The Forgotten Plague
Sherwood Davies: : I can remember exactly where I was when my mother told me my father had died.
舍伍德·戴维斯：：我清楚地记得当我母亲告诉我我父亲去世时我在哪里。
We had snow.
We had snow.
I was sitting on a step, trying to put on my boots.
我坐在台阶上，试图穿靴子。
She came over and said, "Sherwood, your father died last night."
她走过来说：“舍伍德，你父亲昨晚去世了。”
She was very depressed.
She was very depressed.
And I felt concerned for my mother because what she had gone through.
我很关心我的母亲，因为她所经历的一切。
My mother's father had tuberculosis and he died when she was 1 year old.
我母亲的父亲患有肺结核，在她一岁的时候就去世了。
Her mother had tuberculosis and was in and out of hospitals.
她的母亲患有肺结核，经常进出医院。
My mother developed tuberculosis, and of course, my father succumbed to tuberculosis.
我的母亲得了肺结核，当然，我的父亲也死于肺结核。
And then I had developed tuberculosis.
然后我就患上了肺结核。
It's mind-boggling.
真是令人难以置信。
I mean, you think of-- you worry about both your mother and your father.
我的意思是，你会想到——你担心你的母亲和你的父亲。
But then you say, "Well, what's gonna happen to me?"
但你会说：“那么，我会发生什么事呢？”
Narrator: : For centuries, people called it the Captain of Death.
旁白：：几个世纪以来，人们称它为死亡队长。
By the dawn of the 19th century, the disease had killed one in seven of all people that had ever lived -- more than any other illness.
到 19 世纪初，这种疾病已经夺去了七分之一的人的生命，比任何其他疾病都要多。
The ancient Greeks called it "consumption."
古希腊人称之为“消费”。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : The name consumption came from the emaciation as the fever built and as the coughing continued, the sensation of essentially coughing yourself to death.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯（Nancy Tomes）：：“消耗”这个名字来自于发烧时的消瘦和咳嗽的持续，这种感觉基本上是将自己咳死的。
Andrea Barrett, Writer: : The disease is what used to be called "the wasting disease." You just get thinner and thinner.
安德里亚·巴雷特（Andrea Barrett），作家：这种疾病过去被称为“消耗性疾病”。你只会变得越来越瘦。
And so if you look at pictures of people who are dying of the disease, their cheekbones are very prominent.
因此，如果你看一下死于这种疾病的人的照片，你会发现他们的颧骨非常突出。
Their eyes seem very large and hollow.
他们的眼睛看起来很大而且空洞。
All the flesh has wasted off their face and their throat.
他们脸上和喉咙上的肉都消瘦了。
Narrator: : Victims were racked with hacking, bloody coughs, debilitated by pain in their lungs, and so consumed with fatigue they could barely get out of bed.
旁白：：受害者饱受咳嗽、血性咳嗽的折磨，肺部疼痛而虚弱不堪，疲惫不堪，几乎无法起床。
The end could come quickly or unfold slowly over years of suffering.
结局可能很快到来，也可能在多年的苦难中缓慢展开。
There was no known cure.
There was no known cure.
In the early 1800s, consumption struck America with a vengeance, ravaging communities, touching the lives of almost every family.
1800 年代初期，消费猛烈袭击了美国，破坏了社区，几乎影响了每个家庭的生活。
Sheila Rothman, Author, "Living in the Shadow of Death": : No one was spared.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），《生活在死亡的阴影中》作者：：没有人幸免。
Rich, poor, young, old, and no one knew who was going to be attacked, and how long they would live.
富人、穷人、年轻人、老人，没有人知道谁会受到攻击，也没有人知道他们能活多久。
Women who had children understood that their children might well become orphans, and that they had to train them how to behave in other people's households.
有孩子的妇女明白，她们的孩子很可能会成为孤儿，她们必须训练孩子如何在别人的家庭中举止得体。
There's a desperation in the stories of, "How can I be sure that when I'm gone my children will be taken care of?" And a lot of talk about death, and you had to train children for dealing with death, and dealing with the death of parents and how to go on and manage.
故事中有一种绝望，“我如何才能确定当我去世后我的孩子们会得到照顾？”很多人都在谈论死亡，你必须训练孩子如何处理死亡、处理父母的死亡以及如何继续和管理。
Narrator: : Faced with a deadly and painful disease, tens of thousands of Americans would journey to far-flung parts of the country -- some to the remote wilderness, others to new cities in the South and West -- all in search of an elusive cure.
旁白：面对一种致命而痛苦的疾病，数以万计的美国人将前往该国的偏远地区——一些人前往偏远的荒野，另一些人前往南部和西部的新城市——所有这些都是为了寻找一种难以捉摸的治疗方法。
In 1873, the Adirondack Mountains in New York was one of the most remote regions in the country.
1873年，纽约的阿迪朗达克山脉是美国最偏远的地区之一。
That June, a 25-year-old physician arrived from New York City to spend his final days in the woods and lakes that he had loved as a child.
那年 6 月，一位 25 岁的医生从纽约来到他儿时喜爱的树林和湖泊，度过了他最后的日子。
Edward Trudeau had just received a crushing diagnosis.
爱德华·特鲁多刚刚收到了令人震惊的诊断结果。
Mary Hotaling, Writer: : The doctor tells him that the upper third of one of his lungs is involved in an active tuberculous process.
玛丽·霍塔林（Mary Hotaling），作家：医生告诉他，他的一个肺部的上三分之一参与了活跃的结核病过程。
He just stutters his way out the door and stands on the stoop and he says, "The world had gone dark." He just-- he couldn't believe it.
他只是结结巴巴地走出门，站在门廊上说：“世界变得一片黑暗。”他只是——他简直不敢相信。
Narrator: : Trudeau had no illusions about the disease.
旁白：：特鲁多对这种疾病不抱任何幻想。
Seven years earlier, it had claimed the life of his older brother.
七年前，它夺走了他哥哥的生命。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : Trudeau marked his brother's death as one of the turning points in his life.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：：特鲁多将弟弟的去世视为他人生的转折点之一。
At the time he'd been very close to his brother, and that experience of caring for him in his final days.
当时他和他的兄弟非常亲密，在他最后的日子里也有照顾他的经历。
Imagine then his horror when he finds out he himself develops tuberculosis.
想象一下当他发现自己患有肺结核时他的恐惧。
Mary Hotaling, Writer: : He was sure he would die.
玛丽·霍塔林（Mary Hotaling），作家：：他确信自己会死。
He expected to die and he couldn't believe that, you know, this had happened to him.
他以为自己会死，但他不敢相信，你知道，这件事发生在他身上。
Narrator: : Trudeau's doctor had told him to spend what time he had left in nature.
旁白：：特鲁多的医生告诉他要在大自然中度过剩下的时间。
Physicians of the day believed consumption, as they called it, was hereditary.
当时的医生相信，他们所说的肺病是遗传性的。
But they had started to notice that fresh air and outdoor living could sometimes change the course of the illness.
但他们开始注意到，新鲜空气和户外生活有时可以改变病程。
Though he could barely walk, Trudeau pursued his passion for hunting by lying down in a canoe padded with balsam branches.
虽然特鲁多几乎无法行走，但他躺在垫着香脂树枝的独木舟上，继续追求他对狩猎的热情。
"My hunting blood responded at once," he recalled.
“我的狩猎血统立刻就做出了反应，”他回忆道。
"And I forgot all the misery and sickness I had gone through." By the end of the summer, Trudeau had put on 15 pounds.
“我忘记了我经历过的所有痛苦和疾病。”到夏末，特鲁多的体重增加了 15 磅。
But as soon as he returned to the city, his health deteriorated.
但一回到城市，他的健康状况就恶化了。
Three years later, nearing death, Trudeau decided to move his wife and two young children to a small Adirondack outpost called Saranac Lake, one of the coldest places in the country.
三年后，濒临死亡的特鲁多决定将他的妻子和两个年幼的孩子搬到一个名为萨拉纳克湖的阿迪朗达克小前哨，这是该国最冷的地方之一。
Even in the dead of winter, Trudeau's health improved.
即使在隆冬，特鲁多的健康状况也有所改善。
He was becoming convinced the clean mountain air was like medicine for the lungs.
他越来越相信，洁净的山间空气就像是肺部的良药。
"The open-air life," he declared, "has a wonderful effect upon my health."
