The Race Underground
Narrator: On the morning of Monday, March 12, 1888, the east coast of the United States from Virginia to Maine awoke to the severe blizzard in American history.
旁白：1888年3月12日星期一早上，从弗吉尼亚州到缅因州的美国东海岸在美国历史上的严重暴风雪中醒来。
Four feet of snow fell from the skies and fierce winds created snowdrifts up to fifty feet high.
四英尺厚的雪从天而降，狂风吹起高达五十英尺的雪堆。
With over 400 dead and citizens left scared and angry, the blizzard underlined a transportation crisis that had been escalating for decades.
这场暴风雪造成 400 多人死亡，民众感到恐惧和愤怒，凸显了数十年来不断升级的交通危机。
In a booming economy, cities were flooded with thousands of immigrants and rural Americans seeking opportunity in a newly mechanized world.
在蓬勃发展的经济中，城市涌入了成千上万的移民和美国农村人，他们在新的机械化世界中寻求机会。
Clifton Hood, Historian: The problem is that everybody’s crowded into a fairly small area.
历史学家克利夫顿胡德：问题是每个人都挤在一个相当小的区域里。
The available modes of transportation are slow and cumbersome.
可用的交通方式缓慢且麻烦。
The city is growing but the transit system isn’t growing with it.
城市在发展，但交通系统却没有随之发展。
Narrator: America was in danger of choking on its own progress.
旁白：美国正面临着因自身进步而窒息的危险。
In no place was the problem more overwhelming than the nation’s most congested city, Boston, where nearly 400,000 people packed into a downtown of less than a square mile.
这个问题最严重的地方莫过于全美最拥堵的城市波士顿，该市不到一平方英里的市中心挤满了近 40 万人。
Stephen Puleo, Writer: There are almost 8,000 horses in Boston pulling the trolley railways around the city.
斯蒂芬·普莱奥 (Stephen Puleo)，作家：波士顿有近 8,000 匹马拉动着城市周围的无轨电车铁路。
It is a cacophony of noise, dust, horse manure, smells, in the downtown area, extremely congested.
这里是一片喧闹、灰尘、马粪、气味的闹市区，极其拥挤。
Narrator: As America struggled to address its transportation crisis, leaders in Boston pursued a radical solution.
旁白：当美国努力解决交通危机时，波士顿的领导人寻求一个彻底的解决方案。
But their race to build the nation’s first subway would clash against political gridlock, selfish businessmen, and a terrified citizenry.
但他们建造美国第一条地铁的竞赛将与政治僵局、自私的商人和惊恐的公民发生冲突。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: The idea of a subway in Boston was an enormous risk.
Brian Cudahy，作家：在波士顿修建地铁的想法是一个巨大的风险。
It was a breathtaking jump into the unknown and that can’t be underestimated.
这是一次令人惊叹的跳跃，进入未知世界，这是不可低估的。
This was a jump into the unknown.
这是一个进入未知世界的跳跃。
Narrator: In early 1882, a young American naval officer on leave walked the crowded streets of London.
旁白：1882年初，一位休假的年轻美国海军军官走在伦敦拥挤的街道上。
Frank Sprague, just twenty-four years old, had heard of the world’s first subway, the London Underground.
年仅二十四岁的弗兰克·斯普拉格就听说过世界上第一条地铁——伦敦地铁。
Hailed as an engineering marvel, he wanted to see it for himself.
被誉为工程奇迹的他想亲眼看看。
As he descended from the street down the steps into darkness, he could hear the roar of the trains thundering through the tunnels below.
当他从街道走下台阶进入黑暗时，他能听到火车轰鸣着穿过下面隧道的轰鸣声。
Doug Most, Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: In 1863 when the London Underground opened it was a coal-powered steam engine running underground.
道格·莫斯特 (Doug Most)，《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》一书的作者：1863 年伦敦地铁开通时，它是一台在地下运行的燃煤蒸汽机。
The subway coming through London’s tubes was spewing dark soot, and smoke, and sparks into the air.
穿过伦敦地铁的地铁向空气中喷出黑色烟灰、烟雾和火花。
One journalist who rode on the London subway compared it to standing next to someone blowing cigar smoke in your face for the entire time.
一位乘坐伦敦地铁的记者将其比作站在一个人旁边一直对着你的脸吹雪茄。
It was just a miserable riding experience.
这只是一次悲惨的骑行经历。
Narrator: Sprague, an aspiring inventor, thought there had to be a better way.
旁白：斯普拉格是一位有抱负的发明家，他认为必须有更好的方法。
It was the age of electrical invention — the light bulb, the telephone, the dynamo — and Sprague, having studied electricity at the Naval Academy, was full of ideas.
那是一个电气发明的时代——灯泡、电话、发电机——斯普拉格在海军学院学习了电力，充满了想法。
Frederick Dalzell, Historian: Frank Julian Sprague is a driven person.
弗雷德里克·达尔泽尔（Frederick Dalzell），历史学家：弗兰克·朱利安·斯普拉格（Frank Julian Sprague）是一个有进取心的人。
A colleague once said of Frank Sprague, “It seems as though he had wires coiling and uncoiling inside of him.” He was constantly in motion.
一位同事曾经这样评价弗兰克·斯普拉格：“他体内似乎有电线盘绕又展开。”他一直在运动。
Narrator: Sprague had spent a year at sea with the Navy, inventing in his head.
旁白：斯普拉格在海军服役一年，在海上进行发明创造。
Frederick Dalzell, Historian: It’s very cerebral.
Frederick Dalzell，历史学家：这非常需要理智。
He keeps a notebook.
他有一个笔记本。
And in the notebook he draws all these schematics, all these blueprints, all these drawings; he sketches out these ideas.
他在笔记本上画了所有这些示意图、所有这些蓝图、所有这些图画；他勾勒出这些想法。
There are armatures.
有电枢。
There are new improved versions of arc lighting.
弧光照明有新的改进版本。
There are electric motors.
有电动机。
And the notebook is — you can almost feel the energy — it vibrates, it really does.
笔记本电脑——你几乎可以感觉到能量——它在振动，确实如此。
He senses that this new force, it seems almost limitless in its potential.
他感觉到，这股新生力量，似乎有着无限的潜力。
And above all he senses that electricity can move things if people can learn how to harness it and put it to work in the form of electric motors.
最重要的是，他意识到，如果人们能够学会如何利用电力并将其以电动机的形式发挥作用，那么电力就可以移动物体。
Narrator: With his frequent trips underground while in London, Sprague came up with a revolutionary plan.
旁白：斯普拉格在伦敦期间经常进行地下旅行，因此提出了一个革命性的计划。
He sketched out a subway system where electricity would supply the power.
他勾勒出一个由电力供电的地铁系统。
It would be conducted to the trains from an overhead source, through a motor, and then back to the rails below.
它将通过发动机从高架源传导到火车，然后返回到下面的铁轨。
Sprague was so confident of his idea that he immediately applied for a patent.
斯普拉格对自己的想法非常有信心，因此立即申请了专利。
Rosalind Williams, Historian: In this era, late 19th century, electricity is magic and it has a magical set of effects.
历史学家罗莎琳德·威廉姆斯（Rosalind Williams）：在 19 世纪末这个时代，电是一种魔法，它具有一系列神奇的效果。
But also there’s a great deal of anxiety that went with the magic of it.
但伴随着它的魔力也伴随着大量的焦虑。
It’s invisible, it’s very powerful, it can kill you but you can’t see it, so there’s all sorts of, of anxieties.
它是看不见的，它非常强大，它可以杀死你，但你看不到它，所以有各种各样的焦虑。
You’ve got potency and invisibility.
你有力量和隐形。
You can argue the science but the fear is there.
你可以争论科学，但恐惧是存在的。
Narrator: As cities across America were being wired for electricity, newspapers reported on horrific accidents.
旁白：当美国各地的城市都在布线时，报纸报道了可怕的事故。
Sprague’s vision for a subway in America depended on the public overcoming its fear of this unsettling power source.
斯普拉格对美国地铁的愿景取决于公众克服对这种令人不安的电源的恐惧。
Convincing Americans that traveling underground was a good idea would be an even more daunting challenge.
让美国人相信地下旅行是个好主意将是一个更加艰巨的挑战。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: There was an enormous fear of going underground in this restricted environment.
布莱恩·库达希（Brian Cudahy），作家：在这种受限制的环境中，人们对转入地下感到非常恐惧。
One of the health considerations at the turn of the century was tuberculosis and pulmonary disease.
世纪之交的健康问题之一是结核病和肺部疾病。
And people were just concerned that living, traveling in this underground environment could be very detrimental to health.
