cavalry in search of Hanoi's army, poised in a river valley, at the foot of the Chu Pong Mountains.

威斯特摩兰派出空中骑兵部队搜寻驻扎在楚邦山脚下河谷中的河内军队。

The soldiers got a great deal of support from the States.

这些士兵得到了各州的大力支持。

Classes by the hundreds would write letters addressed to a soldier in Vietnam, and these were packed up and sent to our unit, and by and large, the soldiers would try to respond to these things.

数百人的班级会写信给越南的一名士兵，这些信被打包并发送给我们的部队，总的来说，士兵们会尝试对这些事情做出回应。

There was a groundswell of popular support behind the troops in 1965.

1965年，这支军队得到了广泛支持。

American combat troops went to South Vietnam to prevent the Communists from taking over.

美国作战部队前往南越阻止共产党接管。

Before that, Americans had served as advisers to the South Vietnamese army.

在此之前，美国人曾担任南越军队的顾问。

The advisory effort had failed.

咨询工作失败了。

Now America was taking charge of the war.

现在美国正在掌控这场战争。

I had been accepted in, at several colleges, four colleges, by my senior year.

到了大四那年，我已经被几所大学、四所大学录取了。

And then I just decided, no, I'm gonna join the Marines.

然后我就决定，不，我要加入海军陆战队。

And I had to spend a lot of time talking to my parents about it, because at 17, of course, I would not have been allowed to sign an enlistment contract in my own right.

我不得不花很多时间和我的父母谈论这件事，因为在 17 岁的时候，当然，我不会被允许凭自己的权利签署入伍合同。

They had to sign it too, and really what I think tipped the scales in the discussion was at one point, after talking for a long time I said, "Mom, is this the way you raised me, to let other mothers' sons fight America's wars?" And they were young people during World War II.

他们也必须签署，我认为真正让讨论的天平倾斜的一点是，在谈了很长时间之后，我说，“妈妈，这就是你抚养我的方式，让其他母亲的儿子去参加美国的战争吗？”他们是二战期间的年轻人。

They believed in their country and that was it.

他们相信自己的国家，仅此而已。

They hadn't raised me that way.

他们没有那样养育我。

Before going to Vietnam, recruits were shown an official film, produced to explain America's commitment.

在前往越南之前，新兵们观看了一部官方电影，该电影是为了解释美国的承诺而制作的。

During my senior year, when the government said that the Communists were taking over Vietnam, and if we didn't stop them there we would have to stop them eventually in San Diego, I took that at face value.

在我大四的时候，当政府说共产党正在接管越南，如果我们不在那里阻止他们，我们最终将不得不在圣地亚哥阻止他们，我从表面上理解了这一点。

And I saw my opportunity to really, to be a hero.

我看到了真正成为英雄的机会。

The buildup of American forces accelerated during 1965.

1965 年，美国军队的建设加速。

One of the things that struck me first upon arriving in Vietnam -- and still strikes me now -- was that it's probably the most beautiful country I've ever seen, and the one aspect of it that strikes me most deeply and stays with me, and it's the hardest to describe, is the intensity of the colors, especially the greens.

到达越南后首先让我印象深刻的一件事——现在仍然让我印象深刻——是它可能是我见过的最美丽的国家，其中最让我印象深刻并留在我身边的一个方面是它的颜色的强度，尤其是绿色。

They virtually, I mean, they almost vibrated, they were that intense.

我的意思是，他们几乎震动了，他们是如此强烈。

American soldiers were unprepared for the complexity of South Vietnam.

美国士兵对南越的复杂性毫无准备。

Some Vietnamese were loyal to Communist North Vietnam and the Vietcong guerrillas.

一些越南人忠于共产党北越和越共游击队。

Some belonged to various religious and political factions.

有些人属于不同的宗教和政治派别。

Many tried to remain neutral.

许多人试图保持中立。

Others supported the anti-Communist government backed by the United States.

其他人则支持美国支持的反共政府。

The villages were hidden because they were almost always surrounded by very thick hedges.

这些村庄之所以隐蔽，是因为它们几乎总是被很厚的树篱包围。

From outside the village you might not even see any evidence of a village.

从村子外面看，你甚至可能看不到任何村庄的痕迹。

And then you'd walk through this hedge, and here was this whole society.

然后你走过这道树篱，这里就是整个社会。

We knew that the people who lived there probably lived normal lives, that we might even understand if we were a part of it.

我们知道住在那里的人们可能过着正常的生活，如果我们是其中的一部分，我们甚至可能会理解。

But we weren't a part of it.

但我们没有参与其中。

All we saw were the people staring at us like we were from Mars.

我们所看到的只是人们盯着我们看，就像我们来自火星一样。

One of the first things that I began to wonder about -- really wonder about -- is the soldiers who were our allies, the Army of the Republic.

我开始好奇的第一件事——真正好奇的——是我们的盟友共和国军队的士兵。

We called them the ARVN -- they wouldn't fight!

我们称他们为南越军队——他们不会战斗！

At least in our area, in heavily populated civilian areas where the enemy was literally the old farmer-by-day, fighter-by-night kind of thing.

至少在我们地区，在人口稠密的平民区，敌人实际上就是白天是农民、晚上是战士的那种东西。

With virtually no equipment except what they could capture from the Americans and the ARVN, tremendously outnumbered, the Vietcong were there day after day after day picking away at us.

越共除了可以从美国人和南越军队那里夺取的装备外几乎没有任何装备，而且数量上远远落后于我们，他们日复一日地在那里攻击我们。

You know, I don't know, like gophers at the feet of a buffalo or something.

你知道，我不知道，就像水牛脚下的地鼠之类的。

And it occurred to me that these are the same people.

我突然想到这些都是同一个人。

The ARVN and the VC are the same people, the same race, the same culture, and yet one side seems to be chicken and the other side seems to fight in the face of overwhelming disadvantages.

南越军队和越共是同一个人、同一种族、同一文化，但一方似乎胆怯，另一方似乎在面对压倒性的劣势而战斗。

And I started wondering why, you know, why is this?

我开始想知道为什么，你知道，为什么会这样？

They were far more mobile than we were.

他们的机动性比我们强得多。

It was their country, they knew where they were going, they didn't need guides to get them around, they didn't need interpreters.

这是他们的国家，他们知道自己要去哪里，他们不需要导游，他们不需要口译员。

Whenever you did make contact with the enemy, you'd go from the most horrible boredom, I mean just absolute deathly boredom to absolutely the other extreme, the most intense continual excitement I've ever known in my life.

每当你与敌人接触时，你都会从最可怕的无聊，我的意思是绝对的死亡无聊，走向另一个极端，我一生中所知道的最强烈的持续兴奋。

I'm not sure how to describe the energy you would feel and the excitement you would feel, however you felt about it in terms of being scared or liking it or disliking it or whatever.

我不知道如何描述你会感受到的能量和兴奋，但是你对它的感受是害怕或喜欢它或不喜欢它或其他什么。

Two calling six, I've got 'em on corral.

两个呼叫六，我已经把他们关在畜栏里了。

I've got contact with some snipers.

我和一些狙击手有过接触。

Over.

超过。

...Everybody get off the middle of this L.

...每个人都从这个 L 的中间下车。

Z.

Z。

Everybody.

大家。

Move out!

搬出去吧！

Get out there.

出去吧。

Four-six get that mortar set up on the hill, I want fire in one minute.

四点六分，把迫击炮架在山上，我要在一分钟内开火。

American strategists planned to use fire power to break the will of the enemy.

美国战略家计划利用火力摧毁敌人的意志。

And make them talk peace on America's terms.

并让他们按照美国的条件谈和平。

I can recall one time when the 22nd NVA Regiment was located down on the coast in an open area.

我记得有一次，北越军第 22 团驻扎在海岸的一片开阔地带。

They were trying to move from one point to another and had hoped to be able to carry out this movement without being detected.

他们试图从一个地点移动到另一个地点，并希望能够在不被发现的情况下进行这一移动。

But the First of the 9th Cavalry did detect them.

但第九骑兵团第一师确实发现了他们。

They detected them very late in the evening.

他们在深夜发现了他们。

It was around five-thirty or six o'clock.

那时大约是五点三十分或六点钟。

And throughout the next two days proceeded to eliminate them once again, I might point out, primarily through the use of awesome fire power.

我可能会指出，在接下来的两天里，我们主要通过使用强大的火力再次消灭了他们。

I know that my battalion alone fired 22,000 artillery rounds into a very small area.

我知道仅我一个营就向一个很小的区域发射了 22,000 发炮弹。

And this are had been heavy jungle when we started the fight, and it really looked like the moonscape when we got through.

当我们开始战斗时，这里是一片茂密的丛林，而当我们完成战斗时，这里看起来真的就像月球表面一样。

Infiltration of large North Vietnamese army units into South Vietnam increased rapidly as American troops expanded their combat role.

