The Poison Squad

Narrator: (reciting the poem “I Wonder What’s In It”)

旁白：（朗诵诗《我想知道里面有什么》）

We sit at a table delightfully spread, And teeming with good things to eat.

我们坐在一张摆满了美味佳肴的桌子旁。

And daintily finger the cream-tinted bread, Just needing to make it complete, A film of the butter so yellow and sweet, Well suited to make every minute A dream of delight.

精致地手指捏着奶油色的面包，只需要把它完成，一层黄色的黄油薄膜，甜甜的，非常适合让每一分钟都成为一个快乐的梦想。

And yet while we eat, we cannot help asking “What’s in it?”

然而，当我们吃东西的时候，我们会忍不住问“里面有什么？”

The wine that you drink never heard of a grape, But of tannin and coal tar is made; And you could not be certain, except for their shape, That the eggs by a chicken were laid.

你喝的酒从来没有听说过是用葡萄酿造的，而是用单宁和煤焦油酿造的；除了形状之外，你无法确定鸡蛋是由鸡生的。

And the salad which bears such an innocent look, And whispers of fields that are green, Is covered with germs, each armed with a hook to grapple with liver and spleen.

沙拉看起来天真无邪，还有绿色田野的低语，上面布满了细菌，每个细菌都武装着一个钩子，用来钩住肝脏和脾脏。

The banquet how fine, don’t begin it Till you think of the past and the future and sigh, How I wonder, how I wonder, what’s in it...

宴会多好，别开始，直到你想起过去和未来，叹息，我多么纳闷，我多么纳闷，里面有什么……

Harvey Wiley

哈维·威利

Narrator: In 1901, government chemist Harvey Washington Wiley set out to prove that Americans were being poisoned by an ever increasing number of new chemical preservatives secretly being added to their food.

旁白：1901 年，政府化学家哈维·华盛顿·威利 (Harvey Washington Wiley) 着手证明美国人正因食物中秘密添加的新型化学防腐剂数量不断增加而中毒。

Wiley had been on a public crusade for two decades to force the government to regulate the powerful new food manufacturing industry, when he struck upon a novel approach to raise awareness: human trials.

威利二十年来一直致力于迫使政府监管强大的新型食品制造业的公众运动，此时他偶然发现了一种提高人们认识的新方法：人体试验。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: What Wiley wanted to find out is if you eat enough of this, will it kill you?

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：威利想知道的是，如果你吃得足够多，它会杀死你吗？

It created public awareness for people to begin to question what was in their food, and I think, more importantly, question these large corporations.

它提高了公众意识，让人们开始质疑他们的食物中含有什么，我认为更重要的是质疑这些大公司。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: America was definitely the Wild West for putting all kinds of chemicals into food.

Corby Kummer，记者：美国绝对是狂野西部，因为在食品中添加了各种化学物质。

It was completely unregulated.

它完全不受监管。

Any producer could get away with whatever they wanted.

任何制作人都可以为所欲为。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Before Wiley, there was nobody testing to see whether something was harmful or not.

Sarah Lohman，作家：在 Wiley 之前，没有人测试某些东西是否有害。

Narrator: Wiley became the face of the pure food movement that was sweeping the country mobilizing legions of activists allied in a fight for basic human rights that came to define the progressive era.

旁白：威利成为席卷全国的纯食品运动的代言人，该运动动员大批积极分子联合起来争取基本人权，这场运动最终定义了进步时代。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: This man’s course in life was to make food safe.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：这个人的人生道路就是确保食品安全。

Making sure that the poorest among us could go to the store and get food that wasn’t going to kill them.

确保我们当中最贫穷的人可以去商店买到不会杀死他们的食物。

Narrator: Wiley’s controversial experiments captivated and even entertained the country and his volunteers earned the nickname the poison squad.

旁白：威利颇具争议的实验吸引了整个国家，甚至为他带来了欢乐，他的志愿者赢得了“毒药小队”的绰号。

Their sacrifice helped lead to the passage of the first consumer protection laws in American history.

他们的牺牲帮助美国历史上第一部消费者保护法的通过。

Deborah Blum, Author: The Poison Squad: The Poison Squad was one of the most influential scientific studies of the 20 th Century.

Deborah Blum，作者：《毒药小队》：《毒药小队》是 20 世纪最有影响力的科学研究之一。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: This is the first federal attempt to regulate the quality and adulteration of food.

记者布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson）：这是联邦政府首次尝试监管食品质量和掺假。

In a very real way, he’s the Father of the FDA.

从某种意义上说，他是 FDA 之父。

Narrator: In 1881, 37-year-old chemist Harvey Wiley was working in relative obscurity in the lone laboratory on the campus of Purdue University.

旁白：1881 年，37 岁的化学家哈维·威利 (Harvey Wiley) 在普渡大学校园里一个相对默默无闻的实验室里工作。

Wiley had become fixated on the analysis of food products, perfecting techniques for identifying and isolating their various chemical components.

威利开始专注于食品分析，完善识别和分离各种化学成分的技术。

Earlier that year, the Indiana state board of health had asked Wiley to examine the purity of commercially sold honey and maple syrup.

那年早些时候，印第安纳州卫生委员会要求威利检查商业销售的蜂蜜和枫糖浆的纯度。

Wiley collected samples from across the state.

威利从全州收集了样本。

Much to his surprise his analysis revealed up to 90% of them were fake.

令他惊讶的是，他的分析显示，其中 90% 都是假的。

Most of the jars labeled “honey” were just tinted corn syrup with a scrap of honeycomb thrown in to complete the deception.

大多数标有“蜂蜜”的罐子只是着色的玉米糖浆，里面还撒了一小片蜂窝，以完成欺骗。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: At the turn of the century, people would buy honey and it was usually corn syrup.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：在世纪之交，人们会购买蜂蜜，通常是玉米糖浆。

People would buy maple syrup and it was usually corn syrup.

人们会购买枫糖浆，通常是玉米糖浆。

People would buy jam and it was usually corn syrup.

人们会买果酱，通常是玉米糖浆。

You had no idea what was in your jar of jam.

你不知道你的果酱罐里有什么。

You had no way to know that because there was no labeling on these foods either.

你无法知道这一点，因为这些食品上也没有标签。

Deborah Blum, Author: Wiley takes all of these samples and finds hugely widespread fraud across the board in all of these products and basically comes out and says if this is true in Indiana alone we know it’s true everywhere so this is a national problem and this is not acceptable.

Deborah Blum，作者：Wiley 采集了所有这些样本，发现所有这些产品中普遍存在广泛的欺诈行为，并基本上指出，如果仅在印第安纳州是这样，我们就知道在任何地方都是这样，所以这是一个全国性问题，这是不可接受的。

Narrator: Wiley’s interest in the new field of food chemistry was happening at a moment of unprecedented change in the way Americans ate.

旁白：威利对食品化学新领域的兴趣发生在美国人饮食方式发生前所未有的变化的时刻。

By the late 19th century, the country was in the midst of a second industrial revolution.

到19世纪末，该国正处于第二次工业革命之中。

Great advances in technology allowed for the expansion of all types of industry, from steel manufacturing and coal mining to communication and railroads.

技术的巨大进步促进了从钢铁制造和煤炭开采到通信和铁路等所有类型工业的扩张。

Trains now moved people and produce at a pace and distance never imagined - radically re-shaping the American landscape.

现在，火车以前所未有的速度和距离运送人员和农产品——从根本上重塑了美国的面貌。

No facet of life went untouched by the great economic transformation, including the American diet.

生活的各个方面都受到了巨大的经济转型的影响，包括美国的饮食。

cities swelled as millions of new laborers began working in factories.

随着数百万新劳动力开始在工厂工作，城市不断扩张。

The nation’s efforts to feed them sparked a boom in the new field of industrial food manufacturing.

国家为养活他们所做的努力引发了工业食品制造新领域的繁荣。

Deborah Blum, Author: Post-Civil War, you start seeing a migration to the city and away from people who were living in the farm fresh communities.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：内战后，你开始看到人们远离农场新鲜社区，向城市迁移。

So there’s more and more people, more and more food has to be manufactured.

因此，人口越来越多，需要生产的食物也越来越多。

Jack High, Economist: The biggest purely economic development is the rise of big business.

经济学家杰克·海伊：最大的纯粹经济发展是大企业的崛起。

You get Pillsbury, you get Heinz, Campbell’s, Nabisco.

你可以找到 Pillsbury、Heinz、Campbell's、Nabisco。

All these big food companies emerge at this time.

这些大型食品企业都是在这个时候涌现的。

Narrator: With industrialization came consolidation.

旁白：工业化带来了整合。

Midwestern cities grew into major food manufacturing hubs where everything from wheat, corn and livestock could be processed.

中西部城市发展成为主要的食品制造中心，从小麦、玉米到牲畜，一切都可以在这里进行加工。

By 1890, Chicago’s union stockyards were processing over 9 million head of cattle a year.

到 1890 年，芝加哥的联合牲畜饲养场每年加工超过 900 万头牛。

And by the turn of the century meat packing behemoths like swift and armour were providing nearly 90 percent of the country’s processed meat.

到了世纪之交，斯威夫特和盔甲等肉类包装巨头提供了该国近 90% 的加工肉类。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: Rather than moving food from the area surrounding the city to the city you know, you can grow your beef out in the Midwest.

记者布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson）：您可以在中西部种植牛肉，而不是将食物从城市周边地区转移到您所知道的城市。

You can process it in Chicago and you can bring it down into New York City all through railroads at fairly low cost.

你可以在芝加哥加工它，然后通过铁路以相当低的成本将它运到纽约市。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: The slaughterhouses of America created the notion of an assembly line.

Eric Sc​​hlosser，作家：美国的屠宰场创造了装配线的概念。

When Henry Ford came up with the assembly line for the Model T, it was inspired by the slaughterhouses in Chicago, which were applying all kinds of new notions of efficiency to food production.

当亨利·福特 (Henry Ford) 设计 T 型车装配线时，它受到芝加哥屠宰场的启发，这些屠宰场正在将各种新的效率概念应用于食品生产。

Narrator: With mass distribution across the country, food manufacturers were running into the problem of how to keep their products fresh for market and how to do so at the lowest possible cost.

旁白：随着全国范围内的大规模分销，食品制造商遇到了如何保持产品在市场上新鲜以及如何以尽可能低的成本做到这一点的问题。

Mark Bittman, Journalist: You didn't even have refrigeration.

记者马克·比特曼：你们甚至没有冰箱。

It hadn't been really determined how to preserve things in a way that would keep them marketable for a long period of time.

目前还没有真正确定如何以一种能让它们长期畅销的方式保存它们。

There was canning, but that didn't work for everything, so what were you supposed to do?

有罐头，但这并不能解决所有问题，所以你该怎么办？

Narrator: Increasingly, companies were turning to the burgeoning chemical industry for answers.

旁白：越来越多的公司开始向新兴的化学工业寻求答案。

By 1901, companies like Dow and Monsanto had introduced a host of new chemicals to the food supply.

到 1901 年，陶氏化学 (Dow) 和孟山都 (Monsanto) 等公司在食品供应中引入了许多新化学品。

Deborah Blum, Author: There’s preservative discoveries, formaldehyde, the ability to synthesize formaldehyde.

Deborah Blum，作者：有防腐剂的发现、甲醛、合成甲醛的能力。

There’s copper sulfate, which is a heavy metal is used to turn vegetables greener when they’re canned.

有硫酸铜，这是一种重金属，用于使罐装蔬菜变绿。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Copper sulfate in particular was one that was used for a very long time.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：特别是硫酸铜，它被使用了很长时间。

It went into green peas and it went into pickles.

它被用来制作青豌豆和泡菜。

Anything that needed to look bright and fresh, copper sulfate went into it.

任何需要看起来明亮新鲜的东西，都会加入硫酸铜。

Mark Bittman, Journalist: In the 19th Century, most food was still real, and then the 20th Century saw the process of food going from real to something that no one had ever seen before.

马克·比特曼（Mark Bittman），记者：在 19 世纪，大多数食物仍然是真实的，然后在 20 世纪，我们看到了食物从真实到前所未见的东西的过程。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: It would be wonderful to think that there was this Eden back in American history where everything was free range and organic and perfect, but in the 19th Century, as more and more Americans were leaving the farm, and now living in cities, they had lost this direct and intimate connection with their food.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：如果能想到美国历史上有一个伊甸园，一切都是自由放养的、有机的、完美的，那就太好了，但在 19 世纪，随着越来越多的美国人离开农场，现在生活在城市里，他们失去了与食物的这种直接而亲密的联系。

Narrator: Harvey Washington Wiley was born in october of 1844- knowing full well where his food came from.

旁白：哈维·华盛顿·威利 (Harvey Washington Wiley) 出生于 1844 年 10 月，他非常清楚自己的食物来自哪里。

He grew up in a log cabin in kent, indiana, about a hundred miles northeast of where Abraham Lincoln had been raised just a few decades earlier.

他在印第安纳州肯特郡的一间小木屋里长大，距离几十年前亚伯拉罕·林肯长大的地方东北约一百英里。

Like lincoln, Wiley spent his youth working on his family farm.by six, he was herding the family cows back to the barn for their daily milking.

和林肯一样，威利的青年时代也在他的家庭农场里度过。六岁时，他就将家里的奶牛赶回谷仓进行日常挤奶。

At ten he was driving the plow.

十点钟，他正在犁地。

Deborah Blum, Author: He would talk about the fact that he had grown up in this vanishing American idol of a small family farm where everything was fresh and everything that was made was made naturally.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：他会谈论这样一个事实：他是在这个正在消失的美国偶像中长大的一个小家庭农场，那里的一切都是新鲜的，所有的东西都是自然制作的。

They did churn their own butter.

他们确实自己搅拌黄油。

They did milk their own cows.

他们自己给自己的奶牛挤奶。

So he was very grounded in that old-time agrarian sense of this is what real food is, and what I do think it led him to do is this very simple category, real food, fake food, with nothing in between.

所以他非常扎根于古老的农业观念，认为这就是真正的食物，我认为这引导他做的是这个非常简单的类别，真正的食物，假食物，没有介于两者之间的东西。

Narrator: It was young Harvey’s father, Preston Wiley who cultivated within him one of his most enduring attributes: a fervent belief in social justice.

旁白：年轻的哈维的父亲普雷斯顿·威利在他身上培养了他最持久的品质之一：对社会正义的热切信念。

Deborah Blum, Author: His father was a farmer but was also an itinerant evangelical preacher, passionate about social justice.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：他的父亲是一名农民，但也是一名巡回福音派传教士，热衷于社会正义。

He was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in the part of Southern Indiana where they were.

他是他们所在的印第安纳州南部地区地下铁路的售票员。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: His family was very progressive.

苏珊·朱诺，历史学家：他的家庭非常进步。

Wiley grew up in an atmosphere in which there were standards of honesty and integrity, influenced by religion.

威利在受宗教影响的诚实和正直标准的氛围中长大。

A sense that there is, you know, a right way and a wrong way.

你知道，有一种感觉，有正确的方法和错误的方法。

He read a lot.

他读了很多书。

His father clearly realized that education was important.

他的父亲清楚地意识到教育的重要性。

He encouraged all of his family to be well-educated.

他鼓励全家人接受良好的教育。

Narrator: Wiley was determined to use his education for good.

旁白：威利决心将他所受的教育用于公益事业。

He earned a medical degree at Indiana Medical College in 1871 and wasn't shy about expounding on the virtues of science for achieving a longer life “full of health, happiness and hope” he noted.

1871 年，他在印第安纳医学院获得医学学位，并毫不羞于阐述科学的优点，以实现“充满健康、幸福和希望”的长寿，他指出。

Then he received a degree in chemistry from Harvard and in 1874, accepted the position to be Purdue University’s first chemistry professor.

随后，他获得了哈佛大学的化学学位，并于 1874 年接受了普渡大学第一位化学教授的职位。

But Wiley quickly grew restless with life in the classroom, finding himself more at home running experiments from within his spartan laboratory.

但威利很快就对教室里的生活感到不安，发现自己更喜欢在简陋的实验室里进行实验。

Deborah Blum, Author: He loved chemistry, he saw chemistry as a science that could do good and that was how he wanted to use it.

Deborah Blum，作者：他热爱化学，他认为化学是一门可以做善事的科学，这就是他想要使用它的方式。

Narrator: In 1878, Wiley took a sabbatical to europe where he found himself on the cutting edge of food chemistry.

旁白：1878 年，威利前往欧洲休假，在那里他发现自己处于食品化学的前沿。

He attended lectures of world-renowned scientists like August Wilhelm Von Hofmann, the inventor of formaldehyde.

他参加了甲醛发明者奥古斯特·威廉·冯·霍夫曼等世界著名科学家的讲座。

It was there that Wiley became interested in European advancements in analytic chemistry and in perfecting techniques to ferret out chemical additives in food.

正是在那里，威利对欧洲分析化学的进步和完善食品中化学添加剂的技术产生了兴趣。

While in Europe, Wiley saw firsthand the power of science to reform an unregulated food industry run amok.

在欧洲期间，威利亲眼目睹了科学对改革不受监管的食品行业的力量。

By 1860,britain had already passed a major law to limit chemical adulteration of food after a series of deaths caused by toxic chemical additives stirred public outrage.

到 1860 年，由于有毒化学添加剂造成的一系列死亡事件激起了公众的愤怒，英国已经通过了一项限制食品中化学掺假的重要法律。

In one incident, over 20 people from the town of Bradford died after being poisoned by arsenic laced food coloring in candy.

在一次事件中，布拉德福德镇有 20 多人因糖果中含有砷的食用色素中毒而死亡。

By 1881, France had banned the use of the chemical salicylic acid in their wine, after French chemists sounded alarms about its toxicity.

1881 年，法国化学家对其毒性发出警告后，法国禁止在葡萄酒中使用化学物质水杨酸。

Germany also banned the chemical from its beer.

