Silicon Valley
Narrator: In June 1957, at San Francisco's luxurious Clift Hotel, eight of the country's most talented young scientists and engineers assembled for a secret meeting.
旁白：1957 年 6 月，在旧金山豪华的克利夫特酒店，美国八位最有才华的年轻科学家和工程师聚集在一起召开秘密会议。
For the previous 14 months, they had been working together at Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory outside of Palo Alto, developing a technology that promised to be revolutionary.
在过去的 14 个月里，他们一直在帕洛阿尔托郊外的肖克利半导体实验室一起工作，开发一项有望带来革命性的技术。
But in recent months, William Shockley, the head of the company -- and the mind behind that technology -- had become increasingly erratic.
但近几个月来，公司负责人威廉·肖克利（William Shockley）以及该技术背后的思想者变得越来越不稳定。
Now, the eight were conspiring to defect -- to quit Shockley and form their own firm, under the leadership of one of their own, 29-year-old Robert Noyce, a Midwesterner with a brilliant scientific mind and the genuine affability of a born salesman.
现在，这八个人正密谋叛逃——退出肖克利并组建自己的公司，由他们自己的 29 岁罗伯特·诺伊斯领导。罗伯特·诺伊斯是一位中西部人，拥有出色的科学头脑和天生的推销员的真诚和蔼可亲。
It had taken some convincing to get Noyce on board.
诺伊斯花了一些说服力才同意加入。
Leslie Berlin, Author, The Man Behind the Microchip : Noyce had a young family.
莱斯利·柏林，《微芯片背后的人》作者：诺伊斯有一个年轻的家庭。
And to leave sort of a known paycheck for something that there was no model for, this notion of breaking away and doing something different.
并为一些没有模式的事情留下某种已知的薪水，这种脱离并做一些不同的事情的想法。
Narrator: Soon it came time to seal the deal.
旁白：很快就到了达成协议的时候了。
In the absence of an official contract, newly-minted dollar bills were passed around the table for signatures.
在没有正式合同的情况下，新铸造的美元钞票在桌子上传递以供签名。
Noyce got out his pen.
诺伊斯拿出笔。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: I honestly think that Silicon Valley begins on a very specific morning.
马龙，作家：老实说，我认为硅谷是从一个非常特殊的早晨开始的。
That morning is the morning that the guys from Shockley don't know if Noyce is gonna go.
那天早上，肖克利的人不知道诺伊斯是否会离开。
And he gets in the car that morning and goes with 'em.
那天早上他就上车和他们一起去了。
Leslie Berlin, Historian (audio): Those dollars bills they signed are Silicon Valley's declaration of independence.
历史学家莱斯利·柏林（音频）：他们签署的美元钞票是硅谷的独立宣言。
A statement that we are going to go out and start a company according to our own ideals, and our own beliefs, and nothing is gonna stop us.
声明我们要按照自己的理想、自己的信念出去创办一家公司，没有什么可以阻止我们。
Narrator: On that morning in 1957, none of the eight defectors likely had any idea what would happen next.
旁白：1957 年的那个早晨，八名叛逃者可能都不知道接下来会发生什么。
The coining of the phrase "Silicon Valley" was more than 10 years in the future.
“硅谷”这个词的创造是在十多年以后。
The unique business culture with which the place would come to be associated -- openness over hierarchy, risk over stability, innovation over the tried-and-true -- had still to be tested.
与这个地方相关的独特商业文化——开放胜过等级制度、风险胜过稳定、创新胜过久经考验——仍有待考验。
And the integrated circuit -- the revolutionary technology that would usher in a new era in human history -- had yet to be invented.
而集成电路——这一将开创人类历史新纪元的革命性技术——尚未被发明出来。
That morning, the future Silicon Valley was just a speck on the map -- and a most unexpected place for the Information Age to begin.
那天早上，未来的硅谷只是地图上的一个斑点，也是信息时代最意想不到的开始之地。
Had it not been for William Shockley, everything that was to come might well have happened somewhere else.
如果没有威廉·肖克利，接下来发生的一切很可能会发生在其他地方。
At the time that Shockley planted his flag in California's Santa Clara Valley, south of San Francisco, in 1956, the area was known mainly for its orchards -- mile upon lush, green mile of fruit trees, heavy with apricots, cherries, almonds.
1956 年，当肖克利在旧金山南部的加利福尼亚州圣克拉拉谷插上他的旗帜时，该地区主要以其果园而闻名——一望无际的郁郁葱葱的果树，长满了杏子、樱桃和杏仁。
Marketers had dubbed it "The Valley of Heart's Delight."
营销人员将其称为“心悦谷”。
Jay Last, Physicist: When I was 16, I was living in a steel mill town in Pennsylvania and had a free summer between my junior and senior year and decided to hitchhike to California.
Jay Last，物理学家：当我 16 岁的时候，我住在宾夕法尼亚州的一个钢铁厂小镇，在大三和大四之间度过了一个空闲的夏天，然后决定搭便车去加利福尼亚。
And I spent the summer picking apricots in Santa Clara Valley.
我整个夏天都在圣克拉拉谷采摘杏子。
It was just an unbelievably beautiful area with all these fruit trees.
这是一个令人难以置信的美丽地区，有这么多果树。
Narrator: Far from the nation's banking and manufacturing centers, the Santa Clara Valley was not, at first glance, an obvious spot for a technology company.
旁白：圣克拉拉谷远离美国的银行和制造中心，乍一看并不是科技公司的明显所在地。
All of the leading electronics firms -- Westinghouse, General Electric, Raytheon, IBM -- then had their headquarters on the East Coast.
所有领先的电子公司——西屋电气、通用电气、雷神公司、IBM——当时都将总部设在东海岸。
But Shockley had personal ties to the Valley -- his mother had lived there for years -- and the land was blessedly cheap.
但肖克利与山谷有着私人联系——他的母亲在那里住了很多年——而且土地非常便宜。
Hoping to entice aerospace and electronics companies to the region, Stanford University was offering long-term leases in Palo Alto at bargain-basement prices.
为了吸引航空航天和电子公司来到该地区，斯坦福大学以低廉的价格在帕洛阿尔托提供长期租赁。
Kathleen Cohen, Palo Alto Resident: Setting aside land that could be leased to those companies was I think a very, very important thing.
Kathleen Cohen，帕洛阿尔托居民：我认为留出可以出租给这些公司的土地是一件非常非常重要的事情。
And so we have the university then connecting with industry.
所以我们让大学与工业界建立联系。
Arthur Rock, Venture Capitalist: This just created a terrific atmosphere for entrepreneurship.
亚瑟·洛克（Arthur Rock），风险投资家：这为创业创造了极好的氛围。
Narrator: By the time Shockley set up his laboratory, a handful of other electronics firms -- Hewlett-Packard, Varian, Litton -- also operated in the Valley, as did the missile systems division of Lockheed Aircraft.
旁白：当肖克利建立他的实验室时，其他一些电子公司——惠普、瓦里安、利顿——也在硅谷运营，洛克希德飞机公司的导弹系统部门也是如此。
Here and there, the agricultural landscape already was beginning to give way to suburban subdivisions and large industrial structures.
各地的农业景观已经开始让位于郊区分区和大型工业结构。
And as they had more than a century earlier during the Gold Rush, Americans were heading to California in ever-increasing numbers -- some 3,000 a month in the late 1950s -- in search of opportunity.
正如一个多世纪前的淘金热时期一样，越来越多的美国人前往加利福尼亚州寻找机会，在 20 世纪 50 年代末每月约有 3,000 人。
Kathleen Cohen, Palo Alto Resident: People came to California to get started again in their lives in new directions.
凯瑟琳·科恩 (Kathleen Cohen)，帕洛阿尔托居民：人们来到加州是为了朝着新的方向重新开始生活。
The idea of the new is a very exciting thing for Californians.
对于加州人来说，新的想法是一件非常令人兴奋的事情。
You're not as limited to what has gone before.
你不再局限于以前发生的事情。
Narrator: For Shockley and the other entrepreneurs in the Valley, there was the genuine feeling of starting something from scratch.
旁白：对于肖克利和硅谷的其他企业家来说，有一种从头开始的真实感觉。
Regis McKenna, Marketing Consultant: This was pretty much a technological wilderness when they came here.
Regis McKenna，营销顾问：当他们来到这里时，这里几乎是一个技术荒野。
Like the early pioneers that moved west, they somehow struck out without really knowing what the outcomes were going to be.
就像早期向西迁移的拓荒者一样，他们不知何故就出击了，但并不真正知道结果会是什么。
Narrator: Like many of the new arrivals, William Shockley had made his name in the East.
旁白：像许多新来者一样，威廉·肖克利在东方成名。
One of the most legendary applied physicists in the history of science, he had spent much of his career at Bell Telephone Laboratories, the renowned private research and development firm in New Jersey.
作为科学史上最具传奇色彩的应用物理学家之一，他的大部分职业生涯都在新泽西州著名的私人研发公司贝尔电话实验室度过。
It was there, in 1947, that he had become famous -- as one of the inventors of a tiny electronic device known as a transistor.
1947 年，他在那里成名，成为一种名为晶体管的微型电子设备的发明者之一。
Demonstrator (archival): "It's a transistor, no bigger than a kernel of corn."
演示者（档案）：“这是一个晶体管，不比玉米粒大。”
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: The transistor is a turning point in technology history -- and actually human history -- because it's taking an existing technology and moving it into a whole new dimension.
马龙，作家：晶体管是技术史——实际上是人类历史——的一个转折点，因为它正在将现有技术带入一个全新的维度。
Narrator: Since the 1930s, most electronics -- everything from television sets to hearing aids -- had run on vacuum tubes.
旁白：自 20 世纪 30 年代以来，大多数电子产品——从电视机到助听器——都是在真空管上运行的。
They were behind the transmission of telephone signals, radio, and radar -- and also ran the world's first electronic general purpose computer, which was built by the U.S. Army during World War II and popularly known as a "Giant Brain."
他们负责电话信号、无线电和雷达的传输，还运行着世界上第一台电子通用计算机，该计算机由美国陆军在二战期间制造，俗称“巨型大脑”。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: It was the fastest computation machine anyone had ever seen, but it had one big problem.
马龙，作家：这是任何人见过的最快的计算机，但它有一个大问题。
It was the size of a warehouse, and these tubes consumed a lot of electricity, and they used to joke that when you turned it on it dimmed the lights of the city around it.
它有仓库那么大，这些灯管消耗了大量的电力，他们曾经开玩笑说，当你打开它时，它周围城市的灯光就会变暗。
And you had to have men run around inside the computer changing tubes because they burned out pretty quickly.
而且你必须让人们在计算机内跑来跑去更换管道，因为它们很快就会烧坏。
Narrator: Vacuum tubes, like light bulbs, worked by heating up a thin metal filament -- and as with light bulbs, the filament burned out from time to time, requiring the tube to be replaced.
旁白：真空管就像灯泡一样，通过加热细金属灯丝来工作——就像灯泡一样，灯丝有时会烧坏，需要更换真空管。
The transistor, by contrast, was virtually indestructible.
相比之下，晶体管几乎坚不可摧。
Ted Hoff, Electrical Engineer: The transistor represented a major advance in being able to do electronic work with far less power and a far smaller device.
Ted Hoff，电气工程师：晶体管代表了一项重大进步，能够以更少的功率和更小的设备进行电子工作。
Instructional Video (archival audio): What's inside the transistor?
教学视频（存档音频）：晶体管内部有什么？
Dr. Shockley shows us using a huge scale model.
肖克利博士向我们展示了一个巨大的比例模型。
Inside are two pins …
里面有两个别针...
Narrator: The key to the transistor was a chemical element known as a semiconductor.
旁白：晶体管的关键是一种称为半导体的化学元素。
In between materials like metals, which conduct electricity easily, and insulators such as rubber and glass which block electricity, a semiconductor could do both -- enabling it to act as an electrical switch.
在容易导电的金属等材料和阻电的橡胶和玻璃等绝缘体之间，半导体可以兼具这两种功能，使其能够充当电气开关。
By exploiting the properties of the semiconductor germanium, Shockley and his colleagues had invented a device with the potential to completely transform the electronics industry.
通过利用半导体锗的特性，肖克利和他的同事发明了一种有可能彻底改变电子行业的设备。
One of the first hints of what was possible came in 1954 with the transistor radio -- which was small enough to fit in a pocket.
1954 年晶体管收音机的问世，首次暗示了这种可能性，它小到可以装进口袋。
The transistor radio quickly became the most popular electronic communication device the world had ever seen.
晶体管收音机很快成为世界上最流行的电子通信设备。
By 1955, scientists and electrical engineers all over the country were racing to develop new applications for the transistor.
到 1955 年，全国各地的科学家和电气工程师都在竞相开发晶体管的新应用。
Shockley had more ambitious plans: to exploit the commercial potential of the transistor -- and make it the cornerstone of a large and potentially lucrative new industry.
肖克利有更雄心勃勃的计划：开发晶体管的商业潜力，并使其成为一个庞大且利润丰厚的新产业的基石。
He decided to leave Bell Labs, founded his own firm in California, and began raiding PhD programs and electronics companies for gifted, young recruits.
他决定离开贝尔实验室，在加利福尼亚州创立了自己的公司，并开始在博士项目和电子公司中寻找有天赋的年轻员工。
Gordon Moore, Chemist: He knew chemists had been useful to him at Bell Laboratories so he thought he needed one in his new operation, and he got my name and gave me a call.
戈登·摩尔，化学家：他知道贝尔实验室的化学家对他很有用，所以他认为他的新业务需要一位化学家，他知道了我的名字并给我打了电话。
Fortunately, I recognized who it was.
幸运的是，我认出了那人是谁。
I picked up the phone, he says, "Hello, this is Shockley."
我拿起电话，他说：“你好，我是肖克利。”
Jay Last, Physicist: He just showed up in my lab at MIT one day, and I thought, my God, I've never met anybody this brilliant.
