The Pill
Sylvia Clark: I postponed sex actually till after I was married, but not through any lack of interest.
西尔维娅·克拉克：我实际上把性生活推迟到结婚后，但并不是因为缺乏兴趣。
The reason that I was successful was absolute fear of being pregnant before I was married.
我成功的原因是在结婚前绝对害怕怀孕。
Joan McCracken: One of my roommates said, "If the bomb is coming, what would you do?" And it was just like, "I'd like to sleep with somebody."
琼·麦克拉肯：我的一位室友说，“如果炸弹来了，你会怎么做？”就像，“我想和某人一起睡觉。”
Sylvia Clark: It was this smoldering something that we were all supposed to know about but we had no way of getting the information.
西尔维娅·克拉克：这是我们都应该知道的事情，但我们无法获取信息。
Men somehow expected, and, and I think believed, that something magic happened to release all of this wonderful whatever it was.
人们以某种方式期望，并且我认为相信，某种神奇的事情会发生，以释放所有这些美妙的东西。
And when it didn't happen, everybody was puzzled.
当这一切没有发生时，每个人都感到困惑。
Joan McCracken: We were taught you should be so grateful that he has chosen you.
琼·麦克拉肯：我们被教导你应该感激他选择了你。
You know, for a woman to ask a man to wear a condom, it was like, unheard of.
你知道，对于一个女人要求一个男人戴安全套，这就像是闻所未闻的。
My first child was born nine months and five days after I was married.
我的第一个孩子在我结婚后九个月零五天出生。
It was not even talked about, but people really used their fingers to count in those days.
甚至没有被谈论，但当时人们确实用手指来数。
I think my mother really sweated it out.
我想我妈妈真的是花了很多心思。
Not that she thought that I had gotten pregnant before I was married, but it was "What would the neighbors think?" After we starting seeing how easy it was to get pregnant, I mean, just any time I want I can get pregnant...you know, I know that I cannot do this the rest of my life.
并不是她认为我在结婚前就怀孕了，而是“邻居们会怎么想？”在我们开始看到怀孕是多么容易之后，我的意思是，只要我愿意，我就可以怀孕……你知道，我知道我余生都不能这样做。
But what am I going to do?
但我该怎么办呢？
We were very desperate.
我们非常绝望。
Narrator: The 1950s ushered in an age of technological wonders and miracle drugs.
旁白：20 世纪 50 年代迎来了技术奇迹和神奇药物的时代。
But when it came to developing new forms of birth control, the scientific community wanted no part of it.
但当谈到开发新的节育方式时，科学界却不想参与其中。
Andrea Tone, Historian: The fear was the sheer availability of contraceptives would increase sexual encounters.
历史学家安德里亚·托恩（Andrea Tone）：人们担心避孕药具的普及会增加性接触的数量。
That it would lead to promiscuity.
这会导致乱交。
Some people said that a pregnancy was the only brake on human lust.
有人说怀孕是抑制人类欲望的唯一手段。
Narrator: No one had fought harder to make contraception available to all women than the country's most outspoken birth control advocate, Margaret Sanger.
旁白：没有人比该国最直言不讳的节育倡导者玛格丽特·桑格更努力地为所有女性提供避孕措施。
Alex Sanger, Grandson: My grandmother's childhood was poverty stricken and was painful.
孙子亚历克斯·桑格：我祖母的童年是贫困而痛苦的。
She grew out of a world where her mother was pregnant eighteen times, eleven children, seven miscarriages, and was dead at age forty-nine.
在她成长的世界里，她的母亲怀孕了十八次，生了十一个孩子，七次流产，并在四十九岁时去世。
This is not an uncommon story in 19th century America.
这在 19 世纪的美国并不罕见。
Narrator: Sanger had begun her battle by challenging the so-called Comstock Laws, statutes that criminalized the sale of contraceptive devices and the dissemination of birth control information.
旁白：桑格通过挑战所谓的康斯托克法律开始了她的战斗，该法律将销售避孕器具和传播节育信息定为犯罪。
Half a century later, she still bristled.
半个世纪过去了，她仍然怒不可遏。
Sanger, in video clip: I bumped up against this very, very arrogant, old fashioned, stupid law, which had to be changed, but it was going to take a long time to change it.
桑格，在视频剪辑中：我遇到了这个非常非常傲慢、老式、愚蠢的法律，它必须改变，但改变它需要很长时间。
And I decided the best way to change it was to break it.
我决定改变它的最好方法就是打破它。
Alex Sanger: For this she went to jail repeatedly, broke every law on the books, took on the government, took on the medical profession, took on the religious institutions of this country, took on most men, and those that were supporting her were the women who were desperate for this information.
亚历克斯·桑格：为此，她多次入狱，违反了所有法律，与政府较量，与医疗行业较量，与这个国家的宗教机构较量，与大多数男性较量，而支持她的是那些迫切需要这些信息的女性。
Narrator: By the early 1950s, Sanger's campaign had met only limited success.
旁白：到了 20 世纪 50 年代初，桑格的竞选活动只取得了有限的成功。
Comstock laws were still on the books in thirty states across the country.
康斯托克法律在全国三十个州仍然有效。
And though she had managed to broaden access to diaphragms and condoms, women still did not have a foolproof method of birth control.
尽管她设法扩大了隔膜和避孕套的使用范围，但女性仍然没有万无一失的节育方法。
What Sanger dreamed of was a simple pill.
桑格梦想的是一种简单的药丸。
Now seventy-one, she began searching for a scientist willing to defy both law and custom.
现年七十一岁的她开始寻找一位愿意藐视法律和习俗的科学家。
She found him at a laboratory in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.
她在马萨诸塞州什鲁斯伯里的一个实验室找到了他。
He was the colorful and brilliant reproductive physiologist, Gregory Pincus.
他就是一位多才多艺、才华横溢的生殖生理学家格雷戈里·平卡斯(Gregory Pincus)。
As a young scientist at Harvard, he had been a rising star.