德国也禁止在其啤酒中使用这种化学物质。

Deborah Blum, Author: Some of the laboratories in Europe, taking advantage of the new analytic techniques, are starting to try to get ahead of this.

Deborah Blum，作者：欧洲的一些实验室利用新的分析技术，开始尝试领先这一领域。

Can we detect it?

我们能检测到吗？

Europe was ahead of us on that and they were particularly interested in food analysis, which Wiley found fascinating and which he knew was nonexistent in the United States at that time.

欧洲在这方面走在了我们前面，他们对食品分析特别感兴趣，威利发现这很有趣，但他知道当时在美国还不存在这种分析。

Narrator: In america, powerful food manufacturers from j.

旁白：在美国，强大的食品制造商来自j。

Ogden armour,the leader of the massive Chicago meatpacking trust, to Asa candler, the head of the industry giant coca-cola, faced no such prohibitions on their use of chemical additives, nor any regulation on divulging ingredients on food labels.by the end of the 19th century, the american food supply was rife with chemicals and fakes.

芝加哥大型肉类加工信托基金的领导者奥格登·阿莫尔（Ogden Armour）对行业巨头可口可乐的负责人阿萨·坎德勒（Asa Candler）来说，并没有遇到此类使用化学添加剂的禁令，也没有任何关于在食品标签上泄露成分的规定。到19世纪末，美国食品供应中充斥着化学品和假货。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: The United States was unique among industrialized nations about not having food safety regulations, so you know there were all kinds of restrictions on American food imports in Europe because they didn’t trust the cleanliness of our food.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：美国在工业化国家中是独一无二的，没有食品安全法规，所以你知道欧洲对美国食品进口有各种各样的限制，因为他们不相信我们食品的清洁度。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: The idea of government regulation, which was anathema to the oligarchs and the Robber Barons who owned this industry.

Corby Kummer，记者：政府监管的想法对于拥有这个行业的寡头和强盗大亨来说是令人厌恶的。

Why should government get in my way?

政府为什么要妨碍我？

It has no right to interfere in the way I do business.

它无权干涉我开展业务的方式。

Kathleen Dalton, Historian: People lied in advertising just on a routine basis, and there was no regulation of that, and people didn’t even think it should be discussed.It was just a capitalist marketplace where the buyer beware, and consumers were completely unprotected.

历史学家凯瑟琳道尔顿：人们在广告中撒谎只是例行公事，而且没有对此进行监管，人们甚至认为不应该讨论它。这只是一个资本主义市场，买家要小心，消费者完全不受保护。

Deborah Blum, Author: And these are industries that give a lot of money to very specific people in government to make sure that nothing does happen.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：这些行业向政府中的特定人员提供大量资金，以确保不会发生任何事情。

So that’s also a factor, the ability of business to buy government.

所以这也是一个因素，企业收买政府的能力。

Narrator: Upon his return to the U.S.A wiley was more determined than ever to investigate the American food industry and to raise public awareness about the prevalence of fake food and chemical adulterants.

旁白：回到美国后，威利比以往任何时候都更加坚定地调查美国食品工业，并提高公众对假冒食品和化学掺假物盛行的认识。

With new state of the art lab equipment he purchased in Europe, Wiley began informal investigations into processed food, perfecting his analytic skills along the way.

威利利用在欧洲购买的最先进的新实验室设备，开始对加工食品进行非正式调查，并在此过程中完善了他的分析技能。

Soon he was able to detect a host of chemical additives that manufacturers were routinely using to preserve their food.

很快，他就能够检测到制造商通常用来保存食品的许多化学添加剂。

Chemicals like formaldehyde, sodium benzoate, and borax.

甲醛、苯甲酸钠和硼砂等化学品。

Wiley wasn’t so much bothered by the chemical preservatives themselves, but that the American public had no idea what they were eating, and manufacturers had no requirement to tell them.

威利并不太担心化学防腐剂本身，但美国公众不知道他们吃的是什么，制造商也没有要求告诉他们。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: Wiley believed very strongly that if you wanted to put borax in your processed food, go ahead and do it, just have on the label that it says borax so that people can make a choice.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：Wiley 坚信，如果你想在加工食品中添加硼砂，那就去做吧，只需在标签上注明硼砂，以便人们做出选择。

But if there's no way for you to tell the difference visually, no way for you to tell the difference by smell, then it's very easy for companies to lie and cheat and defraud.

但如果你无法通过视觉来区分，也无法通过气味来区分，那么公司就很容易撒谎、欺骗和诈骗。

Narrator: It was this kind of corporate fraud that offended Wiley’s puritanical sense of right and wrong, and he was determined to use his science to raise public awareness .

旁白：正是这种企业欺诈行为冒犯了威利清教徒般的是非观念，他决心用自己的科学来提高公众的认识。

Deborah Blum, Author: If what you want to do is have your science make a difference then you’ve got to move it out into the larger community.

Deborah Blum，作者：如果你想做的是让你的科学产生影响，那么你就必须将它转移到更大的社区。

He starts doing more and more public outreach and you can actually see at Purdue, you know, he’s talking in churches.

他开始进行越来越多的公共宣传，你实际上可以在普渡大学看到，你知道，他在教堂里演讲。

He’s talking to different public groups.

他正在与不同的公共团体交谈。

This is not acceptable.

这是不可接受的。

People are being cheated.

人们被欺骗了。

We need to step in and make this right.

我们需要介入并纠正这一问题。

We need labels.

我们需要标签。

We need some kind of regulation and standards.

我们需要某种监管和标准。

Narrator: when it came time to publish his findings of fraud in the honey and syrup industry, Wiley learned quickly how his work had touched a nerve within the industry and awakened powerful forces allied against him.

旁白：当威利公布他对蜂蜜和糖浆行业欺诈的调查结果时，他很快了解到他的工作如何触动了该行业的神经，并唤醒了反对他的强大力量。

Deborah Blum, Author: Well, food manufacturers from the beginning were outraged by what Wiley was doing because a lot of this had been a well-kept secret.

Deborah Blum，作者：嗯，食品制造商从一开始就对 Wiley 的做法感到愤怒，因为其中很多都是保守的秘密。

So, the makers of fake syrups, the makers of fake honey, all of them are instantly angry about this.

所以，假糖浆的制造商、假蜂蜜的制造商，所有人都立即对此感到愤怒。

There was actually a pamphlet that circulated at one point called Wiley’s Honey Lie to try to smear his reputation as a scientist and as a person.

实际上曾经流传过一本名为《威利的甜蜜谎言》的小册子，试图抹黑他作为科学家和个人的声誉。

You know, all of these attacks turn out to be very personal.

你知道，所有这些攻击都是非常针对个人的。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: I mean, the beekeepers should have been delighted that he had exposed what they were trying to compete with, but instead all they could see was the bad publicity it was bringing to honey overall.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺德：我的意思是，养蜂人应该很高兴他揭露了他们试图与之竞争的东西，但相反，他们所能看到的只是它给蜂蜜带来的负面宣传。

And so, he made enemies, but he was also extremely honest and frank.

所以，他树敌了，但他也极其诚实和坦白。

And he had no subtlety in the arts of negotiation.

而且他在谈判艺术方面毫无技巧可言。

Narrator: The attacks only emboldened Wiley.

旁白：这些攻击只会让威利更加大胆。

“It was my first participation in the fray” he would later write.

“这是我第一次参与战斗”他后来写道。

and he liked it.

他喜欢它。

but for the trustees of Purdue University, Wiley’s outspoken advocacy was unbecoming of it’s faculty and by 1882, it was clear that he had worn out his welcome on campus.

但对于普渡大学的校董们来说，威利直言不讳的主张与该大学的教职人员格格不入，到了 1882 年，很明显他已经不再受到校园的欢迎。

Wiley, as he would the rest of his career, found himself a lone voice pitted against a powerful entrenched institution.

威利，正如他在其余下的职业生涯中所做的那样，发现自己是一个孤独的声音，与一个强大的根深蒂固的机构对抗。

The US department of agriculture was created by president Lincoln in 1862, when America was still largely an agrarian nation it’s primary mission was to provide support for American farmers.

美国农业部由林肯总统于 1862 年创建，当时美国很大程度上还是一个农业国家，其首要任务是为美国农民提供支持。

In 1883,wiley accepted a job as the new chief of the department’s division of chemistry- a tiny office with a lab housed in the basement of the agency.

1883 年，威利接受了该部门化学部门新任主管的职位——化学部门的办公室很小，实验室位于该机构的地下室。

Prior to Wiley’s arrival, the office had conducted only small food fraud investigations.

在威利到来之前，该办公室仅进行了小规模食品欺诈调查。

but Wiley had a bold new agenda for the fledgling bureau - a wide scale study of the state of American food.

但威利为这个刚刚成立的局制定了一个大胆的新议程——对美国食品状况进行大规模研究。

Deborah Blum, Author: By the time he got to Washington DC, he’s already made people angry.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作家：当他到达华盛顿特区时，他已经让人们感到愤怒了。

He’s ticked off the honey producers, he’s recognized that there’s going to be scientists with hostility to some of his stands, and he’s a little more battle savvy than you might have expected when he comes in and as it turns out, he’s going to need to be very battle savvy.

他激怒了蜂蜜生产商，他认识到会有一些科学家对他的一些立场怀有敌意，而且他比你进来时想象的更有战斗力，事实证明，他需要非常有战斗力。

Narrator: With more money and wider reach, the chemist wasted little time enacting his plan to study American food manufacturing.

旁白：有了更多的钱和更广泛的影响力，这位化学家几乎没有浪费时间来实施他研究美国食品制造的计划。

His first target would be the dairy industry, including the quality and healthfulness of milk- one of the most important foods in the American diet and one of the most vulnerable to widespread adulteration.

他的第一个目标是乳制品行业，包括牛奶的质量和健康——牛奶是美国饮食中最重要的食品之一，也是最容易普遍掺假的食品之一。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: Very few cultures have had the relationship to milk that the United States has.

Corby Kummer，记者：很少有文化与美国有如此密切的关系。

Part of it is we were an agrarian economy that was mostly dairy, so almost every farm had some dairy.

部分原因是我们是一个以乳制品为主的农业经济体，所以几乎每个农场都有一些乳制品。

Fresh milk was what you gave your children.

新鲜牛奶是您给孩子们喝的。

Milk always had this association with purity and wholesomeness.

牛奶总是与纯洁和健康联系在一起。

Mark Kurlansky, Writer: you know, for a very long time in history, it was fairly unusual to drink milk except for giving it to babies.

马克·库尔兰斯基（Mark Kurlansky），作家：你知道，在历史上很长一段时间里，除了给婴儿喝牛奶之外，喝牛奶是相当不寻常的。

But in America, adults started drinking milk much more than in other places.

但在美国，成年人开始喝牛奶的次数比其他地方要多得多。

And they started drinking it a lot.

他们开始大量饮用。

But, there was a problem that milk, if it wasn’t very fresh, it would make you sick.

但是，有一个问题是牛奶，如果不是很新鲜，就会让人生病。

Deborah Blum, Author: Milk production was becoming increasingly corrupt because as you have the rise of industries which are clustered around big urban areas, you have people who are living on a very small budget and they can’t afford the wonderful farm fresh milk anyway.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：牛奶生产变得越来越腐败，因为随着工业的兴起，这些工业聚集在大城市地区，人们的生活预算非常少，而且他们无论如何也买不起美妙的农场新鲜牛奶。

And so the dairy industry begins coming up with creative ways to make cheap milk.

因此，乳制品行业开始想出创造性的方法来生产廉价牛奶。

Narrator: By the time Wiley began his study in 1885, dairy manufacturers had learned that there was money to be made by adulterating their product.

旁白：1885 年威利开始研究时，乳制品制造商已经了解到通过在产品中掺假可以赚钱。

The standard formula was a pint of warm water for every quart of milk.

标准配方是每夸脱牛奶配一品脱温水。

To rid the remaining liquid of its bluish tint, producers would add whitening agents such as plaster of paris or chalk.

为了消除剩余液体的蓝色色调，生产商会添加增白剂，例如熟石膏或粉笔。

For customers expecting a layer of cream on top, they might add something yellowish, perhaps a dollop of pureed calf brains.

对于希望在上面涂一层奶油的顾客，他们可能会添加一些淡黄色的东西，也许是一块小牛脑泥。

The dangers of milk, particularly in cities, were already well-known.

牛奶的危险，尤其是在城市，已经是众所周知的了。

Mark Kurlansky, Writer: In New York City, they had this odd thing where they had a lot of breweries in the city, and they would set up dairies next to the brewery and you’d take a cow, and you’d just chain it for life to this spot, and the leftover from the brewery, it was called swill, it would sort of come through on a trough, and it was a very poor quality of feed and there was no hygiene at all in these places, so the cows basically died standing there being milked.

马克·库尔兰斯基（Mark Kurlansky），作家：在纽约市，他们有一个奇怪的事情，他们在城市里有很多啤酒厂，他们会在啤酒厂旁边建立奶牛场，你会带一头牛，你会把它终生拴在这个地方，而啤酒厂的剩余物，它被称为泔水，它会从槽里排出，饲料质量非常差，这些地方根本没有卫生条件，所以奶牛基本上站在那里被挤奶而死。

Deborah Blum, Author: These cows were so sickly their teeth rotted out.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：这些奶牛病得很厉害，牙齿都烂掉了。

Pretty soon they couldn’t even eat.

很快他们就连饭都吃不上了。

As the cow makes milk, it has to be eating food with nutrients in it.

当奶牛产奶时，它必须吃含有营养的食物。

And these swill dairies actually were making milk that didn’t have a lot of the nutrients that you would expect in milk.

这些泔水乳品厂生产的牛奶实际上并没有你所期望的牛奶中的大量营养成分。

Narrator: But the problem with dairy products was not simply a lack of nutrients in swill milk.

旁白：但是乳制品的问题不仅仅是泔水牛奶缺乏营养。

Tenement houses packed with millions of laborers, and the lack of proper sewage and sanitation made cities breeding grounds for bacteria and viruses that could be transmitted by spoiled milk.

廉价公寓里挤满了数百万劳动力，​​加上缺乏适当的污水和卫生设施，使得城市成为细菌和病毒的滋生地，这些细菌和病毒可以通过变质的牛奶传播。

Milk purveyors were often selling a product laden with deadly bacteria.

牛奶供应商经常销售含有致命细菌的产品。

Outbreaks of scarlet fever, tuberculosis and cholera were common.

猩红热、肺结核和霍乱的爆发很常见。

Mark Kurlansky, Writer: Unrefrigerated milk sold in the streets in open buckets, I mean, just every imaginable opportunity for all kinds of disease, you know it’s like walking around with a Petri dish, and what can we grow in here?

马克·库尔兰斯基（Mark Kurlansky），作家：露天桶中在街上出售的未冷藏牛奶，我的意思是，所有可以想象到的各种疾病的机会，你知道这就像拿着培养皿到处走动一样，我们在这里可以种植什么？

Narrator: The government’s testing of milk revealed problems nationwide.

旁白：政府对牛奶的检测暴露了全国范围内的问题。

In one sample researchers found worms wriggling in the bottom of the bottles.

在一个样本中，研究人员发现蠕虫在瓶子底部蠕动。

to cover up spoiled milk, the industry routinely turned to the deadly chemical formaldehyde.

为了掩盖变质的牛奶，该行业通常会使用致命的化学物质甲醛。

Deborah Blum, Author: In the Civil War, people realize that formaldehyde is a great preservative.

Deborah Blum，作者：在内战期间，人们意识到甲醛是一种很好的防腐剂。

It was the number one embalming fluid during the Civil War.

它是内战期间排名第一的防腐液。

Dairymen start putting formaldehyde into milk.

乳品厂开始在牛奶中添加甲醛。

And as it turns out, it’s wonderful for them.

事实证明，这对他们来说非常棒。

Apparently it’s slightly sweetish in taste.

显然它的味道有点甜。

So it would sweeten up the taste of souring milk, then they would sell this milk and so, you actually start seeing in newspapers around the country embalmed milk scandals because the milk starts killing people, mostly children, and the dairymen are never prosecuted.

所以它会让酸牛奶的味道变得更甜，然后他们会出售这种牛奶，所以，你实际上开始在全国各地的报纸上看到防腐牛奶丑闻，因为牛奶开始杀人，其中大部分是儿童，而奶制品工人从未被起诉。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Thousands of kids were dying every single year.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：每年都有成千上万的孩子死去。

But again, lacking regulation, there were no laws being broken.

但同样，由于缺乏监管，没有法律被违反。

And the laws that were being passed locally, inspectors were just being paid off by the dairy owners.

而当地通过的法律，检查员只是被乳品厂主收买了。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: The example of milk is especially appalling because milk is a food product that’s being heavily marketed for children, and to see corporate misbehavior in that sphere really angers Wiley.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：牛奶的例子尤其令人震惊，因为牛奶是一种大量面向儿童销售的食品，看到企业在这一领域的不当行为确实激怒了威利。

Narrator: Wiley’s findings about other dairy products turned up widespread fraud and deception.

旁白：威利对其他乳制品的调查结果发现了广泛的欺诈和欺骗行为。

Much of the “butter” that scientists found on the market had nothing to do with dairy products but were in fact a much cheaper compound, known as oleomargarine, made from the unprocessed scraps leftover by meatpackers .

科学家在市场上发现的大部分“黄油”与乳制品无关，但实际上是一种更便宜的化合物，称为人造黄油，由肉类加工商剩余的未经加工的废料制成。

Deborah Blum, Author: One of the things that the margarine producers had been doing was to label oleo margarine as butter.

Deborah Blum，作者：人造黄油生产商一直在做的事情之一就是将油类人造黄油贴上黄油的标签。

You know, sometimes they’d call it butterine but they would label it as butter and they would just sell it.

你知道，有时他们会称之为黄油，但他们会把它贴上黄油的标签，然后就把它卖掉。

Nothing on the package to say it was anything but butter except of course it would be cheaper.