“户外生活，”他宣称，“对我的健康有奇妙的影响。”
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : Using climate to treat consumption goes all the way back to Greek medicine.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：：利用气候来治疗消费可以追溯到希腊医学。
In the 19th century, when they started to get more scientific, they also started to try to break that down and think, "Is it cold mountain air?
在 19 世纪，当他们开始变得更加科学时，他们也开始尝试分解并思考：“这是寒冷的山间空气吗？
Is it warm dry air that does better for the consumptive?"
温暖干燥的空气是否对肺痨患者更有利？”
Some would say, "Go to the mountains.
有人会说：“去山里吧。”
The air is good there." Others would say, "Go to the beach.
The air is good there."其他人会说：“去海滩吧。
Sit in the sun." In fact, physicians advocated all of the above.
Sit in the sun."事实上，医生们都提倡上述所有内容。
Narrator: : No region would hold greater lure for consumptives than the newly opened territories of the American West.
旁白：：没有哪个地区比美国西部新开放的领土对肺结核患者具有更大的吸引力。
Sheila Rothman, Author, "Living in the Shadow of Death": : The men who began to explore the West came back with all sorts of stories.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），《生活在死亡的阴影中》作者：：那些开始探索西方的人们带着各种各样的故事回来了。
That the West was Eden, that the West was health-giving, that people who were thin went out there and became healthy and strong.
西方是伊甸园，西方有保健作用，瘦弱的人到了那里就会变得健康强壮。
And so, you began to get this image of the West as a place to go because you would get well.
因此，你开始将西方视为一个可以去的地方，因为你会康复。
Come West and be cured.
Come West and be cured.
Come West and get life.
Come West and get life.
It was a health-giving Eden, this outdoors, beautiful, unsettled part of the country.
这是一个有益于健康的伊甸园，这个户外、美丽、动荡的国家的一部分。
Narrator: : Starting in the 1840's, health seekers fanned out across the vast plateau between Mississippi and California, living rugged, primitive lives in the wilderness.
旁白：从 1840 年代开始，寻求健康的人们在密西西比州和加利福尼亚州之间的广阔高原上呈扇形分布，在荒野中过着粗犷、原始的生活。
Together with pioneers and explorers, they played an integral role in settling the West.
他们与拓荒者和探险家一起，在定居西方的过程中发挥了不可或缺的作用。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : Every western state, you look at the history of their larger cities and you will find that health seekers, many of whom were consumptives, were among the earliest migrants; Young men with consumption, who were moving to cities like Denver or Los Angeles in search of the cure, chasing the cure.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：：每一个西方国家，你看看他们大城市的历史，你就会发现寻求健康的人，其中许多人是肺结核患者，是最早的移民之一；患有肺痨病的年轻人搬到丹佛或洛杉矶等城市寻找治疗方法，追逐治疗方法。
Narrator: : In the 1870s, railroad lines began to stretch into the farthest reaches of the country.
旁白： : 1870 年代，铁路线开始延伸到该国最遥远的地方。
Jumping on the interest in the climate cure, developers launched an unprecedented campaign to entice people with consumption to settle in stops along the newly laid tracks.
开发商抓住了人们对气候治疗的兴趣，发起了一场史无前例的活动，以吸引有消费能力的人们在新铺设的轨道沿线停留。
Sheila Rothman, Author, "Living in the Shadow of Death": : There were railroad advertisements all over, where they would show a picture of somebody thin and tubercular, and say, "Go West and have health." And there were developers that were building communities, settlements, where they said the air was particularly wonderful, and the climate was particularly great and come here, live in our community, and you will be cured.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），《生活在死亡的阴影中》作者： 到处都是铁路广告，广告上会展示一张瘦弱的结核病患者的照片，并说：“到西部去吧，拥有健康。”还有一些开发商正在建设社区、定居点，他们说那里的空气特别好，气候特别好，来到这里，住在我们的社区里，你就会被治愈。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : There was no nothing that was too excessive to say.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：：没有什么是过分的。
You didn't worry about over-selling the goods.
您不必担心商品超卖。
Los Angeles is the healthiest place in the world?
洛杉矶是世界上最健康的地方？
Sure.
当然。
Who's gonna argue?
Who's gonna argue?
Well, maybe Denver.
Well, maybe Denver.
But they're not around, so you could get away with it then.
但他们不在身边，所以你可以逃脱惩罚。
Narrator: : Tens of thousands of health seekers migrated west.
旁白：：数以万计的求医者向西迁移。
Dozens of new cities sprang up to accommodate the influx: places like Albuquerque, Colorado Springs, and Tucson.
数十个新城市如阿尔伯克基、科罗拉多斯普林斯和图森等地涌现，以容纳涌入的人口。
The city of Pasadena started as a colony for consumptives from Indiana.
帕萨迪纳市最初是印第安纳州肺痨患者的殖民地。
Some got better, but many were buried in newly dug cemeteries.
有些人情况有所好转，但许多人被埋在新挖的墓地里。
Promoters had given little thought to what would happen to their communities if climate was not a cure-all.
发起人几乎没有考虑过，如果气候问题不是包治百病的灵丹妙药，他们的社区将会发生什么。
In the Adirondacks, Edward Trudeau had started practicing again -- gaining fame as the doctor who saw patients in his hunting clothes.
在阿迪朗达克山脉，爱德华·特鲁多再次开始行医，并以穿着狩猎服看病的医生而闻名。
But he suffered one relapse after another, each bringing with it the memory of his brother's death.
但他的病情一次又一次地复发，每次都带着他哥哥去世的记忆。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : There was the so-called galloping consumption where it would go into the blood stream and you would die very, very quickly.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：有一种所谓的奔腾消耗，它会进入血液，你会很快死掉。
But in other cases it was a long, slow, and agonizing death.
但在其他情况下，这是一个漫长、缓慢、痛苦的死亡。
Sheila Rothman, Author, "Living in the Shadow of Death": : And no one quite knew why or what made a difference to that.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），《生活在死亡的阴影中》一书的作者：：没有人完全知道为什么或是什么造成了这种变化。
But for the most part, consumption was a disease that could last for 10, 20, 30 years.
但在大多数情况下，消费是一种可能持续10年、20年、30年的疾病。
Narrator: : More and more, Trudeau was becoming preoccupied with finding a cure for consumption -- combing medical journals for the latest information on the illness.
旁白：特鲁多越来越专注于寻找治疗消费的方法——查阅医学期刊以获取有关这种疾病的最新信息。
He stumbled on a startling revelation in an obscure article written by a German scientist.
他在一位德国科学家写的一篇晦涩的文章中偶然发现了一个令人震惊的启示。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : And he reads a copy of Robert Koch's paper, and it is like a religious experience for him.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：：他读了一份罗伯特·科赫的论文，这对他来说就像一种宗教体验。
You know, "My eyes were opened.
你知道，“我的眼睛被打开了。
I could hardly believe what I was reading." It was transformative.
我简直不敢相信我所读到的内容。”这是变革性的。
Narrator: : Robert Koch was one of a handful of European scientists promoting a radical new idea that germs cause disease.
旁白：罗伯特·科赫是少数提倡细菌引起疾病这一激进新观点的欧洲科学家之一。
Most doctors believed sickness was caused by disturbances in bodily fluids, or from toxic gases or filth, or was inherited.
大多数医生认为疾病是由体液紊乱、有毒气体或污物引起的，或者是遗传性的。
In a complete departure, Koch announced he had found a bacterium, the tubercle bacillus, that he claimed caused tuberculosis.
科赫完全背离了这一说法，宣布他发现了一种细菌，即结核杆菌，他声称这种细菌会引起结核病。
He explained that when he injected the bacteria into a healthy animal, it rapidly developed the disease.
他解释说，当他将细菌注射到健康动物体内时，它很快就患上了这种疾病。
Andrea Cooper, Immunologist: : And what Koch did, and this is the basis of modern science, is that he took bacteria, he grew it to purity and then he delivered it and caused disease, and this was the key point.
免疫学家安德里亚·库珀：科赫所做的，这是现代科学的基础，是他提取细菌，将其培养至纯度，然后将其传递并引起疾病，这是关键点。
You could isolate the bacterium from the infected person, you could grow it in isolation, and then it would cause disease when it was transmitted again.
你可以将细菌从感染者身上分离出来，你可以将其隔离培养，然后当它再次传播时就会引起疾病。
Narrator: : Koch also described how the bacteria spread.
