The Polio Crusade

脊髓灰质炎运动

December 7, 2022 · American Experience (PBS) · 原文

Narrator: : The summer of 1950 started like most summers in the small town of Wytheville, Virginia.

旁白： 1950 年的夏天就像弗吉尼亚州威斯维尔小镇的大多数夏天一样开始了。

School let out, the town pools opened, and kids flocked to the soda fountain on Main Street.

学校放学了，镇上的游泳池开放了，孩子们涌向大街上的冷饮店。

Almost 40 percent of the town’s 5,500 residents were under the age of 18.

该镇 5,500 名居民中近 40% 年龄在 18 岁以下。

John Johnson: : Wytheville was more or less a lazy type, laid back town.

约翰·约翰逊：威斯维尔或多或少是一个懒惰、悠闲的小镇。

Everyone knew everyone.

每个人都认识每个人。

It got really hot in the summertime.

夏天的时候天气真的很热。

And we would go swimming.

我们会去游泳。

We were happy go lucky kids.

我们很高兴幸运的孩子们。

Eleanor Sage: : I had a pair of my grandfather’s rubber boots on and I was wadin’ in the creek.

埃莉诺·塞奇：：我穿着一双祖父的橡胶靴，在小溪里涉水。

And when I went to get out I felt like something pulled in my leg.

当我要出去时，我感觉有东西拉住了我的腿。

I went home and hadn’t been home too long till I started runnin’ a temperature and was real nauseous and just kept goin’ higher and higher.

我回家后没多久就开始发烧，而且非常恶心，而且温度越来越高。

Betty Cook Brown: : I was outside playing, I just didn’t feel right.

贝蒂·库克·布朗：：我在外面玩，我只是感觉不对劲。

By the time I got inside the house to my mother, I told her I was sick.

当我进屋见妈妈时，我告诉她我病了。

I had a headache.

我很头疼。

I was so dizzy.

我头晕极了。

And after that, I just passed out.

在那之后，我就昏过去了。

Anne B.

安妮·B.

Crockett-Stark: : The doctor came to do a spinal tap on my brother, and he screamed.

克罗克特-斯塔克：医生来给我弟弟做脊椎穿刺，他尖叫起来。

And my mother ran downstairs with a bed pillow, went out in the back yard and covered her head with a pillow, and laid there and screamed.

我妈妈拿着枕头跑下楼，到后院，用枕头盖住头，躺在那里尖叫起来。

Eugene Warren: : We only had two ambulance services in Wytheville.

尤金·沃伦：我们在威斯维尔只有两辆救护车服务。

One would come in to the clinic with a suspected case while the other one would be coming out of the clinic and leaving for either Roanoke or Richmond in, out, in, out, in, out, in, out.

一个人带着疑似病例进入诊所，而另一个人则从诊所出来，前往罗阿诺克或里士满，进、出、进、出、进、出、进、出。

Mr. Williams’ tote board was right across the street from where I worked and it was always visible, and every once in a while we’d go to the front door and look out and then every time another one came in with diagnosis, well, they changed the count.

威廉姆斯先生的手提箱就在我工作的地方的街对面，它总是可见的，每隔一段时间我们就会走到前门向外看，然后每当另一个人带着诊断结果进来时，好吧，他们改变了计数。

Anne B.

安妮·B.

Crockett-Stark: : Daddy and Mama took everything Sonny owned, all of his clothes, his bed, his chest of drawers, and he had a fabulous comic book collection.

克罗克特-斯塔克：爸爸和妈妈拿走了桑尼拥有的一切，他所有的衣服、他的床、他的五斗柜，而且他还收藏了很多漫画书。

And they took everything out to the middle of the garden, and they just made a pile and burned everything he owned.

他们把他所有的东西都搬到花园中央，堆成一堆，烧掉了他拥有的一切。

They were told to do that, so that we would not get it.

他们被告知要这样做，这样我们就不会得到它。

Narrator: : Polio was hitting Wytheville harder that year than any place in the country.

旁白：：那一年，小儿麻痹症对威斯维尔的打击比全国任何地方都严重。

Eugene Warren: : It became more and more evident that we were really in trouble, and without knowing what to do — or how to stop it, or how to get away from it — we were just stuck with it.

尤金·沃伦：越来越明显的是，我们确实遇到了麻烦，而且不知道该怎么做——或者如何阻止它，或者如何摆脱它——我们只是被困住了。

You-you just couldn’t pick up everybody and leave and you couldn’t set the whole town on fire.

你——你不能把所有人都接走然后离开，你也不能放火烧毁整个城镇。

So it was a, it was almost, not hopeless, but it was gettin’ pretty close that way.

所以，这几乎是，不是绝望，但已经非常接近了。

Narrator: : Since the turn of the 20th century polio, also known as infantile paralysis, had become an increasingly menacing fact of American life.

旁白：：自 20 世纪之交以来，脊髓灰质炎（也称为小儿麻痹症）已成为美国人生活中日益威胁的事实。

Highly contagious, the polio virus tended to strike during the summer.

脊髓灰质炎病毒具有高度传染性，往往在夏季爆发。

Samuel L.

塞缪尔·L.

Katz, scientist: : It was very reliable.

Katz，科学家：：非常可靠。

Come June, July you began to see cases of polio and they continued on through September.

六月、七月开始出现脊髓灰质炎病例，并一直持续到九月。

Narrator: : The symptoms ranged from a mild headache and nausea, to muscle weakness, paralysis or death.

旁白：：症状包括轻微头痛和恶心、肌肉无力、瘫痪或死亡。

Kathryn Black, writer: : One never knew, how it would go.

凯瑟琳·布莱克（Kathryn Black），作家：：人们永远不知道事情会如何发展。

Would it pass through the body and the person would get up out of bed, few days later, just fine?

它会穿过身体，几天后人就会从床上起来吗？

Would there be one leg damaged?

一条腿会不会受伤？

Would both arms?

双臂都可以吗？

Julius Youngner, scientist in Salk’s lab: : The paralytic effects would last for life.

索尔克实验室的科学家朱利叶斯·杨纳 (Julius Youngner)：：麻痹作用将持续终生。

And you didn’t have to look very far, to see people who had been crippled with polio, and crippled in-in terrible ways.

你不必走得太远，就能看到那些因小儿麻痹症而致残的人，而且是以可怕的方式致残的。

Narrator: : In 1921, the disease struck an especially prominent citizen just as his political star was on the rise.

旁白： 1921 年，当一位特别杰出的公民的政治明星正在冉冉升起时，这种疾病袭击了他。

Polio usually targeted children, but Franklin Delano Roosevelt was 39.

小儿麻痹症通常针对儿童，但富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福已经 39 岁了。

After contracting a sudden fever and chills, he lost the use of both of his legs.

在突然发烧和发冷后，他失去了双腿的活动能力。

Kathryn Black, writer: : FDR was an enormous landmark in the whole history of polio.

凯瑟琳·布莱克（Kathryn Black），作家：：罗斯福是整个脊髓灰质炎历史上的一个巨大里程碑。

The fact that he came down with polio changed the course of the disease in this country.

