The Poisoner's Handbook

Maid: : Housekeeping!

女佣： ： 客房服务！

Mr. Jackson?

杰克逊先生？

Narrator: : In 1922, 101 New Yorkers hanged themselves, 444 died in car accidents, 20 were crushed in elevators.

旁白： 1922年，101名纽约人上吊自杀，444人死于车祸，20人被电梯压死。

There were 237 fatal shootings, and 34 stabbings.

共有 237 起枪击事件和 34 起刺伤事件。

And that year, 997 New Yorkers died of poisoning.

那一年，997 名纽约人中毒身亡。

On April 25 1922, Fremont Jackson and his wife Annie took their place among those grim statistics.

1922 年 4 月 25 日，弗里蒙特·杰克逊 (Fremont Jackson) 和他的妻子安妮 (Annie) 也出现在这些严峻的统计数据中。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : This is a multiple death.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：：这是一起多发死亡事件。

The multiple deaths -- they're a different class of death.

多人死亡——它们是不同类别的死亡。

When you look at multiple deaths, they're not usually accidents and they're not usually natural.

当你观察多起死亡事件时，你会发现它们通常不是事故，也不是自然现象。

Colin Evans, Writer: : The initial suspicion was that they had been the victims of a dual suicide.

科林·埃文斯（Colin Evans），编剧：：最初怀疑他们是双重自杀的受害者。

Then they looked around and nobody could find any sign of any poison anywhere.

然后他们环顾四周，没有人发现任何有毒的迹象。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : It's kind of a classic lock-door mystery.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：：这是一种经典的锁门之谜。

People are dead on the floor with what they think is a poison exposure.

人们认为是中毒了，倒在地板上死了。

But there's absolutely no poison in the apartment.

但公寓里绝对没有毒药。

Nothing.

没有什么。

Narrator: : The Jackson mystery seemed destined to become just another cold case.

旁白：：杰克逊之谜似乎注定会成为又一个悬案。

Instead, it would mark the emergence of forensic science, and a new era in criminal investigation.

相反，它将标志着法医学的出现和刑事调查的新时代。

Charles Norris (Don Sparks): : It is the body of a well-nourished elderly white male....

查尔斯·诺里斯（唐·斯帕克斯饰）：：这是一具营养良好的老年白人男性的尸体……

Narrator: : Like many such mysteries, the Jackson case found its way to Charles Norris at Bellevue Hospital.

旁白：：像许多此类谜团一样，杰克逊案件找到了贝尔维尤医院的查尔斯·诺里斯。

Charles Norris (Don Sparks): : Other than the usual post-mortem changes there are no marks or bruises on the scalp, face, or neck....

查尔斯·诺里斯（唐·斯帕克斯饰）：除了常见的尸检变化外，头皮、面部或颈部没有任何痕迹或瘀伤……

Narrator: : As New York's Chief Medical Examiner, Norris was responsible for investigating every violent or suspicious death in the city.

旁白：：作为纽约的首席法医，诺里斯负责调查该市每一起暴力或可疑的死亡事件。

And he was taking a radical approach to the job.

他对这项工作采取了激进的态度。

For four years now, Norris had been studying the bodies of victims to find out how they died.

四年来，诺里斯一直在研究受害者的尸体，以查明他们的死因。

This was a far cry from the way New York City had dealt with suspicious deaths in the past.

这与纽约市过去处理可疑死亡事件的方式相去甚远。

Traditionally, they had been handled by city coroners.

传统上，它们是由市验尸官处理的。

Even in an era of rampant corruption, New York coroners stood out.

即使在腐败猖獗的时代，纽约验尸官也脱颖而出。

The job was handed out by the mayor like any other political plum.

与其他政坛名将一样，这份工作是由市长授予的。

Painters, milkmen, undertakers, musicians; anyone could be a coroner.

画家、送牛奶工、殡仪员、音乐家；任何人都可以成为验尸官。

And because they were paid by the body, coroners liked to process as many as possible, as quickly as possible.

因为他们的报酬是由尸体支付的，所以验尸官喜欢尽可能快地处理尽可能多的尸体。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Coroners also had an incentive to make money from the families of the dead.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：验尸官也有从死者家属那里赚钱的动机。

So you could find coroners who wouldn't release the body to a family unless they went to a funeral home that was giving them kickbacks.

因此，你可能会发现验尸官不会将尸体交还给家人，除非他们去了给他们回扣的殡仪馆。

At the same time, you could also make money by selling cause of death.

同时，你也可以通过出售死因来赚钱。

"I don't want my best friend to be found guilty of murder." "I don't want my husband to have committed suicide."

“我不希望我最好的朋友被判犯有谋杀罪。” “我不希望我的丈夫自杀。”

Narrator: : If you had the right connections you could get away with murder.

旁白：：如果你有正确的关系，你就可以逃脱谋杀罪。

Even if you didn't, the coroners' incompetence meant that science played virtually no part in law enforcement.

即使你不这样做，验尸官的无能也意味着科学在执法中几乎没有发挥任何作用。

"Numerous homicides have undoubtedly failed of detection," a study had concluded, "and skillful poisoning can be carried out almost with impunity." Charles Norris had been an unlikely candidate to reform this wretched system.

一项研究得出结论：“毫无疑问，许多凶杀案都未能被发现，而巧妙的投毒几乎可以不受惩罚。”查尔斯·诺里斯不太可能成为改革这一悲惨制度的候选人。

He came from one of the wealthiest families in Philadelphia.

他来自费城最富有的家庭之一。

He could have lived a life of idle luxury, but chose instead to study medicine at Columbia University.

他本可以过上奢侈的生活，但他选择了在哥伦比亚大学学习医学。

David J.

大卫·J。

Krajicek, Writer: : After finishing his medical training, Norris went to Europe, studied in Berlin and Vienna.

作家克拉吉塞克： 诺里斯完成医学培训后前往欧洲，在柏林和维也纳学习。

And he was quite smitten by the developing European use of scientific evidence in the criminal justice system.

他对欧洲在刑事司法系统中不断利用科学证据感到非常着迷。

And he brought that idea back to the United States.

他把这个想法带回了美国。

Narrator: : When Norris returned home, he joined an alliance of civic groups, newspaper editors, and state officials that was trying to do away with the coroners.

旁白：诺里斯回国后，加入了一个由民间团体、报纸编辑和州官员组成的联盟，该联盟试图废除验尸官。

They wanted a medical examiner's office, staffed by professionals, employing the latest techniques in forensic science.

他们想要一个配备专业人士、采用最新法医学技术的法医办公室。

In 1918, over the bitter opposition of the mayor, they succeeded.

1918年，他们不顾市长的强烈反对，成功了。

Norris was chosen to lead the new department.

诺里斯被选为新部门的领导者。

But from day one, it was clear that he had made a powerful enemy.

但从第一天起，他就明显地遇到了一个强大的敌人。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : The Mayor of New York was Red Mike Hylan.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：：纽约市长是瑞德·迈克·海兰（Red Mike Hylan）。

He was forced really, literally forced to hire Norris.

他真的被迫雇用诺里斯。

He wanted a medical examiner's department that would do favors for him.

他想要一个能为他提供帮助的法医部门。

You know, "My friend got in trouble with this.

你知道，“我的朋友为此遇到了麻烦。

I'd like you to help me cover up that." But Norris was too much of a purist to ever play those games.

我希望你能帮我掩盖这一点。”但诺里斯过于纯粹主义者，从来没有玩过这些游戏。

David J.

大卫·J。

Krajicek, Writer: : Norris was driven by the desire to create what he called a, a medical-legal justice system in America that was science based, where convictions and acquittals weren't based upon who you knew but were based upon science and fact.

克拉吉塞克（Krajicek），作家：诺里斯（Norris）渴望在美国建立一个以科学为基础的医学法律司法体系，在这个体系中，定罪和无罪释放不是基于你认识的人，而是基于科学和事实。

That was his mission.

这就是他的使命。

That was his personal mission.

这是他的个人使命。

Narrator: : Hylan was looking for any opportunity to undermine this well-heeled reformer.

旁白：海兰正在寻找任何机会来削弱这位富有的改革者。

Norris couldn't afford any mistakes, especially when the whole country was watching.

诺里斯不能承担任何错误，尤其是在全国都在关注的情况下。

Norris needed answers.

诺里斯需要答案。

He turned to Alexander Gettler, the brilliant young chemist who ran his toxicology lab: the first of its kind in the country.

他求助于亚历山大·盖特勒（Alexander Gettler），一位才华横溢的年轻化学家，他经营着自己的毒理学实验室：这是该国第一个此类实验室。

Michael M.

迈克尔·M。

Baden, Forensic Pathologist: : When I first met Dr. Gettler as a medical student coming over to see autopsies, he was very nice.

巴登，法医病理学家：：当我第一次见到 Gettler 博士时，我还是一名医学生，过来查看尸检，他非常友善。

A small man compared to Norris, for example.

例如，与诺里斯相比，他是个小个子。

Very polite, but very shy in a way.

非常有礼貌，但在某种程度上非常害羞。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Ok.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：：好的。

Set up a steam distillation for cyanide.

设置氰化物的蒸汽蒸馏装置。

Good morning Alice.

早上好，爱丽丝。

Tartaric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid.

酒石酸、氢氧化钠、盐酸。

And I think we're out of ferric chloride -- you'll need to make some up.

我想我们的氯化铁已经用完了——你需要补充一些。

Michael M.

迈克尔·M。

Baden, Forensic Pathologist: : I never heard him speak about anything else in his life, other than toxicology.

巴登，法医病理学家：：除了毒理学之外，我从未听他谈论过他一生中的任何其他事情。

Not family, not friends.

不是家人，不是朋友。

I had the impression that he was a guy who was thinking of chemical formulas all the time.

我的印象是他是一个一直在思考化学公式的人。

Narrator: : Norris had hired Alexander Gettler as soon as he took office, and the young man had become his closest ally.

旁白：诺里斯一上任就聘请了亚历山大·盖特勒，这个年轻人成了他最亲密的盟友。

Gettler had built the toxicology lab from scratch, and trained his staff in the emerging science.

盖特勒从头开始建立了毒理学实验室，并对他的员工进行了新兴科学方面的培训。

In this case, Gettler's first challenge was deciding which poison to look for.

在这种情况下，盖特勒面临的第一个挑战是决定寻找哪种毒药。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : There were signs that this was possibly a cyanide poisoning.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：有迹象表明这可能是氰化物中毒。

There's this weird reddening of the skin because of the way it chemically interacts with the blood stream.

由于皮肤与血液发生化学反应，皮肤会出现奇怪的变红现象。

There's bluing around the lips, which would which would normally say to you, "Someone was having a problem getting oxygen." Cyanide interferes with your body's ability to process oxygen, so that you have a chemical suffocation.

嘴唇周围发蓝，这通常会告诉你，“有人在获取氧气时遇到了问题。”氰化物会干扰身体处理氧气的能力，从而导致化学窒息。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : The police report said they went down like a shot.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：：警方报告称，他们像枪响一样倒地。

Now very few things drop people like a shot -- heart, rarely brain, and some toxins.

现在很少有东西能像枪击一样让人致命——心脏，很少有大脑，还有一些毒素。

Now of the toxins that will drop you like a shot, cyanide has to be right up there.

在那些会像子弹一样击中你的毒素中，氰化物一定是其中的佼佼者。

Narrator: : If the Jacksons had swallowed cyanide, there would be traces in their stomachs.

旁白：：如果杰克逊一家吞下了氰化物，他们的胃里就会有痕迹。

That is where Gettler's search began.

这就是盖特勒的搜索开始的地方。

Gettler's life work boiled down to one fiendishly difficult task: finding trace amounts of poison in an overwhelming matrix of human tissue.

盖特勒一生的工作归结为一项极其艰巨的任务：在巨大的人体组织基质中寻找微量的毒物。

He started by grinding a chunk of the stomach wall.

他首先磨碎了一块胃壁。

He then slowly distilled the resulting sludge.

然后他慢慢蒸馏所得的污泥。

Any cyanide in the Jacksons' stomachs would be concentrated in the distillate collected at the end of the process.

杰克逊夫妇胃中的任何氰化物都会浓缩在过程结束时收集的馏出物中。

Gettler was most at home finding his way through intricate mazes of compounds and formulas.

盖特勒最擅长在复杂的化合物和配方迷宫中找到出路。

The deeper the mystery, the more obsessive he became.

谜团越深，他就越着迷。

Nothing had ever come easily to Alexander Gettler.

对于亚历山大·盖特勒来说，没有什么是容易的。

He had grown up poor, one of the multitude of immigrants struggling to free themselves from the troubles of Manhattan's Lower East Side.

他出身贫寒，是众多努力摆脱曼哈顿下东区困境的移民之一。

Even then he had been obsessed with chemistry.

即便如此，他仍然对化学着迷。

He had put himself through school by working the graveyard shift at the Brooklyn/Battery ferry, doing homework through the night and attending classes during the day.

他通过在布鲁克林/巴特利渡轮上夜班、晚上做作业、白天上课来完成学业。

He understood then that chemistry could unravel the mysteries of nature.

那时他明白化学可以解开自然的奥秘。

Now he hoped that it could illuminate the messy and confusing circumstances that all too often separated life from death.

现在，他希望它能够阐明那些经常将生与死分开的混乱和令人困惑的情况。

Abraham Freireich (Howard Lotker): : Dr. Gettler's about to start that now.

亚伯拉罕·弗莱瑞克（霍华德·洛特克）：：盖特勒博士现在就要开始了。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Yeah -- Fremont.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：：是的——弗里蒙特。

I'll just be a minute.

我就等一下。

Narrator: : The hunt was almost over.

旁白：：狩猎快结束了。

The last step was to unmask the poison in the distillate.

最后一步是揭露馏出物中的毒物。

All poisons have indelible signatures -- the trick is to reveal them.

所有的毒药都有不可磨灭的特征——关键是要揭露它们。

Cyanide can be unmasked by adding chemicals to turn it a deep, Prussian blue.

通过添加化学物质使其变成深普鲁士蓝，可以揭露氰化物。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : There was nothing.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：什么也没有。

There was not a trace of cyanide in the stomach.

胃里没有发现一丝氰化物。

And so now you have this impossible problem.

现在你遇到了这个不可能的问题。

You've got people who look like they died of cyanide poisoning, you've run all of your tests, and there's nothing there.

有些人看起来像是死于氰化物中毒，你已经进行了所有测试，但什么也没有。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : Gettler examined the stomach wall.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：：盖特勒检查了胃壁。

Didn't find it.

没找到。

Examined the gastric contents.

检查胃内容物。

Didn't find it.

没找到。

The police brought in substances, every substance they could find apparently from the apartment.

警察带来了一些物质，他们能在公寓里找到的所有物质。

Gettler dutifully tested all of them.

盖特勒尽职尽责地测试了所有这些。

Negative.

消极的。

Well by this time he knows what?

那么这个时候他知道什么了？

Since the stomach is empty, the gastric contents is negative, then it has to be an inhalation.

由于胃是空的，胃内容物呈阴性，那么就必须是吸入。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Cyanide was a very popular rat killer of the time.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者： ：氰化物是当时非常流行的灭鼠剂。

And the gas they used to use to fumigate then was hydrogen cyanide, which is a phenomenally poisonous gas.

当时他们用来熏蒸的气体是氰化氢，这是一种剧毒气体。

Colin Evans, Writer: : They then contacted the hotel manager and asked him if there had been any fumigation of the hotel to get rid of pests.

科林·埃文斯（Colin Evans），作家：：他们随后联系了酒店经理，询问他酒店是否进行过熏蒸以消灭害虫。

And he assured them that "No, there had been no such fumigation." And he was as much in the dark as to how the couple had died as the examiners.

他向他们保证：“没有，没有进行过这样的熏蒸。”他和考官一样对这对夫妇的死因一无所知。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : So then they have to go back and they, they do what all good policemen do.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：：所以他们必须回去，他们做了所有好警察都会做的事情。

They start talking to people, and they talk to people, and they talk to people.

他们开始与人们交谈，他们与人们交谈，他们与人们交谈。

There's no substitute for a good homicide detective.

优秀的凶杀案侦探是无可替代的。

Believe me, there isn't.

相信我，没有。

And they find a maid who finally, she fesses up and says yes she knows that they were fumigating.