旁白：：科赫还描述了细菌是如何传播的。
The germs, he said, were expelled through coughing.
他说，细菌是通过咳嗽排出的。
Someone close-by could inhale the air-borne bacteria into their lungs, where they lodged and caused disease.
附近的人可能会将空气中的细菌吸入肺部，并在那里停留并引发疾病。
There was no doubt, he declared, that the disease was highly contagious.
他宣称，毫无疑问，这种疾病具有高度传染性。
His findings were so outside mainstream thinking -- the medical profession simply ignored them.
他的发现与主流思维格格不入——医学界根本忽视了它们。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : The idea of tuberculosis being communicable was so hard to fit with medical tradition, and a lot of the resistance really came out of people who had been looking and thinking for a long time.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯（Nancy Tomes）：结核病具有传染性的观点很难符合医学传统，很多阻力实际上来自于长期观察和思考的人们。
It just didn't make sense to them.
这对他们来说毫无意义。
Narrator: : Trudeau, on the other hand, believed he was witnessing the dawn of a new era in medicine and set out to learn how to grow the bacteria himself.
旁白：：另一方面，特鲁多相信他正在见证医学新时代的黎明，并开始学习如何自己培养细菌。
Mary Hotaling, Writer: : He was pretty-- an intuitive scientist.
玛丽·霍塔林（Mary Hotaling），作家：：他很漂亮——一位直觉科学家。
He was not a trained scientist at all.
他根本不是一个受过训练的科学家。
When he went to medical school, they didn't have a lab.
当他去医学院时，他们没有实验室。
He never learned how to use a microscope.
他从未学会如何使用显微镜。
So, you know, this was a new territory for him.
所以，你知道，这对他来说是一个新领域。
Narrator: : Trudeau set up a rudimentary laboratory in his house in Saranac Lake.
旁白：：特鲁多在他位于萨拉纳克湖的房子里建立了一个简陋的实验室。
Months went by as he struggled to replicate Koch's experiments.
几个月过去了，他努力复制科赫的实验。
Andrea Cooper, Immunologist: : He has no running water in his house.
Andrea Cooper，免疫学家：：他家里没有自来水。
He has no electricity of course, and he had to create his own thermometer, his own incubator, and he would have doors that he would open and close depending on what the temperature was on his homemade thermometer.
当然，他没有电，他必须制作自己的温度计、自己的培养箱，并且他会根据自制温度计上的温度来打开和关闭门。
And he was trying to maintain a 37-degree centigrade environment for the bacteria to grow.
他试图维持37摄氏度的环境，让细菌生长。
So he did that and he had little candles underneath his incubator warming it up, and opening the doors and closing the doors and he was doing this constantly for three weeks to grow the bacteria.
于是他就这么做了，他在培养箱下面放了小蜡烛来加热，打开门又关上门，他连续三周不断地这样做，以培养细菌。
Mary Hotaling, Writer: : He is all alone.
作家玛丽·霍塔林：：他孤身一人。
He has no faculty.
He has no faculty.
He has no help.
He has no help.
You know, he is doing it by himself and just out of his own intellectual curiosity.
你知道，他是自己做这件事，只是出于他自己的求知欲。
Narrator: : After countless attempts, in 1884, Trudeau became the first American to verify Koch's discovery.
旁白：：经过无数次尝试，1884年，特鲁多成为第一个验证科赫发现的美国人。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : He takes a sample from his own throat, develops a culture of it, and he can see he himself is carrying this rod-shaped bacillus that Koch has described.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：：他从自己的喉咙中取出样本，对其进行培养，他可以看到他自己携带着科赫所描述的这种杆状杆菌。
So imagine, he was able to test the hypothesis and to show that indeed, there it was.
想象一下，他能够检验这个假设并证明它确实存在。
Narrator: : Far away from the power centers of medicine, Trudeau's work went largely unrecognized.
旁白：：远离医学权力中心，特鲁多的工作基本上没有得到认可。
For the next decade, Americans continued to go about their lives, unaware of the contagion in their midst.
在接下来的十年里，美国人继续过着自己的生活，却没有意识到这种病毒正在他们中间蔓延。
In 1886, a young writer with consumption arrived at the Los Angeles Railroad Station where most newcomers were greeted by 30-piece bands.
1886年，一位患有肺病的年轻作家来到了洛杉矶火车站，迎接大多数新来者的是30人的乐队。
Charles Willard was hoping to get well enough to restart his career.
查尔斯·威拉德希望能够康复并重新开始他的职业生涯。
Los Angeles was hardly more than a sleepy pueblo town; its streets still unpaved.
洛杉矶只不过是一个沉睡的普韦布洛小镇。它的街道还没有铺砌。
Yet civic leaders had grand visions for the city and eagerly hawked the dry, temperate climate to East Coast invalids.
然而，市政领导人对这座城市有着宏伟的愿景，并热切地向东海岸的病人兜售干燥、温和的气候。
After working a few odd jobs, Willard landed a position at the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, where he was put in charge of luring health seekers to California.
在打了几份零工后，威拉德在洛杉矶商会找到了一个职位，负责吸引寻求健康的人到加州。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : So here's the irony: he himself is still very sick.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：讽刺的是：他本人仍然病得很重。
But there he is, promoting the idea of the climate cure when he has not been cured by it.
但当他还没有被治愈的时候，他就在那里宣传气候治愈的想法。
Narrator: : Willard started a journal called, The Land of Sunshine , and filled it with testimonials to the healing powers of Southern California.
旁白：威拉德创办了一本名为《阳光之地》的杂志，其中充满了对南加州治愈能力的见证。
He targeted the publication at East Coast readers -- especially those with money.
他将该出版物的目标读者定位为东海岸的读者——尤其是那些有钱的读者。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : Charles Willard did not want to attract the wrong kind of sick people to Los Angeles: people who were not educated, people who were not White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
南希·汤姆斯，历史学家：查尔斯·威拉德不想吸引错误的病人来到洛杉矶：没有受过教育的人，不是白人盎格鲁撒克逊新教徒的人。
So there was a real double message there.
所以这里确实传达了双重信息。
"Yes, come if you're like me but don't come if you're not."
“是的，如果你像我一样就来，但如果你不喜欢我就不要来。”
Narrator: : The fine points of Willard's message would quickly get lost in the stampede.
旁白：：威拉德信息中的要点很快就会在踩踏事件中消失。
Thousands of people with consumption swarmed into the city.
成千上万的消费人群涌入城市。
A metropolis priding itself on health soon contained a huge population of sick and dying people.
一座以健康为荣的大都市很快就容纳了大量的病人和垂死者。
One resident described the sounds of the city as a "constant chorus of coughs."
一位居民将这座城市的声音描述为“持续不断的咳嗽声”。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : Try to imagine L.A.
历史学家 Nancy Tomes：：尝试想象一下洛杉矶
as a city of invalids.
as a city of invalids.
It really is hard to imagine, but indeed, that was the effect of this kind of boosterism.
确实很难想象，但确实，这就是这种助推的效果。
And when too many of them came, it got to be another kind of problem.
当他们来的太多时，就会出现另一种问题。
Charles Willard succeeded too well.
查尔斯·威拉德太成功了。
Narrator: : Los Angeles was not unique.
旁白：：洛杉矶并不是独一无二的。
Across the West, other cities were also paying a price for their recruiting success.
在西方，其他城市也为其招聘成功付出了代价。
Sheila Rothman, Author, "Living in the Shadow of Death": : And suddenly these cities that saw themselves catering to middle class and upper class people had a large number of poor, sick people all over in their midst, and they were unable to care for them.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），《生活在死亡的阴影中》一书的作者：：突然间，这些城市自以为迎合中产阶级和上层阶级的需求，却发现大量穷人、病人遍布其中，而他们却无力照顾他们。
And they didn't have the resources to care for them, either.
他们也没有资源来照顾他们。
Narrator: : In Saranac Lake, Edward Trudeau had watched with alarm as the science of contagion continued to go unheeded.
旁白：：在萨拉纳克湖，爱德华·特鲁多惊恐地看到传染病科学继续被忽视。
Along with other scientists, he started publishing papers and attending medical conferences to explain the body of evidence.
他与其他科学家一起开始发表论文并参加医学会议来解释证据。
Finally, by the mid 1890s, the medical community was persuaded.