杰伊·拉斯特（Jay Last），物理学家：有一天，他刚刚出现在我在麻省理工学院的实验室，我想，天啊，我从来没有遇到过这么聪明的人。
I changed my whole career plans and said, I wanna go to California and work with this man.
我改变了我的整个职业计划并说，我想去加利福尼亚和这个人一起工作。
Narrator: Bob Noyce, then a 28-year-old research manager at Philco, the Philadelphia-based electronics firm, was equally impressed.
旁白：当时 28 岁的鲍勃·诺伊斯 (Bob Noyce) 是费城电子公司 Philco 的一名研究经理，他也同样印象深刻。
As he would later say of his phone conversation with Shockley: "It was like talking to God." Just over a month later, Noyce was headed out to California, an interview at Shockley Laboratories scheduled for the following morning.
正如他后来谈到与肖克利的电话交谈时所说：“就像与上帝交谈一样。”仅仅一个多月后，诺伊斯就前往加利福尼亚州，并计划于第二天早上在肖克利实验室接受采访。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: It was a chance for him to be among the best and the brightest young scientists in America, a chance to work with this acknowledged genius.
马龙，作家：这是他成为美国最优秀、最聪明的年轻科学家之一的机会，是与这位公认的天才一起工作的机会。
And Shockley was making noises about how he was gonna transform the electronics industry with brilliant new inventions.
肖克利大声疾呼他将如何通过出色的新发明来改变电子行业。
I mean, how do you say no to something like that?
我的意思是，你如何对这样的事情说不？
Narrator: Shockley touted his new team as the "most outstanding in the semiconductor field": a dozen and a half young scientists of various stripes -- physicists, electrical and mechanical engineers, metallurgists, tool builders -- all of them rising stars in the field, all but a handful under the age of 30.
旁白：肖克利将他的新团队吹捧为“半导体领域最杰出的团队”：十几位各行各业的年轻科学家——物理学家、电气和机械工程师、冶金学家、工具制造商——他们都是该领域的后起之秀，除了极少数人年龄都在 30 岁以下。
Jay Last, Shockley Semiconductor: We were all about the same age, and we had made scientific accomplishments on our own before that.
Jay Last，Shockley Semiconductor：我们年龄相仿，在此之前我们已经靠自己取得了科学成就。
We were very, very compatible with our scientific training, and with the way we looked on the world.
我们与我们的科学训练以及我们看待世界的方式非常非常兼容。
Narrator: There was Jay Last, a Pennsylvania-born physicist with a doctorate from MIT; chemist Gordon Moore, who had grown up in the farm country north of the Santa Clara Valley but had spent the last two years at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab; Jean Hoerni, a theoretical physicist from Switzerland with two doctoral degrees and a glowing employment recommendation from Cal Tech; and Robert Noyce, a native of Iowa with a PhD from MIT -- and the Shockley team's resident expert on transistors.
旁白：杰伊·拉斯特（Jay Last）是一位出生于宾夕法尼亚州的物理学家，拥有麻省理工学院的博士学位。化学家戈登·摩尔（Gordon Moore）在圣克拉拉山谷北部的农场长大，但过去两年在约翰·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室度过； Jean Hoerni，来自瑞士的理论物理学家，拥有两个博士学位，并获得了加州理工学院的热情推荐；罗伯特·诺伊斯（Robert Noyce）是爱荷华州人，拥有麻省理工学院博士学位，也是肖克利团队的晶体管常驻专家。
Vic Jones, Shockley Semiconductor: There was no one there other than Bob Noyce who was really well-grounded in semiconductors.
维克·琼斯（Vic Jones），肖克利半导体公司：除了鲍勃·诺伊斯（Bob Noyce）之外，没有人在半导体方面真正有扎实的基础。
Gordon Moore, Jay Last, and myself, we used to get there at six and try to teach ourselves semiconductor physics for the first hour in the morning.
戈登·摩尔 (Gordon Moore)、杰伊·拉斯特 (Jay Last) 和我自己，过去常常六点钟到达那里，并尝试在早上的第一个小时自学半导体物理。
Jay Last, Shockley Semiconductor: I had never seen a transistor until I went to work for Shockley.
Jay Last，Shockley Semiconductor：在为 Shockley 工作之前，我从未见过晶体管。
Bob knew and understood transistors very well.
鲍勃非常了解并理解晶体管。
And talking to him was a way of really learning a lot of stuff very quickly.
与他交谈是一种快速学习很多东西的方式。
Narrator: By coincidence, Noyce had been introduced to the transistor soon after its development at Bell Labs.
旁白：巧合的是，诺伊斯在贝尔实验室开发出晶体管后不久就被介绍给了晶体管。
He'd been an undergraduate at Iowa's Grinnell College then, studying under Grant Gale -- a physics professor who just happened to have to gone to college with one of the transistor's inventors.
当时他是爱荷华州格林内尔学院的一名本科生，师从物理学教授格兰特·盖尔（Grant Gale），而格兰特·盖尔恰好与晶体管的发明者之一一起上大学。
At Gale's request, Bell Labs sent over the technical reports on the new device.
应盖尔的要求，贝尔实验室发送了有关新设备的技术报告。
Noyce devoured them.
诺伊斯吞噬了它们。
With the transistor, Noyce knew he was looking at the future.
有了晶体管，诺伊斯知道他正在展望未来。
"The concept hit me like the atom bomb," he later recalled.
“这个概念就像原子弹一样击中了我，”他后来回忆道。
"It was one of those ideas that jolts you out of the rut, gets you thinking in a different way."
“正是这些想法之一让你摆脱了陈规，让你以不同的方式思考。”
Jay Last, Shockley Semiconductor: The transistor was still a laboratory curiosity at Bell Labs during that period.
Jay Last，肖克利半导体公司：在那段时期，晶体管仍然是贝尔实验室的实验室好奇物。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: It somehow manages to get to Iowa to a little liberal arts college in the middle of the country, and sitting there in the class is the man who's gonna make it all happen.
马龙，作家：它以某种方式设法到达爱荷华州中部的一所小型文理学院，而坐在教室里的人就是让这一切发生的人。
The odds are astronomical of any of this occurring.
发生这种情况的可能性是天文数字。
Narrator: Noyce went on to study transistor-related technology at MIT, then took the job with Philco, in its newly-formed transistor division.
旁白：诺伊斯继续在麻省理工学院研究晶体管相关技术，然后在 Philco 新成立的晶体管部门工作。
Bright and personable, he was quickly promoted to manager -- and just as quickly came to the conclusion that the bureaucracy of East Coast corporations did not suit him.
他聪明又风度翩翩，很快就被提升为经理，并且很快就得出结论：东海岸公司的官僚作风不适合他。
Regis McKenna, Marketing Consultant: Places like Philco, and Bell Labs, and IBM -- they were very large, hierarchical kinds of companies and businesses.
Regis McKenna，营销顾问：像 Philco、贝尔实验室和 IBM 这样的地方——它们都是非常大、等级森严的公司和企业。
And it was very structured.
而且它非常结构化。
Philco was so structured that your status and your furniture was determined by a book that actually had your title and your position in the company and what sort of furniture you were allowed to have in your office at that time.
Philco 的结构是这样的，你的地位和你的家具是由一本书决定的，这本书实际上有你的头衔和你在公司的职位，以及当时你可以在办公室里拥有什么样的家具。
And so everything was put in a rulebook of some kind.
所以一切都被放入某种规则手册中。
It was very stifling and limiting in your own freedoms.
这对你自己的自由来说是非常令人窒息和限制的。
Leslie Berlin, Historian: Noyce wanted to be a scientist -- to be in a lab all day, every day.
莱斯利·柏林，历史学家：诺伊斯想成为一名科学家——每天都在实验室里。
He quickly discovered that he hated management.
他很快发现自己讨厌管理。
He had imagined himself as an independent operator.
他曾把自己想象成一名独立的经营者。
Robert Noyce (archival audio): Philco was doing good work in transistors, but Shockley was the top of the field.
罗伯特·诺伊斯（档案音频）：飞歌在晶体管方面做得很好，但肖克利是该领域的佼佼者。
And I wanted to see if I could compete with him, if you will.
我想看看我是否可以与他竞争，如果你愿意的话。
I wanted to play in the big leagues.
我想在大联盟打球。
Narrator: In California, Noyce would get his chance.
旁白：在加利福尼亚州，诺伊斯将会得到他的机会。
In 1956, Shockley Semiconductor had all the makings of a success: solid financial backing from a Southern California technology company, Beckman Instruments, and a straightforward mandate -- build a commercially viable silicon transistor.
1956 年，肖克利半导体 (Shockley Semiconductor) 具备了成功的所有条件：来自南加州科技公司贝克曼仪器 (Beckman Instruments) 的坚实财务支持，以及一个简单的任务——制造商业上可行的硅晶体管。
At that point, the standard semiconductor used in transistors was germanium.
那时，晶体管中使用的标准半导体是锗。
But germanium functioned poorly at high temperatures -- making it spectacularly ill-suited to meet the demands of the burgeoning defense industry, with its heat-producing missiles and planes.
但锗在高温下的性能很差，这使得它非常不适合满足新兴的国防工业（包括产热导弹和飞机）的需求。
The solution was to create a device built from germanium's more stable, more heat-resistant cousin, silicon.
解决方案是创建一种由锗的更稳定、更耐热的表亲硅制成的设备。
But silicon was difficult to work with, and its conductivity hard to manipulate.
但硅很难加工，而且它的电导率也很难控制。
Shockley wanted to try a new method.
肖克利想尝试一种新方法。
Gordon Moore, Shockley Semiconductor: We were all going through a learning experience with silicon and this new technology.
Gordon Moore，肖克利半导体：我们都在经历硅和这项新技术的学习经历。
And we were making some progress but there was still quite a long ways to go.
我们正在取得一些进展，但还有很长的路要走。
Narrator: Then, about six months into the project, came news that Shockley had been awarded the Nobel Prize -- along with two of his colleagues from Bell Labs -- for inventing the transistor.
旁白：然后，在该项目进行大约六个月后，传来消息称肖克利与贝尔实验室的两位同事因发明晶体管而获得了诺贝尔奖。
Gordon Moore, Shockley Semiconductor: We adjourned to salute the honor with champagne starting at nine o'clock in the morning at a local restaurant.
戈登·摩尔（Shockley Semiconductor）：我们休会，从早上 9 点开始在当地一家餐馆喝香槟致敬这一荣誉。
Narrator: All of them would later mark that celebration as the beginning of the end.
旁白：他们所有人后来都将这次庆祝活动视为结束的开始。
Jay Last, Shockley Semiconductor: The whole atmosphere changed very quickly, and it deteriorated very rapidly.
Jay Last，Shockley Semiconductor：整个气氛变化得非常快，而且恶化得非常快。
Narrator: Shockley's ego -- outsized to begin with -- now threatened to eclipse his genius.
旁白：肖克利的自负——一开始就过大——现在威胁到他的天才黯然失色。
He became rigid, authoritarian, impossible to please.
他变得僵化、独裁、难以取悦。
Vic Jones, Shockley Semiconductor: He began to show lots and lots of anger towards people who weren't doing things according to what he wanted to do.
维克·琼斯（Vic Jones），肖克利半导体（Shockley Semiconductor）：他开始对那些没有按照他想做的事情做事的人表现出很多很多的愤怒。
Narrator: Without warning or explanation, Shockley demanded that much of his team shift its focus from the silicon transistor to a complicated new device called a four-layer diode.
旁白：在没有警告或解释的情况下，肖克利要求他的团队中的大部分成员将重点从硅晶体管转移到一种称为四层二极管的复杂新器件。
Gordon Moore, Shockley Semiconductor: Bob Noyce and I wrote a pretty strong memo to him as to why the transistor was where he ought to continue to work, but it didn't seem to have any significant impact.
戈登·摩尔，肖克利半导体：鲍勃·诺伊斯和我给他写了一份相当有力的备忘录，解释为什么晶体管是他应该继续工作的地方，但这似乎没有产生任何重大影响。
Jay Last, Shockley Semiconductor: This four-layer diode wasn't coming along very fast.
Jay Last，Shockley Semiconductor：这种四层二极管的发展速度并不快。
With the path we were on we were never going to have a commercial device.
按照我们所走的道路，我们永远不会拥有商业设备。
He couldn't face up to the fact that he'd made a bad decision so he started blaming all, everybody around him.
他无法面对自己做出了错误决定的事实，所以他开始责怪周围的所有人。
He was very abusive.
他非常辱骂。
I went from being his fair-haired boy to being one of the causes of all his problems.
我从他的金发男孩变成了他所有问题的根源之一。
It was very painful to me.
这对我来说非常痛苦。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: They knew how good they were, and Shockley was treating them as if they were children.
马龙，作家：他们知道自己有多优秀，肖克利对待他们就像对待孩子一样。
They would come in with a great idea and Shockley would get on the phone and call one of his old colleagues at Bell Labs and say, "What do you think?" It must have been very, very difficult to be told every day told that you can't be trusted with your own ideas.
他们会提出一个好主意，肖克利会打电话给他在贝尔实验室的一位老同事说：“你觉得怎么样？”每天都被告知不能相信你自己的想法，这一定是非常非常困难的。
Jay Last, Shockley Semiconductor: We'd go away for the weekend and bemoan the problems we were getting into with Shockley, and trying to understand why things had all of a sudden had gotten so difficult with the man.
Jay Last，肖克利半导体公司：我们会去度周末，哀叹我们在肖克利身上遇到的问题，并试图理解为什么事情突然变得如此困难。
Narrator: Eventually, seven of the company's top scientists and engineers -- Jean Hoerni, Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Eugene Kleiner, Gordon Moore, C.
旁白：最终，公司的七位顶尖科学家和工程师——Jean Hoerni、Julius Blank、Victor Grinich、Eugene Kleiner、Gordon Moore、C.