他们找到了一个女仆，最后她承认并说是的，她知道他们在熏蒸。

Narrator: : The mystery was beginning to unfold.

旁白：：谜团开始揭开。

The next step was to determine how cyanide gas could have seeped into the Jacksons' apartment.

下一步是确定氰化物气体如何渗入杰克逊夫妇的公寓。

The police came up with a simple test, setting off smoke bombs in the hotel's basement rooms, where the fumigation had taken place.

警方想出了一个简单的测试，在进行熏蒸的酒店地下室引爆烟雾弹。

Another piece of the puzzle fell into place.

另一块拼图也随之解开。

But there was still no proof that the Jacksons had inhaled the cyanide gas.

但仍然没有证据表明杰克逊夫妇吸入了氰化物气体。

For that, Gettler would have to examine their lungs.

为此，盖特勒必须检查他们的肺部。

Unfortunately, those were six feet underground in a New Jersey cemetery.

不幸的是，这些墓地位于新泽西州的一个墓地地下六英尺处。

The D.A.

地方检察官

reluctantly gave permission to exhume Fremont Jackson's body, a request that would have been unthinkable when coroners were in charge.

不情愿地允许挖掘弗里蒙特·杰克逊的尸体，这在验尸官负责时是不可想象的。

Narrator: : Two weeks after his death, Fremont Jackson's lungs were delivered to Gettler's lab, where they were ground up and distilled in preparation for the Prussian Blue test.

旁白：：弗里蒙特·杰克逊去世两周后，他的肺被送到盖特勒的实验室，在那里将其磨碎并蒸馏，为普鲁士蓝测试做准备。

The hotel manager had lied to the police, and the fumigator had been negligent.

酒店经理向警方撒了谎，熏蒸员也存在疏忽。

Both men were charged with first-degree manslaughter.

两人均被指控犯有一级过失杀人罪。

The penalty was 10 years.

刑罚为10年。

As Norris and Gettler made their way into court, they were apprehensive.

当诺里斯和盖特勒进入法庭时，他们感到很担心。

Judges, juries, and lawyers were unacquainted with forensic science, and furthermore, anyone resembling a coroner was assumed to be a political hack.

法官、陪审团和律师都不熟悉法医学，此外，任何类似于验尸官的人都被认为是政治黑客。

Defense Lawyer (R.

辩护律师（R.

Scott Williams): : Doctor Gettler, are you licensed and authorized to practice medicine?

斯科特·威廉姆斯 (Scott Williams)：：盖特勒医生，您是否获得行医许可和授权？

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : No. I am toxicologist to the Chief Medical Examiner's Office.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯）： ：不。我是首席法医办公室的毒理学家。

Defense Lawyer (R.

辩护律师（R.

Scott Williams): : But you are not licensed to practice medicine...

斯科特·威廉姆斯 (Scott Williams)：：但是你没有行医执照......

Defense Lawyer (R.

辩护律师（R.

Scott Williams): : You have testified that you found traces of cyanide in Fremont Jackson's lungs.

斯科特·威廉姆斯 (Scott Williams)：：您已经证明您在弗里蒙特·杰克逊的肺部发现了氰化物的痕迹。

I assume that you did this analysis soon after Mr. Jackson's death?

我想您是在杰克逊先生去世后不久就进行了这项分析吧？

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Well, it had been buried for five days.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯饰）：嗯，它已经被埋了五天了。

We had it exhumed in order to remove the lungs.

我们把它挖出来以取出肺部。

Defense Lawyer (R.

辩护律师（R.

Scott Williams): : You exhumed the body?

斯科特·威廉姆斯）：：你挖出了尸体？

How extraordinary!

多么非凡啊！

By the time you finally got around to examining Mr. Jackson's lungs, I assume the body had begun to decompose?

当你最终抽出时间检查杰克逊先生的肺部时，我猜他的尸体已经开始腐烂了？

Defense Lawyer (R.

辩护律师（R.

Scott Williams): : Well how do you know that the cyanide you found wasn't just a natural by-product of the body's decomposition?

斯科特·威廉姆斯（Scott Williams）：那么你怎么知道你发现的氰化物不仅仅是人体分解的自然副产品？

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Cyanide is not a by-product of decomposition.

Alexander Gettler（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：：氰化物不是分解的副产品。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : All right.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：：好的。

Let me correct myself: while it's possible that small amounts of cyanide might be produced during decomposition, that would never account for the concentrations in Mr. Jackson's lungs.

让我纠正一下自己：虽然分解过程中可能会产生少量氰化物，但这永远无法解释杰克逊先生肺部的浓度。

Defense Lawyer (R.

辩护律师（R.

Scott Williams): : Why don't you just tell us the truth: you had no way of knowing what to expect in Mr. Jackson's lungs.

斯科特·威廉姆斯（Scott Williams）：：你为什么不告诉我们真相：你无法知道杰克逊先生的肺部会发生什么。

You just had a hunch that what you saw was the result of a crime.

你只是有一种预感，你所看到的是犯罪的结果。

And on the strength of that hunch the jury is supposed to send this man away for 10 years.

根据这种预感，陪审团应该将这名男子判处 10 年监禁。

You have a lot of faith in your hunches, sir.

先生，您对自己的预感非常有信心。

Thank you, "Doctor" Gettler.

谢谢你，盖特勒“医生”。

Narrator: : The prosecution's case collapsed.

旁白：：检方的案子失败了。

Both men got off.

两人都下了车。

Gettler was stunned.

盖特勒惊呆了。

He had been made to look a fool, and worse still, he had undermined Norris's campaign to legitimize forensic science.

他被认为是个傻瓜，更糟糕的是，他破坏了诺里斯使法医科学合法化的运动。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : After the Jackson case Gettler is, "I'm going back to the laboratory and I'm gonna nail this science so precisely that no one will ever do that again." He did hundreds of tests on cyanide.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》的作者：：在杰克逊案发生后，盖特勒说道：“我要回到实验室，我要精确地掌握这门科学，以至于没有人会再这样做。”他对氰化物进行了数百次测试。

His work was so good that they still cite it today.

他的作品非常出色，以至于人们至今仍在引用它。

Narrator: : Alone in the lab, Gettler answered the question he had been unable to answer in court.

旁白：：盖特勒独自在实验室里回答了他在法庭上无法回答的问题。

A decomposing body produces only the faintest hint of cyanide, nothing like the levels in the Jacksons' lungs.

腐烂的尸体只产生最微弱的氰化物，与杰克逊夫妇肺部的浓度完全不同。

He had been right all along.

他一直都是对的。

Gettler couldn't undo the outcome of the Jackson case.

盖特勒无法撤销杰克逊案的结果。

But his paper on cyanide became part of something much larger.

但他关于氰化物的论文成为了更大的研究的一部分。

Together, Norris and Gettler were beginning to reinvent criminal investigation.

诺里斯和盖特勒一起开始重塑刑事调查。

In the end, they would transform the way science deals with death.

最终，他们将改变科学处理死亡的方式。

In the 1920s, Americans lived in a world that had been remade by chemistry.

20 年代，美国人生活在一个被化学重塑的世界。

Since the dawn of time, mankind had been dependent on materials supplied by nature.

自古以来，人类就一直依赖大自然提供的材料。

But over the last century, chemistry had fundamentally changed that relationship.

但在上个世纪，化学从根本上改变了这种关系。

Now, artificial materials were being created from scratch -- plastics, cellophane, nylon, polyester.

现在，人造材料正在从头开始制造——塑料、玻璃纸、尼龙、聚酯。

And just as important, old materials were being altered for new uses.

同样重要的是，旧材料正在被改变以适应新用途。

Automobiles and airplanes used steel that had been hardened, rubber that had been vulcanized, and petroleum that had been refined, all through chemical processes, on an ever increasing scale.

汽车和飞机使用硬化钢、硫化橡胶和精炼石油，所有这些都是通过化学过程进行的，且规模不断扩大。

Crops were fed with chemical fertilizers, and protected with chemical pesticides.

农作物用化学肥料施肥，并用化学农药保护。

Bountiful harvests, along with chemical disinfectants, antiseptics, and chlorinated water, had helped cut the infant mortality rate by half, and extended the average American life by ten years.

丰收，加上化学消毒剂、防腐剂和氯化水，使婴儿死亡率降低了一半，并使美国人的平均寿命延长了十年。

But that same chemical revolution had paved the way for the most destructive conflict in history.

但同样的化学革命也为历史上最具破坏性的冲突铺平了道路。

The Great War was fought with hardened steel, high explosives, flame throwers, and poison gas.

第一次世界大战是用硬化钢、烈性炸药、火焰喷射器和毒气进行的。

It had been called "The Chemists' War," and by the time it ended, the revulsion over chemical weapons was so deep that they were being banned by the Great Powers.

这场战争被称为“化学家战争”，当战争结束时，人们对化学武器的厌恶已经如此之深，以致于它们被列强禁止。

But while chemicals were being regulated in warfare, there were no limits at all in civilian life.

但是，虽然化学品在战争中受到管制，但在平民生活中却没有任何限制。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : A lot of things that we think of today as dangerous poisons were just on your grocery store shelves or in the pharmacy.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：：今天我们认为是危险毒药的许多东西就在杂货店货架上或药房里。

They were in medications.

他们正在服药。

They were in pesticides.

它们是杀虫剂。

They were in cosmetics.

他们在化妆品行业。

Pharmaceutical companies were not required to test their products.

制药公司无需测试其产品。

Companies didn't have to properly label things.

公司不必给东西贴上正确的标签。

So you're living in this world that's sort of a slosh with really dangerous compounds that people did not entirely understand.

所以你生活在这个充满了人们并不完全理解的非常危险的化合物的世界里。

Narrator: : All winter long, Fanny Creighton had been desperate for company.

旁白：整个冬天，范妮·克赖顿都渴望有人陪伴。

She and her husband John had moved in with his parents when they got married, but the older couple had since passed away.

她和她的丈夫约翰结婚后搬去和他的父母住在一起，但那对年长的夫妇已经去世了。

John was away at work much of the time, leaving Fanny alone in the house.

约翰大部分时间都在工作，留下范妮一个人在家里。

So she was relieved when her brother Charles arranged to move in.

因此，当她的哥哥查尔斯安排搬进来时，她松了口气。

Narrator: : They had grown up together as orphans, and quickly fell into lifelong habits.

旁白：：他们作为孤儿一起长大，很快就养成了终生的习惯。

Narrator: : Charles had been unwell for a few weeks, but nothing serious.

旁白：：查尔斯已经身体不适了几个星期，但没有什么严重的情况。

Then he started having seizures, vomiting, his limbs stiffening and shaking.

然后他开始癫痫发作、呕吐、四肢僵硬、颤抖。

Fanny summoned a doctor, but it was too late.

范妮请来了医生，但为时已晚。

Narrator: : Her brother passed away later that night.

旁白： ：那天晚上晚些时候，她哥哥去世了。

Colin Evans, Writer: : And there the story may have died, except that the police received an anonymous letter saying, "You really should look into Mary Francis Creighton.

科林·埃文斯（Colin Evans），作家：：这个故事可能已经死了，只是警方收到了一封匿名信，信中写道：“你真的应该调查玛丽·弗朗西斯·克赖顿。

We think there's something extremely suspicious about her." And this set investigative minds to work.

我们认为她身上有一些非常可疑的东西。”这让调查思维开始发挥作用。

Narrator: : The police started interviewing neighbors and friends.

旁白：：警察开始询问邻居和朋友。

Charles's doctor admitted that he had found the boy's death mysterious.

查尔斯的医生承认他发现男孩的死亡很神秘。

Then they dug up the body, and found it shot through with arsenic.

然后他们挖出了尸体，发现里面充满了砒霜。

With that, the prosecutor charged Fanny and her husband with murder.

据此，检察官指控范妮和她的丈夫犯有谋杀罪。

He seemed to have a formidable case.

他似乎遇到了一件棘手的事。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : She had invited her brother to live with them.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》的作者：：她邀请她的兄弟和他们住在一起。

She had gotten him a job at a corner store.

她给他在一家街角商店找到了一份工作。

She had, without his knowing it, taken out an insurance policy on his life.

她在他不知情的情况下，为他购买了一份人寿保险。

Narrator: : Most damaging of all, in Fanny's home detectives had found a bottle of Fowler's Solution, a popular cosmetic tonic.

旁白：：最具破坏性的是，侦探们在范妮的家中发现了一瓶福勒溶液，一种流行的美容补品。

The active ingredient was arsenic.

活性成分是砷。

The penalty for murder was death.

谋杀罪的刑罚是死刑。

It looked like Fanny was heading to the electric chair.

看起来范妮正走向电椅。

But on the last day of the trial, she was finally able to explain what had happened.

但在审判的最后一天，她终于能够解释发生的事情。

Charles had been heartbroken over an unrequited love; he had shared his secret only with her.

查尔斯因一场单相思而心碎。他只与她分享了他的秘密。

She had been unable to stop his slide into depression; her little brother must have poisoned himself to escape from his misery.

她无法阻止他陷入抑郁。她的弟弟一定是为了摆脱痛苦而服毒自杀的。

Her story was so persuasive that the jury found her not guilty.

她的故事很有说服力，陪审团认定她无罪。

But Fanny's troubles weren't over.

但范妮的麻烦还没有结束。

Even as she was celebrating her acquittal, the prosecutor was lining up another case against her.

就在她庆祝无罪释放时，检察官正在准备另一起针对她的案件。

Colin Evans, Writer: : The police had heard from neighbors that a few years previously the in-laws had died under very, you know, unusual circumstances.

科林·埃文斯（Colin Evans），作家：警察从邻居那里听说，几年前，姻亲在非常，你知道的，非常不寻常的情况下去世了。

And so at that point it was decided to exhume their bodies.

所以那时决定挖掘他们的尸体。

Lo and behold they found arsenic in the body of her mother-in-law.

你瞧，他们在她婆婆的尸体里发现了砒霜。

Narrator: : The county physician declared that the body contained four times the lethal dose of arsenic.

旁白：：县医生宣称体内含有四倍于致死剂量的砒霜。

The prosecutor had no doubt about how it got there.

检察官毫不怀疑它是如何到达那里的。

The day after Fanny's acquittal, he accused her of killing her mother-in-law.

范妮无罪释放的第二天，他指控她杀害了她的婆婆。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Alexander Gettler would have been reading about this lovely young mother who's seen to be, caught in the evil machinations of a prosecutor who's out to get her.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》的作者：亚历山大·盖特勒（Alexander Gettler）可能会读到这位可爱的年轻母亲的故事，她被卷入了检察官的邪恶阴谋中，而检察官正试图抓捕她。

Narrator: : Gettler wondered whether the county physician had it right.

旁白：：盖特勒想知道县医生的判断是否正确。

Soon, he'd have the chance to find out.

很快，他就有机会知道答案了。

Fanny's lawyers called, asking him to examine her mother-in-law's remains.

范妮的律师打电话来，要求他检查她婆婆的遗体。

Narrator: : Gettler started by overseeing the same procedure the county physician had used.

旁白：：盖特勒首先监督县医生使用的相同程序。

It was a well-known test that isolated arsenic in the form of a dark residue on the surface of a copper plate.

这是一项众所周知的测试，以铜板表面深色残留物的形式分离出砷。

The timing of the reaction was critical: if the residue formed quickly, the tissue was loaded with arsenic.

反应的时机至关重要：如果残留物快速形成，则组织中就含有砷。

Narrator: : The prosecution had used this result to charge Fanny with murder.

旁白：：检方利用这一结果指控范妮谋杀。

But Gettler wasn't satisfied.

但盖特勒并不满足。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Where's the paperwork?

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：文件在哪里？

Was she taking any medications?

她有服用任何药物吗？

Abraham Freireich (Howard Lotker): : Dionin, magnesium, sodium bicarbonate, and bismuth subcarbonate.

Abraham Freireich (Howard Lotker): ：二硫宁、镁、碳酸氢钠和碱式碳酸铋。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Ah.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯饰）：：啊。

Bismuth.

铋。

Let me show you something.

让我给你看一些东西。

Where's the arsenic?

砒霜去哪儿了？

So this is the problem with the Reinsch test.

所以这就是 Reinsch 检验的问题。

Any arsenic will show up on our plate, but so will a couple of other heavy metals, including bismuth, which is what I think we might be looking at.