最终，到 1890 年代中期，医学界被说服了。
The term "consumption" was dropped in favor of the name that linked it to the bacteria – "tuberculosis" or "TB." Within a decade, Robert Koch would go on to win the Nobel Prize.
“消耗”一词被放弃，取而代之的是与细菌相关的名称——“结核病”或“结核病”。十年之内，罗伯特·科赫继续获得诺贝尔奖。
For patients, the new understanding of the disease would only add to the suffering.
对于患者来说，对疾病的新认识只会增加痛苦。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : The sad aspect of this scientific progress is that it made the person with tuberculosis into more of a threat.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：这一科学进步的可悲之处在于，它使结核病患者变得更具威胁。
When you thought consumption ran in families, you couldn't do anything about it.
当你认为消费在家庭中蔓延时，你对此无能为力。
If you got it, you were not to be blamed.
如果你得到了它，你就不会受到责备。
Now the individual with tuberculosis was the danger.
现在结核病患者是危险的。
The more focus there was on person-to-person transmission, the more that stigma, that prejudice, intensified.
人们越关注人与人之间的传播，这种耻辱和偏见就越强烈。
Andrea Barrett, Writer: : The idea that, although outwardly you may look like a healthy, beautiful 22-year-old woman, you are in fact, vile in some way, contaminated.
安德里亚·巴雷特（Andrea Barrett），作家：尽管你表面上看起来像一个健康、美丽的 22 岁女性，但实际上你在某种程度上是卑鄙的、被污染的。
You know that something awful is happening in your body.
你知道你的身体里正在发生一些可怕的事情。
And everything around you is sending a signal that you are disgusting in some way; that you have to be separated from healthy people.
你周围的一切都在发出一个信号，表明你在某种程度上令人厌恶；你必须与健康的人分开。
That seems like the most astonishing psychological burden.
这似乎是最令人震惊的心理负担。
Narrator: : Across the West, communities that had once lured health seekers now scrambled to keep them out.
旁白：在整个西方，曾经吸引健康寻求者的社区现在争先恐后地将他们拒之门外。
Several western states sought to enact laws to stop people with coughs from crossing their borders.
几个西方州试图颁布法律，阻止咳嗽患者越境。
Others looked for ways to remove them from populated areas.
其他人则在寻找将它们从人口稠密地区移走的方法。
Sheila Rothman, Historian: : They often set up tent cities on the edge of town.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），历史学家：：他们经常在城镇边缘搭建帐篷城。
So the sheriff would take them, drop them off in this tent city, and most people were kind of, having to fend for themselves and other people who had tuberculosis, who weren't so sick, would help them.
所以治安官会带走他们，把他们送到这个帐篷城，大多数人都得照顾自己，而其他患有肺结核但病情不那么严重的人会帮助他们。
And some charitable people would bring food and some, but they were isolated and indigent, and really, really unwelcome.
有些慈善家会带来食物，但他们又孤立又贫穷，真的非常不受欢迎。
Narrator: : Even Charles Willard was not immune.
旁白：：即使是查尔斯·威拉德也未能幸免。
When his symptoms became impossible to hide, he also became a target.
当他的症状变得无法隐藏时，他也成为了目标。
After his home accidently burned to the ground, no one would rent him a place to live.
他的家不小心被烧毁后，没有人愿意给他租住处。
In cities across the country, public officials began to call for government intervention.
在全国各地的城市，公职人员开始呼吁政府干预。
Health departments primarily concerned with preventing diseases carried in the water supply now had to confront a deadly illness spread through the most casual of contact.
主要负责预防供水中携带的疾病的卫生部门现在不得不面对通过最偶然的接触传播的致命疾病。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : Public health officials felt they had to conduct a massive national campaign to bring the news to everyone in the United States.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：公共卫生官员认为他们必须开展大规模的全国运动，将这一消息告诉美国的每个人。
In fact, it's the first mass public health campaign in American history.
事实上，这是美国历史上第一次大规模的公共卫生运动。
There's nothing like it before.
以前没有什么像这样的。
The campaign to teach every single American that they needed to be careful about how they coughed and sneezed because you could never tell who was sick and who wasn't.
这项运动旨在教育每个美国人，他们需要小心咳嗽和打喷嚏的方式，因为你永远无法分辨谁生病了，谁没有生病。
Sheila Rothman, Historian: : And they pass these brochures out so that people could understand that spitting could spread the disease.
希拉·罗斯曼 (Sheila Rothman)，历史学家：：他们分发这些小册子，以便人们了解吐痰可能会传播疾病。
Coughing without a handkerchief could spread the disease.
不戴手帕咳嗽可能会传播疾病。
They promoted the use of Kleenex.
他们提倡使用面巾纸。
I mean, this is how Kleenex came about.
我的意思是，这就是面巾纸的由来。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : Women's hemlines start to go up after 1900.
Nancy Tomes，历史学家： 1900 年后，女性的裙摆开始上升。
It was so you could get your skirts out of the dirt and not carry home a load of germs into your house.
这样你就可以让你的裙子摆脱污垢，而不会将大量细菌带回家。
Men's style of wearing beards changed.
男性留胡须的风格发生了变化。
The anti-TB handouts would say, "Get rid of your whiskers," because you don't wanna kiss the baby or kiss your wife and give them tuberculosis with your beard germs.
抗结核病宣传单上会说，“去掉你的胡须”，因为你不想亲吻你的孩子或亲吻你的妻子，然后把你的胡须细菌传染给他们。
Narrator: : Crowded neighborhoods transformed as parks and playgrounds were built to provide urban dwellers with islands of fresh air.
旁白：：随着公园和游乐场的建成，拥挤的社区发生了变化，为城市居民提供了新鲜空气的岛屿。
New Yorkers began to call Central Park the "lungs of the city."
纽约人开始将中央公园称为“城市之肺”。
By the early decades of the 20th century, improved hygiene started bringing the overall cases of TB down.
到 20 世纪初，卫生条件的改善开始降低结核病病例总数。
But, in poor, crowded neighborhoods, the figures continued to climb.
但是，在贫穷、拥挤的社区，这一数字继续攀升。
In some cities, immigrants were twice as likely to die of the disease than their more affluent neighbors.
在一些城市，移民死于这种疾病的可能性是较富裕邻居的两倍。
For African-Americans, the death rate was three to four times higher.
对于非裔美国人来说，死亡率要高出三到四倍。
Sheila Rothman, Historian: : And suddenly you have a new understanding of why it is a disease of the poor and the immigrant.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），历史学家：：突然之间，你对为什么它是穷人和移民的疾病有了新的认识。
They are living in places without ventilation.
他们生活在不通风的地方。
They are working together in crowded sweatshops.
他们在拥挤的血汗工厂里一起工作。
So it kind of feeds on itself: a new understanding of the disease, and the whole beginnings of policies to try to lessen the impact and reduce the spread of the disease.
因此，它在某种程度上自我滋养：对这种疾病的新认识，以及试图减轻影响和减少疾病传播的政策的整个开始。
Narrator: : Public health officials began to call for improving the lives of the poorest Americans: better housing and working conditions, reduced working hours, and child labor laws.
旁白：：公共卫生官员开始呼吁改善最贫穷的美国人的生活：更好的住房和工作条件、减少工作时间和童工法。
Yet the anti-TB campaign gave government officials unprecedented power to police the sick.
然而，抗结核运动赋予政府官员前所未有的权力来监管病人。
Health inspectors were instructed to monitor people's movements, inspect their homes, or commit them to ill-equipped public institutions, often against their will.
卫生检查员被指示监视人们的行动，检查他们的住所，或者将他们送往设备简陋的公共机构，而这往往是违背他们的意愿的。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : The pressure from public health officials to segregate the very sick fell most heavily on working class, poor Americans, immigrant Americans.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯（Nancy Tomes）：公共卫生官员要求隔离重病患者的压力最大地落在工人阶级、贫穷的美国人和美国移民身上。
They did not go knocking on doors on 5th Avenue asking, "Do you have any consumptives in the house?"
他们没有去第五大道敲门询问：“你们家里有肺痨患者吗？”
There was a sense, if you were wealthy, you were gonna be allowed to manage your illness however you wanted to.
有一种感觉，如果你很富有，你就可以按照你想要的方式控制你的疾病。
It was the poorer people who really felt the pressure from public heath officials to make their sick relatives leave the home and go into one of these institutional facilities.