他患上小儿麻痹症的事实改变了这个国家的疾病进程。

Narrator: : Roosevelt worked to restore both his body and his career.

旁白：：罗斯福努力恢复自己的身体和事业。

He bought a remote Georgia resort whose spring-fed baths were reputed to have healing powers, and turned it into the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, committed to rehabilitating polio patients from around the country.

他买下了佐治亚州一处偏远的度假村，那里的泉水浴池被誉为具有治愈功效，并将其变成了佐治亚温泉基金会，致力于帮助全国各地的小儿麻痹症患者康复。

In 1928 a still paralyzed but vital FDR fought his way back onto the national political stage.

1928 年，仍然瘫痪但充满活力的罗斯福奋力重返国家政治舞台。

To keep the fight against polio alive Roosevelt turned to his law partner, Basil O’Connor — a man who knew little about polio, but a great deal about power and persuasion.

为了继续与小儿麻痹症作斗争，罗斯福求助于他的法律合伙人巴兹尔·奥康纳——他对小儿麻痹症知之甚少，但对权力和说服非常了解。

“I was never a public do-gooder,” O’Connor declared, “and had no aspirations of that kind.” Short tempered and relentless, he was a working class Irishman who had to dig and fight for everything he had achieved.

“我从来都不是一个公共慈善家，”奥康纳宣称，“也没有那种愿望。”他是一个脾气暴躁、冷酷无情的爱尔兰工人阶级人，必须为自己所取得的一切努力挖掘和奋斗。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : Basil O’Connor has no interest in being the head of the Warm Springs Foundation.

奥辛斯基，《脊髓灰质炎》作者：巴兹尔·奥康纳对成为沃姆斯普林斯基金会的负责人没有兴趣。

But he is so loyal to Franklin Roosevelt, and he really believes the only way to ensure FDR’s political career, is to take over this institution that is so close to FDR’s heart.

但他对富兰克林·罗斯福非常忠诚，他真的相信确保罗斯福政治生涯的唯一方法就是接管这个与罗斯福如此亲近的机构。

Narrator: : With Roosevelt now in the White House, O’Connor worked tirelessly to keep the organization afloat.

旁白：罗斯福入主白宫后，奥康纳孜孜不倦地努力维持该组织的运转。

America was experiencing the worst economic depression in its history, and charities’ traditional source of funding — donations from the rich — had completely dried up.

美国正在经历历史上最严重的经济萧条，慈善机构的传统资金来源——富人的捐款——已经完全枯竭。

Worse still, the number of cases of polio continued to rise.

更糟糕的是，小儿麻痹症病例数量继续上升。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : What made polio so questionable, what made it so hard for people to get a grip on, was that at the very time America was becoming a cleaner, more antiseptic society, the polio rates were going up dramatically.

奥辛斯基（Oshinsky），《小儿麻痹症》作者：：是什么让小儿麻痹症如此令人怀疑，是什么让人们如此难以控制，是因为在美国正在成为一个更清洁、更消毒的社会的时候，小儿麻痹症的发病率却急剧上升。

Narrator: : In time, scientists would unlock some of polio’s mysteries: they would learn the virus entered the body through the mouth; that it passed from person to person through contaminated water, food or physical contact.

旁白：随着时间的推移，科学家们将解开脊髓灰质炎的一些谜团：他们将了解到病毒是通过口腔进入人体的；它通过受污染的水、食物或身体接触在人与人之间传播。

They would come to understand that modern sanitation actually helped explain the prevalence of the disease — infants in clean environments were less likely to be exposed to the virus and develop life-long immunity.

他们会逐渐明白，现代卫生设施实际上有助于解释这种疾病的流行——清洁环境中的婴儿不太可能接触病毒并产生终生免疫力。

Paul A.

保罗·A.

Offit, scientist: : Before improvements in sanitation, all children were born with antibodies against polio.

奥菲特，科学家：：在卫生条件改善之前，所有儿童出生时都带有脊髓灰质炎抗体。

When we had improved sanitation, children started to become exposed to polio later and later in life, at a time when those antibodies they had received from their mother had already disappeared.

当我们改善卫生条件时，儿童开始越来越晚地接触脊髓灰质炎，而那时他们从母亲那里获得的抗体已经消失了。

And that’s why you saw an emergence of the disease.

这就是为什么你看到了这种疾病的出现。

Narrator: : In 1938, O’Connor didn’t know much about the science of polio.

旁白：：1938 年，奥康纳对脊髓灰质炎的科学了解不多。

What he did know was that polio patients depended on private charities like his, not the government, for help.

他所知道的是，脊髓灰质炎患者依靠像他这样的私人慈善机构而不是政府来寻求帮助。

Without a new way to raise money, his foundation could offer little more than hope.

如果没有新的筹集资金的方式，他的基金会只能带来希望。

It was time, he decided, to try something bold.

他决定，是时候尝试一些大胆的事情了。

Eddie Cantor (archival): : The only way to fight infantile paralysis is with money.

埃迪·坎托（Eddie Cantor）（档案）：：对抗小儿麻痹症的唯一方法就是用钱。

And so I’m asking you tonight to send a dime to President Roosevelt at the White House.

因此，我今晚请您向白宫的罗斯福总统寄一毛钱。

Narrator: : Enlisting celebrities to the cause, O’Connor made an unprecedented appeal to the American public.

旁白：奥康纳招募名人参与这一事业，向美国公众发出了前所未有的呼吁。

Mickey Rooney (archival): : Judy when I spend a dime on myself for some little luxury like this, I always think about those unfortunate kids and how far just a dime will go towards helping.

米基·鲁尼（档案）：朱迪，当我为自己花一毛钱享受这样的小奢侈时，我总是会想到那些不幸的孩子，以及一毛钱能在多大程度上帮助他们。

Judy Garland (archival): : Gee Mickey, we don’t know how lucky we are and how much we have to be thankful for with our health and our happiness….

朱迪·加兰（档案）：：哎呀米奇，我们不知道我们是多么幸运，也不知道我们必须对我们的健康和幸福表示多少感激……。

Narrator: : The campaign was dubbed the March of Dimes.

旁白：：这场活动被称为“一毛钱游行”。

Mickey Rooney (archival): : Oh, you know that you can.

米基·鲁尼（档案）：哦，你知道你可以。

And that’s what every good American should do – join the March of Dimes, send yours to president Franklin Roosevelt in the White House.

这就是每个优秀的美国人都应该做的——加入“一毛钱游行”，将你的钱送给白宫的富兰克林·罗斯福总统。

Narrator: : O’Connor waited anxiously to see if his gamble would pay off.

旁白：奥康纳焦急地等待着，看看他的赌博是否会得到回报。

The March of Dimes campaign exceeded all expectations, raising 1.8 million dollars, a staggering sum.

March of Dimes 活动超出了所有人的预期，筹集了 180 万美元，数额惊人。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : What O’Connor realized was that this was a fundraising gold mine.

奥辛斯基，《脊髓灰质炎》作者：奥康纳意识到这是一个筹款金矿。

This turns the fundraising on its head.