包装上没有任何内容表明它只是黄油，当然它会更便宜。

And so when they went in and looked at this they were able to show just how fraudulent that was.

因此，当他们进去查看这一点时，他们能够证明这是多么的欺诈。

Narrator: Wiley published the results of his study in a government bulletin, which made a persuasive case for federal regulation of the entire dairy industry.

旁白：威利在一份政府公报中发表了他的研究结果，为整个乳制品行业的联邦监管提供了有说服力的案例。

Congress held hearings and focused its attention only on regulating oleomargarine.

国会举行了听证会，将注意力集中在人造黄油的监管上。

The meatpackers struck back immediately, claiming the bill was "a campaign made out of a farmer's panic" and accusing congress of stifling scientific progress in food manufacturing.

肉类加工商立即反击，声称该法案是“农民恐慌而发起的一场运动”，并指责国会扼杀食品制造业的科学进步。

After weeks of hearings, the butter act of 1886 passed.

经过数周的听证会，1886 年《黄油法案》获得通过。

But it was a tepid piece of legislation, imposing only a small tax on oleomargarine, and doing nothing to address the dangerous state of milk production across the country.

但这是一项不温不火的立法，只对人造黄油征收少量税，并没有采取任何措施来解决全国牛奶生产的危险状况。

It was hardly the rebuke that Wiley was looking for - and proof that the food industry had a stranglehold on congress.

这并不是威利想要的谴责，也不是食品工业对国会的束缚的证据。

Narrator: Wiley doubled down on his efforts to raise awareness about impurities and fakery, launching studies into everything from baking powder, spices, coffee and canned vegetables.

旁白：威利加倍努力提高人们对杂质和造假的认识，对泡打粉、香料、咖啡和罐装蔬菜等各种物品进行了研究。

The results were startling.

结果令人震惊。

His coffee study revealed large scale fakery - a product made mostly of chicory, sawdust and ash.

他的咖啡研究揭示了大规模的造假行为——一种主要由菊苣、锯末和灰制成的产品。

One study on pepper revealed fillers of charcoal and coconut shells.

一项关于胡椒的研究揭示了木炭和椰子壳的填充物。

Canned beans were loaded with copper sulfate.

罐装豆子中含有硫酸铜。

He published his reports in a series of scientific digests and federal papers, which came to be known as bulletin 13.

他在一系列科学文摘和联邦论文中发表了他的报告，这些报告后来被称为 13 号公告。

Deborah Blum, Author: So the bulletins went to Congress, farmers would request them, food advocates would request them.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：因此，公报被提交给国会，农民会提出要求，食品倡导者也会提出要求。

But it’s all within this fairly small community of people who are kind of in the know.

但这一切都发生在这个相当小的社区内，这些人都是了解情况的人。

So Wiley actually starts realizing that this is a problem.

所以威利实际上开始意识到这是一个问题。

The consumers are completely in the dark about their food.

消费者对他们的食物完全一无所知。

Narrator: The chief chemist was not content with informing only other scientists and lawmakers.

旁白：首席化学家并不满足于只告知其他科学家和立法者。

He understood that to get congress to act on anything, he’d need to rouse the American public.

他明白，要让国会对任何事情采取行动，他需要唤醒美国公众。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: He believed that scientists shouldn’t just be talking to other scientists.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：他认为科学家不应该只是与其他科学家交谈。

He actually hired a science writer, uhm, someone who is not a chemist himself, but who was very, very skilled at taking highly technical, scientific jargon-y reports and writing them in a format that a very wide array of people could understand.

他实际上聘请了一位科学作家，嗯，他本人不是化学家，但他非常非常擅长撰写高技术性、科学术语的报告，并以很多人都能理解的格式编写它们。

Narrator: Alexander Wedderburn was a writer and advocate for the burgeoning food safety movement whom Wiley hoped could translate his scientific findings for the general public.

旁白：亚历山大·韦德伯恩 (Alexander Wedderburn) 是一位作家，也是蓬勃发展的食品安全运动的倡导者，威利希望他能够将他的科学发现传播给公众。

Far from the usual dry government reports, Wedderburn’s write up of Wiley’s results was a take-no-prisoners account of the food industry, editorializing on what he called the "reckless disregard” for health and outright “evil practices” of many manufacturers.

与通常枯燥的政府报告不同，韦德伯恩对威利研究结果的报道是对食品行业的不留情面的描述，对他所说的许多制造商对健康的“鲁莽漠视”和公然的“邪恶做法”进行了社论。

Deborah Blum, Author: I mean the thing is so hot that Wiley is even saying to him, you know, I think you went over the top here in, in the way that you’re kind of, you know, calling the food industry villains and everything that he does in this report.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：我的意思是，这件事太热门了，威利甚至对他说，你知道，我认为你有点过分了，你知道，你把食品行业和他在这份报告中所做的一切称为恶棍。

Narrator: While the report was published widelyand intended to stir outrage, wiley’s public advocacy for food regulation did not sit well with his bosses at the department of agriculture.

旁白：虽然这份报告被广泛发表并旨在激起愤怒，但威利对食品监管的公开倡导并没有得到他在农业部的老板们的认可。

When it came time to publish the next installment of bulletin 13, the agency secretary, julius morton, threatened to suspend the whole study and he fired wedderburn.

当第 13 号公告的下一部分发布时，机构秘书朱利叶斯·莫顿威胁要暂停整个研究，并解雇了韦德伯恩。

In addition to making powerful enemies in the food industry, Wiley was now facing resistance from within his own ranks.

除了在食品行业树敌之外，威利现在还面临着来自自己内部的阻力。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: Morton in particular became suspicious of Wiley.

历史学家苏珊娜·朱诺德：莫顿尤其对威利产生了怀疑。

Wiley was getting to a place where he was getting frustrated, his budget was getting cut.

威利已经到了一个让他感到沮丧的地步，他的预算被削减了。

His requests for supplies, for goodness sake, were being either delayed or denied.

天哪，他的物资请求要么被推迟，要么被拒绝。

That shows that your superiors are not valuing the work you’re doing.

这表明你的上级不重视你正在做的工作。

They’re undermining it in the most humiliating ways possible, I would say.

我想说，他们正在以最羞辱的方式破坏它。

And I think he was reaching a point in his life that he was questioning the effectiveness of what he was doing.

我认为他生命中已经到了一个阶段，他开始质疑自己所做的事情的有效性。

Narrator: In 1893, Wiley confided in his journal that he was feeling depressed.

旁白：1893 年，威利在日记中透露，他感到沮丧。

His work had been the central focus of his life.

他的工作一直是他生活的中心焦点。

But as his bosses stymied his research, his career seemed to be foundering.

但随着他的老板阻碍他的研究，他的职业生涯似乎正在崩溃。

That same year he lost his mother Lucinda, and shortly after his father Preston, leaving him feeling adrift and alone.

同年，他失去了母亲露辛达，不久之后，他的父亲普雷斯顿也去世了，让他感到漂泊和孤独。

“I was plunged at once out of my long boyhood” he noted gloomily.

“我立刻就脱离了漫长的童年”，他沮丧地说道。

Deborah Blum, Author: Wiley was middle-aged at the turn of the 20th Century and he was single.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：威利在 20 世纪之交已是中年，而且还是单身。

When he moved to DC, he had moved in with a family that was renting out a room and he was still there.

当他搬到华盛顿时，他搬到了一个出租房间的家庭，而他仍然在那里。

And then one day he walks into the library at USDA and there’s this beautiful, young librarian named Anna Kelton, and he just goes head over heels as soon as he sees her.

然后有一天，他走进美国农业部的图书馆，看到了一位美丽、年轻的图书管理员，名叫安娜·凯尔顿，他一看到她就神魂颠倒。

She is 30 years younger than him.

她比他小30岁。

He starts courting her.

他开始向她求爱。

Eventually he asks her to marry him and she says no. And, in a very sweet way, keeps her picture in his watch even so, but sort of mourns a lost chance and goes back to his bachelor life.

最终他向她求婚，但她拒绝了。而且，尽管如此，他还是以一种非常甜蜜的方式将她的照片保留在他的手表中，但有点哀悼失去的机会，并回到了他的单身生活。

Narrator: Wiley’s professional life and his pursuit of food regulation would get an unexpected boost in 1898 after American troops were sent into Cuba during the Spanish American war.

旁白：1898 年，美国军队在美西战争期间被派往古巴，威利的职业生涯和他对食品监管的追求得到了意想不到的提升。

The war was a test for the big meat packing companies like Armour and Swift who’d won lucrative government contracts to feed the military.

这场战争对 Armor 和 Swift 等大型肉类包装公司来说是一次考验，这些公司赢得了利润丰厚的政府合同来满足军队的需求。

The companies were paid to ship fresh cuts of beef and canned meat to the soldiers on the frontlines.

这些公司获得报酬，将新鲜的牛肉和罐头肉运送给前线的士兵。

It wasn't long before rumors about rancid beef and canned meat reeking of toxic chemicals began cropping up in newspapers.

不久之后，关于腐败牛肉和散发着有毒化学物质气味的罐头肉的谣言就开始出现在报纸上。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: When it gets down there, one army medic opens one of the cans and says it smells like a human body that’s rotted and putrefied but had been preserved with formaldehyde.

记者布鲁斯·沃森：当它到达那里时，一名军医打开其中一个罐子，说它闻起来像一具已经腐烂、腐烂但用甲醛保存的人体。

Deborah Blum, Author: There’s this reek of formaldehyde and industrial chemicals coming out of the beef and eventually, the Army does a very reluctant investigation and concludes that everything’s fine and this blows up in their face.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：牛肉中散发出甲醛和工业化学品的臭味，最终，陆军进行了一项非常不情愿的调查，得出的结论是一切都很好，这让他们大吃一惊。

Narrator : The public was outraged.

旁白：公众愤怒了。

And as news of the tainted rations spread, the military cover-up earned the nickname “the embalmed beef scandal.”

随着口粮受污染的消息传开，军方的掩盖行动赢得了“防腐牛肉丑闻”的绰号。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: If you damage young men, the flower of America, you get into trouble.

记者 Corby Kummer：如果你伤害年轻人，美国之花，你就会遇到麻烦。

It’s young men who are in the employ of the US government, and here it’s being defrauded by industry.

美国政府雇用的是年轻人，而这里却被工业界欺骗了。

It’s easy to marshal the populace’s outrage.

平息民众的愤怒是很容易的。

Narrator: After the war, congress held hearings on the tainted meat.

旁白：战后，国会就受污染的肉举行了听证会。

The star witness was New York governor Theodore Roosevelt, who had been on the frontlines in Cuba when he saw for himself the shoddy state of the army rations that even the flinty outdoorsman couldn’t stomach.

纽约州州长西奥多·罗斯福就是这一事件的典型证人，他亲眼目睹了军队口粮的劣质状况，就连铁石心肠的户外爱好者也无法忍受，他曾在古巴前线工作过。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: He said that he saw one of his men throwing away his rations, a can of meat, and Roosevelt asked him why he wasn’t eating it.

莎拉·洛曼，作家：他说他看到他的一个手下扔掉了他的口粮，一罐肉，罗斯福问他为什么不吃它。

The man said he cannot, and Roosevelt picks up the can of food and tries to eat it himself and finds that he cannot.

那人说他不能，罗斯福拿起一罐食物想自己吃，却发现他不能。

Deborah Blum, Author: He looks at the can it’s full of green slime and other, I mean, it was really a disgusting thing, and he ends up saying he would rather have eaten his hat than eaten these military supplies.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：他看着装满绿色粘液和其他东西的罐子，我的意思是，这真的是一件恶心的事情，他最后说他宁愿吃掉他的帽子，也不愿吃掉这些军用物资。

Narrator: Congress asked Wiley to investigate.he and his team of chemists gathered samples of canned beef from military rations and store shelves across the country.

旁白：国会要求威利进行调查。他和他的化学家团队从全国各地的军粮和商店货架上收集了罐头牛肉样本。

Every can they opened contained a watery mix of the cheapest cuts of meat.

他们打开的每个罐头里都是最便宜的肉块的水状混合物。

Meat scraps were encased in a thick layer fat and Wiley’s analysis revealed that much of his sample was already decomposed.

肉屑被包裹在一层厚厚的脂肪中，威利的分析显示他的大部分样本已经分解。

But to his surprise, the research turned up no traces of the suspected chemical additive, formaldehyde.

但令他惊讶的是，研究没有发现可疑化学添加剂甲醛的痕迹。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: He finds nothing other than salt.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：除了盐，他什么也没找到。

He did say that the meat was not of great quality.

他确实说过肉的质量不是很好。

It was tough, it was stringy, it was fatty, it was gristly,It was disgusting.

它很硬，很粘，很肥，很软骨，很恶心。

So, is this what we should be feeding our troops, who are fighting American battles?

那么，这就是我们应该为正在美国作战的军队提供的食物吗？

Narrator: Wiley testified that the meat packers used the cheapest and oldest cuts of meat as a way to save money.

旁白：威利作证说，肉类包装商使用最便宜和最古老的肉块作为省钱的方式。

The men who were sickened by the food were suffering from bacterial infections transmitted by rancid beef, made worse by the Cuban heat.

那些因食物而生病的人正在遭受由腐臭牛肉传播的细菌感染，古巴的炎热天气使情况变得更加严重。

Wiley’s findings about canned meat only added fuel to his crusade to hold industry accountable.

威利关于罐头肉的调查结果只是为他追究行业责任的运动增添了动力。

Marion Nestle, Writer: The question is what advantage was it to industry to produce unsafe food, and this was in the early 1900s.

Marion Nestle，作家：问题是生产不安全食品对工业有什么好处，那是在 1900 年代初期。

The food industry is not a social service or a public health agency.

食品工业不是社会服务或公共卫生机构。

It’s a business.

这是一门生意。

Narrator: Perhaps Wiley's most shocking discovery was that the canned meat that had sickened soldiers in Cuba was almost exactly what U.S. consumers were finding on their grocery shelves everyday.

旁白：也许威利最令人震惊的发现是，导致古巴士兵生病的罐头肉几乎正是美国消费者每天在杂货店货架上找到的东西。

Deborah Blum, Author: The 19 th Century is known as the century of the great American stomachache.

黛博拉·布鲁姆 (Deborah Blum)，作者：19 世纪被称为美国胃痛的世纪。

The diet is so bad that everyone is sick at some level.

饮食如此糟糕，以至于每个人都在某种程度上生病了。

This is actually the state of the American food supply, and that the American beef industry really doesn’t care.

这实际上就是美国食品供应的现状，而美国牛肉行业并不关心这一点。

And in fact nothing happens.

事实上什么也没有发生。

Even though this is this huge scandal, it has no actual effect on meat processing.

尽管这是一个巨大的丑闻，但对肉类加工并没有产生实际影响。

It does raise awareness.

它确实提高了认识。

A lot more American consumers realize that their canned meat is really horrible.

更多的美国消费者意识到他们的罐头肉真的很糟糕。

Narrator: By 1900, Wiley had become the country’s foremost food chemist, perfecting techniques to identify a long list of chemical additives that the typical American household was only just becoming aware it was ingesting.

旁白：到 1900 年，威利已成为美国最重要的食品化学家，完善了识别一长串化学添加剂的技术，而典型的美国家庭刚刚意识到自己正在摄入这些添加剂。

Preservatives like formaldehyde in their pork, salicylic acid in canned fruit, borax in their country hams, and a host of other toxic chemicals could be found in almost every plate of food on dinner tables across the country.

全国各地餐桌上的几乎每一盘食物中都含有防腐剂，例如猪肉中的甲醛、水果罐头中的水杨酸、乡村火腿中的硼砂以及许多其他有毒化学物质。

But after more than a decade of raising alarm bells about the need for food regulations, 56-year-old Harvey Wiley had grown restless with a congress seemingly unwilling to do anything about it.

但十多年来，56 岁的哈维·威利 (Harvey Wiley) 对食品监管的必要性敲响了警钟，但国会似乎不愿意对此采取任何行动，他对此感到不安。

Deborah Blum, Author: The first proposed legislation to regulate food starts popping up in Congress in the early 1890s and it all fails.

黛博拉·布鲁姆 (Deborah Blum)，作者：第一个监管食品的立法提案于 1890 年代初在国会提出，但全部失败了。

It’s stymied largely by senators and Congressmen who are taking a lot of money from the food and chemical industry to make sure it’s stymied.

它主要受到参议员和国会议员的阻碍，他们从食品和化学工业中拿走大量资金以确保其受到阻碍。

There’s no pressure on Congress because the public doesn’t know and if the public doesn’t know the public doesn’t care.

国会没有压力，因为公众不知道，如果公众不知道，公众也不会关心。

Narrator: The committee rooms of congress, Wiley wrote, "were jammed with attorneys for the industries - a formidable lobby of influential men who would stop at nothing to kill legislation.”

旁白：威利写道，国会的委员会会议室“挤满了各行业的律师——一个由有影响力的人物组成的强大游说团体，他们会不惜一切代价扼杀立法。”

Wiley realized that in order to rouse the public into action, he first needed to demonstrate the health dangers of unregulated food production and adulteration with his own scientific data.

威利意识到，为了唤醒公众采取行动，他首先需要用自己的科学数据证明不受监管的食品生产和掺假对健康的危害。

The only way to achieve this, Wiley believed, was to test these chemicals on human beings and document their effects.

威利认为，实现这一目标的唯一方法是在人类身上测试这些化学物质并记录它们的影响。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: Wiley was a chemist.

苏珊·朱诺（Suzanne Junod），历史学家：威利是一位化学家。

He thought that chemistry could solve everything.

他认为化学可以解决一切问题。

He needed physiological data to show that there was an effect, and as a trained physician, he was looking for the physical effects on people’s health, on their bodies, on their systems.

他需要生理数据来证明有效果，作为一名训练有素的医生，他正在寻找对人们的健康、身体和系统的物理影响。

Narrator: His plan was simple - assemble a group of volunteers, feed them three square meals a day with food that he selectively poisoned with commonly used preservatives, and then observe.