人们只是担心在这种地下环境中生活、旅行可能对健康非常不利。
Rosalind Williams, Historian: The underground is scary for two reasons.
历史学家罗莎琳德·威廉姆斯：地下世界之所以可怕有两个原因。
One is the association with death.
一是与死亡的联系。
We just know that in the underworld we are getting closer to another realm.
我们只知道，在冥界，我们正在离另一个境界越来越近。
But the underworld is also scary because it’s not friendly to human life, never was, never will be.
但地下世界也很可怕，因为它对人类生命不友好，从来没有，将来也不会。
Everything you do down there has to be done with engineering to enable humans to survive.
你在那里所做的一切都必须通过工程学来完成，以使人类能够生存。
You put those two together and you can see why people are afraid of the underworld.
你把这两者放在一起，你就能明白为什么人们害怕黑社会了。
Narrator: By 1883, Frank Sprague had landed what he thought was his dream job when he was recruited by the famed inventor Thomas Edison.
旁白：1883 年，弗兰克·斯普拉格 (Frank Sprague) 受到著名发明家托马斯·爱迪生 (Thomas Edison) 的聘用，得到了他认为自己梦想的工作。
At Edison’s lab in New Jersey Sprague hoped to begin work on electric motors and railways.
在新泽西州的爱迪生实验室，斯普拉格希望开始研究电动机和铁路。
Edison had other plans, assigning him to his Construction Department to work on central power stations for his vast lighting systems.
爱迪生还有其他计划，将他分配到他的建筑部门，为他庞大的照明系统建造中央发电站。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: What Sprague would often do is he would go on these assignments for Thomas Edison, but at night, and on weekends, and in any waking moment he had when he was not doing something for Thomas Edison he was working on his motor.
道格·莫斯特：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的令人难以置信的竞争》的作者：斯普拉格经常做的是，他会为托马斯·爱迪生完成这些任务，但在晚上、周末以及任何醒着的时刻，当他不为托马斯·爱迪生做事时，他都会在他的发动机上工作。
Narrator: Eventually, Edison did ask Sprague to work on motors for his company.
旁白：最终，爱迪生确实邀请斯普拉格为他的公司开发电机。
But the young engineer knew that anything he designed would have Edison’s name on it.
但这位年轻的工程师知道，他设计的任何东西都会有爱迪生的名字。
In April of 1884, less than a year after joining Edison’s team, Sprague was forced to decide between staying on with Edison and risk giving up ownership of his motor ideas, or venture out on his own.
1884 年 4 月，加入爱迪生团队不到一年，斯普拉格被迫做出抉择：是冒着放弃电机创意所有权的风险继续留在爱迪生身边，还是独自冒险。
Frederick Dalzell, Historian: Sprague knows that if he develops a motor at Menlo Park, even if Edison has been only peripherally involved, the result will be hailed as Edison’s latest, greatest invention.
历史学家弗雷德里克·达尔泽尔：斯普拉格知道，如果他在门洛帕克开发出电动机，即使爱迪生只是外围参与，其结果也将被誉为爱迪生最新、最伟大的发明。
That’s not what Sprague wants at all.
这根本不是斯普拉格想要的。
Narrator: Sprague resigned.
旁白：斯普拉格辞职了。
Within months was displaying a variety of his groundbreaking electric motors at the International Electrical Exhibition in Philadelphia.
几个月内，他在费城国际电气展览会上展示了他的各种开创性电动机。
Frederick Dalzell, Historian: Sprague’s motor’s different from any other electric motor at the time because it was what Sprague called a self-regulated motor.
Frederick Dalzell，历史学家：斯普拉格的电机与当时任何其他电动机不同，因为它是斯普拉格所说的自调节电机。
And what that meant was it was able to bear different size loads at the same speed.
这意味着它能够以相同的速度承受不同大小的负载。
So it could carry ten pounds, or twenty pounds, or thirty pounds and lift it at the same speed.
因此它可以承载十磅、二十磅或三十磅并以相同的速度举起它。
It made Sprague’s electric motors much more attractive for potential users, particularly in fields like industry where you’re powering crude elevators, or you’re powering railways.
它使斯普拉格的电动机对潜在用户更具吸引力，特别是在为简陋电梯或为铁路提供动力的工业领域。
Narrator: Even his former boss was impressed.
旁白：连他的前任老板都印象深刻。
“His is the only true motor,” Edison told a reporter.
“他是唯一真正的发动机，”爱迪生告诉记者。
Such high praise from the world-famous Edison was invaluable in giving Sprague an edge over his competitors.
世界著名的爱迪生的高度赞扬使斯普拉格比竞争对手更具优势。
One month after the Philadelphia exhibition, he launched the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company and began promoting his ideas across the country.
费城展览结束一个月后，他创办了斯普拉格电气铁路和汽车公司，并开始在全国推广他的想法。
His potential customers included transit moguls in America’s largest and most congested cities.
他的潜在客户包括美国最大、最拥挤城市的交通巨头。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: Frank Sprague knew that in order for a motor to succeed, in order for his business to succeed he was gonna need a big client.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》的作者：弗兰克·斯普拉格（Frank Sprague）知道，为了让汽车取得成功，为了让他的生意取得成功，他需要一个大客户。
He was gonna need someone to take a chance on him.
他需要有人给他一个机会。
Narrator: In 1886, in a narrow alleyway between two brick buildings off East Twenty-fourth Street in Manhattan, Sprague nervously attached his electric motors to a railroad flatcar.
旁白：1886 年，在曼哈顿东二十四街两栋砖房之间的一条狭窄小巷里，斯普拉格紧张地将他的电动机安装在一辆铁路平板车上。
Sprague’s potential investor that day was one of the top ten richest men in America.
斯普拉格那天的潜在投资者是美国十大富豪之一。
Jay Gould owned more railroad track and telegraph lines than anyone in the country.
杰伊·古尔德拥有的铁轨和电报线路比全国任何人都多。
He also had a controlling interest in the Manhattan Elevated Railway Company and was in a search of a new way to power his trains.
他还拥有曼哈顿高架铁路公司的控股权，并正在寻找一种新的方式来为他的火车提供动力。
If Sprague convinced Gould that his electric motor was the answer, it would change the young engineer’s life.
如果斯普拉格让古尔德相信他的电动机就是答案，这将改变这位年轻工程师的生活。
Clifton Hood, Historian: One of the ways you made money in the United States in the Gilded Age was to invest in new technology.
历史学家克利夫顿·胡德：在镀金时代的美国赚钱的方式之一就是投资新技术。
That’s true of steel.
钢铁也是如此。
It’s true of oil.
石油也是如此。
And it’s also true of mass transit.
公共交通也是如此。
So who’s making decisions about where the transit lines go, when they’re built, what kind of technology they have?
那么谁在决定交通线路的走向、何时修建、拥有什么样的技术？
By and large it’s private industrialists.
总的来说是私营实业家。
It’s capitalists.
是资本家。
It’s the people who have a lot of money.
这是那些有很多钱的人。
Narrator: Sprague positioned Gould at the front of the flatbed car, hoping the vantage point would provide a more thrilling ride.
旁白：斯普拉格将古尔德安置在平板车的前部，希望这个有利位置能够提供更刺激的乘坐体验。
Doug Mo: st, Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: Sprague pushed the lever to move the car forward.
道格·莫（Doug Mo）：st，《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》的作者：斯普拉格推动杠杆让汽车向前行驶。
In his zeal and confidence to show Gould just how smooth his motor could power this train car he probably became a little overzealous and pushed his motor too hard.
他满怀热情和信心地向古尔德展示他的电机如何平稳地为这辆火车车厢提供动力，但他可能变得有点过于热心，把电机推得太用力了。
And what happened was as Jay Gould was standing on this streetcar a burst of sparks shot out right by Gould’s legs.
发生的事情是，当杰伊·古尔德（Jay Gould）站在这辆有轨电车上时，古尔德的腿上突然冒出了一阵火花。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: And Jay Gould went running off and said, “Never on my railway will we use this crazy new form of energy.” Here’s Gould, who would be perfectly willing to take million dollar risks in building railways across the United States, but electricity was such a new thing that when there was an explosion and a flash on the streetcar it scared Gould to death.
布莱恩·卡达希（Brian Cudahy），作家：杰伊·古尔德跑开并说道：“我们永远不会在我的铁路上使用这种疯狂的新能源形式。”这是古尔德，他完全愿意冒数百万美元的风险来修建横跨美国的铁路，但电力是一个新事物，当有轨电车上发生爆炸和闪光时，古尔德被吓死了。
And Gould wanted nothing to do with Sprague.
古尔德不想与斯普拉格有任何关系。
Narrator: By the end of 1886 Frank Sprague was running out of money to conduct his tests and had to face the reality that no one was interested in his electric motor.