真正感受到来自公共卫生官员的压力的是较贫穷的人，他们要求他们生病的亲戚离开家并进入这些机构设施之一。
Narrator: : "Sanitary measures are sometimes autocratic," declared a prominent health official.
旁白：“卫生措施有时是专制的，”一位著名的卫生官员宣称。
"We are prepared to enforce measures which might seem radical if they were not designed for the public good."
“我们准备执行一些措施，如果这些措施不是为了公共利益而设计的话，这些措施可能看起来很激进。”
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : It's an area of public health practice where, increasingly, the need of the community to be protected from the illness starts to trump the individual rights of the patient.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：：在公共卫生实践的一个领域，保护社区免受疾病侵害的需求越来越多地开始凌驾于患者的个人权利之上。
When people say, "I don't want to be taken away," their right to resist that is overridden in the name of public health.
当人们说“我不想被带走”时，他们的抵抗权利就会以公共卫生的名义被推翻。
Andrea Barrett, Writer: : How do we ever live with a contagion in our midst?
安德里亚·巴雷特（Andrea Barrett），作家：我们如何生活在传染病之中？
Someone is sick among us, that person needs care and help, that person is also contagious and can give us what they have.
我们中间有人生病了，那个人需要照顾和帮助，那个人也具有传染性，可以给我们他们所拥有的东西。
What is the balance between taking care of the community and taking care of the person?
照顾社区和照顾个人之间的平衡是什么？
That question's always with us, and it almost never has a good answer.
这个问题一直困扰着我们，但几乎没有一个好的答案。
Narrator: : With each passing year, hundred of thousands of Americans with tuberculosis scrambled to find medical care.
旁白： 每年，数十万患有结核病的美国人都在争先恐后地寻求医疗护理。
Hospitals were overwhelmed.
医院人满为患。
To cope with the flood of patients, New York City's Bellevue Hospital transformed ferry barges into makeshift wards.
为了应对蜂拥而至的病人，纽约市贝尔维尤医院将渡船改造成临时病房。
Andrea Barrett, Writer: : There was no room to put people who had tuberculosis.
安德里亚·巴雷特（Andrea Barrett），作家：：没有空间容纳肺结核患者。
So this was a one way to separate out contagious people was to take all the consumptives from a local neighborhood and put them onto these day camps.
因此，隔离传染性人群的一种方法是将所有肺痨患者从当地社区转移到这些日间营地。
And they'd spend the whole day on their little chairs in the barge moored on the river.
他们会在停泊在河边的驳船上的小椅子上度过一整天。
It was just a way of keeping them out of their rooms and their rooming houses and out of their workplaces.
这只是让他们远离自己的房间、宿舍和工作场所的一种方式。
Sheila Rothman, Historian: : Some of the hospitals would only take people who were in their first attack because they didn't want to take people who were dying.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），历史学家：：一些医院只收治第一次发作的人，因为他们不想收治垂死的人。
They weren't in the business of caring for the dying.
他们的职责不是照顾垂死的人。
So sometimes you had to change your name, pretend you were someone different, go to a different hospital.
所以有时你不得不改变你的名字，假装你是另一个人，去不同的医院。
It became a game of trying to figure out how to survive and how to make it when you really had no resources.
当你真的没有资源时，它变成了一个试图弄清楚如何生存以及如何生存的游戏。
Narrator: : Years earlier, Edward Trudeau told friends that he wished that more people could find relief, as he had done, in the cool, fresh climate of the Adirondacks.
旁白：多年前，爱德华·特鲁多告诉朋友们，他希望更多的人能够像他一样，在阿迪朗达克山脉凉爽、清新的气候中找到解脱。
He had begun reading about European sanatoriums -- facilities built in the countryside that provided long-term care for tuberculosis patients.
他开始阅读有关欧洲疗养院的资料，这些疗养院建在乡村，为结核病患者提供长期护理。
Andrea Cooper, Immunologist: : Edward Trudeau was familiar with the treatments that were occurring in Europe at that time, and there was a growing idea that one should take people who had tuberculosis and take them into an environment that was perhaps different from the environment they were in.
安德里亚·库珀，免疫学家：爱德华·特鲁多熟悉当时欧洲的治疗方法，并且越来越多的人认为应该将结核病患者带到一个可能与他们所处环境不同的环境中。
And one of the ideas that they had was that they would go out into the country, they would be resting, they would be given good food, and they would be exposed to the sunlight.
他们的想法之一是他们会去乡下，他们会休息，他们会得到好的食物，他们会暴露在阳光下。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : So the idea of the sanatorium was to create a place where people who had been infected could rally their body's healing forces to throw it off.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：所以疗养院的想法是创建一个地方，让感染者可以聚集身体的治愈力量来摆脱感染。
We, today, talk about the immune system.
今天我们来谈谈免疫系统。
They didn't use that language but it's clearly the phenomena that they were describing.
他们没有使用那种语言，但这显然是他们所描述的现象。
Narrator: : Trudeau was determined to build the first tuberculosis sanatorium in the United States.
旁白：：特鲁多决心在美国建造第一座结核病疗养院。
He had grown friendly with wealthy TB patients from the city and now urged them to open their wallets to help create a treatment facility for people of modest means.
他与城里富有的结核病患者关系融洽，现在敦促他们慷慨解囊，帮助为贫困人口建立治疗设施。
Mary Hotaling, Writer: : The people who came originally were wealthy patients.
玛丽·霍塔林（Mary Hotaling），作家：：最初来的都是富有的病人。
They were the people who could afford to take a difficult trip through the wilderness to get here, and then could hire a place to stay in a hotel or rent a house or build a house.
他们是那些有能力长途跋涉穿越荒野来到这里，然后可以租一个旅馆住下、租个房子或盖房子的人。
But Trudeau felt there should be a place for people who were not so well off.
但特鲁多认为应该为那些不太富裕的人提供一个地方。
That's why he founded the sanatorium.
这就是他创办疗养院的原因。
Narrator: : By 1900, Trudeau's sanatorium would grow into a sprawling campus of 22 buildings including a church and a research laboratory.
旁白： ：到 1900 年，特鲁多的疗养院将发展成为一个拥有 22 栋建筑的庞大校园，其中包括一座教堂和一个研究实验室。
News of its success spread so quickly, medical professionals flocked to Saranac Lake to see it for themselves.
其成功的消息传播得如此之快，医疗专业人员纷纷涌向萨拉纳克湖亲眼目睹。
Trudeau ignited a movement.
特鲁多引发了一场运动。
Over the next decade, hundreds of sanatoriums would spring up in every part of the country; many of them set up by charity or religious groups.
在接下来的十年里，数百家疗养院将在全国各地涌现。其中许多是由慈善机构或宗教团体设立的。
State governments opened huge complexes for people who couldn't afford care in private institutions.
州政府为无力承担私人机构护理费用的人们开设了大型综合设施。
Many facilities were segregated by race.
许多设施都按种族隔离。
African Americans barred from whites-only sanatoriums helped start their own.
被禁止进入白人专用疗养院的非裔美国人帮助创办了自己的疗养院。
In the first decades of the 20th century, one out of every 170 Americans lived in a sanatorium, some for many years.
在 20 世纪的头几十年里，每 170 个美国人中就有一个住在疗养院，有些人住了很多年。
It was a life of exile.
那是流放的生活。
Whitney Seymour, Jr.: : I began to realize that I was getting extremely tired and then started coughing up phlegm, and so I made an appointment to go see the family doctor.
Whitney Seymour, Jr.：：我开始意识到自己变得非常疲倦，然后开始咳痰，所以我预约了去看家庭医生。
And he saw the tubular bacilli right away and he said, "Young man, you have tuberculosis and you got to go to Trudeau."
他立刻看到了管状杆菌，他说：“年轻人，你得了肺结核，你必须去找特鲁多。”
He didn't fool around, saying, "You can think about it." He was very adamant.
他也不开玩笑，道：“你可以考虑一下。”他非常坚决。
And all of a sudden, it was all over, and I was now suddenly being told to, "Get yourself on a train and get up to the mountains and start curing.
突然之间，一切都结束了，我现在突然被告知，“坐上火车，上山开始治疗。
You're a very sick young man."
你是个病得很重的年轻人。”
Sheila Rothman, Historian: : People often left in the middle of the night.
希拉·罗斯曼 (Sheila Rothman)，历史学家：：人们经常在半夜离开。
They left without telling people.