Sheldon Roberts, and Jay Last -- decided to take matters into their own hands.
谢尔顿·罗伯茨和杰伊·拉斯特决定亲自处理此事。
They contacted Shockley's boss, Arnold Beckman, and requested that Shockley be removed as manager.
他们联系了肖克利的老板阿诺德·贝克曼，并要求解除肖克利的主教练职务。
Gordon Moore, Shockley Semiconductor: Beckman essentially told us, "Shockley's the boss, take it or leave it." We discovered a group of young PhDs couldn't push aside a new Nobel Prize winner very easily.
戈登·摩尔，肖克利半导体：贝克曼本质上告诉我们，“肖克利是老板，接受或离开它。”我们发现一群年轻的博士无法轻易推开一位新的诺贝尔奖获得者。
Jay Last, Shockley Semiconductor: So we were just completely sandbagged, and we realized then we had to leave.
Jay Last，Shockley Semiconductor：所以我们完全被困住了，然后我们意识到我们必须离开。
We had really burned our bridges.
我们真的已经自断了桥梁。
Regis McKenna, Marketing Consultant: The business culture that existed in this country was that you go to work for a company, and you stay with that company, and you retire with that company.
Regis McKenna，营销顾问：这个国家存在的商业文化是，你为一家公司工作，然后留在该公司，然后在该公司退休。
People did it at General Motors, people did it at Ford Motor Company, people did it at Philco.
人们在通用汽车公司这样做了，人们在福特汽车公司这样做了，人们在飞歌公司也这样做了。
This was what traditional East Coast -- and even Midwestern -- American values were.
这就是美国东海岸乃至中西部的传统价值观。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: These guys all joined on the belief that they would stay there forever.
马龙，作家：这些人都相信他们会永远留在那里。
And it really took the incredibly bad management skills of Bill Shockley to alienate them so badly that they would contemplate just stepping out the front door into the abyss.
比尔·肖克利（Bill Shockley）糟糕的管理技巧确实让他们疏远了他们，以至于他们会考虑走出前门进入深渊。
Narrator: Shortly after the attempted coup at Shockley, a letter landed on the desk of Arthur Rock, a financial analyst at the Wall Street investment firm of Hayden Stone.
旁白：在肖克利未遂政变发生后不久，一封信落在了海登斯通华尔街投资公司的金融分析师阿瑟·洛克的办公桌上。
Arthur Rock, Venture Capitalist: The letter essentially said that there were seven people connected with Shockley Laboratories who were thinking of leaving and did we know any company that would like to hire them.
亚瑟·洛克（Arthur Rock），风险投资家：这封信的主要内容是，有七名与肖克利实验室有关的人员正在考虑离开，我们是否知道有任何公司愿意雇用他们。
Gordon Moore, Shockley Semiconductor: Arthur Rock came out to meet with us.
戈登·摩尔（Gordon Moore），肖克利半导体（Shockley Semiconductor）：亚瑟·洛克（Arthur Rock）出来与我们会面。
He told us, "What you really wanna do is set up your own company, and we will find you financing."
他告诉我们，“你真正想做的是成立自己的公司，我们会给你融资。”
Jay Last, Shockley Semiconductor: None of us really knew many details of what was involved in running a company.
Jay Last，Shockley Semiconductor：我们中没有人真正了解经营公司所涉及的许多细节。
But it just looked like a very exciting direction to go.
但这看起来是一个非常令人兴奋的方向。
Narrator: At that moment, Robert Noyce was not among the defectors.
旁白：当时，罗伯特·诺伊斯并不在叛逃者之列。
But they all agreed the new venture needed him.
但他们都同意新企业需要他。
Gordon Moore, Shockley Semiconductor: Bob was the kind of person everybody liked when they first met him.
Gordon Moore，Shockley Semiconductor：鲍勃是那种每个人第一次见到他时就喜欢的人。
He had that personality that came across very smoothly.
他的性格很容易让人印象深刻。
And, as such it opened doors.
而且，因此它打开了大门。
And of course he was brilliant, which helped.
当然，他很聪明，这很有帮助。
Narrator: Thanks to his knowledge of transistors, Noyce had been given some real authority in Shockley's lab, and he was reluctant to walk away -- at first.
旁白：由于诺伊斯对晶体管的了解，他在肖克利的实验室中获得了一些真正的权威，一开始他不愿意离开。
Robert Noyce (archival audio): I felt that I had a commitment to Shockley, and I wanted to do everything I could to make that organization work.
罗伯特·诺伊斯（档案音频）：我觉得我对肖克利有承诺，我想尽一切努力让这个组织发挥作用。
And so I felt that my first obligation was to try to talk those seven folks into not leaving.
所以我觉得我的首要任务就是说服那七个人不要离开。
When I failed in that, I felt that I should join them.
当我失败时，我觉得我应该加入他们。
Jay Last, Shockley Semiconductor: Our real aim was to keep working together.
Jay Last，Shockley Semiconductor：我们真正的目标是继续合作。
We knew we could build a transistor that was gonna be a very successful, innovative product.
我们知道我们可以制造出一种非常成功的创新产品的晶体管。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: They've, in a sense, already rolled the dice in a big way just being where they are.
马龙，作家：从某种意义上说，他们已经在很大程度上掷骰子了。
You go to California, you leave your life behind, you strike out to try something new and to start your life over.
你去了加州，把你的生活抛在脑后，你开始尝试新的东西，重新开始你的生活。
And the job turns out to be a nightmare.
事实证明，这份工作是一场噩梦。
Now you get to the moment of decision: are you gonna roll the dice one more time?
现在你到了做出决定的时刻：你要再掷一次骰子吗？
Narrator: In New York, Arthur Rock was working the phones in search of a backer.
旁白：在纽约，阿瑟·洛克正在打电话寻找支持者。
Arthur Rock, Venture Capitalist: We made up a list of 45 companies that might be interested, but none of them were willing to take on a separate company division.
Arthur Rock，风险投资家：我们列出了 45 家可能感兴趣的公司的名单，但没有一家愿意成立一个单独的公司部门。
They felt that their own employees would have problems with it, that they would see it as a way that someone else made a lot of money at their expense.
他们觉得自己的员工会对此有问题，他们会认为这是别人以牺牲他们的利益为代价赚大钱的一种方式。
They just couldn't get it through their heads that this was a good opportunity.
他们就是不明白这是一个好机会。
We had a couple of months of doing this and were about to give up, when someone suggested that I see Sherman Fairchild.
我们花了几个月的时间来做这件事，正要放弃时，有人建议我去见谢尔曼·费尔柴尔德。
Narrator: A prolific inventor and entrepreneur, Sherman Fairchild was the owner of Fairchild Camera and Instrument, a New York-based manufacturer of aeronautic, electronic, and photographic products.
旁白：谢尔曼·费尔柴尔德 (Sherman Fairchild) 是一位多产的发明家和企业家，是仙童相机和仪器公司 (Fairchild Camera and Instrument) 的所有者，该公司是一家总部位于纽约的航空、电子和摄影产品制造商。
He was also the largest single stockholder in IBM, the computing giant his father had co-founded.
他还是他父亲共同创立的计算机巨头 IBM 的最大单一股东。
Arthur Rock, Venture Capitalist: Sherman Fairchild was well known and well respected and used to tinkering around with things.
亚瑟·洛克（Arthur Rock），风险投资家：谢尔曼·费尔柴尔德（Sherman Fairchild）众所周知，备受尊敬，并且习惯于修补事物。
And he immediately saw the potential in this.
他立即看到了其中的潜力。
Jay Last, Physicist: Sherman Fairchild had the vision and the interest in us.
杰伊·拉斯特（Jay Last），物理学家：谢尔曼·费尔柴尔德（Sherman Fairchild）对我们有远见和兴趣。
He was very rich, had a very great imagination and enthusiasm for things.
他非常富有，有非常丰富的想象力和对事物的热情。
And if it hadn't been for him I don't know if we would've found a sponsor.
如果没有他，我不知道我们是否能找到赞助商。
Narrator: Fairchild readily agreed to put up $1.3 million.
旁白：Fairchild 欣然同意出资 130 万美元。
In exchange, he retained an option to buy out the new subsidiary.
作为交换，他保留了买断新子公司的选择权。
If Fairchild Semiconductor were successful, the parent company was positioned to reap the benefits.
如果仙童半导体取得成功，其母公司就能够获得收益。
Shockley Laboratory was about to suffer an exodus of talent from which it would never recover.
肖克利实验室即将遭受人才外流，而且永远无法恢复。
Gordon Moore, Chemist: Shockley was crushed.
戈登摩尔，化学家：肖克利被压垮了。
He looked like a beaten puppy as he walked out the door that day.
那天，他走出家门时，看上去就像一只被打败的小狗。
Narrator: With Shockley reeling, Beckman issued a warning to the eight defectors.
旁白：在肖克利感到震惊的同时，贝克曼向八名叛逃者发出了警告。
Leslie Berlin, Historian: They were told, "This is a shameful act.
历史学家莱斯利·柏林：他们被告知，“这是一种可耻的行为。
You need to consider the consequences.
你需要考虑后果。
You have essentially turned traitor.
你基本上已经变成了叛徒。
You have broken what everyone knows is the contract that you make when you start working at a company, which is: You're there forever.
大家都知道，你违反了你在公司开始工作时签订的合同，即：你永远在那里。
You've changed the rules of the game and you're never gonna live that down."
你已经改变了游戏规则，你永远不会忘记这一点。”
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: It looks easy nowadays because we have a tradition -- largely set in motion by those guys -- where it's accepted in this town.
马龙，作家：现在看起来很容易，因为我们有一个传统——很大程度上是由那些人发起的——它在这个小镇上被接受了。
You're better off to go out and start your own company and fail than it is to stick at one company for 30 years.
你出去创办自己的公司并失败了，这比在一家公司呆了 30 年要好。
The real respect comes from going out there and being an entrepreneur.
真正的尊重来自于走出去并成为一名企业家。
But that wasn't true in the 1950s.
但在 20 世纪 50 年代，情况并非如此。
The cost of failure now is small.
现在失败的成本很小。
The cost of failure back then was enormous.
当时失败的代价是巨大的。
It must've been scary as hell.
一定很可怕。
Newsreel Announcer: "Today a new moon is in the sky, a twenty-three inch metal sphere placed in orbit by a Russian rocket..."
新闻片播音员：“今天天空中出现了一轮新月，一个二十三英寸的金属球体被俄罗斯火箭送入轨道......”
Narrator: The news stunned America.
旁白：这个消息震惊了美国。
On October 4th, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik, the first space satellite -- dealing a powerful technological blow to the United States, and intensifying the anxieties of the Cold War.
1957年10月4日，苏联成功发射了第一颗太空卫星“史普特尼克”，给美国带来了强大的技术打击，也加剧了冷战的忧虑。
Regis McKenna, Marketing Consultant: There was this underlying fear that existed that we were imminently going to be at war with Russia, and that it was probably going to be a nuclear war.
营销顾问雷吉斯·麦肯纳（Regis McKenna）：存在一种潜在的恐惧，即我们即将与俄罗斯开战，而且可能会是一场核战争。
Once they were able to demonstrate that they could put a payload into space, that said that probably we were much more vulnerable as a country.
一旦他们能够证明他们可以将有效载荷送入太空，那就表明我们作为一个国家可能更加脆弱。
Arthur Rock, Venture Capitalist: The Russians had just beaten us at our own game, and I think everyone in this country was just befuddled by it.
亚瑟·洛克（Arthur Rock），风险投资家：俄罗斯人刚刚在我们自己的游戏中击败了我们，我认为这个国家的每个人都对此感到困惑。
How could this happen?
怎么会发生这种事？
How could they beat us?
他们怎么能打败我们呢？
Douglas Edwards, archival, CBS News: The course of United States policies in the competition with Russia has been severely shaken.
道格拉斯·爱德华兹（Douglas Edwards），哥伦比亚广播公司新闻档案：美国在与俄罗斯竞争中的政策方针已经受到严重动摇。
This is Douglas Edwards, good evening.
我是道格拉斯·爱德华兹，晚上好。
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: Sputnik caught the attention of everybody.
Jack Yelverton，仙童半导体公司：人造卫星引起了所有人的注意。
All of a sudden there was a real recognition that we needed to be a, a more technically-oriented society.
突然之间，人们真正认识到我们需要成为一个更加以技术为导向的社会。
Narrator: In the wake of the Sputnik launch, President Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, establishing NASA.
旁白：人造卫星发射后，艾森豪威尔总统签署了《国家航空航天法案》，成立了美国宇航局。
The agency began operations in October 1958; within two years, its budget would top 400 million dollars a year.
该机构于 1958 年 10 月开始运作；两年内，其每年的预算将超过 4 亿美元。
For recently-incorporated Fairchild Semiconductor, the nation's new obsession with technology would prove the business opportunity of a lifetime.
对于最近成立的仙童半导体公司来说，这个国家对技术的新痴迷将证明这是千载难逢的商机。
Leslie Berlin, Historian: The space race is on and the federal government suddenly has an insatiable need for precisely what these guys are going to start building.
历史学家莱斯利·柏林：太空竞赛已经开始，联邦政府突然对这些人将要开始建造的东西产生了永不满足的需求。
Narrator: Fairchild Semiconductor -- soon-to-be manufacturer of silicon transistors -- set up shop just down the road from Shockley, renting out a concrete slab of a building that amounted to little more than walls and a roof.
旁白：仙童半导体公司——即将成为硅晶体管制造商——在肖克利附近开设了一家商店，出租了一座建筑物的混凝土板，该建筑物只不过是墙壁和屋顶。
Gordon Moore, Fairchild Semiconductor: At Fairchild we had a clean slate.
Gordon Moore，仙童半导体公司：在仙童半导体，我们一切都清白。
We had an empty building and we could do it the way we now thought was the right way to do it.