随着美军扩大其作战作用，北越大型部队对南越的渗透迅速增加。

When the North Vietnamese reached the South, they often relied on Vietcong guerrillas recruited from Vietnam's predominantly peasant society.

当北越人到达南方时，他们经常依靠从越南以农民为主的社会中招募的越共游击队。

Most of our enemy contact at that time was not contact at all, it was mines and snipers, mostly mines.

当时我军的大部分接触根本就不是接触，是地雷和狙击手，大部分都是地雷。

Our battalion, if I recall correctly, had something on the order of 75 mining incidents per month.

如果我没记错的话，我们营每月发生大约 75 起采矿事故。

Most of them, many of them producing casualties.

其中大多数，其中许多造成人员伤亡。

To deprive the enemy of peasant support, the American command tried a new tactic: moving the population out of Vietcong base areas.

为了剥夺敌人农民的支持，美国指挥部尝试了一种新策略：将人口迁出越共根据地。

Actually, the operation itself consisted of a mobile landing -- air mobile landing, by helicopter -- in seven separate landing zones.

实际上，这次行动本身包括在七个不同的着陆区进行机动着陆——直升机空中机动着陆。

And this simultaneous landing, of this much force, enabled us to get complete surprise, and as a result of the surprise achieved, the VC -- many of whom were in the town, some in the area just adjacent thereto -- were caught totally by surprise -- many without weapons -- running to tunnels and hiding places which they had developed over the years.

这次同时登陆，如此强大的力量，使我们完全出其不意，而由于实现了出人意料，越共——其中许多人在镇上，一些人在邻近地区——完全措手不及——许多人没有武器——跑到他们多年来开发的隧道和藏身之处。

The press corps in Saigon was briefed on the operation, called "Cedar Falls" by its commander, General Jonathan Seaman.

西贡记者团听取了指挥官乔纳森·西曼将军关于这次名为“雪松瀑布”行动的简报。

American forces ended the operation and withdrew.

美军结束了行动并撤退。

Soon, even without help from the civilian population, the enemy was back in its base, again threatening the region around Saigon.

很快，即使没有平民的帮助，敌人也回到了基地，再次威胁西贡周边地区。

What really began to happen after a few months is that you begin, you could get as far as understanding that this was crazy.

几个月后真正开始发生的事情是，你开始，你可以了解到这太疯狂了。

What was going on here was nuts.

这里发生的事情很疯狂。

But didn't dare begin to draw conclusions from that, because they pointed in directions that were just terrifying.

但不敢由此得出结论，因为它们所指向的方向非常可怕。

I mean, America might not be the guys on the white horses with the white hats, maybe we shouldn't be in Vietnam, maybe I've gotten my ass out here in the bushes for nothing.

我的意思是，美国可能不是那些骑着白马、戴着白帽子的人，也许我们不应该去越南，也许我已经白白地躲在灌木丛里了。

You can't think about that kind of stuff in a situation like that.

在那样的情况下你不能想那种事情。

For instance, it never occurred to me to quit -- lay down my rifle and I'm not going to do this.

例如，我从来没有想过要放弃——放下我的步枪，我不会这样做。

Somewhere lurking in the back of my mind was 20 years of making big rocks into little rocks.

在我的脑海深处，潜藏着 20 年把大石头变成小石头的经历。

It's not like the San Francisco 49ers on one side of the field and the Cincinnati Bengals on the other.

这不像球场一侧是旧金山 49 人队，另一侧是辛辛那提猛虎队。

It's just not like that.

事实并非如此。

It's, the enemy is all around you.

是的，敌人就在你周围。

One second you may be fired upon from the rear, the next second from straight ahead, or either flank.

前一秒你可能会受到来自后方的射击，下一秒你可能会受到来自正前方或两侧的射击。

You never know.

你永远不知道。

What follows is an account from both sides -- American and Vietnamese -- of what happened in a village Marines were trying to clear of Vietcong, ten miles from where U.S. troops first landed in 1965.

以下是美国和越南双方对海军陆战队试图清除越共的一个村庄所发生事件的描述，该村庄距美军 1965 年首次登陆的地点 10 英里。

It's January 1967.

现在是 1967 年 1 月。

We planned a detailed two-company operation involving Golf Company of the second battalion, First Marines, and Hotel Company which I command.

我们计划了一次详细的双连行动，包括海军陆战队第一营第二营高尔夫连和我指挥的酒店连。

I was put in charge of the operation as a senior company commander.

我被任命为高级连长负责这次行动。

Well, I could say like, normally you come through on a village operation, you come through on a sweeping motion on line and you're sweeping through the village.

好吧，我可以这么说，通常你会通过村庄行动，通过在线扫荡运动来扫荡整个村庄。

So we get up to this village and first you start off with a little light sniper fire, you know.

所以我们到达这个村庄，首先你会用轻微的狙击手开火，你知道。

Then, then you get these 50 calibers opened up, you're getting 30 calibers opened up and you're getting people falling all over and so you're, you're running around trying to find out what you're doing.

然后，然后你打开这 50 个口径，你打开 30 个口径，你会让人们摔倒，所以你，你到处跑，试图找出你在做什么。

So we spread out and dug in.

于是我们分散开来，挖洞。

The lead squad of that third platoon got about 100 to 150 meters from the tree line, and fire increased from the tree line directly to their front, and they also started receiving fire from both their flanks.

第三排的先头班距林木线约100至150米，火力从林木线直接向他们的前方增加，他们也开始受到来自两侧的火力。

It was intense gun fire and it sounded like a jackhammer.

枪声十分猛烈，听起来就像是手提钻的声音。

You ever hear a jackhammer going off?

你听过手提钻的响声吗？

Sounded like they had about 10 to 15 jackhammers going off at the same time, I mean, total chaos.

听起来他们大约有 10 到 15 个手提钻同时工作，我的意思是，完全混乱。

And I called in artillery support to fire on the tree line.

我呼叫了炮兵支援，向林木线开火。

Waiting for the word to advance, but there wasn't no advance.

等待着消息的进展，但并没有进展。

So we was pinned down, we were pinned down all day, all night.

所以我们被困住了，我们被困了一天一夜。

In the rain, and it rained like somethin' pitiful.

下雨了，雨下得可怜。

And we couldn't see nothin', we couldn't see nothin', we were just pinned down.

我们什么也看不见，什么也看不见，我们只是被困住了。

And we had casualties, we took on a lot of casualties.

我们也有伤亡，我们承受了很多伤亡。

Out of about 30 men, there were 11 left.

大约30人中，还剩下11人。

And we called in helicopters to come in that night in the darkness, to get the wounded and killed out.

那天晚上，我们在黑暗中呼叫了直升机，将伤员和阵亡者救出。

The first helicopter load we got out was the last one because the Vietcong opened up on the helicopter wounding the pilot, and no other pilots were willing to volunteer to come in.

我们卸下的第一架直升机是最后一架，因为越共向直升机开火，打伤了飞行员，而且没有其他飞行员愿意自愿进来。

I'd watch guys lay there and cry for their mothers all night long.

我会看到人们躺在那里整夜哭泣着寻找他们的母亲。

Dyin', slowly dyin', askin' to be shot because they can't take it no more.

快死了，慢慢死了，要求被枪杀，因为他们再也受不了了。

And you're sitting up there with your -- but you're a bundle of nerves.

你坐在那儿，你的神经很紧张。

You're a bundle of nerves and all you can do is wait, wait, wait, wait, wait...

你神经兮兮，你能做的就是等、等、等、等、等……

We ended up going some 36 plus hours without food or water, or sleep obviously.

我们最终经历了大约 36 个多小时，没有食物、没有水，甚至没有睡觉。

And uh, that is saying a lot when you consider the temperature was around 100 degrees, no water, no food, no rest.

呃，当你考虑到温度在 100 度左右、没有水、没有食物、没有休息时，这就说明了很多。

We were pretty tired Marines at the end of that first day.

第一天结束时，我们是非常疲惫的海军陆战队员。

It lightened, lightened up and then we advanced toward the village.

天亮了，亮了，然后我们向村庄前进。

When the Americans came, I was a boy in the fourth grade.

当美国人来的时候，我还是个四年级的男孩。

I was on my way to school when I heard the Americans were coming.

当我听到美国人来的时候，我正在去学校的路上。

I was very scared and ran back home with my friends.

我非常害怕，和朋友们一起跑回家。

By the time I got thee and had hidden my things the Americans were close to the village.

当我找到你并把我的东西藏起来时，美国人已经靠近村庄了。

Airplanes were overhead bombing, soldiers were coming and shells were exploding.

飞机在上空轰炸，士兵来袭，炮弹爆炸。

Somebody had seen some movement in some of the houses, and the next thing we knew we were receiving automatic weapons fire.

有人看到一些房子里有动静，接下来我们就知道我们收到了自动武器的射击。

Lt.

中尉

O'Connor was hit in the left shoulder above the heart.

奥康纳的左肩心脏上方被击中。

And he was bleeding quite severely.