任何砷都会出现在我们的盘子上，但其他几种重金属也会出现在我们的盘子上，包括铋，我认为我们可能会关注这一点。

Pass the clamp.

通过夹子。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Right.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯饰）：：对。

But bismuth won't; at least not at these temperatures.

但铋不会；至少在这些温度下不会。

So let's heat our plate and see what happens.

让我们加热盘子，看看会发生什么。

Narrator: : Two weeks after Fanny's first trial ended, the crowds returned to the same courtroom for a second round.

旁白：：范妮第一次审判结束两周后，人群回到同一个法庭进行第二轮审判。

Bailiff (actor): : Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?

法警（演员）：：你发誓说的是真话，全部真话，只有真话，所以上帝保佑你吗？

Narrator: : When it came Gettler's turn to testify, everyone understood that Fanny's life was in his hands.

旁白：：当轮到盖特勒出庭作证时，每个人都明白范妮的生命掌握在他手中。

Defense Lawyer (Daniel Brown): : Doctor Gettler, why was Dr. Edel's result so different from yours?

辩护律师（丹尼尔·布朗）：：盖特勒医生，为什么埃德尔医生的结果与您的结果如此不同？

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Dr. Edel assumed that the residue was pure arsenic.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：：埃德尔博士认为残留物是纯砷。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : I started by performing the same test as Dr. Edel, which yielded the same residue.

Alexander Gettler（Chris Bowers）：：我首先进行了与 Edel 博士相同的测试，得到了相同的残留物。

But rather than stop there, we processed the residue by heating it, to see whether it was arsenic or bismuth.

但我们并没有就此止步，而是通过加热处理残留物，看看它是砷还是铋。

Arsenic vaporizes at a much lower temperature than bismuth.

砷的蒸发温度比铋低得多。

So as you heat the residue, any arsenic will evaporate first -- you can see it clearly.

因此，当你加热残留物时，任何砷都会首先蒸发——你可以清楚地看到它。

But bismuth will remain unchanged.

但铋将保持不变。

If you have no evaporation, no arsenic.

如果没有蒸发，就没有砷。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Because bismuth is the primary ingredient in one of the medications the victim was taking.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯饰）：：因为铋是受害者服用的一种药物的主要成分。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Those medications often contain traces of arsenic.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：这些药物通常含有微量砷。

Prosecutor (Curtis Matthew): : Exactly.

检察官（柯蒂斯·马修）：：完全正确。

Traces.

痕迹。

Dr. Edel has testified that the victim's stomach contained four times the lethal dose of arsenic.

埃德尔博士证实，受害者的胃中含有四倍于致死剂量的砷。

And you're telling us that it was simply an impurity in her medication?

你是说这只是她药物中的杂质？

Defense Lawyer (Daniel Brown): : Dr. Gettler, how much arsenic did you find?

辩护律师（丹尼尔·布朗）：：盖特勒博士，您发现了多少砷？

Defense Lawyer (Daniel Brown): : I will remind the court that the life of a young woman hangs in the balance today.

辩护律师（丹尼尔·布朗）：：我要提醒法庭，今天一名年轻女子的生命悬而未决。

Dr. Gettler, did this woman -- or anyone else -- murder Mrs. Creighton with arsenic?

盖特勒博士，这个女人——或者其他什么人——用砒霜谋杀了克赖顿夫人吗？

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Gettler would have felt great about this because, again, we're at a period where we're trying to persuade jurors that meticulous science matters in the courtroom.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》的作者：：盖特勒对此会感觉很好，因为我们正处于一个试图说服陪审员相信严谨的科学在法庭上很重要的时期。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : It's a case study in good science saving someone's life.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》的作者：：这是一个关于良好科学拯救某人生命的案例研究。

Narrator: : For the second time in two weeks, Fanny Creighton was found not guilty.

旁白：：两周内，范妮·克赖顿第二次被判无罪。

Fanny's acquittal was a great victory for Gettler.

范妮的无罪释放对盖特勒来说是一次伟大的胜利。

He had doggedly pursued the truth, and made the chemistry so compelling that the jury had spared a young woman's life.

他顽强地追寻真相，使化学反应如此引人注目，以至于陪审团饶恕了一名年轻女子的生命。

But he had yet to plumb the depths of human nature: Alexander Gettler hadn't seen the last of Fanny Creighton.

但他还没有探究人性的深处：亚历山大·盖特勒还没有看到范妮·克赖顿的最后一面。

In 1923, New York was on the brink of becoming the biggest city in the world.

1923年，纽约即将成为世界上最大的城市。

Already, it was the most cosmopolitan.

它已经是最国际化的了。

Almost half of the city's population had been born abroad, and migration of African Americans from the South was fueling a spectacular cultural renaissance.

该市几乎一半的人口出生在国外，来自南方的非裔美国人的移民正在推动一场壮观的文化复兴。

The entire city pulsed with frenetic energy.

整个城市都充满了疯狂的能量。

Like many immigrants, Alexander Gettler had left the teeming streets of the Lower East Side for Brooklyn.

和许多移民一样，亚历山大·盖特勒离开了下东区拥挤的街道，前往布鲁克林。

He pursued his few pastimes with the same intensity he devoted to his work.

他像对待工作一样热衷于追求为数不多的消遣。

He followed the Yankees, played in a regular poker game, and bowled competitively.

他跟随洋基队，参加常规扑克比赛，并参加保龄球比赛。

His real passion was horse racing; he spent endless hours at the racetrack, lost in recalculations of odds and stakes.

他真正的爱好是赛马。他在赛马场度过了无数个小时，迷失在重新计算赔率和赌注中。

Gettler had married an Irish Catholic schoolteacher, Alice Gorman, despite her family's objections to marrying a Jew.

尽管家人反对与犹太人结婚，盖特勒还是与爱尔兰天主教教师爱丽丝·戈尔曼结婚。

Gettler set about winning them over.

盖特勒开始努力赢得他们的支持。

He agreed to move in with his in-laws, and even attended church with them on Sundays.

他同意搬去和姻亲一起住，甚至周日还和他们一起去教堂。

When he proved himself a good husband and devoted father, the battle was won.

当他证明自己是一个好丈夫和忠诚的父亲时，这场战斗就胜利了。

Alexander Gettler was a stickler for the rules, but he never made a fuss about the illicit brewery his relatives operated on the second floor.

亚历山大·盖特勒（Alexander Gettler）是规则的严格遵守者，但他从未对他的亲戚在二楼经营的非法啤酒厂大惊小怪。

His dedication to the law didn't extend to Prohibition.

他对法律的奉献并没有延伸到禁酒令。

Narrator: : Since 1920, "intoxicating liquors" had been banned throughout the United States.

旁白： ：自 1920 年以来，“醉酒”在美国各地被禁止。

Prohibition was born of good intentions, but those were being overwhelmed by unintended consequences.

禁令源于良好的意愿，但这些意愿却被意想不到的后果所淹没。

Michael Lerner, Historian: : There were plenty of people who predicted very positive outcomes from Prohibition.

历史学家迈克尔·勒纳：有很多人预测禁酒令会带来非常积极的结果。

The Salvation Army opened buttermilk bars, thinking that that's what people would turn to for recreation.

救世军开设了酪乳酒吧，认为这是人们休闲的地方。

They will go to the theater more often.

他们会更频繁地去剧院。

They will go to motion pictures.

他们会去看电影。

But within the first minutes of Prohibition going into affect people are breaking the law.

但在禁酒令生效的最初几分钟内，人们就开始违法。

Narrator: : Gettler and Norris had opposed Prohibition from the start.

旁白：：盖特勒和诺里斯从一开始就反对禁酒令。

They had predicted that people would look for other sources of liquor, and that much of it would, to some degree, be poison.

他们曾预测人们会寻找其他酒源，而其中大部分在某种程度上都是毒药。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : Gettler and Norris recognized that people were not going to stop drinking simply because a law had been passed to stop drinking.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：：盖特勒和诺里斯认识到，人们不会仅仅因为通过了一项戒酒法律就戒酒。

People who had money could get better quality alcohol.

有钱的人可以买到质量更好的酒。

But poor people had to take what they could get.

但穷人必须拿走他们能得到的东西。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : You're poor.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：你很穷。

You have your little home still.

你还有你的小家。

What are you gonna put in it?

你要往里面放什么？

You can distill any organic material.

您可以蒸馏任何有机材料。

So people were distilling sawdust.

所以人们蒸馏木屑。

They were distilling their furniture.

他们正在蒸馏他们的家具。

And when you are distilling wood you are making methanol.

当你蒸馏木材时，你正在制造甲醇。

Narrator: : As methanol breaks down inside the body, it produces formaldehyde, and then formic acid.

旁白：：当甲醇在体内分解时，会产生甲醛，然后产生甲酸。

This destroys the optic nerve.

这会破坏视神经。

Vision blurs, and blindness closes in.

视力模糊，失明即将来临。

Meanwhile, the victim suffers acute nausea, then seizures, and descends into a coma.

与此同时，受害者感到剧烈恶心，然后癫痫发作，并陷入昏迷。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : What's so awful about methanol poisoning, is that this doesn't happen instantly.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：甲醇中毒的可怕之处在于，这种情况不会立即发生。

This breakdown of methanol into formic acid can actually take up to five days.

甲醇分解成甲酸实际上可能需要五天的时间。

So while you think you're okay, your body is cooking up this very poisonous brew.

因此，当您认为自己没事时，您的身体却在煮这种剧毒的啤酒。

Narrator: : With the onset of Prohibition, methanol became one of Gettler's obsessions.

旁白：随着禁酒令的开始，甲醇成为盖特勒的痴迷之一。

He worked wholeheartedly to stop the spread of the poison, even devising a portable test for Prohibition agents to use on the road.

他全心全意地致力于阻止毒药的传播，甚至设计了一种便携式测试仪供禁酒人员在路上使用。

He confirmed that when red-hot copper was dunked in a methanol-heavy drink...

他证实，当烧红的铜浸泡在富含甲醇的饮料中时……

Narrator: : ...it would release a nose-stinging whiff of formaldehyde.

旁白：：……它会释放出一股刺鼻的甲醛味。

But nothing Gettler did could stem the slowly rising tide of poisoned alcohol.

但盖特勒所做的一切都无法阻止有毒酒精的缓慢上升。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : All over the city, more and more and more and more people were dying from drinking.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：：在整个城市，越来越多的人死于饮酒。

But these were not natural deaths.

但这些并不是自然死亡。

These were due to a toxic substance.

这些都是由于有毒物质造成的。

These were poisoning deaths.

这些都是中毒死亡。

Narrator: : Norris, for his part, did everything he could to publicize Prohibition's toll -- writing articles, giving interviews, and lecturing the authorities.

旁白：诺里斯则竭尽全力宣传禁酒令的后果——写文章、接受采访、向当局训诫。

But the only remedy Norris held out was the repeal of Prohibition, and that was nowhere in sight.

但诺里斯提出的唯一补救办法是废除禁酒令，但目前还看不到这一点。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Norris and Gettler, they were very different.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：诺里斯和盖特勒，他们非常不同。

If you look at what mattered to them the most you see Gettler, he's building the science.

如果你看看对他们来说最重要的事情，你就会发现盖特勒，他正在建立科学。

And even when they don't win every case, even when they had things going wrong, he's still building that.

即使他们没有赢得每一个案件，即使他们出了问题，他仍然在努力建设。

He could retreat into the laboratory, you know, go back to all the beautiful elegance of chemistry and find comfort in that.

他可以退回实验室，你知道，回到化学的所有美丽优雅并从中找到安慰。

Whereas Norris doesn't always have that comfort.

然而诺里斯并不总是有这种舒适感。

He was always out there where the failures were public.

他总是在公开失败的地方。

He gave his life to this, and so those losses and failures and things that he didn't achieve wore him down.

他为此奉献了自己的生命，因此那些损失、失败以及他没有取得的成就让他疲惫不堪。

Narrator: : For Norris, the battles were endless.

旁白：：对于诺里斯来说，战斗是无止境的。

Mayor Hylan had cut funding so sharply that he was personally bankrolling the department; subsidizing salaries, and buying new equipment.

海兰市长大幅削减资金，以至于他亲自为该部门提供资金；补贴工资，购买新设备。

And every case seemed to conjure up a new set of adversaries; the more lucrative the poison, the more powerful the opponent.

每一起案件似乎都会唤起一批新的对手。毒药越赚钱，对手就越强大。

In 1924, Norris came up against one of the most lucrative poisons of all.

1924 年，诺里斯遇到了一种最赚钱的毒药。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : The building began to be known as the loony gas building because the employees there began to do strange things.

Marcella Fierro，法医病理学家： ：这座建筑开始被称为疯狂毒气大楼，因为那里的员工开始做奇怪的事情。

They had memory problems; they got irritable; they would develop, in retrospect, what we would call the signs of dementia.

他们有记忆问题；他们变得烦躁；回想起来，他们会出现我们所说的痴呆症迹象。

Narrator: : On the 24th of October, Ernest Oelgert became delirious at work, dodging about in terror, shouting "there are three coming at me at once." Later that night, Walter Dymock walked out of the second floor window of his bedroom.

旁白：10月24日，欧内斯特·奥尔格特在工作中变得精神错乱，惊恐地躲闪着，大喊“有三个人同时向我袭来”。那天晚上晚些时候，沃尔特·戴莫克从二楼卧室的窗户走出。

Nobody knew how long he lay on the ground before a passerby had him taken to the hospital.

没有人知道他在地上躺了多久，才被路人送往医院。

Twenty-four year old William McSweeney started acting so strangely that his sister-in-law called the police.

二十四岁的威廉·麦克斯威尼开始表现得很奇怪，以至于他的嫂子报了警。

It took four men to get him into a straightjacket.

花了四个人才给他穿上紧身衣。

Pressed for a statement, a spokesman for their employer explained, "These men probably went insane because they worked too hard." The victims had all been working on a product that promised to revolutionize the auto industry: leaded gasoline.

在被要求发表声明时，他们雇主的一位发言人解释说：“这些人可能因为工作太辛苦而疯了。”受害者都在致力于开发一种有望彻底改变汽车工业的产品：含铅汽油。

Engineers had recently found that if a small quantity of tetraethyl lead was added to gasoline, it made the fuel burn more efficiently.

工程师最近发现，如果在汽油中添加少量四乙基铅，就会使燃料燃烧更有效。

As a result, engines ran cooler, more quietly, and delivered more horsepower.

结果，发动机运行更凉爽、更安静，并提供更多马力。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Standard Oil and General Motors formed a corporation in which they were the provider of leaded gasoline.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者： 标准石油公司和通用汽车公司成立了一家公司，提供含铅汽油。

They picked the name Ethyl because they didn't wanna use lead.

他们选择“乙基”这个名字是因为他们不想使用铅。

People were a little weirded out by lead, and so they were pretending this was just some other magic, wonderful formula.

人们对铅感到有点奇怪，所以他们假装这只是其他一些神奇的、美妙的公式。

Narrator: : Lead was one of the oldest known poisons.

旁白：：铅是已知最古老的毒物之一。

Seventeen hundred years before the introduction of Ethyl, a Greek physician had observed that lead caused 'the mind to give way.' Tetraethyl lead had been developed in the 1850s, but it had never been widely used, in part because it was too easily absorbed into the body.

在乙基出现之前一千七百年，一位希腊医生就观察到铅会导致“精神崩溃”。四乙基铅于 1850 年代被开发出来，但从未被广泛使用，部分原因是它太容易被人体吸收。

If the dangers of tetraethyl lead were well understood, so were the financial implications.

如果人们充分了解四乙基铅的危险，那么其财务影响也能得到充分了解。

In the 20 years since Henry Ford introduced the Model T, cars had transformed American life.

自亨利·福特推出 T 型车以来的 20 年间，汽车改变了美国人的生活。

A vast infrastructure was taking form: assembly lines in Detroit, roads spreading across the landscape, filling stations dotting the countryside.

庞大的基础设施正在形成：底特律的装配线、遍布全国的道路、遍布乡村的加油站。

Six billion gallons of gasoline were sold in the United States every year.

美国每年销售 60 亿加仑汽油。

If that gasoline was leaded, Standard Oil and GM would make a profit on every drop.

如果这种汽油含铅，标准石油公司和通用汽车公司将从每一滴汽油中获利。

But the headlines coming out of New Jersey were putting all of that in jeopardy.