这使得筹款活动发生了翻天覆地的变化。

You no longer want big donations from the few.

你不再需要少数人的大笔捐款。

You want small donations from the millions.

你想要数以百万计的小额捐款。

No one is too poor to give a dime to help a kid walk again.

没有人会穷到付不起一毛钱来帮助孩子重新走路。

Narrator: : O’Connor pledged to provide care for every polio patient in America – to pay for doctors, nurses and the most up to date rehabilitation.

旁白：奥康纳承诺为美国每一位脊髓灰质炎患者提供护理——支付医生、护士和最新康复费用。

He would even invest in scientific research aimed at stopping polio forever.

他甚至会投资旨在永远阻止小儿麻痹症的科学研究。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : Basil O’Connor was no scientist, but he was a great administrator.

奥辛斯基，《脊髓灰质炎》作者：巴兹尔·奥康纳不是科学家，但他是一位伟大的管理者。

He knew how to organize, he knew how to centralize, he knew how to focus.

他知道如何组织，他知道如何集中，他知道如何集中精力。

Narrator: : Every summer more and more children were infected with polio.

旁白：：每年夏天，越来越多的儿童感染脊髓灰质炎。

O’Connor understood that he was in a race against time.

Larry Becker: : I was very active and outgoing, and grew up in a time and a place when kids had lots of independence and minimal supervision.

Just a few inflexible rules, like “be home for dinner.” I was 13.

Just a few inflexible rules, like “be home for dinner.”那年我13岁。

I was just starting to lean out and get kind of fast on the tennis court, and I was pretty happy with the way things were going.

Narrator: : Larry Becker grew up in Hastings, Nebraska.

He was a boy scout, delivered newspapers and played trumpet in the school band.

Larry Becker: : My legs gave out as I was pedaling my ice cream cart home for lunch.

拉里·贝克尔：当我骑着冰淇淋车回家吃午饭时，我的腿软了。

Narrator: : Larry became delirious with fever as the polio virus penetrated his central nervous system, infecting and destroying the nerve fibers that controlled his muscles.

旁白：拉里因发烧而神志不清，因为脊髓灰质炎病毒侵入了他的中枢神经系统，感染并破坏了控制他肌肉的神经纤维。

Larry Becker: : It’s like every muscle in your body is extremely sore.

拉里·贝克尔：就像你身体的每一块肌肉都极度酸痛。

It’s very sensitive to the touch, and just aches.

I lost not only my leg muscles, but I lost also neck muscles and, most importantly, the diaphragm.

I began to have trouble breathing, and I remember the last straw for me was when I lost the use of my biceps.

我开始呼吸困难，我记得压垮我的最后一根稻草是当我失去了二头肌的使用能力时。

I was afraid of not so much of pain, but of loss of control.

My parents were in and out of the room.

我的父母在房间里进进出出。

They were being given very bad news.

他们得到了非常坏的消息。

There wasn’t much hope that I was going to survive.

Film narrator (archival): : You’ve never seen me but I’m sure you’ve seen my shadow.

I’m never invited but I’ve been an invisible guest in practically every kind of home.

This is what I’ve been looking for….

这就是我一直在寻找的……

Narrator: : To keep up the fundraising momentum, O’Connor shifted tactics.

Film narrator (archival): : As you probably know, I’m very fond of children, especially little children.

电影旁白（档案）：：你可能知道，我非常喜欢孩子，尤其是小孩子。

I have no prejudices.

我没有偏见。

I’m quite impartial.

我是很公正的。

Narrator: : The March of Dimes’ new message was a frightening one: polio could strike anyone, anytime.

旁白：“一毛钱游行”传达的新信息令人恐惧：脊髓灰质炎可能随时袭击任何人。

Julius Youngner, scientist in Salk’s lab: : You went to a movie and there was a little short subject about polio.

Doctor (archival film): : Memorial Hospital please, Infantile Paralysis.

医生（档案片）：：请纪念医院，小儿麻痹症。

Julius Youngner, scientist in Salk’s lab: : They would pass a cup row by row something to put whatever change you had in it.

Polio was brought home every day to families all over the United States.

Newsreel narrator (archival): : In New York the March of Dimes campaign is inspired by Basil O’Connor, Jimmy Durante, Larry and Barry Pelliteri…

新闻片旁白（档案）：：在纽约，“一毛钱游行”活动的灵感来自巴兹尔·奥康纳、吉米·杜兰特、拉里和巴里·佩里特里……

during the past few years the polio epidemic has been on the increase…

近年来，脊髓灰质炎疫情呈上升趋势……

fight polio tonight with your porch lights at seven.

Narrator: : The campaign worked.

旁白：：这项活动取得了成效。

The March of Dimes grew to 3,000 local chapters, creating a network that reached millions, and raised millions – by the late 1940’s as much as 22 million dollars per year.

March of Dimes 发展到拥有 3,000 个地方分会，创建了一个覆盖数百万人的网络，筹集了数百万美元——到 1940 年代末，每年筹集的资金高达 2200 万美元。

But O’Connor’s campaign told only part of the story.

但奥康纳的竞选活动只讲述了故事的一部分。

While polio could be devastating, the chances of contracting an acute case were quite small; of being paralyzed, smaller still…

虽然小儿麻痹症可能具有毁灭性，但感染急性病例的机会却相当小。瘫痪了，还更小……

of dying from polio, extremely remote.

死于脊髓灰质炎，这是极其遥远的事情。

Many more Americans died from car accidents, or tuberculosis.

更多的美国人死于车祸或肺结核。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : What the March of Dimes did was to turn an awful but relatively uncommon disease into our national disease and our national crusade.

奥辛斯基，《脊髓灰质炎》作者：“一毛钱游行”所做的就是将一种可怕但相对不常见的疾病变成我们的民族疾病和我们的民族十字军。

Basil O’Connor’s feeling was: We’ve got to raise money for this.

巴兹尔·奥康纳的感觉是：我们必须为此筹集资金。

The best way you raise money was basically to scare the hell out of the American public.

筹集资金的最好方法基本上就是吓跑美国公众。

Kathryn Black, writer: : It’s hard to imagine today I think how pervasive the fear was, and how embedded in the American psyche.

凯瑟琳·布莱克（Kathryn Black），作家：：我今天很难想象这种恐惧有多么普遍，以及在美国人的心理中根深蒂固。

Narrator: : The fear overwhelmed common sense.

旁白：：恐惧压倒了常识。

Every summer, in Wytheville and hundreds of towns across the country, people took extraordinary measures to avoid polio.

每年夏天，在威斯维尔和全国数百个城镇，人们都会采取非常措施来避免脊髓灰质炎。

They even sprayed the pesticide DDT despite the fact scientists had proved flies did not spread the virus.

尽管科学家已经证明苍蝇不会传播病毒，但他们甚至喷洒了杀虫剂滴滴涕。

Eugene Warren: : Not knowing which way to turn, what’s causing it, people looked for all sorts of places to put the blame.