旁白：1886 年底，弗兰克·斯普拉格 (Frank Sprague) 没有足够的钱来进行测试，并且不得不面对没人对他的电动机感兴趣的现实。
What he didn’t know was that two hundred miles to the north his ideas had caught the attention of one of the biggest transportation kings in the country.
他不知道的是，在以北两百英里的地方，他的想法已经引起了该国最大的交通巨头之一的注意。
Narrator: On March 4, 1887 Henry Whitney, president of the newly formed West End Street Railway Company, arrived at the Massachusetts State House in Boston.
旁白：1887 年 3 月 4 日，新成立的西尾街铁路公司总裁亨利·惠特尼抵达波士顿的马萨诸塞州议会大厦。
Years earlier, Whitney began purchasing tracts of land along Beacon Street, a carriage road in the wealthy suburb of Brookline that led straight into the downtown.
几年前，惠特尼开始沿着灯塔街购买大片土地，灯塔街是布鲁克莱恩富裕郊区的一条马路，直通市中心。
Whitney had invested his fortune in real estate and owned almost four million square feet of land.
惠特尼将自己的财富投资于房地产，拥有近四百万平方英尺的土地。
He believed if transit lines could reach the desirable suburb, his property values would skyrocket.
他相信，如果交通线路能够到达理想的郊区，他的房产价值将会飙升。
Mark Gelfand, Historian: The development of Boston, as in most other cities, was largely in private hands.
历史学家马克·盖尔范德（Mark Gelfand）：与大多数其他城市一样，波士顿的发展主要掌握在私人手中。
And these developers of large tracts of property recognized that their profitability depends upon making these areas accessible to the downtown area.
这些大片地产的开发商认识到，他们的盈利能力取决于使这些地区能够通往市中心。
And so there is a direct and crucial link between development and transportation.
因此，发展与交通之间存在直接而重要的联系。
Narrator: Boston was bursting at the seams.
旁白：波士顿人满为患。
Its population had more than doubled since the Civil War, to nearly 450,000.
自内战以来，其人口增加了一倍多，达到近 45 万。
The city’s horse-drawn street railways were overwhelmed, carrying more than 91 million passengers a year.
该市的街道铁路不堪重负，每年运送乘客超过 9100 万人次。
Asha Weinstein Agrawal, Historian: The streets were absolutely packed every day with all these hundreds of thousands of people were pouring into the downtown.
阿莎·韦恩斯坦·阿格拉沃尔（Asha Weinstein Agrawal），历史学家：每天都有成千上万的人涌入市中心，街道上挤满了人。
So you really had just this incredible mass of people in a very small area.
所以在一个很小的区域里确实有这么多令人难以置信的人。
Narrator: Seven street railway companies aggressively competed for passengers in Boston’s downtown.
旁白：七家街道铁路公司在波士顿市中心激烈争夺乘客。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway : Each of them has their own routes and fares.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》的作者：每个地铁都有自己的路线和票价。
And it was this crazy, convoluted system.
这就是这个疯狂、复杂的系统。
If you wanted a streetcar in 1887 you would raise your hand and all these different cars might race to pick you up.
如果你在 1887 年想要一辆有轨电车，你只要举手，所有这些不同的汽车可能会竞相来接你。
Clifton Hood, Historian: The term “transit system” implies that there’s a coherence.
历史学家克利夫顿胡德：“交通系统”一词意味着存在连贯性。
I think it implies that there is a kind of public service.
我认为这意味着存在一种公共服务。
It implies that there is a technological efficiency.
这意味着存在技术效率。
And I don’t think that’s how most Americans and certainly not most transit operators view this.
我不认为这是大多数美国人，当然也不是大多数交通运营商的看法。
It’s the profit motive that determines the quality and the amount of service.
利润动机决定了服务的质量和数量。
Narrator: At the State House, Whitney boldly proposed the consolidation of all seven street railway companies into one large transit system, which he would control.
旁白：在州议会大厦，惠特尼大胆提议将所有七家街道铁路公司合并为一个大型交通系统，由他控制。
His argument was for efficiency, but he knew that by controlling all the lines, he would be positioned to do as he pleased with his suburban expansion.
他的论点是为了效率，但他知道，通过控制所有线路，他将能够随心所欲地进行郊区扩张。
Asha Weinstein Agrawal, Historian: I think there was actually a lot of support in many ways from the larger public.
阿莎·温斯坦·阿格拉瓦尔（Asha Weinstein Agrawal），历史学家：我认为实际上在很多方面都得到了广大公众的大力支持。
You might think, “Oh, a monopoly.
你可能会想，“哦，垄断。
People aren’t gonna like this,” but there was a sense that it was very inefficient to have so many different street railway companies that they were competing for passengers.
人们不会喜欢这样的，”但是有一种感觉，有这么多不同的街道铁路公司在争夺乘客，效率非常低。
Narrator: Whitney suggested that to rid the congestion strangling its streets, it was necessary to construct tunnels beneath the city.
旁白：惠特尼建议，为了摆脱街道的拥堵，有必要在城市下方修建隧道。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway : It caught everyone by surprise this idea of a tunnel.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》的作者：隧道的想法让每个人都感到惊讶。
It was exciting, it was scary, it was a big deal for Henry Whitney to suggest that.
这很令人兴奋，也很可怕，亨利·惠特尼提出这一点是一件大事。
But he threw out a third thing, which really caught people’s attention, which was acknowledging that the horse had seen its day and that perhaps the electric motor was in fact the future of urban transit and the way that Boston needed to go.
但他抛出了第三件事，这确实引起了人们的注意，那就是承认这匹马已经迎来了它的时代，也许电动机实际上是城市交通的未来，也是波士顿需要走的路。
And he put himself on the line with this idea that the electric motor, which until that point still was not a really proven technology but something that he had seen, and believed in, and felt like, it could work.
他把自己的想法放在了线上，即电动机，直到那时，电动机仍然不是一项真正经过验证的技术，但他已经看到、相信、感觉它可以工作。
Narrator: The Massachusetts General Court granted Whitney the right to consolidate Boston’s streetcars and the permission to build a subway if he desired.
旁白：马萨诸塞州普通法院授予惠特尼整合波士顿有轨电车的权利，并允许他根据需要修建地铁。
His West End Street Railway Company now controlled 1,700 street railway cars and 200 miles of track, making it the largest transit system in the world — bigger than anything in London, Chicago, or New York.
他的西区街铁路公司现在控制着 1,700 节街道铁路车厢和 200 英里的轨道，使其成为世界上最大的交通系统——比伦敦、芝加哥或纽约的任何交通系统都要大。
Whitney’s biggest challenge remained: finding a way to replace the 8,400 horses that were grinding Boston’s streets to a halt.
惠特尼面临的最大挑战仍然是：找到一种方法来替换 8,400 匹让波士顿街道陷入瘫痪的马匹。
In the summer of 1887 Frank Sprague was desperate.
1887 年夏天，弗兰克·斯普拉格陷入了绝望。
He needed to find a place to demonstrate his electric railway on a large scale.
他需要找到一个地方来大规模展示他的电气化铁路。
He found it in an unlikely place.
他在一个不太可能的地方发现了它。
The Richmond Union Passenger Railway Company asked Sprague to build a complete electric railway system: 12 miles of track, a 375-horsepower electrical plant, and overhead lines to carry electric current to forty cars and eighty motors.
里士满联合客运铁路公司要求斯普拉格建造一个完整的电气铁路系统：12 英里长的轨道、一座 375 马力的发电厂以及为 40 辆汽车和 80 台电机输送电流的架空线路。
He had ninety days to construct it and wouldn’t get paid a dime until the system was up and running.
他有九十天的时间来建造它，并且在系统启动并运行之前不会得到一毛钱。
Experts said it couldn’t be done: the Richmond hills were too steep and Sprague’s motor wasn’t powerful enough.
专家表示这是不可能的：里士满山太陡了，而且斯普拉格的发动机动力不够。
Frederick Dalzell, Historian: People have tried to set up a railway system using the existing technologies of the period — horse-drawn railways.
Frederick Dalzell，历史学家：人们尝试利用当时的现有技术——马拉铁路——建立铁路系统。
But Richmond is a horse killer.
但里士满是一个马杀手。
That’s an awful way to put it but, the topography, the landscape, it’s just brutal to try and make this thing work using horses.
这是一种糟糕的说法，但是，从地形、景观来看，尝试用马来让这件事发挥作用是残酷的。
Narrator: It was a massive risk.
旁白：这是一个巨大的风险。
But Sprague was forced to bet his company on the near impossible project.