而且他的血流得很严重。

I remember sloshing back to where he went down with the company corpsman and uh, we started returning fire and providing a covering base of fire, calling artillery in and scheduled an emergency medivac helicopter to come in and get Lt.

我记得我和连队的医护兵晃晃悠悠地回到他倒下的地方，呃，我们开始还击并提供火力掩护基地，呼叫炮兵并安排一架紧急医疗直升机来救中尉。

O'Connor out.

奥康纳出来了。

We was the first team in, we unloaded several rounds.

我们是第一支队伍，我们打了好几轮。

We dropped a couple of grenades in the hootches to get the people out, because to get one Vietnamese out of that hole, they won't come.

我们在洞里扔了几枚手榴弹，把人们救出来，因为要让一个越南人从洞里出来，他们不会来。

I mean we didn't speak perfect Vietnamese so in order to get them out of there you either cranked off a couple of rounds or you dropped your M-26 grenade down there and they get the message and they come out of there.

我的意思是我们不会说完美的越南语，所以为了让他们离开那里，你要么发射几发子弹，要么把你的 M-26 手榴弹扔到那里，他们收到消息后就会离开那里。

The assault took anywhere from two to three minutes, maybe five minutes at the outside.

袭击持续了两到三分钟，在外面可能需要五分钟。

As quickly as I could determine that there were, or there was no longer any fire being returned, I ordered cease fire and consolidation.

当我确定有回火或不再有回火时，我立即下令停火并进行集结。

When they came to my house, there were ten family members inside, including my 14-year-old son.

当他们来到我家时，家里有十口人，其中包括我14岁的儿子。

Four or five soldiers came right over.

四五个士兵立刻走了过来。

When they came in, I stood up and greeted them.

当他们进来时，我站起来向他们打招呼。

They laughed when I did that, they seemed to hate us.

当我这样做时，他们笑了，他们似乎讨厌我们。

They just turned around and threw a grenade into the house.

他们只是转身向屋内扔了一枚手榴弹。

Nine or ten people were blown to pieces.

九、十人被炸成碎片。

I was the only one who was wounded and survived.

我是唯一受伤并幸存的人。

My son and everyone else just fell dead.

我儿子和其他人都死了。

I was wounded and extremely frightened and crawled quickly into a corner of the house.

我受了伤，非常害怕，赶紧爬到房子的一个角落里。

Although the grenade had already exploded, the soldiers fired their guns at the people to make sure that nobody would survive.

尽管手榴弹已经爆炸，士兵们仍向人们开枪，确保无一人生还。

It was mass chaos.

这是一场大规模的混乱。

Like I say, everybody's running around screaming.

就像我说的，每个人都在尖叫着跑来跑去。

We got in the village and asked where the VC were and people in the village were saying no VC, and like at one end of the village you could hear machine gun fire going off and people screaming, you know, and you know that somebody was either down in one of them holes getting dug out of there or something.

我们进了村子，问 VC 在哪里，村里的人都说没有 VC，就像在村子的一头，你可以听到机枪射击和人们尖叫，你知道，你知道有人要么在其中一个洞里，要么从那里挖出来。

And we dropped plenty of hand grenades down in booby traps, and I mean in holes and stuff to see if we could root them out.

我们在诱杀装置中扔了很多手榴弹，我的意思是在洞里和其他东西里，看看我们是否能把它们根除。

And, you go into a hootch and you got, you got tunnels in there and you got old ladies and kids in there running out and, we didn't, I didn't shoot any old ladies and kids.

而且，你走进一个小屋，里面有隧道，里面有老太太和孩子跑出来，但我们没有，我没有射杀任何老太太和孩子。

I know, I know half the guys in my squad didn't shoot no old ladies and kids because it just -- that wasn't the fight there.

我知道，我知道我班里有一半的人没有射杀老太太和孩子，因为那不是那里的战斗。

They came and asked us about the Vietcong.

他们过来询问我们有关越共的事情。

There were only women and children around then and we didn't know where the VC were.

当时周围只有妇女和儿童，我们不知道 VC 在哪里。

But they shot at us anyway.

但他们还是向我们开枪。

They burned down the houses and then they killed all of our farm animals.

他们烧毁了房屋，然后杀死了我们所有的农场动物。

After they killed the people, they burned down all the houses so the survivors had no place to live.

他们杀了人后，烧毁了所有的房屋，幸存者无处可住。

They burned everything.

他们烧毁了一切。

Even dead children were burned.

甚至死去的孩子也被烧死。

So I could collect only this much of the remains of three children.

所以我只能收集到这么多三个孩子的遗骸。

It was only a handful of bones.

那只是几块骨头。

Like I say, you get in the way of an M-14 or M-60 caliber machine gun and there's no tellin' who's gonna get killed.

就像我说的，如果你挡住了 M-14 或 M-60 口径机枪，谁就会被杀。

And you got an angry 18-year-old kid behind the gun and he's just seen his buddy gettin' killed.

枪后有一个愤怒的 18 岁孩子，他刚刚看到他的伙伴被杀。

And he's not gonna have no remorse for who's on the receiving end of that 60 caliber machine gun.

他不会对 60 口径机枪的接收端有任何悔意。

The soldiers used their guns in a very brutal way.

士兵们使用枪支的方式非常残忍。

Some of the wounded people went to their beds to lie down.

一些伤员走到床上躺下。

The soldiers shot their ears.

士兵们竖起了耳朵。

Blood was coming out in pools as they lay there.

当他们躺在那里时，血从池子里流出来。

Then the soldiers shot at their stomachs and their insides splattered all over.

然后士兵们向他们的腹部开枪，他们的内脏溅得到处都是。

Then they smashed people's heads, using the butts of their guns.

然后他们用枪托砸碎人们的头。

This terrified everyone who was still alive; the children screamed at the brutality they were seeing.

这让所有还活着的人都害怕了。孩子们对他们所看到的暴行尖叫起来。

But the soldiers kept on with their questioning.

但士兵们继续盘问。

First, they shot our water basin to pieces, then they just opened fire at us, just opened fire continuously.

他们先把我们的水盆打成碎片，然后他们就向我们开枪，不断地开枪。

I was wounded and fell down.

我受伤了，摔倒了。

Probably, in his eyes, from a kid's point of view it probably did, he probably seen it that way, you know.

也许，在他眼里，从孩子的角度来看，可能是这样，他可能是这么看的，你知道。

But like I said, we done a dog-down [sic] job that third day and it wasn't nothing unusual about burning them hootches down and digging them Vietnamese people out of them holes and scattering animals, pigs and chickens around like we normally do.

但就像我说的，第三天我们做了一件狗屎般的工作，烧掉他们的蹄子，把越南人从洞里挖出来，然后像平常一样把动物、猪和鸡撒在周围，这并不奇怪。

It's just a normal procedure we do.

这只是我们执行的正常程序。

Especially after three days.

尤其是三天后。

Three days of blood and guts in the mud.

三天的血和内脏都在泥里。

After military operations in the field, men returned to their base camps.

战场上的军事行动结束后，人们返回大本营。

They were little American islands in the midst of South Vietnam.

它们是南越中部的美国小岛。

"OK, let's saddle up."

“好吧，我们上马吧。”

Next to the bases, small Vietnamese towns grew up.

基地旁边，越南小镇拔地而起。

For the men here and on the new American air bases, there was never much time off from the war.

对于这里和新的美国空军基地的人们来说，战争从来没有太多的时间休息。

Bombing operations were conducted around the clock.

轰炸行动是全天候进行的。

North Vietnam was a main target.

北越是主要目标。

By the end of 1967, the war was draining America's armed forces.

到 1967 年底，战争已经耗尽了美国的武装力量。

When experienced soldiers completed their one-year tour of duty, their replacements included a growing proportion of draftees.

当经验丰富的士兵完成一年的服役期后，他们的替代者包括越来越多的应征入伍者。

Where the fuck was that Second Platoon when we got up there?

当我们到达那里时，第二排到底在哪里？

All right, I need a perimeter set up here quick!

好吧，我需要在这里快速建立一个边界！

You got any first aid dressing?

你有急救包吗？

Oh!

哦！

I knew they were going to get us today!...Goddamn...

我知道他们今天会抓到我们！...该死的...

Get the perimeter set up around us.

在我们周围设立警戒线。

You got the first aid?

你接受了急救吗？

I got it in the back -- you better get me a doctor.

我在后面得到了它——你最好给我找个医生。

What's that?

那是什么？

Another day in the 'Nam.

又是在南的一天。

The third time I heard it somebody was saying, "Tex, help me, Tex." And so my friend says, "Don't be a fool.

我第三次听到有人说：“特克斯，帮帮我，特克斯。”所以我的朋友说：“别傻了。

Don't go out there, you're gonna get killed." And I probably think that he was more scared of me leaving him alone than me getting hurt.

