The Alaska Pipeline
Narrator : Alaska, 1976: the welders from Oklahoma were ready to quit.
旁白：阿拉斯加，1976 年：来自俄克拉荷马州的焊工准备辞职。
The last thousand feet of the Alaska pipeline had to scale an almost sheer cliff.
阿拉斯加管道的最后一千英尺必须攀爬几乎陡峭的悬崖。
It looked impossible, and no one was willing to risk his life on that rock face -- until the oldest man on the job volunteered.
这看起来不可能，没有人愿意在岩石表面冒生命危险——直到工作中最年长的人自愿加入。
Junior Leslie : I was scared, and everybody else was scared too.
小莱斯利：我很害怕，其他人也很害怕。
But I was going to go if I lost my life...
但如果我失去了生命，我就会走……
after so many of 'em tell me, it can't be done.
经过很多人告诉我，这是不可能的。
Narrator : On the Alaska pipeline, there was always something that couldn't be done...
旁白：在阿拉斯加管道上，总有一些事情无法完成……
that had to be done.
那是必须要做的。
It was an 800-mile steel pipe through the heart of America's last untouched wilderness...
这是一条 800 英里长的钢管，穿过美国最后一片未受破坏的荒野的中心......
the biggest, most expensive, and most controversial private enterprise in American history.
美国历史上最大、最昂贵、最具争议的私营企业。
Diane Benson : There were times when we felt just militant about it.
黛安·本森：有时我们对此感到很激进。
Oh, let's just blow this thing up.
哦，让我们把这个东西炸掉吧。
You know, let's make it stop.
你知道，让我们停止吧。
J.
J。
B.
B.
Carnahan : It was like a gold rush.
卡纳汉：这就像淘金热。
We had people from almost every country and from every walk of life.
我们的员工几乎来自各个国家和各行各业。
Plus along with that you had gamblers and crooks and ladies of the evening.
除此之外，还有赌徒、骗子和晚上的女士。
Everybody who could had some piece of that pipeline.
每个有能力的人都可以参与其中。
Howard Weaver : This was not about details, man.
Howard Weaver：这不是细节问题，伙计。
It was about muscle.
这是关于肌肉的。
I don't care what it takes.
我不在乎这需要什么。
Do it.
做吧。
That was a pretty good answer to money questions.
这是对金钱问题的一个很好的回答。
That was a pretty good answer to environmental questions.
这是对环境问题的一个很好的回答。
It was a pretty good answer to political questions.
这是对政治问题的一个很好的回答。
I don't care what it takes.
我不在乎这需要什么。
Do it.
做吧。
And the evidence would suggest that they didn't care what it took and they did it.
证据表明他们并不在乎付出什么代价，他们就这么做了。
Narrator : On April 22, 1970, 20 million people marched in cities across the U.S. in the first Earth Day demonstration.
旁白：1970年4月22日，2000万人在美国各地城市游行，参加第一次地球日示威活动。
A movement building for years had reached critical mass.
一场持续多年的运动已经达到了临界规模。
Now, they were ready to fight back.
现在，他们已经准备好反击了。
The timing could not have been better for the new environmentalists or worse for the oil industry, which was on the verge of launching the biggest private construction project in history, in America's most pristine wilderness.
对于新环保主义者来说，时机再好不过了，而对于石油工业来说，时机再糟糕不过了，石油工业即将在美国最原始的荒野上启动历史上最大的私人建设项目。
Two years earlier, Atlantic Richfield struck oil at Prudhoe Bay, on Alaska's North Slope.
两年前，Atlantic Richfield 在阿拉斯加北坡的普拉德霍湾发现了石油。
It was a massive strike, the largest oil field ever discovered in North America.
这是一次大规模的罢工，是北美迄今为止发现的最大油田。
Other oil companies joined in and started drilling their own wells.
其他石油公司也加入进来并开始钻探自己的油井。
The biggest problem anyone could foresee was how to get 10 billion barrels of oil out of Alaska.
任何人都可以预见的最大问题是如何从阿拉斯加开采 100 亿桶石油。
There wasn't even a road within 400 miles of the wellheads.
距离井口四百英里以内甚至没有一条道路。
The Arctic Ocean was frozen solid most of the year.
北冰洋一年中的大部分时间都被冻结。
The oil companies considered ice-breaking tankers, nuclear-powered submarine tankers, and twelve-engine jumbo jet tankers.
石油公司考虑了破冰油轮、核动力潜艇油轮和十二引擎大型喷气式油轮。
Eventually, they agreed that the only practical solution was a pipeline.
最终，他们一致认为唯一实用的解决方案是管道。
The shortest route would run 800 miles through the heart of Alaska, from Prudhoe Bay on the northern coast to the port of Valdez in the south, equivalent to building a pipeline from Minneapolis to Oklahoma City, but with an Arctic wilderness in between.
最短的路线将穿过阿拉斯加的中心地带，从北部海岸的普拉德霍湾到南部的瓦尔迪兹港，全长800英里，相当于修建一条从明尼阿波利斯到俄克拉荷马城的管道，但中间有北极荒野。
It was country so wild, some of it had never been mapped.
这是一片荒野，有些地方从未被绘制在地图上。
The pipeline would cross three mountain ranges, 800 streams and rivers, and some of the world's most active earthquake zones before reaching the ice-free water in the south.
该管道将穿越三座山脉、800 条溪流和河流以及世界上一些最活跃的地震带，然后到达南部的不冻水域。
It was an audacious plan, even for the oil industry.
即使对于石油工业来说，这也是一个大胆的计划。
Joseph Pratt, oil historian : The industry was somewhat beyond confidant that they had the know-how and the money to solve any engineering problems they encountered, they believed.
石油历史学家约瑟夫·普拉特（Joseph Pratt）：业界对他们拥有解决所遇到的任何工程问题的专业知识和资金有些过于自信。
And when you think of that kind of confidence, it does border on arrogance, and it does border on hubris, given what happened next.
当你想到这种自信时，考虑到接下来发生的事情，它确实近乎傲慢，而且确实近乎傲慢。
Narrator : In February 1969, the oil companies announced their pipeline plans.
旁白：1969年2月，石油公司宣布了他们的管道计划。
They ordered $100 million worth of steel pipe from Japan.
他们从日本订购了价值1亿美元的钢管。
The project would cost 900 million dollars, they said, and be finished by 1972, even though they did not yet have a single design drawing or construction permit.
他们表示，该项目将耗资 9 亿美元，并将于 1972 年完成，尽管他们还没有一份设计图纸或施工许可证。
Stewart Brandborg, former director, Wilderness Society : They had no concept how this thing would be built, and yet the industry was ready to lunge ahead.
斯图尔特·布兰德堡（Stewart Brandborg），荒野协会前董事：他们不知道如何建造这个东西，但该行业已准备好向前推进。
"Don't worry folks, we're taking every precaution.
“别担心，伙计们，我们正在采取一切预防措施。
Leave it to us and everything will be fine.
把它交给我们，一切都会好起来的。
And besides you couldn't possibly stop us.
而且你也不可能阻止我们。
You couldn't possibly slow this thing up.
你不可能放慢这件事。
It's too big.
它太大了。
We need the oil; we're going to get it."
我们需要石油；我们会得到它的。”
Narrator : Stewart Brandborg, director of the Wilderness Society, decided to lead the fight against federal approval of the pipeline, much of which would cross public land.
旁白：荒野协会主任斯图尔特·布兰德堡决定领导反对联邦批准管道的斗争，其中大部分管道将穿越公共土地。
Stewart Brandborg : I saw no recourse.
斯图尔特·布兰德堡：我没有看到任何追索权。
If the environmental movement hadn't challenged the pipeline we would have ended with damage beyond any description.
如果环保运动没有对管道提出挑战，我们就会遭受无法形容的破坏。
Narrator : Native Alaskans were also alarmed.
旁白：阿拉斯加原住民也感到震惊。
Ever since the Alaska Purchase in 1867, they'd been waiting for Congress to settle their ancestral land claims.
自 1867 年购买阿拉斯加以来，他们一直在等待国会解决他们祖传土地的诉求。
They were still waiting in 1969 when the Native leaders of Stevens Village heard about the pipeline.
1969 年，当史蒂文斯村的原住民领导人听说管道的消息时，他们还在等待。
Byron Mallott, First Alaskans Institute : Stevens Village was located directly in the proposed path of the pipeline.
Byron Mallott，第一阿拉斯加研究所：史蒂文斯村直接位于拟议的管道路径中。
And the people of Stevens Village said, we can't let this happen.
史蒂文斯村的人们说，我们不能让这种事发生。
That until our claims are settled, until we have certainty about what we own and what we don't own and how this will affect us and our children, we can't allow this to happen.
在我们的索赔得到解决之前，在我们确定我们拥有什么和不拥有什么以及这将如何影响我们和我们的孩子之前，我们不能允许这种情况发生。
Narrator : While Earth Day demonstrators took to the streets in April 1970, Native Alaskans and environmental groups both sued in Federal Court -- and won -- stopping the pipeline until their concerns were addressed.
旁白：1970 年 4 月，地球日示威者走上街头，阿拉斯加原住民和环保组织向联邦法院提起诉讼并获胜，要求停止管道建设，直到他们的担忧得到解决。
Now, Native Alaskans had leverage they'd never had before.