我们有一栋空建筑，我们可以按照我们现在认为正确的方式来做。
Jay Last, Fairchild Semiconductor: The building had no electricity, the phones, water.
Jay Last，仙童半导体公司：大楼没有电、电话和水。
We didn't have any toilets, we had to go to the gas station down the street.
我们没有厕所，只能去街边的加油站。
A main topic of discussion always was, "How soon are we gonna get the power and be able to start in?"
讨论的主要话题始终是“我们多久才能获得电力并能够开始？”
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: There were challenges and problems everywhere.
Jack Yelverton，仙童半导体公司：到处都存在挑战和问题。
You had to build the equipment that you needed to make these transistors.
您必须建造制造这些晶体管所需的设备。
It was a whole, brand new world that nobody had been there before.
这是一个全新的世界，以前没有人去过那里。
Jay Last, Fairchild Semiconductor: We had the basic technology, but all of the details we had to do ourselves…
Jay Last，仙童半导体：我们拥有基本技术，但所有细节我们都必须自己完成……
and invent ourselves.
并创造我们自己。
I remember the group of us cleaned up the floor and said, "Alright, now we, we're in business."
我记得我们一群人把地板清理干净后说：“好吧，现在我们开始做生意了。”
Narrator: Fairchild Semiconductor had barely opened its doors when the team got wind of a potential sales opportunity.
旁白：仙童半导体公司刚刚开业，团队就听到了潜在销售机会的风声。
The Air Force had hired IBM to build a navigational computer for the new supersonic B-70 bomber.
空军已聘请 IBM 为新型超音速 B-70 轰炸机制造导航计算机。
What the military needed was silicon transistors that were not only capable of withstanding high temperatures, but also fast-switching.
军方需要的是不仅能够承受高温，而且能够快速开关的硅晶体管。
The most likely supplier was the largest semiconductor manufacturer in the country, Texas Instruments -- or TI -- but the silicon devices TI was making were too slow.
最有可能的供应商是美国最大的半导体制造商德州仪器 (TI)，但 TI 生产的硅器件速度太慢。
IBM invited the upstart Fairchild to bid on the contract.
IBM 邀请新贵 Fairchild 参与该合同的竞标。
A meeting was set up at IBM's Federal Systems Division in Owego, New York.
会议在纽约奥韦戈的 IBM 联邦系统部门召开。
For the Fairchild founders, there was no question that Robert Noyce would be the one to make their pitch.
对于仙童半导体的创始人来说，毫无疑问罗伯特·诺伊斯将是最有发言权的人。
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: Bob had the ability to charm anybody.
Jack Yelverton，仙童半导体公司：鲍勃有能力吸引任何人。
He had a great smile, he had a quick wit.
他笑容灿烂，机智敏捷。
And when he walked into a room people would sit up and pay attention.
当他走进一个房间时，人们会坐起来并集中注意力。
Leslie Berlin, Historian: Fairchild at this point was three months old, in talks with IBM, one of the great companies in the country.
Leslie Berlin，历史学家：此时 Fairchild 刚刚成立三个月，正在与 IBM（美国最伟大的公司之一）进行谈判。
Narrator: The device the military wanted pushed the bounds of existing technology.
旁白：军方想要的设备突破了现有技术的界限。
To date, no electronics company had built a single one.
迄今为止，还没有一家电子公司制造过这样的产品。
IBM needed a sample batch of 100.
IBM 需要 100 个样品批次。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: IBM laid out the specification they needed.
Charlie Sporck，Fairchild Semiconductor：IBM 制定了他们所需的规范。
And they turned to Bob.
他们转向鲍勃。
Leslie Berlin, Historian: One would expect that Noyce might be a little bit quaking in his boots when he hears, "Well, the only way you can get this contract is if you can build 100 of these."
历史学家莱斯利·柏林 (Leslie Berlin)：当诺伊斯听到“嗯，获得这份合同的唯一方法就是制造 100 个这样的产品”时，人们可能会感到他的靴子会有点颤抖。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: Bob's thinking about it and he says, "Yeah, we could do that." Now, you understand, they hadn't made...
仙童半导体公司的 Charlie Sporck：鲍勃正在考虑这个问题，他说：“是的，我们可以做到这一点。”现在，你明白了，他们并没有...
they hadn't built this transistor yet.
他们还没有制造出这个晶体管。
Narrator: Noyce's confidence won Fairchild the contract -- and the fledgling company's chemists and engineers went to work.
旁白：诺伊斯的信心为仙童赢得了合同——这家羽翼未丰的公司的化学家和工程师开始工作。
They had already decided to split into two R&D teams -- and now, under intense deadline pressure, they were racing against one another to develop a transistor that met IBM's specs.
他们已经决定分成两个研发团队——现在，在巨大的最后期限压力下，他们正在相互竞争，开发一种符合 IBM 规格的晶体管。
It took five months, but in July 1958, Fairchild fulfilled its first order: 100 silicon transistors at 150 dollars each -- 30 times the going rate for the less-sturdy germanium standard.
花了五个月的时间，Fairchild 在 1958 年 7 月完成了第一笔订单：100 个硅晶体管，每个价格 150 美元——是不太坚固的锗标准现行价格的 30 倍。
Jay Last, Fairchild Semiconductor: We hadn't thought about how you shipped the device.
Jay Last，Fairchild Semiconductor：我们没有考虑过您如何运送该设备。
So I went down to the supermarket and got a Brillo box.
所以我去超市买了一个布里洛盒子。
And the first product went to IBM in a Brillo box.
第一个产品装在 Brillo 盒子里送到了 IBM。
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: When IBM starts buying your transistors and using them in their equipment that tells the rest of the world that you've got something.
Jack Yelverton，Fairchild Semiconductor：当 IBM 开始购买你们的晶体管并在他们的设备中使用它们时，就告诉世界其他地方你们已经有所作为。
Jay Last, Fairchild Semiconductor: When I look back on it now I'm just flabbergasted that we did what we did.
Jay Last，仙童半导体公司：当我现在回想起来时，我对我们所做的事情感到震惊。
We took the basic Bell Labs technology, and turned it into a product that nobody in the world had ever made before.
我们采用了贝尔实验室的基本技术，并将其变成了世界上从未有人制造过的产品。
We went to our first trade show, and we got an enormous reception.
我们参加了我们的第一次贸易展，并受到了热烈的欢迎。
Narrator: As a triumphant Noyce put it to the Fairchild staff: "We scooped the industry."
旁白：正如胜利的诺伊斯对仙童员工所说的那样：“我们抢占了这个行业。”
Robert Noyce (archival audio): I grew up in small town America, which had to be self-sufficient.
罗伯特·诺伊斯（档案音频）：我在美国小镇长大，那里必须自给自足。
If something was broke you fix it yourself.
如果有什么东西坏了，你就自己修理。
We didn't have the expertise around so we all had to be experts.
我们没有专业知识，所以我们都必须成为专家。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: Noyce comes from a generation that we won't see again in the electronics industry.
马龙，作家：诺伊斯来自电子行业我们不会再看到的一代。
These are people that grew up in a world without electronics.
这些人是在没有电子产品的世界中长大的。
Where they got their technical chops, it's almost magical.
他们的技术能力几乎是神奇的。
Dad may have bought a ham radio, they may have had an affinity to working on equipment on the farm.
爸爸可能买了一台业余无线电，他们可能喜欢在农场的设备上工作。
But what's interesting about them is they all share those sort of "middle-American values." They were basically honest, they were as good as a handshake.
但有趣的是，他们都有共同的“中美价值观”。他们基本上是诚实的，就像握手一样。
There was a constant tension between being masters of the universe and living in small town life.
成为宇宙的主人和生活在小镇生活之间始终存在着紧张关系。
That tension drove these guys on.
那种紧张感驱使着这些人继续前进。
Narrator: Right out of the gate, Fairchild Semiconductor had managed to capture the industry's attention.
旁白：飞兆半导体一开始就成功地吸引了业界的关注。
But building a cutting-edge transistor was only half the battle.
但制造尖端晶体管只是成功的一半。
The key to success was being able to mass-produce it.
成功的关键是能够批量生产。
Jay Last, Fairchild Semiconductor: Our main goal was just figuring out how to make a lot of these things -- reliably and in short order.
Jay Last，仙童半导体公司：我们的主要目标只是弄清楚如何在短时间内可靠地制造出很多这样的东西。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: When you're building an automobile, 100% of the time the car comes out.
Charlie Sporck，Fairchild Semiconductor：当你制造汽车时，100% 的时候汽车都会问世。
When you're building semiconductors, sometimes a chip comes out, that works.
当你制造半导体时，有时会出现一种有效的芯片。
Frequently, nothing comes out.
很多时候，什么也没有出来。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: Chip yields, the amount of chips that actually worked when they came off the line, were going up and down unpredictably.
作者马龙：芯片产量，即下线时实际工作的芯片数量，正在不可预测地上下波动。
There are stories where they discovered it was because there were farm fields outside, and whenever they put down pesticide it would affect the yields on chips.
有报道称，他们发现这是因为外面有农田，每当他们投放农药时，就会影响薯条的产量。
The yield would change with the water level in the ground.
产量会随着地下水位的变化而变化。
If men didn't wash their hands after going to the bathroom, the uric acid crystals would wipe out hundreds of chips.
如果男人上完厕所后不洗手，尿酸结晶就会消灭数百个碎片。
It was an incredibly crude process.
这是一个极其粗糙的过程。
Narrator: The select few working transistors had to be mounted, connected to lead wires, and put in casings -- a delicate, labor-intensive task performed almost exclusively by women.
旁白：必须安装少数工作晶体管，将其连接到引线，然后放入外壳中，这是一项精细且劳动密集型的任务，几乎完全由女性完成。
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: It was just a given in the industry at that time.
Jack Yelverton，仙童半导体公司：这只是当时业界的既定事实。
The belief was that women were used to doing needlework and working closely with their hands, and they had better hand-eye coordination.
人们相信，女性习惯于做针线活，并且用手紧密地工作，而且她们有更好的手眼协调能力。
Ginger Jenkins, Fairchild Semiconductor: It was all manual dexterity.
Ginger Jenkins，仙童半导体公司：这全都是手工灵巧性。
My starting job at Fairchild was called a die-attacher.
我在 Fairchild 的起始工作称为芯片安装工。
A die is a tiny little silicon chip.
芯片是一个很小的硅芯片。
I attached 'em to the package, with the gold layer under the silicon piece.
我将它们贴在包装上，金层位于硅片下方。
And then after I was done it would go to the bonder, who would attach little wires to it.
完成后，它会被送到焊接机，焊接机会在上面连接一些小电线。
Jay Last, Fairchild Semiconductor: When our devices came along, there was an instant acceptance of them.
Jay Last，飞兆半导体：当我们的设备问世时，人们立即接受了它们。
It was the ideal component -- the small size and weight, the high performance, the ability to perform under very high temperature requirements.
它是理想的组件——尺寸小、重量轻、性能高、能够在非常高的温度要求下运行。
The only thing we had to figure out to do, we knew they had to be reliable.
我们唯一要做的就是知道它们必须可靠。
Narrator: The reliability of Fairchild's product was put to the test in 1958, when the upstart company beat out its more established rival, Texas Instruments, to supply transistors for the guidance system on the Minuteman nuclear ballistic missile.
旁白：1958 年，飞兆半导体产品的可靠性受到了考验，当时这家新贵公司击败了更老牌的竞争对手德州仪器 (Texas Instruments)，为民兵核弹道导弹的制导系统提供晶体管。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: The Minuteman program was a godsend for us.
Charlie Sporck，仙童半导体：民兵计划对我们来说是天赐之物。
The military was willing to pay high prices for performance.
军方愿意为性能付出高昂的代价。
How does the small company compete against the giant TI or Motorola?
小公司如何与巨头TI或摩托罗拉竞争？
It has to have something unique.
它必须有一些独特的东西。
And then it has to have an outlet.
然后它必须有一个出口。
Certainly the military market was very important for us.
当然，军事市场对我们来说非常重要。
Narrator: For the military, reliability was essential -- and the first Fairchild transistors did not measure up.
旁白：对于军队来说，可靠性至关重要，而第一批飞兆半导体晶体管却未能达到要求。
An alarming number of devices had to be returned to the company for so-called "random catastrophic failure." Lab tests revealed that it took nothing more than a sharp tap with a pencil to make the transistor stop working all together.
由于所谓的“随机灾难性故障”，数量惊人的设备必须退回公司。实验室测试表明，只需用铅笔猛击一下即可使晶体管完全停止工作。
Jay Last, Fairchild Semiconductor: Here we had the product that scooped the industry and all of a sudden, we didn't have a reliable product.
Jay Last，仙童半导体公司：我们的产品抢占了整个行业，但突然之间，我们就没有了可靠的产品。
We realized that when we were sealing these up, little specks of metal would be loose inside the can and short out the device sometimes.
我们意识到，当我们密封它们时，罐内的小金属斑点会松动，有时会使设备短路。
We were really running scared.
我们真的很害怕。
It would've been the end of the company.
这将是公司的终结。
We needed to solve the problem.
我们需要解决这个问题。
Narrator: For more than a year, physicist Jean Hoerni had been working on a radically new transistor design: a thin, protective layer of silicon oxide mounted on top of the transistor.
旁白：一年多来，物理学家 Jean Hoerni 一直致力于一种全新的晶体管设计：安装在晶体管顶部的薄薄的氧化硅保护层。
Now, he and Noyce believed its time had come.
现在，他和诺伊斯相信时机已经到来。
The concept moved quickly from sketch to basic component–-and then was rigorously tested and refined.
这个概念很快从草图转变为基本组件，然后经过严格的测试和完善。
In a nod to its flat top, Fairchild dubbed Hoerni's innovation the "planar process." The method not only solved the reliability problem, it actually improved the transistor's overall performance.
