Plague at the Golden Gate
Narrator: January 20, 1900.
旁白：1900 年 1 月 20 日。
The skies above Oahu were black with smoke.
欧胡岛上空被烟雾熏黑。
Bubonic plague had been discovered in Honolulu’s Chinatown…
檀香山唐人街发现了黑死病……
and panicked health officials were doing everything they could to try to stop the spread.
惊慌失措的卫生官员正在尽一切努力阻止病毒传播。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens, CAPT, United States Public Health Service: They didn't really understand how plague was transmitted, so the public health approach was isolate people: they would wall off a whole area with police and checkpoints and wouldn't let anybody in or out.
Morens，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务局：他们并不真正了解鼠疫是如何传播的，因此公共卫生方法是隔离人们：他们会用警察和检查站隔离整个区域，不让任何人进出。
But if they couldn't stop the problem, they would often do targeted burnings of buildings.
但如果他们无法阻止问题，他们通常会有针对性地焚烧建筑物。
Their point of view is, we don't care what you do.
他们的观点是，我们不在乎你做什么。
If you have to burn the place down, just make sure that you contain this epidemic
如果你必须烧毁这个地方，只要确保你控制住了这种流行病
Narrator: Desperate residents fled their burning homes as the fire spiraled out of control.
旁白：随着火势失控，绝望的居民逃离了着火的房屋。
And mobs of white residents stood by with clubs and revolvers – threatening to kill any Asian who tried to skirt the exit lane out of the quarantine zone.
一群白人居民手持棍棒和左轮手枪站在一旁，威胁要杀死任何试图绕过隔离区出口通道的亚洲人。
Nayan Shah, Historian: This is the Black Plague of the Middle Ages that wiped out one-third of the population in Europe.
历史学家纳扬·沙阿：这是中世纪的黑死病，它消灭了欧洲三分之一的人口。
So, we have this sense that if it wasn't stopped, the consequences would be unbearable.
所以我们有这样的感觉，如果不制止的话，后果将是难以承受的。
Narrator: The fires burned for 17 days and left nearly all of Chinatown in ashes.
旁白：大火持续了17天，几乎整个唐人街都化为灰烬。
4500 of its residents were homeless.
4500 名居民无家可归。
The most feared disease in history, bubonic plague was an unsolved mystery.
黑死病是历史上最可怕的疾病，是一个未解之谜。
It had decimated the populations of Europe and North Africa in two separate pandemics over hundreds of years—and the third was now raging across Asia.
数百年来，它在两次不同的流行病中使欧洲和北非的人口大量减少，而第三次流行病现在正在亚洲肆虐。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author, Black Death at the Golden Gate: This was the start of the steamship era.
兰德尔，《金门黑死病》作者：这是轮船时代的开始。
So now disease and people and goods can travel around the world incredibly quickly.
因此，现在疾病、人员和货物可以以惊人的速度在世界各地传播。
And the bubonic plague spreads along Hong Kong, it spreads to Japan, it spreads to India, and millions of people start dying.
黑死病沿着香港蔓延，传播到日本，传播到印度，数百万人开始死亡。
At that time, there was still a medieval sense of what this disease was and how it was spread.
当时，人们对于这种疾病是什么以及它是如何传播的仍然有一种中世纪的感觉。
Many people thought it was “miasma”- bad air or it was simply a disease of filth.
许多人认为这是“瘴气”——糟糕的空气，或者只是一种肮脏的疾病。
Other people thought that this is only a disease of rice eaters.
其他人则认为这只是吃米饭的人的病。
Narrator: Racism and ignorance were already in the air as the bubonic plague made its silent way across the Pacific.
旁白：当黑死病悄无声息地横渡太平洋时，种族主义和无知已经弥漫在空气中。
It would arrive in North America for the first time in history – where it would spark nationwide terror, denial, and blame.
它将在历史上首次抵达北美 — — 在那里它将引发全国范围内的恐怖、否认和指责。
Two men would try to stop it – struggling with not only the scientific unknowns—but unanticipated forces of politics, commerce, and race.
两个人试图阻止它——不仅与科学上的未知因素作斗争，而且还与政治、商业和种族等意想不到的力量作斗争。
Narrator: June 28, 1899: In the cold morning fog, a lone Italian crab fisherman made an unsettling discovery.
旁白：1899 年 6 月 28 日：在寒冷的晨雾中，一位孤独的意大利螃蟹渔民有了一个令人不安的发现。
Two bodies were floating face down in San Francisco Bay.
两具尸体面朝下漂浮在旧金山湾。
The previous morning, the Japanese steamship, the Nippon Maru, had arrived in San Francisco from Hong Kong, stopping at Shanghai, Yokohama, and then Honolulu.
前一天早上，日本轮船“日本丸”号从香港抵达旧金山，经停上海、横滨，然后抵达檀香山。
Ominously, she flew a yellow flag: the international signal indicating disease.
不祥的是，她飘扬着一面黄旗：这是疾病的国际信号。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: When the Nippon Maru entered San Francisco Bay, two stowaways who evidently were ill, jumped overboard into the bay waters.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：当日本丸号进入旧金山湾时，两名明显患病的偷渡者跳入海湾水域。
And when their bodies were recovered, the local doctors found them to be suspicious.
当他们的尸体被发现时，当地医生发现他们很可疑。
Narrator: Unnerved by both their autopsy findings and recent reports of plague in Asia, the city doctors immediately sent their results to Joseph Kinyoun – the nation’s foremost plague authority and the newly-appointed head of the Marine Hospital Service on nearby Angel Island.
旁白：尸检结果和最近亚洲鼠疫的报告令城市医生感到不安，他们立即将结果发送给约瑟夫·金永（Joseph Kinyoun）——美国最重要的鼠疫权威，也是附近天使岛海军医院服务处新任命的负责人。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Angel Island in San Francisco Bay had a quarantine station where cargoes and passengers were checked for all kinds of disease by the doctors of the Marine Hospital Service.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：旧金山湾的天使岛有一个检疫站，海军医院服务处的医生在那里对货物和乘客进行各种疾病检查。
Narrator: The Marine Hospital Service had been established thirty years earlier to treat sick seamen.
旁白：海军医院服务中心于三十年前成立，专门治疗生病的海员。
But the idea of “public health” had since evolved into a matter of national concern.
但“公共卫生”的概念从此演变为全国关注的问题。
The MHS was now charged with fighting the spread of epidemics – using federal powers of quarantine and surveillance.
MHS 现在负责利用联邦检疫和监视权力来抗击流行病的传播。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author : Their main responsibility was protecting the people of the United States from the spread of diseases from around the world.
作者兰德尔：他们的主要职责是保护美国人民免受来自世界各地的疾病传播。
So, there were Marine Hospital Service officers stationed in Rome and London and Asia.
因此，在罗马、伦敦和亚洲驻扎了海军医院服务官员。
Narrator: Just weeks into his posting, Kinyoun knew better than anyone that hospitals around the world were reporting 90% death rates from the plague …
旁白：就在他发帖几周后，Kinyoun 比任何人都清楚，世界各地的医院报告说，鼠疫死亡率高达 90%……
and that millions had already perished from a pandemic that had been raging since the 1850s .
自 1850 年代以来肆虐的流行病已经造成数百万人死亡。
Although no one knew why, rats and filth had long been associated with plague…
尽管没有人知道为什么，老鼠和污物长期以来一直与瘟疫联系在一起……
Kinyoun ordered the Nippon Maru to be disinfected and checked for vermin before having all 55 passengers quarantined on Angel Island.
Kinyoun 下令对日本丸号进行消毒并检查害虫，然后将所有 55 名乘客在天使岛隔离。
Then he faced the most critical step of all: determining how the men had died.
然后他面临着最关键的一步：确定这些人是如何死亡的。
Joseph K.
约瑟夫·K.
Houts, Jr., Great Grandson of Joseph J.
小豪茨 (Houts, Jr.)，约瑟夫·J·豪斯 (Joseph J. Houts) 的曾孙
Kinyoun: Kinyoun suspected plague.
Kinyoun：Kinyoun 怀疑是瘟疫。
And there was a little rattle in the papers.
报纸上也出现了一些骚动。
Well, Kinyoun thought the bodies were too far gone, there wasn't definitive proof.
好吧，金永认为尸体已经离得太远了，没有确凿的证据。
So, the press kind of backed away, Kinyoun backed away and everybody backed away.
所以，媒体退缩了，金永退缩了，每个人都退缩了。
Narrator: A positive diagnosis would be calamitous...
旁白：阳性诊断将是灾难性的......
but the condition of the tissue samples and decomposed bodies made forensic confirmation impossible.
但组织样本和腐烂尸体的状况使得法医确认不可能。
Without scientific proof, Kinyoun could not assert that plague had arrived.
没有科学证据，金永无法断言瘟疫已经到来。
Yet his years of rigorous training had taught him to remain alert.
然而多年的严格训练教会了他保持警惕。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Joseph Kinyoun was a star.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），编剧：约瑟夫·金永（Joseph Kinyoun）是一位明星。
He was beautifully educated.
他受过良好的教育。
He had studied with the best scientists in the world to learn the state-of-the-art methods of diagnosing infectious diseases.
他曾与世界上最优秀的科学家一起学习，学习诊断传染病的最先进方法。
Then at the age of 27, while he was at the Hygienic Lab in New York, he diagnosed the first case of cholera with the new bacteriologic tests in the Western hemisphere.
27 岁时，当他在纽约卫生实验室时，他利用新的细菌学检测方法诊断出了西半球第一例霍乱病例。
Narrator : But Kinyoun’s meteoric rise was interrupted by personal tragedy.
旁白：但是 Kinyoun 的飞速崛起却被个人悲剧打断了。
Trish Reeves , Great Granddaughter of Joseph J.
翠西·里维斯 (Trish Reeves)，约瑟夫·J·里维斯 (Joseph J. Reeves) 的曾孙女
Kinyoun: Joe and Elizabeth Kinyoun's daughter died of diphtheria at the age of three.
金永：乔和伊丽莎白金永的女儿三岁时死于白喉。
It's a terrible disease to die from, um, and it must be devastating for a parent.
这是一种可怕的疾病，会导致死亡，对父母来说肯定是毁灭性的。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: Diphtheria at the time was one of the most devastating childhood diseases.
作者兰德尔：当时的白喉是最具破坏性的儿童疾病之一。
So, Kinyoun goes to Germany and Paris to work with scientists, who had discovered these cures for diphtheria.
因此，Kinyoun 前往德国和巴黎与科学家合作，他们发现了白喉的治疗方法。
And he can't believe his own eyes, seeing these kids recover as if by magic.
他简直不敢相信自己的眼睛，看到这些孩子神奇地康复了。
He can't help but believe that he's seeing his own daughter's face on all of these children.
他情不自禁地相信，他在所有这些孩子身上看到了自己女儿的脸。
And that really gives him this idea that medicine can conquer anything.
这确实让他产生了医学可以征服一切的想法。
Narrator : Kinyoun was fueled by not just a new sense of purpose…
旁白：Kinyoun 的动力不仅仅是一种新的使命感......
but of possibility.
但有可能。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens, CAPT, United States Public Health Service: Joseph James Kinyoun he was a very unique guy from the day he set foot in the Marine hospital service.
Morens，上尉，美国公共卫生服务部：约瑟夫·詹姆斯·金永 (Joseph James Kinyoun) 从踏入海军陆战队医院服务的那一天起，他就是一个非常独特的人。
He was fascinated by technology.
他对技术很着迷。
He taught himself radiology, which was a new technique around the turn of the century.
他自学了放射学，这是世纪之交的一项新技术。
…He was an inventor.
……他是一位发明家。
And he invented an enormous number of machines and devices to steam sterilize, for example, or chemically sterilize.
他还发明了大量的机器和设备，例如蒸汽消毒或化学消毒。
Any new technique he was just in love with and he wanted to master it.
任何新技术他都喜欢并且他想掌握它。
And so, he was an early adopter of ideas.
因此，他是思想的早期采用者。
Narrator: The 39-year old scientist had already proven himself a leader in the fledgling fields of microbiology and infectious diseases.
旁白：这位39岁的科学家已经证明了自己是微生物学和传染病这一新兴领域的领导者。
Once in DC, Kinyoun developed the Hygienic Laboratory into a national state-of-the-art research center – which supported the MHS by identifying diseases and controlling epidemic outbreaks.
到达华盛顿后，Kinyoun 将卫生实验室发展成为国家最先进的研究中心，通过识别疾病和控制流行病爆发来支持 MHS。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Dr. Joseph Kinyoun loved the national hygienic lab.
Marilyn Chase，作家：Joseph Kinyoun 博士喜欢国家卫生实验室。
He and his young family loved the finer East Coast living and the cream of the scientific society in Washington DC.
他和他年轻的家人热爱东海岸的美好生活和华盛顿特区科学界的精英。
However, Walter Wyman, the surgeon general of the Marine Hospital Service, his eye was on the west coast where he feared plague would be entering and he transferred the young Joseph Kinyoun to San Francisco to run the Angel Island quarantine station.
然而，海军陆战队医院管理局的卫生局局长沃尔特·怀曼（Walter Wyman）把目光投向了西海岸，他担心瘟疫会进入那里，因此将年轻的约瑟夫·金永（Joseph Kinyoun）调到旧金山管理天使岛检疫站。
And of course, Kinyoun was not pleased about being dispatched to what he thought was this frontier outpost.
当然，金永对于被派往他认为的这个边境前哨并不高兴。
Narrator: The MHS quarantine station on Angel Island in the middle of San Francisco bay was a jumble of filthy and neglected buildings.
旁白：位于旧金山湾中部天使岛上的 MHS 检疫站是一堆肮脏且被忽视的建筑。
Kinyoun now had to contend with a workplace that was completely unsuitable to the urgent task at hand - protecting the nation from a deadly epidemic.
金永现在不得不面对一个完全不适合手头紧迫任务的工作场所——保护国家免受致命流行病的侵害。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens , CAPT, United States Public Health Service: The Marine Hospital Service was a uniform branch of the United States government.
Morens，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务部：海军陆战队医院服务部是美国政府的一个统一部门。
And Kinyoun, himself, he’s a very military guy.
而金永本人，他是一个非常军人的人。
He always followed orders and he did what he was told, and didn’t complain about it.
他总是听从命令，按照吩咐去做，没有任何抱怨。
He was clearly the best man for the job.
他显然是这项工作的最佳人选。
He probably knew that.
他大概知道这一点。
So as everything else, he threw himself into it a hundred percent.
所以和其他事情一样，他百分百投入其中。
Narrator: From the moment Kinyoun assumed his post in California, he had been on high alert for plague.
旁白：从金永在加州上任的那一刻起，他就对鼠疫保持高度警惕。
San Francisco was not only the busiest port on the West Coast but connected by rail to the rest of the country – it was terrifyingly well-placed to spread disease far and wide.
旧金山不仅是西海岸最繁忙的港口，而且通过铁路与美国其他地区相连——它处于非常适合向远方传播疾病的有利位置。
To miss even a single diagnosis could be cataclysmic.
即使错过一个诊断也可能造成灾难性的后果。
Nayan Shah, Historian : Joseph Kinyoun is really intent on checking every ship from Asia.
Nayan Shah，历史学家：Joseph Kinyoun 真的很想检查来自亚洲的每艘船只。
Because after bubonic plague emerges in Honolulu and is discovered in the Chinese quarter, it becomes kind of a confirmation bias.
因为在檀香山出现黑死病并在华人区发现后，它就成为一种确认偏差。
That it was only going to affect Chinese people.
它只会影响中国人。
That one could contain it in some way.
那个可以以某种方式遏制它。
And that set up a terrible dynamic.
这就形成了一种可怕的动态。
It only percolated more fear, more confusion, more misunderstanding.
它只会渗透出更多的恐惧、更多的困惑、更多的误解。
And all eyes were targeted on a Chinese source.
所有的目光都集中在中国的消息来源上。
Narrator: As the 20th century dawned, everyone celebrated…
旁白：随着20世纪的到来，每个人都庆祝......
and no place had more optimistic swagger than San Francisco.
没有哪个地方比旧金山更乐观、更自信了。
It was home to one out of every four people who lived west of the Rockies.
这里居住着落基山脉以西四分之一的人。
A third of the nation’s money west of the Mississippi flowed through her banks.