旁白：他的计划很简单——召集一群志愿者，用他选择性地用常用防腐剂投毒的食物喂他们一日三餐，然后观察。

Wiley went to congress to make a personal appeal for experiments that he was now calling hygienic table trials.

威利向国会提出个人呼吁，要求进行他现在称之为卫生餐桌试验的实验。

Deborah Blum, Author: I love that name.

黛博拉·布鲁姆，作者：我喜欢这个名字。

It’s so Victorian, right, and I don’t think that Congress actually knew what it was.

这太维多利亚时代了，对吧，我认为国会实际上并不知道那是什么。

It was hygienic table trials.

这是卫生桌上的试验。

What could sound more benign than that?

还有什么比这听起来更温和的呢？

Narrator: In 1902, much to his surprise, congress agreed to fund Wiley’s human experiments, granting him five thousand dollars to get started.

旁白：1902 年，令他大吃一惊的是，国会同意资助威利的人体实验，并拨款 5000 美元作为启动资金。

Now all the chemist had to do was find willing test subjects.

现在化学家所要做的就是找到愿意的测试对象。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: Getting volunteers was sort of a crap shoot early on, because they didn’t know what they were going to find.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺 (Suzanne Junod)：早期招募志愿者有点糟糕，因为他们不知道会发现什么。

Wiley, I think he had a general idea of what he was going to do, but the logistics, and there were a lot of details that were yet to be worked out.

威利，我认为他对自己要做什么有一个总体的想法，但后勤工作以及很多细节还有待解决。

Narrator: Wiley began recruiting participants through ads in government newsletters.

旁白：威利开始通过政府时事通讯中的广告招募参与者。

His ideal recruits were robust young men with a sense of adventure and strong stomachs.as compensation for participating in the study, Wiley promised subjects free food and five dollars a month.

他理想的招募对象是具有冒险精神和坚强胃口的强壮年轻人。作为参与这项研究的补偿，威利向受试者承诺免费食物和每月五美元。

To his delight, the response was overwhelming, as young civil servants eagerly answered the call to act as his guinea pigs.

令他高兴的是，反响热烈，年轻公务员热切地响应号召，充当他的小白鼠。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: He was getting letters from all over the country.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺（Suzanne Junod）：他收到了来自全国各地的信件。

There was one, I have a stomach that can take anything, bring it on, basically, So, he was not really having too much trouble with recruits.

有一个，我有一个能承受任何东西的胃，基本上，所以，他在新兵方面并没有遇到太多麻烦。

He was surprised to have people willing to travel, you know, to take part in the trials .

他很惊讶有人愿意旅行，你知道，参加试验。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: I mean think young bachelors on a government salary.

布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson），记者：我的意思是想想拿政府工资的年轻单身汉。

The idea of not having to pay for any of your food does sound a little bit attractive.

不必为任何食物付费的想法听起来确实有点有吸引力。

So you got them from a you know, saving money perspective.

所以你是从省钱的角度来购买它们的。

You’ve got them from a 5 bucks a month perspective which is, you know, not inconsiderable at the time.

从每月 5 美元的角度来看，这在当时来说并不是微不足道的。

And then plus they’re young men in their 20s, so the idea of doing stupid stuff because it’s important and cool actually has a certain ring to it.

再加上他们都是 20 多岁的年轻人，所以因为重要又酷而做愚蠢的事情的想法实际上有一定的意义。

Narrator: Wiley settled on 12 volunteers.in exchange for the food and pay, the men had to agree to eat only what was being served by doctor Wiley, submit to a battery of physical examinations after each meal, and promise not to sue the federal government if they were injured in the process.

旁白：威利选定了12名志愿者。作为食物和报酬的交换，这些人必须同意只吃威利医生提供的食物，每餐后接受一系列体检，并承诺如果在此过程中受伤，不会起诉联邦政府。

Deborah Blum, Author: I mean there’s all these catches.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：我的意思是有所有这些陷阱。

They have to agree to be weighed and blood tested and urine tested and stool tested and uhm, you now, fill out all these reports and be checked by doctors and poked and prodded and they can’t have snacks and they can’t go to a bar and they can only eat what the agriculture department gives them.

他们必须同意接受称重、血液检测、尿液检测、粪便检测，嗯，现在，你填写所有这些报告，接受医生检查，并进行刺激，他们不能吃零食，不能去酒吧，只能吃农业部门给他们的东西。

Narrator: To stage his study Wiley built an experimental restaurant in his basement lab, complete with a kitchen, dining room and designated cook, chef Perry.

旁白：为了开展他的研究，威利在他的地下室实验室建造了一家实验餐厅，配有厨房、餐厅和指定的厨师佩里厨师。

He planned to introduce one chemical additive in varying amounts to each meal, as he studied its physical effects on the volunteers over several weeks.

他计划在每顿饭中加入不同量的一种化学添加剂，并在几周内研究其对志愿者的身体影响。

But Wiley quickly ran into a snag.

但威利很快就遇到了障碍。

How would he procure food that wasn’t already laced with chemicals?

他如何采购尚未添加化学物质的食物？

Bruce Watson, Journalist: So the first thing they have to do is that they have to get food that isn’t adulterated.

布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson），记者：所以他们要做的第一件事就是他们必须获得没有掺假的食物。

He goes to, for example, bean manufacturers and talks to them about how they do the canning and heavily watches it to make sure there’s no adulteration so everybody’s getting exactly the same beans.

例如，他会去豆类制造商那里，与他们讨论他们如何进行罐装，并严格监督，以确保没有掺假，这样每个人都能得到完全相同的豆子。

He talks to the actual milk producers, cheese producers, butter producers, so all of these ingredients are coming in and they’re super pure so that to the extent possible he can absolutely control for just the thing he’s testing.

他与实际的牛奶生产商、奶酪生产商、黄油生产商进行了交谈，所以所有这些成分都进来了，而且它们都是超级纯净的，这样他就可以在可能的范围内绝对控制他正在测试的东西。

Narrator: Wiley’s dining room officially opened in November, 1902.

旁白：威利餐厅于 1902 年 11 月正式开业。

With a nod to his own darkly comic nature, Wiley propped a sign next to the entrance that read - “none but the brave can eat the fare.”

出于对自己黑色喜剧本性的认可，威利在入口旁边竖起了一块牌子，上面写着：“只有勇敢的人才能吃到这道菜。”

Narrator: First on Wiley’s list of chemicals to test was borax, a popular industrial food preservative that was more commonly used as a cleaning product.

旁白：Wiley 测试的化学品清单中第一个是硼砂，这是一种流行的工业食品防腐剂，更常用作清洁产品。

With a table set with a variety of dishes typical of many American households, Wiley decided to disguise the borax by lacing the food with varying amounts of the additive .

桌子上摆满了许多美国家庭常见的各种菜肴，威利决定通过在食物中加入不同量的添加剂来掩盖硼砂。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Probably one of the most unwholesome ways to preserve was the use of borax.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：使用硼砂可能是最不健康的保存方法之一。

It was discovered that when borax was applied to meat and also to vegetables, it reacts with the proteins in a way that firms them up, so meat that has become sort of loose and rotten, or leafy vegetables that have become sort of wilted tighten and crisp and become firm again.

人们发现，当硼砂涂在肉类和蔬菜上时，它会与蛋白质发生反应，使蛋白质变硬，因此已经变得松散和腐烂的肉类，或者已经变得有点枯萎的叶类蔬菜会收紧、变脆并再次变硬。

They maintain this appearance of being fresh.

他们保持着新鲜的外表。

Narrator: Throughout the study, Wiley needed to find new ways to hide the additive, as the men began to notice a metallic flavor to their meals.

旁白：在整个研究过程中，威利需要找到新的方法来隐藏添加剂，因为人们开始注意到他们的饭菜有金属味。

Sometimes he hid the borax in the milk, and at others in the butter.

有时他把硼砂藏在牛奶中，有时则藏在黄油中。

Narrator: Twice a week, the men were examined by a doctor, and required to collect their own feces, which were analyzed.

旁白：医生每周对这些人进行两次检查，并要求他们收集自己的粪便并进行分析。

Their perspiration was tested for traces of borax.to test whether borax affected

他们的汗液被检测出硼砂的痕迹，以测试硼砂是否有影响

Respiration, the men would breathe through a lime-water solution for three hours at a time.

呼吸，这些人每次通过石灰水溶液呼吸三个小时。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Wiley didn't necessarily know what would be important information and what wouldn’t be, so he collected all the data.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：威利不一定知道什么是重要信息，什么不是，所以他收集了所有数据。

He knew it wasn’t a perfect study, but this is the beginning of these sort of clinical trials, and they’re still figuring it out.

他知道这不是一项完美的研究，但这只是此类临床试验的开始，他们仍在弄清楚这一点。

Some of them get borax, some of them don’t, and then they see what happens.

他们中的一些人得到了硼砂，一些人则没有，然后他们就会看到会发生什么。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: We can’t control for how much a given chemical, much less the mix of chemicals that someone can consume in a day, a week, a month, or a year.

历史学家 Suzanne Junod：我们无法控制特定化学品的用量，更不用说某人在一天、一周、一个月或一年内可以消耗的化学品混合物了。

So, what Wiley was trying to do was narrow this down, and methodically measure what’s going in and what’s coming out.

因此，威利试图做的就是缩小范围，并有条不紊地衡量正在发生的事情和正在发生的事情。

Narrator: Not long after the study began, newspaper reporters caught wind of Wiley’s exploits in the basement of the department of agriculture.

旁白：研究开始后不久，报纸记者就在农业部的地下室听到了威利的事迹。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: A lot of people have asked about who the people participating in the trials are.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺德：很多人都问参与审判的人是谁。

Wiley took great pains to keep them quiet.

威利煞费苦心地让他们保持安静。

They themselves were told that they were not supposed to self-identify as part of the trials.

他们自己被告知，他们不应该在试验中表明自己的身份。

But it did become, I mean, the curiosity on the part of the public and the reporters and everything else, you know, sort of dogged these men to know more about them.

但我的意思是，公众、记者和其他一切的好奇心确实促使这些人更多地了解他们。

Narrator: The most persistent reporter was the Washington post’s George Rothwell Brown, who had befriended chef Perry, and plied him for information.

旁白：最执着的记者是《华盛顿邮报》的乔治·罗斯韦尔·布朗，他与厨师佩里成为了朋友，并向他询问信息。

Soon, colorful accounts about a quirky scientist and his band of intrepid gastronomic volunteers began cropping up in the post.

很快，关于一位古怪的科学家和他的一群勇敢的美食志愿者的丰富多彩的报道开始出现在帖子中。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: George Rothwell Brown gets interested in this because, again, you have 12 young men, brave and true, eating poison for the people of the United States.

布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson），记者：乔治·罗斯韦尔·布朗（George Rothwell Brown）对此很感兴趣，因为这里有 12 个勇敢而真诚的年轻人，为美国人民吃毒药。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: Wiley doesn’t want this to get out too much.

布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson），记者：威利（Wiley）不希望此事传得太多。

I mean he wants attention to it, but he wants the right kind of attention.

我的意思是他想要得到关注，但他想要正确的关注。

He wants this to be dealt with seriously.

他希望严肃处理这件事。

So he starts trying to shut down Brown.

所以他开始试图阻止布朗。

Brown starts creating stories just to fill in the blanks.

布朗开始创作故事只是为了填补空白。

Deborah Blum, Author: My favorite was one, I think it was the borax one, in which he was saying that, uh they had discovered that all of the test subjects, their skin became much more beautiful and rosy flushed thanks to the borax, which was completely not true.

Deborah Blum，作者：我最喜欢的是其中一个，我认为是硼砂，他在其中说，呃，他们发现所有的测试对象，由于硼砂的存在，他们的皮肤变得更加美丽，红润，这完全不是真的。

And then the agriculture department was inundated from letters from people who wanted to know the right formula to improve the beautiful look of their skin.

然后，农业部门收到了大量人们的来信，他们想知道改善皮肤美丽外观的正确配方。

Narrator: Brown’s stories went national and sparked the public’s imagination by bestowing the entire group with their everlasting nickname - the poison squad.

旁白：布朗的故事传遍了全国，并激发了公众的想象力，为整个组织赋予了永恒的绰号——毒药小队。

Though he worried the tabloid stories would undermine his scientific pursuit, Wiley conceded that for the first time, the nation was talking about food safety .

尽管威利担心小报的报道会破坏他的科学追求，但他承认这是全国第一次谈论食品安全。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: I mean they refer to him as Old Borax.

布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson），记者：我的意思是他们称他为“老硼砂”。

He’s the one whose sitting there and, you know running these guys into the ground, and “ah, go back and pick up your hair”, and, you know, “you didn’t give your urine samples”, and so forth and so on.

他就是那个坐在那里，你知道的，把这些家伙按到地上，然后“啊，回去捡起你的头发”，而且，你知道，“你没有提供你的尿液样本”，等等。

Later on, when he starts realizing the value of publicity, he actually starts getting more directly involved in it and giving interviews.

后来，当他开始意识到宣传的价值时，他实际上开始更直接地参与其中并接受采访。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: And I think part of Wiley, this public part was like “oh well, no this is serious work we’re doing”, but the other part of him was like, “yes, Poison Squad, get that name out there, everyone’s going to be familiar with it, it’s got a good ring to it,” because again, he knew that the changes weren’t going to happen inside the government without the public pressure.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：我认为威利的一部分，这个公共部分就像“哦，不，这是我们正在做的严肃工作”，但他的另一部分就像，“是的，毒药小组，把这个名字放在那里，每个人都会熟悉它，它听起来很好，”因为他再次知道，如果没有公众压力，政府内部不会发生这些变化。

Narrator: Increasingly, Wiley and his poison squad were becoming the public face of a new movement for pure food that had been brewing within progressive organizations across the country.

旁白：威利和他的毒药小组逐渐成为一场新的纯食品运动的公众形象，该运动一直在全国各地的进步组织中酝酿。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: He was very shrewd in his choice of sample in order to demonstrate these scandals.

记者 Corby Kummer：为了证明这些丑闻，他在选择样本方面非常精明。

You know there’s something Barnum, PT Barnum-esque, except he was fighting the good fight.

你知道有一些巴纳姆，PT巴纳姆式的东西，只不过他正在为正义而战。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: The Poison Squad and all the elaborate rituals around it, from the menu to the slogan on the wall, it was great public relations.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），编剧：《毒药小队》以及与之相关的所有精心设计的仪式，从菜单到墙上的标语，都是很棒的公共关系。

It was flamboyant.

这是华丽的。

Narrator: Before Wiley published a single result of his study, the poison squad had become a cultural phenomenon, and their exploits real or imagined, legendary.

旁白：在威利发表他的一项研究结果之前，毒药小组已经成为一种文化现象，他们的功绩是真实的还是想象的，充满传奇色彩。

They inspired cartoons, poems, limericks and even a minstrel song.

它们激发了漫画、诗歌、打油诗甚至吟游诗人歌曲的灵感。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: People loved the concept of the Poison Squad, and I mean, who wouldn’t?

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：人们喜欢毒药小队的概念，我的意思是，谁不会呢？

It’s like all these young men performing experiments on themselves, poisoning themselves.

就像所有这些年轻人都在自己身上做实验，毒害自己一样。

The whole thing is fascinating.

整个事情很有趣。

There were like joke menus in the newspaper where every other course was borax, and Vaudevillian songs about them.

报纸上有类似笑话的菜单，其他菜都是硼砂，还有关于它们的杂耍歌曲。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: One of them was The Ballad of The Poison Squad.

布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson），记者：其中之一是《毒队之歌》。

“We break our fast on match-head consommé, and we eat our Prussic acid stew, and we eat the deadliest of deadlies, and we survive because we’re the Poison Squad.”

“我们以火柴头清汤开斋，我们吃普鲁西酸炖菜，我们吃最致命的东西，我们之所以能活下来，是因为我们是毒药小队。”

Narrator: RE-Creation - Wiley’s USDA Lab

旁白：再创造 - Wiley 的美国农业部实验室

Despite the media circus that was swirling the study, Wiley’s human trials on borax were turning up troubling results.

尽管媒体对这项研究大肆渲染，威利的硼砂人体试验却得出了令人不安的结果。

As Wiley increased the dosage of borax over time, the men began to show signs of serious intestinal illness, including vomiting.

随着威利逐渐增加硼砂的剂量，这些人开始出现严重肠道疾病的迹象，包括呕吐。

The cumulative health effects of the preservative were definitive in Wiley’s mind.

在威利看来，防腐剂对健康的累积影响是明确的。

And he shared his findings in an official report.

他在一份官方报告中分享了他的发现。

The country was transfixed by descriptions of once healthy young men laid waste by borax poisoning.

曾经健康的年轻人因硼砂中毒而丧命的描述震惊了整个国家。

Only half of the participants, Wiley pointed out, had managed to last through the final round of testing, with the rest dropping out due to illness.

威利指出，只有一半的参与者成功通过了最后一轮测试，其余的则因病退出。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: There were all sorts of bad effects, and by being able to add the poison himself he could show the public, “look what happens in these strapping, healthy young men who lose muscle mass, who can’t gain weight, who can’t concentrate”.

记者 Corby Kummer：有各种各样的不良影响，通过亲自添加毒药，他可以向公众展示，“看看这些身材魁梧、健康的年轻人身上发生了什么，他们失去了肌肉质量，无法增加体重，无法集中注意力”。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: They would get nauseous.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：他们会感到恶心。

They would vomit.

他们会呕吐。

They would lose weight.

他们会减肥。

They were absolutely miserable.

他们绝对是悲惨的。

Deborah Blum, Author: They had headaches, they had some uncontrolled trembling.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：他们有头痛，他们有一些不受控制的颤抖。

It wasn’t killing them.

这并没有杀死他们。

No one was dropping dead, but the exposure to the borax was making them sick.