作为哈佛大学的一名年轻科学家，他一直是一颗冉冉升起的新星。
In 1934, Pincus reported that he had accomplished the first in-vitro fertilization of animals.
1934年，平卡斯报告说他完成了第一次动物体外受精。
Andrea Tone: The press does not treat Pincus's remarkable breakthrough in a very flattering way.
安德里亚·托恩（Andrea Tone）：媒体并没有以非常奉承的方式对待平卡斯的非凡突破。
They're very concerned about the possibility of human engineering of the reproductive process.
他们非常关心人类工程生殖过程的可能性。
And one magazine in particular takes a photograph of Pincus with a cigarette dangling from his mouth in the most sinister light imaginable, saying "Scientist Engineers First Rabbit Embryo." And it conjured up images of the mad scientist at work, playing with human life in a test tube.
一本杂志特别拍了一张平卡斯嘴里叼着香烟的照片，在可以想象的最险恶的光线下，上面写着“科学家设计了第一个兔子胚胎”。它让人想起工作中的疯狂科学家，在试管中玩弄人类生命的画面。
Narrator: Harvard denied him tenure.
旁白：哈佛大学拒绝了他的终身教职。
And Pincus set up his own small research laboratory.
平卡斯还建立了自己的小型研究实验室。
For the next decade, he would struggle to keep the lab solvent, even serving as his own janitor.
在接下来的十年里，他努力维持实验室的偿付能力，甚至担任自己的看门人。
By 1951, Pincus was desperate.
到了 1951 年，平卡斯已经绝望了。
His research into hormones had been slow to produce results.
他对激素的研究进展缓慢。
His client, the pharmaceutical company, G.D.
他的客户是制药公司 G.D.
Searle, cut off his funding -- and declared Pincus "a lamentable failure."
塞尔切断了他的资助，并宣称平卡斯是“可悲的失败”。
That same year, he was introduced to Margaret Sanger.
同年，他被介绍给玛格丽特桑格。
Alex Sanger: The meeting with Gregory Pincus was a nirvana for my grandmother.
亚历克斯·桑格：与格雷戈里·平卡斯的会面对我的祖母来说是涅槃。
It must have been absolutely stunning finally to find a man of science who understood the basic science of reproduction.
最终找到一位了解生殖基础科学的科学家，这一定是绝对令人震惊的。
Pincus told her that hormones held the key to a contraceptive pill.
平卡斯告诉她，激素是避孕药的关键。
But the research would cost much more than the few thousand dollars Sanger had available.
但这项研究的成本远远超过桑格所能提供的几千美元。
Without millions, he explained, the pill would remain only a dream.
他解释说，如果没有数百万人，这种药丸将仍然只是一个梦想。
Narrator: As the pill project stalled, the country was in the midst of the largest baby boom in its history.
旁白：随着避孕药项目的停滞，这个国家正处于历史上最大的婴儿潮之中。
Most women were married by age 19, and more than half of them were pregnant within the first seven months.
大多数女性在 19 岁时结婚，其中一半以上在头 7 个月内怀孕。
Joan McCracken: Well, the 1950s was also a time when it was expected that when you did go to college, you would find a husband.
琼·麦克拉肯：嗯，20 世纪 50 年代也是一个人们期望当你上大学后就能找到丈夫的时期。
And it was that old "What are you graduating with," and you hoped it was that "Mrs. degree." And most of us did find our husbands in college.
这就是那个古老的“你毕业时的学位是什么”，而你希望它是“夫人学位”。我们大多数人确实在大学里找到了自己的丈夫。
And where I went to college -- I went to nursing school -- and there was 88 of us.
我上大学的地方——我上的是护士学校——我们有 88 个人。
And about 80 of us either married right before we graduated, right after we graduated, or within 6 months.
我们中大约 80 人要么在毕业前、毕业后、要么在 6 个月内结婚。
And so you know, looking back, it wasn't because that was the "one and only," but it was the one that was there.
所以你知道，回顾过去，这并不是因为那是“唯一的”，而是因为那是存在的。
Narrator: Once married, women's roles were narrowly defined.
旁白：一旦结婚，女性的角色就被狭隘地定义了。
Pageant Announcer sync: Enchanting entries in the Mrs. American race not only look swell...they cook well, and they sew darnit, and they mop and peel potatoes, and tend to other chores.
选美播音员同步：美国夫人竞选中的迷人参赛者不仅看起来很漂亮……她们做饭很好，她们缝衣服，她们拖地、削土豆皮，还做其他家务。
Mrs. America Winner sync: When I was a Miss, there was nothing cooking.
美国夫人获胜者同步：当我还是一名小姐时，没有什么可以做饭的。
Now that I'm Mrs. America, I'm really cooking.
现在我是美国夫人了，我真的会做饭。
Sylvia Clark: In the 1950s, one was supposed to go from absolute celibacy...
Sylvia Clark：在 20 世纪 50 年代，人们应该摆脱绝对独身......
some necking and some carrying on, but not actual intercourse, to suddenly full-blown wonderful, blossoming sexuality with one's husband.
有些是颈缩，有些是进行，但不是真正的性交，以便与丈夫突然全面展开美妙的、绽放的性行为。
This was supposed to have taken place overnight, magically.
这本来应该是在一夜之间发生的，很神奇。
Narrator: Without an effective female-controlled contraceptive, a young woman faced the prospect of three decades of child bearing.
旁白：如果没有有效的女性自控避孕措施，一名年轻女性将面临三十年生育的前景。
Sylvia Clark: I could foresee, at the age of 23, having another baby, and another baby, and another baby.
Sylvia Clark：我可以预见，在 23 岁时，我会再生一个孩子，再生一个孩子，再生一个孩子。
The idea of being able to have sex as expected, whether we were enjoying it or not wasn't the point, we were going to have sex as expected.
能够按预期发生性行为的想法，无论我们是否享受它，都不是重点，我们将按预期发生性行为。
And to be able to control fertility, not have that next pregnancy, was immensely important to us.
能够控制生育能力，避免下次怀孕，对我们来说非常重要。
But we weren't able to talk about it yet.