密西西比河以西国家三分之一的资金流经她的银行。
The city was a trading hub, the portal to the east...
这座城市是一个贸易中心，是通往东方的门户......
and the diamond in the crown of a state already rich with natural resources.
以及自然资源丰富的国家皇冠上的钻石。
It truly was the city of the future.
它确实是未来的城市。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: As a Gold Rush boom town, San Francisco had new money.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：作为淘金热繁荣的城镇，旧金山拥有了新的资金。
It had three opera houses, railroad and mining, tycoons living and palaces on Nob Hill and a new cable car system.
它拥有三座歌剧院、铁路和采矿业、大亨们的住所和诺布山上的宫殿，以及一个新的缆车系统。
San Francisco in 1900 aspired to be the Paris of the Pacific coast.
1900 年的旧金山渴望成为太平洋沿岸的巴黎。
Narrator : Nearly 6 percent of the city’s population lived in a 12 block district.
旁白：近 6% 的城市人口居住在 12 个街区的地区。
Rev.
牧师。
Harry Chuck, Community Activist: Chinatown is home and it always will be.
Harry Chuck，社区活动家：唐人街是家，而且永远都是。
My mother was born in the year 1900 in San Francisco's Chinatown.
我的母亲 1900 年出生在旧金山的唐人街。
And she lived in Chinatown throughout her entire life, because they didn't have any choices.
她一生都住在唐人街，因为他们没有任何选择。
They were not permitted to move outside of the neighborhood.
他们不被允许搬出社区。
Things were red line, there was discrimination and people were very stereotyped.
事情是红线的，存在歧视，人们的观念非常刻板。
Mae M.
梅·M.
Ngai, Historian : Chinatowns primarily exist because Chinese weren't allowed to live in white neighborhoods or any other neighborhood.
Ngai，历史学家：唐人街的存在主要是因为华人不允许居住在白人社区或任何其他社区。
They are what sociologists call ethnic enclaves, where people like to live with people who speak their language or eat similar foods or practice the same religion, but they're also confining.
它们就是社会学家所说的种族飞地，人们喜欢与说同一种语言、吃相似食物或信奉相同宗教的人住在一起，但它们也受到限制。
So, Chinatowns are a combination of ethnic solidarity and discrimination and exclusion.
因此，唐人街是种族团结与歧视和排斥的结合体。
Narrator: As the Year of the Rat dawned on January 31st 1900, shopowners in Chinatown began noticing a disturbing sight: rat carcasses littered the district’s alleys and courtyards.
旁白：1900 年 1 月 31 日，鼠年来临，唐人街的店主开始注意到令人不安的景象：老鼠的尸体散落在该地区的小巷和庭院里。
And for 41-year old Wong Chut King, something was definitely wrong.
对于 41 岁的 Wong Chut King 来说，肯定是出了什么问题。
A worker in a nearby lumber yard, Wong lived in the Globe Hotel on DuPont Avenue, the main artery of Chinatown.
黄是附近木材场的工人，住在唐人街主干道杜邦大道上的环球酒店。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author : He shared one bed with two other men, they’d take turns sleeping.
兰德尔，作者：他和另外两个男人共用一张床，他们轮流睡觉。
It was really a meager existence of survival.
实在是生存的微薄存在。
He, like many people who came from China, expected their time in San Francisco to be short-lived.
和许多来自中国的人一样，他预计自己在旧金山的时光不会持续太久。
They come, they make a lot of money.
他们来了，他们赚了很多钱。
Then they go back home a wealthy man.
然后他们就以一个富有的人的身份回家了。
That didn't play out for almost all of them.
这对几乎所有人来说都没有发挥作用。
Narrator: For several weeks, Wong Chut King struggled with mounting fever, exhaustion, and painfully swollen lymph nodes, or “buboes.” Because city hospitals were closed to the Chinese, he sought traditional Chinese remedies…
旁白：几周来，黄楚金一直在与不断加剧的发烧、疲惫和淋巴结肿大（或称“腹股沟淋巴结肿大”）作斗争。由于城市医院不对中国人开放，他寻求传统的中药治疗……
but nothing seemed to help.
但似乎没有什么帮助。
Eventually, he was too sick to move.
最终，他病得太重，无法动弹。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author : His roommates, they see that he's dying.
作者兰德尔：他的室友们看到他快要死了。
They take him to a local, you know, what was called a Hall of Tranquility.
他们带他去了当地的一个地方，你知道，那个地方被称为“宁静厅”。
Guenter B.
冈特·B.
Risse, Historian: The Chinese have a holistic view, they believe that when they die, their spirit needs to be tended to.
历史学家里斯：中国人有整体观，他们相信人死后，他们的精神需要得到照顾。
And the remains had to be brought back because of their view that the ancestors played a great role in the afterlife.
由于他们认为祖先在来世中发挥了重要作用，因此必须将遗骸带回来。
Mae M.
梅·M.
Ngai, Historian: One of the sources of mistrust between the community and Western doctors was a very different view of life and death: the body should not be cut, autopsies were anathema, one’s soul had to return to one’s home village.
魏，历史学家：社区和西方医生之间不信任的根源之一是对生与死的截然不同的看法：尸体不应该被切割，尸检是令人厌恶的，一个人的灵魂必须返回自己的家乡。
So, the Chinese were very careful.
所以，中国人非常小心。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: So, it was a quiet affair.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：所以，这是一件安静的事情。
And Wong Chut King died alone, on March 6, 1900.
黄楚金于 1900 年 3 月 6 日孤独去世。
Narrator: State law required a physician to issue a death certificate…
旁白：州法律要求医生出具死亡证明……
so a health inspector was summoned to examine the body.
于是请来了一名卫生检查员来检查尸体。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author : He notices a buboe in Wong Chut King’s groin and he jumps back because he does know what this is.
作者兰德尔：他注意到黄楚金腹股沟处有一个淋巴结，他向后跳了一步，因为他确实知道这是什么。
He knows it's a sign of bubonic plague.
他知道这是黑死病的征兆。
So, he figures that I’m going to take a sample of this tissue from Wong Chut King’s body.
所以，他认为我要从黄楚金的尸体上采集组织样本。
And I’m going to run it over to Kinyoun at Angel Island.
我要把它转交给天使岛的 Kinyoun。
I’m going to let him make the decision of whether this is plague or not.
我会让他来决定这是否是瘟疫。
Narrator: Kinyoun knew all about “buboes,” where the word “bubonic” comes from...
旁白：Kinyoun 对“buboes”了如指掌，“bubonic”这个词就来自于……
the swollen lymph nodes were an infamous sign of the plague.
淋巴结肿大是鼠疫的一个臭名昭著的迹象。
Yet he also knew that they weren’t enough for a diagnosis…
但他也知道这些还不足以做出诊断……
and he had to be 100% certain.
而且他必须百分百确定。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens , CAPT, United States Public Health Service: To prove a plague death scientifically, you couldn't just do it by examining the live patient or the cadaver.
Morens，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务部：为了科学地证明鼠疫死亡，你不能仅仅通过检查活体病人或尸体来做到这一点。
You had to isolate the organism from tissue.
你必须将生物体与组织分离。
Narrator : In 1900, microbiology was still a fledgling field...
旁白：1900年，微生物学还是一个新兴领域……
and the idea that germs could cause disease was not fully accepted, even by many doctors.
甚至许多医生也没有完全接受细菌可能导致疾病的观点。
Kinyoun’s superior, Surgeon General Walter Wyman, had himself published a paper on the plague that was full of speculations and misinformation: that the disease was spread by dust, tainted food, and contaminated objects.
金永的上级、卫生局局长沃尔特·怀曼本人发表了一篇关于鼠疫的论文，其中充满了猜测和错误信息：这种疾病是通过灰尘、受污染的食物和受污染的物体传播的。
Wyman also endorsed racial theories of the time that the disease targeted Asians while sparing whites.
怀曼还赞同当时的种族理论，即这种疾病针对亚洲人，而白人则不受影响。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall , Author: Surgeon General Wyman, himself, said it was only a disease of rice eaters.
兰德尔（Randall），作者：卫生局局长怀曼（Wyman）本人表示，这只是食米者的一种疾病。
If you ate a quote unquote "muscular diet of meat”, you were somehow immune to it.
如果你吃了“肌肉发达的肉类饮食”这句话，你就对它免疫了。
Narrator: Such ignorance was widespread – due in part to the fact that scientific confirmation could take years.
旁白：这种无知现象很普遍——部分原因是科学证实可能需要数年时间。
Nevertheless, European scientists had recently identified the bubonic plague bacteria -- using a test called Gram’s stain.
尽管如此，欧洲科学家最近使用一种称为革兰氏染色的测试方法鉴定出了鼠疫细菌。
May C.
梅·C.
Chu, Medical Microbiologist: Bubonic plague is transmitted by a bacteria called Yersinia Pestis.
Chu，医学微生物学家：黑死病是由一种叫做鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的细菌传播的。
And Gram stains are used under the microscope to enhance the difference in colors.
在显微镜下使用革兰氏染色来增强颜色的差异。
So, you can see the bacteria in what we call a smear on a slide.
因此，您可以在载玻片上的涂片中看到细菌。
And Yersinia Pestis stains pink.
鼠疫耶尔森氏菌染成粉红色。
Narrator : As the first American to have studied the bacilli, Kinyoun was unquestionably the most qualified scientist in the country to test for plague.
旁白：作为第一个研究杆菌的美国人，金永无疑是该国最有资格进行鼠疫检测的科学家。
Hours after Wong’s death, he undertook the exacting forensic work, using the sample taken from the body.
黄死后几小时，他利用从尸体上采集的样本进行了严格的法医工作。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Isolate the germ in biopsy, test it with the gram stain, put it under a microscope and look for the distinctive pink rod-shaped bacilli with rounded tips.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：在活检中分离细菌，用革兰氏染色进行测试，将其放在显微镜下，寻找带有圆形尖端的独特的粉红色杆状杆菌。
And that’s the classic signature of plague.
这就是鼠疫的典型特征。
Narrator : Yet the presence of the telltale marker alone wasn’t enough to confirm a diagnosis.
旁白：然而，仅仅存在明显的标记还不足以确认诊断。
Kinyoun would have to grow the culture in his lab, which would take time…
Kinyoun 必须在他的实验室中培养这种文化，这需要时间……
and there was none to spare.
没有多余的。
For he couldn’t help but wonder: How many others might be infected?
因为他不禁想知道：还有多少人可能被感染？
Across San Francisco Bay, the city Board of Health was too spooked to wait.
旧金山湾对面，市卫生局惊慌失措，等不及了。
To them, it was clearly a “Chinese problem,” confined to Chinatown.
对他们来说，这显然是一个“中国问题”，仅限于唐人街。
So they decided to control matters by quarantining the entire district.
因此他们决定通过隔离整个地区来控制局势。
One day after Wong Chut King’s death, the Chinese community awoke to find ropes cordoning off their twelve-block district.
黄楚金死后一天，华人社区醒来发现绳索封锁了他们的十二个街区。
Overnight, 20,000 people – nearly all of the city’s Asians – found themselves virtual prisoners.
一夜之间，20,000 人——几乎全市的亚洲人——发现自己实际上成了囚犯。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: What was unusual was that it didn't apply to this one particular house where the man was found but applied to the whole Chinese quarter, sealing off a whole area of a city.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩（Charles McClain），法律历史学家：不同寻常的是，它并不适用于发现该男子的这一特定房屋，而是适用于整个华人区，封锁了整个城市的区域。
Nayan Shah, Historian : There was this kind of idea that the Chinese carry a particular virulent form of some kind of disease, whether it was smallpox or syphilis or bubonic plague.
历史学家纳扬·沙阿（Nayan Shah）：有一种观点认为，中国人携带某种疾病的特殊致命形式，无论是天花、梅毒还是黑死病。
And that the disease is endemic to their bodies that would be possible to infect innocent middle-class white people.
而且这种疾病是他们身体的地方病，有可能感染无辜的中产阶级白人。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: There was definitely this feeling that Asians were more susceptible to the disease as opposed to Whites.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩（Charles McClain），法律历史学家：确实有这样一种感觉，即亚洲人比白人更容易感染这种疾病。
And this was a widely shared view at the time.
这在当时是一个广泛认同的观点。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: The residents of Chinatown were really stuck.
作者兰德尔：唐人街的居民真的陷入了困境。
They weren't allowed to be citizens.
他们不被允许成为公民。
They weren't allowed to own property.
他们不被允许拥有财产。
They weren't allowed many fundamental rights.
他们没有被赋予许多基本权利。
Narrator: In 1900, anti-Chinese sentiment wasn’t isolated: it was codified by federal law.
旁白：1900 年，反华情绪并不是孤立的：它被写入了联邦法律。
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited all Chinese from citizenship, essentially relegating them to the margins of society.
1882 年的排华法案禁止所有华人获得公民身份，实质上将他们置于社会边缘。
John A.
约翰·A.
Powell, Legal Historian: The Chinese were already not seen as human before the Chinese Exclusion Act which is why the act passed.
法律历史学家鲍威尔：在《排华法案》出台之前，华人就已经不被视为人类，这就是该法案通过的原因。
The only time in our history that we specifically named an ethnicity to say they can’t come to the United States; they don’t belong, they’re too different than us.
这是我们历史上唯一一次专门点名某个种族来表明他们不能来美国；他们不属于我们，他们与我们太不同了。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: The building of the transcontinental railroad required tons of hard labor, which Chinese workers had taken on.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：修建横贯大陆的铁路需要大量的苦力劳动，而中国工人承担了这些工作。
Once that final golden spike was driven, the welcome mat was withdrawn.
一旦最后一根金钉被刺入，欢迎垫就被撤回了。
And the once essential Chinese workers were regarded as a surplus that would cut into demand for white labor.
曾经必不可少的中国工人被视为过剩，这将削减对白人劳动力的需求。
So, the white labor movement was very hostile.
因此，白人劳工运动是非常敌对的。
Mae M.
梅·M.
Ngai, Historian: Almost 20 years have gone by since the Exclusion Act.
魏历史学家：《排华法案》已经过去近20年了。
And this has been a very tumultuous number of decades where the government tries to take this right away, impose that discriminatory law to try to drive people away.
这是一个非常动荡的几十年，政府试图立即采取这种做法，实施歧视性法律，试图将人们赶走。
Narrator : The Chinese community saw the cordon for what it was: the latest unjust action taken against them based on flimsy evidence and a convenient excuse.
旁白：华人社区看到了封锁的真相：这是基于站不住脚的证据和方便的借口而对他们采取的最新不公正行动。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: The populace was violently opposed to being sealed inside Chinatown.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：民众强烈反对被封锁在唐人街内。
Many people worked outside the district.
许多人在区外工作。
They had jobs to get to.
他们有工作要做。
And interestingly the white community, while not so sympathetic to the viewpoint of the people in Chinatown, wanted their cooks and gardeners and domestic back on the job.
有趣的是，白人社区虽然不太同情唐人街人们的观点，但希望他们的厨师、园丁和家政人员重返工作岗位。
And so, all sides were at war.
因此，各方都处于战争状态。
And by March 10th, the ropes came down.
到了 3 月 10 日，绳索就解开了。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: So, the first quarantine of Chinatown, it didn't last very long - only three days.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩（Charles McClain），法律历史学家：所以，唐人街的第一次隔离并没有持续很长时间——只有三天。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: Because the quarantine came down so quickly, many people in San Francisco thought it was just all a sham.
作者兰德尔：由于隔离措施实施得如此之快，旧金山的许多人认为这只是一场骗局。
It almost eroded public trust immediately.
这几乎立即削弱了公众的信任。
Narrator: In the face of such apparent incompetence, the city’s response was one of relief – and amused contempt.
旁白：面对如此明显的无能，这座城市的反应是松了口气，并引起了轻蔑。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: One of the papers celebrated the end of the first quarantine by writing a silly poem “Sweet Fong is at his post once more/And cooking reigns supreme”.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：其中一篇报纸写了一首愚蠢的诗来庆祝第一次隔离的结束：“甜芳再次就职/烹饪至高无上”。
Because the people had gotten their domestic servants back, it was that kind of racial supremacy emanating from every corner of the city.
因为人民把家仆都找回来了，那种种族至上的感觉从城市的各个角落散发出来。
Narrator: Alone in his lab on Angel Island, Kinyoun had managed to successfully grow the microorganism within 48 hours.