别出去，你会被杀的。”我可能认为他更害怕我丢下他一个人，而不是我受伤。

But I didn't go out for like ten minutes, I kept hearing this, this friend of mine hollering, "Tex, help me, help me." And so finally I don't know what happened.

但我大约十分钟都没有出去，我一直听到这个，我的这个朋友大喊，“特克斯，救救我，救救我。”所以最后我不知道发生了什么。

I didn't really think it over or anything, I just instinctively jumped out of the bomb crater and ran over to help this guy.

我并没有多想什么，只是本能地从弹坑里跳了出来，跑过去帮助这个家伙。

By late 1967, the American forces in South Vietnam numbered nearly half a million and U.S. commanders were asking for more.

到 1967 年底，驻扎在南越的美军人数已接近 50 万，而美国指挥官还要求更多。

I think after a while I began to feel that someone was taking advantage of our bravery and our courage, and I think there was that, to no good end.

我想过了一段时间，我开始觉得有人在利用我们的勇敢和勇气，我认为事情就是这样，没有好结果。

So we were being used, really, for God knows what purpose, at least in terms that we could understand and appreciate on a gut level, which was the level on which you operated in Vietnam.

因此，我们真的被利用了，天知道什么目的，至少在我们内心可以理解和欣赏的方面，这就是你们在越南运作的水平。

Well, the things I tried to put away was seeing my partners gettin' killed.

好吧，我试图抛开的事情就是看到我的伙伴被杀。

Layin' out there in that mud and that rain for so long.

在泥泞和雨中躺了这么久。

That's the only thing that really upset me about that whole operation.

这是整个行动中唯一真正让我感到不安的事情。

I could'a give a damn about what happened inside that village.

我真的很在乎那个村子里发生的事情。

Those are my personal feelings.

这些是我个人的感受。

In grade school we learned about Redcoats, the nasty British soldiers that tried to stifle our freedom, and the tyranny of George III, and I think again, subconsciously -- but not very subconsciously -- I began increasingly to have the feeling that I was a Redcoat.

在小学时，我们了解了英国红衣，那些试图扼杀我们自由的令人讨厌的英国士兵，以及乔治三世的暴政，我再次想到，潜意识里——但不是非常潜意识——我开始越来越有一种感觉，我是一名红衣。

I think it was one of the most staggering realizations of my life that to suddenly understand that I, I wasn't a hero, I wasn't a good guy, I wasn't handing out candy and cigarettes to the kids in the French villages.

我认为这是我一生中最令人震惊的认识之一，突然明白我不是英雄，我不是好人，我没有向法国村庄的孩子们分发糖果和香烟。

That somehow I had become everything I had learned to believe was evil.

不知怎的，我已经变成了我所相信的邪恶的一切。

Now when I went on R & R in Hong Kong, I came very close to deserting.

现在，当我在香港休养时，我差点就开小差了。

Somehow in the space of eight months I'd reached the point from being a volunteer hurrying off to do his duty for his country, to seriously contemplating desertion, to just disappearing into the world somewhere.

不知何故，在八个月的时间里，我从一个匆忙为国家履行职责的志愿者，到认真考虑开小差，再到消失在世界的某个地方。

We had just gotten there and we was sort of eager to do a good job and, and gain the respect as good Marines, you know?

我们刚刚到达那里，我们有点渴望做好工作，并获得作为优秀海军陆战队员的尊重，你知道吗？

And we kinda looked after each other, 'cause like I say, we came out of boot cap and we was on that, on that first team there, and we got real close, 'cause the old guys that was rotating, they had their time and we was trying to set a pattern for our own selves to do good.

我们有点互相照顾，因为就像我说的，我们从靴帽中出来，我们在那里，在第一支球队中，我们非常接近，因为那些轮换的老家伙，他们有自己的时间，我们试图为自己设定一个做好事的模式。

And there just seemed to be no label on anyone except "soldier." And "comrade" and "buddy." And based on that, they performed well, extremely well.

除了“士兵”之外，似乎没有任何人被贴上标签。还有“同志”和“伙伴”。基于此，他们表现得很好，非常好。

And it was a pleasure to have, and a privilege to have commanded them.

能够指挥他们是一种荣幸，也是一种荣幸。

For wounds received in connection with military operations against a hostile force.

因针对敌对势力的军事行动而受伤。

You're one of our early ones...

你是我们早期的成员之一...

Congratulations.

恭喜。

You've done an outstanding job.

你做得非常出色。

That's uh...

那是呃...

quite a medal.

相当一枚奖牌。

By direction of the President under provisions of regulation 672-5.

根据第 672-5 条的规定，由总统指示。

After almost three years, American combat forces had won major battles, but not the war.

近三年后，美国作战部队赢得了重大战役，但没有赢得战争。

American commanders had expected their massive firepower to grind down the enemy.

美国指挥官原以为他们的强大火力能够碾压敌人。

But despite the enormous casualties, the Communists were in-creasing their infiltration into South Vietnam as they prepared for the biggest offensive of the war.

但尽管伤亡惨重，共产党仍在加大对南越的渗透力度，为战争中最大规模的攻势做准备。

Throughout Vietnam's history, this has always been the case.

纵观越南历史，情况始终如此。

It was so in the past, it will be so in the future.

过去如此，将来亦如此。

This is something we can be sure of.

这是我们可以确定的。

One of the most essential -- if not to say the most essential -- rule in Vietnamese military science, in war we have to win, absolutely have to win.

越南军事科学中最重要的——如果不是最重要的——规则之一，在战争中我们必须获胜，绝对必须获胜。

In October 1954, after nine years of war, French troops left Hanoi.

1954年10月，经过九年的战争，法国军队离开河内。

Ho Chi Minh had led the Communist-inspired Vietminh nationalists to victory.

胡志明领导受共产党启发的越盟民族主义者取得了胜利。

The United States, which had largely financed the French war, promised not to disrupt the Geneva agreements by force.

美国为法国战争提供了主要资金，并承诺不会以武力破坏日内瓦协议。

Vice President Nixon flew to Saigon to dramatize America's support of South Vietnam's new leader, Ngo Dinh Diem, who had rigged a referendum and set up a separate South Vietnamese state.

副总统尼克松飞往西贡，强调美国对南越新领导人吴庭艳的支持，吴庭艳操纵了一次公投并建立了一个独立的南越国家。

After the Geneva Conference, the United States pushed the French out of the South and backed Ngo Dinh Diem to organize a government there.

日内瓦会议后，美国将法国人赶出南方，并支持吴庭艳在那里组建政府。

Ngo Dinh Diem was a cruel and reactionary tyrant.

吴庭艳是一个残酷反动的暴君。

He used extremely barbaric methods to repress the revolutionary movement and to stifle demands that the Geneva agreements be carried out.

他用极其野蛮的手段镇压革命运动，扼杀执行日内瓦协议的要求。

The Eisenhower Administration backed Diem's rejection of the nationwide elections called for at Geneva.

艾森豪威尔政府支持吴廷琰拒绝在日内瓦举行的全国选举。

With American aid and advisers, Diem strengthened his power, using soldiers and police who had formerly served the French.

在美国的援助和顾问的帮助下，吴庭艳利用以前为法国服务的士兵和警察加强了自己的权力。

They arrested, imprisoned and assassinated former participants of the resistance against the French.

他们逮捕、监禁和暗杀前抵抗法国的参与者。

And, they forcibly registered all families whose sons, husbands and other relatives had regrouped in the North.

而且，他们强行登记了所有儿子、丈夫和其他亲属在北方重新集结的家庭。

While I was in the North, I heard that people in the South were being killed in droves, among them members of my family.

当我在北方时，我听说南方的人们成群结队地被杀害，其中包括我的家人。

I was very worried, and my heart ached for them.

我很担心，也为他们感到心痛。

I went to my superiors and volunteered to return to the South to fight in any way I could.

我向上级报告，自愿返回南方，尽我所能去战斗。

Ho Chi Minh wanted a political solution.

胡志明想要政治解决方案。

So did the Soviet Union and China, who feared a possible war with America.

苏联和中国也是如此，他们担心可能与美国发生战争。

A land reform team came from the central government to coordinate the program with the local inhabitants.

中央政府派出土改小组与当地居民协调该计划。

The people in the area would then be invited to meetings where the poor and landless peasants would describe their situation.

然后，该地区的人们将被邀请参加会议，贫农和无地农民将在会上描述他们的情况。

In this way, we found out how the rich exploited the poor and landless peasants.

这样，我们就知道了富人是如何剥削贫苦无地农民的。

Following Chinese Communist practice, people's courts had to meet fixed quotas of criminal landlords.

按照中国共产党的做法，人民法院必须满足犯罪地主的固定配额。

Thousands of innocent people were arrested, and many -- possibly between three and 15,000 -- were executed.

数千名无辜者被捕，许多人（可能有 3 到 15,000 人）被处决。

Alarmed by the turmoil, the leadership curbed the excesses, calling them "serious mistakes."