但我们还不能谈论它。
We were on the cusp of that wonderful awakening of what we might be quote, "entitled" to, but we weren't quite there.
我们正处于我们所谓“有权”的奇妙觉醒的风口浪尖，但我们还没有完全实现。
Narrator: For Catholic women, birth control created a crisis of faith.
旁白：对于天主教女性来说，节育造成了信仰危机。
Starting in the 1930s, Protestant churches had begun to relax their stance on birth control, but not the Catholic Church.
从20世纪30年代开始，新教教会开始放松对节育的立场，但天主教会却没有。
Loretta McLaughlin, Journalist: During my college years there was a mission in the local big church in South Boston.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林，记者：在我上大学期间，南波士顿当地的一座大教堂有一个传教活动。
And my mother didn't want to go alone, so she made me go to the married women's group.
而妈妈又不想一个人去，就让我去了已婚妇女团。
And I tell you I had never heard anything like it.
我告诉你我从来没有听过这样的事情。
And the women came and the priests said to them that if they were practicing birth control, that the faces of their unborn children would haunt them on their death beds.
妇女们来了，牧师们对她们说，如果她们实行节育，她们未出生的孩子的脸就会在她们临死的床上困扰着她们。
And you know, they would burn in hell fire for eternity.
你知道，他们会在地狱之火中永远燃烧。
It sounds impossible that that sort of thing was literally being said, but it was.
从字面上说这种话听起来不太可能，但事实确实如此。
The effect of that sermon, that week-long sermon...We had five new babies in my building the next year.
那次布道、那次为期一周的布道的影响……第二年，我们在我的大楼里迎来了五个新生儿。
Leslie Tentler, Historian: Frankly, I think one of the most effective enforcers of the teaching in the fifties, uh, is the mythical Mrs. Murphy, or Mrs. O'Shaunessy, or Mrs. Krupnik, whoever she in your parish, who shows up on Sunday morning with ten children, (you know) stepping stones.
莱斯利·坦特勒（Leslie Tentler），历史学家：坦率地说，我认为五十年代最有效的教学执行者之一，呃，是神秘的墨菲夫人，或奥肖内西夫人，或克鲁普尼克夫人，无论她在你的教区中是谁，她在周日早上带着十个孩子出现，（你知道）垫脚石。
The oldest one is, you know, is 12 and the youngest one is a babe in arms.
你知道，最大的一个已经 12 岁了，最小的一个还是个婴儿。
And they're beautifully dressed and beautifully behaved.
而且她们衣着华丽，举止优雅。
And they sit in the front pew at mass, and they seem to follow the service much more attentively and reverently than your children do.
在弥撒中，他们坐在前排，他们似乎比你的孩子更专注、更虔诚地参与弥撒。
And she looks great.
她看起来很棒。
She's slender and serene.
她身材苗条，文静。
And her husband seems to be the picture of satisfied paternity.
而她的丈夫似乎就是一副满意的父子之情。
And if she can do it, why can't you?
如果她能做到，你为什么不能呢？
Husband: Honey, uh, now that we have this baseball team....uh, what do you say about a football team?
丈夫：亲爱的，呃，现在我们有了这支棒球队……呃，你觉得橄榄球队怎么样？
Leslie Tentler: Uh, and it is in many ways an attractive picture of life.
莱斯利·坦特勒：呃，从很多方面来说，这都是一幅有吸引力的生活图画。
But I think in reality for a fair number of couples, it was pretty overwhelming.
但我认为实际上对于相当多的夫妇来说，这是相当难以承受的。
Narrator: In Massachusetts and Connecticut, both states with large Catholic populations, the use of birth control was a crime subject to fines and imprisonment.
旁白：在马萨诸塞州和康涅狄格州这两个拥有大量天主教人口的州，使用节育措施是一种犯罪行为，会被处以罚款和监禁。
Dr. Richard Hauskenecht, Physcian: What was allowed in Connecticut in terms of contraception?
Richard Hauskenecht 医生，医生：康涅狄格州允许采取哪些避孕措施？
The answer is zero, zip.
答案是零，拉链。
This may shock you a little bit, but we did hysterectomies instead.
这可能会让你有点震惊，但我们做了子宫切除术。
We did them early after delivery, uh, six weeks, seven weeks postpartum.
我们在产后很早就做了这些检查，呃，产后六周、七周。
And doing a, a vaginal hysterectomy on somebody who's had three or four kids, six weeks postpartum, you got two choices, you either got to be faster than hell, or you'd better get the blood bank cranked up because the blood loss will be astonishing.
产后六周，对一个已经生了三四个孩子的人进行阴道子宫切除术，你有两个选择，你要么必须比地狱更快，要么你最好让血库加满，因为失血量将是惊人的。
It was prehistoric, absolutely prehistoric.
那是史前，绝对是史前。
From a training point of view we were delighted by this cause we got a chance to operate.
从培训的角度来看，我们对此感到很高兴，因为我们有机会进行操作。
But our poor patients suffered enormously.
但我们可怜的病人却遭受了巨大的痛苦。
I mean the risks of what we were doing were simply not rational and unacceptable.
我的意思是我们所做的事情的风险根本不合理且不可接受。
Narrator: On a bright New England morning in 1953, Margaret Sanger set out for a meeting with Gregory Pincus at his lab.
旁白：1953 年新英格兰一个阳光明媚的早晨，玛格丽特·桑格 (Margaret Sanger) 出发前往格雷戈里·平卡斯 (Gregory Pincus) 的实验室与他会面。
Accompanying her was her new patron.
陪伴她的是她的新赞助人。
Katharine Dexter McCormick was seventy-eight years old, committed to birth control, and very rich.
凯瑟琳·德克斯特·麦考密克今年七十八岁，致力于节育，而且非常富有。
Interested in science since childhood, she became one of the first women to graduate from MIT.
她从小就对科学感兴趣，成为第一批从麻省理工学院毕业的女性之一。
Andrea Tone: McCormick gets a degree in biology, which was such a rarity for women in this time period.