但斯普拉格被迫将他的公司押注在这个几乎不可能的项目上。
“Failure in Richmond,” Sprague said, “meant blasted hopes and financial ruin.”
“里士满的失败，”斯普拉格说，“意味着希望破灭和财务破产。”
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: It was a contract that no one in their right mind would ever sign, essentially being asked to build this on spec.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》的作者：这是一份任何头脑清醒的人都不会签署的合同，基本上是被要求按照规格建造的。
But Sprague at that point was close to desperate.
但斯普拉格当时几乎绝望了。
He needed money.
他需要钱。
His experiment with Jay Gould had failed.
他与杰·古尔德的实验失败了。
He did not have an investor.
他没有投资者。
He needed his, he needed his project to succeed and he needed it to succeed soon.
他需要他的项目，他需要他的项目成功，他需要它尽快成功。
Frederick Dalzell, Historian: Unfortunately, shortly after he signs the contract he is stricken with typhoid fever.
Frederick Dalzell，历史学家：不幸的是，在他签署合同后不久，他就患上了伤寒。
And it takes over a month of convalescence to really bring himself back into working shape.
而他需要一个多月的康复期才能真正恢复到工作状态。
When he does visit Richmond he is profoundly discouraged.
当他确实访问里士满时，他感到非常沮丧。
The conditions are much more challenging than he had imagined.
条件比他想象的要困难得多。
The first set of rails that’s laid down is completely unsuitable.
第一组铺设的铁轨完全不合适。
The whole thing looks like a disaster.
整件事看起来就像一场灾难。
Narrator: Sprague’s crew spent weeks rebuilding the entire system of tracks.
旁白：斯普拉格的团队花了数周时间重建整个轨道系统。
To help prevent the motors from disengaging over the bumpy terrain, Sprague would test out his innovative wheelbarrow mount, a design he had been working on for years.
为了防止电机在崎岖不平的地形上脱离，斯普拉格会测试他的创新独轮手推车支架，这是他多年来一直致力于的设计。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: What was unique to Sprague was his ability to design a mounting, so that the motor could move up and down while it remained meshed with the gear on the axle.
Brian Cudahy，作家：斯普拉格的独特之处在于他能够设计一个安装座，这样电机就可以上下移动，同时保持与轴上的齿轮啮合。
It was a significant breakthrough.
这是一个重大突破。
Narrator: He was confident the motors would stay on the streetcars, but he did not know if they could scale Richmond’s steep hills.
旁白：他相信这些电机会留在有轨电车上，但他不知道它们是否可以爬上里士满陡峭的山坡。
Sprague set up a trial run at night, hoping no one would see a potentially embarrassing failure.
斯普拉格在晚上进行了一次试运行，希望没有人会看到潜在的令人尴尬的失败。
Frederick Dalzell, Historian: The car scales the hill and comes down the other side, makes a turn, climbs another hill that’s even steeper.
Frederick Dalzell，历史学家：汽车爬上山坡，从另一边下来，转弯，爬上另一座更陡的山坡。
Sprague has no idea what’s gonna happen.
斯普拉格不知道会发生什么。
The car makes it to the top.
车子终于到了山顶。
And as it does the engine locks up.
当它发生时，发动机锁住了。
Sprague realizes what’s happened.
斯普拉格意识到发生了什么事。
He’s actually burned out the motor.
他实际上烧坏了电机。
Narrator: Sprague needed more power.
旁白：斯普拉格需要更多的力量。
With the ninety-day deadline looming, he scrambled to re-design the motors with larger gears and have them fabricated by a machinist in Rhode Island.
随着九十天期限的临近，他争先恐后地重新设计具有更大齿轮的电机，并由罗德岛州的机械师制造它们。
When they finally arrived, Sprague got the streetcars running without any burnouts.
当他们最终到达时，斯普拉格让有轨电车正常运行，没有出现任何倦怠。
As the weeks slipped away, Sprague and his engineers worked round-the-clock, tackling one technical problem after another.
几周过去了，斯普拉格和他的工程师昼夜不停地工作，解决了一个又一个技术问题。
“I am completely overwhelmed with work,” Sprague wrote to a friend, “so much so that I hardly know whether I stand on my head or my heels.”
斯普拉格在给朋友的信中写道：“我完全被工作压垮了，以至于我几乎不知道自己是要倒立还是倒立。”
Finally, on May 15, 1888, after investing $75,000 of his own, the Richmond system was up and running.
最终，1888 年 5 月 15 日，在他自己投资了 75,000 美元后，里士满系统开始运行。
Frederick Dalzell, Historian: Richmond is a real turning point.
Frederick Dalzell，历史学家：里士满是一个真正的转折点。
Sprague was able, on the basis of Richmond’s performance, to show people real data.
斯普拉格能够根据里士满的表现，向人们展示真实的数据。
This is what the railway system in Richmond earned before it was electrified.
这是里士满铁路系统在电气化之前的收入。
This is what it earned after.
这就是后来赚到的。
This is how much money you can make.
这就是你能赚多少钱。
Narrator: The day after the Richmond contract terms were satisfied, Frank Sprague wrote to Henry Whitney in Boston.
旁白：里士满合同条款得到满足的第二天，弗兰克·斯普拉格写信给波士顿的亨利·惠特尼。
“We are ready to run commercially,” the young engineer reported, hoping to convince the world’s largest streetcar owner to buy in.
这位年轻工程师报告说：“我们已准备好商业化运营。”他希望说服世界上最大的有轨电车所有者购买。
Whitney boarded a train and headed to Richmond, his head full of questions and doubt.
惠特尼登上火车前往里士满，满脑子都是疑问和疑惑。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: Whitney had misgivings when he got to Richmond.
布莱恩·卡达希（Brian Cudahy），作家：惠特尼到达里士满后心存疑虑。
This is a rural southern city without the concentration of business, without the narrow streets that Boston had.
这是一座南方乡村城市，没有商业集中地，也没有波士顿那样狭窄的街道。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway : At about midnight Whitney’s brought to the bottom of a steep hill.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》的作者：午夜左右，惠特尼被带到了一座陡峭的山脚下。
And at the bottom of this hill Frank Sprague has lined up 22 streetcars.
Frank Sprague 在这座山脚下排列了 22 辆有轨电车。
Frederick Dalzell, Historian: He’s never tried this before.
Frederick Dalzell，历史学家：他以前从未尝试过。
He talks to the electrician at the power plant and he says, “Give her all you’ve got and don’t let up.” The lights actually get lower because the strain on the system is so, is so intense.
他与发电厂的电工交谈，他说：“给她你所拥有的一切，不要松懈。”灯光实际上变暗了，因为系统的压力非常非常大。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: And slowly each one started up, one right after the other.
布莱恩·卡达希（Brian Cudahy），作家：慢慢地，一个接一个地开始启动。
The power station didn’t blow out.
电站没有爆炸。
Fuses didn’t blow.
保险丝没有烧断。
The cars could all run at the same time.
这些汽车可以同时运行。
Narrator: Sprague’s brash demonstration and risk had paid off.
旁白：斯普拉格的鲁莽示威和冒险得到了回报。
Whitney was impressed and headed back to Boston with the intention of electrifying his entire system of streetcars.
惠特尼对此印象深刻，并返回波士顿，打算让他的整个有轨电车系统电气化。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: There’s certainly no doubt that his demonstration to Whitney and its success was an important turning point in the history of mass transit in America, and in the history of mass transit in the world.
布莱恩·卡达希（Brian Cudahy），作家：毫无疑问，他向惠特尼的演示及其成功是美国公共交通史上以及世界公共交通史上的一个重要转折点。
Clifton Hood, Historian: There’s a search for a practical mechanical mode of transportation.
历史学家克利夫顿胡德：人们正在寻找一种实用的机械运输方式。
And what Frank Sprague’s invention means is that we’ve ended that search; that we’ve found it.
弗兰克·斯普拉格的发明意味着我们已经结束了搜索；我们已经找到了。
It’s a big distance from this little railway in Virginia to the Boston subway but you can envision going there now.
从弗吉尼亚州的这条小铁路到波士顿地铁有很远的距离，但你现在可以想象去那里。
Narrator: Upon his return from Richmond, Henry Whitney immediately contracted Sprague to supply thirty electric cars to his West End Street Railway Company.
旁白：亨利·惠特尼从里士满回来后，立即与斯普拉格签订合同，为其西尾街铁路公司提供三十辆电动汽车。
Whitney envisioned passengers gliding smoothly along Beacon Street into and out of downtown Boston, but it would not happen easily.
惠特尼设想乘客可以沿着灯塔街顺利进出波士顿市中心，但这并不容易实现。
Key to Sprague’s innovation were the overhead wires supplying power to the streetcars.