为了向其平坦的顶部致敬，仙童将霍尔尼的创新称为“平面工艺”。该方法不仅解决了可靠性问题，实际上还提高了晶体管的整体性能。
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: The planar process was a major step forward in the ability to make silicon transistors.
Jack Yelverton，飞兆半导体公司：平面工艺是制造硅晶体管能力的重大进步。
Using the planar process you had a very clean and more highly reliable transistor.
使用平面工艺，您可以获得非常干净且可靠性更高的晶体管。
You could increase your yields, you could reduce your costs, and make a much better product.
您可以提高产量，降低成本，并生产出更好的产品。
Narrator: Fairchild immediately took out a patent.
旁白：仙童立即拿出了一项专利。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: With the planar process, all hell broke loose.
Charlie Sporck，仙童半导体公司：随着平面工艺的发展，一切都变得一团糟。
Everybody else had to come to our door and plead with us to get a license.
其他人都必须来到我们家门口恳求我们获得许可证。
Narrator: As orders began pouring in, Fairchild Camera and Instrument decided to exercise its option to buy its upstart subsidiary.
旁白：随着订单开始涌入，仙童相机和仪器公司决定行使其选择权，收购其新兴子公司。
Each of the eight co-founders of Fairchild Semiconductor received stock options worth almost 300,000 dollars -- roughly 2 million dollars today.
Fairchild Semiconductor 的八位联合创始人每人都获得了价值近 30 万美元的股票期权，相当于今天的 200 万美元。
"The money doesn't seem real," Noyce told his father, "It's just a way of keeping score."
“这些钱看起来并不真实，”诺伊斯告诉他的父亲，“这只是一种记分的方式。”
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: If you look close enough at history, most inventions are not out of the blue.
作家马龙：如果你足够仔细地观察历史，大多数发明都不是凭空而来的。
They tend to arise out of a milieu where the time for that invention has come.
他们往往是在发明时机到来的环境中出现的。
In the late 1950s, we had the transistor.
20 世纪 50 年代末，我们有了晶体管。
It's now being sold in the millions.
现在它的销量已达数百万。
It's got one problem: it's a discrete device, it does one thing.
它有一个问题：它是一个分立设备，它只做一件事。
And if you wanna do two things you have to have two of 'em.
如果你想做两件事，你就必须拥有两件事。
And if you wanna build a big computer that does 10,000 things, you've gotta have 10,000 transistors.
如果你想建造一台可以完成 10,000 件事的大型计算机，你就必须拥有 10,000 个晶体管。
Leslie Berlin, Historian: The more of these discrete components, the number of connections between them grows exponentially.
Leslie Berlin，历史学家：这些分立组件越多，它们之间的连接数量就会呈指数级增长。
So you could end up in a situation where you could have all of the independent components testing out as working, and you could have the circuit fail because the connections between the components were failing.
因此，您最终可能会遇到这样的情况：您可以测试所有独立组件是否正常工作，并且由于组件之间的连接失败而导致电路出现故障。
So, there were efforts all over the country, people trying to figure out "How can we somehow, at the same time that we build these components...
因此，全国各地都在努力，人们试图弄清楚“我们如何才能在构建这些组件的同时......
how can we also connect them to each other in a single device?" Military might depended on being able to build these rockets and missiles, and so the Department of Defense was willing to pay almost anything for a lightweight, reliable circuit.
我们怎样才能在一个设备中将它们相互连接起来？”军事可能依赖于能够制造这些火箭和导弹，因此国防部愿意为轻型、可靠的电路支付几乎任何费用。
Narrator: The answer, when it came, caught Fairchild off-guard.
旁白：当答案到来时，费尔柴尔德措手不及。
In March 1959, at an industry trade show in New York, Texas Instruments announced that it had patented an entire circuit on a single semiconductor chip -- effectively trouncing the competition.
1959 年 3 月，在纽约举行的一次行业贸易展上，德州仪器 (Texas Instruments) 宣布它已获得单个半导体芯片上的整个电路的专利，从而有效地击败了竞争对手。
Designed the previous fall by an engineer named Jack Kilby, TI's so-called "solid circuit" spurred Fairchild to action.
去年秋天，TI 的所谓“固体电路”由一位名叫 Jack Kilby 的工程师设计，促使 Fairchild 采取了行动。
"We were working day to day," Noyce recalled, "to try and get a competitive edge."
“我们日复一日地工作，”诺伊斯回忆道，“试图获得竞争优势。”
Jerry Sanders, Fairchild Semiconductor: At the time TI was the biggest company in the world in semiconductors.
Jerry Sanders，Fairchild Semiconductor：当时 TI 是全球最大的半导体公司。
And Fairchild was just a, you know, peanut…
仙童公司只是一个，你知道的，花生......
and wanted to be beat TI.
并且想要击败TI。
I was at an industry show, and I ran into a manager from Texas Instruments.
我在一次行业展会上遇到了德州仪器公司的一位经理。
I walked up to him and shook his hand, or tried to shake his hand.
我走到他跟前，握住他的手，或者说试图握住他的手。
He looked at me like, you know, I was garbage, and said, I'll never forget it, "Fairchild, we're gonna crush you guys." And I thought, "Wow!
他看着我，就像，你知道，我是垃圾，然后说，我永远不会忘记，“Fairchild，我们要粉碎你们。”我想：“哇！
That is really weird!" So there was just a lot of hysteria against, you know, Fairchild as it was making its way.
这实在是太奇怪了！”因此，当仙童半导体公司刚刚起步时，人们对它表现出了很多歇斯底里的反对情绪。
Narrator: As head of R&D, Robert Noyce had been thinking about ways to connect components for some time.
旁白：作为研发主管，罗伯特·诺伊斯（Robert Noyce）一段时间以来一直在思考如何连接组件。
In fact, two months before TI's announcement, he'd sketched some ideas in his lab notebook for a device that would come to be called "the integrated circuit."
事实上，在 TI 宣布这一消息的两个月前，他在实验室笔记本上勾勒出了一些关于后来被称为“集成电路”的设备的想法。
Les Vadasz, Fairchild Semiconductor: The integrated circuit idea is that, hey you don't have to have individual devices.
Les Vadasz，飞兆半导体：集成电路的想法是，嘿，你不必拥有单独的设备。
You can have all these devices in one piece of silicon, and interconnect them right on that silicon chip.
您可以将所有这些设备集成在一块硅片中，并在该硅片上将它们互连。
Narrator: Building on Fairchild's planar process, Noyce's design linked individual components together with tiny metal lines printed right on the protective oxide layer.
旁白：诺伊斯的设计以飞兆半导体的平面工艺为基础，通过直接印刷在保护性氧化层上的微小金属线将各个组件连接在一起。
Kilby's design, by contrast, relied on thin gold wire, painstakingly threaded between the components by hand.
相比之下，基尔比的设计依赖于细金线，手工精心地将金线穿入组件之间。
Jerry Sanders, Fairchild Semiconductor: Jack Kilby just wired them together.
Jerry Sanders，Fairchild Semiconductor：Jack Kilby 只是将它们连接在一起。
Bob Noyce said, "No wires." In no way do I wanna demean Jack Kilby's work.
鲍勃·诺伊斯说：“没有电线。”我决不想贬低杰克·基尔比的工作。
I mean it's, you know, it was fantastic.
我的意思是，你知道，这太棒了。
But it wouldn't have been practical for mass production.
但它对于大规模生产来说并不实用。
Roger Borovoy, Fairchild Semiconductor: I've worked with a lot of brilliant people in my career and he is at the top.
Roger Borovoy，仙童半导体公司：在我的职业生涯中，我与很多才华横溢的人共事过，他是其中的佼佼者。
He had a way of of integrating facts and coming up something you'd never expect.
他有办法整合事实并提出一些你意想不到的东西。
Narrator: Now, jolted by TI's news, Noyce hurriedly resurrected his notebook sketches.
旁白：现在，诺伊斯被 TI 的消息震惊了，赶紧恢复了笔记本上的草图。
Jay Last, Fairchild Semiconductor: Bob and I got together and said we have to show the flag somehow.
Jay Last，仙童半导体：鲍勃和我聚在一起说我们必须以某种方式展示旗帜。
So I made some crude devices that we had at one of the trade shows.
所以我制作了一些我们在一次贸易展览会上拥有的原始设备。
Narrator: Noyce filed a patent for his integrated circuit in July 1959.
旁白：诺伊斯于 1959 年 7 月为其集成电路申请了专利。
By then, he'd been promoted to general manager of Fairchild Semiconductor -- and with his new authority, he put physicist Jay Last to the task of figuring out how to build a commercial device.
那时，他已被提升为仙童半导体公司的总经理，并凭借新的权力，他让物理学家杰·拉斯特负责研究如何构建商业设备。
Les Vadasz, Fairchild Semiconductor: The devil is in the detail.
Les Vadasz，仙童半导体公司：细节决定成败。
The concept is one thing, the other thing is to make it work in a manufacturing environment where you can just turn out millions and millions of them.
这个概念是一回事，另一件事是让它在制造环境中发挥作用，在那里你可以生产数以百万计的产品。
Narrator: It took two years, but in March 1961, Fairchild introduced its first commercial integrated circuit, called Micrologic.
旁白：花了两年时间，1961 年 3 月，Fairchild 推出了第一款商用集成电路，名为 Micrologic。
At $120, Micrologic was far out of reach for the average private company.
Micrologic 的售价为 120 美元，对于一般私营公司来说是遥不可及的。
But when President John F.
但当约翰·F.
Kennedy announced an ambitious new space program in May, it was clear that the federal government would be willing to pay for it.
肯尼迪五月宣布了一项雄心勃勃的新太空计划，联邦政府显然愿意为此买单。
President Kennedy (archival): "These are extraordinary times, and we face an extraordinary challenge.
肯尼迪总统（档案）：“这是一个非凡的时代，我们面临着非凡的挑战。
I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth."
我相信这个国家应该致力于在这个十年结束之前实现将人类送上月球并安全返回地球的目标。”
Narrator: At a time when the average computer was a room-sized machine containing mile upon tangled mile of wires, Fairchild's integrated circuit -- or microchip -- made it possible to put a computer right on board a spacecraft and send it all the way to the moon.
旁白：当时，普通计算机只是一个房间大小的机器，里面有一英里又一英里的纠结电线，飞兆半导体的集成电路（或微芯片）使将计算机直接安装在航天器上并将其一路发送到月球成为可能。
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: This was one of those really important disruptive technologies, that this was something that was going to change everything in electronics.
Jack Yelverton，仙童半导体：这是真正重要的颠覆性技术之一，它将改变电子领域的一切。
Leslie Berlin, Historian: Brilliant people with brilliant ideas exist all the time; it's just a question of being a brilliant person with a brilliant idea, in the right place at the right time, where people want what you've come up with.
莱斯利·柏林（Leslie Berlin），历史学家：拥有绝妙想法的聪明人一直存在；问题只是成为一个拥有绝妙想法的聪明人，在正确的时间、正确的地点，人们想要你想出的东西。
Narrator: Fairchild landed the contract to supply chips for NASA's Apollo Guidance Computer.
旁白：仙童公司获得了为美国宇航局阿波罗制导计算机供应芯片的合同。
Meanwhile, other semiconductor manufacturers began to license Fairchild's technology and build integrated circuits based on the planar process.
与此同时，其他半导体制造商开始授权飞兆半导体的技术并基于平面工艺制造集成电路。
By 1962, Fairchild Camera and Instrument was reporting the highest sales and earnings in its history -- and rival Texas Instruments was crying foul.
到 1962 年，仙童相机和仪器公司报告了其历史上最高的销售额和利润，而竞争对手德州仪器 (Texas Instruments) 则大喊大叫。
TI filed suit against Fairchild for patent interference, claiming ownership of the integrated circuit concept.
TI 对 Fairchild 提起专利干涉诉讼，声称拥有集成电路概念的所有权。
Roger Borovoy, Fairchild Semiconductor: Texas Instruments said, "We think we invented that." Kilby certainly was first but Kilby's circuit was not a practical one.
德州仪器 (Texas Instruments) 仙童半导体 (Fairchild Semiconductor) 的罗杰·博罗沃伊 (Roger Borovoy) 表示：“我们认为我们发明了它。”基尔比当然是第一个，但基尔比的电路并不实用。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: This is one of those cases of simultaneous invention.
作家马龙：这是同时发明的案例之一。
Kilby has time precedence, but Noyce's design is the one that worked.
基尔比（Kilby）具有时间优先权，但诺伊斯（Noyce）的设计是有效的。
Narrator: The suit would drag on for years.
旁白：诉讼会拖上好几年。
In the end, Fairchild and Texas Instruments would agree to share licensing of the integrated circuit.
最终，仙童和德州仪器同意共享集成电路的许可。
By that time, TI itself was building microchips based on Fairchild's planar process technology.
当时，TI 本身正在基于 Fairchild 的平面工艺技术制造微芯片。
Geri Hadley, Fairchild Semiconductor: I was driving down 101, and at the side of the road there was a large billboard with a sun rising, and it said something to the effect that Santa Clara County has more PhD's in high technology than any place in the world.
Geri Hadley，仙童半导体公司：我开车沿着 101 路行驶，路边有一个巨大的广告牌，上面有太阳正在升起，上面写着圣克拉拉县拥有比世界上任何地方都多的高科技博士。
And I, a light went off, it was an epiphany, and I said, "That's it.
而我，一盏灯灭了，这是一种顿悟，我说：“就是这样。
I'm going to go into high tech."
我要进军高科技领域。”
Narrator: Throughout the early 1960s, thousands of young men and women poured into the Santa Clara Valley every month, lured by the booming electronics and defense industries.
旁白：整个 20 世纪 60 年代初期，每个月都有成千上万的年轻男女涌入圣克拉拉谷，受到蓬勃发展的电子和国防工业的吸引。
And though each passing year brought new companies into being -- and with them, new jobs -- Fairchild Semiconductor was one of the Valley's biggest draws.