安德里亚·托恩：麦考密克获得了生物学学位，这对于那个时期的女性来说是非常罕见的。
And I think her background in science kindled in her an interest in looking at the possibility of a scientific answer to women's suffering.
我认为她的科学背景激发了她寻找科学答案来解决女性痛苦的可能性的兴趣。
Narrator: When she was 29, Katharine married Stanley McCormick, heir to the vast fortune of the International Harvester Company.
旁白：29 岁时，凯瑟琳与国际收割机公司巨额财产的继承人斯坦利·麦考密克结婚。
Andrea Tone: And shortly after their marriage Stanley is diagnosed with schizophrenia.
安德里亚·托恩：他们结婚后不久，斯坦利被诊断出患有精神分裂症。
And this devastates Katharine and also forges in her mind a resolve to stay childless.
这让凯瑟琳深受打击，也让她下定决心不生孩子。
And I think it probably made her an early convert to the larger issues involved with the birth control movement.
我认为这可能使她很早就开始关注与节育运动有关的更大问题。
Narrator: After her husband's death, McCormick contacted Margaret Sanger, her old friend from the suffragette days.
旁白：丈夫去世后，麦考密克联系了她在妇女参政权论时期的老朋友玛格丽特·桑格。
Andrea Tone: Sanger and McCormick subscribed to a feminism which held that birth control was a precondition of the liberation of women.
安德里亚·托恩：桑格和麦考密克都认同女权主义，认为节育是妇女解放的先决条件。
They felt that it was extremely important that birth control technologies be technologies that women could control.
他们认为，节育技术必须是女性能够控制的技术，这一点极其重要。
Narrator: When Sanger and McCormick arrived at Pincus' lab, the science of hormones was still in its infancy.
旁白：当桑格和麦考密克到达平卡斯的实验室时，激素科学仍处于起步阶段。
But the elderly heiress wanted a pill right away.
但年迈的女继承人想要立即服用药丸。
Alex Sanger: She kept on asking him the tough questions.
亚历克斯·桑格：她一直在问他一些棘手的问题。
How much new equipment do you need?
您需要多少新设备？
Are there going to be institutional pressures against you?
你会受到制度上的压力吗？
Who is going to be fighting this?
谁来对抗这个？
Are you determined?
你有决心吗？
Are you with us?
你和我们在一起吗？
And he had to take a few long breaths, long pauses and figure out do I really want to get in bed with these two women for the next decade?
他必须长长地呼吸几次，长时间地停顿，然后弄清楚我真的想在接下来的十年里和这两个女人上床吗？
And he thought about it and he said, " Yes." He said, "I can do this."
他想了想，说道：“是的。”他说：“我能做到。”
Narrator: Katharine McCormick took out her checkbook and wrote Pincus a check for $40,000 with a promise of more to come.
旁白：凯瑟琳·麦考密克拿出她的支票簿，给平卡斯写了一张 4 万美元的支票，并承诺还会有更多支票。
Later, when he told his wife, she protested that non-conformists like Sanger and McCormick were living in a fantasy world.
后来，当他告诉妻子时，她抗议说像桑格和麦考密克这样的不墨守成规的人生活在幻想世界中。
Pincus would hear nothing of it.
平卡斯不会听到任何消息。
"Everything," he replied, "Is possible in science."
“一切，”他回答道，“在科学上都是可能的。”
Title Card: A Cage of Ovulating Females...
标题卡：一笼正在排卵的雌性......
Narrator: With McCormick's backing, Pincus set up a lab to put his hormone theory to the test.
旁白：在麦考密克的支持下，平卡斯建立了一个实验室来测试他的激素理论。
He injected lab animals with repeated doses of the hormone, progesterone, hoping it would stop ovulation.
他给实验动物注射了重复剂量的激素黄体酮，希望它能阻止排卵。
Within months, Pincus' hunch proved correct.
几个月后，平卡斯的预感被证明是正确的。
But for women, daily injections of progesterone would be painful and costly.
但对于女性来说，每天注射黄体酮会很痛苦，而且费用昂贵。
To Pincus's surprise, the G.
令平卡斯惊讶的是，G.
D.
D .
Searle Company had already developed progesterone in pill form, but was doing little with it.
塞尔公司已经开发出药丸形式的黄体酮，但几乎没有采取任何行动。
Pincus persuaded his former client to give him samples.
平卡斯说服他的前客户给他样品。
Margaret Marsh, Historian: Gregory Pincus wasn't a physician, he was a scientist.
玛格丽特·马什，历史学家：格雷戈里·平卡斯不是一名医生，他是一名科学家。
And so he could give the pill to as many rabbits as he wanted to.
这样他就可以给任意数量的兔子服用药丸。
Rabbits everywhere could take this pill.
世界各地的兔子都可以服用这种药。
But he couldn't give the pill to women.
但他不能给女性服用避孕药。
He wasn't a doctor.
他不是医生。
He couldn't run a clinical trial on human beings.
他无法对人类进行临床试验。
Narrator: Pincus turned to an unlikely source for help.
旁白：平卡斯向一个不太可能的来源寻求帮助。
Sixty-four-year-old John Rock was a renowned infertility specialist.
六十四岁的约翰·洛克是一位著名的不孕不育专家。
A Harvard obstetrician and gynecologist.
哈佛大学妇产科医生。
And a Catholic.
和一个天主教徒。
Loretta McLaughlin: John Rock was virtually a daily communicant.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林：约翰·洛克实际上是一个每天都有交流的人。
He had patients over in the old Boston City Hospital as well.
他也在旧波士顿市医院接待过病人。
And he would go to Mass every morning in the Immaculate Conception church across the street, which was a Jesuit center.
每天早上他都会去街对面的圣母无染原罪教堂做弥撒，那是一个耶稣会中心。
He believed in the goodness of people.
他相信人性本善。
He believed in the goodness of mankind.
他相信人性本善。
He was a deep and profound Catholic.