但新泽西州的头条新闻将这一切置于危险之中。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Standard Oil and General Motors held a big press conference in New York City with Thomas Midgley, the inventor of leaded gasoline.

黛博拉·布鲁姆，《投毒者手册》作者：：标准石油公司和通用汽车公司与含铅汽油的发明者托马斯·米奇利在纽约市举行了一次大型新闻发布会。

He washed his hands in a bowl of tetraethyl lead to prove how safe it is.

他在一碗四乙基铅中洗手，以证明它是多么安全。

Narrator: : Reporters were skeptical, and the authorities were spooked.

旁白：：记者心存疑虑，当局也被吓坏了。

New Jersey ordered Standard Oil to shut down the loony gas building.

新泽西州命令标准石油公司关闭疯狂天然气大楼。

But the Ethyl Corporation insisted that its product was harmless.

但乙基公司坚称其产品是无害的。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : At that point the public health authorities in New Jersey went to Charles Norris and said, "Can you help us?"

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》的作者：：当时新泽西州的公共卫生当局找到查尔斯·诺里斯（Charles Norris）说：“你能帮助我们吗？”

Charles Norris (Don Sparks): : Body is identified by toe tag bearing the name Walter Dymock, who died at Reconstruction Hospital of New York, October 28 1924 at 1:30 AM.

查尔斯·诺里斯（唐·斯帕克斯饰）：尸体通过脚趾标签识别，名字为沃尔特·戴莫克（Walter Dymock），他于 1924 年 10 月 28 日凌晨 1:30 在纽约重建医院去世。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : So his relationship to the dead body is that of, of a doctor to a patient.

Marcella Fierro，法医病理学家：：所以他与尸体的关系就像医生与病人的关系。

'That's my patient.

“那是我的病人。

And he tells me what happens to him.

他告诉我他发生了什么事。

He tells me if he has disease or injury.

他告诉我他是否生病或受伤。

He often can tell me how he received it.

他经常可以告诉我他是如何收到它的。

He's asking me to tell a story.' It is very powerful.

他要我讲一个故事。它非常强大。

You have an obligation to the patient to get it right.

您对患者有义务将其正确处理。

Narrator: : Norris had little doubt about the nature of the poison: everything pointed to tetraethyl lead.

旁白：：诺里斯对毒药的性质毫不怀疑：一切都指向四乙基铅。

But he needed proof: proof that the men had absorbed the lead at work, and proof that it had killed them.

但他需要证据：证明这些人在工作中吸收了铅，并证明铅杀死了他们。

For Gettler that meant solving three separate problems.

对于盖特勒来说，这意味着解决三个独立的问题。

First, he had to confirm that there was, in fact, lead in the men's bodies.

首先，他必须确认这些人的体内确实含有铅。

He processed a sample of brain tissue to isolate lead in a clear solution.

他处理了脑组织样本，以分离出透明溶液中的铅。

Then he added chemicals to make any lead turn a bright red.

然后他添加化学物质使任何铅变成鲜红色。

A deeper color indicated a higher concentration.

颜色越深表示浓度越高。

Gettler had the answer to his first question: the brain was riddled with lead.

盖特勒回答了他的第一个问题：大脑中充满了铅。

Next, he needed to precisely measure the concentration.

接下来，他需要精确测量浓度。

For this, he compared the shade of his solution with reference samples.

为此，他将溶液的色调与参考样品进行了比较。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Harry.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯饰）：：哈利。

Alice.

爱丽丝.

Have a look if you want.

如果你愿意的话就看看吧。

We won't be able to get accurate readings with the colorimeter -- the levels are too high.

我们将无法使用色度计获得准确的读数——读数太高了。

So we start over.

所以我们重新开始。

Instead of breaking down the tissue with acid, we'll dry it out on a steam bath, and then ash it in the electric muffle.

我们不会用酸分解组织，而是将其在蒸汽浴上干燥，然后在电马弗中将其灰化。

Harry.

哈利.

Alice, start by clearing this up, and then I'm going to need a dozen...

爱丽丝，先把这个清理干净，然后我需要一打......

Narrator: : In order to get a precise measurement, Gettler would have to isolate the lead, and then calculate its weight.

旁白：：为了获得精确的测量结果，盖特勒必须隔离铅，然后计算其重量。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : ...but when Harry's ready start with a hydrogen sulfite reaction.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：：……但是当哈利准备好时，就开始亚硫酸氢反应。

We'll make our way from there.

我们将从那里出发。

Narrator: : The concept was simple enough, but it meant separating less than 1/10,000 of an ounce of lead from a pound of human tissue.

旁白： 这个概念很简单，但这意味着从一磅人体组织中分离出的铅含量少于 1/10,000。

Through an arduous process, Gettler arrived at a precise number.

经过艰苦的过程，盖特勒得出了一个精确的数字。

But the last question remained.

但最后一个问题仍然存在。

He had to trace the lead's passage through the body by analyzing every place that it might have been deposited.

他必须通过分析铅可能沉积的每个地方来追踪铅穿过身体的通道。

The only way to do that was to carry out the same grueling procedure on the men's bones, blood, brains, lungs, livers and kidneys.

唯一的方法就是对这些人的骨头、血液、大脑、肺、肝脏和肾脏进行同样的严酷手术。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : This was pioneering work.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：这是一项开创性的工作。

And what Gettler found was that these gentlemen were having chronic tetraethyl lead poisoning.

盖特勒发现这些先生患有慢性四乙基铅中毒。

They were inhaling it in addition to absorbing it through their skin.

除了通过皮肤吸收它之外，他们还吸入它。

And when you inhale that lead it gets carried into the blood stream, and deposited in the tissues, especially the brain tissues.

当你吸入铅时，它会被带到血流中，并沉积在组织中，尤其是脑组织中。

Narrator: : Norris didn't bother to conceal his anger when he issued the report.

旁白：：诺里斯在发布报告时毫不掩饰自己的愤怒。

"There was an astonishingly large quantity of lead in the brain and body of this man," he told reporters.

“这个人的大脑和身体里的铅含量惊人，”他告诉记者。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Norris said, "This is such a dangerous compound that we need to take it out of gasoline now.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：诺里斯说：“这是一种非常危险的化合物，我们现在需要将其从汽油中去除。

Narrator: : The authorities were listening.

旁白：：当局正在倾听。

New York City banned leaded gasoline, then New Jersey, and then Philadelphia.

纽约市禁止使用含铅汽油，然后是新泽西州，然后是费城。

It looked like the trend might spread.

看起来这种趋势可能会蔓延。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Calvin Coolidge was President.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：卡尔文·柯立芝曾任总统。

He was a very small government, non-regulation kind of guy.

他是一个非常小的政府，不受监管的人。

So, Standard Oil and GM, went to Coolidge, and they said, "Could we deal with this right away?

因此，标准石油公司和通用汽车公司找到了柯立芝公司，他们说：“我们可以立即处理这个问题吗？

So Coolidge appointed a panel of experts that only included industry scientists.

因此，柯立芝任命了一个仅包括行业科学家的专家小组。

Narrator: : Coolidge's panel reported its findings in January of 1926.

旁白：：柯立芝小组于 1926 年 1 月报告了其调查结果。

It recommended gloves, masks, and other precautions for workers, which effectively controlled the dangers of production.

建议作业人员佩戴手套、口罩等防护措施，有效控制了生产危险。

But it concluded that the public's exposure was too low to be of concern, and dismissed Norris's plea for a ban.

但它的结论是，公众的暴露程度太低，无需担心，并驳回了诺里斯提出的禁令请求。

As a result, the federal government lifted all restrictions on the sale of leaded gas.

结果，联邦政府取消了对含铅天然气销售的所有限制。

Soon, ethyl would be added to 90% of the gasoline sold in America.

很快，美国销售的 90% 汽油中都会添加乙基。

An overjoyed Standard Oil spokesman likened it to "a gift of God."

标准石油公司发言人欣喜若狂，将其比作“上帝的礼物”。

Inventor Thomas Midgley was less effusive; he had had to take a leave of absence after being diagnosed with lead poisoning.

发明家托马斯·米奇利 (Thomas Midgley) 则没那么热情。在被诊断出铅中毒后，他不得不请假。

The episode was a bitter defeat for Charles Norris.

这一事件对查尔斯·诺里斯来说是一次惨痛的失败。

In July of 1925, he traveled to Europe, where he spent six months being treated for exhaustion.

1925 年 7 月，他前往欧洲，在那里接受了六个月的疲惫治疗。

Narrator: : By the fall, Norris was back at work in a city that had grown faster, more vibrant, and more dangerous than ever.

旁白：到了秋天，诺里斯回到了这座比以往任何时候都发展更快、更有活力、也更危险的城市工作。

Norris was relieved when his old nemesis Mayor Hylan left office, although he had doubts about his replacement.

当他的宿敌海兰市长卸任时，诺里斯松了一口气，尽管他对继任者心存疑虑。

Gentleman Jimmy Walker flaunted his fast living, sported a show girl mistress, and was unruffled by frequent accusations of corruption.

绅士吉米·沃克（Jimmy Walker）炫耀自己的快节奏生活，拥有一个歌舞女郎情妇，并且对频繁的腐败指控泰然自若。

When the City Council voted to double his salary, he dismissed the critics by telling them: "Imagine what you'd have to pay me if I worked full time."

当市议会投票决定将他的工资加倍时，他驳斥了批评者的说法，告诉他们：“想象一下，如果我全职工作，你们要付给我多少钱。”

It soon became apparent that Jimmy Walker wasn't going to solve Norris's budget troubles, but neither would he make trouble for him.

很快人们就发现吉米·沃克不会解决诺里斯的预算问题，但他也不会给他制造麻烦。

Norris took up his duties with renewed enthusiasm, and with a style that was a source of wonder to his toxicologist.

诺里斯以新的热情开始了他的职责，他的风格让他的毒理学家惊叹不已。

Colin Evans, Writer: : Norris didn't do anything by half measures.

科林·埃文斯（Colin Evans），作家：诺里斯做任何事都没有半途而废。

He wouldn't shuffle up to a crime scene, you know, just sidle in.

他不会拖着脚步来到犯罪现场，你知道，只是侧身进去。

He would generally sweep out of a chauffeur-driven limousine.

他通常会从一辆由司机驾驶的豪华轿车中扫出。

Saunter over to the body and have a look and say, "Yeah, yeah.

走到尸体旁边看了看，然后说道：“是啊，是啊。

Okay, guys, I've seen enough.

好吧，伙计们，我已经看够了。

You can take him back to the office now.

你现在可以带他回办公室了。

He was just larger than life.

他只是比生命更伟大。

Narrator: : Norris never knew what awaited him when he was called to a crime scene.

旁白：：当诺里斯被叫到犯罪现场时，他永远不知道等待他的是什么。

He was well accustomed to death, but even so, some episodes were hard to forget.

他对死亡已经习以为常，但即便如此，有些情节还是难以忘记。

Detective McCallister (Brian Caspe): : McAllister.

麦卡利斯特侦探（布莱恩·卡斯佩饰）：：麦卡利斯特。

You with the M.E.'s office?

你在 M.E. 办公室吗？

Pretty cut and dried.

剪得漂亮，晒干。

Patrolman sees a guy dumping something suspicious into the water off India Wharf.

巡警看到一名男子将可疑物品倒入印度码头附近的水中。

The guy takes off.

那家伙起飞了。

The patrolman finally tackles him and finds he's been carrying half a woman's body.

巡警终于抓住了他，发现他抱着半个女人的尸体。

Brings him in, we get his address, come here, and we find this.

带他进来，我们得到他的地址，来到这里，我们找到了这个。

That's the other half of the body over there.

那是那边身体的另一半。

This guy did not want to get caught.

这家伙不想被抓住。

Charles Norris (Don Sparks): : He didn't kill her.

查尔斯·诺里斯（唐·斯帕克斯饰）：：他没有杀她。

She died from carbon monoxide poisoning.

她死于一氧化碳中毒。

Charles Norris (Don Sparks): : He's wrong.

查尔斯·诺里斯（唐·斯帕克斯）：他错了。

I'm taking possession of the body.

我正在占有身体。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : The police immediately said to Norris, "Are you crazy?" It doesn't take them half a minute to say, "What we have here is a dismemberment murder."

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：：警察立即对诺里斯说：“你疯了吗？”没过半分钟，他们就说：“我们这里发生的是肢解谋杀案。”

David J.

大卫·J。

Krajicek, Writer: : You have a man, with blood on his clothes, who's caught throwing the lady's limbs in the water and in his apartment on the kitchen floor is the torso.

克拉吉塞克，作家：：有一个男人，他的衣服上沾满了血，他被发现将这位女士的四肢扔进水里，而在他公寓厨房地板上的是躯干。

And the knife is lying there beside it.

那把刀就躺在它旁边。

It truly seemed like an open and shut case.

这确实看起来像是一个开放和封闭的案件。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : When the police went and they find a body in pieces, I mean your first thought has to be "something very bad has happened here." Because we don't ordinarily cut bodies up and dump them in the river.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：：当警察去发现一具碎片时，我的意思是你的第一个想法一定是“这里发生了非常糟糕的事情”。因为我们通常不会把尸体切开然后扔进河里。

I mean normal people don't think that way.

我的意思是，正常人不会这么想。

Narrator: : Francesco Travia was, by luck and by design, very much an outcast.

旁白：弗朗西斯科·特拉维亚（Francesco Travia），无论是运气还是故意，在很大程度上都是一个被遗弃的人。

The newspapers called him a longshoreman, but he spent most days by himself in a cramped apartment near the Brooklyn waterfront.

报纸称他为码头工人，但他大部分时间都独自在布鲁克林海滨附近一间狭窄的公寓里度过。

He spoke no English, had very little money, and no real friends.

他不会说英语，钱很少，也没有真正的朋友。

And he wasn't telling the police, or anyone else, how Anna Fredericksen had died.

他没有告诉警察或其他任何人安娜·弗雷德里克森是怎么死的。

But Charles Norris was sure he knew the answer.

但查尔斯·诺里斯确信他知道答案。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : If you die of carbon monoxide poisoning the skin flushes this very notable cherry pink.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：如果您死于一氧化碳中毒，皮肤会呈现出非常显着的樱桃粉色。

And carbon monoxide stains the blood such a brilliant red that weeks later you can take blood from a corpse, months sometimes even, and still find that profound effect.

一氧化碳会将血液染成鲜红色，以至于几周后，有时甚至几个月后，你可以从尸体上取血，但仍然会发现这种深远的影响。

Narrator: : For Norris, it was a tragically familiar sight.

旁白：：对于诺里斯来说，这是一个熟悉的悲惨景象。

As the main ingredient in illuminating gas, carbon monoxide killed more New Yorkers every year than tuberculosis, measles, and typhoid combined.

作为照明气体的主要成分，一氧化碳每年杀死的纽约人比肺结核、麻疹和伤寒的总和还要多。

It was deadly, and it was everywhere -- piped into countless homes for lighting, cooking, and refrigeration.

它是致命的，而且无处不在——通过管道进入无数家庭用于照明、烹饪和制冷。

The police assumed that the gas had leached into Fredericksen's body after she died.

警方推测弗雷德里克森死后气体已渗入她的体内。

Norris thought that was impossible.

诺里斯认为这是不可能的。

Even so, Travia was charged with murder.

即便如此，特拉维亚还是被指控犯有谋杀罪。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : So this set up a confrontation.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：所以这引发了一场对抗。

The police were not trained in forensic science.

警察没有接受过法医学培训。

So they didn't understand it and they didn't have any respect for it.

所以他们不理解它，也不尊重它。

And you had Norris saying, "We're gonna prove to you that science really matters in understanding these cases and solving them." It was a really interesting kind of take-no-prisoners moment in this in, in this push to have forensic science taken seriously.

诺里斯说：“我们将向你证明，科学对于理解这些案例并解决它们确实很重要。”在推动法医科学受到认真对待的过程中，这是一个非常有趣的不留任何俘虏的时刻。

Narrator: : Norris asked Gettler to determine whether a dead body could absorb carbon monoxide.

旁白：：诺里斯请盖特勒确定尸体是否可以吸收一氧化碳。

Gettler came up with a simple experiment.

盖特勒想出了一个简单的实验。

He retrieved three unclaimed bodies from the morgue, enclosed them in sealed metal boxes, and piped the boxes full of illuminating gas.