斯普拉格创新的关键是为有轨电车供电的架空电线。
Boston’s city leaders, however, would not allow them to be installed.
然而，波士顿市领导不允许安装它们。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: Electricity was seen as a very, very dangerous form of energy particularly when wires would break and they’d fall to the ground, people would touch them and be electrocuted.
Brian Cudahy，作家：电力被视为一种非常非常危险的能源形式，特别是当电线断裂并掉落到地上时，人们会触摸它们并触电。
So people had to be convinced that electric powered streetcars were a safe way to travel.
因此，人们必须相信电动有轨电车是一种安全的出行方式。
Narrator: To persuade city officials Whitney arranged for a test ride.
旁白：说服市政府官员惠特尼安排了一次试乘。
With Sprague driving, the electric streetcar sped up to 25 miles per hour, propelling the lawmakers faster than they had ever traveled before.
在斯普拉格的驾驶下，电动有轨电车的速度达到每小时 25 英里，推动议员们以前所未有的速度行驶。
Exhilarated by the ride, Boston granted Whitney permission to install the overhead wires.
波士顿对这次骑行感到兴奋不已，同意惠特尼安装架空电线。
He then moved forward with plans to build a central power station in Boston’s South End that would be the largest in the world.
然后，他推进了在波士顿南端建造世界上最大的中央发电站的计划。
With its chimney 250 feet high, it was the tallest structure in Boston, thirty feet higher than the Bunker Hill monument.
它的烟囱高 250 英尺，是波士顿最高的建筑，比邦克山纪念碑高 30 英尺。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: Just like Frank Sprague was a big thinker Henry Whitney had this vision and this passion.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的令人难以置信的竞争》的作者：就像弗兰克·斯普拉格（Frank Sprague）一样，亨利·惠特尼（Henry Whitney）也有这样的愿景和热情。
He really believed he could be a change agent for how people moved about and how the transit system operated.
他坚信自己可以成为人们出行方式和交通系统运作方式的变革推动者。
He made people re-think how their city could look and could function.
他让人们重新思考他们的城市的外观和功能。
Narrator: Electrification commenced rapidly and profits were rolling in for the West End Street Railway Company.
旁白：电气化迅速开始，西尾街铁路公司的利润滚滚而来。
In just five years, more than 80% of the system was electrified.
短短五年内，超过80%的系统实现了电气化。
Despite the monetary success of the West End, the electric trolleys proved so popular, the streets were clogged worse than ever.
尽管西区在经济上取得了成功，但事实证明电动手推车非常受欢迎，街道的拥堵情况比以往任何时候都更加严重。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: When Whitney returned from Richmond and signed a contract with Sprague, to electrify the West End Street Railway, it wasn’t the end of a problem.
布莱恩·卡达希（Brian Cudahy），作家：当惠特尼从里士满回来并与斯普拉格签署合同，为西区街铁路电气化时，问题并没有结束。
It made a problem worse.
这让问题变得更糟。
And as the cars made their way into downtown Boston, down Boylston Street, turned onto Tremont Street, it just got more crowded, and more crowded, and more crowded.
当汽车驶入波士顿市中心，沿着博伊尔斯顿街，转向特雷蒙特街时，街道变得越来越拥挤，越来越拥挤。
Streetcars were pouring into downtown Boston.
有轨电车涌入波士顿市中心。
Asha Weinstein Agrawal, Historian: Electrification made it easier to continue to expand the streetcar system farther and farther out, but there were a lot of safety concerns.
历史学家阿莎·韦恩斯坦·阿格拉瓦尔 (Asha Weinstein Agrawal)：电气化使有轨电车系统更容易继续向更远的地方扩展，但也存在很多安全问题。
These electric streetcars are more dangerous than the older horse-drawn ones and more pedestrians are getting killed by streetcars.
这些电动有轨电车比老式马拉车更危险，更多的行人被有轨电车撞死。
Narrator: Despite the chaos on the streets, Henry Whitney’s bold subway idea had been languishing for the past four years.
旁白：尽管街道上一片混乱，亨利·惠特尼大胆的地铁想法在过去四年里一直处于停滞状态。
That changed on the evening of January 5, 1891.
1891 年 1 月 5 日晚上，情况发生了变化。
Henry Whitney hosted a banquet for influential real estate developers at the exclusive Algonquin Club.
亨利·惠特尼 (Henry Whitney) 在专属的阿尔冈昆俱乐部 (Algonquin Club) 为有影响力的房地产开发商举办了一场宴会。
Also in attendance was Boston’s newest mayor, Nathan Matthews.
波士顿新市长内森·马修斯也出席了会议。
In his inaugural address earlier that day, Matthews pledged to deal aggressively with the rapid transit needs of the city.
马修斯在当天早些时候的就职演说中承诺积极满足该市的快速交通需求。
“I believe…the city government…
“我相信……市政府……
should grapple with this problem,” he said, “rather than leave the matter entirely to the interested action of private corporations.”
“应该解决这个问题，”他说，“而不是把这个问题完全交给私营公司感兴趣的行动。”
Asha Weinstein Agrawal, Historian: Mayor Matthews was genuinely trying to improve the efficiency of the way the city government worked.
阿莎·韦恩斯坦·阿格拉瓦尔（Asha Weinstein Agrawal），历史学家：马修斯市长真诚地试图提高市政府的工作效率。
And he very much is an example of the good government reform movement arguing that we need to make government more in the public interest.
他是良好政府改革运动的典范，他主张我们需要让政府更加符合公共利益。
It should not be the system of patronage, people trading favors.
它不应该是一种恩惠、人们交易恩惠的制度。
Doug Most,: Author, T he Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway : Nathan Matthews looked at Henry Whitney and started to wonder, “Maybe he’s never gonna build a subway.” And that’s when I think Matthews started to get frustrated and really dig his heels in to try to take back the streets of Boston from Henry Whitney and say, “These are city streets, and I’m going to be the one to make the big decisions about what we do, and how we do it, and when we do it, not you.”
道格·莫斯特：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》作者：内森·马修斯看着亨利·惠特尼，开始怀疑，“也许他永远不会建造地铁。”就在那时，我认为马修斯开始感到沮丧，并真正坚定地试图从亨利·惠特尼手中夺回波士顿的街道，并说：“这些是城市街道，我将成为对我们做什么、如何做以及何时做的重大决定的人，而不是你。”
Narrator: In speeches, Whitney explained that it was simply too expensive for the West End to build a subway.
旁白：惠特尼在演讲中解释说，西区修建地铁的成本太高了。
“I have, personally, no desire for anything that I can make out of the…underground road, to undertake it,” he said, “It is…so full of dangers…I am free to say to you that I shrink from the task.”
“就我个人而言，我并不希望能从……地下道路中制造出任何东西来承担它，”他说，“它……充满了危险……我可以自由地告诉你，我回避了这项任务。”
Mark Gelfand, Historian: This is an era in which cities and states are prepared to make significant investments in infrastructure.
历史学家马克·盖尔范德（Mark Gelfand）：这是一个城市和州准备对基础设施进行大量投资的时代。
Matthews recognizes that in some respects the very well-being and future of the city is at stake in terms of its transportation needs, and that it may go against his grain to embark upon such a project as this, which offers the possibility of, of tremendous waste and corruption, but, nonetheless, is so essential to the city’s future that it must be undertaken.
马修斯认识到，在某些方面，城市的福祉和未来因交通需求而受到威胁，开展这样的项目可能违背他的初衷，因为该项目可能会造成巨大的浪费和腐败，但尽管如此，它对城市的未来至关重要，因此必须实施。
Narrator: By June, Mayor Matthews followed through with his promise to take back the streets and convinced lawmakers to form the Rapid Transit Commission.
旁白：到了六月，马修斯市长兑现了收回街道的承诺，并说服立法者成立了快速交通委员会。
Its mission was simple: study the problem of congestion and offer a solution.
它的使命很简单：研究拥堵问题并提供解决方案。
After 50 public hearings and 10 months of study the Commission published a massive report.
经过 50 次公开听证会和 10 个月的研究，委员会发布了一份大规模报告。
All options were on the table, including something many deemed unthinkable: a subway beneath the Boston Common.
所有的选择都摆在桌面上，包括许多人认为不可想象的事情：波士顿公园地下的地铁。
Stephen Puleo, Writer: The Boston Common is considered almost a sacred place to Bostonians and has been since the city was essentially founded in 1630.
斯蒂芬·普莱奥（Stephen Puleo），作家：自 1630 年这座城市建立以来，波士顿公园几乎被认为是波士顿人的圣地。
And it has been used throughout Boston’s history as a community gathering spot.