现在，阿拉斯加原住民拥有了前所未有的影响力。
Byron Mallott : Suddenly the game changed.
拜伦·马洛特：游戏突然改变了。
The Alaska Native community went from the prospect of settling our land claims for mere pennies an acre and no land, to very quickly what we were able ultimately to achieve: 44 million acres of land and a billion dollars.
阿拉斯加原住民社区从最初以每英亩几美分且没有土地的方式解决我们的土地诉求，很快就实现了我们最终能够实现的目标：4400 万英亩的土地和 10 亿美元。
Narrator : Environmentalists also had newfound leverage, thanks to the National Environmental Policy Act, which had just been signed into law.
旁白：得益于刚刚签署成为法律的《国家环境政策法》，环保主义者也有了新的影响力。
NEPA required the government to evaluate environmental threats and alternatives before authorizing any project on public land and environmentalists could challenge the results in court.
NEPA 要求政府在批准公共土地上的任何项目之前评估环境威胁和替代方案，环保人士可以在法庭上对结果提出质疑。
Joseph Pratt : In 1970, suddenly, the environmentalists weren't just talking from the outside.
约瑟夫·普拉特：1970 年，突然之间，环保主义者不再只是在外面谈论。
They had some new weapons, and some new power and some new standing, to push over, to bridge the gap and to say, in your construction process, you are going to have to listen to new demands.
他们有一些新的武器，一些新的力量和一些新的地位，来推动，弥合差距，并说，在你们的建设过程中，你们将不得不倾听新的要求。
Narrator : Environmentalists used the law to force studies of everything from caribou migration in the far north to fish spawning in the streams and rivers the pipeline would cross.
旁白：环保主义者利用该法律强制对一切事物进行研究，从遥远北方的驯鹿迁徙到管道将穿越的溪流和河流中的鱼类产卵。
They pushed for detailed plans to limit pollution from construction camps, prevent oil spills, and survive earthquakes.
他们推动制定详细计划，以限制施工营地的污染、防止石油泄漏和抗震。
One legal challenge followed another, as environmental groups tested the limits of the new law.
随着环保组织测试新法律的局限性，一项法律挑战接踵而至。
Years passed with the pipeline stuck in legal limbo.
多年过去了，这条管道仍陷入法律困境。
Not everyone in Alaska wanted the pipeline, but many were counting on it for an economic boost, and blamed outsiders for meddling in their business.
并非阿拉斯加的每个人都想要这条管道，但许多人指望它能促进经济增长，并指责外人干涉他们的业务。
Howard Weaver, journalist : Environmentalists were painted in very dire terms.
记者霍华德·韦弗（Howard Weaver）：环保主义者被描绘得非常可怕。
I can remember the Anchorage Times once describing someone in an editorial as being an "admitted" environmentalist.
我记得《安克雷奇时报》曾经在一篇社论中将某人描述为“公认的”环保主义者。
Narrator Howard Weaver grew up in Alaska, and was a reporter for the Anchorage Daily News during the pipeline years.
旁白霍华德·韦弗在阿拉斯加长大，在管道建设期间担任《安克雷奇每日新闻》的记者。
Howard Weaver : People in Alaska really thought that the psychic benefits of somebody in Iowa or Boston, who's never going to come here, who has never lived through an Alaska winter, who doesn't have to make a living here, who's not raising kids here...
霍华德·韦弗：阿拉斯加的人们确实认为，爱荷华州或波士顿的人对精神有好处，他们永远不会来这里，从未经历过阿拉斯加的冬天，不必在这里谋生，也不会在这里抚养孩子......
screw 'em.
拧他们。
You know?
你知道？
I mean, preserve your own space.
我的意思是，保留自己的空间。
Of course, we weren't hungry for grandeur.
当然，我们并不渴望宏伟。
We weren't hungry for, for vast open spaces.
我们并不渴望广阔的开放空间。
We had them.
我们有他们。
You know, that's what we had plenty of.
你知道，我们有很多这样的东西。
What we didn't have plenty of was decent high schools, flush toilets in bush villages, you know, those are nice things too.
我们没有足够的像样的高中，灌木丛村庄的抽水马桶，你知道，这些也是好东西。
Narrator : Environmentalists weren't the only obstacle.
旁白：环保主义者并不是唯一的障碍。
Even without the lawsuits, the Interior Department would still have to approve the project, and as early as 1969, their geologists had serious doubts about the pipeline-engineering plan.
即使没有诉讼，内政部仍然必须批准该项目，早在 1969 年，他们的地质学家就对管道工程计划产生了严重怀疑。
One of them was Art Lachenbruch.
阿特·拉亨布鲁赫就是其中之一。
Art Lachenbruch, U.S.G.S.
阿特·拉亨布鲁赫 (Art Lachenbruch)，美国地质调查局 (U.S.G.S)
: The advocates of the pipeline were pushing very hard for approval, and they hadn't demonstrated whether the pipeline as proposed, would work.
：该管道的倡导者非常努力地争取批准，但他们没有证明提议的管道是否有效。
Narrator : The oilmen planned to build the Alaska pipeline the same way they'd built every other pipeline in the world -- dig a ditch and bury it.
旁白：石油商计划像建造世界上所有其他管道一样建造阿拉斯加管道——挖一条沟渠并将其掩埋。
Lachenbruch warned federal officials that this would not work in the arctic.
拉亨布鲁赫警告联邦官员，这在北极行不通。
Beneath a thin, insulating cover of tundra and vegetation, much of Alaska sits on permanently frozen ground called permafrost.
阿拉斯加的大部分地区位于薄薄的绝缘苔原和植被覆盖层之下，坐落在称为永久冻土的永久冰冻地面上。
In some places, it's mostly gravel, but in others it's mostly ice.
在某些地方，主要是砾石，但在其他地方，主要是冰。
If ice-rich permafrost is allowed to thaw, it turns into loose mud that cannot support any weight.
如果富含冰的永久冻土融化，它就会变成无法支撑任何重量的松散泥土。
Prudhoe Bay oil would come out of the ground hot, and as it flowed through a buried pipe, it would thaw any ice-rich permafrost along the way.
普拉德霍湾的石油会从地下冒出来，温度很高，当它流过埋在地下的管道时，它会融化沿途富含冰的永久冻土。
The unsupported pipe would eventually buckle, break apart, and start leaking oil.
没有支撑的管道最终会弯曲、破裂并开始漏油。
Lachenbruch's warning reached the Secretary of the Interior, who put the oil companies on notice.
拉亨布鲁赫的警告传到了内政部长，后者向石油公司发出了通知。
Walter Hickel (archival) : ...and I can guarantee that we will not approve any design based on the old faulty concept of build now and repair later.
Walter Hickel（档案）：……我可以保证，我们不会批准任何基于“先建后修”的旧有错误概念的设计。
Art Lachenbruch : And the next Monday my office was full of pipeline people, and that led to a very intense discussion that went on for over three years.
Art Lachenbruch：下周一，我的办公室里挤满了管道人员，这引发了一场持续了三年多的激烈讨论。
Narrator : The oilmen had formed a company called Alyeska to design and build the pipeline.
旁白：石油商成立了一家名为Alyeska的公司来设计和建造管道。
That job that now entailed drilling 15,000 soil samples along the route to locate all the areas of ice-rich permafrost.
这项工作现在需要沿路线钻探 15,000 个土壤样本，以找到所有富含冰的永久冻土区域。
As it turned out, more than 400 miles of the line would have to be built above ground.
事实证明，超过 400 英里的线路必须建在地面上。
By the summer of 1973 the government was satisfied that the permafrost problem had been solved, but environmentalists still had the pipeline tied up in court.
到 1973 年夏天，政府对永久冻土问题已得到解决感到满意，但环保人士仍将管道搁置在法庭上。
Worried about oil spills from tanker traffic along the coast of southern Alaska, they were now pushing for consideration of an alternate route through Canada to the upper Midwest -- a process sure to cause years of further delay.
由于担心阿拉斯加南部海岸的油轮运输造成石油泄漏，他们现在正在推动考虑一条经过加拿大到中西部北部的替代路线——这一过程肯定会导致数年的进一步延误。
Pipeline advocates were fed up.
管道拥护者已经厌倦了。
They began promoting special legislation that would prohibit any more legal challenges.
他们开始推动特别立法，禁止更多的法律挑战。
Senator Ted Stevens (archival) : We are on the course of closing off judicial review by the environmental extremists who do not want any development in the north.
参议员特德·史蒂文斯（档案）：我们正在关闭环境极端分子的司法审查，他们不希望北方有任何发展。
Stewart Brandborg (archival) : The oil industry has used a campaign of several months, ads on the television, newspaper ads -- full page -- everything they could use including the grossest intimidation of the members of the Senate.
斯图尔特·布兰德堡（档案）：石油工业已经使用了长达数月的竞选活动，电视广告、报纸广告——整版——他们可以使用的一切，包括对参议院议员的最粗暴的恐吓。
Stewart Brandborg : This was a showdown fight!
斯图尔特·布兰德堡：这是一场决战！
Narrator : When it came to a vote the Senate was deadlocked at 49-49.
旁白：投票时，参议院以 49 比 49 陷入僵局。
Vice president Spiro Agnew cast the deciding vote in favor.