他是一位深刻而深刻的天主教徒。
Narrator: Not only was Rock constrained by his faith, under Massachusetts' harsh Comstock laws -- any involvement with birth control could destroy his career.
旁白：洛克不仅受到马萨诸塞州严厉的康斯托克法律的信仰限制，任何与节育有关的行为都可能毁掉他的职业生涯。
Margaret Marsh: He was the most important reproductive medicine specialist in the country.
玛格丽特·马什：他是这个国家最重要的生殖医学专家。
He didn't need to do this.
他不需要这样做。
But...
但是...
he was not only insatiably, intellectually curious -- he always wanted to know things that other people didn't know.
他不仅具有永不满足的求知欲，而且总是想知道别人不知道的事情。
He also was in favor of birth control.
他还赞成节育。
And as a Catholic, this made him very unique.
作为一名天主教徒，这使他非常独特。
Narrator: After years of delivering unwanted babies, Rock had come to view the church-sanctioned rhythm method as unworkable.
旁白：多年来，洛克接生了不想要的婴儿，他开始认为教会认可的节奏法是行不通的。
Periodic sexual abstinence, he believed, was both unrealistic and damaging to a marriage.
他认为，定期禁欲既不现实，也会损害婚姻。
The prospect, however, of having a Catholic involved in the pill project horrified Margaret Sanger -- herself, a lapsed Catholic.
然而，让一名天主教徒参与该药丸项目的前景让玛格丽特·桑格感到震惊——她本人就是一名失信的天主教徒。
Mike Wallace interview with Margaret Sanger:
迈克·华莱士采访玛格丽特·桑格：
Mike Wallace: You say that originally the opposition was in all law, and you have to fight against that.
迈克·华莱士：你说最初反对派是在所有法律中，你必须与之斗争。
Today your opposition stems mainly from where, from what source?
今天你们的反对主要来自哪里、来自什么来源？
Margaret Sanger: Well, I think that the opposition, uh, is mainly from the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church.
玛格丽特·桑格：嗯，我认为反对派，呃，主要来自罗马天主教会的等级制度。
Mike Wallace: Of the church.
迈克·华莱士：教会的。
And you certainly can take no issue with the natural law as the hierarchy of the, uh, Catholic Church, regards it?
你当然不能对自然法提出任何异议，就像天主教会的等级制度所认为的那样？
Margaret Sanger: Well, I certainly do take issue with it, and I think it's untrue and I think it's unnatural...
玛格丽特·桑格：嗯，我确实对此有异议，我认为这是不真实的，我认为这是不自然的......
Margaret Sanger: Nothing bears it out, and it's an unnatural attitude to take.
玛格丽特·桑格：没有任何证据证明这一点，这是一种不自然的态度。
And how do they know?
他们怎么知道？
I mean, after all, they're celibates, they don't know love, they don't know marriage, they know nothing about bringing up children...
我的意思是，毕竟他们是独身者，他们不懂得爱情，他们不懂得婚姻，他们对抚养孩子一无所知......
or any of the marriage problems of life.
或生活中的任何婚姻问题。
And yet they speak to people as if they were God.
然而他们对人们说话就好像他们是上帝一样。
Leslie Tentler: Margaret Sanger did have a kind of fanatic anti-Catholicism which was clearly something that went very deep, ah, in her.
莱斯利·坦特勒：玛格丽特·桑格确实有一种狂热的反天主教情绪，这显然是她内心深处的东西。
It was intensely emotional.
这是非常激动的。
Ah, but she also had an extraordinary kind of political intuition.
啊，但是她还有一种非凡的政治直觉。
Margaret Marsh: It dawned on her that if you have a Catholic promoting the development of an oral contraceptive and a very prominent Catholic at that, you've got a lot more shot at public acceptance among Catholics than you do if you've got someone who's been a known birth control advocate.
玛格丽特·马什：她突然意识到，如果你有一位天主教徒推动口服避孕药的开发，并且是一位非常杰出的天主教徒，那么你在天主教徒中获得公众接受的机会比你有一位知名节育倡导者的人要多得多。
Narrator: Sanger put aside her fears about Rock.
旁白：桑格抛开了对洛克的恐惧。
"Being a good Roman Catholic and as handsome as a god," she conceded, "He can just get away with anything."
“作为一名优秀的罗马天主教徒，而且像神一样英俊，”她承认，“他可以做任何事情而不受惩罚。”
In the winter of 1954, under the guise of a fertility study, Rock agreed to test Searle's pill on a group of fifty women.
1954 年冬天，洛克以生育力研究为幌子，同意在 50 名女性身上测试塞尔的药丸。
Loretta McLaughlin: And to have this going on in a state where to even talk about birth control publicly was a felony...you know, it's such marvelous irony.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林：在一个公开谈论节育问题都是重罪的州发生这种事……你知道，这真是一个奇妙的讽刺。
Narrator: Katharine McCormick moved east from Santa Barbara to keep close tabs on the trials.
旁白：凯瑟琳·麦考密克从圣巴巴拉向东移动，密切关注试验情况。
As months of careful monitoring dragged on, she complained to Sanger that she was "freezing in Boston for the Pill."
随着几个月的仔细监测，她向桑格抱怨说，她“在波士顿因为服用避孕药而感到寒冷”。
Andrea Tone: She's very impatient for this pill which she calls in one of her letters to Gregory Pincus, "a miraculous implement." She's impatient for this pill to be developed.
安德里亚·托恩（Andrea Tone）：她对这种药丸非常不耐烦，她在给格雷戈里·平卡斯（Gregory Pincus）的一封信中称其为“一种神奇的工具”。她迫不及待地想研制出这种药丸。
Narrator: Finally the data came in.
旁白：终于有数据了。
Not one of the fifty women ovulated while on the Pill.
五十名妇女中没有一人在服用避孕药期间排卵。
The success of the covert experiment, however, was only a first step.
然而，秘密实验的成功只是第一步。
Getting the pill to market would require approval from the Food & Drug Administration, and that would entail a large-scale human trial.