尽管每一年都会有新公司诞生，并带来新的就业岗位，但仙童半导体公司却是硅谷最大的吸引力之一。
Les Vadasz, Fairchild Semiconductor: I was working at Transitron, and I really wanted to come to Fairchild because at that time that's where things were happening.
Les Vadasz，飞兆半导体：我当时在 Transitron 工作，我真的很想来飞兆半导体，因为当时那里正在发生事情。
Jerry Sanders, Fairchild Semiconductor: The technology at Fairchild blew me away.
Jerry Sanders，仙童半导体：仙童半导体的技术让我震惊。
To see what they were doing at Fairchild when I went there, I was in awe.
当我去仙童半导体时，看到他们在做什么，我感到很敬畏。
These were the smartest people I'd ever met.
这些是我见过的最聪明的人。
Narrator: Critical to Fairchild's appeal was the unique corporate culture that Robert Noyce encouraged.
旁白：仙童半导体的吸引力的关键在于罗伯特·诺伊斯所鼓励的独特企业文化。
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: Bob had a very good idea of how the company should behave as a company.
Jack Yelverton，仙童半导体公司：鲍勃对于公司应该如何运作有着非常好的想法。
He had some pretty egalitarian ideas; he wanted to breakdown the distinctions between management and workforce.
他有一些相当平等的想法；他想打破管理层和员工之间的区别。
Regis McKenna, Marketing Consultant: Bob managed by camaraderie.
Regis McKenna，营销顾问：鲍勃由友情管理。
He believed in teamwork and, to him, everybody at Fairchild was part of the team.
他相信团队合作，对他来说，Fairchild 的每个人都是团队的一部分。
Geri Hadley, Fairchild Semiconductor: It's what you could contribute that really counted the most.
Geri Hadley，仙童半导体公司：真正最重要的是你能贡献什么。
Everybody was highly competitive to do the best in their job, to make their company the best.
每个人都非常有竞争力，要在自己的工作中做到最好，让自己的公司成为最好的。
Why would we work ten, 12-hour days?
我们为什么要每天工作 10 个小时、12 个小时？
It wasn't because somebody told us we had to.
这并不是因为有人告诉我们必须这么做。
We wanted to.
我们想要。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: We were bullish about where the electronics were gonna go.
仙童半导体公司的 Charlie Sporck：我们对电子产品的发展方向持乐观态度。
We did not have any hesitation about unlimited growth forever.
我们没有任何犹豫，要永远无限成长。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: The atmosphere of the early Fairchild was a combination of a college dormitory or frat house with, sort of like a country club locker room.
马龙，作家：早期仙童的氛围是大学宿舍或兄弟会的结合体，有点像乡村俱乐部的更衣室。
It was basically a bunch of men in their 20s starting to make real money competing with each other on who had the bigger swagger.
基本上是一群20多岁的男人开始赚真钱，互相竞争谁更有气势。
It either had to settle down and just become another company, or it had to blow up.
它要么必须安定下来，成为另一家公司，要么就必须崩溃。
It was just too volatile.
它太不稳定了。
It was just too much talent stuffed into one place.
太多的人才被塞到一个地方了。
Narrator: Even as it enjoyed its meteoric rise, Fairchild Semiconductor was beginning to unravel at its core.
旁白：尽管仙童半导体公司迅速崛起，但其核心却开始瓦解。
By 1962, fully half of the founding team -- including Jay Last and Jean Hoerni -- as well as numerous researchers and engineers, had left the company to start new ventures -- most of them positioning themselves as direct competitors for the integrated circuit market.
到 1962 年，创始团队的一半成员——包括 Jay Last 和 Jean Hoerni——以及众多研究人员和工程师，已经离开公司去创办新企业——其中大多数人将自己定位为集成电路市场的直接竞争对手。
Gordon Moore, Fairchild Semiconductor: It just exploded.
仙童半导体公司的戈登·摩尔：它刚刚爆炸了。
Every time we came up with a new idea, we spawned two or three companies to try to exploit it.
每当我们提出一个新想法时，我们都会催生两三个公司来尝试利用它。
Narrator: Over the next two decades, Fairchild would spin off more than a 100 new firms -- including Rheem, Signetics, Molectro, Amelco, General Microelectronics, Advanced Micro Devices.
旁白：在接下来的二十年里，Fairchild 将分拆出 100 多家新公司，其中包括 Rheem、Signetics、Molectro、Amelco、General Micro electronics、Advanced Micro Devices。
In the Santa Clara Valley, they were known as "Fairchildren."
在圣克拉拉谷，他们被称为“Fairchildren”。
Regis McKenna, Marketing Consultant: There was constant startups.
Regis McKenna，营销顾问：初创公司不断涌现。
Almost every company had employees coming out of Fairchild.
几乎每家公司都有来自仙童半导体的员工。
They were educating people in this new era of silicon.
他们正在教育人们进入这个硅的新时代。
As people began to develop their skills and knowledge, the whole idea of venture capital also was starting to grow and prosper.
随着人们开始发展他们的技能和知识，风险投资的整个理念也开始发展和繁荣。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: You knew how to build a product…
Charlie Sporck，仙童半导体：您知道如何构建产品......
'cause you were doing it.
因为你正在这样做。
It was strictly a matter of finding the money and taking the risk.
这完全是找到钱并承担风险的问题。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: In the Sixties at Fairchild, everybody looks out there and says, "Why are we sitting in the big city?
马龙，作家：在 Fairchild 的六十年代，每个人都会看着外面说：“为什么我们坐在大城市里？
We should be out there panning for gold.
我们应该出去淘金。
Let's go start our own chip company." Fairchild was like a seedpod, and it just scattered new companies all over this valley.
我们去创办我们自己的芯片公司吧。”仙童半导体就像一个种子荚，它把新公司散布在整个山谷里。
And that's what really began what we think of as the modern Silicon Valley.
这就是我们所认为的现代硅谷的真正开始。
Narrator: By the mid-Sixties, Fairchild Semiconductor was raking in massive profits for parent Fairchild Camera and Instrument.
旁白：到了六十年代中期，仙童半导体公司为母公司仙童相机和仪器公司赚取了巨额利润。
In its first seven years, the semiconductor division had opened nine new manufacturing plants, including one in Hong Kong.
在成立的头七年里，半导体部门开设了九家新制造工厂，其中一家位于香港。
And at a time when NASA was buying 60 percent of the integrated circuits produced in the United States, Fairchild was a major supplier -- shipping some 100,000 devices for the Apollo space program in 1964 alone.
当 NASA 购买美国生产的 60% 的集成电路时，Fairchild 是主要供应商，仅 1964 年就为阿波罗太空计划运送了约 100,000 个设备。
Robert Noyce wasn't satisfied.
罗伯特·诺伊斯并不满意。
It was all well and good to put Fairchild's microchips at the disposal of American astronauts -- but Noyce's real target was the American consumer.
将仙童半导体的微芯片提供给美国宇航员使用固然很好，但诺伊斯的真正目标是美国消费者。
Leslie Berlin, Historian: Noyce and his colleagues saw an expanse open in front of them, a world where electronics were getting faster, and smaller, and cheaper, and this could mean anything.
莱斯利·柏林（Leslie Berlin），历史学家：诺伊斯和他的同事们看到了他们面前的一片广阔，一个电子产品变得更快、更小、更便宜的世界，这可能意味着任何事情。
Noyce just had this notion that this little thing that he had helped to invent was going to change the world.
诺伊斯只是有一个想法，他帮助发明的这个小东西将改变世界。
Narrator: In the spring of 1965, Noyce made an announcement at an industry convention that stunned even his staff: Fairchild was slashing the price of its most popular integrated circuit.
旁白：1965 年春天，诺伊斯在一次行业大会上宣布了一项令他的员工都震惊的消息：仙童半导体公司正在大幅降低其最受欢迎的集成电路的价格。
The microchips would sell for just a dollar a piece -- less than what it cost a manufacturer to buy the components and assemble them.
这些微芯片的售价仅为每片一美元，低于制造商购买组件并组装它们的成本。
What alarmed Noyce's team was that the price was also less than it cost Fairchild to make them.
令诺伊斯团队感到震惊的是，价格也低于仙童半导体的制造成本。
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: There's a principle that is pretty consistent in the electronics business that the first product that you make is very, very expensive.
Jack Yelverton，仙童半导体公司：在电子行业有一个非常一致的原则，即你制造的第一个产品非常非常昂贵。
And each additional unit that you make brings the cost down just a little bit.
每增加一个单位，成本就会降低一点点。
Gordon Moore, Fairchild Semiconductor: Bob was taking a risk that made us all gulp at the time, but it turned it out to be the proper solution.
戈登·摩尔（Fairchild Semiconductor）：鲍勃所冒的风险让我们当时都惊呆了，但事实证明这是正确的解决方案。
Narrator: As Noyce expected, demand soared, production costs plummeted -- and before long, Fairchild was turning a healthy profit on commercial sales.
旁白：正如诺伊斯所预料的那样，需求猛增，生产成本大幅下降——不久之后，仙童半导体就在商业销售上实现了可观的利润。
Les Vadasz, Fairchild Semiconductor: Bob Noyce always looked forward.
Les Vadasz，仙童半导体：鲍勃·诺伊斯总是向前看。
I think he was confident in, with risk.
我认为他充满信心，也有风险。
Regis McKenna, Marketing Consultant: Leaders break the rules.
Regis McKenna，营销顾问：领导者打破规则。
That's what they do.
这就是他们所做的。
And I think he understood that principle.
我认为他理解这个原则。
That whole cultural attitude of pushing the edges, of pushing the technology to where it's innovative and thinking about things that people hadn't thought before.
推动边缘、将技术推向创新并思考人们以前没有想到的事情的整个文化态度。
Geri Hadley, Fairchild Semiconductor: It was exciting.
Geri Hadley，仙童半导体公司：这令人兴奋。
You know, our hearts and passions were really in our job.
你知道，我们的心和热情都倾注在我们的工作中。
And we knew that this was a force that was just changing everything.
我们知道这是一股正在改变一切的力量。
Narrator: Maybe it was the thrill that came from always hovering on the edge of discovery.
旁白：也许是因为总是徘徊在发现的边缘而感到兴奋。
Maybe it had to do with being on the literal edge of the country -- and a continent away from the old rules.
也许这与位于这个国家的真正边缘有关——并且是一个远离旧规则的大陆。
But by the mid-1960s, the Santa Clara Valley was about as charged a place as any physicist or engineer could ever hope to find.
但到了 20 世纪 60 年代中期，圣克拉拉山谷几乎成为任何物理学家或工程师都希望找到的充满活力的地方。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: We talk about the early era of Silicon Valley as being cowboys and Indians, and the Wild West show.
马龙，作家：我们谈论硅谷的早期时代，即牛仔和印第安人，以及狂野西部表演。
And it really was.
确实如此。
Jerry Sanders, Fairchild Semiconductor: It was a wild time.
仙童半导体公司的杰里·桑德斯（Jerry Sanders）：那是一段疯狂的时光。
People just drank too much.
人们只是喝太多了。
I just remember that three gin and tonics should've been my limit.
我只记得三杯杜松子酒和补品应该是我的极限。
And the bar of choice was the Wagon Wheel.
选择的酒吧是Wagon Wheel。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: We just got in the habit of going over there for a beer on the way home.
Charlie Sporck，仙童半导体公司：我们刚刚养成了回家路上去那里喝啤酒的习惯。
Sometimes it was more than one.
有时不止一个。
Geri Hadley, Fairchild Semiconductor: It was very, very crowded.
仙童半导体公司的 Geri Hadley：当时非常非常拥挤。
Everybody from presidents and CEOs down to line workers, and everything in between.
从总裁和首席执行官到一线工人以及介于两者之间的所有人。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: It got to be a hangout not just for Fairchild people, but the spinoffs from Fairchild.
仙童半导体公司的 Charlie Sporck：这不仅是仙童半导体公司员工的聚会场所，也是仙童半导体分拆公司的聚会场所。
I mean we all worked together even though we were competitors.
我的意思是，尽管我们是竞争对手，但我们都在一起工作。
We'd go in there and everybody was bragging about, "I took that job away from you down there at Hughes," you know.
我们走进去，每个人都在吹嘘，“我从你那里夺走了休斯的工作，”你知道。
"You guys had it and I took it away." I mean it was just a marvelous environment of young guys having a good time competing with each other.
“你们拥有它，而我却把它拿走了。”我的意思是，这只是一个奇妙的环境，年轻人在互相竞争中度过了愉快的时光。
Jerry Sanders, Fairchild Semiconductor: Conversations were just rampant about the latest sputtering device, or the latest piece of epitaxial equipment.
Jerry Sanders，仙童半导体：关于最新溅射设备或最新外延设备的讨论非常猖獗。
It was almost like a salon.
这几乎就像一个沙龙。
You know, everybody talking about what was going on, who was working where, who was doing what.
你知道，每个人都在谈论正在发生的事情，谁在哪里工作，谁在做什么。
Ginger Jenkins, Fairchild Semiconductor: You could make friends or lose friends at the Wagon Wheel.
Ginger Jenkins，Fairchild Semiconductor：在马车车轮上你可能会交到朋友，也可能会失去朋友。
I mean it was a, a hub of networking.
我的意思是它是一个网络中心。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: There were always a lot of girls from the factory there too, which is not all good.
Charlie Sporck，仙童半导体：那里也总是有很多来自工厂的女孩，这并不都是好事。
Geri Hadley, Fairchild Semiconductor: There was a lot of hanky-panky going on.
Geri Hadley，仙童半导体公司：发生了很多小伎俩。
I remember thinking that the divorce rate was probably 150%, not just 100%, because a lot of the second marriages didn't make it either.
我记得我当时想，离婚率可能是150%，而不仅仅是100%，因为很多第二次婚姻也没有成功。
Jerry Sanders, Fairchild Semiconductor: We just all were very excited about building our business, building an industry.