副总统斯皮罗·阿格纽投了决定性的赞成票。
With the vote so close, there was still a chance it might not be approved by Congress.
由于投票结果如此接近，该法案仍有可能无法获得国会批准。
But another conflict was about to intervene.
但另一场冲突即将介入。
October 1973, in retaliation for American support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War, Arab states declared an embargo on oil shipments to the U.S. The price of oil doubled overnight.
1973年10月，为了报复美国在赎罪日战争中支持以色列，阿拉伯国家宣布对美国实施石油禁运，石油价格一夜之间翻了一番。
Shortages led to gas lines, gas rationing and sometimes no gas at all.
短缺导致天然气管道、天然气配给，有时甚至根本没有天然气。
Pipeline supporters said that Prudhoe Bay would produce two million barrels of oil a day, cutting imports by one third.
管道支持者表示，普拉德霍湾每天将生产 200 万桶石油，进口量将减少三分之一。
Senator Henry Jackson (archival) : We're importing too much oil from abroad.
参议员亨利·杰克逊（档案）：我们从国外进口了太多石油。
We're importing, this year, 35 percent of all our oil.
今年，我们 35% 的石油都依赖进口。
Now that is bad!
现在情况很糟糕！
It's bad from a diplomatic point of view because it subjects the United States to blackmail.
从外交角度来看，这很糟糕，因为它会让美国遭受勒索。
And the man in the street wants to ask, well, if we can import it from the Middle East and every other place in the world that's substantially insecure, why can't we import it from Alaska?
街上的人想问，如果我们可以从中东和世界上其他基本上不安全的地方进口它，为什么我们不能从阿拉斯加进口它呢？
Narrator : In November 1973, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act passed the House easily.
旁白：1973年11月，《跨阿拉斯加管道授权法案》轻松在众议院获得通过。
There could be no further legal challenges.
不可能有进一步的法律挑战。
It took an act of Congress to end the battle, but the years of lawsuits produced volumes of environmental safeguards, which now had the force of law.
国会采取了一项法案才结束了这场战斗，但多年的诉讼产生了大量的环境保护措施，这些措施现在具有法律效力。
For the oil industry, the price of victory would be more scrutiny and regulation than they had ever faced before.
对于石油行业来说，胜利的代价将是比以往任何时候都更加严格的审查和监管。
Narrator : The energy panic put enormous pressure on Alyeska to get the pipeline built quickly.
旁白：能源恐慌给阿拉斯加带来了巨大的压力，要求其尽快修建管道。
But the pressure from their oil company owners was even greater.
但来自石油公司老板的压力更大。
They had already spent billions at Prudhoe Bay, and they were losing 22 million dollars a day in revenue while the oil sat in the ground.
他们已经在普拉德霍湾花费了数十亿美元，而当石油埋在地下时，他们每天损失 2200 万美元的收入。
They made it clear to Alyeska that the pipeline had to be up and running in three years, no matter what.
他们向阿尔耶斯卡明确表示，无论如何，管道都必须在三年内建成并运行。
Bill Howitt, engineer : The popular rumor was that if we didn't start it up on schedule Sohio was in danger of having to declare bankruptcy within 30 days.
Bill Howitt，工程师：流行的谣言是，如果我们不按计划启动，Sohio 将面临 30 天内宣布破产的危险。
This had taken some of the giant old companies, some of the biggest oil companies in the world like Standard Oil, British Petroleum, and stressed their financial wherewithal to the absolute limit.
这使得一些大型老公司，包括标准石油公司、英国石油公司等世界上最大的石油公司，将其财务资源置于绝对极限。
The first job was to build a supply road through the trackless northern half of the state, from the Yukon River just north of Fairbanks to Prudhoe Bay ...
第一项工作是修建一条穿过该州无路可走的北半部的补给公路，从费尔班克斯北部的育空河到普拉德霍湾……
and then 29 construction camps along the pipeline route to house the workers.
然后是管道沿线29个施工营地，为工人提供住宿。
Narrator : Alyeska finally went to work at the end of January 1974.
旁白：1974年1月下旬，阿利斯卡终于上班了。
They had to haul in road building equipment and temporary housing while the ground was still frozen.
他们不得不在地面仍结冰的情况下拖运筑路设备和临时住房。
By spring the tundra would be too soft to drive on.
到了春天，苔原就会变得太软而无法行驶。
Cargo planes flew in more freight, landing on frozen lakes.
货机载运了更多货物，降落在结冰的湖面上。
By fall, the 360-mile-long, gravel road was finished, and the race was on to be ready for construction the following spring.
秋天，360 英里长的碎石路竣工，比赛即将开始，为明年春天的施工做好准备。
Three million tons of pipe, machinery, spare parts, fuel and food would be hauled in over the next two-and-a-half years.
在接下来的两年半内，将运来 300 万吨管道、机械、备件、燃料和食品。
Dave Smallwood, pipeline truck driver : It was just bumper-to-bumper traffic.
管道卡车司机戴夫·斯莫尔伍德 (Dave Smallwood)：交通拥堵。
It was pretty much insanity.
这几乎是疯狂的。
It didn't really pay to pass the guy ahead of you.
超越你前面的人并没有什么好处。
Well, I was living on the road back then.
嗯，那时我就住在路上。
Just one trip after another.
只是一次又一次的旅行。
We didn't have a scale.
我们没有秤。
We didn't have logbooks.
我们没有日志。
Virtually just lived in the trucks and ate in the camps.
实际上只是住在卡车里，在营地里吃饭。
I'd get into town and just load and go.
我会进城，装上东西就走。
If you met another truck that didn't know you was coming, if you just clicked your mirrors you'd call that a good pass.
如果你遇到另一辆不知道你要来的卡车，只要你按一下后视镜，你就可以认为这是一次良好的通过。
And the motto then was crowd the other guy, not the ditch.
当时的座右铭是挤在另一个人身上，而不是沟里。
Because you'd end up over in the ditch laying on your side.
因为你最终会侧身躺在沟里。
It was a long way down in a lot of spots.
很多地方都有很长的路要走。
Narrator : At the end of March 1975, it was time to start laying pipe.
旁白：1975年3月下旬，开始铺设管道。
No one had ever attempted construction on this scale in such an extreme environment...
从来没有人在如此极端的环境下尝试过如此规模的建设……
under such intense scrutiny...
在如此严格的审查下...
or on such a tight schedule.
或者在如此紧张的日程中。
The only hope of finishing on time was to divide the route into five segments and build them simultaneously.
按时完成的唯一希望是将路线分为五段并同时建造。
The man in charge of getting it done for Alyeska was Frank Moolin, a veteran big project engineer who had just finished BART, San Francisco's rapid transit system.
负责为 Alyeska 完成这项工作的是弗兰克·莫林 (Frank Moolin)，他是一位经验丰富的大型项目工程师，刚刚完成了旧金山的快速交通系统 BART。
He was a tireless worker who knew how to motivate.
他是一位不知疲倦的工人，知道如何激励。
Bill Howitt : You kind of got the feeling like if you didn't do your part this whole thing was going to fall apart.
Bill Howitt：你有一种感觉，如果你不尽自己的一份力量，那么整个事情就会崩溃。
You know, there's 20,000 guys working on this thing, you know, but, but that's the way you felt when you talked to Frank.
你知道，有 20,000 个人在做这件事，你知道，但是，但这就是你与弗兰克交谈时的感受。
And you felt like you didn't want to let him down.
而且你觉得你不想让他失望。
No one worked harder than he did.
没有人比他更努力。
Friends believe his relentless style contributed to an early death not long after the pipeline was done.
朋友们认为，他的无情风格导致了管道完工后不久就英年早逝。
Bill Fowler, assistant project manager : He was a totally driven individual, extremely bright, very demanding.
Bill Fowler，助理项目经理：他是一个完全有动力的人，非常聪明，要求很高。
If it hadn't been for Frank it wouldn't have happened.
如果没有弗兰克，这一切就不会发生。
Narrator : Moolin would live in a helicopter for the next two years, trying to keep the sprawling, complicated project on track.
旁白：莫林在接下来的两年里住在直升机里，试图让这个庞大、复杂的项目保持在正轨上。
There were hundreds of streams and rivers to cross, twelve pump stations to build, plus a tanker port on the coast at Valdez.
有数百条溪流和河流需要穿越，有十二个泵站需要建造，还有瓦尔迪兹海岸的一个油轮港口。
And then there was the pipe -- 800 miles of it -- to be welded together 40 feet at a time.
然后是管道——长达 800 英里——每次焊接 40 英尺。
If the ground was stable, it could be buried like any other pipeline.
如果地面稳定，它可以像其他管道一样被掩埋。
But 420 miles of the route passed through unstable permafrost, where the pipe would have to be built above ground and then insulated to keep the oil fluid in cold weather.
但 420 英里的路线穿过不稳定的永久冻土层，管道必须建在地面以上，然后进行隔热处理，以在寒冷的天气下保持石油的流动。
Nothing like it had ever been done before.
以前从未做过这样的事。
The massive scale of the operation made everything more difficult.
大规模的行动让一切变得更加困难。
Bill Fowler : Housing, telephones, electricity, everything was in short supply, or no supply.
比尔·福勒：住房、电话、电力，一切都短缺，或者根本没有供应。
They just sapped up all the equipment that was available, and it was just like that.