旁白：Kinyoun 独自一人在天使岛的实验室里，在 48 小时内成功培养出了这种微生物。
But the next step – injecting it into a healthy animal to see what would happen – would take days.
但下一步——将其注射到健康动物体内，看看会发生什么——需要几天的时间。
Once again, Kinyoun took extra precautions -- choosing to inoculate not one but four lab animals: two guinea pigs, a rat, and a monkey.
Kinyoun 再次采取了额外的预防措施——选择给四只实验动物接种疫苗：两只豚鼠、一只老鼠和一只猴子。
Joseph K.
约瑟夫·K.
Houts, Jr., Great Grandson of Joseph J.
小豪茨 (Houts, Jr.)，约瑟夫·J·豪斯 (Joseph J. Houts) 的曾孙
Kinyoun: Three of the animals died pretty quickly.
Kinyoun：其中三只动物很快就死了。
And the last one, the monkey, was the one he was hoping on.
最后一只猴子，正是他所希望的。
If it didn't die then maybe it's not the plague.
如果它没有死，那么也许它就不是瘟疫。
Well, it died.
好吧，它死了。
Narrator : On March 13 – seven days after Wong Chut King passed away – Kinyoun was finally able to confirm the cause of death.
旁白：3月13日，即黄楚金去世7天后，Kinyoun终于能够确认死因。
Wong became the first diagnosed case of bubonic plague in the United States…
黄成为美国首例确诊的腺鼠疫病例……
but Kinyoun feared he would not be the last.
但金永担心他不会是最后一个。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author : Kinyoun immediately sends a coded telegram to DC.
作者兰德尔：Kinyoun 立即向 DC 发送了一封编码电报。
“Bumpkin confirmed”...
“乡巴佬确认”...
and that was the code word that plague is here.
这就是瘟疫在这里的暗号。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens , CAPT, United States Public Health Service: Kinyoun’s boss Walter Wyman had every reason to believe that if it got out of San Francisco it would've covered the whole country and countless deaths would occur.
Morens，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务部：Kinyoun 的老板沃尔特·怀曼 (Walter Wyman) 有充分的理由相信，如果它离开旧金山，它将覆盖整个国家，并会导致无数人死亡。
So, the people in Washington were just alarmed and their point of view is, we don't care what you do.
所以，华盛顿的人们只是感到震惊，他们的观点是，我们不在乎你做什么。
If you have to burn the place down, just make sure that you contain this epidemic.
如果你必须烧毁这个地方，只要确保控制住这种流行病即可。
It's a national emergency.
这是国家紧急状态。
Narrator : As federal officials frantically tried to coordinate a response, word of Kinyoun’s diagnosis spread quickly among San Francisco’s leaders.
旁白：当联邦官员疯狂地试图协调应对措施时，金永确诊的消息在旧金山领导人中迅速传播。
Yet powerful merchants and politicians like Mayor James Phelan refused to accept his findings.
然而，像詹姆斯·费伦市长这样有权势的商人和政治家拒绝接受他的发现。
Guenter Risse, Historian: Shipping exchanges around the world was very, very important source of income.
Guenter Risse，历史学家：世界各地的航运交易是非常非常重要的收入来源。
So, if there was plague in San Francisco it would be blocked, would no longer be open.
所以，如果旧金山出现瘟疫，它就会被封锁，不再开放。
So, industry was at stake.
因此，工业受到威胁。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: Mayor Phelan was very concerned that if word got around that San Francisco had cases of plague that the city's commerce would be dealt a really serious blow.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩（Charles McClain），法律历史学家：费兰市长非常担心，如果旧金山出现鼠疫病例的消息传开，该市的商业将受到严重打击。
Narrator: City leaders were used to autonomy…and didn’t like being told what to do, especially by authorities at the federal level.
旁白：城市领导人习惯了自治......并且不喜欢被告知要做什么，尤其是联邦一级的当局。
Nayan Shah, Historian : With the Marine Hospital Service, the federal government, they were now centrally becoming involved in public health across the United States.
历史学家纳扬·沙阿（Nayan Shah）：通过联邦政府海洋医院服务中心，他们现在集中参与美国各地的公共卫生事务。
And they felt they had supreme authority.
他们觉得自己拥有至高无上的权威。
But the city government, the merchant elite was saying to them we have jurisdiction in San Francisco.
但市政府、商人精英对他们说，我们在旧金山拥有管辖权。
And then there were state officials and the governor who thought, well, we have authority over all of California.
然后，州官员和州长认为，我们对整个加州拥有权力。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall , Author: And it becomes a question immediately of who has authority.
作者兰德尔：这立即成为谁拥有权威的问题。
If there is an outbreak, is this a federal responsibility?
如果爆发，这是联邦政府的责任吗？
Or is this the city, or is it the state?
或者这是城市，还是国家？
Narrator: Most San Franciscans didn’t care: They couldn’t be bothered with the death of a faceless stranger in Chinatown, especially given widespread beliefs that whites were immune.
旁白：大多数旧金山人并不关心：他们不会为唐人街一个不知名的陌生人的死亡而烦恼，特别是考虑到人们普遍认为白人具有免疫力。
As for city leaders, while they refused to accept Kinyoun’s diagnosis, they did agree that what they called the “Chinese problem” needed to be contained.
至于市领导，虽然他们拒绝接受金永的诊断，但他们确实同意他们所谓的“中国问题”需要得到遏制。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens , CAPT, United States Public Health Service : They didn't really understand how the bubonic plague was transmitted to people.
Morens，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务部：他们并不真正了解黑死病是如何传播给人类的。
But they knew if it occurred in a city, it would be in one area.
但他们知道，如果这件事发生在一座城市，那就是在一个地区。
And so, the public health approach was to find the focus and go in there and do whatever you could to get rid of the disease.
因此，公共卫生的方法是找到焦点并深入其中，尽一切努力消除这种疾病。
Narrator: The moment Mayor Phelan declared, “Asiatic infection[s] are a constant menace to [San Francisco’s] public health”, seventy-five health inspectors and dozens of policemen armed with sledge hammers and axes descended on an unsuspecting Chinatown.
旁白：当费兰市长宣布“亚洲感染对旧金山的公共卫生构成持续威胁”时，七十五名卫生检查员和数十名手持大锤和斧头的警察突然袭击了毫无戒心的唐人街。
They smashed down doors, ransacked homes, stole brazenly, and beat anyone who stood up to them.
他们砸门、抄家、明目张胆地偷窃，并殴打任何反抗他们的人。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: They were subjected to these plague measures which included torching of belongings, they would bring in smudge pots of sulfur and fumigate the building.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：他们受到了这些瘟疫措施，其中包括焚烧财物，他们会带上硫磺罐并熏蒸建筑物。
If you were a merchant selling fine silks or ceramics, it would spoil your goods.
如果你是一个销售精美丝绸或陶瓷的商人，它会损坏你的货物。
So, these measures, which were crude and discriminatory and not very effective, frightened the populace.
所以，这些粗暴、歧视性的措施，效果并不理想，让民众感到恐惧。
People were not eager to report a case of sickness in their home.
人们并不急于报告家中的病例。
Bruce Quan, Jr. , Great Grandson of Lew Hing: In 1900, at the time of the bubonic plague my great grandfather had a business called the Pacific Fruit Packing Company.
Bruce Quan, Jr.，Lew Hing 的曾孙：1900 年，黑死病爆发时，我的曾祖父经营一家名为太平洋水果包装公司的企业。
And my family lived above the cannery on Stockton Street in Chinatown.
我的家人住在唐人街斯托克顿街罐头厂楼上。
They went to church where Ng Poon Chew was the assistant pastor.
他们去了吴潘周担任助理牧师的教堂。
And that’s how when he started a newspaper, my great-grandfather helped him fund the Chung Sai Yat Po.
这就是当他创办报纸时，我的曾祖父帮助他资助《中西日报》的原因。
And in Chinatown, ...
而在唐人街，...
they would post some of the newspapers on the walls.
他们会把一些报纸贴在墙上。
And so, the Chinese knew exactly what was going on.
所以，中国人清楚地知道发生了什么。
Nayan Shah, Historian : Ng Poon Chew and his newspaper documented what the deeply felt, fears and concerns were of Chinese laborers, how they distrusted Western medical authority, how they feared, what was going to happen to them from a Chinese perspective.
Nayan Shah，历史学家：Ng Poon Chew 和他的报纸从华人的角度记录了华工的深切感受、恐惧和担忧，他们如何不信任西方医疗权威，他们如何恐惧，以及他们将面临什么。
Voiceover, Chung Sai Yat Po Daily: “Alas, why should Chinatown’s good name depend on the life and death of a monkey?...
《中山日报》画外音：“唉，唐人街的好名声何必取决于一只猴子的死活呢？……
We don’t know whether they are rooting for Chinatown or the monkey…” -
我们不知道他们是支持唐人街还是猴子……”-
Narrator: Nine days after Wong Chut King’s death, Kinyoun confirmed three more cases – all within Chinatown.
旁白：Wong Chut King 去世九天后，Kinyoun 又确认了三例病例 - 全部发生在唐人街。
Kinyoun had feared such an outbreak all along – knowing that even a handful of cases could explode exponentially into a national epidemic within weeks.
金尤恩一直担心这样的疫情爆发，因为他知道即使是少数病例也可能在几周内呈指数级爆发，成为全国性的流行病。
The urgency of the situation caught the eye of newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst.
情况的紧迫性引起了报业巨头威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特的注意。
On March 18th, his paper, The New York Journal , published a special national edition trumpeting the sensational story from California.
3 月 18 日，他的报纸《纽约日报》发表了全国特刊，大肆宣扬这个来自加州的耸人听闻的故事。
Pressured by commercial stakeholders, San Francisco’s leaders quickly responded: enlisting the editors of leading newspapers to dismiss what they now called “rumors.”
在商业利益相关者的压力下，旧金山领导人迅速做出回应：招募主要报纸的编辑来驳斥他们现在所谓的“谣言”。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: City Hall and all of San Francisco's elite, they had the same idea in mind, we're not going to report any news of the plague.
作者兰德尔：市政厅和所有旧金山的精英，他们都有同样的想法，我们不会报道任何有关瘟疫的消息。
You have the Chronicle saying, we’re gonna write an editorial saying that Kinyoun or anybody else from Marine Hospital Service is just trying to pick San Francisco's pocket.
《纪事报》说，我们要写一篇社论，说金永或海军陆战队医院服务部门的任何其他人只是想扒旧金山的口袋。
Marilyn Chase , Writer: Dr. Joseph Kinyoun was a proud man.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），编剧：约瑟夫·金永博士是一个自豪的人。
He regarded the tools of science, the enlightenment of his technology as a gift.
他将科学工具、技术的启迪视为一份礼物。
And he expected quite rightly some deference and respect for what he brought to the city.
他完全正确地期望他为这座城市带来的东西得到一些尊重和尊重。
And he got none of it.
但他什么也没得到。
Because from the moment that Joseph Kinyoun diagnosed plague in the glands of Wong Chut King, science was on trial.
因为从约瑟夫·金永（Joseph Kinyoun）诊断出黄楚金（Wong Chut King）腺体中出现鼠疫的那一刻起，科学就受到了考验。
Trish Reeves, Great Granddaughter of Joseph J.
翠西·里维斯 (Trish Reeves)，约瑟夫·J·里维斯 (Joseph J. Reeves) 的曾孙女。
Kinyoun : And Bubonic plague was called “Kinyoun's fake.”
Kinyoun：黑死病被称为“Kinyoun 的假货”。
Narrator: As the media storm swirled around him, a frantic Kinyoun tried to retrace the last days of each victim’s life in a desperate attempt to determine who or where the next might be.
旁白：当媒体风暴围绕着他时，疯狂的金永试图追溯每个受害者生命的最后几天，绝望地试图确定下一个受害者是谁或在哪里。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: What made Kinyoun so terrified when he started identifying the disease, was he found one victim and he could not find any connections to the next victim.
作者兰德尔：当金尤恩开始识别这种疾病时，他感到如此恐惧的是，他发现了一名受害者，但找不到与下一名受害者的任何联系。
It's almost like you're looking at the ocean and you can't see it, but you know something is down there.
这几乎就像你在看大海，虽然看不到它，但你知道下面有东西。
And he had no idea what it was.
他不知道那是什么。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: It was a mystery.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：这是一个谜。
There was a creeping pace, there would be a case or two, and then it would pause.
步伐缓慢，会出现一两个案例，然后就会暂停。
Kinyoun tried to puzzle it out.
金尤恩试图弄清楚这个问题。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens, CAPT, United States Public Health Service: He was looking for other cases of plague.
Morens，上尉，美国公共卫生服务部：他正在寻找其他鼠疫病例。
He also knew that because of the way Chinatown was being treated by local officials, they might hide cases.
他还知道，由于当地官员对待唐人街的方式，他们可能会隐藏案件。
Voiceover, Chung Sai Yat Po Daily: suspicions everywhere and every shadow becomes an enemy.
《中山日报》旁白：猜疑无处不在，每一个影子都成为敌人。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: A plague death would require autopsy to confirm the case.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：鼠疫死亡需要尸检才能确诊。
It was an offense in the culture.
这在文化中是一种冒犯。
So, no one was eager to call in the scientists.
因此，没有人急于请科学家来。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: And it becomes a cat and mouse game.
作者兰德尔：这就变成了一场猫捉老鼠的游戏。
And people keep on questioning him that, if the plague is as scary as you're saying it is, there should be bodies everywhere.
人们不断地质疑他，如果瘟疫真像你说的那么可怕，那应该到处都是尸体。
We should also see living victims who are struggling with this.
我们还应该看到正在为此苦苦挣扎的活着的受害者。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: People thought, well, if the plague existed, it should be spreading like wildfire, why aren't hundreds of people infected with it.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩，法律历史学家：人们认为，如果瘟疫存在，它应该像野火一样蔓延，为什么没有数百人感染它。
And it obviously made things difficult for Kinyoun because in the face of pretty clear evidence, people denied that the plague existed at all.
这显然让金永的处境变得困难，因为面对相当明确的证据，人们根本否认瘟疫的存在。
Narrator: When three more people died in mid-May, Kinyoun telegrammed Wyman urging a bold and unprecedented plan.
旁白：五月中旬，又有三人死亡，金永给怀曼发电报，敦促采取一项大胆且前所未有的计划。
He proposed vaccinating every Chinatown resident with the recently developed Haffkine vaccine.
他提议为每个唐人街居民接种最近开发的哈夫金疫苗。
In 1900, vaccination was still a frightening concept to most.
1900 年，疫苗接种对大多数人来说仍然是一个可怕的概念。
But in Chinatown, the proposal was further complicated by the dark racial dynamics of the time.
但在唐人街，由于当时黑暗的种族动态，这一提议变得更加复杂。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens, CAPT, United States Public Health Service: There'd been a long history of white people, European descended people, treating the Chinese in San Francisco badly.
莫伦斯，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务部：白人、欧洲人后裔对旧金山华人的虐待由来已久。
So, the rational expectation was, you know, if the white power structure wants this done, there's gotta be something wrong with it.
所以，理性的预期是，你知道，如果白人权力结构想要这样做，那一定是出了什么问题。
Mae M.
梅·M.
Ngai, Historian: The Chinese relationship with city health authorities was nothing positive about it.
历史学家魏伟：中国与城市卫生当局的关系在这方面没有什么积极的一面。
There was a history of malignant neglect - Chinese were routinely refused treatment at city hospitals.
存在着恶性忽视的历史——中国人在城市医院经常被拒绝接受治疗。
It was only that year that a Chinese clinic was allowed to open in Chinatown called the Tung Wah Dispensary.
直到那一年，唐人街才获准开设一家华人诊所，名为东华药房。
So, Chinese had absolutely no trust in city health authorities.
所以，中国人对城市卫生当局绝对不信任。
Also, they weren't vaccinating white people.
此外，他们没有给白人接种疫苗。
So, it seemed to be targeted at them.
所以，看来是针对他们的。
Narrator: The Haffkine was largely untested…
旁白：哈夫金基本上未经测试……
existing data showed only a 50% protection rate.
现有数据显示保护率仅为50%。
Furthermore, the drug’s purported side effects were so notorious that a headline-hungry reporter from a Hearst newspaper volunteered to be injected himself.