在波士顿的整个历史中，它一直被用作社区聚会场所。
There was sort of a pledge made by city fathers at the time that the Boston Common area would be kept free of any roadways, free of any development, and would be open space.
当时，城市之父做出了某种承诺，波士顿公共区域将保持没有任何道路，没有任何开发，并且将是开放空间。
Its very name, “The Boston Common,” means it’s for the common wealth, for the common good.
它的名字“波士顿公园”意味着它是为了共同财富、为了共同利益。
It is a place for all Bostonians to be able to gather.
这是所有波士顿人能够聚集的地方。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: “You’re going to dig up the Boston Common to build some sort of a silly thing that we’ve never heard of before?” People were horrified.
布莱恩·卡达希（Brian Cudahy），作家：“你要挖出波士顿公园来建造一些我们以前从未听说过的愚蠢的东西吗？”人们都惊恐万状。
There was a lot of opposition to it.
对此遭到了很多反对。
Narrator: “Save the Common” became the battle cry of outraged citizens.
旁白：“拯救共同”成为愤怒公民的战斗口号。
Letters poured in from across the country.
全国各地的信件纷至沓来。
Americans demanded not a single shovel disturb the sacred soil of the Boston Common.
美国人要求不要用任何铲子破坏波士顿公园的神圣土壤。
Protests were so passionate that an exasperated Matthews brought in two former Park Commissioners to defend the urgent need of a subway.
抗议活动如此激烈，以至于愤怒的马修斯聘请了两名前公园专员来捍卫地铁的迫切需求。
The young mayor also fought off plans for an elevated train system downtown, like the one running in New York.
这位年轻的市长还否决了在市中心修建高架火车系统的计划，就像纽约的高架火车系统一样。
Clifton Hood, Historian: Elevated railways block the sun.
历史学家克利夫顿·胡德：高架铁路遮挡了阳光。
And so you’ve got entire avenues that are perpetually in a kind of twilight.
所以你拥有的整条大道永远处于一种暮色之中。
The other thing is elevated trains were filthy.
另一件事是高架列车很脏。
They’re run with steam locomotives and they vent cinders, smoke, black soot, and that settles on the city.
它们由蒸汽机车运行，排放出煤渣、烟雾和黑色烟灰，这些物质落在城市上。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: One of the little tricks, a PR trick you might say, is that someone superimposed photographs of a New York steam-powered elevated train running down Tremont Street.
Brian Cudahy，作家：其中一个小技巧，你可能会说是公关技巧，是有人叠加了纽约蒸汽动力高架列车沿着特雷蒙特街行驶的照片。
And when people saw that they said, “Well, that’s no good either.”
当人们看到这一点时，他们说：“好吧，那也不好。”
Narrator: When the elevated plan was voted down, Matthews saw his chance and intensified his advocacy for a subway.
旁白：当高架计划被否决后，马修斯看到了自己的机会，并加强了对地铁的倡导。
Armed with data from the Rapid Transit Commission report, he argued that a subway would cut transit time by two-thirds to one-half and that streetcars travelling underground would not be crippled by inclement weather.
根据快速交通委员会报告中的数据，他认为地铁可以将交通时间缩短三分之二到二分之一，而且地下行驶的有轨电车不会因恶劣天气而瘫痪。
Stephen Puleo, Writer: The Boston subway was not a foregone conclusion, not by a long shot.
斯蒂芬·普莱奥（Stephen Puleo），作家：波士顿地铁并不是已成定局，至少也不是板上钉钉的事。
There was tremendous resistance first by the merchants in downtown Boston.
首先遭到了波士顿市中心商人的强烈抵制。
There was a petition at one point where 12,000 businessmen in Boston opposed the subway.
波士顿曾有 12,000 名商人发起请愿反对修建地铁。
There was going to be streets torn up, sewer systems affected, water lines affected, wires, electrical lines affected.
街道将被撕毁，下水道系统将受到影响，供水管道将受到影响，电线、电线将受到影响。
Secondly, folks felt like traveling underground was very close to the nether world, that you were getting closer to the devil, that you were taking this great risk in God’s eyes by traveling on a subway.
其次，人们感觉乘坐地铁离阴间很近，离魔鬼越来越近，乘坐地铁是在冒上帝眼中的巨大风险。
Narrator: The debate had dragged on for months and Matthews was fed up.
旁白：辩论持续了几个月，马修斯已经厌倦了。
He had done everything he could to reassure Bostonians.
他已尽一切努力安抚波士顿人。
He explained that the subway would not cut through the Common, it would only encroach upon its edge; the $5 million project would provide desperately needed jobs; the air underground would be safe to breathe.
他解释说，地铁不会穿过公共空间，只会侵占公共空间的边缘；这个耗资500万美元的项目将提供急需的就业机会；地下的空气可以安全呼吸。
“The facts of the matter simply are,” Matthews proclaimed, “that the streets of Boston are no longer highways for public travel…they are simply yards for the storage of cars…The time has come for action.”
马修斯宣称：“事情的事实很简单，波士顿的街道不再是公共交通的高速公路……它们只是停放汽车的院子……是时候采取行动了。”
On July 24, 1894, Bostonians went to the polls to vote on the city’s transportation future.
1894 年 7 月 24 日，波士顿人前往投票站投票决定该市的交通未来。
By the narrowest of margins the subway plan was approved.
地铁计划以微弱优势获得批准。
On the morning of March 28, 1895, light snow dusted the hats and overcoats of a dozen men standing in a quiet corner of the Boston Common.
1895 年 3 月 28 日早晨，小雪沾满了站在波士顿公园一个安静角落的十几个人的帽子和大衣。
With little ceremony, a shovel was driven into the ground and the transformation of the nation’s public transportation system began.
没有什么仪式，一把铲子就被插入地下，国家公共交通系统的转型开始了。
The 1.8-mile subway route would be built in two phases.
这条 1.8 英里长的地铁线路将分两期建设。
The first phase was L-shaped, cutting through the heart of the city.
一期呈L形，穿过城市中心。
Beginning at the southwest corner of the Boston Common, workers would dig east to the corner of Tremont and Boylston streets, before tunneling beneath Tremont to the base of the historic Park Street Church.
从波士顿公园的西南角开始，工人们会向东挖掘特雷蒙特街和博伊尔斯顿街的拐角处，然后在特雷蒙特地下挖掘隧道，到达历史悠久的公园街教堂的底部。
The second phase would run from Park Street along Tremont to North Station.
第二阶段将从公园街沿特里蒙特延伸至北站。
Before excavation could begin every tree in the historic Boston Common was accounted for and 130 elms relocated.
在挖掘工作开始之前，历史悠久的波士顿公园中的每棵树都已清点完毕，并重新安置了 130 棵榆树。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: Barely a month into the project a worker was bending down to pick up what he thought was a twig.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的令人难以置信的竞争》的作者：该项目刚开始一个月，一名工人就弯腰捡起他认为是一根树枝的东西。
They realized after studying it a little more closely that it was in fact not a twig and was a piece of a human skeleton.
经过更仔细的研究后，他们意识到这实际上不是一根树枝，而是一块人体骨骼。
It was a bone.
那是一根骨头。
Stephen Puleo, Writer: It turns out that this was the site of a Revolutionary graveyard, a burial ground and that the construction had disrupted that and everybody is taken aback by that.
斯蒂芬·普莱奥（Stephen Puleo），作家：事实证明，这是一个革命墓地，一个墓地，但施工破坏了它，每个人都对此感到惊讶。
There’s real concern, “What are we gonna do about this?
人们真正担心的是，“我们该怎么办？
We need to handle this in a, in a reverential way.”
我们需要以一种恭敬的方式来处理这个问题。”
Narrator: In the coming months city workers identified 910 bodies and carefully reinterred them in a common grave.
旁白：在接下来的几个月里，城市工作人员辨认出了 910 具尸体，并小心地将它们重新安葬在一个共同的坟墓中。
Stephen Puleo, Writer: This gave ammunition to the opponents of the subway, about this religious issue that man was not meant to travel underground.
斯蒂芬·普莱奥（Stephen Puleo），作家：这为地铁的反对者提供了弹药，关于人类不应该在地下旅行的宗教问题。
And this was all symbolic of the fact that we shouldn’t be doing that, that God had a hand in this, in the discovery of this graveyard because He didn’t want us to do that.
这一切都象征着这样一个事实：我们不应该这样做，上帝参与了这件事，发现了这个墓地，因为他不希望我们这样做。
Narrator: “They have sacrificed the Common,” one Boston newspaper bemoaned, “And now it seems that the dead are not to be allowed to rest quietly in their graves.”