领导层对骚乱感到震惊，遏制了这些过激行为，称其为“严重错误”。

The first battle took place in Bentre province.

第一次战斗发生在本特雷省。

We attacked a company of the regime's self-defense forces, and took over a notorious police garrison.

我们袭击了该政权自卫队的一个连，并占领了一个臭名昭著的警察驻地。

In only three hours, without any weapons of our own, we succeeded in capturing 30 guns.

仅用了三个小时，在没有携带任何武器的情况下，我们成功缴获了三十支枪。

In 1960, the Communist Party created the National Liberation Front, a coalition of southern forces opposed to the Diem regime.

1960年，共产党创建了民族解放阵线，这是一个反对吴廷琰政权的南方力量联盟。

Diem labeled it "the Vietcong." The Front called for Diem's overthrow, an end to foreign interference and the eventual peaceful reunification of Vietnam.

吴庭艳称其为“越共”。该阵线呼吁推翻吴廷琰、结束外国干涉以及越南最终和平统一。

To isolate them from the Vietcong, Diem shunted peasants into fortified villages called "strategic hamlets." Many peasants had resented the return of the landlords and the loss of land given to them earlier by the Vietminh.

为了将他们与越共隔离开来，吴廷琰将农民转移到被称为“战略村庄”的防御工事村庄。许多农民对地主的回归和越盟早些时候给予他们的土地的丧失感到不满。

There were some very substantial grievances which these people had.

这些人有一些非常严重的不满。

They had been perhaps moved off their land.

他们可能已经被搬离了自己的土地。

They were being taxed unfairly.

他们被不公平地征税。

They were promised things which were never delivered.

他们被许诺了一些从未兑现的东西。

The Vietnamese military would perhaps molest their women, would steal their chickens, in general be obnoxious.

越南军队可能会猥亵他们的妇女，会偷他们的鸡，总的来说是令人讨厌的。

The Saigon government tried to control the rural population as Vietcong teams assassinated local officials.

随着越共队伍暗杀当地官员，西贡政府试图控制农村人口。

They would send in a small squad of people -- maybe five or six men in the middle of the night.

他们会在半夜派出一小队人——也许有五六个人。

They would seize the hamlet chief in his house, haul him out to the center of the hamlet and convene the whole village to watch this, and then they would cut his head off.

他们会在村长家里抓住他，把他拖到村中心，召集全村人围观，然后砍下他的头。

They would make him kneel down and they would shoot him in the head -- whatever technique they wanted to use -- and, of course, this frightened the Vietnamese.

他们会让他跪下，然后朝他的头部开枪——不管他们想用什么手段——当然，这吓坏了越南人。

When I worked on the docks, I collected information on American facilities, on all their ships and their military warehouses.

当我在码头工作时，我收集了有关美国设施、所有船只和军事仓库的信息。

I learned that the U.S.S.

我了解到美国

Card was coming up the river carrying all kinds of aircraft to kill the Vietnamese people.

卡德载着各种飞机逆河而上，要杀戮越南人民。

I was able to transform my anger into action when I was given the job of trying to blow up the ship.

当我接到炸毁船的任务时，我能够将愤怒转化为行动。

Using commando tactics, we entered into a sewer ...crawling along because it was so narrow.

使用突击队战术，我们进入了一条下水道……爬行，因为它太窄了。

Sometimes we could walk by crouching.

有时我们可以蹲着走路。

In August 1964, President Johnson reacted to reports of a naval clash in the Gulf of Tonkin by ordering a reprisal air raid.

1964 年 8 月，约翰逊总统对北部湾发生海军冲突的报道做出反应，下令进行报复性空袭。

U.S. aircraft were bombing North Vietnam for the first time.

美国飞机首次轰炸北越。

I was visiting Quang Ninh province, when suddenly I saw a formation of airplanes coming from the sea, flying straight toward the mining area.

我正在广宁省访问，突然看到一个飞机编队从海上飞来，直朝矿区飞去。

Then a fight broke out between the American airplanes and the Vietnamese air defenses.

随后，美国飞机与越南防空部队之间爆发了一场战斗。

I was hit and the weirdest feeling...

我被击中了，最奇怪的感觉......

my airplane started to fall apart, I was over strange territory, you know, foreign territory, enemy territory.

我的飞机开始解体，我飞越了陌生的领土，你知道，外国领土，敌方领土。

Shortly thereafter, an American airplane was shot down and its pilot captured.

此后不久，一架美国飞机被击落，飞行员被俘。

Before returning to Hanoi, I met with this pilot, Everett Alvarez.

在返回河内之前，我会见了这位飞行员埃弗雷特·阿尔瓦雷斯 (Everett Alvarez)。

He was the first American pilot taken prisoner in Vietnam.

他是第一位在越南被俘的美国飞行员。

A decade after the Geneva agreements, North Vietnam was under attack, its developing economy threatened.

日内瓦协议签署十年后，北越受到攻击，其发展中的经济受到威胁。

A decade during which land under irrigation had doubled, electrical production had increased tenfold.

十年间，灌溉面积增加了一倍，电力产量增加了十倍。

I'll always remember August 1, 1964, when this village liberated itself.

我永远记得1964年8月1日，这个村庄解放了。

There were no revolutionary guerrillas or regular forces present.

没有革命游击队或正规军在场。

The villagers staged a spontaneous uprising.

村民自发举行起义。

We were delighted.

我们很高兴。

We convened a meeting of 2,000 people and introduced a revolutionary administration.

我们召开了2000人的会议并推出了革命政府。

We organized the people to dig trenches and tunnels to defend themselves against enemy artillery.

我们组织人民挖战壕、地道，抵御敌人的炮火。

Everyone dug booby traps and laid homemade mines.

每个人都挖了诱杀装置并埋设了自制地雷。

We knew that the enemy puppet troops would try to get revenge.

我们知道敌伪军会试图报复。

The Saigon government troops faced traps and other primitive weapons.

西贡政府军面临着陷阱和其他原始武器。

The military force of the National Liberation Front, the People's Liberation Army, drew on experiences gained in fighting the French, paying meticulous attention to detail and planning.

民族解放阵线的军事力量——人民解放军，借鉴了与法国人作战的经验，一丝不苟地注重细节和计划。

Unexploded American bombs and shells were dug up by the old people and the kids -- sawed up in order to get to the gun powder and explosives.

未爆炸的美国炸弹和炮弹被老人和孩子们挖出来，锯开以便找到火药和炸药。

They then produced various kinds of explosive devices themselves.

然后他们自己生产了各种爆炸装置。

In each hamlet and village we had a workshop for producing these devices.

在每个小村庄，我们都有一个生产这些设备的车间。

We unscrewed the detonators first of all, then used a saw to cut the bombs in half.

我们首先拧下雷管，然后用锯子将炸弹切成两半。

We scraped the powder into two large cauldrons, bigger than this one here.

我们把粉末刮进两个大锅里，比这里的这个还要大。

Next we melted the powder down into a thick liquid and poured it into a container like this one, until it was completely full.

接下来，我们将粉末熔化成粘稠的液体，然后将其倒入像这样的容器中，直到完全装满。

We then made a detonator and inserted it here.

然后我们制作了一个雷管并将其插入此处。

We had many old people who took part in the fighting.

我们有很多老人参加了战斗。

Have you heard of Mrs. Nguyen Thi Ranh, who was over 80 years old when she became a military heroine?

您听说过阮氏兰夫人吗？她成为军人英雄时已经80多岁了？

We had many men and women who were more than 50 years old when they became heroes and heroines in the struggle against the United States.

我们有很多50多岁的男女成为抗美斗争的英雄和女英雄。

The children were even more active and creative.

孩子们更加活跃，更有创造力。

They mostly used homemade weapons, manufactured precisely to fight the enemy in each area.

他们大多使用自制的武器，这些武器是为在各个地区与敌人作战而精确制造的。

American pilots had been bombing in South Vietnam since 1961.

自 1961 年以来，美国飞行员一直在南越进行轰炸。

Vinh Binh province, April 26, 1965.

1965 年 4 月 26 日，永平省。

As we started moving, some of those so-called "civilians" quote, unquote, as is on the news, got killed.

当我们开始移动时，一些所谓的“平民”被杀了，正如新闻中所说的那样。

At this time some of the Marines used cigarette lighters and the hooches went up, grenades, some flame throwers were brought in and that was one way to quiet the fire from the village.

这时，一些海军陆战队员使用了打火机，烟火升起，手榴弹和一些火焰喷射器被带进来，这是平息村庄火势的一种方法。

I told the squad leaders to approach it on simply a case-by-case basis and use their own judgment, that we were not getting a heavy volume of fire, that they should be able to pinpoint, at least to some extent, the source of the fire.

我告诉班长要根据具体情况进行处理，并使用他们自己的判断，我们没有遇到大量火力，他们应该能够至少在某种程度上查明火源。

I don't think that an order had come down to burn the village, but I think it was just something that was carried on through the operation.