此外，该药物据称的副作用是如此臭名昭著，以至于赫斯特一家报纸的一位渴望成为头条新闻的记者自愿自己注射。
Voiceover, The San Francisco Examiner: Within two hours, the serum had spread through my system and its effects began to be felt.
画外音，《旧金山观察家报》：两个小时内，血清就已经扩散到我的全身，并且开始感受到它的作用。
Shooting pains….
射击痛苦......
extended through the chest down the arm, and even into my neck and head.
从胸部一直延伸到手臂，甚至延伸到我的脖子和头部。
My left arm felt numb…
我的左臂感觉麻木……
the pain in my shoulder, chest, neck and arm…
我的肩膀、胸部、颈部和手臂疼痛……
was quite severe….”
相当严重……”
Narrator: Out of thousands of Chinese living in San Francisco, only 53 were willing to be vaccinated.
旁白：居住在旧金山的数千名华人中，只有53人愿意接种疫苗。
Narrator: Growing desperate, Kinyoun telegrammed Wyman:
旁白：越来越绝望的金永给怀曼发了电报：
Voiceover, Joseph Kinyoun : “Regard situation very serious; will require almost superhuman efforts now.
画外音，Joseph Kinyoun：“情况非常严重；现在需要几乎超人的努力。
So much time has been lost.” -
已经浪费了很多时间。” -
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens, CAPT, United States Public Health Service: And That's when the Marine Hospital Service had to make its first authoritative stand against plague.
莫伦斯，上尉，美国公共卫生服务部：就在那时，海军陆战队医院服务部必须对瘟疫采取第一个权威立场。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: Surgeon General Wyman telegraphs Kinyoun immediately saying, you know, you are our man in San Francisco.
兰德尔，作者：卫生局局长怀曼立即给金永发电报说，你知道，你是我们在旧金山的人。
It all depends on you.
这一切都取决于你。
You know, you have to protect us all.
你知道，你必须保护我们所有人。
Narrator: Now charged with overseeing the entire West Coast, Kinyoun quickly hired additional officers, whom he dispatched across California and Oregon to beef up inspection and patrols.
旁白：金永现在负责监督整个西海岸，他很快雇佣了更多的官员，并将他们派往加利福尼亚州和俄勒冈州各地，以加强检查和巡逻。
He also made vaccination mandatory…
他还强制接种疫苗……
and took exclusive aim at not just the Chinese but Japanese with an unheard-of travel ban.
不仅针对中国人，还专门针对日本人实施了前所未有的旅行禁令。
Charles McClain, legal Historian: On May the 18th, the Board of Health of San Francisco passes a resolution to order the transport companies to refuse transportation to Chinese and Japanese without these certificates, that said that the person had been inoculated with this Haffkine's vaccine.
法律历史学家查尔斯·麦克莱恩：5月18日，旧金山卫生委员会通过一项决议，命令运输公司拒绝向没有这些证明的中国人和日本人运输，证明该人已经接种了这种哈夫金疫苗。
And it's quite clear that they have endorsed the recommendations that have been passed onto them by Kinyoun.
很明显，他们已经认可了 Kinyoun 向他们提出的建议。
So now the Chinese and Japanese are being told, do it, or you're confined to San Francisco?
所以现在中国人和日本人被告知，要么行动起来，要么就被限制在旧金山？
You won't be able to leave.
你将无法离开。
It was being pushed on them coercively.
这是被强行强加给他们的。
Voiceover, Chung Sai Yat Po Daily: “The doctors are about to compel our Chinese people to be inoculated.
《中山日报》画外音：“医生要强迫我们中国人接种疫苗。
Tomorrow…all business houses large or small must be closed and wait until this unjust action [is] settled.
明天……所有大大小小的商业机构都必须关闭，等待这一不公正的行为得到解决。
Narrator: Its back to the wall, a defiant Chinatown turned to its own leaders: a consortium of district associations called the Chinese Six Companies.
旁白：到了绝境，挑衅的唐人街转向了自己的领导人：一个由地区协会组成的财团，称为华人六公司。
Mae M.
梅·M.
Ngai, Historian: The leaders of the Six Companies were the biggest merchants in Chinatown, the most influential members of their associations.
历史学家魏先生：六行的首领是唐人街最大的商人，是他们协会中最有影响力的成员。
Any dispute with the city government or the state government, Chinese would send their representatives to negotiate or to protest.
凡是与市政府或州政府发生纠纷，华人都会派代表去谈判或抗议。
Narrator: The Chinese leaders met with Kinyoun at the consulate and implored him to call off his plans.
旁白：中国领导人在领事馆会见了金永，并恳求他取消计划。
When he refused, the Chinese felt they had no option left but to take to the streets.
当他拒绝时，中国人觉得他们别无选择，只能走上街头。
From the most powerful merchant to the lowliest worker -- all of Chinatown took immediate action to protest Kinyoun’s orders.
从最有权势的商人到最底层的工人——整个唐人街都立即采取行动抗议金永的命令。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: There were riots, a thousand Chinese protesters descended on Portsmouth square in Chinatown where federal doctors had set up tents to vaccinate people, and they pulled cobblestones out of the streets and threw them in shop windows and pitching furniture into the street.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：发生了骚乱，一千名中国抗议者涌向唐人街的朴茨茅斯广场，联邦医生在那里搭起了帐篷为人们接种疫苗，他们从街道上拉出鹅卵石，扔进商店橱窗，并将家具扔到街上。
They stood up to him and they said, we are not standing for these measures.
他们站起来反对他，他们说，我们不支持这些措施。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens, CAPT, United States Public Health Service: It was so terrible that a hundred police had to protect Kinyoun because the San Francisco mobs would have killed him.
莫伦斯，上尉，美国公共卫生局：这太可怕了，一百名警察不得不保护金永，因为旧金山的暴徒会杀了他。
Mae M.
梅·M.
Ngai , Historian : The Chinese in San Francisco are beleaguered, but they also have fought every inch of the way with legal cases that are brought by the leadership of the community, the merchant leaders sometimes together with the Chinese Consul.
魏，历史学家：旧金山的华人陷入了困境，但他们也通过社区领导层、商人领袖有时与中国领事一起提起的法律诉讼，竭尽全力地进行斗争。
…
……
They sued the government over everything.
他们就一切事情起诉政府。
Narrator: Chinatown rose up as one to fight the travel ban.
旁白：唐人街奋起反抗旅行禁令。
Within days of the mandate, a class action suit was filed, naming Kinyoun and the San Francisco Board of health.
在获得授权后的几天内，就提起了集体诉讼，其中提到了 Kinyoun 和旧金山卫生局。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: A businessman named Wong Wai sued, he went to court and he charged that Dr. Kinyoun and everyone involved had violated the rights of the Chinese.
Marilyn Chase，作家：一位名叫Wong Wai的商人提起诉讼，他上了法庭，指控Kinyoun博士和所有涉案人员侵犯了华人的权利。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: There was a petition for an injunction to stop the health authorities from preventing people from leaving the city.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩，法律历史学家：有人请愿，要求颁布禁令，以阻止卫生当局阻止人们离开这座城市。
It was racially discriminatory and that was forbidden by the 14th amendment.
这是种族歧视，是第十四修正案所禁止的。
Which says, no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction, the equal protection of the law.
其中规定，任何国家未经正当法律程序不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产，也不得拒绝其管辖范围内的任何人受到法律的平等保护。
The Chinese were not eligible to become citizens, but had secured for themselves recognition as a constitutional persons.
华人没有资格成为公民，但已获得宪法上承认的人的资格。
And as such, they came under the protection of the 14th amendment.
因此，它们受到第十四修正案的保护。
Nayan Shah, Historian: What you end up having for the court case is a question.
Nayan Shah，历史学家：法庭案件最终会产生一个问题。
Is this a kind of unfair use of the law that targets one group racially unfairly?
这是否是一种不公平地利用法律，以种族不公平的方式针对某一群体？
Marilyn Chase, Writer: The Judge agreed with the Chinese.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：法官同意中国人的观点。
And he said, …
他说，……
I see no proof that you've offered that this is a disease more likely to be contracted by or transmitted by Chinese people.
我没有看到任何证据表明你提出这种疾病更有可能由中国人感染或传播。
He said this travel ban had been illegally applied with an evil eye and an uneven hand, focused on racial theories of disease transmission, completely unscientific.
他说，这项旅行禁令是用邪恶的眼光和不公正的手段非法实施的，其重点是疾病传播的种族理论，完全不科学。
Narrator : In addition, the judge issued a restraining order against Kinyoun…
旁白：此外，法官还对 Kinyoun 发出了限制令……
and advised him and the MHS in no uncertain terms to back off.
并毫不含糊地建议他和 MHS 放弃。
Stung by the emphatic ruling, Kinyoun wired his fears to Wyman.
金永对这一严厉的裁决感到震惊，他将自己的担忧转嫁给了怀曼。
Voiceover, Joseph Kinyoun: "believe situation to United States very grave…the decision practically nullifies all acts of Federal Government ...most serious blow Service has received."
画外音，约瑟夫·金永（Joseph Kinyoun）：“相信美国的局势非常严峻……这一决定实际上使联邦政府的所有行为无效……服务部门受到的最严重的打击。”
Narrator: Unwavering in his convictions, Kinyoun ignored the judge and continued to enforce the known scientific measures of isolation and sanitation.
旁白：金永坚定不移地信念，无视法官的判决，继续执行已知的科学隔离和卫生措施。
He pushed for camps on Angel Island as well as remote Mission Rock to detain people even suspected of having the plague.
他推动在天使岛和偏远的使命岩建立营地，以拘留疑似感染鼠疫的人。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: There were now threats to remove people forcibly from Chinatown.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：现在有人威胁要强行将人们赶出唐人街。
And at the head of it all was Dr. Kinyoun, so he was called the Wolf doctor.
而这一切的领导者就是金永博士，因此他被称为“狼医”。
He acquired this nickname for what was perceived as this sort of snappy and officious manner: aggressive, an assault on people, kind of adding insult to injury.
他之所以获得这个绰号，是因为他的这种急躁和多管闲事的态度：咄咄逼人，对人进行攻击，有点雪上加霜。
Voiceover, Chung Sai Yat Po Daily: The wolf doctor is baring his claws and teeth, …
《中山日报》画外音：狼医张牙舞爪，……
enforced relocation to an icy remote island renders us without wings to fly.
被迫迁移到冰冷的偏远岛屿，使我们失去了飞翔的翅膀。
Mae M.
梅·M.
Ngai, Historian: The city and the health authorities were never really interested in ameliorating the conditions in Chinatown.
Ngai，历史学家：市政府和卫生当局从来没有真正对改善唐人街的条件感兴趣。
What they wanted to do was isolate the Chinese community, protect white people.
他们想做的是孤立华人社区，保护白人。
And that was their goal.
这就是他们的目标。
So, there's very little space to gain people's trust because the whole thing is rotten.
所以，获得人们信任的空间很小，因为整个事情都很糟糕。
Narrator: And now, other states were starting to put commercial pressure on California, as well.
旁白：现在，其他州也开始向加州施加商业压力。
Everything erupted in an acrimonious 3- day meeting—with Kinyoun weighing in forcefully.
一切都在为期 3 天的激烈会议中爆发，Kinyoun 也强势介入。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: The state of Texas was preventing people and products from San Francisco, from entering Texas.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩（Charles McClain），法律历史学家：德克萨斯州正在阻止来自旧金山的人员和产品进入德克萨斯州。
So, the State Board of Health was putting tremendous pressure on the local Board of Health and says what you need to do is quarantine Chinatown.
因此，州卫生委员会向当地卫生委员会施加了巨大压力，并表示你需要做的是隔离唐人街。
Narrator: On May 28 th , Kinyoun privately exulted when the state health board secured what he had long thought was the best option -- a full lockdown of all of Chinatown, indefinitely.
旁白：5 月 28 日，当州卫生委员会做出了他长期以来认为的最佳选择——无限期全面封锁整个唐人街时，Kinyoun 私下里欣喜若狂。
Within hours, 159 policemen descended on the district, working in three around-the-clock shifts.
几小时内，159 名警察来到该地区，分三班昼夜不停地工作。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: They start putting barbed wire around the quarter, they've started putting a wall up around Chinatown.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩（Charles McClain），法律历史学家：他们开始在这个街区周围设置铁丝网，他们开始在唐人街周围筑起围墙。
And it becomes very clear to the Chinese that this is not like the first quarantine.
中国人非常清楚，这不像第一次隔离。
The Chinese were very, very upset immediately, as soon as the quarantine was declared.
宣布隔离后，中国人立即非常非常不安。
Narrator : Once again, nearly 20,000 people were locked down.
旁白：近两万人再次被封锁。
They had no idea when they would be allowed out….
他们不知道什么时候才能被允许出去……
or whether the authorities might even attempt to burn down the district like Honolulu only months before.
或者当局是否甚至可能像几个月前的檀香山一样试图烧毁该地区。
With no streetcar service or incoming shipments of food and other vital supplies, panic quickly spread.
由于没有有轨电车服务，也没有食品和其他重要物资的运来，恐慌迅速蔓延。
John.
约翰.
A.
A.
Powell, Legal Historian: It was very draconian for the Chinese.
法律历史学家鲍威尔：这对中国人来说是非常严厉的。
You had this complicated interaction between the city, state, and the federal government.
市、州和联邦政府之间存在着复杂的互动。
But there was almost a consensus, among all of them, that somehow the heart of the problem were the Chinese.
但他们几乎一致认为，问题的核心在于中国人。
And if we could just control the Chinese, we could control this plague.
如果我们能够控制中国人，我们就能控制这场瘟疫。
Nayan Shah, Historian: People had that sense of doubt …
Nayan Shah，历史学家：人们有这种怀疑感……
is this the way in which the health officials who never cared about our wellbeing, want to eradicate us.
这就是那些从不关心我们福祉的卫生官员想要消灭我们的方式吗？
Narrator : Once more the Chinese turned to the most powerful tool they had.
旁白：中国人再一次求助于他们拥有的最强大的工具。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: They file suit again.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩，法律历史学家：他们再次提起诉讼。
And this leads to the second case, Jew Ho vs. Williamson.
这就引出了第二个案件，Jew Ho 诉 Williamson。
And again, Kinyoun was a named defendant.
Kinyoun 再次被列为被告。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: A grocer on Stockton Street, Jew Ho, noticed that the quarantine lines were not drawn in a straight line around all businesses in the region, that they zigged and zagged to exclude white merchants.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯 (Marilyn Chase)：斯托克顿街 (Stockton Street) 的一位杂货店 Jew Ho 注意到，该地区所有企业周围的隔离线并不是画成一条直线，而是蜿蜒曲折，以排除白人商人。
And it was specifically designed not to protect the health of an entire district, but to isolate the Chinese.
它是专门设计的，不是为了保护整个地区的健康，而是为了隔离华人。
Bruce Quan, Jr., Great Grandson of Lew Hing: The quarantine line was along Stockton Street, so the cannery was in quarantine.
Bruce Quan, Jr.，Lew Hing 的曾孙：隔离线位于斯托克顿街，因此罐头厂处于隔离状态。
And the white workers, women and girls employed by Lew Hing in the cannery, they were allowed to come and go but not the Chinese.
卢兴在罐头厂雇用的白人工人、妇女和女孩可以进出，但华人不行。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: The judge says, it's very clear that the Caucasians on the perimeter of being treated differently and it has to do with whether this is a reasonable exercise of the police power.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩，法律历史学家：法官说，很明显，周边的白人受到了区别对待，这与警察权力是否合理行使有关。
And again, the court says, no, because the Chinese are not being protected at all.
法院再次说不，因为中国人根本没有受到保护。
They're not being prevented from intermingling with each other; the individuals who had contact with these people who died of the plague have not been quarantined.
他们并没有被阻止相互混合；而是被阻止。与这些死于鼠疫的人有过接触的人没有被隔离。
So, if the idea is to prevent the spread of a contagious disease, isn't this an unreasonable way to do it.
所以，如果这个想法是为了防止传染病的传播，这不是一个不合理的做法吗？
Narrator: A day after the ruling, Kinyoun imposed a sweeping travel ban on all Californians, regardless of race.