旁白：“他们牺牲了公共，”波士顿的一家报纸哀叹道，“现在看来，死者不应该在坟墓里安静地安息了。”
Doug Most, Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: They were being asked to put their faith in these engineers and just trust them that this would be safe.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most），《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》一书的作者：他们被要求对这些工程师充满信心，相信他们这会是安全的。
We’re going to build something underground, under the streets, and the street’s not going to collapse on us, and the subway’s going to be safe.
我们要在地下、街道下面建造一些东西，街道不会倒塌压在我们身上，地铁也会安全。
And it was a big leap of faith for people to accept it, to embrace it.
人们接受它、拥抱它是一个巨大的信仰飞跃。
Brian Cudahy, Writer: There had been underground aqueducts.
Brian Cudahy，作家：曾经有地下渡槽。
There had been some underground tunnels.
那里曾经有一些地下隧道。
But this was a major construction novelty to build a steel and concrete structure beneath city streets.
但这是在城市街道下建造钢和混凝土结构的一项重大建筑创新。
It was basically a work that was done by men with picks, and shovels, and wheelbarrows.
这基本上是一项由男人用镐、铲子和独轮车完成的工作。
Narrator: Hundreds of Irish and Italian laborers worked for 15 cents an hour.
旁白：数百名爱尔兰和意大利工人的工资为每小时 15 美分。
They began to muscle their way deep into the Earth.
他们开始深入地球。
First, 10 feet of the trench was excavated, the dirt tossed into carts and hauled away by horses.
首先，挖出 10 英尺长的沟渠，将泥土扔进车里，然后用马运走。
As the trench deepened, workers installed 8-inch thick wooden braces against the walls to prevent collapse.
随着沟渠加深，工人们在墙壁上安装了 8 英寸厚的木撑，以防止塌陷。
Large derricks hoisted up dirt-filled skips and dumped the soil onto small steam trains that carried it away.
大型井架吊起装满泥土的料斗，将泥土倾倒到小型蒸汽火车上，然后将其运走。
Steel I-beams were erected as sidewalls and laid across the top, serving as the roof of the tunnel.
钢工字梁作为侧壁竖立起来，并横跨顶部，作为隧道的顶部。
Above ground, masons finished the roof by laying brick arches atop the beams prior to being covered again with soil.
在地面上，石匠通过在梁顶上铺设砖拱来完成屋顶，然后再次用土壤覆盖。
A concrete foundation was poured, and then covered with crushed stone on which the steel tracks and wooden ties would be laid.
浇筑了混凝土基础，然后用碎石覆盖，在上面铺设钢轨和木枕。
But not everyone was pleased with the work.
但并非所有人都对这项工作感到满意。
Stephen Puleo, Writer: During construction of the subway there is tremendous chaos in Boston.
斯蒂芬·普莱奥（Stephen Puleo），作家：在地铁建设期间，波士顿出现了巨大的混乱。
There are still above ground trolleys that are moving.
地上仍有电车在移动。
There are merchants whose, the front of their stores are blocked by construction and by workers.
有些商家的店面被建筑和工人挡住了。
So there is this enormous disruption, as you would imagine with any public works project, but think of one in a core city where you’re now attempting to go underground for the first time ever.
因此，正如您对任何公共工程项目所想象的那样，会出现这种巨大的破坏，但想象一下您现在第一次尝试进入地下的核心城市的一个项目。
Rosalind Williams, Historian: That kind of heavy digging was not typically seen in the cities.
历史学家罗莎琳德·威廉姆斯：这种重型挖掘在城市中并不常见。
I think it had to have been something of a shock to see this degree of excavation and also just to look down into these holes and wonder what’s going on down there.
我认为看到如此程度的挖掘，并且只是俯视这些洞，想知道下面发生了什么，一定会感到震惊。
Narrator: On the morning of March 4, 1897 Police Officer Michael Whalen detected the smell of gas at the intersection of Tremont and Boylston streets.
旁白：1897 年 3 月 4 日早上，警官 Michael Whalen 在 Tremont 街和 Boylston 街的交叉口闻到了煤气味。
It had been lingering for months as workers rerouted the gas lines beneath the streets.
随着工人们重新布置街道下方的天然气管道，这种情况已经持续了几个月。
This day, however, it was stronger than usual.
然而，这一天，它比平常更强烈。
As Whalen stood in front of the Hotel Pelham, three crowded streetcars rounded the corner.
当惠伦站在佩勒姆酒店门前时，三辆拥挤的有轨电车绕过了拐角处。
Trolley 461 caught Whalen’s attention and he looked down as its wheels screeched over the rails, causing sparks to fly in the air.
461 号电车引起了 Whalen 的注意，他低头一看，车轮在铁轨上发出刺耳的声音，火花四溅。
On board the trolley, passengers gagged from the smell of gas.
电车上的乘客闻到煤气味，感到作呕。
The massive explosion ripped through the intersection.
巨大的爆炸撕裂了十字路口。
The shattered windows of the Hotel Pelham showered Officer Whalen in glass.
佩勒姆酒店破碎的窗户让惠伦警官洒满了玻璃。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: It sent both of these cars, which were filled with probably close to 100 passengers in all, straight up into the air in a huge ball of fire.
道格·莫斯特 (Doug Most)：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的令人难以置信的竞争》的作者：它将两辆车厢（总共大约载有近 100 名乘客）在一个巨大的火球中直接冲向空中。
It was a massive explosion and those cars came crashing down to the earth in a ball of flames.
这是一场巨大的爆炸，那些汽车在火球中坠落到地面上。
Narrator: “A number of persons dashed up to an electric car,” one passenger recounted, “And to their horror found that the conductor was burning alive.”
旁白：“很多人冲向一辆电动汽车，”一名乘客回忆道，“他们惊恐地发现售票员被活活烧死了。”
In all, ten people were killed from the blast, and more than fifty gravely injured.
爆炸总共造成十人死亡，五十多人重伤。
The media’s coverage of the explosion turned into a public relations nightmare for city officials.
媒体对爆炸的报道变成了市政府官员的公关噩梦。
They now had to scramble to convince the public that riding underground on the subway’s electric trolleys was indeed safe.
他们现在必须努力说服公众，乘坐地铁电动电车在地下确实是安全的。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway : Was the tunnel damaged?
道格·莫斯特 (Doug Most)：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》作者：隧道是否受损？
Did it crack?
裂了吗？
Was it destroyed?
它被毁了吗？
Nobody knew for sure right after the explosion.
爆炸发生后没有人确切知道。
People were reminded of the fact that, “We’re going to be riding on a train in a dark tunnel surrounded by all of these gas lines.”
人们想起了这样一个事实：“我们将乘坐火车在一条黑暗的隧道中行驶，周围环绕着所有这些天然气管道。”
Stephen Puleo, Writer: The city and the state go to great lengths to explain that it was an accident, that a worker had mistakenly ruptured a gas pipe, which is what caused it, that is was not a natural gas issue.
斯蒂芬·普莱奥（Stephen Puleo），作家：市政府和州政府竭尽全力解释这是一起事故，是一名工人错误地破裂了煤气管，这才是造成事故的原因，这不是天然气问题。
The subway was completely safe.
地铁是完全安全的。
Narrator: Work on the subway proceeded apace, but nobody knew for certain if the city’s PR campaign registered with a public already skittish about traveling underground.
旁白：地铁工程进展迅速，但没有人确切知道该市的公关活动是否引起了已经对地铁出行感到不安的公众的欢迎。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: September 1st, 1897 it was a beautiful morning.
道格·莫斯特 (Doug Most)：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的难以置信的竞争》一书的作者：1897 年 9 月 1 日，那是一个美丽的早晨。
It was bright and clear.
一切明亮而清晰。
And in a New England-like fashion, Boston was not prepared to do a huge celebration to announce the opening of its subway.
波士顿并没有准备好以新英格兰式的方式举办一场盛大的庆祝活动来宣布地铁开通。
There were no speeches planned.
没有计划发表演讲。
There were no big marquees, or giant signs, or anything like that.
没有大帐篷，或巨大的标志，或类似的东西。
It was really just another day in Boston.
这确实只是波士顿的又一天。
Narrator: The first streetcar, driven by the veteran West End motorman Jimmy Reed, left the Allston train shed at 6:00 AM.
旁白：第一辆有轨电车由经验丰富的西区汽车司机吉米·里德 (Jimmy Reed) 驾驶，于早上 6:00 离开奥尔斯顿火车站。
At each stop more and more people crowded onto car number 1752 until it was over capacity.
每到一站，1752 号车厢的人就越来越多，直到满员。
Passengers excitedly waved American flags as they rode the first subway car in their country’s history.