尤金·沃伦（Eugene Warren）：：不知道该向哪个方向走，也不知道是什么原因造成的，人们寻找各种各样的地方来归咎。

Some of 'em were ludicrous and some of 'em weren’t.

其中有些是可笑的，有些则不然。

Anne B.

安妮·B.

Crockett-Stark: : Daddy said people just rolled up their car windows and put bandanas around their faces and zoomed through our town.

克罗克特-斯塔克：爸爸说人们只是摇起车窗，把头巾围在脸上，然后就在我们的小镇里疾驰而过。

John Johnson: : We didn’t go on Main Street.

约翰·约翰逊：：我们没有走主街。

We didn’t go anywheres near town during the polio epidemic.

小儿麻痹症流行期间，我们没有去城镇附近的任何地方。

Betty Cook Brown: : For the longest time, no one would bother to call, come, or get anywhere near our house.

贝蒂·库克·布朗：很长一段时间以来，没有人愿意打电话、来或到我们家附近的任何地方。

They were afraid.

他们很害怕。

They didn’t want to catch polio.

他们不想感染小儿麻痹症。

Eleanor Sage: : They didn’t want my mother and daddy to come in some of the stores.

埃莉诺·塞奇：：他们不希望我的妈妈和爸爸进入一些商店。

They just didn’t want 'em around.

他们只是不想让他们在身边。

Anne B.

安妮·B.

Crockett-Stark: : People did as little as possible, isolated themselves, and just prayed they wouldn’t get it.

克罗克特-斯塔克：人们尽可能少做事，孤立自己，并祈祷自己不会得到它。

Narrator: : In 1949, O’Connor took the campaign against polio to a new level.

旁白： 1949 年，奥康纳将对抗脊髓灰质炎的运动提升到了一个新的水平。

For more than a decade scientists funded by the March of Dimes had focused on developing the only viable solution to stop polio – a vaccine.

十多年来，由“March of Dimes”资助的科学家们一直致力于开发阻止脊髓灰质炎的唯一可行的解决方案——疫苗。

Now, O’Connor declared, the long-awaited miracle was “in sight.” His message raised hopes, and dimes, from an anxious public.

现在，奥康纳宣称，期待已久的奇迹“就在眼前”。他的信息给焦虑的公众带来了希望和金钱。

But within the scientific community there was a very different reaction: a vaccine, most researchers believed, was still years away – if it worked at all.

但科学界却有截然不同的反应：大多数研究人员认为，疫苗还需要数年时间才能研制出来——如果它真的有效的话。

Kathryn Black, writer: : We lived in this little housing development in Phoenix.

凯瑟琳·布莱克（Kathryn Black），作家：：我们住在凤凰城的这个小住宅区。

It was young families everywhere, and the population was just booming.

到处都是年轻的家庭，人口正在激增。

Couples just like my family – father back from the war, mother had had a career and let it go to have children.

夫妻就像我的家人一样——父亲从战争中归来，母亲有自己的事业，为了生孩子而放弃了事业。

I was four years old, my brother was six, my parents were 28.

那年我四岁，我哥哥六岁，我父母28岁。

Life was pretty simple, pretty happy.

生活很简单，很幸福。

One day my mother came down with a backache.

有一天，我妈妈腰痛倒下了。

And the doctor examined her, and my father remembers the doctor saying, “I think she has polio, but don’t worry.

医生给她做了检查，我父亲记得医生说：“我认为她患有小儿麻痹症，但别担心。

It doesn’t look like a serious case, but we have to put her in the contagious ward, where she’ll be isolated.” And things only got much, much worse from there.

看起来情况并不严重，但我们必须把她送进传染病病房，在那里进行隔离。”从那时起事情只会变得更加糟糕。

She survived that night, but she was paralyzed from the neck down.

那天晚上她活了下来，但脖子以下瘫痪了。

I have no memory of her going away.

我不记得她离开的事。

She disappeared overnight.

她一夜之间消失了。

We went to bed one night and our mother was in the next room.

一天晚上我们上床睡觉时，我们的母亲在隔壁房间。

We woke up the next morning and she was gone.

第二天早上我们醒来，她已经走了。

Narrator: : In 1951, two years after his promise of an imminent polio vaccine, O’Connor had little to show.

旁白：1951 年，即奥康纳承诺即将推出脊髓灰质炎疫苗两年后，他几乎没有什么可展示的。

Then, in September, traveling home from a conference in Europe, he met a scientist as driven and impatient as O’Connor himself.

然后，九月，在从欧洲参加一次会议回家的途中，他遇到了一位像奥康纳本人一样有动力、缺乏耐心的科学家。

Jonas Salk was a 36-year-old researcher at the University of Pittsburgh.

乔纳斯·索尔克 (Jonas Salk) 36 岁，匹兹堡大学研究员。

Julius Youngner, scientist in Salk’s lab: : He was somebody who had great confidence in himself.

索尔克实验室的科学家朱利叶斯·杨纳 (Julius Youngner)：：他是一个对自己充满信心的人。

“Ambitious” is too mild a word.

“雄心勃勃”这个词太温和了。

He was super-ambitious.

他雄心勃勃。

John Troan, journalist: : He was very aggressive on what he was doing.

约翰·特罗恩（John Troan），记者：他对自己所做的事情非常积极。

When I first met him, he looked very intense and he remained that way.

当我第一次见到他时，他看起来非常紧张，而且一直如此。

I mean, never changed.

我的意思是，从未改变过。

Real intensive personality.

真正强烈的个性。

Narrator: : O’Connor and Salk hit it off right away.

旁白：奥康纳和索尔克一拍即合。

Peter Salk: : Their personalities just meshed.

彼得·索尔克：：他们的性格很契合。

Both shared big dreams, they shared big goals, and they saw in each other someone who was complementary

两人都有共同的梦想，共同的目标，并且在彼此身上看到了互补的人

Narrator: : Salk’s big goals included plans for an unorthodox polio vaccine.

旁白：索尔克的宏伟目标包括非正统的脊髓灰质炎疫苗的计划。

Up until now, leading edge polio researchers had focused on making a vaccine from a live virus, like the vaccines for yellow fever and smallpox — a complex and time consuming process.

到目前为止，领先的脊髓灰质炎研究人员一直专注于用活病毒制造疫苗，例如黄热病和天花疫苗，这是一个复杂且耗时的过程。

Julius Youngner, scientist in Salk’s lab: : Live virus vaccines were the gold standard of virus vaccine.

索尔克实验室的科学家 Julius Youngner：：活病毒疫苗是病毒疫苗的黄金标准。

The whole scientific community of experts said that the only vaccine that would work for polio would be a live vaccine.

整个科学界的专家表示，唯一对脊髓灰质炎有效的疫苗是活疫苗。

Narrator: : Jonas Salk disagreed.

旁白：乔纳斯·索尔克不同意。

His experience developing a flu vaccine told him that a killed virus vaccine was both possible, and faster to produce.

他开发流感疫苗的经验告诉他，灭活病毒疫苗是可能的，而且生产速度更快。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : Salk had been trained to believe with influenza and other viruses that if you took the virus and you killed it and injected it into someone’s arm, you could, trick the body’s immune system into believing that an invader had come, and the body would produce strong and lasting antibody protection.