他们没有告诉别人就离开了。
They just quit their jobs or they just left.
他们要么辞去了工作，要么就离开了。
Sometimes they were trying to protect their families, and sometimes the families were trying to protect themselves.
有时他们试图保护家人，有时家人则试图保护自己。
Narrator: : For some, the sanatorium held the promise of cure.
旁白：：对于一些人来说，疗养院有着治愈的希望。
For others, it was the place to go to die.
对于其他人来说，这是送死的地方。
Whitney Seymour, Jr.: : The white-coated doctors coming in and looking down, saying "Hmm…
小惠特尼·西摩 (Whitney Seymour, Jr.)：：穿着白大褂的医生走进来，低下头说：“嗯……
ah-ha," and walking out.
啊哈”然后就走了出去。
And, so I would figure these guys were measuring me for a coffin.
而且，所以我认为这些人正在为我测量棺材。
I was left there in a hospital bed and I really was overwhelmed by a sense of despair.
我被留在医院的病床上，我真的被一种绝望的感觉压垮了。
I really thought that I was about to die.
我真的以为我快要死了。
John Stoeckle: : The hardest time was accepting that I was there and maintaining hope that I would get better and being optimistic.
约翰·斯托克尔（John Stoeckle）：最困难的时刻是接受我的存在并保持希望我会变得更好并保持乐观。
So, it was a separation from your usual life that really was very hard to take.
所以，与平常生活的分离真的很难接受。
You are really basically lonely.
你基本上是孤独的。
Joanne Curtis: : They never told me how long I would be at the hospital, and I never asked.
乔安妮·柯蒂斯：他们从未告诉过我要在医院待多久，我也从未问过。
Don't ask me why.
别问我为什么。
I never cried, I never asked.
我从来没有哭过，我从来没有问过。
I just took one day at a time, kept my sense of humor, and that was it.
我只是一天一天地度过，保持幽默感，仅此而已。
That was my armament.
那是我的武器。
That was it.
就是这样。
Narrator: : Entering a sanatorium required complete submission.
旁白：：进入疗养院需要提交完整的资料。
Physicians and nurses regulated every moment of the day -- measuring patients' progress towards health by testing for bacteria in their phlegm and x-raying their chests.
医生和护士控制着一天中的每时每刻——通过检测患者痰液中的细菌并对患者进行胸部X光检查来衡量患者的健康进展。
Trudeau believed TB patients needed to be well fed, and insisted they consume at least six glasses of milk and six raw eggs a day.
特鲁多认为结核病患者需要吃得好，并坚持要求他们每天至少喝六杯牛奶和六个生鸡蛋。
And, he ordered them to rest.
并且，他命令他们休息。
Andrea Barrett, Writer: : When people first came to a sanatorium, many were put on 24-hour rest.
安德里亚·巴雷特（Andrea Barrett），作家：当人们第一次来到疗养院时，许多人都处于 24 小时休息状态。
They were put directly to bed.
他们被直接放到床上。
They stayed there.
他们留在那里。
All their meals were brought to bed on trays.
他们所有的饭菜都放在托盘上送到床上。
They were not allowed to even get out to go to the bathroom.
他们甚至不被允许出去上厕所。
They had bedpans.
他们有便盆。
Joanne Curtis: : Class One was bed rest.
乔安妮·柯蒂斯：：第一级是卧床休息。
Class Two, bathroom privileges only.
二等舱，仅限卫生间。
Three, I could walk around a lot.
第三，我可以到处走走。
By the time I got to Two, I was restless.
到了二号的时候，我已经焦躁不安了。
I got yelled at by my doctor because I would be ripping up and down the hallway.
我被医生吼了，因为我会在走廊上撕扯。
And he said, "Young lady aren't you in class Two?
他说：“小姑娘，你不是二班吗？
You're supposed to just have bathroom privileges." And I said, "Oh, I didn't know that." He said, "Yes, you did.
你应该只有上厕所的特权。”我说：“哦，我不知道。”他说：“是的，你做到了。
Go back to your bed." So that's-- yes, I did.
回你的床上去吧。”所以，是的，我做到了。
Narrator: : For Trudeau, where his patients rested was as significant as how long.
旁白：：对于特鲁多来说，他的病人在哪里休息与休息多久同样重要。
He was convinced that fresh air was the single most important treatment for a diseased lung.
他坚信新鲜空气是治疗肺部病变最重要的方法。
He instructed his patients to lie outdoors on reclining chairs, day and night, regardless of the weather.
他指导病人无论白天黑夜都躺在户外的躺椅上，无论天气如何。
Sherwood Davies: : I'd sleep at night on the porch, get fresh air.
舍伍德·戴维斯：：我晚上会睡在门廊上，呼吸新鲜空气。
That's what they called it.
他们就是这么称呼它的。
When it was 10-below it was a little more than fresh air.
当气温低于 10 度时，空气就比新鲜空气要好一点了。
Damn cold weather.
天气真他妈冷。
But I would have an electric blanket and I'd have about four or five other blankets over the electric blanket, and then a rubber sheet over that.
但我会有一条电热毯，然后在电热毯上铺上四到五条其他毯子，然后再在上面铺上一块橡胶板。
And then a wool cap over my ears.
然后我的耳朵上戴着一顶羊毛帽。
Whitney Seymour, Jr.: : The cure cottage that I was assigned to was not an outdoor cure cottage but glassed in, that is, I slept outside the building but you could see nature all around you.
Whitney Seymour, Jr.：：我分配到的治疗小屋不是室外的治疗小屋，而是用玻璃封闭的，也就是说，我睡在建筑物外面，但你可以看到周围的大自然。
And the thing that I still remember was the sunlight bouncing off Mount Marcy and then streaming in through these windows and making it just very cheerful and hopeful.
我仍然记得的是阳光从马西山反射出来，然后从这些窗户射进来，使它变得非常愉快和充满希望。
And make you begin to think, "Gee, it'd be nice to be out there."
让你开始思考，“天哪，如果能在外面就好了。”
Narrator: : With no treatment available other than rest and fresh air, tuberculosis sufferers everywhere strived to imitate Trudeau's method.
旁白：：除了休息和新鲜空气之外，没有其他治疗方法，各地的结核病患者都在努力模仿特鲁多的方法。
Across the country people added porches to their homes.
全国各地的人们都在家里增加了门廊。
When that wasn't possible, they simply made do.
当这不可能时，他们就凑合着做。
Andrea Barrett, Writer: : There were tents on the roofs of some tenement buildings all over Brooklyn.
安德里亚·巴雷特（Andrea Barrett），作家：：布鲁克林各地一些廉价公寓的屋顶上都搭着帐篷。
A cure chair inside and someone wrapped in all their hats and clothes.
里面有一张治疗椅，有人裹着帽子和衣服。
And then there were also tents that could be inserted into a window.
还有可以插入窗户的帐篷。
So that if you were in your apartment house, your legs would be inside the house and the white tent would stick out the window and somehow the fresh air was supposed to come into you, just from your head sticking out the window.
因此，如果你在公寓里，你的腿会在房子里，白色的帐篷会伸出窗外，不知何故，新鲜空气应该从伸出窗外的头进入你的体内。
Narrator: : For all they had surrendered when they entered the sanatorium, patients also found a certain freedom.
旁白：：尽管病人在进入疗养院时已经放弃了一切，但他们也找到了一定的自由。
Unburdened from the fear of infecting others, they sought comfort in each other's company.
他们不再担心感染他人，而是在彼此的陪伴中寻求安慰。
Sheila Rothman, Historian: : In these situations there was a great deal of gossip.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），历史学家：：在这些情况下，有很多流言蜚语。
Everybody gossiped about everybody else.
每个人都在闲聊其他人。
Who's talking to who, who's trying to run away and drink, who left, and also, who died.
谁在和谁说话，谁想逃跑喝酒，谁离开了，还有谁死了。
Andrea Barrett, Writer: : Even if you're out on the porch and it's a sunny day and you're having conversation with a friend, or flirting with someone, just a few beds or a few rooms away someone else is coughing horribly or having a horrible hemorrhage that's being cleaned up within your sight, or a body's being taken down the corridor on a gurney.
作家安德里亚·巴雷特（Andrea Barrett）：即使你在阳光明媚的日子里在门廊上与朋友交谈，或与某人调情，就在几张床或几个房间之外，有人正在剧烈咳嗽，或者在你的视线范围内正在清理严重的出血，或者一具尸体被放在轮床上从走廊上抬走。
I think the presence of death had to be with you virtually every minute of every day.