没有人死亡，但接触硼砂使他们生病。

Narrator: wiley speculated that the dosages over time had affected the volunteers’ kidneys and other organs,leading to what he called “disturbances of appetite, of digestion and of health.”More research, it seemed, would be needed.but for now, the data was having wiley’s intended effect - the public was taking notice.

旁白：威利推测，随着时间的推移，剂量会影响志愿者的肾脏和其他器官，导致他所谓的“食欲、消化和健康障碍。”似乎需要更多的研究。但目前，数据已经达到了威利的预期效果——公众正在注意到。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: I think one of the reasons that this issue resonated so strongly is that everybody was eating this food, and there was no way to differentiate something that was wholesome from something that was adulterated.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：我认为这个问题引起如此强烈共鸣的原因之一是每个人都在吃这种食物，并且没有办法区分健康的东西和掺假的东西。

Particularly when you're talking about milk, butter, jam, things that seem so ordinary, to find out that they aren’t what they're advertised as being is shocking.

尤其是当你谈论牛奶、黄油、果酱这些看起来很普通的东西时，发现它们并不像广告中那样是令人震惊的。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: It led then the general public to begin to question what was in their food, and I think more importantly, question these large corporations.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：这导致公众开始质疑他们的食物中含有什么，我认为更重要的是质疑这些大公司。

If they were deserving of trust, if they really were doing the right thing, if they really did care whether or not they were hurting the general public.

如果他们值得信任，如果他们真的在做正确的事情，如果他们真的关心自己是否伤害了公众。

Narrator: The results also had a great effect on Wiley himself.

旁白：这个结果对威利本人也产生了很大的影响。

Long an advocate for accurate labeling, the data he was collecting were beginning to convince him that no level of chemical adulteration was safe.

长期以来，他一直倡导准确标签，他收集的数据开始让他相信，任何程度的化学掺假都是安全的。

“The chemical and physiological data were vast” Wiley wrote.

“化学和生理数据非常庞大”，威利写道。

“but the lesson they taught was unmistakable: Preservatives used in food are harmful to health.”

“但他们给我们的教训是明确无误的：食品中使用的防腐剂对健康有害。”

Suzanne Junod, Historian: Wiley started out cautiously optimistic that he would find some levels of safety.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺德：威利一开始对自己会找到一定程度的安全持谨慎乐观的态度。

One of the problems that he discovered, there were concerns about the cumulative effect, and you can’t label that if you eat this particular product every day for six weeks you could have these symptoms.

他发现的问题之一是，人们担心累积效应，而且你不能说如果你每天吃这种特定产品六周，你可能会出现这些症状。

So, Wiley’s approach to labeling had to be abandoned.

因此，Wiley 的标签方法必须被放弃。

Deborah Blum, Author: He said, I was converted by my own research, you know.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：他说，我是通过自己的研究而改变的，你知道。

It made him realize that it wasn’t just enough to say we should label - that there were some things that really should be taken out of the food supply.

这让他意识到，仅仅说我们应该贴上标签是不够的——有些东西确实应该从食品供应中剔除。

Narrator: Regulation seemed to be paying off.

旁白：监管似乎正在取得成效。

A new food safety bill was up for debate and hearings were scheduled in the senate and the house, with Wiley to testify as the lead witness in both.

新的食品安全法案即将进行辩论，参议院和众议院也安排举行听证会，威利将作为主要证人出庭作证。

The chemist came out swinging hard at the food industry, calling for greater regulation of chemicals in food, for the protection of the American public.

这位化学家公开猛烈抨击食品行业，呼吁加强对食品中化学品的监管，以保护美国公众。

By late 1902, Wiley’s efforts to force congress to act on food

1902 年底，威利努力迫使国会就食品问题采取行动

“the consumer is entitled to know the nature of the substances he purchases,” Wiley proclaimed, “and to be assured that their food is pure and wholesome.

“消费者有权了解他购买的物质的性质，”威利宣称，“并确信他们的食物是纯净和健康的。

”It didn’t take long for the food manufacturers to strike back, and the attacks would be personal, portraying Wiley as a press hungry radical, opposed to business.

“没过多久，食品制造商就发起了反击，而且这些攻击都是针对个人的，将威利描绘成一个渴望媒体、反对商业的激进分子。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: Anyone who took on these companies, were subject to extraordinary attacks.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：任何接手这些公司的人都会受到非同寻常的攻击。

You know, Wiley was described as anti-business simply because he objected to dangerous adulterants in food.

你知道，威利被描述为反商业仅仅因为他反对食品中危险的掺假物质。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: So what we’re seeing is industry taking a back-door approach to trying to cut Wiley off at the knees.

历史学家苏珊娜·朱诺德（Suzanne Junod）：所以我们看到的是业界采取后门方法试图切断威利的膝盖。

This sort of shadow industry had a whole campaign and a whole plan on how to begin to undermine Wiley’s ability to regulate these chemical preservatives.

这种影子行业有一个完整的活动和一个完整的计划，旨在如何开始削弱威利监管这些化学防腐剂的能力。

Narrator: In the halls of congress and in the press, almost every facet of the food industry readily shared their outrage with Wiley’s crusade.

旁白：在国会大厅和媒体上，几乎食品行业的各个方面都毫不犹豫地表达了对威利十字军东征的愤怒。

The manufacturers association was joined by the dairy industry, which depended on formaldehyde to salvage sour milk; the baking industry, which relied on aluminum in baking powder; the bleached flour industry; and the increasingly powerful chemical products manufacturers.

乳制品行业也加入了制造商协会，该行业依靠甲醛来挽救酸牛奶；烘焙行业，依赖发酵粉中的铝；漂白面粉工业；以及日益强大的化工产品生产企业。

“Dr. Wiley seems to thirst deeply for notoriety,” declaimed one industry insider.

“威利博士似乎非常渴望恶名，”一位业内人士说道。

“he is happiest when looking complacently into the horror-stricken eyes of women he has just scared half to death.” an editorial in the California fruit grower asked “let somebody muzzle the yellow chemist who would destroy our appetites.”

“当他得意地看着那些被他吓得半死的女人惊恐的眼睛时，他感到最幸福。”加州水果种植者的一篇社论要求“让某人压制那些会破坏我们胃口的黄色化学家。”

Wiley expected the backlash from industry, but he was disappointed to discover that even the new president, the progressive lion and trust buster Theodore Roosevelt, was resigned to the failure of congress to pass any food legislation.“It will take more than my recommendation to get the law passed, Roosevelt explained.

威利预计会遭到工业界的强烈反对，但他失望地发现，即使是新任总统、进步人士和反垄断者西奥多·罗斯福，也因国会未能通过任何食品立法而屈服。“要让这项法律通过，需要的不仅仅是我的建议，”罗斯福解释道。

“I understand there is some very stubborn opposition.”

“我知道存在一些非常顽固的反对声音。”

Deborah Blum, Author: Wiley really hoped that Roosevelt was going to be the president of his dreams.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：威利真的希望罗斯福能够成为他梦想中的总统。

He had never been able to get a president interested in his food stuff, you know, no matter how high profile it was, presidents ignored it, and Roosevelt was known as a progressive.

他从来没能让总统对他的食品感兴趣，你知道，无论多么高调，总统都会忽视它，而罗斯福被称为进步派。

Kathleen Dalton, Historian: But he was leading a Republican Party with very entrenched opposition to any kind of food regulation, and his best friend was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who was in the manufacturer’s back pocket.

凯瑟琳·道尔顿（Kathleen Dalton），历史学家：但他领导的共和党坚决反对任何形式的食品监管，而他最好的朋友是参议员亨利·卡伯特·洛奇（Henry Cabot Lodge），他在制造商的后口袋里。

Deborah Blum, Author: It’s obvious, one, that Roosevelt was making a lot of political calculations, and two, that he is very close to some of these wealthy food manufacturers and really doesn’t want to be disruptive to their business and he makes a lot of choices to support the industry over Wiley’s more purist position.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：很明显，一是罗斯福做了很多政治算计，二是他与一些富有的食品制造商关系非常密切，真的不想破坏他们的业务，而且他做出了很多选择来支持该行业，而不是威利更纯粹的立场。

Narrator: Without Roosevelt’s backing, the food bill of 1902 fizzled out in congress and was never even brought up for a vote.

旁白：没有罗斯福的支持，1902 年的食品法案在国会中流产，甚至从未被提交表决。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: The government was being very conservative because they were continuing to be in the pockets of these corporations and these trusts.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：政府非常保守，因为他们继续掌握在这些公司和信托公司的口袋里。

There were lobbyists 100 years ago, just like there are today.

100 年前就有游说者，就像今天一样。

Deborah Blum, Author: Wiley, he’s a very stubborn person, and he has this one goal, and he just is not going to give up on it.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：威利，他是一个非常顽固的人，他有这个目标，而且他不会放弃。

What he eventually does is he drops back and decides that he needs to get better allies.

他最终所做的就是退缩并决定他需要获得更好的盟友。

He needs to use more effective ways of getting this message out.

他需要使用更有效的方式来传达这一信息。

Narrator: By 1904,wiley was rethinking his approach to pure food regulation, after his defeat at the hands of big industry, and he realized that a meaningful food bill would not come by the shocking poison squad results alone.

旁白：到了 1904 年，威利在大工业面前失败后，开始重新思考他的纯食品监管方法，他意识到仅靠令人震惊的毒物小组结果并不能带来有意义的食品法案。

Fortunately, a sense of outrage was building amongst american progressives, and wiley soon learned he had powerful new allies within the burgeoning women’s rights movement.

幸运的是，美国进步人士中的愤怒情绪正在酝酿之中，威利很快了解到他在蓬勃发展的女权运动中拥有了强大的新盟友。

Kathleen Dalton, Historian: If you think of women as the angels of the house, which Victorians did, I think it’s legitimate that women got into the political sphere as advocates of their, protecting their children, protecting their home.

历史学家凯瑟琳·道尔顿（Kathleen Dalton）：如果你像维多利亚时代那样将女性视为家庭天使，那么我认为女性作为她们的倡导者进入政治领域、保护她们的孩子、保护她们的家庭是合法的。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: They’re the ones buying the food.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：他们是购买食物的人。

They’re the ones charged with taking care of their families so this is information that is relevant to them and women at the turn of the century also organizing in many ways big and small.

她们负责照顾家庭，因此这些信息与她们相关，而世纪之交的女性也以各种大大小小的方式组织起来。

Kathleen Dalton, Historian: Women really were a formidable force.

历史学家凯瑟琳·道尔顿：女性确实是一股强大的力量。

The women’s reform network comes on the scene at the time that Harvey Wiley is thinking, I need more change in public opinion, I need more press, I need more politicians on my side, and so they’re natural allies for him.

当哈维·威利（Harvey Wiley）思考时，妇女改革网络出现了，我需要公众舆论的更多改变，我需要更多的媒体，我需要更多的政客站在我这边，所以他们是他天然的盟友。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: Wiley is very shrewd in understanding that these women want confidence in industry.

Corby Kummer，记者：Wiley 非常精明地了解这些女性希望对行业充满信心。

They want to be able to buy foods that aren’t going to contaminate their family, and they want power.

他们希望能够购买不会污染家人的食物，并且他们想要电力。

It’s a time of progressive movements.

这是一个进步运动的时代。

Narrator: Wiley hit the road, speaking to women’s groups across the country,rallying them to join his crusade for food safety and to lift their voices and be heard.

旁白：威利上路了，向全国各地的妇女团体发表讲话，号召她们加入他的食品安全运动，提高她们的声音并让别人听到。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: The networking among women was a very important influence.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺（Suzanne Junod）：女性之间的网络产生了非常重要的影响。

He also discovered he kind of has a knack for speaking, that preacher influence comes out a little bit, and remember, he’s speaking truth, truth sometimes to power, but also truth to women.

他还发现自己有一种说话的技巧，传教士的影响力会稍微显现出来，记住，他说的是真话，有时是对权力说真话，但也是对女性说真话。

His secretary at one point said that when he came in in the mornings dressed in a top hat and coattails, she was pretty sure he was going to talk to women’s groups about the need for a law.

他的秘书曾表示，当他早上戴着高帽、穿着燕尾服进来时，她很确定他会与妇女团体讨论制定法律的必要性。

Narrator: While speaking in Cranston, New Jersey, Wiley met a fiery suffragist named Alice Lakey, who introduced him to whole new network of women’s organizations concerned about food safety.

旁白：在新泽西州克兰斯顿演讲时，威利遇到了一位名叫爱丽丝·莱基（Alice Lakey）的热情的妇女参政主义者，她向他介绍了关注食品安全的全新妇女组织网络。

Together Lakey and Wiley ignited a nationwide letter writing campaign in favor of food regulation, with a message aimed squarely at members of congress and the president.

莱基和威利一起发起了一场全国范围内支持食品监管的写信运动，其信息直接针对国会议员和总统。

Deborah Blum, Author: She opened doors for him with some of the national figures.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作家：她为他与一些全国人物打开了大门。

And this is in this period where he realizes he really does need an army.

正是在这个时期，他意识到自己确实需要一支军队。

Wiley wrote about the fact that, you know, women couldn’t vote but they were still able through organization and industry to have important political power.

威利写道，你知道，女性无法投票，但她们仍然能够通过组织和行业拥有重要的政治权力。

He thought that they could accomplish whatever they wanted to in the end.

他认为他们最终可以完成他们想要的任何事情。

He was a huge admirer of the sort of effective, powerful, undaunted quality of these women’s groups.

他非常欣赏这些女性团体的高效、强大、无所畏惧的品质。

DELAY MUSIC TO OPEN UP FOR FX OF DEMONSTRATIONS

延迟音乐为示威活动拉开帷幕

Narrator: In no time, influential reform groups like the national consumers league and the general federation of women's clubs lent their voices to Wiley’s crusade for pure food, recognizing food safety as part of their larger progressive agenda.

旁白：很快，全国消费者联盟和妇女俱乐部总联合会等有影响力的改革团体纷纷为威利的纯食品运动发声，承认食品安全是其更大的进步议程的一部分。

Kathleen Dalton, Historian: You’d have reformers saying, we need pure milk or we need to stop the bosses from corrupting the process, from stealing votes.

凯瑟琳·道尔顿（Kathleen Dalton），历史学家：改革者会说，我们需要纯牛奶，或者我们需要阻止老板们破坏流程、窃取选票。

We need to defend the public good and have municipal ownership of water, sewer and subways.

我们需要捍卫公共利益，并拥有供水、下水道和地铁的市政所有权。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: It’s the rise of trade unions.

记者 Corby Kummer：这是工会的崛起。

It’s the rise of saying “we now have an enormous class difference.” Economic inequality starts in the first gilded age in the 1890s when all these progressive movements are taking root because the consolidation of money and power in the hands of men is something that women and trade unions start to fight.

这是“我们现在有巨大的阶级差异”这样的说法的兴起。经济不平等始于 1890 年代的第一个镀金时代，当时所有这些进步运动正在扎根，因为妇女和工会开始反对将金钱和权力巩固在男性手中。

So Wiley understood that here was a pocket of protest that he could ally himself with profitably.

因此威利明白，这是一个抗议的小圈子，他可以与他结盟以获利。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: Wiley, one of the most important people in the Pure Food Movement, he was a part of a bigger movement at that period, looking for hygiene and cleanliness and wholesomeness in all kinds of aspects of American life.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Schlosser），作家：威利，纯食品运动中最重要的人物之一，他是当时一场更大运动的一部分，在美国生活的各个方面寻求卫生、清洁和健康。

Narrator: The pure food movement received a boost when Fannie farmer, one of the most prominent progressive voices empowering women and a leader in the emerging movement known as domestic science, joined the cause.

旁白：当范妮·法默（Fannie Farmer）加入这一事业时，纯食品运动得到了推动。范妮·法默是赋予妇女权力最杰出的进步声音之一，也是新兴家庭科学运动的领导者。

Farmer was the country’s most prominent cookbook author and when she turned her attention to pure food, her devoted audience - largely mothers and homemakers - listened carefully.

法默是该国最著名的烹饪书作者，当她将注意力转向纯食品时，她忠实的观众（主要是母亲和家庭主妇）仔细聆听。

She alerted her readers to the dangers of “borax, salicylic acid, potassium chromate, and carbonate of soda,” - precisely the substances that also concerned Wiley.

她提醒读者注意“硼砂、水杨酸、铬酸钾和碳酸苏打”的危险，而这些物质也正是威利所关心的。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Fannie Farmer really promoted the domestic science movement.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：房利美·法默确实推动了国内科学运动。

She included nutritional information in her book.

她在书中包含了营养信息。

So even if you couldn’t go to her cooking school or go to college and get a degree in domestic science, if you read the Boston Cooking School Cookbook, you were gleaning some of that information.

因此，即使你无法去她的烹饪学校或上大学并获得家庭科学学位，如果你阅读波士顿烹饪学校食谱，你也会收集其中的一些信息。

Deborah Blum, Author: Boston School of Cooking Fanny Farmer book, it’s like an education in chemistry.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：波士顿烹饪学校范妮·法默（Fanny Farmer）的书，这就像化学教育。

It walks you through the chemical elements in food.

它引导您了解食物中的化学元素。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: They were putting out kitchen chemistry sets, literally telling women to go buy prussic acid to test the products that they were bringing into their home.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺德（Suzanne Junod）：他们正在推出厨房化学套件，实际上是告诉女性去购买氢氰酸来测试她们带回家的产品。

They were simple tests, sort of, but the chemistry behind them was pretty sophisticated.

它们是一些简单的测试，但它们背后的化学反应非常复杂。

Narrator: It wasn’t long before Wiley’s proselytizing for pure food attracted the attention of enterprising industry marketers who, rather than fight against the movement, saw an opportunity to capitalize on its message.

旁白：没过多久，威利对纯食品的宣传就引起了有进取心的行业营销人员的注意，他们没有与这场运动作斗争，而是看到了利用其信息的机会。

Henry j.