旁白：裁决后的第二天，金永对所有加州人（无论种族）实施了全面的旅行禁令。
This meant no one could leave the state without a health certificate from him.
这意味着没有他的健康证明，任何人都不能离开该州。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: And of course, that made him a menace to the entire city and the whole state of California.
玛丽莲·蔡斯，作家：当然，这使他对整个城市和整个加利福尼亚州构成威胁。
Dr. Kinyoun was a top down officer.
金永博士是一位自上而下的官员。
He led by issuing sound scientific diagnoses….
他通过发布合理的科学诊断来领导......
that plays very well in the lab and not so well on the street.
在实验室中效果很好，但在街上效果不佳。
Narrator: Three days later—on June 19th, 1900—Kinyoun was dealt a stunning rebuke.
旁白：三天后，即 1900 年 6 月 19 日，Kinyoun 遭到了令人震惊的斥责。
President William McKinley was forced to apologize to enraged state legislators for the actions of his federal officer—and swiftly revoked the travel ban.
威廉·麦金利总统被迫为其联邦官员的行为向愤怒的州立法者道歉，并迅速撤销了旅行禁令。
Desperate to do the right thing, Kinyoun had played his biggest card...
金永迫切地想做正确的事，他打出了他最大的牌……
and lost.
并失去了。
Narrator : But the situation only worsened.
旁白：但情况只会变得更糟。
Until now, there had been thirteen confirmed plague deaths, all Chinese.
到目前为止，已有十三人确诊死于鼠疫，全部是中国人。
From the beginning, racial pseudoscience had lulled many into the complacency of ignorance.
从一开始，种族伪科学就让许多人陷入了无知的自满之中。
What’s more, the disease came and went in mysterious and inexplicable waves.
更重要的是，这种疾病以神秘莫名的浪潮来来去去。
Kinyoun feared that the plague was spreading in darkness.
金尤恩担心瘟疫会在黑暗中蔓延。
This was confirmed in mid-August—when the first known white victim, William Murphy, fell ill and died.
这在八月中旬得到了证实，当时第一位已知的白人受害者威廉·墨菲 (William Murphy) 生病去世了。
A worker who routinely made deliveries to Chinatown, he was succeeded that fall by another non-Chinese victim—a nurse at the Children’s Hospital who had never been to the district.
他是一名经常去唐人街送货的工人，那年秋天，另一名非华裔受害者接替了他——一名从未去过该地区的儿童医院护士。
Narrator: Panicked that the disease had begun to spread beyond Chinatown, Kinyoun put all his men on high alert.
旁白：由于担心这种疾病已经开始蔓延到唐人街以外的地方，金永让他的所有手下都处于高度戒备状态。
Late that September, a steamship called the Coptic arrived from Hawaii and docked at Angel Island.
那年九月底，一艘名为科普特号的轮船从夏威夷抵达并停靠在天使岛。
An overzealous health officer ordered that all passengers -- rich and poor, male and female alike -- be strip-searched en masse and examined for buboes in the armpits and groin.
一名过分热心的卫生官员下令对所有乘客，无论贫富、男性还是女性，都要进行集体脱衣搜身，并检查腋窝和腹股沟是否有淋巴结肿大。
First class passengers were outraged…
头等舱乘客愤怒了……
and vowed to never again sail into San Francisco as long as Kinyoun was in charge.
并发誓只要金永还在任，就不再驶入旧金山。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Now, everyone was out for blood.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：现在，每个人都渴望流血。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: The state Senate in California, say that Kinyoun should be hung for what he's doing.
作者兰德尔：加利福尼亚州参议院表示，金永应该因他的所作所为而被绞死。
Marilyn Chase, Writer : He had been decried by the politicians, by the press…
玛丽莲·蔡斯，作家：他受到政客、媒体的谴责……
The legislators want him to leave, lobbying the federal government for his transfer out of the city.
立法者希望他离开，并游说联邦政府将他调出该市。
By now Dr. Kinyoun had been smacked down in the courts, he was defending his hypothesis, his diagnosis, his standing in the Marine Hospital service.
到目前为止，金尤恩医生已经在法庭上被打倒了，他正在为他的假设、他的诊断以及他在海军陆战队医院服务中的地位辩护。
So he is literally a man under fire, besieged
所以他实际上是一个被炮火围困的人
Voiceover, Joseph Kinyoun : It appears to me that commercial interests of San Francisco are more dear to the inhabitants than the preservation of human life.
画外音，Joseph Kinyoun：在我看来，对于旧金山的居民来说，商业利益比保护人类生命更重要。
I am at war with everybody out here.
我和这里的每个人都处于战争状态。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: California's Governor Gage spun a fantastic conspiracy theory.
玛丽莲·蔡斯，作家：加利福尼亚州州长盖奇编造了一个奇妙的阴谋论。
He said that Dr. Kinyoun and the federal doctors had actually created a fake plague by injecting corpses with plague bacteria that they had secretly imported.
他说，金永博士和联邦医生实际上是通过向尸体注射他们秘密进口的鼠疫细菌来制造假鼠疫。
That it was all made up.
这一切都是编造出来的。
And he planted the seed of doubt in people's minds.
他在人们的心中种下了怀疑的种子。
This was too much for Dr. Kinyoun.
这对金永博士来说太过分了。
And in despair and anger he wired his boss, Surgeon General Walter Wyman, and said, "Please defend me from this slander against myself and the Marine Hospital Service."
在绝望和愤怒中，他给他的老板、卫生局局长沃尔特·怀曼（Walter Wyman）发了一封电报，说道：“请保护我免受针对我自己和海军陆战队医院服务部门的诽谤。”
Narrator: But Wyman chose to remain silent.
旁白：但怀曼选择保持沉默。
Kinyoun was left defenseless…
金永毫无防备……
and utterly alone.
并且完全孤独。
In despair, he wrote to a colleague.
绝望之下，他写信给一位同事。
Voiceover, Joseph Kinyoun: My exoneration rests upon Dr. Wyman openly avowing his responsibility for my official actions.
旁白，约瑟夫·金永：我的无罪取决于怀曼博士公开承认他对我的官方行为负责。
This he should, if he possesses the courage of a man.
如果他有男人的勇气，他就应该这么做。
All these years I have stood loyally by the side of Dr. Wyman, keeping his political head from rolling into the basket...
这些年来我一直忠诚地站在怀曼博士一边，不让他的政治头脑滚进篮子里……
Joseph K.
约瑟夫·K.
Houts, Jr., Great Grandson of Joseph J.
小豪茨 (Houts, Jr.)，约瑟夫·J·豪斯 (Joseph J. Houts) 的曾孙
Kinyoun: It took a lot of stamina and guts, to stay the course, that was what he believed in.
Kinyoun：需要很大的耐力和勇气才能坚持到底，这就是他所相信的。
Cause he knew it where everybody else doubted him.
因为他知道其他人都怀疑他。
Narrator: Barely nine months since his first forensic diagnosis – Kinyoun confirmed the 22nd known plague casualty.
旁白：距离首次法医诊断还不到九个月，Kinyoun 确认了第 22 例已知的鼠疫死者。
Seeking vindication, he now demanded a thorough, outside investigation into the truth of the matter.
为了寻求平反，他现在要求对事情的真相进行彻底的外部调查。
Meanwhile, word of San Francisco’s troubles continued to spread across the country.
与此同时，有关旧金山陷入困境的消息继续传遍全国。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens , CAPT, United States Public Health Service: It became obvious to everybody in the country that San Francisco had an epidemic and they weren't admitting to it.
Morens，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务局：全国每个人都清楚旧金山发生了流行病，但他们却不承认。
The federal government and the state government of California were at a standoff.
联邦政府和加州政府陷入僵局。
So, a deal was cut that there would be a neutral federal commission, 3 of the most prominent bacteriologists in the United States would go West to investigate and find out whether there really was a plague epidemic and whether Kinyoun was doing the right things or the wrong things.
于是，达成了一项协议，成立一个中立的联邦委员会，三位美国最著名的细菌学家将前往西方进行调查，查明是否真的存在鼠疫流行，以及Kinyoun是否在做正确的事情或错误的事情。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: Kinyoun,was looking for that sense of validation.
兰德尔（Randall），作者：Kinyoun，正在寻找那种验证感。
He felt like he was 2000 miles away from anybody who consider his peer, who he trusted.
他觉得自己与任何认为他的同伴、他信任的人相距 2000 英里。
You know, finally, here are people who care about science, who care about medicine.
你知道，最后，这里有关心科学、关心医学的人。
And now I'm going to validated, and we're going to save, you know, thousands, if not millions of lives.
现在我要进行验证，我们将拯救数千甚至数百万人的生命。
Narrator: When the 3-man commission arrived in San Francisco in late January, 1901, they felt the full urgency of their mission.
旁白：当 3 人委员会于 1901 年 1 月下旬抵达旧金山时，他们感受到了使命的紧迫性。
Sensing they had to penetrate Chinatown, they immediately hired a local translator and go-between, a former Six Companies secretary named Wong Chung.
意识到他们必须深入唐人街，他们立即聘请了一名当地翻译和中间人，一位名叫黄钟的前六公司秘书。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author : He was the link between the medical establishment and San Francisco establishment and the Chinese six companies and Chinatown itself.
兰德尔，作者：他是医疗机构和旧金山机构以及中国六家公司和唐人街本身之间的纽带。
Narrator: The move paid off.
旁白：此举得到了回报。
With the help of Wong Chung -- and with Kinyoun safely on Angel Island -- the commission was quickly able to gain what had been missing for months: not just trust…
在黄忠的帮助下，以及金永安全抵达天使岛的帮助下，委员会很快就获得了几个月来缺失的东西：不仅仅是信任……
but access.
但访问。
Within weeks, they confirmed six new cases.
几周内，他们确认了六例新病例。
When Governor Henry Gage learned of the commission’s upcoming report, he panicked.
当州长亨利·盖奇得知该委员会即将发布的报告时，他惊慌失措。
He hastily made a trip to Washington, DC, accompanied by a hand-picked army of the most powerful men in California: senators, newspaper editors, and business leaders.
他匆忙前往华盛顿特区，陪同的还有一群精心挑选的加州最有权势的人：参议员、报纸编辑和商界领袖。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: When he arrived in Washington, he visited Surgeon General Walter Wyman, and he proposed a quid pro quo.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：当他抵达华盛顿时，他拜访了卫生局局长沃尔特·怀曼，并提出了一个交换条件。
He said, "We will clean up the city of San Francisco if you keep the existence of the plague a secret from the nation.”
他说：“如果你们对全国隐瞒鼠疫的存在，我们将清理旧金山市。”
Narrator : Both sides had much to gain.
旁白：双方都有很多收获。
California needed the White House to put an end to the matter that was threatening to take down its economy and reputation.
加州需要白宫结束这件威胁其经济和声誉的事件。
And McKinley needed the vote-rich state to ensure his upcoming bid for re-election.
麦金莱需要这个选票丰富的州来确保他即将竞选连任。
All of the men now agreed: one hand would wash the other.
现在所有的人都同意：一只手洗另一只手。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens , CAPT, United States Public Health Service: And this unholy deal was undertaken in the office of the President of the United States, President McKinley in concert with senior Republican leaders including those from California.
莫伦斯，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务部：这项邪恶的交易是在美国总统麦金莱总统的办公室与包括来自加利福尼亚州的共和党高级领导人合作进行的。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: And they struck a deal with the Surgeon General to maintain what Dr. Walter Wyman, Surgeon General, called a perfect seal of silence.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：他们与卫生局局长达成了一项协议，以维持卫生局局长沃尔特·怀曼博士所说的完美的沉默。
They would hush it up.
他们会掩盖这件事。
Narrator: On March 6, 1901 -- exactly one year since Wong Chut King’s death -- a local headline blared an unexpected -- and scandalous -- scoop.
旁白：1901 年 3 月 6 日，也就是黄楚金去世一年后，当地的一个头条新闻报道了一条出人意料的丑闻新闻。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Reporters broke news of this infamous pact signed by the Surgeon General and the governor of California.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：记者爆料了卫生局局长和加利福尼亚州州长签署的这项臭名昭著的协议。
And word got out about this cover up.
关于这种掩盖行为的消息传开了。
Narrator : Wyman found himself in an uncomfortable position.
旁白：怀曼发现自己处于一个不舒服的境地。
Yet he also knew that much of the vitriol aimed at the MHS had been greatly exacerbated by Kinyoun’s actions.
但他也知道，Kinyoun 的行为大大加剧了针对 MHS 的尖酸刻薄的言论。
His perceived lack of diplomacy was all anyone could talk about.
所有人都在谈论他缺乏外交手腕。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens , CAPT, United States Public Health Service: Kinyoun had to be thrown under the bus.
Morens，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务部：Kinyoun 不得不被扔到公共汽车下。
And so, he was removed from his job without a real explanation of why.
因此，他被解雇了，但没有真正解释原因。
Narrator: In May 1901, Kinyoun was ordered -- without thanks, fanfare, or even notice -- to pack up his family and relocate to Detroit.
旁白：1901 年 5 月，金永接到命令——没有感谢，没有大张旗鼓，甚至没有通知——收拾他的家人搬到底特律。
He had spent two long years trying to protect the country -- and seemingly all in vain.
他花了两年的时间试图保护国家——但似乎一切都是徒劳。
Trish Reeves , Great Granddaughter of Joseph J.
翠西·里维斯 (Trish Reeves)，约瑟夫·J·里维斯 (Joseph J. Reeves) 的曾孙女
Kinyoun: It was such a devastating blow because it basically ended his scientific career in many ways.
Kinyoun：这是一个毁灭性的打击，因为它在很多方面基本上结束了他的科学生涯。
He did not get to go back to his beloved lab.
他没能回到他心爱的实验室。
And I think that was devastating.
我认为这是毁灭性的。
David M.
大卫·M。
Morens , CAPT, United States Public Health Service: I think he believed he had spent his life doing really good things, and he was very proud of that.
Morens，CAPT，美国公共卫生服务部：我认为他相信他一生都在做真正的好事，他为此感到非常自豪。
And I think to be thrown under the bus was probably devastating to him.
我认为被扔到公共汽车下可能对他来说是毁灭性的。
Because it called into question, the goodness of all those things he'd been doing for so long.
因为这让人质疑他这么长时间以来所做的所有这些事情的好处。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Dr. Kinyoun did the hard work of nailing the scientific diagnosis.
作家 Marilyn Chase：Kinyoun 博士为确定科学诊断付出了艰辛的努力。
He just couldn't make it stick in the minds of the populace.
他只是无法让这件事深入人心。
And he was hurt.
他受伤了。
He was indignant.
他很愤怒。
And being somewhat hot tempered, he didn't go quietly.
而且脾气有些暴躁，他并没有安静地走。
He blasted the city, he blasted Chinatown, blasted all the authorities.
他炮轰这座城市，他炮轰唐人街，炮轰所有当局。
Narrator: Kinyoun had come to San Francisco expecting to champion science and save the country.
旁白：Kinyoun 来到旧金山，希望捍卫科学并拯救国家。
Instead, he had been sent away in ignominy…
相反，他被羞辱地送走了……
while the danger still remained.
而危险依然存在。
Narrator : With Kinyoun gone, California turned to happier business.
旁白：随着金永的离开，加州的生意变得更加愉快。
As their part of the secret deal brokered months before, state politicians welcomed President McKinley to a lavish, all-expenses-paid junket.
作为几个月前达成的秘密协议的一部分，州政界人士欢迎麦金莱总统参加一场奢华、费用全包的宴会。
Meanwhile, Wyman was on the hunt for a new quarantine officer.
与此同时，怀曼正在寻找新的检疫官员。
But after Kinyoun’s humiliating ouster, no one in the MHS community wanted what they saw as an impossible job.
但在 Kinyoun 被羞辱地驱逐之后，MHS 社区中没有人想要这份他们认为不可能的工作。
He finally settled on a candidate: Rupert Lee Blue, a 32-year old physician from the MHS.
他最终选定了一位候选人：鲁珀特·李·布鲁 (Rupert Lee Blue)，一位来自 MHS 的 32 岁医生。
Unlike Kinyoun, Blue wasn’t a research scientist.
与 Kinyoun 不同，Blue 并不是一名研究科学家。
He lacked Kinyoun’s medical pedigree and rigorous training.