我认为死亡的存在几乎每时每刻都伴随着你。
Sherwood Davies: : I remember two young ladies, very personable, and I was in my teenage years, and these were attractive young girls and I got to know them.
舍伍德·戴维斯：：我记得有两位年轻女士，非常风度翩翩，当时我正值青少年时期，她们都是漂亮的年轻女孩，我认识了她们。
Ruth Templeton and Mary Patterson.
露丝·坦普尔顿和玛丽·帕特森。
And, within four to six months of their arrival, both of them had died which, it troubled me to no end.
而且，在他们到达后的四到六个月内，他们两人都去世了，这让我困扰不已。
Two young ladies like that that developed the disease.
有两个这样的年轻女士得了这种病。
I still remember their names to this day.
直到今天我还记得他们的名字。
It's…
这是……
it was very unfortunate.
这是非常不幸的。
Narrator: : Trudeau's own studies revealed that only a third of his patients got well.
旁白：：特鲁多自己的研究表明，他的病人中只有三分之一康复了。
He stood by the bedside of hundreds of dying patients, but the hardest death to bear was that of his own daughter.
他站在数百名垂死病人的床边，但最难以忍受的就是他自己女儿的死亡。
Charlotte died of tuberculosis at the age of 16.
夏洛特16岁时因肺结核去世。
The doctor was rarely free of symptoms himself, frequently having to stop work to take the rest cure.
医生本人也经常出现症状，经常不得不停止工作以接受其余的治疗。
When Edward Trudeau died in 1915 after a 40-year struggle with tuberculosis, a miracle cure was still a dream.
1915 年，爱德华·特鲁多 (Edward Trudeau) 在与肺结核抗争了 40 年之后去世，当时奇迹般的治愈方法仍然是一个梦想。
Newsreel Announcer (archival): : Through mass production methods, America is continually increasing its output of penicillin, the new drug that affects almost miraculous cures.
新闻片播音员（档案）：：通过大规模生产方法，美国正在不断增加青霉素的产量，这种新药几乎具有神奇的治疗效果。
The liquid charged with penicillin is poured from the bottles, turned into a powder, it is ready for use.
将装有青霉素的液体从瓶子中倒出，变成粉末，即可使用。
Narrator: : In the early 1940's the discovery of penicillin revolutionized the treatment of infectious diseases.
旁白： : 1940 年代初，青霉素的发现彻底改变了传染病的治疗。
Derived from a mold, the first antibiotic cured a host of infections -- but not tuberculosis.
第一种抗生素源自霉菌，它可以治愈多种感染，但不能治愈结核病。
A microbiologist at Rutgers University believed he knew where to look for an antibiotic that would -- literally beneath people's feet.
罗格斯大学的一位微生物学家相信，他知道在哪里可以找到一种抗生素，这种抗生素确实可以在人们的脚下找到。
Selman Waksman was one of the few people in the country who understood the true nature of soil.
塞尔曼·瓦克斯曼 (Selman Waksman) 是该国少数了解土壤本质的人之一。
Early in his career, he had written a definitive work on the microscopic organisms that live in the ground -- describing the earth in an ordinary garden as a killing field where warrior microbes fight each other for supremacy.
在他职业生涯的早期，他写了一本关于生活在地下的微生物的权威著作——将普通花园中的地球描述为一个杀戮场，微生物在这里互相争斗。
His previous work pointed to the Streptomyces: strange organisms, half bacteria and half fungi -- responsible for the sweet odor of earth after a light rain.
他之前的研究指出了链霉菌：一种奇怪的生物体，一半是细菌，一半是真菌——是小雨后泥土中散发出甜甜气味的原因。
But there are over 500 different species.
但有超过 500 种不同的物种。
Finding one that could kill harmful bacteria without toxic side effects would prove to be extraordinarily difficult.
事实证明，找到一种既能杀死有害细菌又没有毒副作用的方法是极其困难的。
Peter Pringle, Writer: : It was unbelievably time consuming, and if you like boring, and you could look all day long and see absolutely nothing happening through your microscope.
作家 Peter Pringle：这是令人难以置信的耗时，如果你喜欢无聊，你可以看一整天，但通过显微镜却看不到任何事情发生。
So you go to a different soil patch, maybe you go closer to the horse's stables because the bacteria that you really want are those which feed on horse dung rather than dried leaves.
所以你去不同的土壤，也许你更靠近马厩，因为你真正想要的细菌是那些以马粪而不是干树叶为食的细菌。
So it's a huge hit and miss affair.
所以这是一个巨大的碰运气事件。
Narrator: : In late summer 1943, Waksman assigned the research project to Albert Schatz, an energetic 23-year-old graduate student.
旁白：1943 年夏末，瓦克斯曼将研究项目分配给阿尔伯特·沙茨 (Albert Schatz)，他是一位精力充沛的 23 岁研究生。
The hunt for antibiotics captured Schatz's imagination.
寻找抗生素激发了沙茨的想象力。
He would often spend 18-hours a day peering into his microscope looking for the telltale sign of an antibiotic.
他经常每天花 18 个小时在显微镜下观察，寻找抗生素的迹象。
In what was known as "the streak test," Schatz placed common bacteria in a petri dish, swiping a strain of Streptomyces down the middle.
在所谓的“条纹测试”中，沙茨将常见细菌放入培养皿中，将链霉菌菌株扫到中间。
If the strain were potent enough, it would create a dead zone around it.
如果菌株足够强大，它会在其周围形成一个死区。
Peter Pringle, Writer: : It's a battlefield, and the clear zone gets bigger and bigger and eventually, you're watching it destroy your harmful bacteria and you say, "Whoopee, I've got something!"
彼得·普林格尔（Peter Pringle），作家：这是一个战场，清晰的区域变得越来越大，最终，你看着它摧毁你的有害细菌，你会说，“哎哟，我有东西了！”
Narrator: : Three months in, Schatz stumbled on a variety that appeared quite powerful.
旁白： 三个月后，沙茨偶然发现了一种看起来相当强大的品种。
On October 19th, he sealed a test tube containing the promising batch and gave it to his mother as a memento of his achievement.
10 月 19 日，他密封了装有这批有希望的批次的试管，并将其送给了他的母亲，作为他的成就的纪念品。
Schatz was eager to test the new antibiotic against tuberculosis, even given the risk.
即使存在风险，沙茨仍渴望测试这种新的抗结核抗生素。
Vivian Schatz, Wife: : That laboratory was not set up for a dangerous germ like tuberculosis.
维维安·沙茨（Vivian Schatz），妻子：：那个实验室不是为结核病这样的危险细菌而设立的。
So there were a couple of basement windows, and some stools to sit on, and that was it.
地下室有几扇窗户，还有一些可以坐的凳子，仅此而已。
It was very sparse.
非常稀疏。
And not what you would expect where people would be working with a very virulent organism.
这并不是你所期望的那样，人们会与一种剧毒的生物体一起工作。
Peter Pringle, Writer: : And the equipment is very primitive.
编剧彼得·普林格尔：：而且设备非常简陋。
It's not exactly clean.
它并不完全干净。
There was none of the stuff that you see today of, you know, enclosed labs where people are manipulating their Petri dishes with mechanical arms.
那里没有你今天看到的封闭实验室，人们用机械臂操纵培养皿。
It was nothing like that.
事实并非如此。
Narrator: : Schatz talked Waksman into letting him proceed.
旁白：：沙茨说服瓦克斯曼让他继续。
Vivian Schatz, Wife: : He slept in the laboratory because he had to add fluid to the glass containers that were being distilled, and when the liquid in a container got to a certain level he had to add more liquid.
Vivian Schatz，妻子：：他睡在实验室里，因为他必须向正在蒸馏的玻璃容器中添加液体，当容器中的液体达到一定水平时，他必须添加更多液体。
So it was very, very, tiring, hard work.
所以这是非常非常累、辛苦的工作。
Narrator: : Within weeks, Schatz would witness one of most dramatic events ever seen under a microscope -- the destruction of the tubercle bacillus.
旁白：几周之内，沙茨就目睹了显微镜下最戏剧性的事件之一——结核杆菌的毁灭。
Waksman and Schatz named the antibiotic, Streptomycin.