他们只是耗尽了所有可用的设备，就这样。
I've hired aircraft, spent $10,000 to go get a $50 item for a Caterpillar tractor to get it started so we can keep moving.
我租了飞机，花了 10,000 美元购买了价值 50 美元的卡特彼勒拖拉机来启动它，这样我们就可以继续前进。
How many dollars a day were they spending -- $30 million dollars a day, $20 million dollars a day?
他们每天花多少钱——每天 3000 万美元、每天 2000 万美元？
And the production is being held up because of a widget?
生产因为一个小部件而被搁置？
You know, it doesn't matter what it takes to get the widget; go get the widget.
您知道，获得该小部件需要什么并不重要；重要的是要获得它。去获取小部件。
The one thing not in short supply was people hoping to cash in on the project.
不缺的一件事是人们希望从这个项目中获利。
Working seven days a week, 10 or 12 hours a day, pipeline workers earned three or four times what they could make anywhere else in the country.
管道工人每周工作 7 天，每天工作 10 或 12 小时，其收入是国内其他地方的三到四倍。
Al Fleming, pipeline teamster : June of 1975: I opened up my Time Magazine, and there was an article on the Alaska Pipeline.
Al Fleming，管道车队管理员：1975 年 6 月：我打开《时代》杂志，里面有一篇关于阿拉斯加管道的文章。
And it had a picture of a fellow on the pipeline showing his check to the camera.
上面有一张管道上的一个人对着镜头展示支票的照片。
And that check was about 1500 dollars for a week!
那张支票一周大约是1500美元！
And I made a thousand dollars a month!
我每个月赚了一千美元！
I was a schoolteacher.
我是一名教师。
I had four children.
我有四个孩子。
We didn't have enough money to live on.
我们没有足够的钱维持生活。
I looked at that picture, and I said, "That's me!
我看着那张照片，我说：“那就是我！
Verna," that's my wife, "we're going."
维娜，”那是我的妻子，“我们走了。”
J.
J。
B.
B.
Carnahan, Fairbanks police department : It was like a gold rush.
卡纳汉，费尔班克斯警察局：这就像淘金热。
We had people from almost every country and every walk of life.
我们的员工几乎来自各个国家和各行各业。
It was the last of the frontier.
这是最后的边境。
Those of us who were here got a chance to live through probably the last American frontier.
我们这些在这里的人有机会穿越可能是最后的美国边境。
Narrator : Fairbanks was a boomtown, jammed with pipeline workers spending money as fast as they could.
旁白：费尔班克斯是一个新兴城市，挤满了管道工人，他们都在拼命花钱。
J.
J。
B.
B.
Carnahan : It was like a circus every night.
卡纳汉：每晚都像马戏团一样。
People coming into town with three, four, five thousand dollars of cash in their pockets.
人们进城时口袋里揣着三、四、五千美元的现金。
Suddenly women that we'd never seen around town before were appearing from places like Florida and New York and suddenly we had reports of gambling going on.
突然间，我们以前从未在镇上见过的妇女从佛罗里达和纽约等地出现，突然间我们收到了赌博活动的报道。
I mean everybody who could have some piece of that pipeline.
我的意思是每个人都可以拥有该管道的一部分。
Howard Weaver : We know for sure that major organized crime figures looked at it as an opportunity.
霍华德·韦弗：我们确信主要的有组织犯罪人物将其视为一个机会。
Nevada, who cares about Nevada?
内华达，谁关心内华达？
We've got 25,000 construction workers earning $100,000 bucks a year in a place where there are ten men to every woman, you know, you don't exactly need an MBA to figure that one out.
我们有 25,000 名建筑工人，年薪 10 万美元，而这个地方的男女比例为 10 比 10，你知道，你并不需要 MBA 才能解决这个问题。
Fairbanks was a brief stop for the majority of pipe liners.
费尔班克斯是大多数管道运输的短暂停留点。
Most were shipped off to one of the construction camps out on the line.
大多数都被运往线路上的一个施工营地。
Camp Announcer : Current weather at Chandalar, winds are calm, visibility is 15 miles...
营地播音员：昌达拉当前天气，风平浪静，能见度为 15 英里...
Song : "...
歌：“...
Well I come up here to make some good money and pay off my bills behind..."
好吧，我来这里是为了赚点大钱，然后还清我的账单……”
Old man : Well, it's good livin' like I told ya.
老人：嗯，就像我告诉你的那样，生活真好。
Ya got good maid service, everything is clean.
客房服务很好，一切都很干净。
Clean life.
洁净的生活。
I never lived like that all my life.
我一生从未这样生活过。
Diane Benson, pipeline truck driver : There were a lot of people who felt like, I mean, "This is the good life." It was definitely exciting, but it was really tough.
黛安·本森（Diane Benson），管道卡车司机：很多人都觉得，我的意思是，“这就是美好的生活。”这确实令人兴奋，但也确实很艰难。
It's tough for a woman, for one.
对于一个女人来说，这很难。
Thousands of women got into construction for the first time on the pipeline, thanks to affirmative action requirements in the federal permit.
由于联邦许可证中的平权行动要求，数千名女性首次参与管道建设。
Woman #1 : I've been here for about two years, working on and off, driving busses, flatbeds, whatever they'll put me on, whatever I can drive.
女人＃1：我在这里已经大约两年了，断断续续地工作，开公共汽车、平板车，无论他们让我开什么，无论我能开什么。
I'm your typical teamster.
我是典型的卡车司机。
Woman #2 : I came to the pipeline because the job was offered to me, and at the time, I wanted to know if there was anything I could do besides being a mother and a wife.
女人#2：我来到管道是因为有人向我提供了这份工作，当时我想知道除了做母亲和妻子之外我还能做什么。
Larry Houle, pipeline welder's helper : Franklin Bluffs was one of the biggest camps, and I took a count one day, and I'll always remember the number: 1100 men, 97 women.
Larry Houle，管道焊工的助手：富兰克林布拉夫斯是最大的营地之一，有一天我清点了一下，我会永远记住这个数字：1100 名男性，97 名女性。
And ah, those are pretty good odds for some, and pretty poor odds for the others.
啊，对于某些人来说，这些可能性相当大，而对于另一些人来说，这种可能性相当低。
Narrator Diane Benson was a Tlingit Indian from southeast Alaska who joined the Teamsters and lived in pipeline camps for three years.
旁白黛安·本森是来自阿拉斯加东南部的特林吉特印第安人，她加入了卡车司机并在管道营地生活了三年。
Diane Benson : Camp life was being in a shower and having a guy walk in on you to do his laundry.
黛安·本森（Diane Benson）：营地生活就是你在洗澡的时候，一个男人走进来给你洗衣服。
Or, walking down the hall and having a guy grab you.
或者，沿着大厅走，有一个人抓住了你。
It was also dealing with things like eating in the mess hall one time eating chicken and you know, you've got to eat it with your fingers, and all the guys staring at me at the table as if that was the most erotic thing they'd ever seen.
它还涉及到一些事情，比如有一次在食堂吃鸡肉，你知道，你必须用手指吃它，所有的人都在桌子上盯着我，好像这是他们见过的最色情的事情。
It was hard to be a woman up there and try to maintain your dignity, if you had any, you know, or wanted any.
作为一个女人，要努力维护自己的尊严是很困难的，如果你有尊严，你知道，或者想要任何尊严的话。
But this was one big adventure.
但这是一次大冒险。
And I loved it.
我喜欢它。
I said, you could pay me a dollar a day and give me room and board and I would be happy to do this job, because I loved it that much.
我说，你可以每天付给我一美元，并给我食宿，我很乐意做这份工作，因为我非常喜欢它。
Narrator : Alaska was booming for lots of people, but for many latecomers to the gold rush, it was a bust.
旁白：阿拉斯加对于很多人来说都是繁荣的，但对于许多淘金热的后来者来说，它却是一片萧条。
Pipeline work was supposed to go to Alaska residents and people with special skills first.
管道工程应该首先由阿拉斯加居民和具有特殊技能的人进行。
Al Fleming : There was a line at the Teamster hiring hall that was about five blocks long.
艾尔·弗莱明：卡车司机招聘大厅里排着大约五个街区长的队伍。
You'd go to the Labors Hall it was the same thing.
你去劳工大厅也是一样的。
You'd go to the Operating Engineers Hall, it was the same thing.
你会去操作工程师大厅，那是同样的事情。
Well, that was discouraging because there was no chance, they said.
他们说，这令人沮丧，因为没有机会。
Gary Atwood, Teamster business agent (archival) : There's at least 2000 in this area signed up, 2000 in the Anchorage area on the waiting rolls, and most of these, like I said, I don't think will make it.
加里·阿特伍德 (Gary Atwood)，卡车司机业务代理（档案）：该地区至少有 2000 人报名，安克雷奇地区有 2000 人在等待，其中大多数，就像我说的，我认为不会成功。
They haven't got the financial resources to stay here for an extended length of period, and they will be, what you might call, "starving out" and heading back south.
他们没有足够的财力在这里长期停留，他们将会，你可能会说，“挨饿”并返回南方。
Mr. Nichols (archival) : I can't find nothin' whatsoever.
尼科尔斯先生（档案）：我什么也找不到。
And here I am just stranded up here and can't move either way.