他从太平间取出了三具无人认领的尸体，将它们装在密封的金属盒子里，并向盒子里注入了照明气体。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Negative so far.

Alexander Gettler（克里斯·鲍尔斯）： ：到目前为止是否定的。

This is the last one.

这是最后一张。

Narrator: : After the bodies had been soaking in the gas for several days, Gettler looked for the telltale pink flush, and tested the blood for carbon monoxide.

旁白：：尸体在气体中浸泡了几天后，盖特勒寻找明显的粉红色潮红，并测试了血液中的一氧化碳。

Narrator: : When Francesco Travia went to trial in the spring of 1927, he finally told his side of the story.

旁白：：1927 年春天，弗朗西斯科·特拉维亚 (Francesco Travia) 受审时，他终于说出了自己的观点。

Once in a while a neighbor, Anna Fredericksen, would come around looking for a drink.

邻居安娜·弗雷德里克森（Anna Fredericksen）偶尔会过来找一杯饮料。

That's how the evening of November 29th began.

11月29日晚上就这样开始了。

Over the next few hours, Travia and Fredericksen polished off a bottle together, and then he asked her to leave.

在接下来的几个小时里，特拉维亚和弗雷德里克森一起喝完了一瓶酒，然后他让她离开。

She refused.

她拒绝了。

The next thing Travia remembered was waking up on the floor with Anna Fredericksen's body lying nearby.

特拉维亚记得的下一件事是在地板上醒来，安娜·弗雷德里克森的尸体躺在附近。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : He thinks he's killed her.

Marcella Fierro，法医病理学家：：他认为他杀了她。

So his major preoccupation becomes what?

那么他的主要关注点变成了什么？

Getting rid of the body.

摆脱身体。

Well she is described as a large woman.

好吧，她被描述为一个大女人。

So how's he gonna get rid of this large woman?

那么他该如何摆脱这个大女人呢？

Well, obviously make her a small woman.

好吧，显然让她成为一个小女人。

Narrator: : Alexander Gettler then testified that Anna Fredericksen's body couldn't have absorbed carbon monoxide after she died.

旁白：亚历山大·盖特勒随后作证说，安娜·弗雷德里克森死后，她的身体无法吸收一氧化碳。

The gas had killed her, not Francesco Travia.

毒气杀死了她，而不是弗朗西斯科·特拉维亚。

Then, the source of the poison was revealed: during their argument a coffee pot had been tipped over on the stove, extinguishing the flame, causing a massive leak.

随后，毒药的来源被揭晓：在他们争吵期间，咖啡壶被翻倒在炉子上，导致火焰熄灭，导致大量泄漏。

Travia, either through lower exposure or higher tolerance, had awoken.

特拉维亚，无论是由于较低的暴露还是较高的耐受性，已经苏醒了。

Fredericksen had not.

弗雷德里克森没有。

The jury found Francesco Travia not guilty of murder.

陪审团裁定弗朗西斯科·特拉维亚谋杀罪不成立。

Although he served time for illegally disposing of a body, Norris and Gettler had saved him from the electric chair.

尽管他因非法处理尸体而入狱，但诺里斯和盖特勒把他从电椅上救了出来。

For them, the Travia case was a long-awaited vindication.

对他们来说，特拉维亚案是等待已久的平反。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : You need the police to see scientists as partners.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：你需要警察将科学家视为合作伙伴。

You need to make that hostility go away if forensic science is gonna work.

如果法医学要发挥作用，你就需要消除这种敌意。

And you see, post the Travia case, everyone wanting to move in that direction.

你看，发布 Travia 案例后，每个人都想朝这个方向前进。

David J.

大卫·J。

Krajicek, Writer: : Norris and Gettler were elated.

Krajicek，作家：诺里斯和盖特勒很高兴。

Justice was done because of science.

正义因科学而得以伸张。

These guys were all about getting it right.

这些人都是为了把事情做好。

And in this case they did.

在这种情况下，他们做到了。

Narrator: : On Christmas Eve, 1926, hospitals all over New York were flooded with patients hallucinating, blinded, comatose, and dying.

旁白： 1926 年圣诞节前夕，纽约各地的医院挤满了出现幻觉、失明、昏迷和垂死的病人。

Narrator: : A batch of highly toxic liquor had hit the streets.

旁白： ：一批剧毒酒流入街头。

Michael Lerner, Historian: : For a year or two after Prohibition went into effect, people were drinking the same old stuff -- commercial liquor the bootleggers were selling.

历史学家迈克尔·勒纳：禁酒令生效后的一两年里，人们喝的是同样的老东西——走私者出售的商业酒。

But as Prohibition progresses, as the liquor supply becomes more and more unreliable, people start adulterating the product, they'd start diluting the product.

但随着禁酒令的推进，随着酒类供应变得越来越不可靠，人们开始在产品中掺假，他们会开始稀释产品。

And then the biggest threat comes from the diversion of industrial alcohol.

然后最大的威胁来自于工业酒精的挪用。

Narrator: : For decades, the federal government had required that any alcohol not intended for drinking be poisoned.

旁白：：几十年来，联邦政府一直要求任何非饮用酒精必须被投毒。

That way alcohol used in cosmetics, medicines, or manufacturing could be kept out of the liquor supply.

这样，化妆品、药品或制造业中使用的酒精就可以排除在酒类供应之外。

It was called "denaturing," and under normal circumstances it simply allowed the government to regulate the market.

它被称为“变性”，在正常情况下它只是让政府监管市场。

But once Prohibition took effect, denatured alcohol became an attractive source of bootleg liquor.

但一旦禁酒令生效，工业酒精就成为了一种有吸引力的盗版酒来源。

In Bowery dives denatured alcohol was served straight up.

在包厘街潜水中，工业酒精是直接供应的。

It was called "smoke," and it cost a few cents a glass.

它被称为“烟”，一杯售价几美分。

The great majority of drinkers weren't quite so desperate.

绝大多数饮酒者并没有那么绝望。

Michael Lerner, Historian: : Bootleggers didn't wanna kill their customers off so they would do things like redistill denatured alcohol to distill out the poison.

迈克尔·勒纳（Michael Lerner），历史学家：：走私者不想杀死他们的顾客，所以他们会做一些事情，比如重新蒸馏工业酒精来蒸馏出毒药。

And you could do this to come degree, but virtually every time you would leave trace elements of the poison in it.

你可以在一定程度上做到这一点，但实际上每次你都会在里面留下毒物的微量元素。

Narrator: : Norris asked Gettler to analyze samples of liquor that had been found near the victims.

旁白：：诺里斯要求盖特勒分析在受害者附近发现的酒样本。

He identified a bewildering array of poisons: methanol, gasoline, benzene, cadmium, iodine, ether, formaldehyde, and more.

他发现了一系列令人眼花缭乱的毒物：甲醇、汽油、苯、镉、碘、乙醚、甲醛等等。

Most of them were there by order of the federal government.

他们中的大多数是奉联邦政府的命令来到这里的。

Michael Lerner, Historian: : They adjusted the denaturing formulas and they tinkered, you know, they always were looking for better ways to poison alcohol.

历史学家迈克尔·勒纳（Michael Lerner）：：他们调整了变性配方，并且进行了修补，你知道，他们一直在寻找更好的方法来毒害酒精。

It reaches a point where no one can be sure of what they're drinking.

已经到了没人能确定自己喝的是什么的地步。

Whether you're in the most exclusive nightclub, or whether you're in the seediest dive, you really had no idea what was in the glass.

无论您是在最高档的夜总会，还是在最肮脏的潜水场所，您真的不知道玻璃杯里有什么。

Narrator: : Prohibition was becoming a contest between chemists working for the government, and others working for the bootleggers.

旁白：：禁酒令正在成为为政府工作的化学家与其他为走私者工作的化学家之间的竞争。

Norris used Gettler's findings as the centerpiece of a national campaign against Prohibition.

诺里斯将盖特勒的发现作为全国反禁酒运动的核心内容。

The campaign resonated across the country.

该活动在全国引起反响。

More and more Americans were coming to see Prohibition as a failure, and Norris helped cement that impression.

越来越多的美国人开始认为禁酒令是失败的，诺里斯帮助巩固了这种印象。

Michael Lerner, Historian: : Instead of people stepping back and saying "this isn't working," the drys push the federal government to basically double down and say, "Let's literally double the amount of poison in the alcohol.

历史学家迈克尔·勒纳（Michael Lerner）：人们没有退后一步说“这不起作用”，而是促使联邦政府加倍努力说：“让我们将酒精中的毒物含量加倍。”

And that will stop people from drinking."

这将阻止人们喝酒。”

Narrator: : On New Year's Eve 1926, the Treasury Department announced that denatured alcohol would be made still more deadly.

旁白： 1926 年除夕夜，财政部宣布工业酒精的致命性将更高。

Michael Lerner, Historian: : It's just stunning to see really what you could only describe as mass poisoning brought about by government policy.

历史学家迈克尔·勒纳 (Michael Lerner)： 看到政府政策造成的大规模中毒事件确实令人震惊。

If prohibition, if its intent was to stop people from drinking, you know, the evidence is right there in front of you know, something has gone drastically wrong.

如果禁令，如果它的目的是阻止人们喝酒，你知道，证据就在你面前，你知道，事情已经出了严重的问题。

Narrator: : By New Years, the refrigerators in the morgue at Bellevue were full, and corpses lined the hallways.

旁白： 到了新年，贝尔维尤停尸房的冰箱已经满了，走廊里堆满了尸体。

Norris spent the day chronicling the epidemic.

诺里斯花了一天时间记录这场流行病。

Charles Norris (Don Sparks): : Garvin, John.

查尔斯·诺里斯（唐·斯帕克斯饰）：：加文，约翰。

32 years old; found unconscious at 32nd Street and Broadway at 1:30 o'clock this morning.

32岁；今天凌晨 1:30 被发现在第 32 街和百老汇街不省人事。

Gordon, Mabel, 31 years old, of 40 East 133rd St.

Gordon, Mabel，31 岁，来自东 133 街 40 号。

George F.

乔治·F.

Carlisle, 42, of 215 West 90th St.

卡莱尔，42 岁，西 90 街 215 号

Washington, John.

华盛顿、约翰.

40 years old, found dead in a hallway at 302 Hudson Avenue, Brooklyn.

40 岁，被发现死在布鲁克林哈德逊大道 302 号的走廊里。

Unidentified Man, about 28 years old, 5 feet 8 inches, 145 lbs., found unconscious outside 1220 Lexington Ave.

身份不明的男子，约 28 岁，身高 5 英尺 8 英寸，体重 145 磅，被发现于列克星敦大道 1220 号外不省人事。

Patrick McCabe, 48 years old, of 400 West 48 St.

Patrick McCabe，48 岁，来自 400 West 48 St.

Unidentified Man, about 60 years old, found in front of 306 East 32nd St.

身份不明的男子，约 60 岁，在东 32 街 306 号前被发现。

Thomas Callan, 44 years old, 300 West 112th St.

Thomas Callan，44 岁，西 112 街 300 号

Charles Norris (Don Sparks): : Edward McLaughlin, 291 Division Ave., Brooklyn.

查尔斯·诺里斯（唐·斯帕克斯）：爱德华·麦克劳克林，291 Division Ave.，布鲁克林。

Narrator: : In Norris' eyes, Prohibition had become a plague.

旁白：：在诺里斯眼中，禁酒令已经成为一场瘟疫。

Charles Norris (Don Sparks, audio): : Nearly 10,000 in this city will die this year from strong drink.

查尔斯·诺里斯（Don Sparks，音频）：：今年这座城市将有近 10,000 人死于烈酒。

Our national casualty list for the year from this one cause will outstrip the toll of the Great War.

我们今年因这一原因造成的全国伤亡人数将超过第一次世界大战的伤亡人数。

These are the first fruits of Prohibition.

这些是禁酒令的第一个成果。

This is the price of our national experiment -- in extermination.

这就是我们国家实验的代价——灭绝。

Narrator: : In the fall of 1927, New Jersey authorities asked Norris and Gettler to investigate the case of a woman who had been dead for five years.

旁白： 1927 年秋天，新泽西州当局要求诺里斯和盖特勒调查一名已死亡五年的妇女的案件。

It was their first encounter with a terrifying new poison.

这是他们第一次遇到可怕的新毒。

The story began in 1917, when Amelia Magia got her first job.

故事开始于 1917 年，当时阿米莉亚·马吉亚 (Amelia Magia) 找到了第一份工作。

Her parents were struggling to make ends meet, and she wanted to help.

她的父母正在努力维持生计，她想提供帮助。

Amelia and her two sisters spent their days in a New Jersey factory decorating watch faces with paint that emitted a beautiful blue-green light.

阿米莉亚和她的两个姐妹在新泽西州的一家工厂里花了很多时间，用发出美丽蓝绿色光芒的油漆装饰表盘。

The country was at war, and soldiers in the trenches had found that these luminous watches were just bright enough to read at night without being seen by the enemy.

国家正处于战争时期，战壕里的士兵发现这些夜光手表的亮度刚好足以在夜间看时而不被敌人发现。

Narrator: : The paint was made with radium less than a millionth of a gram per watch.

旁白：：每块手表所用的镭含量不到百万分之一克。

That was enough to give it a magical glow.

这足以赋予它神奇的光芒。

Narrator: : Amelia and her friends liked to play with it: sprinkling it in their hair or painting their fingernails.

旁白：：阿米莉亚和她的朋友们喜欢玩它：把它洒在头发上或涂在指甲上。

Amelia Maggia (Dominika Haskova): : Yeah, but my brother and his friends still love it.

Amelia Maggia（Dominika Haskova）：是的，但我哥哥和他的朋友们仍然喜欢它。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : When radium was discovered in the late 19th century by Marie Currie and her husband, Pierre, they named it radium because of its radio activity.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：当玛丽·柯里 (Marie Currie) 和她的丈夫皮埃尔 (Pierre) 在 19 世纪末发现镭时，他们因其放射性活性而将其命名为镭。

And it was thought to be a wonderful thing.

这被认为是一件美妙的事情。

Radium was almost immediately put into medical practice for shrinking tumors.

镭几乎立即被用于缩小肿瘤的医疗实践。

So the idea was it has nothing but health-giving properties.

所以我们的想法是它除了有益健康之外什么也没有。

Narrator: : Within no time radium was being used to treat everything from acne to insanity.

旁白：：很快，镭就被用来治疗从痤疮到精神错乱的各种疾病。

Children were fed radium-laced candies and sodas, women bought radium-based facial creams, and radium clinics offered free injections of the new wonder drug.

孩子们吃的是含镭的糖果和苏打水，妇女们购买了镭基面霜，镭诊所提供免费注射这种新的神奇药物。

It was understood that like most medicines, radium could be hazardous.

据了解，像大多数药物一样，镭可能是危险的。

But everyone assumed that any danger was fleeting, that radium would pass through the body without leaving a trace.

但每个人都认为任何危险都是转瞬即逝的，镭会穿过身体而不留下任何痕迹。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : So when you are a dial painter, and you're painting watches with radium paint, then you're just thinking you're doing something good for yourself, right?

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：：所以，当您是一名表盘喷漆师，并用镭漆绘制手表时，您只是认为自己在为自己做一些好事，对吗？

You just have a little extra exposure to this wonderful healthy element.

您只需多接触一点这种美妙的健康元素即可。

Narrator: : In 1921, after four years at the factory, Magia had to quit her job.

旁白： 1921 年，在工厂工作四年后，马吉亚不得不辞去工作。

She had been losing weight, and her joints ached terribly.

她的体重一直在下降，而且关节疼痛得厉害。

She developed anemia, and bled constantly from the mouth.

她患上了贫血症，嘴里不断流血。

Within months Amelia's lower jaw had disintegrated so badly that her dentist remove it by lifting it out with his fingers.

几个月内，阿米莉亚的下颌严重崩解，以至于她的牙医用手指将其取出。

Amelia Magia died on September 12th 1922, at the age of 25.

阿米莉亚·马吉亚 (Amelia Magia) 于 1922 年 9 月 12 日去世，享年 25 岁。

The death of a young immigrant wasn't news.

年轻移民的死亡并不是什么新闻。

But Amelia was only the first.

但阿米莉亚只是第一个。

The next year another dial painter died a similar death, and then another, and another.