亨利·J.

Heinz, an industry titan, saw early the power of pure food branding.

亨氏作为行业巨头，很早就看到了纯食品品牌的力量。

Deborah Blum, Author: Henry J.

黛博拉·布鲁姆，作者：亨利·J.

Heinz, he also thought the tide was turning on this.

海因茨，他也认为潮流正在转向这一点。

He felt that there was new interest in safer food and that his company could and should take advantage of this.

他认为人们对更安全的食品产生了新的兴趣，他的公司可以而且应该利用这一点。

So it wasn’t as if he was just like you know, let me do my good deed for the day.

所以他并不像你知道的那样，让我今天做点好事。

He saw a real reason for it.

他看到了真正的原因。

The thing that crystallized it for him was ketchup.

让他结晶的东西是番茄酱。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: They came up with a formula that was much more acidic and included much more vinegar, and that made the ketchup shelf-stable.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：他们想出了一种酸性更强、含有更多醋的配方，这使得番茄酱的保质期更稳定。

Their formula was also more delicious as well as not containing any adulterants, and that’s how they advertised it.

他们的配方也更美味，而且不含任何掺杂物，这就是他们的广告。

They used the word “pure” again and again.

他们一次又一次地使用“纯粹”这个词。

Pure, pure, pure, pure.

纯粹，纯粹，纯粹，纯粹。

The people packing their ketchup they describe them as manicured maidens clad in white.

打包番茄酱的人们将她们形容为身着白衣、修剪整齐的少女。

The public, because of their awareness of the horrors of adulterated food, now they wanted food that was labeled pure and sanitary, food made in the cleanest of factories.

公众由于意识到掺假食品的可怕性，现在他们想要标有纯净卫生的食品、在最干净的工厂生产的食品。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: The more forward-looking companies realized in so many ways how government regulation would benefit them.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Schlosser），作家：更具前瞻性的公司通过多种方式意识到政府监管将如何使他们受益。

You know, you could make an argument that far from being a radical, what Wiley was doing was rationalizing business and bringing it into the 20th century and away from this sort of rogue 19th century, anything goes, corrupt model of doing business.

你知道，你可以提出这样的论点：威利所做的绝不是激进的，而是使商业合理化，并将其带入 20 世纪，远离这种流氓 19 世纪，任何事情都可以，腐败的商业模式。

Narrator: In 1904, Wiley himself was in the midst of a personal transformation from enterprising government chemist to pure food evangelist.

旁白：1904 年，威利本人正处于从一位进取的政府化学家到纯粹食品传播者的个人转变之中。

Deborah Blum, Author: He becomes such a visible figure in this fight that he’s both a lightning rod for everyone that hates the fight and he’s beloved by American newspapers and the American public and so he gets a kind of political armor.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作家：他在这场斗争中成为如此引人注目的人物，他既是每个讨厌这场斗争的人的避雷针，又受到美国报纸和美国公众的喜爱，因此他获得了一种政治盔甲。

He was so politically formidable that they did not want to mess with him so he starts becoming that.

他在政治上是如此强大，以至于他们不想惹他，所以他开始成为那样。

He really starts this transition from being a chemist who is arguing a point, to a political figure.

他真正开始了从一个争论观点的化学家到一个政治人物的转变。

And that again is going to work for him and against him.

这对他有利，对他不利。

Narrator: While Wiley’s popularity may have insulated him from political and industry attacks, he knew that the greatest weapon in his fight for pure food was his scientific data.

旁白：虽然威利的受欢迎程度可能使他免受政治和行业攻击，但他知道，他为纯食品而奋斗的最大武器是他的科学数据。

By the spring of 1905, he and his team were preparing to publish the results of another poison squad experiment.

1905 年春天，他和他的团队正准备公布另一项毒药小组的实验结果。

This one centered on another common preservative - salicylic acid.

这个以另一种常见的防腐剂——水杨酸为中心。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: Salicylic acid is an acid, and so it has antioxidant effects for food, it keeps oxygen out of food, it keeps bacteria out of food because it kills them because it’s an acid.

Corby Kummer，记者：水杨酸是一种酸，因此它对食物具有抗氧化作用，它可以阻止食物中的氧气，它可以阻止细菌进入食物，因为它是一种酸，可以杀死细菌。

So that’s one way of retarding spoilage.

所以这是延缓腐败的一种方法。

Narrator: The average bottle of wine sold in the united states at the turn of the century contained almost 2 grams of salicylic acid, and beer, nearly as much.

旁白：世纪之交在美国销售的每瓶葡萄酒平均含有近 2 克水杨酸，啤酒也几乎含有同样的水杨酸。

Narrator: Almost immediately poison squad members selected to receive the preservative began reporting its ill-effects.

旁白：被选中接受防腐剂的毒物小组成员几乎立即开始报告其不良影响。

One complained of a “pronounced” feeling of hunger, even though he was eating a normal dinner, another described “very severe burning pains in the stomach.” Almost all of the men described some degree of intestinal distress.

一个人抱怨说，尽管他正在吃一顿正常的晚餐，但他还是有一种“明显”的饥饿感，另一个人则描述了“胃部非常严重的灼痛”。几乎所有男性都描述了某种程度的肠道不适。

Based on these results, Wiley concluded salicylic acid was one of the worst of all preservatives currently in use on american food products.

根据这些结果，威利得出结论，水杨酸是目前美国食品中使用的所有防腐剂中最差的一种。

Deborah Blum, Author: It’s brand new.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：这是全新的。

You put it into all kinds of food and drink products.

您将其放入各种食品和饮料产品中。

Except that of course it causes the lining of the gastrointestinal tract to bleed, and you’re not telling anyone how much of it you’re putting in your product so people are really getting a high dose of something that causes GI problems.

当然，它会导致胃肠道内壁出血，而且你不会告诉任何人你在产品中加入了多少，所以人们确实服用了高剂量的东西，导致胃肠道问题。

Narrator: His report was picked up by the national newspapers and the poison squad was again stoking public outrage.

旁白：他的报道被全国性报纸转载，毒案小组再次煽动民愤。

But despite the outcry, the new report did little to break the hold of industry lobbyists on congress, where food legislation remained stalled.

但尽管遭到强烈抗议，新报告并没有打破行业游说者对国会的控制，食品立法仍然停滞不前。

By 1905, it was becoming clear to Wiley that the path to food legislation lay beyond the many bought politicians on capitol hill.

到了 1905 年，威利逐渐清楚，食品立法的道路超出了国会山许多被收买的政客的范围。

And he chose instead to focus his energy on pressuring the white house.

相反，他选择将精力集中在向白宫施压上。

But Wiley’s unbending approach had made him few allies in the administration, especially with President Roosevelt .

但威利的强硬态度使他在政府中几乎没有盟友，尤其是罗斯福总统。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: Teddy Roosevelt’s progressive, but he’s also a pragmatist, and Wiley’s not.

布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson），记者：泰迪·罗斯福是一位进步主义者，但他也是一位实用主义者，而威利则不是。

Wiley’s an absolutist.

威利是一个绝对主义者。

He’s an evangelist.

他是一位传道者。

He was vexatious.

他很无理取闹。

He was unwilling to compromise.

他不愿意妥协。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: One of the things Roosevelt disagreed with him on was saccharin.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：罗斯福在糖精问题上不同意他的观点之一。

Roosevelt had been prescribed saccharin by his doctor.

罗斯福的医生给他开了糖精。

It’s thought that his doctor believed that Roosevelt was probably pre-diabetic, so the doctor suggested substituting saccharin.

据认为，他的医生认为罗斯福可能患有糖尿病前期，因此医生建议用糖精代替。

Wiley was really not behind saccharin.

威利确实并不支持糖精。

He didn't really believe in its safety.

他并不真正相信它的安全性。

So when Wiley spoke out against saccharin, Roosevelt said, you know, my doctor prescribes that for me.

因此，当威利公开反对糖精时，罗斯福说，你知道，我的医生给我开了糖精。

A fool would say saccharin is bad for you, and Wiley is pained by these moments in his relationship with Roosevelt, but also Roosevelt can be very unforgiving sometimes, too.

傻瓜会说糖精对你有害，威利对他与罗斯福关系中的这些时刻感到痛苦，但罗斯福有时也非常无情。

Narrator: Despite his tense relationship with Roosevelt, Wiley was convinced that coupled with his scientific data and growing army of progressive pure food allies, especially those from the women’s movement, he might be able to sway the reluctant reformer.

旁白：尽管与罗斯福关系紧张，但威利坚信，凭借他的科学数据和不断壮大的进步纯食品盟友队伍，尤其是来自妇女运动的盟友，他也许能够影响这位不情愿的改革者。

Kathleen Dalton, Historian: Theodore Roosevelt could see the writing on the wall, which is that women could vote for president in some western states, and he saw that coming, women were going to get the vote.

凯瑟琳·道尔顿（Kathleen Dalton），历史学家：西奥多·罗斯福可以看到不祥之兆，那就是在一些西部州，女性可以投票选举总统，而且他看到，女性将获得投票权。

So they did count, they counted a lot.

所以他们确实数了，他们数了很多。

They’re not just voters, they’re publicists, they’re lobbyists, they’re married to people who vote and they’re a moral voice.

他们不仅仅是选民，他们是公关人员，他们是说客，他们与投票的人结婚，他们是道德的代言人。

Narrator: Wiley helped organize a delegation that included the suffragist Alice Lakey, representatives from Heinz and other progressive leaders, to meet with President Roosevelt at the white house.

旁白：威利帮助组织了一个代表团，其中包括妇女参政主义者爱丽丝·莱基、亨氏代表和其他进步领导人，在白宫会见罗斯福总统。

They a message of support for pure food legislation from men and women across the country, and hoped to show the president that the tide was turning against unregulated industry.

他们传达了全国各地男女支持纯食品立法的信息，并希望向总统表明，不受监管的行业的潮流正在转向。

Deborah Blum, Author: There’s been more and more and more controversy, largely generated by Wiley and his allies, and Roosevelt decided he is going to at least make a recommendation to Congress.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：争议越来越多，主要是由威利和他的盟友引起的，罗斯福决定他至少要向国会提出一项建议。

And so in December of 1905, he puts support for a food and drug law into his message to Congress at the end of the year.

因此，1905 年 12 月，他在年底向国会提交的信息中加入了对食品和药品法的支持。

And that was the first time since he had become president that he went really publicly on the record and said, yes, this is starting to be an untenable situation.

这是他就任总统以来第一次真正公开地表示，是的，这已经开始成为一个站不住脚的局面。

Narrator: With Roosevelt’s support, Wiley was more optimistic than ever that after two decades of sounding alarm bells, the time was finally right for the passage of a pure food law.

旁白：在罗斯福的支持下，威利比以往任何时候都更加乐观，在敲响了二十年的警钟之后，通过纯食品法的时机终于成熟了。

On the morning of February 10th, 1906, as Wiley was busily preparing for the coming battle in congress, the American public awoke to shocking headlines about a scandal within the meatpacking industry.

1906 年 2 月 10 日早上，当威利正忙着为即将到来的国会之战做准备时，美国公众醒来时看到了有关肉类包装行业丑闻的令人震惊的头条新闻。

Newspapers were filled with stomach churning details of the filthy conditions of Chicago’s largest beef companies, as described in a damning new book called “the jungle” by novelist Upton Sinclair.

报纸上充斥着芝加哥最大牛肉公司肮脏环境的令人反胃的细节，正如小说家厄普顿·辛克莱在一本名为《丛林》的新书中所描述的那样。

Sinclair had spent nearly two months working undercover, documenting the inhuman labor practices and unsanitary conditions on factory floors - stories of rat infestations, widespread contaminated and diseased carcasses and even of human appendages finding their way into processed meat and onto grocery store shelves.

辛克莱花了近两个月的时间进行卧底工作，记录了工厂车间不人道的劳动行为和不卫生的条件——老鼠出没、大范围污染和患病的尸体，甚至人体附肢进入加工肉类和杂货店货架的故事。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: The Jungle was not written as an argument for safe food legislation.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：《丛林》并不是作为安全食品立法的论据而写的。

It was written as an argument on behalf of worker’s rights, but it had unintended consequences.

它是作为代表工人权利的论点而写的，但它产生了意想不到的后果。

There were a number of scenes in the novel about rats, you know, getting into the meat and being turned into sausage, about how filthy the conditions were.

小说里有很多关于老鼠的场景，你知道，老鼠钻进肉里，变成了香肠，条件有多肮脏。

And Americans were eating a lot of meat.

美国人吃了很多肉。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: There were stories of people distracting the inspector who was there to check for tuberculosis in cows, so that cows that they knew were tubercular could just be passed through and end up in the cooling cars.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：有这样的故事，有人分散了检查奶牛结核病的检查员的注意力，这样他们知道患有结核病的奶牛就可以通过并最终进入冷却车。

Deborah Blum, Author: The book describes mold-covered meat that’s washed off in a bath of borax and then goes back into the food supply.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：这本书描述了霉菌覆盖的肉，这些肉在硼砂浴中被洗掉，然后又回到食品供应中。

The walls are scummy, with rotting meat that has dried and blood spatter and germs are growing everywhere.

墙壁上满是污垢，腐烂的肉已经干了，血迹四溅，细菌到处生长。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: You have the fresh cuts of meat on down to like the pieces of meat on down to the scraps of the pieces of the spoiled meat, and they’re all going into different products and being canned and sold to different populations who are completely ignorant of what is or isn’t going into their food.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：新鲜的肉块、喜欢的肉块、变质肉块的碎片，它们都被制成不同的产品，被罐装并出售给不同的人群，他们完全不知道自己的食物中含有或不含什么。

Narrator: It was a portrait of an industry run amok, an extremely worrying depiction of America’s food supply that transfixed the country.

旁白：这是一个行业失控的写照，对美国食品供应的极其令人担忧的描述震惊了整个国家。

“I aimed for the public's heart,” Sinclair recalled.

“我的目​​标是赢得公众的心，”辛克莱回忆道。

“and by accident, I hit it in the stomach.”

“不小心，我击中了它的肚子。”

Corby Kummer, Journalist: It’s Upton Sinclair who started the public outrage about it.

科比·库默（Corby Kummer），记者：是厄普顿·辛克莱（Upton Sinclair）引发了公众对此的愤怒。

People were outraged at the human hands and legs that got ground up into their food.

人们对食物中被磨碎的人手和腿感到愤怒。

They were grossed out.

他们感到恶心。

Deborah Blum, Author: Now you have the American public wondering if they’re cannibals because of the shoddy meat production.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：现在美国公众怀疑他们是否因为劣质肉类生产而成为食人者。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: Upton Sinclair is showing the reader what it felt like and what it looked like.

记者 Corby Kummer：Upton Sinclair 向读者展示了它的感觉和外观。

The horror, the graphicness, the gruesomeness of the scenes.

场景的恐怖、生动、可怕。

Narrator: For President Roosevelt, the jungle confirmed suspicions of the canned meat industry, which he had held since his time in the spanish american war.

旁白：对于罗斯福总统来说，丛林证实了他自美西战争以来一直持有的罐头肉行业的怀疑。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: One of the reasons that Teddy Roosevelt was so receptive to The Jungle, is he had personal firsthand memory of really disgusting food being sold to the US government and served to his troops, so he had a reservoir of anger at the meat packing industry, and reading The Jungle just seemed to confirm his own instincts about these shoddy business practices.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：泰迪·罗斯福如此接受《丛林》的原因之一是，他对出售给美国政府并供应给他的军队的非常恶心的食物有个人的第一手记忆，因此他对肉类包装行业怀有一股愤怒，而阅读《丛林》似乎证实了他自己对这些劣质商业行为的直觉。

Narrator: As letters and telegrams demanding action poured into the white house, Roosevelt dispatched his own team to Chicago to investigate the dangerous conditions Sinclair wrote about.

旁白：随着要求采取行动的信件和电报涌入白宫，罗斯福派遣自己的团队前往芝加哥调查辛克莱所描述的危险情况。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Sinclair went and did this research, and when you read it, just like the swill milk exposés, it sounds too horrific to be believed, but then Roosevelt sends people in to see what’s happening, and they come back, and their report says Sinclair was absolutely right.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：辛克莱做了这项研究，当你读到它时，就像泔水牛奶的曝光一样，听起来太可怕了，令人难以置信，但后来罗斯福派人去看看发生了什么，他们回来了，他们的报告说辛克莱是绝对正确的。

These exact same things were happening.

这些完全相同的事情正在发生。

Deborah Blum, Author: And when Roosevelt’s team went out they did not find people falling into the lard production but there was one, this horrifying scene they described in which the cow falls into one of the latrines used by the workers and they just pull it out, chop it up and send, they don’t even wash it off - it just goes right into, I mean, it was really a horrifying report.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：当罗斯福的团队出去时，他们没有发现有人掉进猪油生产中，但有一个，他们描述的这个可怕的场景，牛掉进了工人使用的一个厕所，他们只是把它拉出来，砍碎然后发送，他们甚至没有把它洗掉 - 它就直接进入了，我的意思是，这确实是一份可怕的报告。

Narrator: A summary of the president’s report hit the New York times, confirming what Harvey Wiley had been saying for a long time - that the American food industry was rotten to its core.

旁白：总统报告的摘要登上了《纽约时报》，证实了哈维·威利长期以来的说法——美国食品工业已经腐烂到了极点。

By early 1906, Wiley could see that the debate over food safety had reached a boiling point.

到 1906 年初，威利发现有关食品安全的争论已经达到了沸点。

Upton Sinclair’s writing had been the final spark Wiley had been hoping for, igniting a truly national conversation on the critical need for food safety.

厄普顿·辛克莱的著作是威利一直希望的最后火花，点燃了一场关于食品安全迫切需要的真正的全国性对话。

The public outrage over The Jungle, and the president’s backing of a food bill gave him the momentum he needed.