而我就被困在这里，无法动弹。
And, um, so it's a situation that I hope nobody else comes up here lookin' for work, because it's a bad situation.
而且，嗯，所以我希望没有其他人来这里找工作，因为这是一个糟糕的情况。
There's nothing here, and so I just made a wrong move.
这里什么都没有，所以我只是做了一个错误的举动。
That's about it.
就是这样。
Narrator : One day Al Fleming heard that a bribe to the right person at the Teamster Hall could make a difference.
旁白：有一天，阿尔·弗莱明听说在卡车司机大厅向合适的人行贿可以带来改变。
Al Fleming : It was said that this fellow would, for an amount of money, backdoor you through the union so you get a job.
艾尔·弗莱明：据说这个家伙会为了一笔钱，通过工会给你留后门，这样你就能找到一份工作。
That's what I was told.
这就是我被告知的。
And so I decided that I would go down there and meet this guy.
所以我决定去那里见见这个人。
Fleming offered his first two weeks pay, and within a few days he had a job in the Teamster warehouse in Fairbanks.
弗莱明提供了他的前两周工资，几天之内他就在费尔班克斯的卡车司机仓库找到了一份工作。
Al Fleming : Well it changed my life!
艾尔·弗莱明：嗯，它改变了我的生活！
Everybody made a thousand dollars or more a week!
每个人每周都赚一千美元或更多！
A thousand dollars a week?
一周一千块？
In 1975?
1975年？
I thought, I'm going to buy the whole state!
我想，我要买下整个州！
By late summer 1975 there were 27,000 workers on the job, and Frank Moolin was determined to have 400 miles of pipe in place by the end of the year.
到 1975 年夏末，已有 27,000 名工人在工作，弗兰克·莫林 (Frank Moolin) 决心在年底前铺设 400 英里的管道。
The critical and highly skilled job of welding pipe was the exclusive domain of the pipeline welders union Local 798, out of Tulsa, Oklahoma -- 798, for short.
焊接管道这一关键且高技能的工作是俄克拉荷马州塔尔萨市管道焊工工会 Local 798（简称 798）的专有领域。
They were a close-knit clan who guarded their turf jealously.
他们是一个关系密切的家族，嫉妒地守护着自己的地盘。
Jimmy Pedigo, pipeline welder : A lot of people can weld, but can you make that perfect weld, every time, every day, 10 hours a day, month after month after month?
Jimmy Pedigo，管道焊工：很多人都会焊接，但是您能每次、每天、每天 10 小时、月复一月地完成完美的焊接吗？
It would be like penmanship.
这就像书法一样。
You've got a lot of people that can write real pretty.
有很多人可以写得非常漂亮。
And then some people can't; they can just write to get by.
然后有些人不能；他们只能通过写作来度日。
That's, that's the difference.
这就是，这就是区别。
To make a good pipeline welder you've got to have that penmanship.
要成为一名优秀的管道焊工，您必须具备这种书法能力。
Pete Hughes, pipeline welder : The quality of the work and welding was better on this job than any other job I been on.
Pete Hughes，管道焊工：这项工作的工作质量和焊接质量比我从事过的任何其他工作都要好。
It had to be.
必须如此。
It was inspected more, and they expected more of you.
检查得更多，他们对你的期望也更高。
It was publicized; it was a big thing, and everybody was looking down your throat.
它被公开了；这是一件大事，每个人都在盯着你的喉咙。
Narrator : 798ers were notorious, not only for their skill, but for their attitude.
旁白：798人臭名昭著，不仅因为他们的技术，还因为他们的态度。
They were the highest paid and most demanding workers on the job.
他们是工作中收入最高、要求最高的工人。
Bill Howitt : The stories preceded them: very, very talented, very, very arrogant, insisted on their own way...
比尔·豪伊特：他们之前的故事：非常非常有才华，非常非常傲慢，坚持自己的方式......
798ers knew they were good.
798 人知道他们很优秀。
They knew that we couldn't build this thing without them, and they pushed it a little bit.
他们知道没有他们我们就无法建造这个东西，所以他们推动了它一点点。
Jimmy Pedigo : "Prima donnas" in Alaska; that was a word they used a lot.
吉米·佩迪戈 (Jimmy Pedigo)：阿拉斯加的“Prima donnas”；这是他们经常使用的一个词。
I know there was a saying up there that happiness was an Okie flying south with a Texan under each arm.
我知道那里有句话说，幸福就是一个奥基人向南飞去，腋下夹着一个德克萨斯人。
So I guess they was referring to, to us, you know.
所以我猜他们指的是我们，你知道。
The welders controlled the pace of work, so whatever they wanted, they got.
焊工控制着工作节奏，所以他们想要什么，就得到什么。
Winter was coming, and Frank Moolin knew that staying on schedule would get harder as the temperature dropped.
冬天即将来临，弗兰克·莫林知道，随着气温下降，按计划进行会变得更加困难。
Frank Moolin : You know, Alaska's got some of the worst environmental and weather conditions in the world.
弗兰克·莫林：你知道，阿拉斯加的环境和天气条件是世界上最差的。
It's not unusual to get down to minus 45, minus 50, minus 60 degrees in the wintertime.
冬季气温降至负 45 度、负 50 度、负 60 度并不罕见。
Narrator With a little luck, they could work into December before the conditions became impossible.
旁白 如果运气好的话，他们可以在条件变得不可能之前工作到十二月。
Alyeska provided arctic gear and some training in how to use it.
Alyeska 提供了北极装备以及一些如何使用这些装备的培训。
But nothing could prepare a person for the North Slope, where the sun never rises for two months in the winter, and wind chill temperatures can reach 115 below zero.
但没有什么能让人们对北坡做好准备，那里的冬天太阳有两个月都不会升起，风寒温度可达零下 115 度。
Todd Hoener, pipeline laborer : The first time I landed in Prudhoe Bay, it was a spooky place.
Todd Hoener，管道工人：我第一次降落在普拉德霍湾时，那是一个阴森恐怖的地方。
You didn't see much out the window.
你没有看到窗外太多东西。
It was dark.
天黑了。
And then you started seeing down below some lights and maybe a flare.
然后你开始看到下面有一些灯光，也许还有耀斑。
This was the end of the earth.
这是地球的尽头。
We've got our parkas on.
我们已经穿上派克大衣了
Some sort of facemask to keep you from getting frostbite.
某种可以防止冻伤的面罩。
We're getting ready for battle out there in the elements.
我们已经做好了在恶劣天气中战斗的准备。
There was a saying in Prudhoe Bay that the wind never blows, it sucks.
普拉德霍湾有句俗话：风从来不吹，很糟糕。
When you're working at night on the North Slope, the wind is usually blowing, the snow is usually blowing.
当你晚上在北坡工作时，通常会刮风，通常会下雪。
The communication is marginal, and the smoke from the diesel engines, the cold, the chaos...
通讯处于边缘状态，柴油机冒出的烟雾、寒冷、混乱……
it was surreal.
这是超现实的。
And we continued that for 10, 12 hours.
我们持续了 10、12 个小时。
And I am sure by the end of the night everybody wanted to quit and just go home.
我确信到了晚上，每个人都想辞职回家。
On the southern half of the line, workers could drive to nearby towns after work.
在该线路的南半部，工人们可以在下班后开车前往附近的城镇。
But north of the Yukon River, there was nowhere to go.
但在育空河以北，无处可去。
Worker : You do get a closed in feeling here, because, like I said, this is it.
工人：你在这里确实有一种封闭的感觉，因为，就像我说的，就是这样。
These three or four acres right here.
就在这里，三四亩地。
This is all I see.
这就是我所看到的。
Every day.
每天。
Larry Houle : Camp life got to be...
拉里·霍尔：营地生活必须是……
repetitious.
重复的。
You'd get up at the same time everyday, you'd hit the same bus with the same hands, you'd head out to the same worksite, day after day, seven days a week.
你每天都会在同一时间起床，你会用同样的手乘坐同一辆公共汽车，你会前往同一个工作地点，日复一日，每周 7 天。
I did a 20-week stint, one time, which was pretty hard to do.
我曾经做过一次为期 20 周的工作，这非常困难。
Narrator : Drugs and alcohol were prohibited in construction camps, but the rules were rarely enforced.
旁白：施工营地禁止吸毒和酗酒，但这些规定很少得到执行。
Larry Houle : I actually would bring booze into the camp.
拉里·霍尔：实际上我会把酒带进营地。
I'd bring trunk loads of it.
我会带很多行李箱。
I'd fly it in, or truck it in, and then I set up a little operation where I was actually bootlegging whiskey, and it was amazing to me.
我会把它空运进来，或者用卡车运进来，然后我开始了一个小生意，我实际上是在走私威士忌，这对我来说太棒了。
I kept pretty good records of this, and I might spend six bucks on a bottle of R&R, and I'd turn around and sell that for about $25.00.
我对此有很好的记录，我可能会花 6 美元买一瓶 R&R，然后我会以大约 25 美元的价格出售它。
But the demand was huge, and I took advantage of that.
但需求量很大，我利用了这一点。
Diane Benson : You could tell what union somebody belonged to by what drug of choice they had.
黛安·本森：你可以通过某人选择的药物来判断他属于哪个工会。
I mean it seemed like operators were the drunks or the Teamsters were the coke freaks and the laborers were the potheads.