将这种药推向市场需要获得美国食品和药物管理局的批准，这将需要进行大规模的人体试验。
In exasperation, Katharine McCormick, asked, "Where can we find a cage of ovulating females?"
凯瑟琳·麦考密克愤怒地问道：“我们在哪里可以找到一笼正在排卵的雌性？”
Puerto Rico had a network of birth control clinics and no Comstock laws.
波多黎各有一个节育诊所网络，但没有康斯托克法律。
Pincus called it "the perfect laboratory."
平卡斯称其为“完美的实验室”。
Andrea Tone: In the mid-1950s Puerto Rico was one of the most densely populated countries in the world and it was important for researchers who wanted to promote the pill to be able to say, look, it worked in Puerto Rico with a population that was undereducated and poor.
Andrea Tone：在 20 世纪 50 年代中期，波多黎各是世界上人口最稠密的国家之一，对于想要推广该药的研究人员来说，重要的是能够说，看，它在波多黎各受教育程度低和贫困的人口中发挥了作用。
Therefore if it worked there, it can work anywhere.
因此，如果它在那里工作，它就可以在任何地方工作。
Narrator: G.
叙述者：G.
D.
D .
Searle was willing to provide the pills and birth control officials in Puerto Rico were delighted to be part of a scientific experiment.
塞尔愿意提供这些药丸，波多黎各的节育官员也很高兴能够参与一项科学实验。
Annette Ramirez, Public Health Scholar: By the early 50s, Puerto Rico saw anything experimental as something pioneering and innovative and wonderful.
Annette Ramirez，公共卫生学者：到了 50 年代初，波多黎各将任何实验性事物视为开拓性、创新性和美妙的事物。
Plus the island was in the midst of industrialization and there were a lot of jobs for women so all of a sudden there are all these factories and women all of a sudden had this opportunity to work outside the home and then children became something that they had to contend with.
再加上这个岛正处于工业化阶段，女性有很多工作机会，所以突然间出现了所有这些工厂，女性突然有机会外出工作，然后孩子就成了她们不得不面对的事情。
Narrator: The first large-scale trial of the contraceptive Pill was launched in April 1956 at Rio Piédras , a brand-new housing project.
旁白：避孕药的第一次大规模试验于1956年4月在Rio Piédras，一个全新的住房项目启动。
Though Puerto Rico was overwhelmingly Catholic, many women were eager to participate.
尽管波多黎各绝大多数是天主教徒，但许多女性渴望参与其中。
Annette Ramirez: Dogma was one thing, behavior was something else.
安妮特·拉米雷斯：教条是一回事，行为是另一回事。
For most of the women who were concerned with their health and with bringing up the families and with struggling day to day, the fact that this was not in line with church dogma was...was pretty much irrelevant.
对于大多数关心自己健康、养家糊口、日复一日挣扎的女性来说，这与教会教条不符的事实……几乎无关紧要。
Narrator: The women would take a pill with 10 milligrams of progesterone, to stop ovulation, and a smaller amount of estrogen to ease discomfort.
旁白：女性会服用含有 10 毫克黄体酮的药丸来停止排卵，并服用少量雌激素来缓解不适。
Doctors knew little about the consequences of hormones.
医生对激素的后果知之甚少。
The volunteers knew even less.
志愿者知道的就更少了。
Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, Historian: Informed consent, the way we understand it today, did not exist in the 1950s.
历史学家伊丽莎白·西格尔·沃特金斯 (Elizabeth Siegel Watkins)：我们今天所理解的知情同意在 20 世纪 50 年代并不存在。
Trials were much less closely regulated than they are today.
试验的监管远不如今天那么严格。
Uh, a...a useful example to look at would be the polio pill vaccine.
呃，一个……一个有用的例子是脊髓灰质炎药丸疫苗。
And think about the fact that two million school children were signed up to test this largely unknown vaccine to see if it worked against polio or not.
想想这样一个事实：有 200 万学童报名参加了这种基本上不为人所知的疫苗测试，看看它是否对脊髓灰质炎有效。
People were much more receptive to medical science and to its products and were much more willing to participate in programs to, to see whether they would work or not.
人们更容易接受医学科学及其产品，也更愿意参与项目，看看它们是否有效。
Narrator: As the trials progressed, some women began to complain of nausea, dizziness, headaches, stomach pain, and vomiting.
旁白：随着试验的进展，一些女性开始抱怨恶心、头晕、头痛、胃痛和呕吐。
After nine months of testing, the medical director in Puerto Rico told Pincus that the Pill was 100% effective when taken properly.
经过 9 个月的测试，波多黎各的医疗主任告诉 Pincus，如果服用得当，该药丸是 100% 有效的。
Nevertheless, she argued, the drug caused "too many side reactions to be generally acceptable."
尽管如此，她辩称，这种药物引起了“太多的副作用，无法被普遍接受”。
Both Rock and Pincus disagreed.
罗克和平卡斯都不同意。
The adverse side effects, they believed, were insignificant.
他们认为，不良副作用是微不足道的。
Alex Sanger: They probably dismissed it in their mind, "Well there's something wrong with the patient," and there was nothing wrong with the pill.
亚历克斯·桑格：他们可能在心里不屑一顾，“病人有问题”，而药丸没有任何问题。
They didn't want to hear about what might be wrong because they...they were so, they just felt so strongly that this pill was necessary for women's well-being.
她们不想听到可能出了什么问题，因为她们……她们是如此，她们只是强烈地认为这种药丸对于女性的福祉是必要的。
Narrator: Pincus had such confidence in the new drug -- he gave it out to members of his own family.
旁白：平卡斯对这种新药非常有信心——他把它送给了自己的家人。
All that remained was to persuade G.
剩下的就是说服G了。
D.
D .
Searle to become the first pharmaceutical company to market the pill.
塞尔成为第一家销售该药的制药公司。
Narrator: For Searle, a small and growing pharmaceutical company, the prospect of a birth control pill was tempting -- and terrifying.