公众对丛林的愤怒以及总统对食品法案的支持给了他所需的动力。

Deborah Blum, Author: He gets a lot of letters and telegrams and messages of support.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：他收到了很多信件、电报和支持信息。

He knows that people are starting to be more engaged and so he just believes this is not the moment to give up.

他知道人们开始更加投入，所以他相信现在不是放弃的时候。

You just keep pushing one more time and he does.

你只要再继续推动一次，他就会这么做。

Narrator: In the back rooms of capitol hill, Wiley pounced on his congressional allies to hold hearings on the pure food bill.

旁白：在国会山的后屋里，威利向他的国会盟友发起了关于纯食品法案的听证会。

Industry friendly congressmen argued that regulation would be the death knell for business.

对行业友好的国会议员认为，监管将给企业敲响丧钟。

While others warned a ban on preservatives would lead to untold deaths by contaminated food.

而其他人则警告说，防腐剂禁令将导致受污染食品造成无数死亡。

Wiley defended the bill against its critics in two straight days of dramatic testimony.

威利在连续两天的戏剧性证词中为该法案辩护，反对其批评者。

“there are hundreds and thousands of our citizens” Wiley declaimed, “who do not wish to use these chemicals in their foods.

“我们有成百上千的公民”威利宣称，“他们不希望在食物中使用这些化学物质。

It is the consumers, and not the producers, who should be venting their wrath.”

应该发泄愤怒的是消费者，而不是生产者。”

Bruce Watson, Journalist: He goes up against Congress.

布鲁斯·沃森，记者：他反对国会。

He just keeps pushing at it.

他只是继续努力。

Because again, you’ve got this evangelist.

因为再一次，你有这位传道者。

Deborah Blum, Author: He was a showman and there’s a contemporary journalist, Mark Sullivan, who wrote about the entire theatrical spectacle of Wiley’s talks and the way he would dominate the room.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作家：他是一位表演者，还有一位当代记者马克·沙利文（Mark Sullivan），他写下了威利演讲的整个戏剧场面以及他统治房间的方式。

And he knew he was a theatrical presence.

他知道自己是一位戏剧演员。

And he used that.

他用了那个。

He used it to draw attention.

他用它来引起注意。

Narrator: Roosevelt grew tired of the debate on capitol hill and of the industry stonewalling.

旁白：罗斯福厌倦了国会山的辩论和行业的阻挠。

He made it known to the leadership that he wanted legislation on his desk immediately.

他向领导层表明，他希望立即立法。

If congress did not produce a bill, he threatened, he would release the report that his team had conducted in Chicago, in all its damning detail.

他威胁说，如果国会不提出法案，他将公布他的团队在芝加哥所做的报告，包括所有令人震惊的细节。

Deborah Blum, Author: And the summary is so explosive that Congress does come back and they pass a Meat Inspection Act.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：总结是如此具有爆炸性，以至于国会确实回来了，他们通过了《肉类检验法案》。

They just have to, right?

他们只是必须这样做，对吗？

Everyone gets that.

每个人都明白这一点。

And in the kind of wash of the Meat Inspection Act, the food and drug people like Wiley say this is our minute.

在《肉类检验法》的洗礼中，像威利这样的食品和药品界人士表示，现在是我们的时刻。

Narrator: For wiley, roosevelt’s threat was the last best hope for change and he waited anxiously for word from congress.

旁白：对威利来说，罗斯福的威胁是变革的最后最好希望，他焦急地等待着国会的消息。

As the roll was called, it was clear to senators who had fought a bill for decades that the war was finally coming to an end.

当点名时，几十年来一直在为一项法案而奋斗的参议员们清楚地意识到，战争终于即将结束。

Deborah Blum, Author: So the Food and Drug Act passed after the Meat Inspection Act.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：因此，《食品和药品法》是在《肉类检验法》之后通过的。

The one pulls the other forward and both of them pass.

一个人把另一个人向前拉，两人都过去了。

Narrator: On June 30th, 1906, roosevelt officially signed into law both the meat inspection act and the food and drug act- the first consumer protection laws in American history.

旁白：1906年6月30日，罗斯福正式签署《肉类检验法》和《食品药品法》成为法律，这是美国历史上第一部消费者保护法。

Wiley couldn’t help but marvel that it took only four months since the publication of The Jungle to accomplish what he had been working toward for nearly a quarter century.

威利不禁惊叹，自《丛林》出版以来，他只用了四个月的时间就完成了他近四分之一个世纪以来的奋斗目标。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: Wiley was enormously helped by his scientific backing of his studies that gave this kind of mantle of authority.

科比·库默（Corby Kummer），记者：威利对他的研究的科学支持给予了极大的帮助，这赋予了他这种权威。

Upton Sinclair could tell these shocking human stories, but Wiley could say “look at what I have been able to demonstrate in a lab.” It was his ability to generate attention for the Poison Squad that lead to the Pure Food Act.

厄普顿·辛克莱（Upton Sinclair）可以讲述这些令人震惊的人类故事，但威利（Wiley）可以说“看看我在实验室中演示的内容”。正是他引起毒物小组关注的能力导致了《纯净食品法案》的出台。

Deborah Blum, Author: These are a huge paradigm shifting moment because they’re the first consumer protection laws ever passed by the federal government.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：这是一个巨大的范式转变时刻，因为它们是联邦政府通过的第一部消费者保护法。

It’s the first time that the US government says we’re in the business of consumer protection.

这是美国政府第一次表示我们致力于消费者保护。

Marion Nestle, Writer: This was a government that responded to public outrage, about the quality of the food that was being produced by passing two laws.

马里昂·内斯特（Marion Nestle），作家：这是一个政府，通过两项法律来回应公众对所生产食品质量的愤怒。

And did it so quickly, completely bipartisan, that it just takes your breath away to think about it.

而且做得如此之快，完全是两党合作，光是想想就让人屏息凝神。

Deborah Blum, Author: It’s an amazing moment in American history for the feds to finally say, yes, we’re here to protect you in your everyday life.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：这是美国历史上一个令人惊叹的时刻，联邦政府终于说，是的，我们在这里是为了在你的日常生活中保护你。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: Upton Sinclair generated an extraordinary amount of publicity for the issue but the groundwork had been laid for this legislation for years and years by Wiley.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：厄普顿·辛克莱（Upton Sinclair）对这一问题进行了大量宣传，但威利多年来一直为这项立法奠定了基础。

So the actual bill itself, I give Wiley enormous credit for.

因此，我对实际的法案本身给予威利极大的信任。

Narrator: President Roosevelt was not interested in assigning credit for the law beyond his own.

旁白：罗斯福总统对将法律归功于他自己的法律不感兴趣。

“The pure food and drug bill became a law” the president later proclaimed "purely because of the active stand I took.”

总统后来宣称，“纯粹的食品和药品法案成为一项法律，纯粹是因为我采取了积极的立场。”

Kathleen Dalton, Historian: There’s almost no episode in Theodore Roosevelt’s life where he didn’t write about himself as the hero of, you know, he won the Spanish American War single-handedly.

凯瑟琳·道尔顿（Kathleen Dalton），历史学家：西奥多·罗斯福一生中几乎没有一集不把自己写成英雄，你知道，他单枪匹马地赢得了美西战争。

He’s not a person to share credit.

他不是一个分享功劳的人。

TR was an incredible egomaniac.

TR是一个令人难以置信的自大狂。

He wasn’t going to share it with Harvey Wiley, he didn’t like Harvey Wiley.

他不会与哈维·威利分享，他不喜欢哈维·威利。

Narrator: In the newspapers and in public, however, the pure food and drug act would be given a different name - “dr. Wiley’s law.”

旁白：然而，在报纸和公开场合，纯净食品和药品法案会被赋予不同的名称——“威利博士法”。

Narrator: The passage of the 1906 food bill should have been a moment for Wiley to savor his victory, but he had little time to rest.

旁白：1906年食品法案的通过本应是威利享受胜利的时刻，但他几乎没有时间休息。

It was his job to come up with new food safety standards and to ensure that the industry complied.

他的工作是制定新的食品安全标准并确保行业遵守。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: Passing the law is very different from enforcing the law.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：通过法律与执行法律有很大不同。

It was true with antitrust regulation, it's true now with environmental regulations and food safety.

反垄断监管如此，现在环境监管和食品安全也是如此。

Getting the bill passed is only the first step.

法案通过只是第一步。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: The biggest thing that Wiley had to do after the bill was really establish, with proof, with documentation, what was safe, what was unsafe, and in what amounts.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：在该法案真正确立后，Wiley 必须做的最重要的事情是，有证据、有文件，什么是安全的，什么是不安全的，以及数量是多少。

And that would just take time.

这只是需要时间。

Narrator: Wiley continued to publish the results of the poison squad, including studies into sulfurous acid and sodium benzoate - the preservative of choice in ketchup.

旁白：威利继续公布毒物小组的研究结果，包括对亚硫酸和苯甲酸钠（番茄酱中首选防腐剂）的研究。

But Wiley’s final poison squad study was his most definitive - his human experiments with formaldehyde - the chemical favored for embalming cadavers and used throughout the meat and dairy industry.

但威利最后的毒物小组研究是他最权威的——他对甲醛进行的人体实验——这种化学物质常用于尸体防腐，并在整个肉类和乳制品行业中使用。

Nearly every member of the poison squad became ill after only a small dose of the preservative, and Wiley discontinued the experiments.

毒药小组的几乎每个成员在服用小剂量的防腐剂后都生病了，威利停止了实验。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: If there’s one study that the Poison Squad did that was never disputed, it was the influence of formaldehyde.

历史学家苏珊娜·朱诺德：如果毒药小组所做的一项研究从未受到争议，那就是甲醛的影响。

After the Poison Squad studies, no one thought about allowing or using formaldehyde.

经过毒药小组的研究，没有人考虑允许或使用甲醛。

The effects were far more serious than for some of the other chemicals that they saw.

其影响比他们看到的其他一些化学品严重得多。

Narrator: Now with the food law in place, Wiley called for a total ban on formaldehyde and every other chemical adulterant he tested in the poison squad.

旁白：随着食品法的实施，威利呼吁全面禁止甲醛和他在毒物小组中测试过的所有其他化学掺假物。

Wiley and the members of the chemistry division were empowered to go after food manufacturers they deemed in violation of their new regulations, prosecuting companies for tainting food products with a host of dangerous additives.

威利和化学部门的成员有权追查他们认为违反新法规的食品制造商，起诉使用大量危险添加剂污染食品的公司。

Just two years after the passage of the law, Wiley and his team had seized and destroyed shipments of adulterated food nationwide.

该法律通过仅两年后，威利和他的团队就在全国范围内查获并销毁了掺假食品。

But even as Wiley racked up victories over food manufacturers, his hardline approach was increasingly coming under scrutiny.

但即使威利在食品制造商方面取得了胜利，他的强硬做法也越来越受到审视。

Industry cried foul, portraying Wiley as irrational and out of control, and calling for his ouster.

工业界大声疾呼，将威利描绘成非理性且失控的人，并呼吁将他赶下台。

And his boss, secretary Wilson, was beginning to feel the political strain of Wiley’s draconian approach, and began to second guess his chief chemist at every turn.

他的老板威尔逊秘书开始感受到威利严厉做法带来的政治压力，并开始在每一个转折点重新审视他的首席化学家。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: There were some questions being raised as to judgment.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺德：有人对判断提出了一些问题。

How wise is he being in identifying his targets, the companies they are going after?

他在确定自己的目标以及他们要追寻的公司方面有多明智？

Deborah Blum, Author: One of the things that you find is Wilson starts suppressing Wiley’s publications entirely.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：你发现的一件事是威尔逊开始完全压制威利的出版物。

And started cutting down on the Poison Squad studies.

并开始减少毒药小队的研究。

Narrator: Wiley was facing even greater opposition from within the white house, where president Roosevelt had grown tired of the steady stream of industry lobbyists complaining about Wiley’s confiscations and strict enforcement of the law.

旁白：威利在白宫内部面临着更大的反对，罗斯福总统已经厌倦了源源不断的行业游说者抱怨威利的没收和严格执法。

Bruce Watson, Journalist: And that’s also where he runs into conflict with Teddy Roosevelt because he’s pushing for greater regulation and greater enforcement.

布鲁斯·沃森（Bruce Watson），记者：这也是他与泰迪·罗斯福发生冲突的地方，因为他正在推动加强监管和加强执法。

Teddy Roosevelt is sort of like, we’ve kind of dealt with this already, let’s move on to the next thing, I got parks to make, you know.

泰迪·罗斯福有点像，我们已经解决了这个问题，让我们继续下一件事，我要建造公园，你知道。

And so you’ve got that tension there.

所以你就会感到紧张。

Narrator: In 1908, in order to control what he deemed Wiley’s radical impulses, Roosevelt appointed industry-friendly scientists to an internal review board, tasked with analyzing the work of Wiley’s chemistry division.

旁白：1908 年，为了控制他认为威利的激进冲动，罗斯福任命了对行业友好的科学家加入内部审查委员会，负责分析威利化学部门的工作。

The lead scientist was Ira Remsen, the man who discovered saccharin, the president’s favorite sugar substitute, which Wiley sought to ban.

首席科学家是艾拉·雷姆森 (Ira Remsen)，他发现了糖精，总统最喜欢的糖替代品，威利试图禁止糖精。

The Remsen board challenged the poison squad studies, questioning the very design and science behind its conclusions.

雷姆森董事会对毒药小组的研究提出质疑，质疑其结论背后的设计和科学。

Deborah Blum, Author: They create a sort of shadow advisory board, to second-guess Wiley’s food safety.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：他们成立了一个影子顾问委员会，对威利的食品安全进行事后批评。

They actually redo some of the Poison Squad studies and Roosevelt endorses those actions.

他们实际上重做了一些毒药小组的研究，罗斯福支持这些行动。

The Remson board really criticized some of that study design.

雷姆森董事会确实批评了其中的一些研究设计。

You know, you really needed one clear control group and one clear tainted group for comparison and Wiley didn’t do that perfectly.

你知道，你确实需要一个清晰的对照组和一个清晰的污染组进行比较，而威利并没有完美地做到这一点。

Narrator: Wiley scoffed at their criticisms, even while understanding that he was now an even bigger target.

旁白：威利对他们的批评嗤之以鼻，尽管他明白自己现在是一个更大的目标。

“Naturally, when the battle array was formed,” wiley wrote, “the first point of attack was on me.”

“自然，当阵型形成后，”威利写道，“第一个攻击点就是我。”

Narrator: But Roosevelt, Wilson and the food manufactures had underestimated the public’s support of pure food and Wiley’s popularity.

旁白：但是罗斯福、威尔逊和食品制造商低估了公众对纯食品的支持和威利的受欢迎程度。

In newspapers across the country, the Remsen board was roundly criticized for being another tool of industry, while Wiley was lauded in editorials supporting his enforcement of the law.

在全国各地的报纸上，雷姆森董事会因成为工业的另一个工具而受到严厉批评，而威利则在支持其执法的社论中受到赞扬。

Once again, wiley had outmaneuvered his adversaries and refused to be silenced.

威利再次智取对手，并拒绝保持沉默。

Eric Schlosser, Writer: I think he is very much of a part of a great many reformers of the Progressive Era who looked at the injustice and wanted to make the system live up to its own ideals.

埃里克·施洛瑟（Eric Sc​​hlosser），作家：我认为他是进步时代众多改革者中的一员，他们看到了不公正现象，并希望让这个体系实现自己的理想。

If you look at so many other people in the Department of Agriculture, they didn’t want to rock the boat, but there was something about him that just gave him the strength to do it.

如果你看看农业部的许多其他人，他们并不想破坏现状，但他身上的某些东西却给了他这样做的力量。

Narrator: By 1909, Wiley had grown increasingly isolated from his superiors within the department of agriculture.

旁白：到 1909 年，威利与农业部的上级越来越疏远。

But emboldened by his public support, he continued to crack down on manufacturers in violation of the food and drug act.

但在公众支持的鼓舞下，他继续打击违反食品和药品法的制造商。

Despite the restrictions secretary Wilson was putting on his research, he continued to analyze a host of products, including medicated soft drinks, which were hugely popular at the time.

尽管威尔逊部长对他的研究施加了限制，但他继续分析了许多产品，包括当时非常受欢迎的药用软饮料。

His analysis turned up a shocking number of adulterants, like cocaine, benzoic acid, and saccharin.

他的分析发现了数量惊人的掺假物，如可卡因、苯甲酸和糖精。

But what worried him most were dangerously high levels of caffeine he was finding across the board, which led to the seizure of multiple popular drink brands.

但最让他担心的是他发现咖啡因含量高得危险，这导致多个受欢迎的饮料品牌被查封。

It wasn’t long before he turned his sights to the country’s leading soft drink, and one of the behemoths of the American food industry.

不久之后，他就把目光转向了美国领先的软饮料，也是美国食品行业的巨头之一。

Deborah Blum, Author: Coca Cola of course in the 19 th Century contained cocaine.

Deborah Blum，作者：19 世纪的可口可乐当然含有可卡因。

That was the basis for the name and a lot of other soft drinks did, too.

这就是这个名字的基础，许多其他软饮料也是如此。

He had gotten interested in Coca-Cola partly because he did think it was false advertising.

他对可口可乐产生兴趣的部分原因是他确实认为可口可乐是虚假广告。

There was no more cocaine in it but Coca-Cola had replaced cocaine with this insane level of caffeine.

里面不再含有可卡因，但可口可乐用这种疯狂水平的咖啡因代替了可卡因。

He worried about that as an unregulated stimulant.

他担心这是一种不受监管的兴奋剂。

Narrator: At the time, Americans consumed more than 10 million gallons of coca cola every year.The company marketed the beverage as an “ideal brain tonic, ”that “invigorated the fatigued body and quickened the tired brain,” all of which Wiley saw as fraud.