第二年，另一位表盘画家也死于类似的死亡，然后又是另一位，又是另一位。

By 1925, five were dead, and several others -- including Amelia's two sisters -- were showing the same terrifying symptoms: anemias, ulcers, tumors, and decaying bones.

到 1925 年，已有 5 人死亡，其他几人——包括阿米莉亚的两个姐妹——也出现了同样可怕的症状：贫血、溃疡、肿瘤和骨头腐烂。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : It was a miserable death.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：这是一次悲惨的死亡。

And it didn't occur quickly.

而且它并没有很快发生。

And, of course, the radium company said radium was not the problem.

当然，镭公司表示镭不是问题所在。

I mean they were not acknowledging any responsibility.

我的意思是他们不承认任何责任。

Narrator: : Many of the victims hadn't shown any symptoms until long after they had left their jobs.

旁白：：许多受害者直到离开工作岗位很久之后才表现出任何症状。

No one had ever seen a poison that took effect after months or even years.

没有人见过几个月甚至几年后才生效的毒药。

Despite the company's denials, the local medical examiner, Harrison Martland, was convinced that radium was the killer.

尽管该公司否认，当地法医哈里森·马特兰仍然坚信镭就是凶手。

If that was true, he was up against an entirely new poison.

如果这是真的，那么他面对的是一种全新的毒药。

In the fall of 1927 he asked Norris and Gettler for help.

1927 年秋天，他向诺里斯和盖特勒寻求帮助。

Gettler devised a test to find radium in a set of human remains, and on October 15th the body of the first known victim was delivered to Bellevue: Amelia Magia.

盖特勒设计了一项测试，在一组人体遗骸中发现镭，10 月 15 日，第一名已知受害者的尸体被运送到贝尔维尤：阿米莉亚·马吉亚 (Amelia Magia)。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : They exhumed her bones and they cleaned them.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：：他们挖出了她的骨头并进行了清理。

And then Gettler, he did his tests.

然后盖特勒做了他的测试。

He covered some sheets of x-ray paper, so that light could not expose them.

他盖上了几张X光纸，这样光线就不会暴露它们。

Then he placed the bones on them and left them in the dark for a couple of days.

然后他把骨头放在上面，并把它们放在黑暗中几天。

And when he returned and removed the paper, he saw where the bones had been placed.

当他回来并揭开纸时，他看到了骨头被放置的地方。

Gamma rays were beating on that x-ray paper, just as if we were in the doctor's office getting an x-ray.

伽马射线照射在 X 光纸上，就像我们在医生办公室接受 X 光检查一样。

Gettler showed that the radium was in fact in the bones.

盖特勒证明镭实际上存在于骨头中。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : They're still glowing five years later.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯饰）：五年后，它们仍然闪闪发光。

Narrator: : Confronted with Gettler's findings, Amelia Magia's former employer was forced to offer compensation to some of the survivors.

旁白：：面对盖特勒的调查结果，阿米莉亚·马吉亚的前雇主被迫向一些幸存者提供赔偿。

But he still insisted that the whole affair was a fraud.

但他仍然坚称整个事件是一场骗局。

"We unfortunately gave work to a great many people who were physically unfit," he explained.

“不幸的是，我们给很多身体不适的人提供了工作，”他解释道。

"Cripples and other incapacitated persons were engaged.

“残疾人和其他无行为能力的人都参与其中。

What was then considered an act of kindness on our part has since been turned against us."

当时被认为是我们的善举，后来却变成了针对我们的行为。”

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : Business could run wild with worker's safety in those days.

Marcella Fierro，法医病理学家： ：在那些日子里，由于工人的安全，生意可能会失控。

Whether it was lead or whether it was radium or all sorts of other toxic substances in the work place there was no serious agency to protect workers.

无论是铅、镭还是工作场所中的各种其他有毒物质，都没有严肃的机构来保护工人。

Narrator: : Amelia's suffering was over, but for other Radium Girls the ordeal was just beginning.

旁白：：阿米莉亚的苦难已经结束，但对于其他镭女孩来说，磨难才刚刚开始。

The tragedy would continue to unfold for decades, as over a hundred Dial Painters were slowly poisoned by the radium in their bones.

这场悲剧持续了数十年，一百多名表盘画师逐渐被骨头中的镭毒害。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : These ladies were doomed.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：这些女士注定要失败。

They would take that brush and bring it to their lips to get a fine point on it.

他们会拿起那把刷子，把它放在嘴唇上，在上面画一个细点。

Radium was going right into their blood stream through their mucous membrane.

镭通过粘膜直接进入他们的血液。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Radium essentially masks itself as calcium.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者： 镭本质上将自己伪装成钙。

You have this wonderful system that the body uses to deliver calcium to the bones to make them stronger.

你有这个奇妙的系统，身体用它来将钙输送到骨骼，使它们更强壮。

The body sees radium, thinks it's calcium, and takes it right to the bone.

身体看到镭，认为它是钙，并将其直接吸收到骨骼中。

And it stays there.

它就留在那里。

It literally starts to break the bones apart.

它确实开始将骨头折断。

Their spines would crumble.

他们的脊椎会崩溃。

Their bones would break as they walked across the room.

当他们穿过房间时，他们的骨头就会折断。

None of these girls could be saved.

这些女孩无一获救。

Nothing the doctors could do would bring them back.

医生无能为力，无法让他们恢复健康。

Narrator: : The world's enchantment with radioactivity was ending.

旁白：：世界对放射性的迷恋正在结束。

Within a few years the market for radium tonics, patent medicines, and health products had collapsed.

几年之内，镭补品、成药和保健品的市场就崩溃了。

But there was no agency with the power to ban radium outright.

但没有任何机构有权彻底禁止镭。

The Dial Painters tragedy marked the beginning of a profound shift in public opinion.

表盘画家的悲剧标志着公众舆论深刻转变的开始。

Faith in scientific progress was being undermined by fear of its consequences.

对科学进步后果的恐惧正在削弱人们对科学进步的信心。

Norris and Gettler had been sounding that warning for years, urging the government to protect its citizens.

诺里斯和盖特勒多年来一直发出这一警告，敦促政府保护其公民。

Finally, that message was being heard.

终于，这个消息被听到了。

Michael Lerner, Historian: : New York was a very different city once the Depression hit.

历史学家迈克尔·勒纳 (Michael Lerner)：：大萧条袭来后，纽约是一个截然不同的城市。

In the early 1930s almost half of the city is out of work.

20 世纪 30 年代初，几乎一半的城市失业。

The party atmosphere of the 1920s is gone.

1920年代的派对气氛已经一去不复返了。

Sort of a dark tone takes over the city.

某种黑暗的色调笼罩着这座城市。

There's a fear that the Depression was something so drastic that, that we would never recover from it.

人们担心大萧条是如此严重以至于我们永远无法从中恢复过来。

That this really was the end.

这真的是结局了。

Narrator: : By 1933, New York had become a landscape of breadlines, soup kitchens, and homeless encampments.

旁白： 到 1933 年，纽约已经变成了排队领救济、施粥处和无家可归者营地的景象。

The Roaring 20s were a distant memory, except for one thing: Prohibition.

咆哮的二十年代已成为遥远的记忆，除了一件事：禁酒令。

Michael Lerner, Historian: : Nothing the Prohibitionists had promised had come to happen.

历史学家迈克尔·勒纳 (Michael Lerner)：：禁酒主义者所承诺的一切都没有发生。

They promised a safer society and we had a more violent society.

他们承诺建立一个更安全的社会，而我们却拥有一个更加暴力的社会。

They promised the ends to the public health problems and instead we got more public health problems; they promised prosperity and here we were in a depression; they promised that this would clean up the cities, that didn't happen; they promised it would clean up politics, that didn't happen.

他们承诺解决公共卫生问题，但我们却遇到了更多的公共卫生问题；他们许诺繁荣，而我们却陷入萧条；他们承诺这将清理城市，但这并没有发生；他们承诺这将清理政治，但这并没有发生。

Everyone's saying just set it aside.

大家都说放一边吧。

Let's be done with this.

我们就这样结束吧。

It's over.

结束了。

It doesn't work.

这不起作用。

It's never going to work.

它永远不会起作用。

Narrator: : Congress voted to overturn the 18th Amendment in February of 1933.

旁白：： 1933 年 2 月，国会投票推翻了第 18 条修正案。

But Prohibition would remain in force until three quarters of the states had voted for repeal.

但禁令将继续有效，直到四分之三的州投票赞成废除。

Until then, the smoke joints would continue to ply their trade; places like the Mermaid Tavern in the Bronx, the hideaway of a man who would become known as Mike the Durable.

在那之前，烟熏店将继续从事他们的生意。像布朗克斯的美人鱼酒馆这样的地方，是一个后来被称为“耐用的迈克”的人的藏身之处。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Mike is this Irish drifter who has, you know, a tab longer than his arm and doesn't pay it.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》的作者： 迈克是一位爱尔兰流浪者，你知道，他有一张比手臂还长的标签，但他不付钱。

And one night the owner and his friends were sort of bemoaning the bad times and wishing they knew someone who would conveniently die and leave them some money.

一天晚上，店主和他的朋友们都在哀叹糟糕的时光，希望他们能认识一个可以轻易死去并给他们留下一些钱的人。

And they all look at Mike Malloy passed out again and think, "here's our guy."

他们都看着再次昏倒的迈克·马洛伊，心想：“这是我们的人。”

Narrator: : There were four men in on the plan: owner Frank Marino, bartender Red Murphy, local undertaker Frankie Pasqua, and a fruit vendor, Daniel Kriesberg.

旁白：这个计划有四名男子参与：老板弗兰克·马里诺（Frank Marino）、调酒师雷德·墨菲（Red Murphy）、当地殡仪员弗兰基·帕斯夸（Frankie Pasqua）和水果摊贩丹尼尔·克里斯伯格（Daniel Kriesberg）。

In short order the conspirators bought three insurance policies on Mike Malloy's life.

很快，同谋者就为迈克·马洛伊购买了三份人寿保险。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : So their thought was here's this shaky alcoholic.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：所以他们的想法是，这个酒鬼摇摇欲坠。

We'll just dose him up with major amounts of alcohol and he'll keel over.

我们只要给他大量的酒精，他就会倒下。

But he loved it.

但他喜欢它。

So after a week they said, "Okay.

所以一周后他们说：“好吧。

Well we'll try a little poison alcohol," which was killing people across the city.

好吧，我们会尝试一点毒酒，”它正在杀死全城的人们。

He loved that too, right.

他也喜欢这个，对吧。

Kept coming back.

不断回来。

So then they thought, "Okay, "we'll, we'll try poison food." And, and the amazing thing to me is the things he actually ate.

然后他们想，“好吧，“我们会，我们会尝试有毒的食物。”而且，对我来说令人惊奇的是他实际上吃的东西。

There was one sandwich that had rotten sardines, ground glass, metal shavings.

其中一个三明治里有腐烂的沙丁鱼、磨砂玻璃和金属屑。

He loves it, comes back for more.

他喜欢它，会回来追求更多。

So they took him out to a park.

于是他们带他去了一个公园。

It's February, pour ice water on him, figuring he'll die of pneumonia.

现在是二月，给他泼冰水，估计他会死于肺炎。

No, the ice water just wakes him up.

不，冰水只会让他清醒。

He goes back to the bar and sleeps it off.

他回到酒吧睡了一觉。

And so finally, they wait until he's unconsciousness, lie him down in the street and then persuade a taxi driver to hit him with the car.

最后，他们等到他失去知觉后，把他放在街上，然后说服出租车司机开车撞他。

But does he die?

但他会死吗？

He does not.

他没有。

He is knocked to the sidewalk where some very helpful policemen rescue him.

他被撞到人行道上，一些非常乐于助人的警察救了他。

And about a week later he comes back, you know, he has a broken arm and a bad headache.

大约一周后，他回来了，你知道，他手臂骨折，头疼得厉害。

Narrator: : It was bartender Red Murphy who finally solved the problem that was Mike Malloy.

旁白：：最终解决这个问题的是调酒师Red Murphy，也就是Mike Malloy。

He and Kriesberg rented a room, liquored Malloy up until he passed out, and then rigged a rubber tube from a gas jet to his mouth.

他和克里斯伯格租了一个房间，给马洛伊灌了酒，直到他昏倒，然后将一根橡胶管从气体喷射器连接到他的嘴上。

It took just an hour for the carbon monoxide to finally kill him.

仅仅一个小时后，一氧化碳就最终杀死了他。

The conspirators got their payoff, and set about enjoying the fruits of their labors...

阴谋者们得到了回报，并开始享受他们的劳动成果……

until the police picked up rumors of the affair.

直到警方发现了这起事件的谣言。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : So, they exhume Mike Malloy's body.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：所以，他们挖出了迈克·马洛伊的尸体。

By this time Gettler has built this phenomenal groundwork on carbon monoxide really going back to the Travia case.

此时，盖特勒已经在一氧化碳上建立了这一非凡的基础，真正可以追溯到 Travia 案例。

So it's a piece of cake over at the Bellevue lab.

所以这对于贝尔维尤实验室来说是小菜一碟。

He finds this lethal level of carbon monoxide and that was it.

他发现一氧化碳达到了致命水平，仅此而已。

Narrator: : The conspirators had made one critical mistake.

旁白：：阴谋者犯了一个严重错误。

In his haste to finally put Mike Malloy in the ground, undertaker Frank Pasqua neglected to embalm the body.

殡葬承办人弗兰克·帕斯卡在匆忙最终将迈克·马洛伊埋葬时，忽略了对尸体进行防腐处理。

Had he done so, the embalming fluids would have destroyed all traces of carbon monoxide.

如果他这样做了，防腐液就会消除所有一氧化碳的痕迹。

But as it was, Gettler was able to provide the evidence that sent all four men to the electric chair.

但事实上，盖特勒能够提供将所有四人送上电椅的证据。

They were soon forgotten, but Durable Mike Malloy would live on in memory, as the subject of songs, plays, novels, and movies.

他们很快就被遗忘了，但耐用的迈克·马洛伊将作为歌曲、戏剧、小说和电影的主题而活在人们的记忆中。

Smoke joints like Tony Marino's finally disappeared when Prohibition ended in December of 1933.

1933 年 12 月禁酒令结束后，像托尼·马里诺这样的烟馆终于消失了。

Poisoned alcohol almost disappeared as well: in the first full year after Prohibition Norris counted only two methanol deaths.

中毒酒精也几乎消失了：在禁酒令后的第一年，诺里斯只统计了两例甲醇死亡事件。

But the Depression had triggered a spike in violent deaths, driven by soaring rates of suicide.

但由于自杀率飙升，大萧条引发了暴力死亡人数激增。

On average, three New Yorkers were killing themselves every day.

平均每天有三名纽约人自杀。

It was easy to lose sight of the suffering behind those numbers, but in the spring of 1935, one story made it all too real.

人们很容易忽视这些数字背后的痛苦，但 1935 年春天，一个故事让这一切变得更加真实。

David J.

大卫·J。

Krajicek, Writer: : By all accounts Frederick Gross was a very pleasant and polite fellow.

Krajicek，作家： ：从各方面来看，弗雷德里克·格罗斯是一个非常令人愉快且有礼貌的人。

He lived in Bushwick, Brooklyn.

他住在布鲁克林布什威克。

In 1935 Bushwick was sort of the hinterlands, a neighborhood of immigrants, cold water tenements; and it was a neighborhood of poverty.

1935 年，布什威克还算内陆地区，是移民社区、冷水公寓；那是一个贫困地区。

Frederick Gross was a bookkeeper for a little import/export company.

弗雷德里克·格罗斯是一家小型进出口公司的簿记员。

In order to keep him on the payroll, the company said, "Look, we've got to cut your salary.

为了让他留在工资单上，公司说：“听着，我们必须削减你的工资。

We're cutting you from $35 a week to $20 a week." He kept his job but he wasn't making enough money to feed his family.

我们将把你的工资从每周 35 美元削减到每周 20 美元。”他保住了工作，但赚的钱不足以养家糊口。

He had five kids.

他有五个孩子。

They went to bed hungry most nights.

大多数晚上他们都是饿着肚子上床睡觉的。

There was no coal in the cellar to keep the flat warm.

地窖里没有煤可以让公寓取暖。

He wore a suit that he owed money on.