旁白：对于塞尔这样一家成长中的小型制药公司来说，避孕药的前景很诱人，但也很可怕。
Elizabeth Siegel Watkins: By the 1950s, Roman Catholics made up twenty-five percent of the American population.
伊丽莎白·西格尔·沃特金斯 (Elizabeth Siegel Watkins)：到 20 世纪 50 年代，罗马天主教徒占美国人口的 25%。
And the drug companies were very scared that if they produced and marketed a birth control pill, not only would Catholics not buy the pill, but they would boycott all the other products made by that company.
制药公司非常担心，如果他们生产并销售避孕药，天主教徒不仅不会购买这种药，而且会抵制该公司生产的所有其他产品。
Narrator: In 1957, Searle took a tentative step -- releasing the Pill under the name Enovid, as a treatment for menstrual disorders.
旁白：1957 年，Searle 试探性地推出了一种名为 Enovid 的避孕药，用于治疗月经失调。
Within two years, 500,000 women were getting prescriptions for the new drug.
两年内，500,000 名女性获得了这种新药的处方。
Loretta McLaughlin: I mean the cat's out of the bag.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林：我的意思是，秘密已经泄露了。
More women overnight developed menstrual disorders than you could possibly believe.
一夜之间出现月经失调的女性数量超出了您的想象。
I mean this pill was being prescribed everywhere because everyone knew that the real effect of the pill was to suppress ovulation.
我的意思是，到处都在开这种药，因为每个人都知道这种药的真正作用是抑制排卵。
Narrator: Suddenly, Searle saw the pill, not as a public relations problem, but as a potential money maker.
旁白：突然间，塞尔不再将避孕药视为公共关系问题，而是将其视为潜在的赚钱工具。
Loretta McLaughlin: Can you imagine having a pill that had nothing to do with illness, nothing to do with treatment, not that you would take once or twice, but that you might take for the next twenty years.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林：你能想象有一种与疾病无关、与治疗无关、不是你会服用一次或两次、而是你可能在接下来的二十年里服用的药丸吗？
Think of the market.
想想市场。
Narrator: A Searle executive wrote Pincus, "The powers that be are breathing down our neck in the hopes of speeding up our application to the Food and Drug Administration."
旁白：塞尔的一位高管写信给平卡斯，“当局正在紧盯着我们，希望能加快我们向食品和药物管理局提出申请的速度。”
On May 11,1960, seven years after Gregory Pincus had received his first check from Katharine McCormick, the FDA finally gave its approval to the birth control pill.
1960 年 5 月 11 日，即格雷戈里·平卡斯 (Gregory Pincus) 收到凯瑟琳·麦考密克 (Katharine McCormick) 的第一张支票七年后，FDA 最终批准了这款避孕药。
Loretta McLaughlin: For the very, very, very first time, women would be set free to enjoy sex, without the fear of pregnancy hanging over their head.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林：这是非常非常非常第一次，女性可以自由地享受性爱，而不必担心怀孕。
They did not have to get up in the dark of night as one woman said and walk across the ice cold linoleum in her bare foot to go into the bathroom and get the diaphragm.
他们不必像一位女士所说的那样在漆黑的夜里起床，赤脚走过冰冷的油毡，进入浴室取隔膜。
Women for the very, very first time were going to be sexually as free as men.
女性第一次将在性方面像男性一样自由。
Alex Sanger: It was stunning when the pill was first approved.
亚历克斯·桑格（Alex Sanger）：当该药首次获得批准时，真是令人震惊。
Um, the manufacturers almost couldn't make enough.
嗯，制造商几乎无法生产足够的产品。
Linda Gordon, Historian: It was amazing, it was amazing.
历史学家琳达·戈登：太棒了，太棒了。
I think there were a million users in a year and that's just a phenomenal, uh, rate of uptake, especially because you don't have this kind of direct advertising and because it's not an over-the-counter drug.
我认为一年内有 100 万用户，这是一个惊人的，呃，使用率，特别是因为你没有这种直接广告，而且它不是非处方药。
Dr. Philip Ball, Physcian: It was the fashionable thing to be on the pill.
医生 Philip Ball 博士：服用避孕药是一种时尚。
And so rapidly uh, women picked this up all over the country and uh, within a few years half the...half the women that were in the childbearing age were on the pill, so it seemed.
如此之快，呃，全国各地的女性都开始接受这种情况，呃，几年之内，一半……一半的育龄女性都在服用避孕药，看起来是这样。
Narrator: As the Pill's popularity grew, so did concern over the social impact of an oral contraceptive.
旁白：随着避孕药越来越受欢迎，人们对口服避孕药的社会影响的担忧也随之增加。
Elizabeth Siegel Watkins: U.S. News & World Report warned about sexual anarchy.
伊丽莎白·西格尔·沃特金斯：《美国新闻与世界报道》警告性无政府主义。
What's so interesting about this coverage is that while, you know, some saw the pill as the decline of western civilization and others saw it just merely as...as shoring up American civilization, there...they shared the idea that...that sex outside of marriage was a bad thing.
这个报道的有趣之处在于，虽然有些人认为避孕药是西方文明的衰落，而另一些人则认为它只是……支撑美国文明，但……他们都认为……婚外性行为是一件坏事。
And whether they thought the pill would contribute to it or not contribute to it, both sides, both conservatives and liberals tended to agree that um, women should not be promiscuous.
无论他们认为避孕药是否会促成这种情况，保守派和自由派双方都倾向于同意，嗯，女性不应该滥交。
Andrea Tone: It was the ultimate double standard, because in the late 1950s condoms were freely available and you didn't see social commentators up in arms about how condoms in the 1950s would increase male promiscuity.
Andrea Tone：这是终极的双重标准，因为在 20 世纪 50 年代末，安全套是免费提供的，而且你没有看到社会评论员对 20 世纪 50 年代的安全套如何增加男性乱交表示不满。
So female virtue is held up to a much higher standard.
因此，女性美德的标准要高得多。
Narrator: John Rock was also concerned about morality, but he fervently believed the Pill did not conflict with the tenets of his church.