他缺乏金永那样的医学背景和严格的训练。
In fact, he wasn’t Wyman’s first or even second choice.
事实上，他不是怀曼的第一选择，甚至不是第二选择。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Rupert Lee Blue or Pert as he was known by his nickname was round faced and shy.
玛丽莲·蔡斯 (Marilyn Chase)，编剧：鲁珀特·李·布鲁 (Rupert Lee Blue) 或绰号“珀特”(Pert)，圆脸且害羞。
He was diffident.
他很胆怯。
And he really loved boxing matches, not just as a spectator but also as an amateur participant.
他真的很喜欢拳击比赛，不仅作为观众，而且作为业余参与者。
He was preceded by rumors that he was lazy, as one of his colleagues called him inert.
在他之前就有传言说他很懒，因为他的一位同事称他惰性。
Inert Pert.
惰性珀特。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: He was known as a kind affable guy, not necessarily the most accomplished.
兰德尔，作者：他被认为是一个和蔼可亲的人，但不一定是最有成就的人。
Other people thought of him as somebody who is barely getting by, but it's hard to be that critical of somebody you like, you know, or somebody who's friendly.
其他人认为他是一个勉强度日的人，但你很难对你喜欢的人、你知道的人或友善的人提出批评。
Narrator: The sixth of eight children, Blue was born three years after the end of the Civil War to a struggling but respected family in Marion, South Carolina.
旁白：布鲁是八个孩子中的第六个，在内战结束三年后出生于南卡罗来纳州马里恩一个贫困但受人尊敬的家庭。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: Blue came from nothing, essentially, and grew up in the fields.
作者兰德尔：蓝色本质上是从无到有，在田野里长大的。
He'd walk with his siblings, bursting open watermelons with his fist and eating right there in the fields.
他会和兄弟姐妹一起散步，用拳头敲开西瓜，然后在地里吃。
He knew he was not the most favored son.
他知道自己不是最受宠的儿子。
His older brother, Victor was a war hero.
他的哥哥维克多是一位战争英雄。
And, the parents idolized Victor.
而且，父母崇拜维克多。
Rupert Blue kind of felt that if Victor's purpose in life is to harm, perhaps my purpose in life is to heal.
鲁珀特·布鲁（Rupert Blue）觉得，如果维克多的人生目的是伤害，那么也许我的人生目的就是治愈。
So, he went into medicine.
于是，他走上了医学之路。
And went to one of the first public medical schools in the US.
并去了美国最早的公立医学院之一。
He wrote letters back to his mom saying, I don't think I can hack it.
他写信给他妈妈说，我想我无法破解它。
I can barely survive.
我快要活不下去了。
And he barely graduated medical school.
他刚刚从医学院毕业。
Narrator : Blue joined the Commissioned Corps of the Marine Hospital Service.
旁白：布鲁加入了海军陆战队医院服务军团。
The MHS represented adventure with a purpose – the chance to see a world bigger than that of his small-town boyhood and to confront diseases he had only read about in school.
MHS 代表着有目的的冒险——有机会看到比他小时候的小镇更广阔的世界，并有机会对抗他只在学校里读到的疾病。
As a quarantine officer, he tracked yellow fever in Galveston, monitored infectious diseases in Milwaukee; and investigated possible plague cases in Rome.
作为一名检疫官员，他在加尔维斯顿追踪黄热病，在密尔沃基监测传染病；并调查了罗马可能发生的鼠疫病例。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: He had to work hard.
玛丽莲·蔡斯，作家：他必须努力工作。
Having lost his father to illness, he had to send money to his widowed mother and to his teenage sisters at home.
父亲因病去世，他不得不寄钱给寡居的母亲和家里十几岁的姐妹。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: So he was working in the Marine hospital service and also taking all these other side jobs as editor of a medical bulletin or a newsletter just to try to bring in more money.
兰德尔，作者：所以他在海军陆战队医院服务部门工作，同时还从事其他所有副业，担任医疗公告或时事通讯的编辑，只是为了赚更多的钱。
Narrator: The new posting in San Francisco, commercial hub for the nation and Asia, was a huge step up from monitoring shipping fleets on Lake Michigan.
旁白：在美国和亚洲的商业中心旧金山设立的新职位，与监控密歇根湖的船队相比是一个巨大的进步。
It was a high-profile chance for Blue to prove himself - although it came with seemingly insurmountable obstacles.
对于 Blue 来说，这是一次备受瞩目的证明自己的机会，尽管它面临着看似难以克服的障碍。
Chinatown feared and distrusted the MHS and its agents.
唐人街害怕并且不信任 MHS 及其代理人。
City leaders were openly vying for their own interests.
城市领导人公开争夺自己的利益。
State officials still refused to acknowledge that the disease even existed.
州官员仍然拒绝承认这种疾病的存在。
Narrator: By June 1901, there had been a total of 34 official plague deaths…
旁白：到 1901 年 6 月，官方公布的鼠疫死亡人数共有 34 人……
so Blue knew he had no time to lose.
所以布鲁知道他不能再浪费时间了。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: The first thing he did, he moved into the city and he set up a lab right on Merchant Street, which is Chinatown and he was comfortable there.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：他做的第一件事就是搬进这座城市，并在商业街（唐人街）建立了一个实验室，他在那里感到很舒服。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: He would literally just walk into shops and start talking to people and trying to make those kinds of friendships and forge those social bonds.
兰德尔，作者：他实际上只是走进商店，开始与人们交谈，并试图建立这种友谊并建立这些社会纽带。
And Kinyoun, when he went into Chinatown, he had to have protection of armed officers.
而 Kinyoun，当他进入唐人街时，他必须得到武装警察的保护。
Blue, he would walk down the streets by himself.
蓝色，他会一个人走在街上。
Narrator : Blue also kept on Wong Chung, the interpreter who had assisted the federal commission.
旁白：蓝还一直追随曾协助联邦委员会的翻译黄忠。
And since he knew that Chinatown’s dead seemed to mysteriously vanish, he talked Surgeon General Wyman into an unusual expense:
由于他知道唐人街的死者似乎神秘地消失了，他说服卫生局局长怀曼支付一笔不寻常的费用：
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: He arranged for a horse and buggy to have his own essentially morgue service, so he could find bodies and he could inspect them as quickly as he could.
兰德尔，作者：他安排了一辆马车和一辆马车来提供自己的停尸房服务，这样他就可以找到尸体并尽快检查它们。
Blue also paid Chinese translators the same as he did as his white members of the staff, which was radical at the time.
布鲁还向中国翻译支付了与白人员工相同的工资，这在当时是激进的。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: He found himself relying more and more on his translator Wong Chung.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：他发现自己越来越依赖翻译黄钟（Wong Chung）。
Not just as a translator and interpreter, but also as a sort of cultural liaison.
不仅仅是作为笔译员和口译员，而且还是一种文化联络人。
So, Wong Chung helped Dr. Blue understand the community's resistance to western medical interventions.
因此，黄忠帮助布鲁医生了解了社区对西方医疗干预措施的抵制。
Narrator: With Wong as his trusted go-between, Blue revised the harsh protocol of his predecessor.
旁白：有了黄作为值得信赖的中间人，布鲁修改了前任的严厉礼仪。
He disinfected only targeted houses, not whole streets.
他只对目标房屋进行消毒，而不是整条街道。
He quarantined immediate family alone...
他独自隔离了直系亲属……
and limited lockdown to the shortest time possible.
并将封锁限制在尽可能短的时间内。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author : He was somebody who was willing to listen, which was a real skill.
作者兰德尔：他是一个愿意倾听的人，这是一项真正的技能。
He knew he wasn't the smartest.
他知道自己不是最聪明的。
He knew he didn't necessarily have insights that other people did, but he was willing to…
他知道自己不一定有别人的洞察力，但他愿意……
to try everything.
尝试一切。
Narrator : But what Blue discovered was unnerving.
旁白：但是 Blue 的发现令人不安。
In the month of July, three Japanese prostitutes working on the edge of Chinatown died.
7月，三名在唐人街边工作的日本妓女死亡。
Blue reeled at the thought that the women had had contact with literally dozens of nameless customers.
一想到这些妇女与数十名无名顾客有过接触，布鲁就感到震惊。
How many were there?
有多少人？
Where did they go?
他们去哪儿了？
Blue was terrified that the disease was poised to explode exponentially – as he admitted to Wyman.
正如布鲁向怀曼承认的那样，他对这种疾病即将呈指数级爆发感到恐惧。
Voiceover, Rupert Blue: “It would not be an easy matter to trace the source of this infection.”The Chinese …
画外音：鲁珀特·布鲁（Rupert Blue）：“追踪这种感染的源头并不是一件容易的事。”中国人……
seem to know a suspicious case, and depart, like the fleas.
似乎知道了可疑的情况，然后像跳蚤一样离开。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: On the big map right behind his desk.
作者兰德尔：在他办公桌后面的大地图上。
He starts putting red marks everywhere there's a known plague victim.
他开始在所有已知瘟疫受害者的地方都贴上红色标记。
And that becomes this obsession to try to prevent more red marks from showing up on his map, but also to try to find some kind of connection between these victims.
这就变成了一种痴迷，试图阻止更多的红色标记出现在他的地图上，同时也试图找到这些受害者之间的某种联系。
Narrator : For the rest of the summer, Blue patiently continued to explore Chinatown…
旁白：整个夏天，Blue耐心地继续探索唐人街……
always on the lookout for more cases.
始终在寻找更多案例。
On September 11, 1901, following a tip from Wong Chung, Blue and his men had a rare opportunity.
1901 年 9 月 11 日，根据黄忠的举报，布鲁和他的手下获得了一次难得的机会。
In the basement of a grocery store, they found a 28-year old man with signs of the plague…
在一家杂货店的地下室里，他们发现了一名有鼠疫迹象的28岁男子……
and took him to the Tung Wah Dispensary for observation.
并带他到东华医务所留观。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Well, friends of the patient were about to get him out of Chinatown to avoid the red tape, the inspections, the interventions.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：嗯，病人的朋友正准备把他带出唐人街，以避免繁文缛节、检查和干预。
But Wong Chung’s tip enabled the federal doctors to prevent this evasion.
但黄忠的举报让联邦医生阻止了这种逃避行为。
Narrator: It was the first time Blue had had the opportunity to examine a living patient; until now, the Chinese had never trusted the MHS enough to cooperate.
旁白：这是Blue第一次有机会检查活体病人；到目前为止，中国人从未足够信任 MHS 进行合作。
Blue was able to isolate the man and question him about his contacts to hopefully learn how the disease was being spread.
Blue 能够隔离该男子并询问他的接触者情况，希望了解该疾病是如何传播的。
Thanks to Wong Chung’s quiet diligence, Chinatown was starting to open up.
由于黄忠的默默努力，唐人街开始开放。
Cases that had formerly been hidden or misdiagnosed were coming to light …
以前被隐藏或误诊的病例正在曝光……
leading to a wave of ten more confirmed diagnoses.
导致一波新增十例确诊病例。
Voiceover, Rupert Blue: “I am working like a Trojan...and I trust that my labors will be rewarded.
画外音，鲁珀特·布鲁：“我像特洛伊木马一样工作……我相信我的劳动会得到回报。
We are still working quietly, avoiding friction with the State or the Chinese.
我们仍在悄悄工作，避免与国家或中国人发生摩擦。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: He soon finds more and more victims.
兰德尔，作者：他很快就发现了越来越多的受害者。
He sees living victims.
他看到了活生生的受害者。
He sees more victims quickly before they can be hidden away.
在他们被隐藏起来之前，他很快就会看到更多的受害者。
So, he starts realizing the scope of the problem.
因此，他开始意识到问题的严重性。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: So, Wong Chung played a pivotal role.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），编剧：所以，黄忠扮演了关键角色。
And for this, he took many risks.
而为此，他也冒了很多风险。
The state doctors who denied the plague's existence may have tipped Chinatown gangsters that Wong Chung was a collaborator.
否认鼠疫存在的州医生可能向唐人街黑帮透露黄忠是同谋。
A traitor to his community.
他的社区的叛徒。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: Not that long after, someone tried to kill him and he had to run for his life essentially.
作者兰德尔：不久之后，有人试图杀死他，他不得不逃命。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: It took the intervention of Washington and only then was Wong Chung secure to go about his medical rounds with the doctors.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：经过华盛顿的干预，黄忠才得以安全地接受医生的查房。
Narrator: For eighteen months, Blue like Kinyoun before him had been confounded by the low number of fatalities—but neither man had had the full picture.
旁白：十八个月来，布鲁和他之前的金永一样，都对死亡人数之低感到困惑，但两人都没有全面了解情况。
Blue began to realize that white doctors throughout San Francisco, bowing to political pressure, were deliberately misdiagnosing cases in order to minimize actual numbers.
布鲁开始意识到，旧金山各地的白人医生迫于政治压力，故意误诊病例，以尽量减少实际数字。
Voiceover, Rupert Blue : “Scant courtesy, singular apathy, and in the end, interference have characterized [the state health board] at a time of grave public peril,” “eradication of the disease [would be] entirely out of the question, and the danger of an indefinite stay is enhanced.”
画外音，鲁珀特·布鲁：“在公众面临严重危险的时刻，缺乏礼貌、奇特的冷漠以及最后的干扰成为了[州卫生委员会]的特征，”“根除这种疾病[将]完全不可能，并且无限期停留的危险也增加了。”
Narrator: By the fall of 1902, the number of officially-diagnosed cases had tripled.
旁白：到 1902 年秋天，官方诊断的病例数量增加了两倍。
At the annual meeting of state and local health boards in New Haven, Connecticut, San Francisco was all everyone talked about.
在康涅狄格州纽黑文举行的州和地方卫生委员会年会上，所有人都在谈论旧金山。
California officials continued to deny that the plague existed – in direct contradiction to the MHS and national papers.
加州官员继续否认鼠疫的存在——这与 MHS 和国家报纸直接矛盾。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Other state boards of health started issuing censure votes and statements of condemnation against the state of California, against Governor Gage, against the denial of plague.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：其他州卫生委员会开始针对加利福尼亚州、盖奇州长和否认瘟疫的行为发出谴责票和谴责声明。
And some radicals even demanded that the Navy transfer centers be moved north to Seattle.
一些激进分子甚至要求将海军转移中心北迁至西雅图。
Well, this was serious.
嗯，这很严重。
San Francisco did not want to risk such a loss of power.
旧金山不想冒这样的停电风险。
At this point, the denial of plague became costly.
此时，否认瘟疫的代价就变得高昂了。
California had run out of options.
加州已经别无选择。
It was time to face it and clean it out and stamp it out.
是时候面对它、清理它、消灭它了。
Narrator: The responsibility of controlling the plague rested squarely on Blue’s shoulders.
旁白：控制瘟疫的责任完全落在了布鲁的肩上。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Blue’s boxing taught him how to bob and weave, size up his opponents, anticipating their next move, and put an edge on his strategic approach.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：布鲁的拳击教会了他如何晃动和迂回，如何估量对手，预测他们的下一步行动，并在他的战略方法上发挥优势。
Narrator: Now, he stared at his map for the hundredth time.
旁白：现在，他第一百次盯着地图了。
Every single block in Chinatown had had a confirmed case.
唐人街的每个街区都出现了确诊病例。
But in the previous September, a white washerwoman with no connection to the district had died of plague….
但去年九月，一名与该地区无关的白人洗衣妇死于鼠疫……
and she lived a block away.
她住在一个街区之外。
Narrator: It dawned on Blue he’d been ignoring something that had been right in front of him the entire time.
旁白：布鲁突然意识到，他一直忽略了一直就在他面前的一些事情。
The mystery of why the plague had decimated Europe and Asia for centuries was finally beginning to unravel.
瘟疫为何在几个世纪以来席卷欧洲和亚洲的谜团终于开始解开。
Rev.
牧师。
Harry Chuck, Community Activist: For us kids.
Harry Chuck，社区活动家：对于我们孩子来说。
One of the great pastimes was just fishing off at the piers, which ran almost right up against Chinatown.
最棒的消遣之一就是在码头钓鱼，码头几乎正对着唐人街。
And ships that were moored to the docks, they had these huge ropes.
停泊在码头的船只有这些巨大的绳索。
You would see rats.
你会看到老鼠。
Rats just coming from the ships and coming down those ropes and some of them would just fall in the water.