旁白：当时，美国人每年消耗超过 1000 万加仑可口可乐。该公司将这种饮料宣传为“理想的健脑补品”，“可以使疲劳的身体焕发活力，让疲倦的大脑加快速度”，而威利认为所有这些都是欺诈。

Coca cola president, Asa Candler, was well connected in Washington, and coke was considered an iconic American brand.

可口可乐总裁阿萨·坎德勒在华盛顿拥有广泛的人脉，可口可乐被认为是美国的标志性品牌。

Nevertheless, Wiley was convinced that Candler was pushing a product with dangerous levels of caffeine that he believed was a habit forming drug.

尽管如此，威利确信坎德勒正在推销一种咖啡因含量达到危险水平的产品，他认为这种产品是一种成瘾药物。

“Our duty,” he wrote to secretary Wilson, “is clearly to protect the people of our country in every possible way.”

他写信给威尔逊国务卿，“我们的责任显然是以一切可能的方式保护我们国家的人民。”

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Up until the advent of soda, caffeine was something adults consumed.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：在苏打水出现之前，咖啡因是成年人消费的东西。

You drank it in tea and you drank it in coffee, and those weren’t really thought of as drinks for children.

你可以把它放在茶里喝，也可以放在咖啡里喝，而这些并没有真正被认为是儿童饮料。

This is the first product that contains caffeine that is being marketed specifically to children.

这是第一个专门针对儿童销售的含有咖啡因的产品。

Wiley was taking on a big corporation, but I don’t really think that that bothered Wiley.

威利正在与一家大公司较量，但我并不认为这让威利感到困扰。

I think he hoped to make an example out of Coca-Cola.

我认为他希望以可口可乐为例。

Deborah Blum, Author: He wanted to have Coca-Cola pull down the amount of caffeine in their Coke and they didn’t have to under the law and the only way that he could get them to do that was to take them to court.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：他想让可口可乐降低可乐中的咖啡因含量，但根据法律他们不必这样做，他能让他们这样做的唯一方法就是将他们告上法庭。

Narrator: On october 21st, 1909, facing pressure from Wiley, the government seized a shipment of coca-cola syrup.

旁白：1909年10月21日，迫于威利的压力，政府扣押了一批可口可乐糖浆。

Two years later, in march of 1911, the trial opened: the united states v.

两年后，即 1911 年 3 月，审判开始：美国诉美国案。

Forty barrels and twenty kegs of coca-cola.

四十桶二十小桶可口可乐。

The case immediately made headlines.

此案立即成为头条新闻。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: It couldn’t have been better fireworks, it couldn’t have made for better television, in terms of, you know, the battle of the great titans, and the moguls of soft drinks versus the, you know, the public servant.

历史学家苏珊娜·朱诺德：就伟大泰坦之战以及软饮料大亨与公务员之间的战斗而言，这不可能是更好的烟花，也不会是更好的电视节目。

It was the sheer audacity and the sheer drama of the case that drew people’s attention.

正是该案的大胆和戏剧性引起了人们的注意。

Narrator: The trial opened with dramatic testimony.

旁白：审判以戏剧性的证词开始。

The government called scientists who testified to the injurious nature of caffeine on the body and even pulled in coca cola addicts who testified about their hardship.“as the habit increased,” one patient recalled, “I consumed up to a dozen drinks a day.”

政府召集了证明咖啡因对身体有害的科学家，甚至还请来了证明咖啡因对身体有害的可口可乐成瘾者。“随着这种习惯的增加，”一位患者回忆道，“我每天喝多达十几杯饮料。”

Coke countered with its own study, conducted by a Columbia University psychologist who dazzled the jury with charts and graphs that showed caffeine in coke was far from hazardous and actually enhanced cognitive performance.

可口可乐公司用自己的研究进行了反驳，该研究由哥伦比亚大学的一位心理学家进行，他用图表和图形让陪审团眼花缭乱，显示可乐中的咖啡因远非危险，实际上可以增强认知能力。

At one point coke co-founder John Candler took the witness stand, he testified that he sometimes drank as many as six glasses of coke a day, and yet remained in good health.

可口可乐联合创始人约翰·坎德勒（John Candler）一度出庭作证，他作证说，他有时一天喝多达六杯可乐，但身体状况良好。

The spectacle of the trial had some reporters wondering if Wiley had finally reached too far in his crusade against the food industry, while others wondered whether he’d been set up to fail.

审判的场面让一些记者怀疑威利在针对食品行业的讨伐中是否最终走得太远，而另一些记者则想知道他是否注定要失败。

Deborah Blum, Author: It’s a fascinating trial.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：这是一次令人着迷的审判。

Some people think that the agriculture department encouraged Wiley to sue Coke because they thought it would destroy him.

有些人认为农业部鼓励威利起诉可口可乐，因为他们认为这会毁了他。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: The Justice Department just thought that, “okay finally, we’re going to show Wiley that there are limits, okay, that there are limits to this law .”

历史学家苏珊娜·朱诺德：司法部只是认为，“好吧，最后，我们要向威利表明，这项法律是有限制的。”

Narrator: By the beginning of April, 1911, Wiley’s case was unraveling.

旁白：到 1911 年 4 月初，威利的案子已经真相大白。

Two weeks later, Coke’s lawyers tried a new tactic by questioning whether the government even had standing to sue the company.

两周后，可口可乐的律师尝试了一种新策略，质疑政府是否有资格起诉该公司。

To everybody’s surprise, the judge agreed.

令所有人惊讶的是，法官同意了。

And in an instant, Wiley’s crusade against coke was dead in its tracks.

瞬间，威利针对可口可乐的讨伐行动就停止了。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: To take on this project was ambitious and a little audacious frankly.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺 (Suzanne Junod)：坦率地说，承担这个项目是雄心勃勃的，而且有点大胆。

And so, Coca-Cola became a cause celebre on the limits to which we’re going to go to regulate a product, especially one that’s popular, and not considered terribly harmful.

因此，可口可乐成为了我们对产品进行限制的一个著名事件，尤其是那些流行的、不被认为非常有害的产品。

Narrator: In the aftermath, as coca cola grew ever more present in the american diet, Wiley lamented “it was a baleful condition which could have been easily avoided.”

旁白：此后，随着可口可乐越来越多地出现在美国人的饮食中，威利感叹“这是一种本来可以很容易避免的恶劣状况。”

Despite the professional embarrassment over the loss of the coca cola trial, the year would end on a personal high note for Wiley.

尽管可口可乐审判的失败给职业生涯带来了尴尬，但这一年对威利来说还是以个人的高调结束。

In 1911,the 67-year-old bachelor married his one true love, Anna Kelton, the woman who had turned him down over a decade earlier.

1911 年，这位 67 岁的单身汉与他唯一的真爱安娜·凯尔顿 (Anna Kelton) 结婚，而十多年前，她拒绝了他。

By 1911, Anna was a well-known and outspoken suffragist who shared Wiley’s passion for social reform .

到 1911 年，安娜已成为一位著名且直言不讳的妇女参政主义者，她与威利一样热衷于社会改革。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Wiley’s friends would joke that soon, that they were going to start calling him the husband of the famous Mrs. Wiley, because she was out there.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：威利的朋友们很快就会开玩笑说，他们将开始称他为著名的威利夫人的丈夫，因为她就在那里。

She was getting arrested.

她要被捕了。

She was protesting in front of the White House.

她在白宫前抗议。

Suzanne Junod, Historian: And they had a very happy marriage, a couple of children - pure food babies.

历史学家苏珊·朱诺德：他们的婚姻非常幸福，有几个孩子——纯食婴儿。

Narrator: Domestic lifen or the coca-cola defeat did little to quell Wiley’s determined efforts to enforce the food law, as he continued to hold industry accountable.

旁白：家庭生活或可口可乐的失败并没有平息威利执行食品法的坚定努力，因为他继续追究行业责任。

But by 1912, the climate in Washington had turned decisively against food regulation and even more decisively against Harvey Wiley.

但到了 1912 年，华盛顿的气氛已经完全转向反对食品监管，甚至更坚决地反对哈维·威利。

Though he was battle tested, Wiley was not prepared for what his enemies, including secretary Wilson, would do next to try to keep him quiet.

尽管威利经过了战斗考验，但他并没有准备好应对包括威尔逊部长在内的敌人接下来会采取的行动，试图让他保持沉默。

After the coca-cola trial ended, Wiley’s use of government funds suddenly came under greater scrutiny, with government auditors singling out a payment he made to an expert witness .

可口可乐审判结束后，威利对政府资金的使用突然受到更严格的审查，政府审计员特别指出了他向专家证人支付的一笔款项。

Deborah Blum, Author: One of the experts on caffeine that Wiley brought in was an eminent US scientist.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：威利请来的咖啡因专家之一是一位著名的美国科学家。

Wilson had approved it, but he and his minions used that contract to accuse Wiley of cheating the US taxpayer.

威尔逊批准了该合同，但他和他的爪牙利用该合同指责威利欺骗美国纳税人。

And they really wanted him out.

他们真的希望他离开。

Narrator: Without alerting Wiley, Wilson and his allies raised the issue with president Taft, recommending that the chief chemist be fired.

旁白：在没有通知威利的情况下，威尔逊和他的盟友向塔夫脱总统提出了这个问题，建议解雇首席化学家。

Taft agreed.

塔夫脱同意了。

Wiley would have to go.

威利必须离开。

But when the news broke in the New York Times on july 20th, 1911,it was not the story that Wilson or Taft had expected.

但当 1911 年 7 月 20 日《纽约时报》报道这一消息时，这并不是威尔逊或塔夫脱所期望的故事。

Wiley had learned of his impending firing and had carefully leaked the information to the sympathetic Times, and the newspaper reacted as he had expected.

威利得知他即将被解雇，并小心翼翼地将这一消息透露给同情他的《泰晤士报》，该报的反应正如他所预料的那样。

If Taft succeeded in firing Wiley, the Times wrote, it “will be hailed with delight by the food and drug adulterers and misbranders from all over the country.”

《泰晤士报》写道，如果塔夫脱成功解雇了威利，“全国各地的食品和药品掺假者以及贴错标签者将会欢呼雀跃”。

The story was picked up nationwide, painting the administration as industry-friendly sycophants.

这个故事在全国范围内广为流传，将政府描绘成对行业友好的阿谀奉承者。

Deborah Blum, Author: So Wiley survived this attack.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：威利在这次袭击中幸存下来。

He stayed on, but Wilson kept, you know, shutting him out of things and undermining him and he finally realized he couldn’t stay.

他留下来了，但威尔逊继续留下来，你知道，把他拒之门外，破坏他的利益，他最终意识到自己不能留下来。

Narrator: On march 15th, 1912, Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley officially resigned from the USDA after nearly 30 years as its chief chemist.

旁白：1912 年 3 月 15 日，哈维·华盛顿·威利 (Harvey Washington Wiley) 博士在担任美国农业部首席化学家近 30 年后正式辞去职务。

The elevators and stairs leading up to his office were crowded with well-wishers mourning his departure.

通往他办公室的电梯和楼梯上挤满了哀悼他离开的祝福者。

Tributes to his work poured in from across the country.

全国各地纷纷向他的工作致敬。

In a heartfelt gesture, congressman Ralph Moss from Wiley’s home state of Indiana paid tribute to the chemist as a someone who did more for mankind than anyone in the country.

来自威利家乡印第安纳州的国会议员拉尔夫·莫斯（Ralph Moss）发自内心地向这位化学家致敬，称他为人类做出的贡献比该国任何人都多。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: I know that the people who worked closely with him were incredibly loyal and fervent supporters of him, whether that was within the Chemistry Bureau or any of the activists or women’s leagues or grocers or packers that he worked with across the country, I think that they really admired his single-mindedness in doing something that was undeniably good.

萨拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：我知道与他密切合作的人都是他极其忠诚和热情的支持者，无论是化学局内部还是与他在全国各地合作过的任何活动人士、妇女联盟、杂货商或包装商，我认为他们真的很钦佩他一心一意地做一些不可否认的好事。

Narrator: Under Wiley, the bureau of chemistry had grown from a half dozen employees to more than six hundred.

旁白：在威利的领导下，化学局已从六名员工发展到六百多名员工。

“It was,” he wrote, “an organization of which to be proud.”

他写道：“这是一个值得自豪的组织。”

68-year-old Wiley was not out of the public eye for long.

68 岁的威利并没有离开公众视线太久。

The women’s magazine Good Housekeeping was known for its crusading spirit, and wiley had barely left the agricultural department when he was offered a job as the publication’s director of food, health and sanitation.

女性杂志《好管家》以其改革精神而闻名，威利刚离开农业部就被任命为该刊物的食品、健康和卫生总监。

In his new position, Wiley would run a state-of-the-art laboratory to test products and advise readers on their safety.

在他的新职位上，威利将运营一个最先进的实验室来测试产品并就其安全性向读者提供建议。

He would also write a column on food safety and nutrition.

他还将撰写有关食品安全和营养的专栏。

For Wiley, it was a natural fit.

对于威利来说，这是一个自然的契合。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: What really amazed me was he had veto power over any of the advertisers in the magazine.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：真正让我惊讶的是他对杂志上的任何广告商都有否决权。

The advertisers that really did have these pure, unadulterated products would get this Good Housekeeping seal of approval, which was really Wiley saying, yes, these are the products you should buy.

真正拥有这些纯净、无掺杂产品的广告商将获得“好管家”的批准印章，这实际上是威利说的，是的，这些是您应该购买的产品。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: Good Housekeeping was, for at least 50 years, what women relied on.

Corby Kummer，记者：至少 50 年来，良好的家政服务一直是女性所依赖的。

They didn’t have television, they didn’t have videos on websites to show them demonstrations.

他们没有电视，网站上也没有视频来向他们展示示威活动。

They had columnists like Wiley at Good Housekeeping.

他们有像《好管家》的威利这样的专栏作家。

This is a completely honorable way to keep in the public eye and keep pushing your ideas.

这是保持公众视线并不断推动您的想法的完全光荣的方式。

Deborah Blum, Author: His columns are actually cited by Congressmen when they were fending off attacks on the law.

黛博拉·布鲁姆（Deborah Blum），作者：国会议员在抵制对法律的攻击时实际上引用了他的专栏。

So it gave him that same platform in a different way, and he used it really effectively.

因此，它以不同的方式为他提供了相同的平台，并且他非常有效地利用了它。

It was good for him.

这对他有好处。

Narrator: Wiley would spend the rest of his life railing against a corrupt food industry and lobbying the government to support and enforce the pure food act.he remained the law’s staunchest advocate even as he receded from the public eye.

旁白：威利将用余生来谴责腐败的食品行业，并游说政府支持和执行《纯净食品法》。尽管他退出了公众的视线，但他仍然是该法律最坚定的拥护者。

Wiley interview in old age: “The Food Law was passed and signed by President Roosevelt on the 30th of June 1906.

威利晚年接受采访：“食品法于 1906 年 6 月 30 日由罗斯福总统通过并签署。

There was a powerful lobby opposed to the Food Law of manufacturers who wanted to make adulterated foods and drugs.

有一个强大的游说团体反对《食品法》，其中的制造商想要制造掺假食品和药品。

They were always on the job.

他们总是在工作。

And finally it was accomplished to the great benefit of the people of this country and to the protection of our health, which is the most valuable asset we have, and our lives.”

最终，它的实现为这个国家的人民带来了巨大的利益，并保护了我们的健康，这是我们拥有的最宝贵的资产，也是我们的生命。”

Narrator: When he died in 1930at the age of 85, Harvey Washington Wiley was buried in Arlington cemetery.

旁白：1930 年，哈维·华盛顿·威利 (Harvey Washington Wiley) 去世，享年 85 岁，他被埋葬在阿灵顿公墓。

On his headstone were inscribed the words “father of the pure food law.”

他的墓碑上刻着“纯净食物法之父”的字样。

Eight years after Wiley’s death, president Franklin d.

威利去世八年后，富兰克林总统当选。

Roosevelt signed the food, drug and cosmetic act of 1938, empowering the food and drug administration - the direct descendent of Wiley’s chemistry division - and providing it with real authority to protect Americans against unsafe food and drugs.

罗斯福签署了 1938 年《食品、药品和化妆品法案》，授权食品和药品管理局（威利化学部门的直系后裔），并赋予其真正的权力来保护美国人免受不安全食品和药品的侵害。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: Where is Wiley’s legacy today?

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：如今威利的遗产在哪里？

I can go to the grocery store and buy a gallon of milk and I won’t die.

我可以去杂货店买一加仑牛奶，我就不会死。

It’s that simple.

就是这么简单。

Corby Kummer, Journalist: If it came from a package, if it came from a can, it’s sanitary, it’s trustworthy.

Corby Kummer，记者：如果它来自包装，如果它来自罐头，那么它是卫生的，是值得信赖的。

Because of Wiley.

因为威利。

Sarah Lohman, Writer: His legacy, ironically, is in that we seldom think about it.

莎拉·洛曼（Sarah Lohman），作家：具有讽刺意味的是，我们很少思考他的遗产。

It is the expectation that our food is safe.

人们期望我们的食品是安全的。

And he did that.

他做到了。

Narrator: The men of the poison squad were largely lost to history.

旁白：毒药小队的人基本上已经消失在历史之中了。

Their names were hidden from public view.

他们的名字被隐藏在公众视野之外。

Though many became ill, not a single volunteer died in the course of W iley’s study,and while their service was never recognized their contributions to science and public health were immeasurable.

尽管许多人生病了，但在威利的研究过程中，没有一个志愿者死亡，尽管他们的服务从未得到认可，但他们对科学和公共卫生的贡献是不可估量的。

Deborah Blum, Author: The Poison Squad was one of the most influential scientific studies of the 20 th Century.

Deborah Blum，作者：《毒药小组》是 20 世纪最有影响力的科学研究之一。

Harvey Wiley changed the way that we think about food and food safety.

哈维·威利 (Harvey Wiley) 改变了我们对食品和食品安全的看法。

One very obsessive, determined person can change the world.

一个非常执着、坚定的人可以改变世界。

And he did.

他做到了。