奥辛斯基，《小儿麻痹症》作者：索尔克接受的训练让他相信，如果你服用流感和其他病毒，杀死它并将其注射到某人的手臂上，你就可以欺骗身体的免疫系统，让其相信入侵者已经到来，并且身体会产生强大而持久的抗体保护。

Narrator: : Proponents of the live virus vaccine dismissed Salk’s ideas as ill-conceived scientific heresy.

旁白：：活病毒疫苗的支持者认为索尔克的想法是考虑不周的科学异端。

Most notably, Albert Sabin.

其中最著名的是阿尔伯特·萨宾。

Samuel L.

塞缪尔·L.

Katz, scientist: : Dr. Sabin had already established a reputation as a sound and imaginative innovative investigator.

Katz，科学家：：Sabin 博士已经建立了作为一位健全且富有想象力的创新研究者的声誉。

He was a little bit bombastic.

他有点夸张。

He was a little bit intolerant of other people’s ideas.

他有点不能容忍别人的想法。

He was always convinced that his own were correct and most of the time he was right.

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : Albert Sabin had been working for a number of years on his live-virus vaccine.

奥辛斯基（Oshinsky），《脊髓灰质炎》作者：阿尔伯特·萨宾（Albert Sabin）多年来一直致力于活病毒疫苗的研究。

Sabin believed that his vaccine was the perfect polio vaccine.

萨宾相信他的疫苗是完美的脊髓灰质炎疫苗。

He also knew that it would take longer to develop, and the constant conflict he had with Basil O’Connor was over time.

他也知道这需要更长的时间来发展，而他与巴兹尔·奥康纳之间不断的冲突也是随着时间的推移而发生的。

“I need the time to perfect my vaccine.” Basil O’Connor wanted everything done now.

“我需要时间来完善我的疫苗。”巴兹尔·奥康纳希望现在一切都完成。

Albert Sabin simply believed that science went by its own clock.

阿尔伯特·萨宾只是相信科学有自己的时钟。

And that the March of Dimes should wait until his vaccine was ready.

“一毛钱游行”应该等到他的疫苗准备好之后。

Narrator: : Salk was a mere “kitchen chemist,” Sabin would say, whose hasty work posed a lurking danger to human health.

旁白：萨宾会说，索尔克只是一个“厨房化学家”，他的仓促工作对人类健康构成了潜在的危险。

But Basil O’Connor didn’t listen.

但巴兹尔·奥康纳没有听。

Salk’s lab would become a leading recipient of March of Dimes support.

索尔克的实验室将成为“March of Dimes”支持的主要接受者。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : What made Basil O’Connor so strong about Jonas Salk, was that O’Connor finally believed he had met a scientist who understood that kids were dying every day, and that speed was important.

奥辛斯基，《脊髓灰质炎》作者：：巴兹尔·奥康纳对乔纳斯·索尔克如此强烈的原因是，奥康纳最终相信他遇到了一位科学家，他明白孩子们每天都在死亡，而速度很重要。

Julius Youngner, scientist in Salk’s lab: : Jonas was swimming against the current.

索尔克实验室的科学家朱利叶斯·杨纳 (Julius Youngner)：乔纳斯正在逆流而行。

He was a young whippersnapper who came out of nowhere, and suddenly is taking on this responsibility, and not only that, but getting the support of Basil O’Connor, because Jonas convinced Basil O’Connor that we were going to do it.

他是一个突然冒出来的年轻自命不凡的人，突然承担起了这个责任，不仅如此，而且还得到了巴兹尔·奥康纳的支持，因为乔纳斯说服了巴兹尔·奥康纳我们会这么做。

Narrator: : At his lab at the University of Pittsburgh, Salk’s race to find a polio vaccine took off.

旁白：在匹兹堡大学的实验室里，索尔克寻找脊髓灰质炎疫苗的竞赛开始了。

Samuel L.

塞缪尔·L.

Katz, scientist: : Dr. Salk’s laboratory was like a factory in that he had a large number of people.

卡茨，科学家：：索尔克博士的实验室就像一个工厂，有很多人。

They were all doing what he dictated they do.

他们都按照他的指示去做。

In contrast, many laboratories were more interested in expanding scientific perspective and not necessarily as goal driven.

相比之下，许多实验室更感兴趣的是扩大科学视角，而不一定是目标驱动。

Narrator: : The pressure he put on his staff was unrelenting.

“Salk thought big,” one colleague observed.

“索尔克的想法很大，”一位同事评论道。

“He wanted to leap, not crawl.”

“他想跳跃，而不是爬行。”

Julius Youngner, scientist in Salk’s lab: : This was a heavily, heavily financed, expensive project.

We used thousands of monkeys.

我们使用了数千只猴子。

We had resources beyond, those that, any of the other researchers had.

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : He almost immediately could see that his killed-virus vaccine, at least in animals, was very, very successful.

奥辛斯基，《脊髓灰质炎》作者：他几乎立刻就发现他的灭活病毒疫苗，至少在动物身上，是非常非常成功的。

His tests with monkeys were extraordinary.

他对猴子的测试非常出色。

They had high antibody levels.

他们的抗体水平很高。

None of them seemed to get polio.

他们似乎都没有患上小儿麻痹症。

He knew he was on the track of something very important.

他知道他正在做一些非常重要的事情。

Narrator: : With the success of his trials on monkeys, Salk pressed for the next necessary, but risky step — to test his vaccine in humans.

旁白：随着在猴子身上进行的试验取得成功，索尔克敦促采取下一个必要但危险的步骤——在人体上测试他的疫苗。

O’Connor eagerly agreed.

奥康纳欣然同意。

But Sabin issued a warning: Salk was moving too quickly; his plan posed a serious threat to innocent lives.

但萨宾发出警告：索尔克行动太快；他的计划对无辜生命构成严重威胁。

O’Connor ignored Sabin’s objections.

奥康纳无视萨宾的反对。

Salk’s human trials would proceed as planned.

索尔克的人体试验将按计划进行。

On July 2, 1952 assisted by the staff at the D.T.

Watson Home for Crippled Children Jonas Salk injected 43 children with his killed virus vaccine.

Samuel L.

塞缪尔·L.

Katz, scientist: : The idea of going into institutions where there were children who were damaged by various diseases and using or exploiting them as subjects for these studies was not regarded in the same way it is today.

卡茨，科学家：：进入那些因各种疾病而受到伤害的儿童的机构并使用或利用他们作为研究对象的想法与今天的方式不同。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : There was no real sense of what we would call informed consent.

If you wanted to test, as Jonas Salk did, you went to the director of an orphanage, or what was called a home for the feeble minded, and you tested.

如果你想像乔纳斯·索尔克那样进行测试，你就去找孤儿院（或者所谓的弱智者之家）的院长，然后进行测试。

Narrator: : A few weeks after the Watson tests, Salk injected children at the Polk State School for the retarded and feeble minded.