老鼠刚从船上下来，顺着绳子下来，其中一些会掉进水里。
Others were able to find their way onto the docks .
其他人找到了通往码头的路。
They scurried, they were fast and they were quick.
他们急匆匆地跑，他们的速度很快，他们的速度也很快。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: Rats are biological marvels in many ways because they can survive almost anything.
作者兰德尔：老鼠在很多方面都是生物奇迹，因为它们几乎可以在任何情况下生存。
And they can breed incredibly quickly.
而且它们的繁殖速度非常快。
Archival Footage: And a single pair of rats left to reproduce unhampered would become fifteen hundred in a year.
档案镜头：一对不受阻碍地繁殖的老鼠一年内会增加到 1500 只。
Narrator: In his lab, Blue and his men had discovered plague germs in dead rats that they had dissected.
旁白：在他的实验室里，布鲁和他的手下在他们解剖的死老鼠身上发现了鼠疫细菌。
He was now struck by the possibility that rats themselves might somehow spread the disease as they roamed the city – though he still had no idea how.
现在，他对老鼠在城市中漫步时可能以某种方式传播疾病的可能性感到震惊——尽管他仍然不知道如何传播这种疾病。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author : And he realizes the only way we're going to save San Francisco is if we kill as many rats as possible.
作者兰德尔：他意识到我们拯救旧金山的唯一方法就是杀死尽可能多的老鼠。
So, they focus on rat eradication.
因此，他们的重点是消灭老鼠。
Narrator: Thanks to Wong Chung’s prior outreach, the Chinese Six Companies now agreed that all Chinatown businesses would work with health authorities.
旁白：由于黄忠之前的努力，中国六家公司现在同意所有唐人街企业将与卫生当局合作。
Voiceover, Chung Sai Yat Po Daily : People should not be frightened, …These physicians are very kind and gentle.
画外音，《中山日报》：人们不应该害怕，……这些医生非常友善和温柔。
Their main emphasis is to go after the rats.
他们的主要重点是追捕老鼠。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: The state was assigned to hire inspectors.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：该州被指派雇用检查员。
The city would lay traps and poisoned bait for rats.
这座城市会为老鼠设置陷阱和毒饵。
And they tried to get all the citizens involved in rat collection.
他们试图让所有公民参与老鼠收集活动。
So, they offered 10 cents a rat, even 50 cents for breeding female.
因此，他们为每只老鼠提供 10 美分，对于繁殖中的雌性老鼠甚至提供 50 美分。
So, you can imagine this is quite a sum.
所以，你可以想象这是一笔相当大的数目。
And people got sort of involved in bringing in rats.
人们也参与了引进老鼠的活动。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: Blue starts to look for where rats live.
兰德尔，作者：布鲁开始寻找老鼠居住的地方。
Let's create as few nesting spots for rats as possible.
让我们为老鼠创造尽可能少的筑巢点。
Wooden sidewalks provide so many places for rats to nest.
木制人行道为老鼠提供了很多筑巢的地方。
So, he rips those out and, let's have concrete sidewalks.
所以，他把那些东西都撕掉了，让我们修建混凝土人行道。
At the same time, let's tear down these remnants of the past: buildings that were still up from the gold rush era.
同时，让我们拆除这些过去的遗迹：淘金热时代仍然存在的建筑。
And let's have more modern buildings in their place.
让我们用更多的现代建筑来取代它们。
Narrator: By the spring of 1905, Chinatown was almost completely renovated.
旁白：到1905年春天，唐人街几乎完全翻新完毕。
Blue’s team was dismantled, its job done …
Blue 的团队被解散，它的工作完成了……
and he was sent to his new posting in Virginia.
他被派往弗吉尼亚州担任新职务。
With no new cases being reported in over a year, as far as everyone was concerned, the plague was finally under control.
一年多没有新增病例，对于大家来说，瘟疫终于得到了控制。
Narrator: Out of the official tally of 119 confirmed cases, 104 victims were Asian and 15 were non-Asian.
旁白：官方统计的 119 例确诊病例中，有 104 名受害者是亚裔，15 名受害者是非亚裔。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: I think it's fair to say that the true death toll is probably 10 times as much, if not more.
作者兰德尔：我认为可以公平地说，真实的死亡人数可能是这个数字的 10 倍，甚至更多。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: It was more than likely the accurate number of plague cases were under-reported because they were entirely racially focused on Asian people.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：鼠疫病例的准确数量很可能没有得到充分报告，因为它们完全集中在亚洲人的种族上。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Just after 5:00 AM, April 18th, 1906.
Marilyn Chase，作家：1906 年 4 月 18 日凌晨 5:00 刚过。
The city was wracked by a massive earthquake.
这座城市遭到大地震的破坏。
It would have been 7.9 on the Richter scale, an extremely dangerous earthquake, particularly in a city of unreinforced brick and mortar buildings that simply crumbled, buildings were pancaked, floors collapsed.
这将是里氏7.9级的地震，这是一场极其危险的地震，特别是在一座没有加固的砖混建筑的城市，它们简直就倒塌了，建筑物被夷为平地，地板倒塌。
The city was ablaze, water mains were broken.
城市着火了，水管被破坏。
So, the water reservoirs were not available to fight fires.
因此，水库无法用于灭火。
In a desperate attempt to stop the advancing flames, the city resorted to setting strategic charges to keep the fire from jumping, that helped a little bit, but some ne'er do wells started dynamiting Chinatown indiscriminately, destroying buildings even further.
为了阻止火势蔓延，该市采取了战略性的炸药来阻止火势蔓延，这起到了一点作用，但一些不善行为的人开始肆意炸毁唐人街，进一步摧毁建筑物。
Narrator : More than 80% of San Francisco was destroyed, including virtually all of Chinatown.
旁白：旧金山80%以上的地区被毁，几乎包括整个唐人街。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: There were 3000 people killed outright.
Marilyn Chase，作家：有 3000 人被彻底杀害。
Nearly a quarter million injured, hundreds of thousands homeless.
近25万人受伤，数十万人无家可归。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: And you had refugees who suddenly have to live in places like Golden Gate Park or other makeshift camps.
作者兰德尔：还有难民突然不得不住在金门公园或其他临时营地等地方。
Marilyn Chase,Writer: People were living out of tents.
玛丽莲·蔡斯，作家：人们住在帐篷里。
People were living in a village of earthquake cottages built by the Red Cross.
人们住在一个由红十字会建造的地震小屋组成的村庄里。
Narrator: The army and Red Cross handed out crackers and canned milk.
旁白：军队和红十字会分发了饼干和罐装牛奶。
But when word spread that no such aid would be given to the Chinese, the community once again turned to its own devices.
但当消息传出不会向中国人提供此类援助时，社区再次转向自己的方式。
Four years earlier , merchant Lew Hing had moved away from San Francisco.
四年前，商人卢兴搬离了旧金山。
Bruce Quan, Jr., Great Grandson of Lew Hing: Lew Hing decided to opened a cannery in Oakland away from San Francisco.
Bruce Quan, Jr.，Lew Hing 的曾孙：Lew Hing 决定在远离旧金山的奥克兰开设一家罐头厂。
Having been tired of being harassed by the white media, having had to compete against the white canneries that had formed a cartel to try and drive all the independent canneries out of business, and particularly targeted Lew Hing because he had become such a force in the cannery business.
厌倦了受到白人媒体的骚扰，不得不与白人罐头厂竞争，后者形成了一个卡特尔，试图将所有独立罐头厂赶出市场，并且特别针对卢兴，因为他已经成为罐头厂行业的一股力量。
And when the earthquake hit on April 18th, the Chinese in San Francisco they were refused by the white relief agencies and had no place to go.
而当4月18日地震发生时，旧金山的华人却被白人救援机构拒绝，无处可去。
And so many of the Chinese came to a very small Chinese settlement in Oakland where my great grandfather who had some vacant areas around his cannery, he then hired people to cook, and was able to feed thousands of the Chinese who came over.
很多中国人来到了奥克兰一个很小的华人聚居地，我的曾祖父在他的罐头厂周围有一些空地，然后他雇人做饭，能够养活成千上万过来的中国人。
Narrator: San Francisco was staggering to regain its footing amidst the devastation.
旁白：旧金山在灾难中摇摇欲坠地重新站起来。
And the fallout continued to escalate.
而且影响还在继续升级。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: You had instant problems with sanitation.
兰德尔（作者）：您立即遇到了卫生问题。
If you didn't die from the earthquake or die from the fire, you might die from diphtheria or smallpox or all these other diseases that could rear their head very quickly.
如果你没有死于地震或火灾，你可能会死于白喉或天花或所有其他很快就会出现的疾病。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: With the sewer pipes ruptured, rats including plague infected ones were released into the city to feast on the uncollected refuse and breed in the ruins.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：随着下水道的破裂，老鼠，包括感染瘟疫的老鼠，被释放到城市里，以未收集的垃圾为食，并在废墟中繁殖。
So once again, there was a resurgence of rats and rat born plague.
于是，老鼠和鼠疫再次死灰复燃。
Narrator: Thirteen months after the earthquake, San Francisco had its first plague death in three years.
旁白：地震发生十三个月后，旧金山出现了三年来首例鼠疫死亡病例。
By summer, there were six more.
到了夏天，又增加了六个。
Wyman immediately wired Blue and ordered him to return to San Francisco.
怀曼立即致电布鲁并命令他返回旧金山。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: On this otherwise unassuming residential street in a Victorian house, Dr. Blue set up his new headquarters, and from there, he ran his command center.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：在这条原本不起眼的住宅街道上的维多利亚式房屋中，布鲁博士建立了他的新总部，并从那里管理他的指挥中心。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: The problem they find very quickly is that plague is no longer a Chinatown problem, it's a San Francisco problem.
作者兰德尔：他们很快发现的问题是鼠疫不再是唐人街的问题，而是旧金山的问题。
Narrator : In stark contrast to the early days, there was now only one Chinese casualty: the president of the Chinese Six Companies.
旁白：与早期形成鲜明对比的是，现在只有一名中国人伤亡：中国六公司的总裁。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author : And that’s when Blue starts hearing from white physicians who say, perhaps I have seen plague cases before, and I just thought it was pneumonia, or actually, maybe I knew it was plague and I didn't want to admit it.
作者兰德尔：就在那时，布鲁开始听到白人医生说，也许我以前见过鼠疫病例，我只是以为这是肺炎，或者实际上，也许我知道这是鼠疫，但我不想承认。
And this kind of solidifies for Blue this was a disease of the environment.
对于 Blue 来说，这是一种环境疾病。
Nayan Shah, Historian: Now bubonic plague began to emerge in all sorts of different communities across the Bay area.
历史学家纳扬·沙阿（Nayan Shah）：现在黑死病开始在湾区的各种不同社区中出现。
And people began to realize that anyone could get bubonic plague.
人们开始意识到任何人都可能感染黑死病。
Narrator : Blue set up a special workplace dedicated to the grisly task at hand.
旁白：蓝色设立了一个特殊的工作场所，专门处理手头的可怕任务。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Back of the federal headquarters was an annex to the building that became known as the Rattery.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：联邦总部的后面是这座建筑的附属建筑，后来被称为“Rattery”。
And the Rattery was essentially a coroner's forensic lab, just for rats.
老鼠实验室本质上是一个验尸官的法医实验室，专门针对老鼠。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: That's where all the rat carcasses were brought.
作者兰德尔：所有老鼠尸体都被运到那里。
And it's just rat after rat that's dissected and opened up and examined for signs of the plague.
一只又一只的老鼠被解剖、剖开并检查是否有鼠疫迹象。
And they would chart what percentage of rats are infected.
他们会绘制出老鼠被感染的百分比。
Narrator: By the fall, there were 30 new plague deaths.
旁白：到秋天，又有 30 人因鼠疫死亡。
Blue and his men stepped up their campaign – killing more than 13,000 rats a week.
Blue 和他的手下加大了行动力度，每周杀死 13,000 多只老鼠。
Throughout, he kept trying out new ways to determine how the disease was spreading through the city.
自始至终，他一直在尝试新的方法来确定这种疾病是如何在整个城市传播的。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: They even took it a step further and tried to analyze migratory patterns.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：他们甚至更进一步，试图分析迁徙模式。
They wanted to find out where the rats originated and where they traveled.
他们想找出老鼠的起源和旅行地点。
So, they devised a program that came to be nicknamed the rainbow rats, and they got a group of healthy, active rats and dyed them red, green, or blue, depending upon what district they were from and turned them loose.
因此，他们设计了一个被昵称为“彩虹老鼠”的计划，他们找了一群健康、活跃的老鼠，根据它们来自哪个地区，将它们染成红色、绿色或蓝色，然后将它们放生。
Then they would try to catch them at the other end and find out how they were spreading.
然后他们会尝试在另一端抓住它们并找出它们是如何传播的。
And of course, when the ruckus local press found out, they just had a field day.
当然，当当地媒体发现此事后，他们刚刚度过了愉快的一天。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall , Author: The newspapers mock them for this immediately.
作者兰德尔：报纸立即嘲笑他们。
It almost sounds like something out of Dr. Seuss.
这听起来几乎像是苏斯博士的作品。
And Blue shrinks very quickly from this public mockery.
对于这种公开的嘲笑，布鲁很快就退缩了。
He's not used to that, but he continues to try.
他还不习惯，但他仍在继续尝试。
Narrator: Then a local case caught Blue’s eye.
旁白：然后，当地的一个病例引起了布鲁的注意。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: There was a physician who had perceived a bad smell in his house.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：有一位医生察觉到他的房子里有一股难闻的气味。
The doctor decided he would chop out a hole in the wall and get to the source of this unpleasant odor.
医生决定在墙上凿一个洞，找出这种难闻气味的来源。
And there he found two dead rats.
在那里他发现了两只死老鼠。
And immediately, two members of the family got the plague.
很快，家里就有两名成员感染了鼠疫。
Narrator: As Blue pondered the details of this case, he recalled reading a recent report from the British Plague Commission that confirmed the results of a study completed ten years earlier.
旁白：当布鲁思考这个案例的细节时，他回忆起读过英国鼠疫委员会最近的一份报告，该报告证实了十年前完成的一项研究的结果。
Marilyn Chase , Writer: Pasteur Institute scientist, Paul Louis Simond did an experiment.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：巴斯德研究所科学家保罗·路易斯·西蒙德（Paul Louis Simond）做了一个实验。
He put two rats in cages side by side, separated by a grate.
他把两只老鼠并排关在笼子里，中间用格栅隔开。
They couldn't touch one another, one rat was healthy, one rat was sick with the plague.
他们不能互相接触，一只老鼠是健康的，一只老鼠患有鼠疫。
And Simond made the breakthrough observation that when the plague rat died, the fleas jumped to the side of the healthy rat for their next blood meal.
西蒙德做出了突破性的观察，当鼠疫老鼠死亡时，跳蚤会跳到健康老鼠的一侧，以获取下一次的血粉。
May C.
梅·C.
Chu, Medical Microbiologist: Bubonic plague is transmitted by Yersinia pestis.
医学微生物学家朱：黑死病是由鼠疫耶尔森氏菌传播的。
The flea itself is really the host of Yersinia Pestis.
跳蚤本身就是鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的宿主。
And when it seeks a blood meal on its natural host, it regurgitates its bacteria and transmits plague.
当它在其天然宿主身上寻找血粉时，它会反流细菌并传播鼠疫。
And it's only when its own host dies, the flea seeks another warm body, a rat or if a human comes by, they’ll jump on.
只有当自己的宿主死亡时，跳蚤才会寻找另一个温暖的身体，比如老鼠，或者如果有人经过，它们就会跳上去。
It senses that there's something warm here.
它感觉到这里有温暖的东西。
"I don't care what it is" And then they'll bite.
“我不在乎那是什么”然后他们就会咬人。
They’ll try to feed because it's hungry.
他们会尝试喂食，因为它饿了。
So, the cause of the transmission between rats and human was the flea.
因此，老鼠和人类之间传播的原因是跳蚤。
Narrator: Blue was thunderstruck by the realization that fleas played the primary role in transmitting the disease.
旁白：当布鲁意识到跳蚤是传播这种疾病的主要因素时，他感到震惊不已。
Rats, he now understood were only agents of the epidemic because of the insects in their fur.