乘客们乘坐美国历史上第一辆地铁车厢时兴奋地挥舞着美国国旗。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: It pulled up right to the crest of Arlington Street where it was going to go underground and into the tunnel.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的令人难以置信的竞争》的作者：它直接停在阿灵顿街的山顶，在那里它将进入地下并进入隧道。
The first subway car just clanged its gong and just went down the ramp and everybody who was on the subway car stood up, glimpsed ahead to see what they could see and in fact someone on the back of the car yelled, “Down in front!”
第一节地铁车厢刚刚敲响锣，就下了坡道，车厢里的人都站了起来，朝前方看了一眼，结果车厢后面有人喊道：“前面趴下！”
Narrator: “The passengers…had packed themselves in like sardines,” noted the Boston Globe, “And…yelling like…wild animals, dipped down the incline for the underground run.”
旁白：“乘客们……像沙丁鱼一样挤在一起，”《波士顿环球报》指出，“而且……像野生动物一样大喊大叫，从斜坡上跳下来，准备乘坐地铁。”
Brian Cudahy, Writer: The headline in many papers was, “People Leave the Face of the Earth.” And they left the face of the earth and they went under it.
Brian Cudahy，作家：许多报纸的标题都是“人们离开地球”。他们离开了地面，进入了地下。
People would previously leave the face of the earth in a condition where they wouldn’t return to the face of the earth.
此前，人们离开地球表面时，会处于一种不会再返回地球表面的状态。
They’d be buried.
他们会被埋葬。
Now people were traveling beneath the ground and emerging later.
现在人们在地下旅行，后来才出来。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: People were just struck by how dry it was, and how clean the air smelled, and how it looked.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的令人难以置信的竞争》的作者：人们只是被它的干燥程度、空气的气味和外观所震惊。
It just looked beautiful, and sparkling, and white.
它看起来很漂亮，闪闪发光，而且是白色的。
There had been a lot of reasons to still be skeptical, and cynical, and fearful.
我们有很多理由仍然保持怀疑、愤世嫉俗和恐惧。
All the things that people had been afraid of those fears washed away in that moment.
人们所害怕的一切在那一刻都被冲走了。
Rosalind Williams, Historian: They went to a lot of trouble to light these areas.
历史学家罗莎琳德·威廉姆斯：他们费了很大的劲才照亮这些区域。
That’s bringing the sublime into the underworld.
这将崇高带入地下世界。
That’s making you feel, “I’m safe.
这会让你觉得，“我很安全。
Nothing’s gonna harm me.” Those environments are hard to create, but they’re very effective when they’re done that way.
没有什么能伤害我。”这些环境很难创建，但这样做会非常有效。
Narrator: Despite lingering fears and doubts, curiosity and excitement prevailed.
旁白：尽管恐惧和怀疑挥之不去，但好奇和兴奋占了上风。
City officials were shocked at the day’s final numbers: 250,000 people rode the underground rails of the subway on Boston’s first day.
市政府官员对当天的最终数字感到震惊：波士顿地铁开通第一天就有 25 万人乘坐地铁。
Stephen Puleo, Writer: It was like a light switch went off once the subways began running.
斯蒂芬·普莱奥（Stephen Puleo），作家：地铁开始运行后，就像电灯开关突然关闭一样。
All of those aboveground trolleys in the downtown area are gone.
市中心所有的地上电车都不见了。
It accomplishes exactly what it’s supposed to do.
它完全完成了它应该做的事情。
It alleviates congestion in the City of Boston and it creates a transportation grid and framework for the city for years and years to come.
它缓解了波士顿市的拥堵，并为该市未来数年创建了交通网络和框架。
Narrator: In its first year of operation fifty million passengers rode the Boston subway and the once frightening idea of riding a train underground became a part of daily life in cities across America.
旁白：波士顿地铁运营第一年，就有五千万乘客乘坐，曾经令人恐惧的乘坐地下火车的想法已成为美国各城市日常生活的一部分。
Within ten years of Boston’s unceremonious opening day, New York and Philadelphia opened their own subways with more American cities soon to follow.
波士顿毫不客气地开通地铁后的十年内，纽约和费城开通了自己的地铁，更多的美国城市也将紧随其后。
Mark Gelfand, Historian: The decision to build a subway is remarkable in demonstrating how Americans were willing to try something new and place their bets on the future.
历史学家马克·盖尔范德：修建地铁的决定意义非凡，它表明美国人愿意尝试新事物并将赌注押在未来。
That they understood that technology was reshaping their world and electricity, the tremendous potential of it, is going to be unleashed here in the subway system.
他们明白技术正在重塑他们的世界，而电力的巨大潜力将在地铁系统中得到释放。
Narrator: Frank Sprague’s electrification of Richmond triggered a boon for the young engineer as he acquired over half of the 200 electric railway contracts in the country.
旁白：弗兰克·斯普拉格 (Frank Sprague) 的里士满电气化为这位年轻工程师带来了福音，因为他获得了该国 200 个电气铁路合同中的一半以上。
His company, however, lacked the capital to compete with larger electrical manufacturers that were quickly expanding.
然而，他的公司缺乏与快速扩张的大型电气制造商竞争的资本。
One year after Sprague’s demonstration in Richmond set the standard for electric railway systems across America, he was bought out by Edison General Electric Company.
斯普拉格在里士满的演示为全美电气铁路系统设定了标准一年后，他的股份被爱迪生通用电气公司收购。
Shortly thereafter, Sprague’s name was removed from all the equipment he had developed and replaced with the Edison name.
此后不久，斯普拉格的名字从他开发的所有设备中删除，并以爱迪生的名字取代。
Doug Most,: Author, The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America’s First Subway: Frank Julian Sprague lived in the shadow of one of the great inventors of all time, which is Thomas Edison.
道格·莫斯特（Doug Most）：《地下竞赛：波士顿、纽约和建造美国第一条地铁的令人难以置信的竞争》作者：弗兰克·朱利安·斯普拉格（Frank Julian Sprague）生活在有史以来最伟大的发明家之一托马斯·爱迪生的阴影下。
And I think because of that he never quite got the due and recognition that he really deserved.
我认为正因为如此，他从未得到他真正应得的应有和认可。
But Frank Sprague played as important a role in the development and growth of cities as any person in our history.
但弗兰克·斯普拉格（Frank Sprague）在城市的发展和成长中发挥了与我们历史上任何人一样重要的作用。
His motor is one of the most important contributions, right there alongside Henry Ford’s vehicle and the Wright brothers’ plane, as one of the most important engineering achievements of our time.
他的发动机是最重要的贡献之一，与亨利·福特的汽车和莱特兄弟的飞机并列，是我们这个时代最重要的工程成就之一。
It was Boston — a city of so many firsts — that overcame great engineering challenges and the fears of its citizenry to construct America’s first subway.
波士顿——一座拥有众多第一的城市——克服了巨大的工程挑战和公民的恐惧，建造了美国第一条地铁。
Watch the opening scene of The Race Underground .
观看《地下竞赛》的开场场景。
How do subway maps shape the way we see and understand our cities?
地铁地图如何塑造我们看待和理解城市的方式？
And what do those maps miss?
这些地图错过了什么？
Historian Benjamin Schmidt decided to find out.
历史学家本杰明·施密特决定找出答案。
Public transportation wouldn’t be the same without Frank J.
如果没有 Frank J.，公共交通将会不一样。
Sprague.
斯普拉格。
But most people have never heard of him.
但大多数人从未听说过他。
Can you pass Thomas Edison's intelligence test?
你能通过托马斯·爱迪生的智力测试吗？
Probably not.
可能不会。
What did Boston look like in the early 1900s?
1900 年代初期的波士顿是什么样子？
And how much has it changed?
它改变了多少？
The creation of the Boston subway system—the first in the country—is one of our nation’s oldest startup success stories.
波士顿地铁系统的创建是美国第一个地铁系统，是我国最古老的创业成功故事之一。
American Experience took a ride on America's first subway line , and talked about the past, present and future of the subway with author Doug Most.
《美国体验》乘坐美国第一条地铁线，与作者道格·莫斯特畅谈地铁的过去、现在和未来。
In this co-production with Retro Report, we visit the MBTA’s Signal Shop, where workers maintain the equipment that keeps the trains on track.
在这部与《Retro Report》联合制作的影片中，我们参观了 MBTA 的信号车间，工作人员在那里维护使火车保持在正轨上的设备。
Filmmaker Michael Rossi takes viewers behind-the-scenes of the production of The Race Underground , the story of building America’s first subway.
电影制作人迈克尔·罗西带领观众了解《地下竞赛》的制作幕后故事，讲述了建造美国第一条地铁的故事。
It was one of the worst blizzards in American history, dumping four feet of snow and leaving hundreds dead.
这是美国历史上最严重的暴风雪之一，降雪厚达四英尺，造成数百人死亡。