我不认为烧毁村庄的命令已经下达，但我认为这只是通过行动进行的。

The Americans shelled the village as they arrived.

美国人到达时炮击了这个村庄。

Then they burned down the houses, destroying everything.

然后他们烧毁了房屋，摧毁了一切。

Nine members of my family were killed.

我的九名家人被杀。

I escaped which is why I'm alive today.

我逃了出来，这就是我今天还活着的原因。

But my whole family was wiped out.

但我的全家都被消灭了。

Many people were wounded.

许多人受伤。

Where I'm sitting now, one person was shot as she returned from harvesting rice.

我现在坐的地方，有一个人在收割稻米回来时被枪杀。

She was taken to hospital and there she died.

她被送往医院后死亡。

The Americans came into my house with their interpreters and drove us out.

美国人带着翻译走进我家，把我们赶了出去。

They refused to let us take any belongings with us.

他们拒绝让我们携带任何物品。

An eight-year-old or a nine-year-old can kill you just as quick as a 25 or 26-year-old man.

一个八岁或九岁的孩子可以像一个 25 岁或 26 岁的男人一样快地杀死你。

Now these people have been fighting this war a long long time.

现在这些人已经在这场战争中打了很长时间了。

Some of these people were actually fighting wars when they were nine, ten, and eleven years old.

其中一些人在九岁、十岁和十一岁时实际上就在打仗。

Where, back here in the States, the kids were playing cowboys and indians.

在美国，孩子们正在扮演牛仔和印第安人。

Over there they had been playing it for real.

在那里，他们真的在玩它。

We did encounter a problem which, which was ultimately to become a very difficult situation in that we had -- I'd gotten a report from one of my squads that they had been fired on from behind.

我们确实遇到了一个问题，最终变成了一个非常困难的局面，因为我们——我从我的一个小队那里得到了一份报告，说他们遭到了从后面的射击。

It meant either that our search was not sufficiently adequate or that we were facing some other kind of a problem, and that perhaps they had come from some other area of the village and come in behind us, or whatever.

这意味着要么我们的搜索不够充分，要么我们面临着其他类型的问题，也许他们来自村里的其他地区，在我们后面进来，或者其他什么。

I witnessed the destruction, because I was fighting there.

我目睹了破坏，因为我在那里战斗。

After our clash with the Americans, my comrades and I ran along the communication trenches to our hidden shelters where the villagers could help us.

与美国人发生冲突后，我和我的战友沿着通讯壕跑到隐蔽的避难所，村民们可以在那里帮助我们。

Wherever the Americans went, they burned and destroyed and killed.

美国人所到之处，都烧毁、破坏、杀戮。

I didn't see any guerrillas being killed, only villagers.

我没有看到游击队被杀，只有村民被杀。

On that day they couldn't locate any of us guerrilla fighters.

那天他们找不到我们游击队员。

Our unit suffered no casualties at all.

我部队无人员伤亡。

In North Vietnam, villagers and militia now faced regular American bombing attacks.

在北越，村民和民兵现在经常面临美国的轰炸袭击。

Called Operation Rolling Thunder, the bombing had started in March 1965.

这次轰炸于 1965 年 3 月开始，被称为“滚雷行动”。

The bombing was planned to last a few weeks -- a few months at most.

爆炸计划持续几周——最多几个月。

It continued for more than three years.

这种情况持续了三年多。

The official list of bombing targets grew, from army and navy bases and radar sites to railways, roads, bridges and anything that resembled a military vehicle.

官方的轰炸目标清单不断增加，从陆军和海军基地、雷达站到铁路、公路、桥梁和任何类似军用车辆的地方。

When my head emerged above the rice, in the rice paddy, I looked right down a gun bore, and I didn't have my gun aimed at this guy, so I had to make a decision.

当我的头露出稻田上方的时候，在稻田里，我往下看一个枪膛，我的枪没有瞄准这个家伙，所以我必须做出决定。

Am I going to make a fight because this guy was -- already had a gun right in my head and I changed my mind.

我是否要打架，因为这个人已经用枪指着我的脑袋，而我改变了主意。

I remember telling the guys I would never be captured.

我记得告诉那些人我永远不会被抓获。

But I changed my mind, and I dropped the gun without uncocking it.

但我改变了主意，我没有打开扳机就扔掉了枪。

I ground it in the mud with my feet hoping they wouldn't find it, but an old one-eyed villager had seen it, seen me with it, saw me drop it.

我用脚把它踩在泥里，希望他们找不到它，但一位独眼的老村民看到了它，看到我拿着它，看到我把它掉在地上。

In South Vietnam, American aircraft met less resistance.

在南越，美国飞机遇到的阻力较小。

The American imperialists have invaded the South with their troops and have tried to destroy the North with their aircraft.

美帝国主义用军队入侵南方，并试图用飞机摧毁北方。

Thus they have committed untold crimes against the people of both regions.

因此，他们对这两个地区的人民犯下了数不清的罪行。

Vietnam is one.

越南就是其中之一。

The Vietnamese people are one.

越南人民就是其中之一。

As compatriots, the people in the North will do everything within their power to support the struggle of the people in the South.

作为同胞，北方人民将竭尽全力支持南方人民的斗争。

As their troops and supplies moved to the battlefield, Hanoi's leaders repeatedly denied that their army was fighting in the South, claiming that the charge was a myth fabricated by the United States.

当军队和物资运往战场时，河内领导人一再否认他们的军队在南方作战，声称这一指控是美国捏造的神话。

To stop the flow, America stepped up the bombing campaign.

为了阻止这种流动，美国加强了轰炸行动。

North Vietnam responded by moving its factories into the countryside.

北越的回应是将工厂迁至农村。

The civilian economy was suffering, but the country was being mobilized with Ho Chi Minh's slogan: "Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom."

民用经济陷入困境，但胡志明的口号“没有什么比独立和自由更宝贵”动员了整个国家。

We received help from sister countries -- from the U.S.S.R., from China, which had a stand different from the one she has now.

我们得到了来自姐妹国家的帮助——来自苏联、来自中国，它们的立场与现在不同。

Not only did we enjoy growing international help and support from other socialist nations, but also from the progressive forces in all other countries.

我们不仅得到其他社会主义国家越来越多的国际帮助和支持，也得到各国进步力量的帮助和支持。

As the bombs were falling our hearts naturally throbbed with fear.

当炸弹落下时，我们的心自然地因恐惧而悸动。

But when that happened we either carried the stretcher out to bring in the wounded or went out to visit the injured, and our fear dissipated as a result.

但遇到这种情况，我们要么抬着担架出去抬伤员，要么出去看望伤员，恐惧感就这样消失了。

My experience was that fear arose when you sat there worrying about things.

我的经验是，当你坐在那里担心事情时，就会产生恐惧。

But when you kept yourselves occupied, you lost your fear.

但当你让自己忙碌起来时，你就会失去恐惧。

One evening of July the 6, they came around and gave us new pajamas that we wore.

7 月 6 日的一个晚上，他们过来给了我们一件我们穿的新睡衣。

These had numbers stamped, they had stamped numbers on our pajamas.

这些都印有号码，他们在我们的睡衣上印有号码。

We were always so hopeful and optimistic that this thing was going to end and we figured, ah hah, this is step number one and we're going to be going home guys.

我们总是充满希望和乐观，认为这件事将会结束，我们想，啊哈哈，这是第一步，我们要回家了。

We were sort of feeling good about this, and as we started walking, you know, I thought we were going to walk right around the park.

我们对此感觉很好，当我们开始散步时，你知道，我以为我们会绕着公园散步。

But no, as we got to the opening of a big street, I looked -- we could see down, and it was just, I mean this was, this was the New Year's Eve parade.

但是不，当我们到达一条大街的入口处时，我看了看——我们可以看到下面，这就是，我的意思是，这就是除夕游行。

I mean there was just thousands of people in stands and along the streets and as we started to march, I could hear the cheerleaders with megaphones getting the crowd going.

我的意思是，看台上和街道上只有数千人，当我们开始游行时，我可以听到拉拉队拿着扩音器让人群开始前进。

And one of the interrogators, we called "the Rabbit," he saw me, and he turned to the crowd and he was leading them in this cheer.

其中一位审讯者，我们称之为“兔子”，他看到了我，他转向人群，带领着他们欢呼。

The cheer said, "Alvarez, Alvarez, son of a bitch, son of a bitch."

欢呼声说：“阿尔瓦雷斯，阿尔瓦雷斯，王八蛋，王八蛋。”

Then they started with my wrists, with my arms behind my back, and wrapped my arms together under the armpits.

然后他们从我的手腕开始，把我的双臂放在背后，把我的双臂并拢夹在腋下。

Well, the two arms were together and they just pulled my shoulders out of joint, you know; that, and they did some similar things to my legs.