他穿着一套他欠钱的西装。

He was in dire straits.

他陷入了困境。

Narrator: : One evening, Gross's wife Katherine told him that one of the boys wasn't feeling well.

旁白： 一天晚上，格罗斯的妻子凯瑟琳告诉他，其中一个男孩感觉不舒服。

Gross put him into pajamas and tucked him into bed.

格罗斯给他穿上睡衣，把他掖到床上。

By morning he was dead.

到早上他就死了。

Colin Evans, Writer: : The first to die was Frederick, age nine.

科林·埃文斯（Colin Evans），编剧：：第一个死去的是九岁的弗雷德里克。

He was followed by his younger brother, Leo.

紧随其后的是他的弟弟利奥。

And then, Katherine, the wife, died.

然后，妻子凯瑟琳去世了。

And then after a passage of three weeks his two daughters died.

三周后，他的两个女儿去世了。

And eventually rumors reached the police and they started to investigate.

最终谣言传到了警方，他们开始调查。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : The only person who's not getting sick is the dad.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：唯一没有生病的人是父亲。

So, of course, the police are thinking, "This guy is really doing a number on his family."

所以，警察当然会想，“这个家伙真的对他的家人做了很多事情。”

Narrator: : Gross was arrested; the police questioned him for 28 hours, and for 28 hours, he insisted he was innocent.

旁白：：格罗斯被捕；警察审问了他28小时，而在28小时里，他坚称自己是无辜的。

Finally Gross was delivered to his cell, where he collapsed onto his cot, still wearing his one good suit.

最后，格罗斯被送进牢房，倒在小床上，身上还穿着一套好衣服。

The police were left with five bodies, and one dramatic clue.

警方留下了五具尸体和一条戏剧性的线索。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : His 18-month-old daughter before she died, a neighbor described her, you know, as bald as an egg.

黛博拉·布鲁姆 (Deborah Blum)，《投毒者手册》的作者：：他 18 个月大的女儿死前，一位邻居形容她，你知道，秃得像鸡蛋一样。

All of her beautiful hair had fallen out.

她所有美丽的头发都掉光了。

His son in the hospital was bald.

他在医院的儿子已经秃顶了。

Narrator: : Investigators suspected poison, and the hair loss pointed to a highly toxic heavy metal that was widely used in pesticides: thallium.

旁白：：侦查人员疑似中毒，脱发指向一种广泛用于农药的剧毒重金属：铊。

Their suspicions were corroborated by a local pathologist, who confirmed that all of the bodies contained thallium.

他们的怀疑得到了当地病理学家的证实，他证实所有尸体都含有铊。

And they weren't long in figuring out how it got there.

他们很快就弄清楚了它是如何到达那里的。

David J.

大卫·J。

Krajicek, Writer: : It turned out that Frederick Gross' employer sold thallium as a pesticide against rodents and bugs and whatnot.

Krajicek，作家： 事实证明，弗雷德里克·格罗斯的雇主出售铊作为防治啮齿动物、虫子等的杀虫剂。

They also sold cocoa.

他们还卖可可。

And Fredrick Gross had brought home a couple-pound tin of it one week and then brought home another two-pound tin of it a week later.

弗雷德里克·格罗斯（Fredrick Gross）一周带回了一罐两磅重的罐头，一周后又带回了另一罐两磅重的罐头。

The Brooklyn prosecutor said, "That's a lot of cocoa."

布鲁克林检察官说：“这是很多可可。”

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : So, you know, if you're a police officer and you're connecting all these dots, dying family, amazingly untouched dad, access to poison, the poison, and access to what appears to be the method of delivery, it looks like a perfect case.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：所以，你知道，如果你是一名警察，并且你正在将所有这些点联系起来，垂死的家庭，令人惊讶地未受影响的父亲，接触毒药，接触毒药，以及接触似乎是交付的方法，这看起来是一个完美的案例。

Narrator: : When the same pathologist confirmed the presence of thallium in the cocoa, the Brooklyn DA had everything he needed to go to trial.

旁白：：当同一位病理学家证实可可中含有铊时，布鲁克林地方检察官拥有了接受审判所需的一切。

But the case troubled him: why had Gross done it, and why did he keep insisting he was innocent?

但这起案件让他感到困扰：格罗斯为什么要这么做，为什么他一直坚称自己是无辜的？

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : He hasn't taken out any of those handy insurance policies, right.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：他没有购买任何方便的保险单，对吧。

He's, he's not wealthier.

他，他并不富裕。

And they are discovering that no one believes he did it.

他们发现没有人相信他做到了这一点。

Narrator: : Hoping to dispel his doubts, the D.A.

旁白：：为了消除他的疑虑，地方检察官

sent the evidence over to Alexander Gettler the tissue samples, the cocoa, the tin, all of it.

将证据发送给亚历山大·盖特勒（Alexander Gettler），包括组织样本、可可、罐头，所有这些。

The heart of the mystery was the alleged murder weapon: the cocoa Gross had fed to his children.

谜团的核心是所谓的凶器：格罗斯喂给他的孩子们的可可。

Gettler devised a procedure to remove any thallium from the cocoa and isolate it in a clear solution.

盖特勒设计了一种从可可中去除铊并将其分离到透明溶液中的程序。

Narrator: : But that was just the beginning.

旁白：：但这只是开始。

Gettler's procedure also isolated other elements that could be mistaken for thallium.

盖特勒的程序还分离出了其他可能被误认为铊的元素。

He needed to confirm beyond a shadow of doubt whether the solution actually contained the poison.

他需要毫无疑问地确认溶液中是否真的含有毒药。

The theory of spectroscopy had been around for almost a century.

光谱学理论已经存在了近一个世纪。

It was based on a peculiar phenomenon: when any element is heated to the point that it glows, it emits a characteristic color.

它基于一种奇特的现象：当任何元素被加热到发光的程度时，它都会发出一种特有的颜色。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : So if we do have thallium we should see some green.

Alexander Gettler（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：如果我们确实有铊，我们应该会看到一些绿色。

Narrator: : But this color is visible only for the brief moment it takes a sample to evaporate, so precise identification is impossible with the naked eye.

旁白：：但这种颜色仅在样品蒸发的短暂时间内可见，因此肉眼无法精确识别。

Narrator: : But if the flame is viewed through a prism, the resulting color spectrum is like an element's fingerprint.

旁白：：但是如果通过棱镜观察火焰，所得到的色谱就像元素的指纹。

Each element has its own spectrum; no two are alike.

每种元素都有自己的光谱；没有两个是相同的。

And if that spectrum was projected onto a sheet of photo paper, it could be preserved for careful analysis.

如果将该光谱投影到一张相纸上，就可以保存下来以供仔细分析。

The spectrograph had been designed to do just that.

光谱仪的设计就是为了做到这一点。

It had never before been used in a criminal investigation.

它以前从未用于刑事调查。

Gettler lit a gas flame inside the spectrograph, and tuned it so that it emitted no visible light.

盖特勒在光谱仪内部点燃了气体火焰，并对其进行了调整，使其不发出可见光。

Narrator: : He then inserted a drop of the thallium solution.

旁白：：然后他加入了一滴铊溶液。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : And expose.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯饰）：：并揭露。

Good.

好的。

And that's it.

就是这样。

Let's see what we've got.

让我们看看我们有什么。

Narrator: : The last step was to compare the photo paper with a chart of known color patterns.

旁白：：最后一步是将相纸与已知颜色图案的图表进行比较。

Narrator: : Thallium's fingerprint was two characteristic bands of light.

旁白：：铊的指纹是两条特征光带。

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : Well, we know that the cocoa wasn't the murder weapon.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯饰）：嗯，我们知道可可不是凶器。

Ok, we've got to move quickly.

好吧，我们得快点行动。

Narrator: : Gettler proved that the cocoa hadn't been poisoned at all; rather, copper from the tin had leached into the powder.

旁白：：盖特勒证明可可根本没有中毒；相反，锡中的铜已浸入粉末中。

The pathologist who first tested the cocoa had mistaken one for the other.

第一次测试可可的病理学家将其中一种误认为是另一种。

The case against Frederick Gross was starting to fall apart.

针对弗雷德里克·格罗斯的案子开始分崩离析。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : So they exhume the bodies of everyone who died.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：：所以他们挖出了所有死者的尸体。

And Gettler discovers that thallium is in the bodies of all these dead children but not in the mom.

盖特勒发现，所有这些死去的孩子的体内都含有铊，但母亲体内却没有。

That she had coincidentally died of encephalitis.

她巧合地死于脑炎。

Colin Evans, Writer: : So the police were left with five bodies, no motive, and no means of establishing exactly how the thallium had gotten into the victims.

作家科林·埃文斯 (Colin Evans)：因此，警方留下了五具尸体，没有动机，也没有办法确定铊是如何进入受害者体内的。

But when they started talking to neighbors, it emerged that the mother, Katherine, was so depressed with her current situation, she'd recently found out she was pregnant again, and she said, "things just, you know, just cannot go on this way.

但当他们开始与邻居交谈时，发现母亲凯瑟琳对自己目前的处境感到非常沮丧，她最近发现自己又怀孕了，她说：“你知道，事情不能再这样下去了。

Life for Frederick, he doesn't deserve this." Gradually the police realize it was Katherine who'd killed the children by poisoning their food.

对于弗雷德里克来说，他不应该得到这样的生命。”警方逐渐意识到是凯瑟琳在孩子们的食物中下毒杀死了他们。

And she'd done it as an act of kindness to her husband.

她这样做是对她丈夫的善意之举。

Narrator: : On May 20th, 1935, a Brooklyn magistrate dismissed the charges against Frederick Gross.

旁白：1935 年 5 月 20 日，一位布鲁克林地方法官驳回了对弗雷德里克·格罗斯的指控。

Although Gross had suffered terrible loss, he had been spared an even greater injustice.

格罗斯虽然遭受了惨重的损失，但也避免了更大的不公正。

Had he been condemned to die, it's unlikely that anyone would have questioned the verdict.

如果他被判处死刑，那么没有人会对判决提出质疑。

What was left of Gross's life he owed to Alexander Gettler.

格罗斯生命中剩下的一切都归功于亚历山大·盖特勒。

Gross went straight from the court to the hospital where his only surviving son was recovering.

格罗斯从法庭直接前往医院，他唯一幸存的儿子正在医院康复。

Seeing the little bald boy in the crib, he started to cry.

看到婴儿床上的光头小男孩，他哭了起来。

The five-year-old asked his father why he hadn't come to see him on visiting Sundays.

这个五岁的孩子问他的父亲为什么不在周日探望他。

Gross replied, "Son, I was busy."

格罗斯回答说：“儿子，我很忙。”

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : I know exactly what Norris went through.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：：我确切地知道诺里斯经历了什么。

You see this pain and suffering every day.

你每天都会看到这种痛苦和折磨。

You're working to bring something positive out of it.

你正在努力从中带来一些积极的东西。

Whether it's answers to families, insurers and courts or if it's a public health issue can you inspire the political people to change things?

无论是对家庭、保险公司和法院的答复，还是公共卫生问题，您能否激励政界人士做出改变？

But it's physically wearing as well, okay.

但它也适合身体穿着，好吧。

Physically wearing.

物理上穿着。

Narrator: : By 1935, Charles Norris had been on the job for 17 years, fighting one uphill battle after another.

旁白： 到 1935 年，查尔斯·诺里斯 (Charles Norris) 已经工作了 17 年，经历了一场又一场艰苦的战斗。

And that spring, he was drawn in to one of the most dispiriting battles of all.

那年春天，他卷入了一场最令人沮丧的战斗。

Once again, the adversary was City Hall.

再次，对手是市政厅。

Gentleman Jimmy Walker was gone now.

吉米·沃克先生现在已经走了。

His tenure ended in spectacular fashion when he fled the country to avoid being prosecuted for corruption.

当他逃离该国以避免因腐败而受到起诉时，他的任期以惊人的方式结束。

Norris had been hopeful when Fiorello LaGuardia moved into the mayor's office.

当菲奥雷洛·拉瓜迪亚搬进市长办公室时，诺里斯满怀希望。

LaGuardia shared Norris's dislike of plutocrats and Prohibition.

拉瓜迪亚和诺里斯一样厌恶富豪和禁酒令。

But Prohibition aside, the new mayor was a law and order man, and he set about cleaning up the city government with boundless energy.

但抛开禁酒令不谈，新市长还是一位治安维护者，他以无限的精力着手整顿市政府。

Unfortunately for Norris, that energy wasn't always matched by discernment.

不幸的是，对于诺里斯来说，这种精力并不总是与洞察力相匹配。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Fiorello LaGuardia had a deep distrust of this wealthy medical examiner.

黛博拉·布鲁姆 (Deborah Blum)，《投毒者手册》作者：菲奥雷洛·拉瓜迪亚 (Fiorello LaGuardia) 对这位富有的法医深感不信任。

I mean Norris acted like a guy with money.

我的意思是诺里斯表现得像个有钱人。

He had a chauffeur.

他有一个司机。

He wore really good clothes.

他穿的衣服真的很好。

If you were a suspicious mayor, which LaGuardia was, you'd say to yourself, "Never mind his private income.

如果你是一个多疑的市长（拉瓜迪亚就是这样），你会对自己说：“别介意他的私人收入。

This is a guy on the take."

这是一个正在接受任务的人。”

Narrator: : In May of 1935 LaGuardia accused Norris and his staff of embezzling almost two hundred thousand dollars.

旁白： 1935 年 5 月，拉瓜迪亚机场指控诺里斯及其员工挪用了近 20 万美元。

Norris's public humiliation went on for almost a month, before investigators finally acknowledged that not only had he not stolen anything, but that he had, in fact, "spent substantial amounts of his own money" to sustain the department.

诺里斯的公开羞辱持续了近一个月，直到调查人员最终承认他不仅没有偷任何东西，而且事实上他“花费了大量自己的钱”来维持该部门。

Norris had had enough.

诺里斯已经受够了。

In June he left the country for a long delayed vacation.

六月，他离开该国去度一个延迟已久的假期。

But when he returned to work in the fall, he hardly seemed rejuvenated.

但当他秋天重返工作岗位时，他似乎并没有恢复活力。

He moved slowly, and joked with Gettler about being too old for the job.

他动作缓慢，并与盖特勒开玩笑说他太老了，无法胜任这份工作。

On the evening of September 11th 1935, Charles Norris' heart finally gave out.

1935 年 9 月 11 日晚上，查尔斯·诺里斯的心终于停止了。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : When Norris died in 1935 there was this phenomenal outpouring from people right down to secretaries talking about how much he had taken care of them, you know, given them extra money when they were struggling; helped them when they had problems.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》的作者：1935 年诺里斯去世时，从人们到秘书都纷纷议论他对他们的照顾，你知道，在他们陷入困境时给了他们额外的钱；当他们遇到问题时帮助他们。

Maybe that's a little bit of an aristocratic thing.

或许这就是有点贵族气息吧。

But he really saw them as people in his care.

但他确实将他们视为他照顾的人。

Narrator: : "Dr. Norris became an almost legendary figure in the life of the metropolis," the New York Times observed, "a genius who had in his personality much of the detective and the philosopher."

旁白：《纽约时报》评论说：“诺里斯博士几乎成为这座大都市生活中的传奇人物，他是一位天才，他的性格具有侦探和哲学家的特质。”

For Gettler, there was little time to mourn -- the drumbeat of death never let up.

对于盖特勒来说，几乎没有时间哀悼——死亡的鼓声从未减弱。

Sometimes the work left him numb.

有时工作让他变得麻木。

But other cases burned themselves in memory.

但其他案例却在人们的记忆中留下了深刻的印象。

One such episode began less than two weeks after Norris's funeral: a bizarre murder that featured an uncomfortably familiar suspect.

诺里斯葬礼后不到两周就发生了这样的一幕：一起离奇的谋杀案，嫌疑人是一个令人不安的熟悉的嫌疑人。

The Depression looked different in the suburbs.

大萧条时期的郊区看起来有所不同。

Here, just beyond the city limits, hardships were hidden from view.

在这里，就在城市边界之外，苦难被隐藏起来。

But the jobs and the money were disappearing all the same.

但工作和金钱仍然在消失。

In the struggle to make ends meet, more and more families were moving in together.

为了维持收支平衡，越来越多的家庭搬到一起住。

So nobody took any notice when the Applegates moved in with their neighbors.