旁白：沃森测试几周后，索尔克在波尔克州立学校为弱智儿童注射了注射剂。

Then he administered the vaccine to his family and received a shot himself.

No one got polio.

没有人得小儿麻痹症。

Blood tests showed that, like his lab monkeys, his human subjects had elevated levels of polio fighting antibodies.

血液测试显示，与他的实验室猴子一样，他的人类受试者的脊髓灰质炎抗体水平升高。

A vaccine, Salk believed, was within reach.

索尔克相信，疫苗已经触手可及。

1952 saw the outbreak of America’s worst polio epidemic.

1952 年，美国爆发了最严重的脊髓灰质炎疫情。

More and more older children and adults were contracting the disease.

越来越多的年龄较大的儿童和成人感染了这种疾病。

The older you were, the greater the risk of paralysis or death.

年龄越大，瘫痪或死亡的风险就越大。

Hospital wards were crowded with machines that helped paralyzed patients breathe.

医院病房里挤满了帮助瘫痪病人呼吸的机器。

They were called iron lungs.

他们被称为铁肺。

Larry Becker: : My father came in to explain to me that they wanted to put me in the iron lung and simultaneously one was moved into my room.

拉里·贝克尔：：我父亲进来向我解释说他们想把我放进铁肺里，同时一个也被搬进了我的房间。

It’s a huge piece of equipment, and looked scary, and I didn’t know what it meant.

这是一个巨大的设备，看起来很吓人，我不知道这意味着什么。

Your head is disconnected from your body.

你的头与你的身体断开了。

You can’t see your body.

你看不到你的身体。

And in my case, I couldn’t move anything at first.

就我而言，一开始我什么也动不了。

And I was very uncomfortable because of the pain in my muscles.

由于肌肉疼痛，我感到非常不舒服。

You have to get used to the fact that you don’t control your respiration rate.

你必须习惯你无法控制呼吸频率的事实。

And when you’re first put in, at least it was the case for me, since I was struggling so much to breathe, I just relaxed right into it.

当你第一次进入时，至少对我来说是这样，因为我呼吸困难，所以我就放松下来。

Kathryn Black, writer: : The development of the iron lung was a great scientific advancement in medical care.

凯瑟琳·布莱克（Kathryn Black），作家：：铁肺的发展是医疗保健领域的一项伟大科学进步。

It saved plenty of lives.

它拯救了很多人的生命。

It certainly saved my mother’s life, but it also was its own terrible existence.

它确实救了我母亲的命，但它本身也是可怕的存在。

My mother was flat on her back, being breathed by a machine, tended by people through little portholes on the side of the machine, seeing nothing of the world except what she could see through a mirror above her face.

我母亲平躺着，靠机器呼吸，人们通过机器侧面的小舷窗照料，除了通过脸上的镜子看到的东西之外，她看不到世界上的任何东西。

What happens to your mind, day after day, night after night?

日复一日、夜复一夜，你的心会发生什么？

Narrator: : For most the iron lung was a temporary measure to help them survive during the most acute phase of the disease.

旁白：：对于大多数人来说，铁肺是一种临时措施，可以帮助他们在疾病最严重的阶段生存。

For others, it was permanent.

对于其他人来说，这是永久性的。

Woman in iron lung (archival): : Hello there.

铁肺里的女人（档案）：：你好。

This is a wonderful day for me.

这对我来说是美好的一天。

Five minutes out of my iron lung.

从我的铁肺里出来五分钟。

Five minutes out of my little prison.

离开我的小监狱五分钟。

My kind and friendly prison.

我善良而友好的监狱。

Larry Becker: : The first time I got out of the iron lung I saw the doctor cry because of the difficulties I was having on the bed.

拉里·贝克尔：当我第一次走出铁肺时，我看到医生因为我在床上的困难而哭泣。

That was a shock, and that soon turned into a kind of a self-disgust, I think, or shame which I didn’t articulate, but I just wanted to hide.

那是一种震惊，我想，很快就变成了一种自我厌恶，或者是羞耻，我没有表达出来，但我只是想隐藏。

I was 13 years old.

那年我13岁。

I thought I was immortal.

我以为我是不朽的。

I don’t ever remember being afraid that I would die.

我不记得我曾害怕过自己会死。

I was afraid I wouldn’t get better.

我担心我不会好起来。

Narrator: : Surveys showed that, apart from the atomic bomb, Americans’ greatest fear was polio.

旁白：：调查显示，除了原子弹之外，美国人最害怕的就是小儿麻痹症。

Kathryn Black, writer: : People had put up with polio for a really long time, and they wanted it over.

凯瑟琳·布莱克（Kathryn Black），作家：人们已经忍受小儿麻痹症很长时间了，他们希望它能够结束。

They wanted it done with.

他们希望这件事完成。

The American public wanted that vaccine.

美国公众想要这种疫苗。

Narrator: : On November 16, 1953 Basil O’Connor made a stunning announcement; The March of Dimes would finance, plan and coordinate an unprecedented human experiment, testing Salk’s vaccine on hundreds of thousands of school children.

旁白：1953 年 11 月 16 日，巴兹尔·奥康纳 (Basil O’Connor) 发表了一项令人震惊的声明； “一毛钱游行”将资助、计划和协调一项史无前例的人体实验，在数十万学童身上测试索尔克的疫苗。

Reaction from within the scientific community was scathing.

科学界内部的反应是严厉的。

Injecting Salk’s vaccine, Albert Sabin warned, might cause polio, not prevent it.

阿尔伯特·萨宾警告说，注射索尔克疫苗可能会导致脊髓灰质炎，而不是预防它。

John Troan, journalist: : Sabin was very aggressive.

约翰·特罗恩（John Troan），记者：：萨宾非常具有攻击性。

And he could be very abrasive.

而且他可能非常粗暴。

He was trying everything to postpone the field trial, to downgrade the Salk vaccine.

他想尽一切办法推迟现场试验，降低索尔克疫苗的等级。

He said, “This vaccine isn’t ready to be tested.

他说：“这种疫苗还没有准备好进行测试。

We should wait five more years.

我们应该再等五年。

We should wait 10 more years.”

我们应该再等10年。”

Narrator: : O’Connor refused to wait.

旁白：：奥康纳拒绝等待。

With another polio season looming, he would let nothing stop the trials.

随着另一个脊髓灰质炎季节的临近，他不会让任何事情阻止试验。

“This is one of the most important projects in medical history,” he wrote to parents across the country.

“这是医学史上最重要的项目之一，”他写信给全国各地的家长。

“We feel sure you’ll want your child to take part.”

“我们确信您会希望您的孩子参加。”

Kathryn Black, writer: : As a parent today, it’s unimaginable that I would be one of those people pushing my child to the front of the line, saying, you know, “Put the polio vaccine in my child first, and let’s see if it works.”

凯瑟琳·布莱克（Kathryn Black），作家：：作为今天的父母，很难想象我会成为那些把我的孩子推到前线的人之一，说，你知道，“先给我的孩子注射脊髓灰质炎疫苗，让我们看看它是否有效。”

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : You are asking the parents of American to line up their kids for a vaccine that no one is sure how well it works, and no one is certain that it is perfectly safe.