我的意思是，操作员似乎是酒鬼，卡车司机是可乐迷，工人是瘾君子。
It got to the point where we had whole crews that would get loaded together, especially when you're working night crew.
到了我们整个团队都挤在一起的地步，尤其是当你在夜间工作时。
Narrator : Drugs and alcohol weren't the only threats to productivity.
旁白：毒品和酒精并不是对生产力的唯一威胁。
All along the line there were equipment shortages, breakdowns, design changes, and unexpected encounters with permafrost.
整个生产线都存在设备短缺、故障、设计变更以及意外遭遇永久冻土的情况。
Workers often sat on busses for days with nothing to do while the engineers tried to solve problems ...
当工程师们试图解决问题时，工人们经常坐在公交车上好几天无所事事......
and deal with the state and federal inspectors who monitored every step of the process.
并与监督整个过程每一步的州和联邦检查员打交道。
Bill Fowler : Something like you know, 18 different agencies were represented, and every one of them had the ability to stop work because they had a question about what you were doing.
Bill Fowler：就像你知道的那样，有 18 个不同的机构参加了会议，每个机构都有能力停止工作，因为他们对你在做什么有疑问。
The project was also plagued with theft of everything from tools and food to pickup trucks and heavy equipment.
该项目还受到从工具、食品到皮卡车和重型设备等各种物品被盗的困扰。
Much of it disappeared from North Star Terminal, the Teamster controlled facility where Al Fleming worked.
其中大部分从北极星码头消失了，北极星码头是阿尔·弗莱明工作的卡车司机控制的设施。
Al Fleming : A lot of things that were supposed to go up north or go down south somewhere never made it.
艾尔·弗莱明：很多原本应该向北或向南发展的东西却从未实现。
Never made it.
从来没有成功过。
There was always talk that there was organized crime throughout the pipeline.
一直有传言称整个管道中存在有组织犯罪。
And there was always talk that it permeated the union that I was part of, the Teamsters.
一直有人说它渗透到了我所属的卡车司机工会。
One of the union leaders was murdered.
一名工会领导人被谋杀。
The rumor was that it had to do with drugs.
有传言说这与毒品有关。
The 798ers were busy living up to their reputation, tearing up mess halls, brawling with security guards, and alienating just about everyone else.
798 人忙着不辜负他们的声誉，撕毁食堂，与保安斗殴，疏远几乎所有其他人。
Some believed that Frank Moolin and his managers were losing control.
一些人认为弗兰克·莫林和他的经理们正在失去控制。
Howard Weaver : I can tell you what people on the street thought, was that it was a joke.
霍华德·韦弗：我可以告诉你街上人们的想法，那就是这是一个笑话。
That it wasn't exactly management.
这不完全是管理。
It was just you know, if you throw enough pickup trucks at this thing sooner or later one will make it up the hill.
只是你知道，如果你向这东西扔足够多的皮卡车，迟早会有人爬上山。
Bill Fowler : Certainly there were excesses, certainly there were things that went wrong, certainly there was chaos.
比尔·福勒：当然有过度行为，肯定有问题，当然有混乱。
But when you try to put a project together like this you're undoubtedly going to make mistakes and have problems.
但是，当您尝试像这样将一个项目组合在一起时，毫无疑问您会犯错误并遇到问题。
It was kind of like a small war without guns...
这有点像一场没有枪的小战争……
most of the time.
大多数时候。
Somehow, though, the pipeline was getting built.
但不知何故，管道正在建设中。
Alyeska had negotiated no-strike clauses with the unions.
阿利斯卡已与工会谈判达成不罢工条款。
What they gave in return were high wages, and tolerance for a certain amount of bad behavior.
他们给予的回报是高工资和对一定不良行为的容忍。
Howard Weaver : They bought labor peace.
霍华德·韦弗：他们买来了劳工和平。
They wanted to build the damn thing fast.
他们想快速建造出这该死的东西。
They didn't want labor troubles and they were willing to pay for that.
他们不想要劳工问题，也愿意为此付出代价。
And I would say this about it - it worked!
我想说的是——它有效！
Despite incredible featherbedding, despite incredible waste, despite incredible theft, in the end, enough guys showed up with enough muscle and blood to build a pipeline.
尽管令人难以置信的羽毛铺垫，尽管令人难以置信的浪费，尽管令人难以置信的盗窃，最终还是有足够多的人带着足够的肌肉和血液来建造管道。
And so simply seen as a feat both of engineering and construction and project management, you'd have to say it was a moon shot.
因此，如果简单地将其视为工程、施工和项目管理的一项壮举，你不得不说这是一次登月计划。
Narrator : In mid-December 1975, extreme cold forced welding crews off the line for six weeks.
旁白：1975年12月中旬，严寒迫使焊接人员停工六周。
Three hundred seventy-one miles of pipe was in place, just short of Moolin's 400-mile target.
三百七十一英里的管道已经就位，距离莫林 400 英里的目标仅差一步。
So far, they'd beaten back every challenge with money and brute force.
到目前为止，他们用金钱和暴力击退了每一次挑战。
But a new crisis was about to hit, and this one threatened to take down the entire project.
但一场新的危机即将袭来，这场危机可能会毁掉整个项目。
Early in 1976 the national media reported that thousands of welds made in the previous year might be fatally flawed.
1976 年初，国家媒体报道称，前一年进行的数千个焊缝可能存在致命缺陷。
Walter Cronkite (archival) : The Transportation Department, which sets safety standards for all pipelines, opens new hearings tomorrow on the trouble-plagued Alaska Pipeline.
沃尔特·克朗凯特（档案）：为所有管道制定安全标准的运输部明天将就陷入困境的阿拉斯加管道举行新的听证会。
Those troubles threaten the fragile Alaskan environment, the timetable for delivering oil to the rest of the country, and the price of that oil.
这些问题威胁着阿拉斯加脆弱的环境、向该国其他地区输送石油的时间表以及石油的价格。
Narrator : Every one of the 108,000 pipeline welds was supposed to be x-rayed, inspected for flaws, and certified...
旁白：108,000 个管道焊缝中的每一个都应该进行 X 射线检查、缺陷检查并进行认证……
an enormous task that quickly overwhelmed the companies hired to do the job.
这是一项艰巨的任务，很快就让受雇从事这项工作的公司不堪重负。
Bill Fowler : One of the subcontractors got behind and pulled a trick that had been learned in the industry long before, is that you find a good weld and you x-ray it 10 or 15 times from a different angle and then call it ten or fifteen different x-rays and then say, well, the next 15 joints are in good shape, now we can move ahead and you get caught up.
Bill Fowler：其中一个分包商落后了，他们耍了一个行业里早就学过的把戏，就是找到一个好的焊缝，然后从不同的角度对其进行 10 或 15 次 X 射线检查，然后称之为 10 或 15 次不同的 X 射线检查，然后说，好吧，接下来的 15 个接头状况良好，现在我们可以继续前进，你就会被赶上。
When the deception came to light, it was a major scandal and Congress demanded answers from those in charge.
当欺骗行为曝光时，这是一个重大丑闻，国会要求负责人给出答案。
Bill Howitt : It was disastrous because it threw the whole quality control program and quality assurance program for everything on the pipeline into question.
Bill Howitt：这是灾难性的，因为它使整个质量控制计划和管道中所有内容的质量保证计划都受到质疑。
It was like, well, if something as simple as an x-ray, you know, can't get done right, what, what else is buried?
就像，好吧，如果像 X 射线这样简单的事情，你知道，不能正确完成，那么，还有什么被埋葬了？
Until Frank Moolin's people could sort out which x-rays had been faked, all 30,800 field welds to-date were under suspicion.
在弗兰克·莫林 (Frank Moolin) 的人员查明哪些 X 射线是伪造的之前，迄今为止所有 30,800 个现场焊接都受到怀疑。
By laboriously crosschecking every x-ray, they were able to find the all the duplicates and narrow the number of suspects to 3955.
通过费力地交叉检查每张 X 光片，他们找到了所有重复的图像，并将嫌疑人数量缩小到 3955 人。
More than half were in buried pipe, some beneath rivers.
一半以上埋在地下管道中，有些埋在河流下面。
Bill Howitt : You're already schedule driven, you've got every resource stressed, all right, now you're going to go out and dig up hundreds of existing places and x-ray them and re-weld them if you have to.
Bill Howitt：你已经被日程安排所驱动，所有资源都紧张了，好吧，现在你要出去挖掘数百个现有的地方，并对它们进行 X 光检查，如果需要的话，重新焊接它们。
And in the case of several river crossings actually go back in a couple of miles under a river and look at the weld.
如果有几次穿越河流，实际上要回到河下几英里处查看焊缝。
Narrator : In the end, some 1900 welds needed minor repair.
旁白：最后，大约1900处焊缝需要进行小修。
Another thirty-seven had to be cut out and re-done.
另外三十七张必须被剪掉并重新制作。
It was an expensive and embarrassing setback.
这是一次昂贵且令人尴尬的挫折。
But the schedule suffered the most damage.
但日程安排受到的损害最大。
To get the oil flowing in 1977, they had to finish welding pipe before winter set in at the end of 1976, and that was looking more and more doubtful.