因此，当阿普尔盖特一家搬去和邻居住在一起时，没有人注意到。

Nor did it seem unusual when Ada Applegate passed away in the fall of 1935.

1935 年秋天，艾达·阿普尔盖特 (Ada Applegate) 去世，这似乎也并不罕见。

Colin Evans, Writer: : There was nothing about the death to attract any suspicion whatsoever.

科林·埃文斯（Colin Evans），编剧：：死亡事件并没有引起任何怀疑。

It appeared to be just another awful tragedy, a woman dying in her mid 30s for no accountable reason.

这似乎又是一场可怕的悲剧，一名30多岁的女性无缘无故地死去。

The attending physician, he recorded a catch-all verdict of coronary occlusion which could have meant anything really.

主治医生记录了冠状动脉闭塞的全面诊断结果，这可能意味着任何事情。

And there the story may have died except that the police received an anonymous letter comprised of clippings from a case that had happened twelve years earlier.

故事可能就此消亡，只是警方收到了一封匿名信，其中包含十二年前发生的一起案件的剪报。

David J.

大卫·J。

Krajicek, Writer: : It seemed as though she had fallen off the face of the earth.

克拉吉塞克（Krajicek），作家：：她似乎已经从地球表面掉下来了。

In fact, Fanny Creighton was living in Baldwin, Long Island, and was a housemate of Ada Applegate's.

事实上，范妮·克赖顿住在长岛鲍德温，是艾达·艾伯盖特的室友。

Colin Evans, Writer: : So once the police had this information they realize, "Wait, Ada Applegate is being buried today." So they immediately went rushing off the church.

作家科林·埃文斯 (Colin Evans)：因此，一旦警方获得此信息，他们就会意识到，“等等，艾达·艾伯盖特今天将被埋葬。”于是他们立即冲出了教堂。

And the funeral service was actually underway when the police came storming in and demanded everything had to be stopped right now, "We need the body!"

当葬礼正在进行时，警察冲进来，要求一切立即停止，“我们需要尸体！”

Narrator: : Because there was no poison specialist in the area, the police sent Ada Applegate's remains to the most famous toxicologist in the country.

旁白：：由于该地区没有毒物专家，警方将艾达·阿普尔盖特的遗体送到了该国最著名的毒物学家那里。

Everywhere he looked, Gettler found arsenic: four times the lethal dose.

盖特勒所到之处都发现了砷：是致死剂量的四倍。

The police didn't have to look far for their suspect; among the mourners at Ada Applegate's funeral was Fanny Creighton.

警察不必走很远就能找到嫌疑人；范妮·克赖顿 (Fanny Creighton) 是艾达·艾伯盖特葬礼上的哀悼者之一。

They brought her in for questioning.

他们把她带进来审问。

To their astonishment, she wanted to talk about her past.

令他们惊讶的是，她想谈论她的过去。

It had been so easy.

事情是如此简单。

In the spring of 1923, soon after Fanny convinced her brother to move in, she took out an insurance policy on his life.

1923 年春天，范妮说服她哥哥搬进来后不久，她就为他购买了一份人寿保险。

Charles never thought twice when Fanny offered to prepare his meals.

当范妮主动提出为他准备饭菜时，查尔斯毫不犹豫。

She had mixed arsenic into his chocolate pudding.

她在他的巧克力布丁中掺入了砒霜。

There was plenty on hand, in the popular tonic that Fanny used to lighten her skin.

手头有很多东西，是范妮用来美白皮肤的流行滋补品。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : Fanny Creighton.

Marcella Fierro，法医病理学家：：Fanny Creighton。

She is the stuff that novels are made of.

她是小说的素材。

Poison her own brother for a thousand dollar life insurance policy?

为了一千美元的人寿保险单而毒害自己的兄弟？

Now is that a profound betrayal of trust?

这是对信任的深刻背叛吗？

Just a consummately evil lady.

简直就是一个彻头彻尾的坏女人。

Narrator: : But Fanny had already been declared not guilty of the murder of her brother; she couldn't be tried twice for the same crime.

旁白：：但是范妮已经被宣布无罪谋杀她的兄弟；她不能因为同一罪行而受到两次审判。

If Fanny was to be convicted of anything, the police would have to solve the killing of Ada Applegate.

如果范妮要被定罪，警方就必须解决艾达·艾伯盖特被杀的问题。

Colin Evans, Writer: : Initially the police suspected that there was a love affair between Fanny and Everret so maybe they killed his wife in collusion.

科林·埃文斯（Colin Evans），编剧： 最初，警方怀疑范妮和埃弗雷特之间存在恋情，因此他们可能合谋杀害了范妮的妻子。

But the more they dug into it they found that no, it was far, far more sinister than that.

但随着他们深入研究，他们发现，不，它远比那要险恶得多。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Ada Applegate's husband was very unhappy in his marriage.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：艾达·艾伯盖特的丈夫在婚姻中非常不幸福。

But the person he fixed on was not Fanny Creighton but Fanny Creighton's 15-year-old daughter.

但他盯上的人并不是范妮·克赖顿，而是范妮·克赖顿15岁的女儿。

He decided that she was the girl for him.

他认定她就是适合他的女孩​​。

And what's really creepy about this is that so did Fanny.

真正令人毛骨悚然的是范妮也是如此。

Fanny was starting to resent the expenses of having children in the house.

范妮开始对养孩子的开支感到不满。

So she sees this as a chance to move the kid out.

所以她认为这是一个让孩子搬出去的机会。

She would send her daughter up to his room at night.

晚上她会把女儿送到他的房间。

She would chart her daughter's menstrual period so he could make sure that, you know, she didn't get pregnant.

她会记录女儿的月经期，这样他就可以确保她没有怀孕。

David J.

大卫·J。

Krajicek, Writer: : Fanny believed it ultimately was leading to Ruth and Everett Applegate marrying, thus giving her more time to do whatever she did in Baldwin, Long Island.

克拉吉塞克（编剧）：范妮相信这最终会导致露丝和埃弗雷特·阿普尔盖特结婚，从而让她有更多的时间去做她在长岛鲍德温所做的事情。

Colin Evans, Writer: : And the only obstacle standing in the way of this brilliant scheme is Ada Applegate.

编剧科林·埃文斯 (Colin Evans)： 阻碍这一辉煌计划的唯一障碍是艾达·艾伯盖特 (Ada Applegate)。

And sure enough she dies from arsenic poisoning.

果然她死于砒霜中毒。

Narrator: : In January of 1936, for the third time in her life, Fanny Creighton stood trial for murder.

旁白： 1936 年 1 月，范妮·克赖顿 (Fanny Creighton) 因谋杀罪受审，这是她一生中第三次。

Only now, Alexander Gettler was testifying against her.

直到现在，亚历山大·盖特勒才出庭指证她。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : I've always wondered how Gettler felt on the day that he testified in the trial.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：我一直想知道盖特勒在审判中作证的那天有何感受。

Here's this woman, this woman that he had helped essentially, he believed, save, this so-called innocent, young mother who now is revealed as a killer.

这就是这个女人，这个他本质上帮助过的女人，他相信，拯救了这个所谓的无辜的年轻母亲，现在她被揭露为杀手。

Prosecutor (Ryan James): : So the victim consumed almost four times the lethal dose of arsenic?

检察官（瑞恩·詹姆斯）：：那么受害人摄入的砒霜几乎是致死剂量的四倍？

Prosecutor (Ryan James): : Dr Gettler, Mrs. Creighton admitted that she purchased rat poison -- "Rough on Rats," it's called -- shortly before Mrs. Applegate became ill.

检察官（瑞恩·詹姆斯）：盖特勒博士，克赖顿夫人承认，在阿普尔盖特夫人生病前不久，她购买了老鼠药——俗称“对老鼠粗暴”。

Do you have any reason to believe that this was the murder weapon?

你有理由相信这是凶器吗？

Alexander Gettler (Chris Bowers): : I do.

亚历山大·盖特勒（克里斯·鲍尔斯）：：我愿意。

The type of arsenic in the victim's body was identical to the active ingredient in that product.

受害者体内的砷类型与该产品中的活性成分相同。

The victim's stomach also contained a quantity of soot, identical to the inactive filler in that product.

受害者的胃中还含有一定量的烟灰，与该产品中的非活性填充剂相同。

Prosecutor (Ryan James): : How sure can you be that the victim ingested "Rough on Rats?"

检察官（瑞恩·詹姆斯）：您如何确定受害者摄入了“R​​ough on Rats”？

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Defense attorneys were starting to say, "When Alexander Gettler comes into a courtroom he's an unanswerable witness.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），《投毒者手册》作者：辩护律师开始说：“当亚历山大·盖特勒走进法庭时，他是一个无可辩驳的证人。

His testimony is so trusted at this point, his science is considered so exact that we can't win a case when he's on the other side."

他的证词在这一点上是如此可信，他的科学被认为是如此精确，以至于当他站在另一方时我们无法赢得诉讼。”

Narrator: : On January 30, 1936, the jury found Fanny Creighton and Everett Applegate guilty of murder.

旁白：1936 年 1 月 30 日，陪审团裁定范妮·克赖顿 (Fanny Creighton) 和埃弗雷特·阿普尔盖特 (Everett Applegate) 犯有谋杀罪。

They died seven months later in the electric chair at Sing Sing.

七个月后，他们死在新新监狱的电椅上。

For Gettler, Fanny Creighton's trial was a measure of the changing status of forensic science.

对于盖特勒来说，范妮·克莱顿的审判是法医学地位变化的衡量标准。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : When he started in 1918, Gettler could not persuade a jury to trust the science.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者： 1918 年开始创作时，盖特勒无法说服陪审团相信科学。

But you've seen in this, what, a little over a decade, this phenomenal pendulum swing where people are starting to look at these scientific results and say, "That's it.

但你已经看到，在十多年的时间里，这种惊人的钟摆摆动，人们开始关注这些科学结果并说：“就是这样。

They prove it.

他们证明了这一点。

That's the answer."

这就是答案。”

Colin Evans, Writer: : Before he came along juries just did not believe forensic science.

作家科林·埃文斯 (Colin Evans)：：在他出现之前，陪审团并不相信法医学。

Nowadays, of course, everything has turned 180 degrees and forensic science is the most believed testimony in modern day courtrooms.

当然，如今一切都已经发生了 180 度的转变，法医科学是现代法庭上最可信的证词。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : Juries like the certainty of science.

Marcella Fierro，法医病理学家：：陪审团喜欢科学的确定性。

They like that a lot.

他们非常喜欢这样。

And I can understand that.

我能理解这一点。

Imagine being a juror trying to weigh the contradictory testimony of two credible people.

想象一下，作为一名陪审员，试图权衡两个可信人士的相互矛盾的证词。

An honest man sits there and he agonizes, "Who do I believe?" And when you can bring that honest juror science, and he can believe it, and it has a foundation in the reality of the universe, he's gonna look at that every time.

一个诚实的人坐在那里，痛苦地问道：“我该相信谁？”当你能带来诚实的陪审团科学，他可以相信它，并且它有宇宙现实的基础时，他每次都会审视这一点。

Narrator: : Gettler stayed at his post as the world changed around him.

旁白：：当周围的世界发生变化时，盖特勒仍然坚守在自己的岗位上。

By the time he was ready to retire in the fall of 1958, New York was enjoying a level of wealth and cultural influence that surpassed even the Roaring 20s.

1958 年秋天，当他准备退休时，纽约的财富和文化影响力甚至超过了咆哮的 20 年代。

The new prosperity had dampened some darker impulses -- homicides had dropped dramatically.

新的繁荣抑制了一些更黑暗的冲动——凶杀案急剧下降。

And, in large part because of Alexander Gettler, homicidal poisoning had all but disappeared.

而且，很大程度上要归功于亚历山大·盖特勒（Alexander Gettler），杀人中毒事件几乎消失了。

It had become almost impossible to get away with it.

想要逃脱惩罚几乎是不可能的。

City employees were supposed to retire at 70, but New York made an exception for its single-minded toxicologist.

纽约市的雇员本应在 70 岁退休，但纽约为其一心一意的毒理学家破例。

At 75, Gettler estimated that he had analyzed more than 100,000 bodies.

75 岁时，盖特勒估计他已经分析了超过 100,000 具尸体。

As Gettler closed out his long career, he could look back on some remarkable changes.

当盖特勒结束他漫长的职业生涯时，他可以回顾一些显着的变化。

He and his colleagues had revolutionized criminal investigation.

他和他的同事彻底改变了刑事调查。

Forensic science had become not just a respected discipline, but a subject of public fascination: the scientific sleuth was a regular feature of radio dramas and detective novels.

法医科学不仅成为一门受人尊敬的学科，而且成为公众着迷的主题：科学侦探是广播剧和侦探小说的常见特征。

But Gettler had little time for his fictional counterparts, and even turned down a TV series based on his work.

但盖特勒几乎没有时间陪伴他的虚构同行，甚至拒绝了根据他的作品改编的电视剧。

He wanted to stay far from the limelight.

他想远离聚光灯。

As Gettler saw it, his true legacy was the mission that he and Charles Norris had embarked upon so many years before.

在盖特勒看来，他真正的遗产是他和查尔斯·诺里斯多年前就开始执行的使命。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : Their mission was to help the public, to take this knowledge and you could protect people.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：：他们的使命是帮助公众，掌握这些知识，就可以保护人们。

Both of them felt very strongly, that there was no point in doing it if all you did was solve murders.

他们俩都强烈地感觉到，如果你所做的只是侦破谋杀案，那么这样做就没有意义。

Narrator: : Together, Norris and Gettler had pursued an elusive vision: a partnership between forensic scientists and government, which would protect citizens from the unintended consequences of progress.

旁白：诺里斯和盖特勒共同追求了一个难以捉摸的愿景：法医科学家和政府之间的伙伴关系，这将保护公民免受进步带来的意外后果。

Norris didn't live to see that vision realized, but Gettler did.

诺里斯没能活着看到这一愿景的实现，但盖特勒却做到了。

By 1959, a powerful federal agency -- the Food and Drug Administration -- was policing the flood of chemicals in the food supply, in drugs, and cosmetics.

到 1959 年，一个强大的联邦机构——食品和药物管理局——开始监管食品供应、药品和化妆品中大量的化学品。

Although the system was fallible, no one seriously questioned the government's duty to protect its citizens.

尽管这一制度存在漏洞，但没有人认真质疑政府保护公民的责任。

Deborah Blum, Author The Poisoner's Handbook: : You see this profound change in attitudes toward public health and regulation.

Deborah Blum，《投毒者手册》作者：您可以看到人们对公共卫生和监管的态度发生了深刻的变化。

I mean it's huge.

我的意思是它很大。

The idea is that we can use smart science to understand what puts us at risk and what doesn't.

我们的想法是，我们可以利用智能科学来了解什么会让我们面临风险，什么不会。

Marcella Fierro, Forensic Pathologist: : We have a societal obligation to take care of our people and to recognize when something bad has happened to them.

法医病理学家 Marcella Fierro：我们有社会义务照顾我们的员工，并在他们发生不好的事情时及时识别。

We do not ignore the fact of death.

我们不会忽视死亡的事实。

We try and learn from it.

我们尝试从中学习。

Michael M.

迈克尔·M。

Baden, Forensic Pathologist: : When the medical examiner's office moved from Bellevue into the new building around 1960 or so, the motto that was put up was a motto that Norris had.

巴登，法医病理学家：：大约 1960 年左右，当法医办公室从贝尔维尤搬到新大楼时，所立的座右铭就是诺里斯的座右铭。

It was from an old Viennese morgue.

它来自一个古老的维也纳太平间。

And, translated from the Latin, means: "Let conversation cease; let laughter flee, this is the place where death delights to help the living."

从拉丁文翻译过来的意思是：“让谈话停止；让笑声消失，这是死亡乐于帮助生者的地方。”

The use of poison as a murder weapon goes back thousands of years.

使用毒药作为凶器的历史可以追溯到数千年前。

Forensic toxicology, however, is much newer.

然而，法医毒理学却较新。

In the early 20th century, dangerous chemicals were included in many common household products.

20世纪初，许多常见的家用产品中都含有危险化学品。

Browse a gallery of labels.

浏览标签库。

A brief history of dangerous chemicals and compounds in our homes.

我们家中危险化学品和化合物的简史。