奥辛斯基，《脊髓灰质炎》作者：：你要求美国人的父母为他们的孩子安排一种疫苗，但没有人确定它的效果如何，也没有人确定它是完全安全的。

It has really not been tested that much on humans.

它确实没有在人类身上进行过那么多测试。

This is an enormous leap of faith.

这是信仰的巨大飞跃。

Narrator: : On April 26th, 1954, The March of Dimes began field trials.

旁白： 1954 年 4 月 26 日，“一毛钱游行”开始实地试验。

Randy Kerr, a six-year-old in McLean, Virginia was the first to receive Salk’s vaccine.

弗吉尼亚州麦克莱恩市六岁的兰迪·克尔 (Randy Kerr) 是第一个接种索尔克疫苗的人。

By June nearly two million children had taken part.

截至 6 月，已有近 200 万儿童参与其中。

It was the largest human experiment in American history.

这是美国历史上最大规模的人体实验。

Parents would have to wait for nearly a year to learn the results.

家长们需要等待近一年才能得知结果。

On the morning of April 12th, 1955, the March of Dimes made their announcement.

1955 年 4 月 12 日上午，“一毛钱游行”宣布了这一消息。

John Troan, journalist: : There was a build-up to the report on the field trial.

约翰·特罗恩（John Troan），记者：：现场试验报告有一个积累。

Everybody was interested.

大家都很感兴趣。

Everybody was waiting, waiting, waiting.

每个人都在等待，等待，等待。

Does it work?

有效吗？

Does it work?

有效吗？

Kathryn Black, writer: : There was no bigger story at that time.

凯瑟琳·布莱克（Kathryn Black），作家：：当时没有什么更大的故事。

It was held in secrecy like no state secret ever could be.

它像任何国家机密一样保密。

This news was awaited around the world.

全世界都在等待这个消息。

Narrator: : A press release would reveal the findings everyone was waiting for.

旁白：：新闻稿将揭示每个人都在等待的调查结果。

John Troan, journalist: : They were going to bring it up on an elevator.

约翰·特罗恩（John Troan），记者：：他们打算用电梯把它带上来。

The press room was over crowded.

新闻发布室人满为患。

We were elbow to elbow.

我们肩并肩。

The public relations man steps off the elevator with the dolly, and he can’t move into the press room.

公关人员推着小车走下电梯，他无法进入新闻发布室。

Everybody ganging around him, guys were jumping over desks.

每个人都围着他，有人在桌子上跳跃。

The fellow climbed up on the dolly and he began flinging these things out left and right.

那家伙爬上小车，开始左右扔这些东西。

It was bedlam.

场面一片混乱。

Winston Burdett (archival): : The Salk polio vaccine is a success.

温斯顿·伯德特（档案）：：索尔克脊髓灰质炎疫苗取得了成功。

The vaccine works.

疫苗有效。

Narrator: : Factory whistles blew, school children cheered, parents wept.

旁白：：工厂汽笛长鸣，学童欢呼，家长哭泣。

John Troan, journalist: : Everybody was so happy.

记者 John Troan：：每个人都很高兴。

It was the most satisfying story I would cover in 44 years in journalism.

这是我从业 44 年来报道过的最令人满意的故事。

Peter Salk: : The relief that was brought about by all of a sudden having something that could be done to stop this, it was- I think that was just overwhelming.

彼得·索尔克：：突然间有了一些可以阻止这种情况发生的事情所带来的解脱，我认为这真是压倒性的。

Paul A.

保罗·A.

Offit, scientist: : Jonas Salk was viewed as an American hero.

奥菲特，科学家：乔纳斯·索尔克被视为美国英雄。

This awful disease had now been conquered by this man who we had funded, this scientist who was us.

这种可怕的疾病现在已经被我们资助的这位科学家、我们的科学家征服了。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : This vaccine vindicated 20 years of giving dimes, 20 years of volunteering.

Oshinsky，《脊髓灰质炎》作者：：这种疫苗证明了 20 年来的捐献和 20 年来的志愿服务的正确性。

It was a victory for millions of faceless people who had done what they could to end the scourge of polio.

这是数百万默默无闻的人们的胜利，他们竭尽全力结束脊髓灰质炎的祸害。

Narrator: : Five years before the disease had raged through Wytheville.

旁白：：五年前，疾病肆虐威斯维尔。

Now, the community, like thousands of others across the country, would finally receive the vaccine.

现在，这个社区和全国成千上万的其他人一样，终于可以接种疫苗了。

Anne B.

安妮·B.

Crockett-Stark: : I remember hearing about Dr. Salk, Dr. Salk, and how exciting it was.

克罗克特-斯塔克：：我记得听说过索尔克博士，索尔克博士，它是多么令人兴奋。

That man saved the world from polio.

那个男人拯救了世界，使其免于脊髓灰质炎。

Narrator: : Less than a month after vaccinations began, the nation’s triumphant polio crusade was brought to a screeching halt.

旁白：：疫苗接种开始不到一个月，全国取得胜利的脊髓灰质炎运动就戛然而止。

Leonard Scheele (archival): : As surgeon general of the public health service, I recommended the day before yesterday that vaccination programs against poliomyelitis be temporarily postponed….

Leonard Scheele（档案）：：作为公共卫生部门的卫生局局长，我前天建议暂时推迟脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种计划……

Narrator: : Thousands of children vaccinated with the new Salk vaccine had become sick.

旁白：：数千名接种新索尔克疫苗的儿童患病。

Hundreds would be permanently paralyzed.

数百人将永久瘫痪。

A handful would even die.

少数人甚至会死。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : We have gone from this amazing situation of euphoria, a disease on the run, to the vaccine itself producing additional cases of polio.

奥辛斯基（Oshinsky），《脊髓灰质炎》作者：：我们已经从这种令人惊奇的欣快感（一种正在蔓延的疾病）转变为疫苗本身产生更多的脊髓灰质炎病例。

All polio vaccine is taken off the market until the government can pinpoint exactly what has gone wrong.

所有脊髓灰质炎疫苗都将从市场上撤下，直到政府能够准确查明问题所在。

Narrator: : Investigators soon learned that all the sick children had been injected with a bad batch of vaccine, made in Berkeley, California.

旁白：：调查人员很快了解到，所有患病儿童都注射了加州伯克利生产的劣质疫苗。

After a hasty and poorly staffed government screening process the vaccine had been deemed safe.

经过仓促且人员不足的政府筛选过程后，该疫苗被认为是安全的。

In fact it had contained virulent live polio virus.

事实上，它含有剧毒的活脊髓灰质炎病毒。

Cutter Laboratories wasn’t alone — all the pharmaceutical companies were having difficulties mass-producing Salk’s formula.

卡特实验室并不孤单——所有制药公司都在大规模生产索尔克配方时遇到困难。

One scientist especially, felt vindicated — Albert Sabin.

尤其是一位科学家，阿尔伯特·萨宾（Albert Sabin），他感到自己被证明是正确的。

David M.