他现在明白，老鼠只是流行病的媒介，因为它们的皮毛上有昆虫。
And pieces fell into place: The peaks of the outbreak lined up with the flea’s active season.
一切都已就位：爆发的高峰期与跳蚤的活跃季节一致。
The baffling on-again, off-again pattern became crystal clear.
令人困惑的时断时续的模式变得一目了然。
Nayan Shah, Historian: So, the bubonic plague bacilla was best conveyed by fleas on rats, biting humans.
历史学家纳扬·沙阿（Nayan Shah）：因此，腺鼠疫杆菌最好是通过老鼠身上叮咬人类的跳蚤传播。
That transmission was the most important thing.
那个传输是最重要的。
And so, the eradication of rats would be pretty significant.
因此，消灭老鼠意义重大。
Narrator: As the city continued to rebuild, Blue knew that public support for rat extermination was solid.
旁白：随着城市的不断重建，布鲁知道公众对灭鼠的支持是坚定的。
Still, without full buy-in from the entire community, the stream of rats would continue unchecked.
尽管如此，如果没有整个社区的充分支持，老鼠的涌入仍将继续不受控制。
It was time for extreme measures.
是时候采取极端措施了。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Rupert Blue, the strategist, understood he needed both the carrot and the stick.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），编剧：鲁珀特·布鲁（Rupert Blue）是一位战略家，他明白自己既需要胡萝卜，也需要大棒。
So fleet week was approaching.
舰队周即将来临。
But Blue told the city, if the city isn't a healthful place, I will tell the Admiral that it’s not safe to land his ships.
但布鲁告诉这座城市，如果这座城市不是一个健康的地方，我会告诉海军上将，他的船只登陆并不安全。
This was terrible news, it would be like canceling Christmas.
这是一个可怕的消息，就像取消圣诞节一样。
To have the Great White Fleet barred from entering San Francisco and worse yet diverted to Seattle, the rival city, would have been terrible.
如果大白舰队被禁止进入旧金山，更糟糕的是转移到敌对城市西雅图，那将是可怕的。
So, all the city had to take part.
所以，全城都必须参加。
In 1908, the first truly grass roots, fully public multi-sector health campaign was born.
1908 年，第一个真正的草根、完全公共的多部门健康运动诞生了。
Educating the populace on simple things like the right way to dispose of garbage.
对民众进行简单的教育，例如处理垃圾的正确方法。
You have to seal your household and security against rats.
你必须封锁你的家庭和安全设施以防止老鼠。
They also educated greengrocers on the right way to store their wares to keep the city streets clean.
他们还教育蔬菜水果商如何正确存放商品，以保持城市街道清洁。
And they informed the essential nature of sanitary precautions.
他们还告知了卫生预防措施的本质。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: They start putting notices and everybody's mailboxes.
作者兰德尔：他们开始张贴通知和每个人的邮箱。
This is what you can do to save yourself and save the city.
这就是你可以做的来拯救自己和拯救城市。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: And little by little, hundreds and hundreds of citizens from all walks of life, churches, temples, lodges, women's clubs, business groups, everyone got on board and did their part.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：渐渐地，来自各行各业、教堂、寺庙、旅馆、妇女俱乐部、商业团体的成百上千名公民都加入进来，尽了自己的一份力量。
Narrator: San Francisco got to work.
旁白：旧金山开始工作了。
Long-neglected sanitary infrastructure was rebuilt.
长期被忽视的卫生基础设施得到了重建。
A four million-dollar bond was issued to renovate the sewer system, and municipal garbage collection and disposal were put in place.
发行400万美元债券改造下水道系统，市政垃圾收集和处理到位。
By now, even the local newspapers supported the sanitation drive by publishing the names and addresses of anyone who failed to comply.
到目前为止，甚至当地报纸也通过公布任何不遵守规定的人的姓名和地址来支持卫生运动。
In the end, Blue managed to have more than 20,000 houses inspected.
最终，Blue 成功检查了 20,000 多所房屋。
Untold numbers of rats were either trapped or found dead.
无数的老鼠要么被困，要么被发现死亡。
…
……
but of the ones tested, only sixteen were found to be infected.
但在接受检测的人中，只有十六人被发现受到感染。
The outbreak was in retreat.
疫情正在消退。
With backbreaking work—and focused messaging—Blue had finally rounded the corner on the disease.
通过艰苦的工作和集中的信息传递，布鲁终于渡过了疾病的转折点。
The question that had so long tormented Kinyoun and Blue—why hadn’t the plague taken off exponentially?
长期以来一直困扰金永和布鲁的问题是——为什么瘟疫没有呈指数级增长？
—was at last answered.
——终于得到了答复。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: It's so interesting that we had the germ that was just as lethal as during the Black Death.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：有趣的是，我们拥有的细菌与黑死病期间一样致命。
The same germ that had ravaged populations in China and India.
同样的细菌曾在中国和印度肆虐。
What may have saved the city in the end from a much worse disaster was a tiny part of an organ inside of the little flea.
最终使这座城市免于一场更严重灾难的可能是小跳蚤体内器官的一小部分。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: In places where you had this explosion of plague.
作者兰德尔：在发生鼠疫爆发的地方。
There was a different species of rat flea.
有一种不同种类的鼠蚤。
Its anatomy was slightly different.
它的解剖结构略有不同。
It would inject more of the plague bacilli into whatever victim it bit.
它会将更多的鼠疫杆菌注入到被它咬伤的受害者体内。
In San Francisco the flea bite would inject a lower dose, harder for it to become a full-blown disease.
在旧金山，跳蚤叮咬会注射较低的剂量，使其更难成为一种全面的疾病。
So, it was only this quirk of flea anatomy that really prevented millions of deaths in the US.
因此，正是跳蚤解剖学的这种怪异现象才真正避免了美国数百万人的死亡。
Narrator: February 1908 saw the last diagnosed case of bubonic plague.
旁白：1908 年 2 月，最后一例确诊的黑死病病例出现。
For the first time in nearly eight years, San Francisco could afford to celebrate.
近八年来，旧金山第一次有能力庆祝。
And on May 6, 1908, the Great White Fleet sailed into San Francisco Bay.
1908年5月6日，大白舰队驶入旧金山湾。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: People stood atop every hill and promontory to get a look at these magnificent golden and white ships that were sent by Theodore Roosevelt.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：人们站在每座山丘和海角的顶上，一睹西奥多·罗斯福派出的这些宏伟的金色和白色的船只。
People were waving flags and partying all week.
人们整个星期都在挥舞旗帜并举行派对。
It celebrated not only the great white fleet and Naval power, but also the rebirth of San Francisco as a healthful city.
它不仅庆祝伟大的白色舰队和海军力量，还庆祝旧金山作为一座健康城市的重生。
And it was an effort in which everyone had taken part.
这是每个人都参与的努力。
Narrator: Chinatown was celebrating its own victory.
旁白：唐人街正在庆祝自己的胜利。
Its near-total destruction during the earthquake had lured white speculators eager to snap up the valuable land.
它在地震中几乎完全被毁，吸引了渴望抢购这片宝贵土地的白人投机者。
But they hadn’t counted on the fierce opposition of Chinese merchants and associations, who fought them tooth and nail to control how they wanted the district to be used.
但他们没有预料到中国商人和协会的强烈反对，他们与他们进行了殊死搏斗，以控制他们希望如何使用该地区。
Nayan Shah, Historian: We later learn of course that they were quite successful in turning the fear of Chinatown as a labyrinth of disease and immorality into a kind of middle-class consumer tourist paradise.
历史学家纳扬·沙阿（Nayan Shah）：我们后来了解到，他们非常成功地将对唐人街的恐惧转变为疾病和不道德的迷宫，变成了中产阶级的消费旅游天堂。
Narrator: On March 31, 1909, Rupert Blue was honored with a lavish ceremony at the Fairmont Hotel on Nob Hill.
旁白：1909 年 3 月 31 日，鲁珀特·布鲁 (Rupert Blue) 在诺布山费尔蒙酒店 (Fairmont Hotel) 举行了盛大的颁奖仪式。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: The dinner was rat-themed.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：晚餐以老鼠为主题。
They had ice cream molds in the shape of rat traps.
他们有老鼠夹形状的冰淇淋模具。
They drank wine punch from beakers that were shaped like little trash cans.
他们用形状像小垃圾桶的烧杯喝宾治酒。
It was visual puns everywhere.
到处都是视觉双关语。
Narrator It was a darkly humorous nod to the rats killed – two million in all, roughly five times the size of San Francisco’s human population.
旁白 这是对被杀死的老鼠的一种黑色幽默的致敬——总共 200 万只，大约是旧金山人口数量的五倍。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: And when he was called to the dais to accept his gift and the city's thanks.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：当他被叫到讲台上接受他的礼物和这座城市的感谢时。
Some of Blue's old shyness came flooding back and he said, it's difficult to speak when one's heart is full.
布鲁以前的一些害羞又涌了上来，他说，当一个人的心满的时候，很难说话。
After all his achievements, he got rather tongue-tied.
在取得了所有这些成就之后，他却有些张口结舌。
Narrator: It was likely Blue’s reticence arose from not just humility…
旁白：Blue的沉默很可能不仅仅是出于谦虚……
but a clear-eyed view of the debt he owed his predecessor.
但他清楚地认识到自己欠前任的债。
True, he had been able to clean up San Francisco and rid the city of its rats.
确实，他已经清理了旧金山并消灭了这座城市的老鼠。
But Kinyoun was the one who insisted that the problem even existed -- and at enormous personal cost.
但金永坚持认为这个问题确实存在，而且个人付出了巨大的代价。
David K.
大卫·K.
Randall, Author: Blue was seen as a hero and he continued on an upward trajectory.
兰德尔，作者：布鲁被视为英雄，他继续走上上升的轨道。
He became the fourth surgeon general of the United States.
他成为美国第四任卫生局局长。
He was a very forward thinker.
他是一位非常有远见的思想家。
He was somebody who advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill.
他是一位主张更好地治疗精神病患者的人。
He advocated for a national health insurance at a time when that was never heard of whatsoever.
他主张建立国民健康保险，而当时根本没有听说过这种说法。
He saw where the world was going.
他看到了世界的发展方向。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Dr. Joseph Kinyoun’s ouster from San Francisco represented a kind of failure of institutional resistance and rivalries.
玛丽莲·蔡斯（Marilyn Chase），作家：约瑟夫·金永（Joseph Kinyoun）博士被赶出旧金山代表着制度抵抗和竞争的失败。
But he is remembered for bringing state of the art methods of diagnosing infectious diseases to America.
但他因将最先进的传染病诊断方法带到美国而被人们铭记。
He is remembered for helping found the national hygienic Laboratory, the forerunner of our modern National Institutes of Health for which he is posthumously recognized as the first director of NIH.
他因帮助建立国家卫生实验室而被人们铭记，该实验室是我们现代国立卫生研究院的前身，他死后被追认为国立卫生研究院的第一任院长。
Narrator: The two men brought an end to the epidemic using vastly different approaches.
旁白：这两个人用截然不同的方法结束了这一流行病。
Yet it was the efforts of not just Kinyoun and Blue – but the marginalized community that still managed to stand up for its rights – that led to a paradigm shift in the way America viewed public health.
然而，不仅仅是 Kinyoun 和 Blue 的努力，还有仍然设法维护自己权利的边缘化社区，导致了美国看待公共卫生方式的范式转变。
Nayan Shah, Historian: One of the things we learned in SF is that intervention into a disease pandemic is a profoundly political act.
Nayan Shah，历史学家：我们在科幻小说中学到的一件事是，对疾病大流行的干预是一种深刻的政治行为。
Science is one dimension to provide answers and to provide solutions, but it was still subject to human interpretation, human implementation.
科学是提供答案和解决方案的一个维度，但它仍然受到人类解释、人类实施的影响。
Charles McClain, Legal Historian: The question that came up in 1900 is what is the balance between public necessity, public health and individual rights and liberties.
查尔斯·麦克莱恩（Charles McClain），法律历史学家：1900 年提出的问题是公共必要性、公共卫生与个人权利和自由之间的平衡。
And it was balanced in a terrible way.
而且它的平衡方式很糟糕。
Marilyn Chase, Writer: Power-seeking politicians and misguided commercial greed that takes precedence over public health – all of that delayed a solution in San Francisco.
作家玛丽莲·蔡斯：追求权力的政客和被误导的商业贪婪凌驾于公共健康之上——所有这些都推迟了旧金山的解决方案。
In the end, we needed collaboration and cooperation by the federal, state and local governments, participation by the citizenry, understanding and acceptance of science.
最终，我们需要联邦、州和地方政府的协作与配合，公民的参与，以及对科学的理解和接受。
John.
约翰.
A.
A.
Powell, Legal Historian: Science is implicated with the larger society.
鲍威尔，法律历史学家：科学与更大的社会息息相关。
In San Francisco, we actually pressed science to do work that it has no business doing.
在旧金山，我们实际上迫使科学去做一些与科学无关的工作。
You don't need science to tell us that we should treat people with dignity and love.
你不需要科学来告诉我们，我们应该以尊严和爱对待人们。
But science is a method of inquiry.
但科学是一种探究方法。
It knows a lot, but there's always unknowns.
它知道很多，但总有未知。
Nayan Shah, Historian: We had some worldviews that were coming into big conflict about how to think about science, about how to deal with a public health crisis - how to not ascribe a racial cause for the disease, and diverting accountability.
历史学家纳扬·沙阿（Nayan Shah）：我们的一些世界观在如何思考科学、如何应对公共卫生危机——如何不将疾病归咎于种族原因以及如何转移责任等方面发生了巨大冲突。
But also, to think about is it possible to protect myself from disease?
但也要思考是否有可能保护自己免受疾病侵害？
Is it possible to eradicate disease?
有可能根除疾病吗？
And those are open questions.
这些都是悬而未决的问题。
Dr. Joseph Kinyoun was a leader in the diagnosis and prevention of infectious diseases in America.
约瑟夫·金永 (Joseph Kinyoun) 博士是美国传染病诊断和预防领域的领军人物。
He created the Hygienic Laboratory, the nation’s first federal laboratory of medical bacteriology which later became the National Institutes of Health.
他创建了卫生实验室，这是美国第一个联邦医学细菌学实验室，后来成为美国国立卫生研究院。
In 1900, the first case of bubonic plague to ever be confirmed in North America was diagnosed in San Francisco.
1900年，旧金山诊断出北美第一例黑死病病例。
Scientists did not understand how the disease was transmitted but had long theorized that rats played a role.
科学家们并不了解这种疾病是如何传播的，但长期以来一直推测老鼠在其中发挥了作用。
Rupert Blue was a physician in the Marine Hospital Service, the precursor to the modern U.S. Public Health Service.
鲁珀特·布鲁 (Rupert Blue) 是海军陆战队医院服务部的一名医生，该服务部是现代美国公共卫生服务部的前身。
In 1901 he launched a public health campaign that ended a deadly bubonic plague outbreak in San Francisco.
1901 年，他发起了一场公共卫生运动，结束了旧金山致命的黑死病的爆发。
In 1900, doctors raced to save San Francisco from a disease that had killed hundreds of millions around the world.
1900 年，医生们竞相将旧金山从一种已导致全球数亿人死亡的疾病手中拯救出来。
On May 28, 1900, San Francisco policemen formed a perimeter around Chinatown, and set about building an eight-foot high wall around the district using cement blocks and barbed wire.
1900 年 5 月 28 日，旧金山警察在唐人街周围形成了警戒线，并开始用水泥块和铁丝网在该地区周围建造一堵八英尺高的围墙。
Ng Poon Chew was a writer, a publisher and an advocate for Chinese American civil rights.
黄潘周是一位作家、出版商和华裔美国公民权利的倡导者。
Watch a preview of Plague at the Golden Gate.
观看金门瘟疫的预览。
As rumor spread of bubonic plague in San Francisco, newspapers couldn't agree if it was a nationwide threat or a plot to destroy the economy.
随着黑死病的谣言在旧金山蔓延，报纸无法同意这是一个全国性的威胁还是一个破坏经济的阴谋。
Sound familiar?
听起来很熟悉吗？
Follow the gripping story of the race against time to save San Francisco and the nation from an outbreak of bubonic plague in 1900.
追随 1900 年爆发的黑死病，与时间赛跑，拯救旧金山和国家的扣人心弦的故事。