嗯，两条手臂并拢在一起，它们只是把我的肩膀拉脱了，你知道的；他们对我的腿做了一些类似的事情。

I tried to endure the pain knowing that an American military man should be able to endure torture until he died, but never to give nothing to the enemy (never give anything to the enemy).

我试图忍受痛苦，因为我知道一个美国军人应该能够忍受酷刑直至死亡，但永远不要给敌人任何东西（never Give everything to the敌人）。

And I tried my best, and my best wasn't good enough.

我尽力了，但我的尽力还不够好。

The bombing in the South continued without let-up.

南部地区的轰炸仍在继续，没有停止。

But it never stopped the flow of supplies and manpower to the Vietcong bases.

但它从未停止向越共基地输送物资和人力。

We used Ci Chi as a training base and staging area.

我们把慈济作为训练基地和集结地。

We enlisted recruits in Saigon and trained them here, in the tunnels.

我们在西贡招募了新兵，并在这里的隧道里训练他们。

We raised their political consciousness and taught them tactical skills preparing them for big assignments such as attacking large enemy hotels.

我们提高了他们的政治意识，并教给他们战术技能，为他们执行袭击大型敌方酒店等重大任务做好准备。

They learned to use automobiles and Honda motorcycles -- firing hand guns to hit the enemy with a single shot.

他们学会了使用汽车和本田摩托车——用手枪射击，一枪打倒敌人。

I lived in Danang along with other sisters who participated in the revolution.

我和其他参加革命的姐妹一起住在岘港。

We organized clandestine activities, and provided communication between the revolutionary base area and the city.

我们组织秘密活动，沟通革命根据地和城市。

We carried out political struggles against the enemy.

我们对敌人进行了政治斗争。

Vietcong spies and agents continually passed useful information to the guerrilla bases.

越共间谍和特工不断向游击队基地传递有用的信息。

Couriers and saboteurs depended on sympathizers in the local population for their protection.

信使和破坏分子依靠当地民众的同情者来保护。

If caught, they expected little mercy.

如果被抓住，他们不会指望得到怜悯。

They tried to force me to confess that I was involved with the Vietcong.

他们试图强迫我承认我与越共有牵连。

I refused to make such a statement and so they stuck needles under the tips of my ten fingernails saying that if I did not write down what they wanted, and admit to being Vietcong, then they would continue the torture.

我拒绝发表这样的声明，所以他们在我的十个指甲尖下扎针，说如果我不写下他们想要的东西，并承认自己是越共，那么他们将继续折磨我。

Coastal towns and villages in the southern part of North Vietnam were constantly shelled and bombed by American warships and aircraft.

北越南部沿海城镇和村庄不断遭到美国军舰和飞机的炮击和轰炸。

People took refuge in tunnels.

人们在隧道中避难。

B-52 bombers had begun to bomb the South in June 1965.

B-52 轰炸机于 1965 年 6 月开始轰炸南方。

By April 1965, they were bombing the North.

到 1965 年 4 月，他们开始轰炸朝鲜。

The American Air Force is a very powerful air force, and naturally it influenced the battlefield.

美国空军是一支非常强大的空军，自然影响着战场。

It was a great trump card.

这是一张很棒的王牌。

The Americans counted on their air force to somehow change the course of events.

美国人指望他们的空军能够以某种方式改变事态的进程。

It must not be forgotten that General Curtis Lemay had said that the United States should bomb Vietnam back into the Stone Age.

决不能忘记柯蒂斯·勒梅将军曾说过，美国应该将越南轰炸回石器时代。

But they were greatly mistaken.

但他们大错特错了。

The destruction of the North -- with all the efforts and all the barbarity of imperial America -- only caused the people to be more resilient and more resolute in their determination to resist and to win.

美利坚帝国的所有努力和所有野蛮行径对北方的毁灭，只会让人民更加坚韧，更加坚定抵抗和胜利的决心。

I left the North, taking three months to reach the South.

我离开北方，花了三个月才到达南方。

On the way, we constantly faced flares, all kinds of bombs and rockets.

一路上，我们不断面临照明弹、各种炸弹和火箭。

We couldn't stop for any time along the route until we had reached our resting place.

在到达休息处之前，我们沿途不能停留。

Then we would sleep in hammocks, and begin marching again at four o'clock the next morning.

然后我们就睡在吊床上，第二天早上四点再开始行军。

The Ho Chi Minh Trail was not a single trail, but a web of trails, some threading through Laos and Cambodia.

胡志明小道不是一条单独的小道，而是一张小道网，其中一些穿过老挝和柬埔寨。

They were kept open by armies of women, many drafted into service for two years at a time.

它们由大批女性妇女保持开放，其中许多人一次服役两年。

The northern brothers came here to fight because of their sense of solidarity and responsibility toward us.

北方兄弟来到这里战斗，是因为他们对我们的团结和责任感。

After all, this was not their native village and they did not have to fight here.

毕竟这里不是他们的家乡，他们没必要在这里战斗。

There were never any problems between us southerners and northerners.

我们南方人和北方人之间从来没有任何问题。

The North Vietnamese troops were highly disciplined and tightly controlled.

北越军队纪律严明，控制严密。

As in the Chinese Communist army, each soldier belonged to a three-man cell.

与中国共产党军队一样，每个士兵都属于一个三人小组。

When we encountered difficulties, the three-man cell functioned as one.

当我们遇到困难时，三人小组就像一个人。

If one of us was killed, the others suffered terribly.

如果我们其中一人被杀，其他人就会遭受极大的痛苦。

And that made us hate the American imperialists even more.

这使我们更加憎恨美帝国主义。

I killed three American soldiers when the American forces attacked Dsiem Hang.

当美军袭击暹坑时，我杀死了三名美国士兵。

We had a slogan, "To fight the Americans, you must cling to their belts." If we fought them at a distance we suffered a lot of casualties.

我们有一个口号：“要对抗美国人，就必须紧紧抓住他们的腰带”。如果我们与他们进行远距离战斗，我们会遭受很多伤亡。

Having fought against American troops many times, I came to the conclusion that they had a lot of bombs and shells -- that they were very powerful as far as war materials were concerned.

在与美军多次交战后，我得出的结论是，他们拥有大量的炸弹和炮弹，就战争物资而言，它们的威力非常强大。

But they did not fight very well at all.

但他们根本打得不好。

They moved very slowly and really were not that mobile.

他们移动得非常缓慢，而且确实没有那么灵活。

In both North and South Vietnam, daily life accommodated to the rhythms of war.

在北越和南越，日常生活都适应了战争的节奏。

We always know when they were about to drop their bombs.

我们总是知道他们什么时候要投下炸弹。

For example, in the morning, they usually arrived about ten o'clock, just after breakfast.

例如，早上，他们通常在十点左右到达，刚吃过早餐。

Then they took a break, and went back to their bases for lunch.

随后，他们稍事休息，便返回基地吃午饭。

Then they came back to drop their bombs again at about three in the afternoon.

然后他们在下午三点左右再次回来投掷炸弹。

Since this was the routine, we tailored our schedule accordingly.

由于这是例行公事，我们相应地调整了日程安排。

We began our surgery at about five in the morning, and took a break at nine or ten.

我们早上五点左右开始手术，九点或十点休息一下。

By 1968, Soviet-made missiles and anti-aircraft batteries ringed Hanoi.

到了 1968 年，苏制导弹和防空炮台已经包围了河内。

At that time, we were filled with fervor.

那时，我们满怀激情。

I can tell you, there's something strange about the Vietnamese.

我可以告诉你，越南人有些奇怪。

They could never remain long in a bomb shelter.

他们永远不可能在防空洞里呆太久。

Whenever an airplane was shot down, everybody including doctors rushed out to look at it.

每当有飞机被击落时，包括医生在内的每个人都会冲出去查看。

By 1967, nearly every military target in the North had been damaged or destroyed.

到 1967 年，朝鲜几乎所有军事目标都被损坏或摧毁。

But the bombing had not broken North Vietnamese moral nor stopped the flow of men and supplies to the South.

但轰炸并没有破坏北越的道德，也没有阻止人员和物资流向南方。

Operation Rolling Thunder had failed.

滚雷行动失败了。

They had spread the hostilities over the entire territory of our country.

他们将敌对行动蔓延到我国全境。

It was absolutely normal and necessary for us to mobilize all our forces -- political and military -- in order to carry on the struggle and to reach final victory.

我们调动一切政治和军事力量来进行斗争并取得最终胜利是完全正常和必要的。

In January 1968, 20,000 northern troops moved south.

1968年1月，2万北方军队南下。

They were poised for a fresh ambitious offensive -- the "Tet" offensive.

他们准备发起一场新的雄心勃勃的攻势——“春节”攻势。

Tet, the Vietnamese New Year.

Tet，越南新年。

A massive Vietcong and North Vietnamese offensive struck the cities of South Vietnam.

越共和北越的大规模攻势袭击了南越的城市。

The attacks spilled into the living rooms of America and split the White House staff.