大卫·M。

Oshinsky, author, Polio: : Sabin had always been of the mind that not only was the Salk vaccine not effective but potentially was unsafe.

奥辛斯基，《脊髓灰质炎》作者：萨宾一直认为索尔克疫苗不仅无效，而且可能不安全。

After Cutter, Albert Sabin simply went around to anyone who would ask — and many people did — saying, “I told you so.”

在卡特之后，阿尔伯特·萨宾只是简单地对任何想问的人——很多人都这么做了——说，“我告诉过你了。”

Narrator: : Despite the crisis, O’Connor’s confidence in Salk’s vaccine never faltered.

旁白：：尽管面临危机，奥康纳对索尔克疫苗的信心从未动摇。

Basil O’Connor (archival): : Well I can only say to you that I see that its future is still a good sound, safe vaccine, that will protect the people….

巴兹尔·奥康纳（档案）：我只能对你说，我认为它的未来仍然是一种良好、安全的疫苗，它将保护人民……。

Paul A.

保罗·A.

Offit, scientist: : The Salk vaccine was licensed at a time when we basically didn’t have vaccine regulation in this country.

奥菲特，科学家：索尔克疫苗是在我们国家基本上没有疫苗监管的时候获得许可的。

The government learned that having 10 people oversee vaccines, and frankly doing it on a part-time basis, was not good enough.

政府了解到，由 10 名人员负责监督疫苗，而且坦率地说是兼职的，这还不够好。

The Cutter incident was a painful lesson about the fact that we needed much better oversight.

卡特事件是一个惨痛的教训，告诉我们我们需要更好的监督。

Narrator: : In the wake of the tragedy, manufacturing standards would be tightened, and government regulation increased.

旁白：悲剧发生后，制造标准将会收紧，政府监管也会加强。

But, only eight days after the surgeon general announced a halt, the nation’s polio vaccination program resumed.

但是，在卫生局局长宣布停止后仅八天，该国的脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种计划就恢复了。

Americans continued to vaccinate their children.

美国人继续为他们的孩子接种疫苗。

They had waited years for the polio vaccine.

他们等待脊髓灰质炎疫苗已有多年。

They were not about to wait any longer.

他们不打算再等了。

The nation’s polio vaccination program, lead by the March of Dimes — now supported by the United States Government — proved safe and overwhelmingly effective.

由“March of Dimes”领导的国家脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种计划（现已得到美国政府的支持）被证明是安全且极其有效的。

Within just a few seasons the number of polio cases in the United States decreased by 50 percent.

短短几个季节内，美国的脊髓灰质炎病例数就减少了 50%。

Memories of summers filled with fear began to fade.

充满恐惧的夏天的记忆开始消失。

By 1962 Albert Sabin’s live virus vaccine was finally ready.

1962 年，阿尔伯特·萨宾 (Albert Sabin) 的活病毒疫苗终于研制成功。

An oral vaccine, it was easier to administer and cheaper to produce than Salk’s.

作为一种口服疫苗，它比索尔克的疫苗更容易管理，生产成本也更便宜。

The years to come would see the scientific efforts of both Salk and Sabin pay off dramatically.

在接下来的几年里，索尔克和萨宾的科学努力将获得巨大的回报。

Polio, once one of America’s most feared diseases, became largely a thing of the past.

脊髓灰质炎曾经是美国最可怕的疾病之一，但现在基本上已经成为过去。

Kathryn Black, writer: : Nobody cared about polio anymore.

凯瑟琳·布莱克（Kathryn Black），作家：：没有人再关心脊髓灰质炎了。

It was over.

一切都结束了。

My mother, coming home from the rehab center, it is not the story of triumph and conquering.

我的母亲从康复中心回家，这不是一个胜利和征服的故事。

It is the story of defeat.

这是一个失败的故事。

After a year of treatment, it didn’t fix her.

经过一年的治疗，她的病情并没有好转。

It didn’t fix our family.

它并没有解决我们的家庭问题。

Our family had disintegrated around her.

我们的家庭在她周围崩溃了。

Narrator: : When Kathryn Black was six years old, her mother died.

旁白：：凯瑟琳·布莱克六岁时，她的母亲去世了。

Larry Becker spent two and a half years in the hospital.

拉里·贝克尔在医院住了两年半。

He learned to breathe on his own by using the muscles in his neck.

他学会了利用颈部的肌肉自行呼吸。

His arms remained paralyzed but after slowly regaining the use of his legs, he was finally ready to move home.

他的手臂仍然瘫痪，但在慢慢恢复双腿的使用能力后，他终于准备好搬回家了。

Larry Becker: : There were three steps up to the house, and then my bedroom would be upstairs.

拉里·贝克尔：上楼要走三级台阶，然后我的卧室就在楼上。

This is the 50’s, if your bedroom was going to be upstairs, then you had to learn to climb the steps.

这是50年代，如果你的卧室要在楼上，那么你就必须学会爬楼梯。

When I graduated from college and when I got my Ph.D., local newspapers published a picture of me writing with my feet, I don’t know what the headline is exactly.

当我大学毕业、获得博士学位时，当地报纸刊登了一张我用脚写字的照片，我不知道标题到底是什么。

I always think of it as Polio Boy Makes Good, you know that kind of…

我一直认为这是小儿麻痹症男孩的表现，你知道那种……

and I thought, “Whoa, this is going to follow me for the rest of my life.” So…

我想，“哇，这将伴随我一生。”所以……

but you know.

但你知道。

Here I am whining.

我在这里发牢骚。

It’s not— It’s no big deal.

这不——没什么大不了的。

Narrator: : In 1994, 44 years after the epidemic hit Wytheville, Virginia and nearly 60 years after Basil O’Connor first called upon Americans to send their dimes to the White House, polio was declared eradicated in the United States.

旁白： 1994 年，即该流行病袭击弗吉尼亚州威斯维尔 44 年后，距离巴兹尔·奥康纳首次呼吁美国人向白宫捐款近 60 年后，小儿麻痹症在美国被宣布根除。

The polio crusade was a time when Americans banded together to conquer a terrible disease.

小儿麻痹症运动是美国人团结起来战胜一种可怕疾病的时期。

In the mid-twentieth century, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (the predecessor to today’s March of Dimes) pioneered a new approach to philanthropy, raising money a dime at a time from millions of small donors.

二十世纪中叶，国家小儿麻痹症基金会（今天的一毛钱游行的前身）开创了一种新的慈善方式，从数百万小额捐助者那里一次筹集一毛钱。

Larry Becker fell ill with infantile paralysis in summer 1952, when he was 13 years old.

1952 年夏天，13 岁的拉里·贝克尔 (Larry Becker) 患上了小儿麻痹症。

Dr. Isabel Morgan was an early and important player in the race to find a polio vaccine.

伊莎贝尔·摩根博士是寻找脊髓灰质炎疫苗的竞赛中的早期重要参与者。

Suggested classroom activities on how polio affected the local community and the effectiveness of the vaccine.

建议开展关于脊髓灰质炎如何影响当地社区以及疫苗有效性的课堂活动。

中文为机器翻译，仅供参考。