为了在 1977 年让石油流通，他们必须在 1976 年底冬天到来之前完成管道的焊接，而这看起来越来越令人怀疑。
Bill Fowler : The owners told Frank that he could spend up to an additional $10 million dollars a day as long as what he spent it on would save a day.
比尔·福勒：业主告诉弗兰克，只要他花的钱能节省一天，他每天最多可以额外花费 1000 万美元。
Two of the most difficult sections remained -- the rugged mountain passes of the Brooks Range in the north, and the Chugach Mountains in the south.
其中两个最困难的路段仍然存在——北部布鲁克斯山脉崎岖的山口和南部楚加奇山脉。
In the Chugach, the problem was the roller coaster terrain, and the difficulty of getting machinery and pipe where it had to go.
在楚加奇，问题在于过山车般的地形，以及将机械和管道运送到目的地的困难。
One spot in particular presented problems that no one in the pipeline business had ever confronted before -- the near-vertical 2800-foot south face of Thompson Pass.
其中一个地点尤其出现了管道行业从未遇到过的问题——汤普森帕斯 (Thomson Pass) 近乎垂直的 2800 英尺南壁。
Bill Howitt : I was called in for a brainstorming session on how, how do we do this.
Bill Howitt：我被召集参加一场集思广益会议，讨论我们如何、如何做到这一点。
And that's when Frank Moolin said, we don't know how we're going to build Thompson Pass.
就在那时，弗兰克·莫林说，我们不知道如何建造汤普森山口。
You got to be kidding here!
你一定是在开玩笑吧！
You know, it's that steep?
你知道吗，有这么陡？
And there's no way to get stuff up and get stuff down and you can't even operate a Cat on it, and all of this sort of thing and we haven't figured out how we're going to do it?
没有办法把东西拿起来和拿下来，你甚至不能在上面操作猫，所有这些事情我们还没有弄清楚我们要怎么做？
Narrator : Eventually, the engineers eventually came up with a tower and cable and system to fly the 80-foot pipes sections into place.
旁白：最终，工程师们设计出了一座塔架、电缆和系统，将 80 英尺长的管道部分吊装到位。
The cable operators had to maneuver the nine-ton sections into position with nothing but radio communication to guide them.
电缆操作员必须将九吨重的部分操纵到位，仅靠无线电通信来引导。
It worked well until the time came time to position and weld the final sections on the steepest part of the slope...
它运作良好，直到需要在斜坡最陡的部分定位和焊接最后的部分......
at which point, the welders balked.
这时，焊工们犹豫了。
One man had already been injured by a falling rock, and most of the others decided it was too dangerous to continue.
一名男子已经被落石砸伤，其他大多数人认为继续下去太危险了。
With time running out, the managers turned to Junior Leslie, one of the oldest and most experienced welders on the job.
随着时间的流逝，经理们求助于朱尼尔·莱斯利（Junior Leslie），他是该工作中最年长、经验最丰富的焊工之一。
At Thompson Pass, he saw a chance to repair the reputation of the 798 welders in Alaska.
在汤普森帕斯，他看到了修复 798 焊工在阿拉斯加声誉的机会。
Hugh "Junior" Leslie, pipeline welder : The superintendent come out and said, Junior, what are we going to do?
休“初级”莱斯利，管道焊工：主管出来说，初级，我们要做什么？
And I said well, if nobody wants to go, I'll volunteer.
我说好吧，如果没人想去，我就自愿去。
Then, a little welder named Richard Behne came around and wanted to go.
这时，一位名叫理查德·贝尼（Richard Behne）的小焊工走了过来，想要走。
Then, then that kind of broke it.
然后，然后就这样打破了它。
When I did that I didn't do it to be glorified or anything.
当我这样做时，我并不是为了荣耀或其他什么。
I did it because it needed to be done.
我这样做是因为它需要完成。
I did it for the union.
我是为了工会才这么做的。
For the next few weeks, Junior Leslie and Richard Behne worked in a place where only rock climbers had ventured before.
在接下来的几周里，朱尼尔·莱斯利和理查德·贝尼在一个以前只有攀岩者冒险过的地方工作。
Richard Behne : Every day you had the danger of the rocks hitting you or the pipe getting loose and comin' down on ya.
Richard Behne：每天你都会面临岩石击中你或管道松动砸到你身上的危险。
It's the most dangerous job I've ever seen.
这是我见过的最危险的工作。
Hugh "Junior" Leslie : Snow, wind, rain, anything, sleet, anything you could imagine, I felt like I was tryin' to wash the windows on the Empire State Building.
休·“小”莱斯利：雪、风、雨，任何东西，雨夹雪，任何你能想象到的东西，我感觉我正在尝试清洗帝国大厦的窗户。
Bill Fowler : They were taking their lives in their hands to work on it up there.
比尔·福勒：他们冒着生命危险在那里工作。
That's what pipe liners do.
这就是管道内衬的作用。
That's probably one of the characteristics of 798 welders.
这大概就是798焊工的特点之一吧。
[laughs] The good side.
[笑]好的一面。
On October 20th, the welders were done with Thompson Pass.
10 月 20 日，焊工们完成了 Thompson Pass 任务。
Hugh "Junior" Leslie (archival) : Nothin' can compare with this.
休“小”莱斯利（档案）：没有什么可以与此相比。
No mountain like Thompson Pass.
没有哪座山能像汤普森山口那样。
This is the granddaddy.
这就是爷爷。
Hugh "Junior" Leslie : Like I said, that was the granddaddy of them all.
休“小”莱斯利：就像我说的，那是他们所有人的祖父。
Narrator : Five hundred miles to the north in the Brooks Range, they were still working on the last piece of the pipeline.
旁白：在布鲁克斯山脉以北五百英里处，他们仍在施工最后一段管道。
Atigun Pass was the highest point on the line, 4800 feet above sea level, with some of the most brutal weather in Alaska.
阿提贡山口是线路上的最高点，海拔 4800 英尺，这里的天气是阿拉斯加最恶劣的。
Frank Moolin : We have from 500 to 700 men working 24 hours a day in Atigun Pass, under some extremely difficult working conditions.
Frank Moolin：我们有 500 到 700 名员工在阿提贡山口每天 24 小时工作，工作条件极其艰苦。
Snowfall with very low temperatures, high winds...
降雪、气温极低、风大……
The ground was unstable permafrost, which normally would require elevated pipe.
地面是不稳定的永久冻土，通常需要高架管道。
But the threat of avalanches meant that it had to be buried in a heavily insulated box filled with concrete.
但雪崩的威胁意味着它必须被埋在一个充满混凝土的高度绝缘的盒子里。
And they had to finish before the weather forced them off the line for the winter.
他们必须在天气迫使他们下线过冬之前完成任务。
Bill Howitt : So, they're pouring concrete in November in the Arctic, cold, blowing snow, avalanche danger, just terrible conditions.
Bill Howitt：那么，他们将在 11 月份在北极浇筑混凝土，那里寒冷、大雪、雪崩危险，条件非常恶劣。
Narrator : Working around the clock, they finished in Atigun Pass in early-December 1976.
旁白：他们夜以继日地工作，于 1976 年 12 月初抵达阿提贡山口。
A little more than twenty months after work began, the 800-mile pipeline was in place.
开工二十多个月后，800 英里的管道就位。
Todd Hoener : That's when you were getting the sense that, uh-oh.
Todd Hoener：那时你就感觉到，呃哦。
Maybe I should have saved some of that money.
也许我应该存一些钱。
Dave Smallwood : No, it really didn't set me up.
戴夫·斯莫尔伍德：不，这确实没有让我失望。
I just really lived good.
我真的活得很好。
You know, if I had a chance to do it again I'd be set up.
你知道，如果我有机会再做一次，我就会被陷害。
You know how it goes.
你知道事情进展如何。
Larry Houle : In the end, I banked $97,000 in cash, in round numbers.
Larry Houle：最后，我存入了 97,000 美元的现金，金额为整数。
Al Fleming : At first all I wanted to do was just make money and then get out of here.
艾尔·弗莱明：一开始我只想赚钱，然后离开这里。
That was the intent.
这就是意图。
But after about a year I didn't want to go back.
但大约一年后我不想回去了。
Because this, this became home and it still is.
因为这样，这里就成了家，而且现在仍然如此。
I'm fiercely loyal to this place now.
我现在对这个地方非常忠诚。
Funny how that works.
有趣的是，这是如何运作的。
Narrator :By late spring of 1977 the pump stations were ready to start moving oil.
旁白：1977 年春末，泵站已准备好开始输送石油。
On June 20, the valves at Prudhoe Bay were opened, and the first Alaskan crude began to flow south.
6月20日，普拉德霍湾阀门打开，第一批阿拉斯加原油开始南流。
The safeguards environmentalists fought for produced a pipeline as green as almost anyone could have hoped.
环保主义者争取的保障措施创造了一条几乎所有人都希望的绿色管道。
The final cost was 8 billion dollars -- almost 10 times the original estimate.
最终成本为 80 亿美元——几乎是最初估算的 10 倍。
Frank Moolin was honored by his peers for pulling off the most complex and demanding construction job in history.
弗兰克·莫林因完成了历史上最复杂、最艰巨的建筑工作而受到同行的表彰。
A few years later he died at the age of 48.