袭击蔓延到美国的客厅，并导致白宫工作人员分裂。

Vietnam was history's first television war.

越南战争是历史上第一场电视战争。

Now as the fighting ripped into Saigon, millions of Americans watched the battle on the evening news.

现在，随着战斗蔓延到西贡，数百万美国人通过晚间新闻观看了这场战斗。

We've got another, two more alert forces that are trying to push him out this way but he's got -- he's heavily fortified.

我们还有另外两支警戒部队正试图把他赶出去，但他已经——他戒备森严。

He's got a lot of ammo.

他有很多弹药。

Small arms, automatic fire, grenade launcher, and hand grenades.

小型武器、自动射击、榴弹发射器和手榴弹。

Well, I've got, uh five, five, six, six people I've had wounded.

嗯，我已经打伤了，呃，五、五、六、六人。

Now CIA men and MPs have gone into the embassy and are trying to get the snipers out by themselves.

现在中央情报局的人员和国会议员已经进入大使馆，并试图自己把狙击手赶出去。

Nothing dramatized the Vietcong's drive more vividly to Americans than the scene inside the U.S. Embassy compound in Saigon, the South Vietnamese capital.

对于美国人来说，没有什么比南越首都西贡美国大使馆内的场景更能生动地展现越共的行动了。

The center of American power in Vietnam had come under fire.

美国在越南的权力中心遭到攻击。

General, how would you assess yesterday's activities and today's?

总体而言，您如何评价昨天和今天的活动？

What is the enemy doing?

敌人在做什么？

Are these major attacks or (explosion)...

这些是重大攻击还是（爆炸）……

That's EOD setting off a couple of M-79 duds, I believe.

我相信，这是 EOD 引爆了几起 M-79 哑弹。

General, how would you assess the enemy's purposes yesterday and today?

将军，您如何评价敌人昨天和今天的目的？

The enemy, very deceitfully, has taken advantage of the Tet truce in order to create maximum consternation within South Vietnam, particularly in the populated areas.

敌人非常狡猾地利用春节休战的机会，在南越境内制造最大的恐慌，特别是在人口稠密的地区。

The consternation was indeed maximum.

惊愕确实是最大的。

For years the North Vietnamese and Vietcong had fought mainly in the rice fields and jungles.

多年来，北越和越共主要在稻田和丛林中作战。

Now, for the first time, they were fighting in the cities -- in their biggest offensive of the war.

现在，他们第一次在城市中作战——这是战争中最大规模的攻势。

They hit nearly every province and district capital across South Vietnam.

他们几乎袭击了南越所有省份和地区的首府。

They hit Westmoreland's own headquarters near the Saigon airport.

他们袭击了位于西贡机场附近的威斯特摩兰总部。

They hit key targets throughout Saigon, including the government radio station.

他们袭击了整个西贡的关键目标，包括政府广播电台。

A comrade inside the radio station had captured an enemy machine gun and had fought with it throughout the night.

电台里的一个同志缴获了敌人一挺机枪，并用它战斗了一整夜。

By nine o'clock in the morning, he had only 20 rounds left.

到早上九点的时候，他只剩下20发子弹了。

He was wounded, his leg shattered.

他受伤了，腿骨折了。

He asked me to go and find out whether he should try to hold the place or blow it up.

他让我去看看他是否应该尝试守住这个地方还是炸掉它。

At about ten o'clock in the morning, we had only eight men inside with a very large explosive.

早上十点左右，我们里面只有八个人，带着一个非常大的炸药。

They detonated the explosive, destroying the entire radio station and sacrificed themselves in the blast.

他们引爆了炸药，摧毁了整个广播电台，并在爆炸中牺牲了自己。

U.S. combat troops had been in Vietnam for nearly three years before Tet, 1968.

1968 年春节之前，美国作战部队已在越南驻扎了近三年。

Yet all their superior power had failed to grind down the enemy.

然而，他们所有的优势力量都未能击垮敌人。

The war was deadlocked.

战争陷入僵局。

Very very encouraged.

非常非常受到鼓舞。

I've never been more encouraged during my entire, almost four years in this country.

在这个国家的近四年里，我从未受到过如此多的鼓励。

I think we're making real progress.

我认为我们正在取得真正的进展。

Everybody is very optimistic that I know of, who is intimately associated with our effort there.

据我所知，每个人都非常乐观，他们与我们在那里的努力密切相关。

Johnson had orchestrated this campaign of optimism only weeks before Tet.

约翰逊在春节前几周策划了这场乐观运动。

But he had reason to believe an enemy attack of some kind was coming.

但他有理由相信敌人即将发起某种攻击。

During the two previous years, the Communists had staged winter offensives along South Vietnam's borders.

前两年，共产党在南越边境发动了冬季攻势。

Now as U.S. intelligence detected large deployments moving south, Westmoreland expected similar assaults.

现在，随着美国情报部门发现大规模部署正在向南移动，威斯特摩兰预计也会发生类似的袭击。

He rushed 6,000 American Marines and South Vietnamese troops to Khesanh, a remote frontier outpost near the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

他将 6,000 名美国海军陆战队员和南越军队紧急送往胡志明小道附近的一个偏远边境哨所凯桑 (Khesanh)。

From here he had hoped to control North Vietnamese infiltration into South Vietnam's northern provinces.

他曾希望从这里控制北越对南越北部省份的渗透。

The North Vietnamese attacked Khesanh in January, several days before Tet.

北越在一月份袭击了凯桑，即春节前几天。

Westmoreland thought this would be a decisive engagement.

威斯特摩兰认为这将是一场决定性的交战。

Johnson was so concerned that he kept a model of Khesanh in the White House.

约翰逊非常担心，因此在白宫保留了凯桑的模型。

But neither he nor his generals then fully knew the Communists' real purpose in fighting there.

但当时他和他的将军们都不完全了解共产党在那里作战的真正目的。

I did feel it was a target that the enemy was very much interested in, that he would want to seize it.

我确实感觉这是敌人非常感兴趣的目标，想要夺取它。

And I wanted to fight him in the hinterland rather than allow him to get down among the people, which would have been very costly in casualties.

而且我想在腹地与他作战，而不是让他深入民间，那样伤亡代价非常惨重。

Days after they began to shell Khesanh, the Communist commanders issued final orders for their nationwide offensive against South Vietnam's cities.

在他们开始炮击凯山几天后，共产党指挥官发布了对南越城市进行全国进攻的最终命令。

The longest battle was waged for Hue, the old imperial capital.

最长的战斗发生在旧帝国首都顺化。

Survivors of the battle tell different stories.

战斗的幸存者讲述了不同的故事。

One is a refugee with family still in Vietnam.

其中一名是难民，家人仍在越南。

The night of Tet, the lunar New Year, was different from other New Year's eves.

春节之夜，与其他除夕不同。

Firecrackers went on longer.

鞭炮放得更久了。

They came faster and faster.

他们来得越来越快。

There were more -- many more -- than on other New Years.

比其他新年还要多，多得多。

The sounds of firecrackers and gunfire interspersed.

鞭炮声和枪声不绝于耳。

Nobody realized that it was the gunfire of Communists who were overrunning the city of Hue.

没有人意识到这是共产党人的炮火占领了顺化市。

Communist soldiers came in and asked my father his occupation and his residence.

共产党士兵进来询问我父亲的职业和住所。

They told my father to describe his background.

他们让我父亲描述一下他的背景。

My father replied that he was deputy district chief of Trieuphong and that he was already old and would retire in one year.

父亲回答说，他是凯丰县副县长，已经老了，一年后就退休了。

They wrote down everything, then went on to other houses.

他们记下了一切，然后又去了其他房子。

The North Vietnamese and Vietcong dominated Hue for three days.

北越和越共统治顺化三天。

They rounded up South Vietnamese officials and government sympathizers.

他们围捕了南越官员和政府支持者。

Some eluded arrest and fled with other civilians.

一些人逃脱逮捕并与其他平民一起逃走。

Many did not.

许多人没有。

My father was ordered to attend a study session for ten days, and he was told that he would be released afterward.

我父亲被勒令学习十天，然后就被告知可以放人了。

My mother and I accompanied him to the school.

我和妈妈陪他去学校。

There were about 100 persons there.

那里大约有100人。

We stayed there until we saw my father leave.

我们一直呆在那里，直到看到父亲离开。

My mother and I were very worried because in 1946, my father's father had been arrested in the same way by the Communists.

我和母亲非常担心，因为1946年，我父亲的父亲也以同样的方式被共产党逮捕。

He never returned.

他再也没有回来。

The people so hated those who had tortured them in the past that, when the revolution came to Hue, they rooted out those despots to get rid of them -- just as they would poisonous snakes who, if allowed to live, would commit further crimes.

人民如此憎恨那些过去折磨过他们的人，以至于当革命来到顺化时，他们连根拔起那些暴君以摆脱他们——就像他们毒蛇一样，如果让毒蛇活着，就会犯下更多的罪行。