瓦克斯曼和沙茨将这种抗生素命名为链霉素。
The following spring, Waksman sent the drug to the Mayo Clinic for testing with patients.
第二年春天，瓦克斯曼将药物送到梅奥诊所对患者进行测试。
Starting in November of 1944, researchers gave five courses of streptomycin to a 21-year-old woman dying of tuberculosis.
从 1944 年 11 月开始，研究人员给一名死于肺结核的 21 岁女性服用了 5 个疗程的链霉素。
Within days, the infection in her lungs began to disappear.
几天之内，她肺部的感染开始消失。
A few months later, she was discharged from the hospital.
几个月后，她出院了。
Nancy Tomes, Historian: : So with Streptomycin, for the first time in human history, there's a magic bullet.
历史学家南希·汤姆斯：链霉素在人类历史上第一次成为了灵丹妙药。
There's a drug you can give to people that is going to make the majority of them far, far better.
有一种药物可以给人们服用，可以使大多数人的病情好得多。
You can cure tuberculosis.
你可以治愈结核病。
Sheila Rothman, Historian: : I mean it was unbelievable.
希拉·罗斯曼（Sheila Rothman），历史学家：：我的意思是，这令人难以置信。
A disease that had plagued humanity for 3,000 years was suddenly able to be cured.
一种困扰人类三千年的疾病突然被治愈了。
Sherwood Davies: : The Medical Director assembled all the patients and all the staff and announced this drug that they had just discovered.
Sherwood Davies：：医学主任召集了所有患者和所有工作人员，宣布了他们刚刚发现的这种药物。
And what a reaction from the patients there.
那里的病人反应如何。
I mean, you could see the smiles on their face.
我的意思是，你可以看到他们脸上的笑容。
Well, it was indescribable.
嗯，那真是难以形容。
Narrator: : The euphoria would not last.
旁白：：欣快感不会持续太久。
Within months of treatment, many patients began to relapse.
在治疗的几个月内，许多患者开始复发。
Scientists would come to understand that Streptomycin does not destroy all the bacteria in the body, and the organisms that do survive grow stronger and more resistant to the drug.
科学家们逐渐认识到，链霉素并不能消灭体内的所有细菌，而存活下来的生物体会变得更强大，对药物的抵抗力更强。
Andrea Cooper, Immunologist: : Suddenly the drug was not being effective when it had been so effective so quickly.
免疫学家 Andrea Cooper：：虽然药物如此迅速地发挥作用，但突然间就不再有效了。
And so they understood very rapidly that it was the resistance was occurring.
所以他们很快就明白这是抵抗正在发生。
And so they needed to develop further drugs.
因此他们需要开发更多的药物。
Narrator: : By the late 1940s, two additional drugs were added to Streptomycin.
旁白： ：到 20 世纪 40 年代末，链霉素中又添加了两种药物。
The drug cocktail, properly administered, was far more effective.
如果使用得当，混合药物的效果要好得多。
Andrea Cooper, Immunologist: : And with tuberculosis, it's clear.
Andrea Cooper，免疫学家： 对于结核病，这一点很明确。
You need a combination of drugs.
你需要联合使用药物。
So the bacteria has to combat two or three attacks at once rather than a simple one attack.
因此，细菌必须同时抵抗两到三次攻击，而不是简单的一次攻击。
It can cope with one, it can't cope with two, and it can't cope even less well with three.
对付一个就可以，对付两个就不行，对付三个就更不行了。
And then when we take the antibiotics, we need to take them consistently, correctly, not over do it, and not under do it because then you will facilitate the development of drug resistance.
然后当我们服用抗生素时，我们需要持续、正确地服用它们，不能过量，也不能不足，因为这样就会促进耐药性的发展。
Narrator: : Before antibiotics, half of all people with active TB could expect to die within five years.
旁白：：在使用抗生素之前，一半的活动性结核病患者预计会在五年内死亡。
By 1950, most were getting well and going on to live normal, healthy lives.
到 1950 年，大多数人都康复了，并继续过着正常、健康的生活。
As cures mounted, the sanatoriums began to close.
随着治愈人数的增加，疗养院开始关闭。
Many were demolished.
许多被拆除。
A few became ski resorts or hotels.
一些变成了滑雪胜地或酒店。
Whitney Seymour, Jr.: : Almost from the very beginning, when I was in the infirmary, these young doctors came by and say, "We're gonna experiment with these new drugs." And so, it was then quite obvious that Trudeau was gonna close in a few weeks.
小惠特尼·西摩：几乎从一开始，当我在医务室时，这些年轻的医生就走过来说，“我们要试验这些新药。”因此，很明显特鲁多将在几周内关闭。
And we're instructed to go find apartments in town so we could continue to get well.
我们被指示去城里寻找公寓，这样我们就可以继续康复。
And all of a sudden I realized, I can overcome it and live a long, healthy, hardworking life.
突然我意识到，我可以克服它，过上长寿、健康、勤奋的生活。
Sherwood Davies: : I had looked back at the family's history of tuberculosis and said how lucky I was.
舍伍德·戴维斯：：我回顾了家族的结核病史，并说我是多么幸运。
And when they said I was essentially cured, I was elated.
当他们说我基本上痊愈时，我很高兴。
I wasn't thinking so much of a big relief on my part, but what my mother had gone through because here she was, she had dealt with her mother, she had dealt with my father, and now she had to deal with me.
我并没有想到对我来说有多大的解脱，而是我的母亲所经历的事情，因为她在这里，她与她的母亲打交道，她与我的父亲打交道，现在她必须与我打交道。
I think the proudest thing in her life was when she came to my college graduation.
我认为她一生中最自豪的事情是她来参加我的大学毕业典礼。
And she-- her life was fulfilled.
而她——她的人生已经圆满了。
Narrator: : In November 1954, a former professional baseball player named Larry Doyle ate his last meal at the head of a long table at the Trudeau Sanatorium.
旁白： 1954 年 11 月，一位名叫拉里·道尔 (Larry Doyle) 的前职业棒球运动员在特鲁多疗养院的一张长桌一头吃了最后一顿饭。
He had been a patient for 12 years.
他已经当了12年的病人。
After lunch, he walked out the front door and strolled through the snowy streets of Saranac Lake.
午饭后，他走出前门，漫步在萨拉纳克湖的雪街里。
He was the last tuberculosis patient to leave Trudeau.
他是最后一位离开特鲁多的结核病患者。
Slate: : In the 1980s, tuberculosis in the U.S. spiked as a result of the AIDS epidemic.
Slate: : 20 世纪 80 年代，由于艾滋病的流行，美国的结核病激增。
Since then, drug-resistant TB has become more common.
从那时起，耐药结核病变得更加普遍。
There are nearly 10,000 TB cases in the U.S. and nine million worldwide.
美国有近 10,000 例结核病病例，全球有 900 万例。
By the dawn of the 19th century tuberculosis had killed one in seven of all the people who had ever lived.
到 19 世纪初，结核病已夺去了七分之一的生命。
Watch the opening scene of The Forgotten Plague .
观看被遗忘的瘟疫的开场场景。
Starting in the 1840s, health-seekers fanned out across the United States in search for "the cure."
从 1840 年代开始，健康追求者在美国各地散布，寻找“治疗方法”。
As the scientific knowledge of tuberculosis progressed, the prejudice towards people with the disease eased.
随着结核病科学知识的进步，对结核病患者的偏见有所减轻。
As tuberculosis plagued the nation, towns like Los Angeles and Denver grew as health-seekers traveled west to climates that promised to cure.
当结核病肆虐全国时，洛杉矶和丹佛等城镇随着寻求健康的人向西前往有望治愈疾病的气候而发展。
The Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce published a journal called The Land of Sunshine , filled with testimonials to the healing powers of the California climate.
洛杉矶商会出版了一本名为《阳光之地》的期刊，其中充满了对加州气候治愈能力的见证。
Read two testimonials here.
在这里阅读两篇感言。
Shorter hemlines.
裙摆较短。
Reclining chairs.
躺椅。
Playgrounds.
游乐场。
Explore some surprising outcomes of tuberculosis.
探索结核病的一些令人惊讶的结果。
By the dawn of the 19th century, tuberculosis had killed one in seven of all people that had ever lived.
到 19 世纪初，结核病已夺去了七分之一的生命。
Browse images of America's fight against the deadly disease.
浏览美国抗击致命疾病的图片。