Jerry Sanders，仙童半导体公司：我们都对建立我们的业务、建立一个行业感到非常兴奋。
So there was a sense that we're all in it together.
所以有一种我们都在一起的感觉。
You know, and so what was good for one was good for all.
你知道，所以对一个人有利的事情对所有人都有好处。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: Fairchild was one of a kind.
马龙，作家：仙童半导体是独一无二的。
They were hugely talented, they were first in, and they moved really, really fast.
他们非常有才华，他们是第一名，而且他们的进步非常非常快。
Motorola was chasing 'em, Texas Instruments was chasing 'em, the big companies like IBM with their microelectronics units were chasing 'em, and nobody could catch Fairchild 'cause they were just so creative and so brilliant.
摩托罗拉在追赶他们，德州仪器在追赶他们，像IBM这样的拥有微电子部门的大公司也在追赶他们，而没有人能赶上仙童半导体，因为他们是如此富有创造力和才华横溢。
But, they were destined at some point to stumble, and the moment they stumbled everybody ran right over the top of 'em.
但是，他们注定会在某个时刻跌倒，而当他们跌倒的那一刻，每个人都从他们身上跑过去。
Narrator: In 1965, Fairchild Camera's stock rose faster than any other on the New York Stock Exchange.
旁白：1965 年，仙童相机公司的股票上涨速度比纽约证券交易所的任何其他股票都快。
"All the excitement," TIME magazine reported, "is over one division, the Semiconductor branch."
《时代》杂志报道说，“所有的兴奋都集中在一个部门，即半导体部门。”
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: Fairchild Semiconductor really became the tail that wagged the dog.
Jack Yelverton，仙童半导体：仙童半导体确实成为了摇狗的尾巴。
It produced most of the profits and all of the growth for Fairchild Camera.
它为仙童相机公司带来了大部分利润和全部增长。
Narrator: Increasingly, success bred discontent -- and a simmering resentment toward Fairchild's parent company.
旁白：成功越来越引起不满——以及对仙童母公司的一种酝酿已久的怨恨。
At the top of the list of complaints was the fact that semiconductor profits did not get re-invested in the division's growth.
最受抱怨的是半导体利润没有重新投资于该部门的增长。
Jerry Sanders, Fairchild Semiconductor: As a result, companies like Texas Instruments, particularly, were catching up with Fairchild technology.
Jerry Sanders，仙童半导体公司：因此，像德州仪器这样的公司正在追赶仙童半导体的技术。
As was Motorola, they were catching up.
与摩托罗拉一样，他们正在迎头赶上。
And so, with less funding for R&D and less funding for new plants and equipment, it was frustrating.
因此，由于研发资金减少，新工厂和设备资金减少，情况令人沮丧。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: These guys on the West Coast, they're looking at millions and millions of dollars being made, metaphorically being put into a Brinks truck and driven East, and they're not getting a piece of their success.
马龙，作家：这些西海岸的人，他们看着数以百万计的美元被赚到，比喻被放入布林克斯卡车并开往东部，但他们并没有从他们的成功中分得一杯羹。
Narrator: For Noyce, it was a source of deep frustration.
旁白：对于诺伊斯来说，这是深深的挫败感的根源。
He had the power to direct the semiconductor division -- and the responsibility for its performance -- but no ability to reward his staff.
他有权领导半导体部门，并对其绩效负责，但没有能力奖励他的员工。
Jack Yelverton, Fairchild Semiconductor: We tried very hard to get Fairchild to think in terms of using more creative compensation, including the idea of a stock option program.
Jack Yelverton，飞兆半导体公司：我们非常努力地让飞兆半导体考虑使用更具创造性的薪酬，包括股票期权计划的想法。
They thought we were a bunch of dreamy-eyed socialists.
他们认为我们是一群目光空洞的社会主义者。
Narrator: Worst of all, in-fighting and a lack of communication between the R&D and manufacturing departments left the company scrambling to fulfill its orders.
旁白：最糟糕的是，研发部门和制造部门之间的内讧和缺乏沟通，导致公司忙于完成订单。
Andy Grove, Intel: The research lab and the manufacturing location were seven miles apart.
Andy Grove，英特尔：研究实验室和制造地点相距七英里。
Those seven miles, from the standpoint of collaboration, could have been 7,000 miles.
从合作的角度来看，这七英里可能是 7,000 英里。
Roger Borovoy, Fairchild Semiconductor Attorney: Things were not good.
Roger Borovoy，仙童半导体公司律师：情况并不好。
The company was floundering; products were very, very late.
公司陷入困境；产品非常非常晚。
Bob was not a day-to-day manager by any stretch of the imagination.
无论怎么想，鲍勃都不是一名日常经理。
He knew that was not what he did well.
他知道这不是他做得好的事情。
Andy Grove, Intel: I had nothing but unpleasant, discouraging dealings with him as I watched Bob manage a troubled company.
安迪·格罗夫（Intel）：当我看到鲍勃管理一家陷入困境的公司时，我与他的相处只有不愉快、令人沮丧。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: I think one of the problems Fairchild got into was Noyce trusted people maybe too much, so that the company oftentimes became unharmonious.
马龙，作家：我认为仙童陷入的问题之一是诺伊斯可能过于信任别人，因此公司经常变得不和谐。
Andy Grove, Intel: If two people argued and we all looked to him for a decision, he would put a pained look on his face and maybe said something like, "Maybe you should work that out." More often he didn't say that, he just changed the subject.
安迪·格罗夫，英特尔：如果两个人争论，而我们都指望他做出决定，他会露出痛苦的表情，也许会说“也许你应该解决这个问题”。更多时候他不说，只是转移话题。
Charlie Sporck, Fairchild Semiconductor: Bob's biggest problem is he had great difficulty saying "no." If two department heads had different opinions as to what they wanted to do, it was whoever was there last got the right decision, 'cause always gave you a "yes."
Charlie Sporck，仙童半导体公司：鲍勃最大的问题是他很难说“不”。如果两个部门负责人对他们想做的事情有不同的看法，那么最后一个的人就会做出正确的决定，因为总是给你一个“是”。
Narrator: As the internal strife mounted and earnings plunged, Fairchild began to splinter.
旁白：随着内部冲突的加剧和收益的暴跌，仙童公司开始分裂。
In March 1967, Noyce's right-hand man, Charlie Sporck, announced that he was leaving to head up a competitor -- National Semiconductor.
1967 年 3 月，诺伊斯的得力助手查理·斯波克 (Charlie Sporck) 宣布他将离职，去领导竞争对手——国家半导体公司。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: That stunned Fairchild.
马龙，作家：这让费尔柴尔德感到震惊。
And when Sporck left and went to National he began to raid Fairchild for talent, and these guys all started going to National and they were all getting stock options.
当 Sporck 离开并前往 National 时，他开始向 Fairchild 寻找人才，而这些人都开始前往 National，他们都获得了股票期权。
And they were succeeding, that was the real eye-opener.
他们成功了，这真是令人大开眼界。
Charlie Sporck, National Semiconductor: You're not completely pleased with the corporate office, and you got these guys leaving and starting companies and, and the companies are running, working.
Charlie Sporck，美国国家半导体：你对公司办公室并不完全满意，你让这些人离开并创办了公司，而且公司正在运营、工作。
You get a look around and look in the mirror and say, "Well, you know, how about you?
你环顾四周，看着镜子，然后说：“嗯，你知道，你呢？
What are you gonna do?" I know now that Bob was thinking the same thing.
你要做什么？”我现在知道鲍勃也在想同样的事情。
Narrator: Gordon Moore, chemist and director of the R&D department, was the first to hear of Noyce's plans.
旁白：化学家兼研发部主任戈登·摩尔是第一个听说诺伊斯计划的人。
Gordon Moore, Fairchild Semiconductor: Bob came to me and said, "How 'bout starting a new company?" Well, my first reaction was, "Nah, I like it here." And then a couple of months later he came back and said, "I'm leaving.
戈登·摩尔（Fairchild Semiconductor）：鲍勃来找我说：“创办一家新公司怎么样？”嗯，我的第一反应是，“不，我喜欢这里。”几个月后，他回来说：“我要走了。
How would you like to start a new company?" which put a whole different light on the thing.
你想创办一家新公司吗？”这让我们对这件事有了完全不同的认识。
Narrator: Noyce and Moore resigned from Fairchild in the summer of 1968.
旁白：1968 年夏天，诺伊斯和摩尔从 Fairchild 辞职。
Noyce was forty; Moore, thirty-nine.
诺伊斯四十岁了；摩尔，三十九岁。
As Noyce put it in a letter to Sherman Fairchild, his aim was to "get close to advanced technology again" and to enjoy "more personal creative work in building a new product, a new technology, and a new organization."
正如诺伊斯在给谢尔曼·费尔柴尔德的信中所说，他的目标是“再次接近先进技术”，并享受“在构建新产品、新技术和新组织时更多的个人创造性工作”。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: The history of Silicon Valley is people going to startups...
马龙，作家：硅谷的历史就是人们走向初创公司......
leaving really nice jobs that pay really well, and taking this gigantic leap to see if they can make something important happen, be valuable, and in the long run…
放弃薪水非常好的工作，并采取这一巨大的飞跃，看看它们是否可以使重要的事情发生，是否有价值，从长远来看......
maybe even get rich.
甚至可能致富。
Noyce is the prototype of that.
诺伊斯就是它的原型。
The Noyces of the world didn't get into this to have a job.
世界上的诺伊斯进入这个行业并不是为了找到一份工作。
They got into this to create a reality, and to be in control of that reality.
他们进入这个领域是为了创造一个现实，并控制这个现实。
Even if it meant giving everything up and starting from scratch again.
即使这意味着放弃一切，重新开始。
Narrator: The images captivated the world.
旁白：这些图像吸引了全世界。
On July 20th, 1969 -- 12 years after the Russians had shamed America with Sputnik and just eight after President Kennedy had challenged the nation to "go to the moon" -- there was astronaut Neil Armstrong, stepping onto the lunar surface.
1969 年 7 月 20 日，也就是俄罗斯人用人造卫星让美国蒙羞 12 年后，也是肯尼迪总统向美国发起“登月”挑战仅仅 8 年后，宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗 (Neil Armstrong) 踏上了月球表面。
Neil Armstrong (archival): "That's one small step for man...
尼尔·阿姆斯特朗（档案）：“这对人类来说只是一小步......
one giant leap for mankind..."
人类的一大飞跃……”
Narrator: The scale of the achievement was obvious.
旁白：成就之大是显而易见的。
What was less apparent to the half a billion people watching was that the success of Apollo 11 had hinged on the integrated circuit technology invented by Fairchild.
对于观看的 5 亿人来说不太明显的是，阿波罗 11 号的成功取决于仙童发明的集成电路技术。
Charlie Sporck, National Semiconductor: At the time of the moon landing I was in Paris, on a sales trip, and all of the TV stores had the TVs on, and there were pictures of the Americans on the moon.
Charlie Sporck，美国国家半导体：登月时我正在巴黎进行销售旅行，所有的电视商店都开着电视，并且有美国人登月的照片。
It was a very great, peer-patriotic feeling as well as a feeling that it's our technology that's doing that.
这是一种非常伟大的、同行爱国的感觉，也是我们的技术正在做到这一点的感觉。
It was a good deal.
这是一笔很好的交易。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: Nineteen sixty-nine really is that miracle year in 20th century American history.
作家马龙：十九六十九年确实是20世纪美国历史上的奇迹之年。
It's the moon landing; it's Woodstock.
这是登月；这是伍德斯托克。
At the time we thought, "Wow, these are epochal events taking place around us and we're here for it." And even while they were battling over People's Park and rioting in the streets in San Francisco and protests at Stanford, what we weren't noticing just a few miles away were the guys sitting in laboratories inventing stuff that really did change the world, and will continue to change the world for centuries to come.
当时我们想：“哇，这些划时代的事件正在我们周围发生，我们就是为了它而来的。”即使他们在人民公园发生争执，在旧金山街头发生骚乱，在斯坦福大学举行抗议活动，我们也没有注意到，就在几英里之外，那些坐在实验室里发明的东西确实改变了世界，并将在未来几个世纪继续改变世界。
Narrator: By the time of the moonwalk, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore had been in business a year.
旁白：到太空漫步时，罗伯特·诺伊斯和戈登·摩尔已经创业一年了。
Starting up had been a breeze.
启动起来轻而易举。
With their legendary status in the industry, they'd easily secured financing -- raising two and a half million dollars in less than two days.
凭借他们在行业中的传奇地位，他们很容易获得融资——在不到两天的时间里筹集了 25 万美元。
They'd also managed to lure many of the best and brightest -- among them Andy Grove, a Hungarian-born chemical engineer who had joined Fairchild's R&D division in 1963.
他们还成功吸引了许多最优秀、最聪明的人才，其中包括出生于匈牙利的化学工程师安迪·格罗夫 (Andy Grove)，他于 1963 年加入 Fairchild 的研发部门。
Now, he would serve alongside Noyce and Moore as the new venture's director of operations.
现在，他将与诺伊斯和摩尔一起担任新企业的运营总监。
Andy Grove, Intel: Bob didn't know me well enough to have a real opinion.
Andy Grove，英特尔：鲍勃不太了解我，无法提出真正的意见。
But Bob trusted Gordon, and Gordon thought I was pretty good.
但鲍勃信任戈登，戈登也认为我很优秀。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: The smartest hiring I think Bob ever did in his life was hiring Andy Grove, because as good as the fit was between Noyce and Moore there was one thing lacking, and that was that drive to make the company function at its highest capability on a day-to-day basis.
马龙，作家：我认为鲍勃一生中做过的最明智的招聘就是雇用安迪·格罗夫，因为尽管诺伊斯和摩尔之间很合适，但缺少一件事，那就是让公司在日常基础上以最高能力运作的动力。
Neither one of those guys was tough enough for that job.