几年后他去世，享年48岁。
The pipeline brought power to Native Alaskans through the land claims settlement, though it brought less welcome change to some.
该管道通过土地索赔解决方案为阿拉斯加原住民带来了电力，尽管它给一些人带来了不太受欢迎的变化。
Byron Mallott : Where people lived the pipeline had a huge impact, and those people suffered a great sense of loss -- not just of land but of place.
拜伦·马洛特：管道对人们居住的地方产生了巨大的影响，这些人遭受了巨大的损失——不仅仅是土地的损失，还有地方的损失。
But the pipeline pulled Alaska kicking and screaming into the 20th century.
但这条管道将阿拉斯加带入了 20 世纪。
And it allowed Alaska's Native peoples to become a social and economic force in ways that I don't think ever would have been achieved, at least not for a long, long time.
它让阿拉斯加的原住民以我认为永远不会实现的方式成为社会和经济力量，至少在很长一段时间内不会实现。
The pipeline has delivered some 15 billion barrels of oil so far -- 50 percent more than predicted, though, hardly enough to break America's dependence on foreign oil.
迄今为止，该管道已输送了约 150 亿桶石油，比预期多出 50%，不过，还不足以打破美国对外国石油的依赖。
There have been spills from accidents, vandalism and thawed permafrost.
事故、故意破坏和永久冻土融化导致泄漏。
And on the North Slope Oil Field, at least one from corrosion in the aging system.
而在北坡油田，至少有一个来自老化系统的腐蚀。
But overall, the pipeline has worked as well as almost anyone could have hoped.
但总体而言，这条管道的运作效果几乎达到了所有人的预期。
Alaskan oil has been the biggest resource bonanza in U.S. history, transforming Alaska from one of the poorest to one of the wealthiest states in the nation.
阿拉斯加石油一直是美国历史上最大的资源财富，使阿拉斯加从美国最贫穷的州之一转变为最富有的州之一。
But Alaska has also paid a price.
但阿拉斯加也付出了代价。
The disaster that some said was inevitable came in 1989 when the Exxon Valdez spilled a quarter-million barrels of oil -- 11 million gallons -- into Prince William Sound.
有人认为不可避免的灾难发生在 1989 年，当时埃克森·瓦尔迪兹号向威廉王子湾泄漏了 25 万桶石油（1100 万加仑）。
It was the largest, most destructive oil spill in U.S. history.
这是美国历史上规模最大、最具破坏性的漏油事件。
Bill Howitt : They call it the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.
比尔·豪伊特：他们称之为跨阿拉斯加管道系统。
It is a system.
它是一个系统。
And if any part of the system fails, it's a reflection on all of us.
如果系统的任何部分出现故障，都会对我们所有人造成影响。
The people at Alyeska really took that hard.
阿拉斯加的人们真的很难接受。
I mean it was a tragedy.
我的意思是这是一场悲剧。
It's still not completely recovered.
还没有完全恢复。
Um, we all took it very, very personally.
嗯，我们都非常非常个人地看待这件事。
Joseph Pratt : The Exxon-Valdez oil spill really changed public thinking about how safe was safe enough.
约瑟夫·普拉特：埃克森-瓦尔迪兹漏油事件确实改变了公众对安全才算足够安全的看法。
In some ways, that's a shame for the pipeline builders, because they did do a very good job of adapting to the new needs of environmental quality.
从某些方面来说，这对管道建设者来说是一种耻辱，因为他们在适应环境质量的新需求方面确实做得很好。
Spending more money, changing the design, but it's also the political reality.
花更多的钱，改变设计，但这也是政治现实。
We're right back to the same debate.
我们又回到了同样的辩论。
Is the oil crucial, or is the wilderness crucial?
是石油重要，还是荒野重要？
Diane Benson : I remember one morning looking at the line and the way it just cut a path right through the heart of Alaska.
黛安·本森：我记得有一天早上，我看着这条线路，以及它刚刚穿过阿拉斯加中心地带的道路。
It felt like it cut across my heart sometimes to stand on the hillside and look at what it did to this place.
有时，站在山坡上看看它对这个地方造成的影响，我的心仿佛被刺痛了。
On the other hand you had to appreciate what a magnificent thing it was to build this thing.
另一方面，你必须欣赏建造这个东西是多么伟大的事情。
We were actually proud of it.
我们实际上为此感到自豪。
Howard Weaver : Alaska is now an oil state.
霍华德·韦弗：阿拉斯加现在是一个石油州。
It's an oil colony; I think it's fair to say.
这是一个石油殖民地；我认为这样说是公平的。
I know you'd find lots of Alaskans who thought that that was the beginning of the state standing on its own feet and finding its destiny and being able to pay for its own future.
我知道你会发现很多阿拉斯加人认为这是该州自力更生、找到自己的命运并能够为自己的未来买单的开始。
I think you'd find an equal number who would think something very special was lost when Alaska put all its eggs in one basket.
我想你会发现同样数量的人会认为当阿拉斯加把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里时，失去了一些非常特别的东西。
Bill Howitt : The pipe did exactly what it was supposed to do.
Bill Howitt：管道完全发挥了它应有的作用。
And whether you consider that good or bad, it's the case, and it has changed the face of Alaska forever.
无论你认为这是好是坏，事实就是如此，它永远改变了阿拉斯加的面貌。
Some resources can be moved from point to point by truck, train, boat or plane.
有些资源可以通过卡车、火车、轮船或飞机从一个点转移到另一个点。
But these options were impossible for the North Slope oil discovered above the Arctic Circle, hundreds of miles from the Alaskan road system in one of the world's harshest weather zones.
但对于在北极圈上方发现的北坡石油来说，这些选择是不可能的，这里距离阿拉斯加公路系统数百英里，是世界上最恶劣的气候区之一。
Willie Hensley joined the company in 1997 to act as liaison between Alyeska and the Native community.
Willie Hensley 于 1997 年加入公司，担任 Alyeska 和原住民社区之间的联络人。
In 1966 Walter J.
1966 年，沃尔特·J.
Hickel, a millionaire real estate developer and entrepreneur, ran for governor of Alaska on the Republican ticket.
希克尔是一位百万富翁房地产开发商和企业家，以共和党的名义竞选阿拉斯加州州长。
Much to everyone's surprise, he won by a narrow margin of 80 votes.
出乎所有人的意料，他以80票的微弱优势获胜。
BP had been about to give up looking when Atlantic Richfield and Humble Oil tapped in to a vast oil field in the spring of 1968.
1968 年春天，当大西洋里奇菲尔德公司 (Atlantic Richfield) 和汉布尔石油公司 (Humble Oil) 开发了一个巨大的油田时，英国石油公司 (BP) 正打算放弃寻找。
Between 1902 and 1926 the federal government had set aside 54 million acres as national parks and wildlife refuges.
1902 年至 1926 年间，联邦政府划出 5,400 万英亩土地作为国家公园和野生动物保护区。
All the rest was potentially subject to Native title.
所有其余的都可能受原住民所有权的约束。
However, Congress had never made any treaties with Alaska Natives.
然而，国会从未与阿拉斯加原住民签订任何条约。
When the original engineers sat down to design the pipeline, federal geologists and environmentalists noted that unique obstacles, including permafrost and earthquakes, would challenge the idea that the pipeline.
当最初的工程师坐下来设计管道时，联邦地质学家和环保主义者指出，包括永久冻土和地震在内的独特障碍将挑战管道的想法。
With 75% of the 800-mile pipeline passing through permafrost terrain, the engineers came up with three principal redesign plans to fit the needs of each particular area.
由于 800 英里长的管道中有 75% 经过永久冻土地带，工程师们提出了三个主要的重新设计计划，以满足每个特定区域的需求。
There were only two police officers patrolling Fairbanks when the Trans-Alaskan pipeline project arrived on the scene.
当跨阿拉斯加管道项目到达现场时，只有两名警察在费尔班克斯巡逻。
J.
J。
B.
B.
Carnahan was one of them.
卡纳汉就是其中之一。
Then, almost overnight, the sleepy town of Fairbanks became a boomtown.
然后，几乎一夜之间，沉睡的费尔班克斯小镇变成了一座新兴城市。
Different conservation groups had different objectives, but the 800-mile Trans-Alaska pipeline project rallied the environmental community in a way no other project had done before.
不同的保护组织有不同的目标，但 800 英里的跨阿拉斯加管道项目以前所未有的方式团结了环境界。
When oil was doscivered in Prudhoe Bay on the North Slope of Alaska, it was the single largest field ever found in North America.
当阿拉斯加北坡普拉德霍湾发现石油时，它是北美迄今为止发现的最大的单一油田。
Almost all Alaskan oil production is on state-owned land, so the state receives revenue from four different sources: production tax, property tax, royalties and corporate tax.
阿拉斯加几乎所有的石油生产都在国有土地上进行，因此该州从四个不同的来源获得收入：生产税、财产税、特许权使用费和公司税。
In 1968, Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) and Humble Oil and Refining Company (now Exxon Company, U.S.A.) announce the discovery of a massive oil field in Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's northernmost coast, in the frigid Arctic Circle.
1968年，大西洋里奇菲尔德公司（ARCO）和汉布尔石油和炼油公司（现为美国埃克森公司）宣布在阿拉斯加最北海岸、寒冷的北极圈内的普拉德霍湾发现了一个巨大的油田。