这些人中没有一个人足够坚强来胜任这项工作。
Ann Bowers, Intel: Andy was the guy who made sure the trains all ran on time.
安·鲍尔斯（Ann Bowers），英特尔：安迪是确保火车准点运行的人。
He was a taskmaster.
他是一个监工。
He had very strong views about what you should do and what you shouldn't do and he was very direct about that.
他对你应该做什么和不应该做什么有非常强烈的看法，而且他对此非常直接。
Narrator: They'd called their new company "Intel" -- an abbreviation of "integrated electronics" which also happened to conjure the word "intelligence."
旁白：他们将新公司命名为“英特尔”——“集成电子”的缩写，也恰好让人想到“智能”这个词。
Regis McKenna, Marketing Consultant: It did not get a great deal of attention in the media, but there was just a buzz, particularly here in the valley.
Regis McKenna，营销顾问：它并没有引起媒体的广泛关注，但只是引起了轰动，尤其是在山谷里。
There was an expectation that they were gonna do something that was unique and different.
人们期望他们会做一些独特且不同的事情。
Narrator: Believing computers to be the future of the semiconductor industry, Noyce and Moore had decided to produce memory devices -- and to challenge the dominant technology, magnetic core memory, with a product based on Noyce's integrated circuit.
旁白：诺伊斯和摩尔相信计算机是半导体行业的未来，因此决定生产存储设备，并通过基于诺伊斯集成电路的产品来挑战主导技术磁芯存储器。
They'd given themselves two years to make a profit -- and the clock was ticking.
他们给自己两年的时间来盈利——而且时间已经不多了。
Andy Grove, Intel: I had horrible nightmares.
安迪·格罗夫，英特尔：我做了可怕的噩梦。
Do all this with a ragtag crew that never worked with each other, run by somebody who never ran things like this.
所有这一切都是由一群从未合作过的乌合之众完成的，由一个从未管理过此类事情的人来管理。
I never took a business course.
我从未上过商业课程。
I was inventing what to do as we went along.
当我们一起进行时，我正在发明要做什么。
This was not easy.
这并不容易。
Narrator: Those first years, Noyce would later say, were like "walking the thin line next to the cliff of disaster." Noyce found it exhilarating.
旁白：诺伊斯后来说，最初的几年就像“在灾难的悬崖边行走”。诺伊斯觉得这令人兴奋。
His mantra now was innovation, and everything about Intel had been designed to encourage it -- from the company-wide stock options to the open-plan office.
他现在的口号是创新，英特尔的一切设计都是为了鼓励创新——从全公司范围的股票期权到开放式办公室。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: And I remember walking in at Intel headquarters, and I couldn't find Noyce.
马龙（作家）：我记得走进英特尔总部时，我找不到诺伊斯。
A secretary had to come out and lead me to his cubicle, because his cubicle was almost indistinguishable from all the other cubicles in this vast prairie dog town of cubicles.
一位秘书不得不出来带我去他的小隔间，因为他的小隔间与这个广阔的草原土拨鼠小镇里的所有其他小隔间几乎没有什么区别。
Here's the living legend, but he looked like a middle manager at a division of some Midwestern manufacturing company.
这是一位活生生的传奇人物，但他看起来就像是中西部某制造公司一个部门的中层经理。
Ann Bowers, Intel: At Intel, there were no privileges anywhere.
Ann Bowers，英特尔：在英特尔，任何地方都没有特权。
We started a form of company culture that was completely different than anything had been before.
我们开创了一种与以前完全不同的公司文化。
You worked hard and delivered, and that improved your life in a variety of ways.
你努力工作并取得了成果，这在很多方面改善了你的生活。
It was a culture of meritocracy.
这是一种精英文化。
Narrator: For Noyce, Intel was an answer to years of chafing at the strictures of corporate life -- from his experiences at Philco and Shockley Laboratories, to his dealings with Fairchild's parent company.
旁白：对诺伊斯来说，英特尔是他多年来对企业生活的束缚感到恼火的一个答案——从他在菲尔科和肖克利实验室的经历，到他与仙童母公司的打交道。
Ted Hoff, Intel: The idea is people should not have to go up through a chain of command.
Ted Hoff，英特尔：这个想法是人们不应该通过指挥系统向上爬。
If you need to talk to a particular manager you go to him and you talk to him.
如果您需要与某个特定的经理交谈，您可以去找他并与他交谈。
To get away from the hierarchy that was characteristic of really large corporations where everything has to be done, you know, in a very rigid manner.
为了摆脱真正大公司特有的等级制度，在这种制度下，一切都必须以非常严格的方式完成。
That very democratic society was something that Bob promoted.
那个非常民主的社会是鲍勃所提倡的。
And then Andy found a way to keep it, but keep it with discipline.
然后安迪找到了一种保留它的方法，但要遵守纪律。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: The guys at the top, especially Noyce, trusted the wisdom of all the employees in the company.
马龙，作家：高层，尤其是诺伊斯，信任公司所有员工的智慧。
In their minds innovation could come from anywhere, and they were open to it coming from everywhere.
在他们看来，创新可以来自任何地方，并且他们对来自任何地方的创新持开放态度。
Narrator: In the spring of 1969, as Intel engineers continued to tinker with the design of their memory chip, the fledgling company scored a contract that would alter its course.
旁白：1969 年春天，当英特尔工程师继续修改其存储芯片的设计时，这家羽翼未丰的公司获得了一份改变其发展方向的合同。
The Japanese firm Busicom hired Intel to design 12 specialized microchips for its new calculator -- and almost immediately a young engineer named Ted Hoff raised a red flag.
日本公司 Busicom 聘请英特尔为其新计算器设计 12 个专用微芯片，而一位名叫特德·霍夫 (Ted Hoff) 的年轻工程师几乎立刻就提出了危险信号。
Ted Hoff, Intel: The more I learned about this design, the more concerned I became that Intel may have undertaken more than it was prepared to deliver.
Ted Hoff，英特尔：我对这种设计了解得越多，我就越担心英特尔可能已经承担了超出其准备交付的工作。
The number of chips and their complexity was much greater than I had expected.
芯片的数量及其复杂性远远超出我的预期。
And Bob said, "Well, if there's anything you can think of to simplify the design, why don't you pursue it."
鲍勃说：“好吧，如果你能想到任何东西来简化设计，为什么不去追求它呢。”
Leslie Berlin, Historian: Noyce always encouraged the people in his labs to run with their ideas and see where they went.
莱斯利·柏林（Leslie Berlin），历史学家：诺伊斯总是鼓励他实验室里的人们去实践他们的想法，看看他们会走向何方。
Narrator: Hoff's concept was radical; he envisioned a single chip that could be programmed for a specific application -- in this instance, to function as a calculator.
旁白：霍夫的理念很激进；他设想了一种可以针对特定应用进行编程的单芯片——在本例中，可以充当计算器。
Noyce saw the potential for much more.
诺伊斯看到了更多的潜力。
With Hoff's chip, the guts of a computer -- a machine that in 1969 was still more or less the size of a refrigerator -- could be shrunk down to fit on a fingertip.
有了霍夫的芯片，计算机的内部结构——1969 年的机器仍然或多或少有冰箱那么大——可以缩小到可以放在指尖上。
Narrator: With a push from Noyce, Hoff's invention would lead directly to the world's first microprocessor -- Intel's 4004.
旁白：在诺伊斯的推动下，霍夫的发明直接催生了世界上第一个微处理器——英特尔的4004。
Introduced in 1971, and containing more than 2,000 transistors, the device was advertised as a "computer on a chip." The digital revolution had officially begun.
该设备于 1971 年推出，包含 2,000 多个晶体管，被宣传为“芯片上的计算机”。数字革命正式开始。
Jerry Sanders, Advanced Micro Devices: Probably the most important invention of the last 100 years was the microprocessor, which is basically the fundamental driving force and brain of all of the digital equipment we use today.
Jerry Sanders，Advanced Micro Devices：过去 100 年最重要的发明可能是微处理器，它基本上是我们今天使用的所有数字设备的基本驱动力和大脑。
Whether it's an iPhone, a computer, you know, a notebook, you know, a tablet -- whatever it is basically it's built around a microprocessor.
无论是 iPhone、电脑、笔记本、平板电脑——无论它是什么，基本上都是围绕微处理器构建的。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: That's the defining product of the modern world.
马龙，作家：这是现代世界的决定性产品。
There's never been a proliferation of a new technology that fast in human history.
人类历史上从未有过如此快速的新技术扩散。
Gordon Moore, Intel: It's been successful beyond anything we possibly have imagined in the beginning.
Gordon Moore，英特尔：它的成功超出了我们一开始的想象。
And the result has really revolutionized the way people live.
结果确实彻底改变了人们的生活方式。
Jerry Sanders, Advanced Micro Devices: The microprocessor is now a $100 billion industry and underlies the entire information technology world.
Jerry Sanders，Advanced Micro Devices：微处理器现在是一个价值 1000 亿美元的产业，是整个信息技术世界的基础。
The microprocessor of course is a collection of thousands, hundreds of thousands, now millions, of transistors.
当然，微处理器是数千、数十万、现在数百万个晶体管的集合。
There's no way that those would've been possible without Bob Noyce's invention of the integrated circuit.
如果没有鲍勃·诺伊斯发明集成电路，这些都是不可能实现的。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: I think you can credit Bob Noyce for being the first technology entrepreneur CEO, in the sense that he built a company that was wholly dedicated to being on the absolute cutting edge of technology…
马龙，作家：我认为鲍勃·诺伊斯（Bob Noyce）是第一位技术企业家首席执行官，因为他创建了一家完全致力于走在技术绝对前沿的公司……
perpetually.
永远。
The zenith of that is probably Apple Computer in the 21st century.
其顶峰可能是 21 世纪的苹果电脑。
The prototype for that is Intel in the 1960's and Seventies, where you build a company that is purely technology driven.
它的原型是 20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代的英特尔，在那里你建立了一家纯粹由技术驱动的公司。
You're not even sure what industries you're gonna be building for after a certain point.
你甚至不确定在某一点之后你要为哪些行业打造。
You're just driving the technology forward at breakneck pace and seeing what emerges from it all and then coping with it.
你只是以惊人的速度推动技术向前发展，看看会发生什么，然后应对它。
It's a very, very interesting business model that never existed before and really begins with Intel.
这是一种非常非常有趣的商业模式，以前从未存在过，而且真正始于英特尔。
Narrator: By the time Intel introduced the microprocessor, the Santa Clara Valley bore little resemblance to the verdant farmland it had been 15 years earlier when William Shockley set up shop.
旁白：当英特尔推出微处理器时，圣克拉拉山谷与 15 年前威廉·肖克利 (William Shockley) 开店时青翠的农田已不再有什么相似之处。
The number of high-technology jobs in the area had increased ten-fold since 1959, and the population of San Jose -- the valley's largest city -- had more than doubled, to nearly half a million.
自 1959 年以来，该地区的高科技工作岗位数量增加了十倍，该山谷最大的城市圣何塞的人口也增加了一倍多，达到近 50 万。
As consumer applications for the microprocessor began to proliferate, venture capitalists rushed in -- gradually replacing the military and NASA as the financial backbone of the industry.
随着微处理器的消费应用开始激增，风险投资家纷纷涌入，逐渐取代军方和美国宇航局，成为该行业的财务支柱。
No longer would the area be referred to as the "Valley of Heart's Delight." After 1971 -- that banner year for Intel -- it would increasingly be known as " Silicon Valley" -- a name soon to be synonymous with risk, technological innovation, and a new brand of the American Dream.
该地区将不再被称为“心悦谷”。 1971 年之后——英特尔的标志性年份——它越来越被称为“硅谷”——这个名字很快就成为风险、技术创新和美国梦新品牌的代名词。
Michael S.
迈克尔·S。
Malone, Writer: This Valley is perpetually young.
马龙，作家：这个山谷永远年轻。
It's always made up of the next generation of bright young entrepreneurs showing up, having their killing Dad moment of the previous generation of Valley executives, and they start their own companies.
它总是由下一代聪明的年轻企业家组成，他们经历了上一代硅谷高管的杀父时刻，然后创办了自己的公司。
We're not real big on history around here.
我们对这里的历史并不了解。
We don't look back very much.
我们很少回头看。
Jerry Sanders, Advanced Micro Devices: In Silicon Valley, innovation is everything.
Jerry Sanders，Advanced Micro Devices：在硅谷，创新就是一切。
How are you different?
你有何不同？
How are you better?
你怎么样了？
The rest of it is gut-busting, hard working engineering.
其余的都是令人费解的、艰苦的工程。
But the idea to do something so different; that's the magic of Silicon Valley then and now.
但做一些如此不同的事情的想法；这就是硅谷过去和现在的魔力。
Watch the opening scenes of Silicon Valley.
观看硅谷的开场场景。
Lured by the booming electronics and defense industries, young men and women poured into the valley.
在蓬勃发展的电子和国防工业的吸引下，年轻男女涌入山谷。
When Robert Noyce studied transistor technology, he knew he was looking at the future.
当罗伯特·诺伊斯研究晶体管技术时，他知道自己正在展望未来。
Silicon Valley scientists met at The Wagon Wheel for drinks, networking, and camaraderie.
硅谷的科学家们在 The Wagon Wheel 聚会，喝酒、交流和增进友情。
The digital revolution officially began in 1971 with the invention of the microprocessor.
1971 年，随着微处理器的发明，数字革命正式开始。
The transistor was a major advance and paved the way for the invention of smaller and cheaper electronic devices.
晶体管是一项重大进步，为更小、更便宜的电子设备的发明铺平了道路。
Twelve men whose work and innovations helped to launch the some of the most significant technological advances in history.
十二个人的工作和创新帮助推动了历史上一些最重要的技术进步。
How the invention of the microchip re-shaped the future and launched the world into the Information Age.
微芯片的发明如何重塑未来并将世界带入信息时代。