旁白：约翰·洛克也关心道德，但他坚信避孕药并不与他教会的教义相冲突。
Margaret Marsh: He said, look, he said, this doesn't put a barrier between sperm and egg.
玛格丽特·马什：他说，看，他说，这并没有在精子和卵子之间设置障碍。
All it does is artificially create a safe period.
它所做的只是人为地创造一个安全期。
And the Catholic church says it's okay to have intercourse during your safe period.
天主教会说在安全期进行性行为是可以的。
Well, if you take a pill that guarantees you a safe period, what's the difference?
那么，如果您服用可以保证安全期的药物，有什么区别呢？
And he thought it was a pretty good argument.
他认为这是一个很好的论点。
Narrator: Rock saw himself as the man capable of changing the Vatican's stance on the Pill.
旁白：洛克认为自己有能力改变梵蒂冈对避孕药的立场。
Putting his reputation on the line, in 1963, he published a book called The Time Has Come .
1963年，他冒着声誉出版了一本名为《时机已到》的书。
John Rock sync: The...the clerical response to my book has been most gratifying and largely along what...what somebody else called "the Party line," as expressed by Cardinal Cushing.
约翰·洛克同步：……教士们对我的书的反应是最令人满意的，并且很大程度上沿着……其他人所说的“党的路线”，正如红衣主教库欣所表达的那样。
Margaret Marsh: John Rock became the Pill's chief promoter and chief publicist.
玛格丽特·马什：约翰·洛克成为避孕药的主要推动者和首席公关人员。
He became in the sixties the face of the Pill.
他在六十年代成为了避孕药的代言人。
I mean you can't open a Good Housekeeping magazine in the 1960s without seeing his face.
我的意思是，在 20 世纪 60 年代，你打开《好管家》杂志就不可能不看到他的脸。
So John Rock as a Catholic did an enormous amount to encourage women to take the Pill.
因此，约翰·洛克作为一名天主教徒，为鼓励女性服用避孕药做出了巨大的努力。
Narrator: Catholic women began to pressure the hierarchy to loosen their position on birth control.
旁白：天主教妇女开始向统治阶层施压，要求他们放松对节育的立场。
When the Vatican established a papal commission to study the Pill in 1964, many believed the Church was about to reverse the doctrine it had held for centuries.
当梵蒂冈于 1964 年成立教皇委员会来研究避孕药时，许多人认为教会即将扭转几个世纪以来所坚持的教义。
Leslie Tentler: The church could change its discipline, for example, on eating meat on Friday.
莱斯利·坦特勒：教会可以改变其纪律，例如周五吃肉。
And you know, you might, if you were a Midwesterner and you couldn't get fresh fish in the 50s, you might be annoyed at all the tuna fish casserole you'd had to consume, but it hadn't fundamentally changed your life.
你知道，如果你是一个中西部人，在 50 年代你买不到新鲜的鱼，你可能会对你不得不吃的金枪鱼砂锅菜感到恼火，但这并没有从根本上改变你的生活。
But if you had struggled with the teaching on contraception, then to have the church change its position is something with many more potential consequences.
但如果你在避孕方面的教导上遇到了困难，那么让教会改变立场会带来更多潜在的后果。
Narrator: By 1965, more than six million women were taking the Pill.
旁白：到 1965 年，已有超过 600 万女性服用避孕药。
American society was beginning to change.
美国社会开始发生变化。
Anita Fream: It changed from nice girls don't do it to...well, you know what, nice girls are questioning a lot of things about what nice girls do and don't do.
Anita Fream：它从“好女孩不这样做”变成了……嗯，你知道吗，好女孩质疑很多关于好女孩做什么和不做什么的事情。
And that was a huge awakening.
那是一个巨大的觉醒。
I really felt as though I could have it all.
我真的觉得我可以拥有这一切。
You know, I could be a sexual being, I could be a nice girl.
你知道，我可以是一个性感的人，我可以是一个好女孩。
I could be a girl with a future.
我可以成为一个有未来的女孩。
Linda Gordon: You began to expect something that would be one hundred percent reliable.
琳达·戈登：你开始期待一些百分百可靠的东西。
And what that meant was really a change toward what people in the business call a contraceptive mentality.
这实际上意味着业内人士所谓的避孕心态的改变。
A mentality that it is absolutely to be expected that people plan their reproductive lives.
一种认为人们计划自己的生育生活是绝对可以预期的心态。
Loretta McLaughlin: Women became lawyers because law firms no longer had to worry that the woman was going to get pregnant in the middle of a big case.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林：女性成为律师是因为律师事务所不再需要担心女性会在大案中怀孕。
Women became doctors because they could space their children so that they had time to do the internships and the residencies.
女性成为医生是因为她们可以将孩子分开，这样她们就有时间进行实习和住院医师培训。
Women went to work.
妇女们去上班了。
Joan McCracken: When women started doing this, it was just like: "Wow." It was truly a wow.
琼·麦克拉肯：当女性开始这样做时，她们的反应就是：“哇。”这真是令人惊叹。
How do they have enough courage?
他们如何有足够的勇气？
And they don't seem to be concerned whether they have a guy or not.
而且他们似乎并不关心自己是否有男朋友。
They don't seem to be concerned whether they have an MRS degree or not.
他们似乎并不关心自己是否拥有 MRS 学位。
And it was...it was revolutionary to me.
这对我来说是革命性的。
Me with the five children.
我和五个孩子。
Narrator: But for all the enthusiasm sweeping the country, one group viewed the Pill with great suspicion.
旁白：尽管全国各地热情高涨，但仍有一群人对避孕药抱有极大的怀疑。
Dorothy Roberts, Legal Scholar: At that time there were concerns in the black community that family planning, especially family planning clinics dominated by whites, were a form of racial genocide.
法律学者多萝西·罗伯茨：当时黑人社区担心计划生育，特别是白人主导的计划生育诊所，是一种种族灭绝。
In fact sterilization abuse was so rampant in the South that blacks called it a "Mississippi appendectomy." And so it was commonly known that black women were being pressured into sterilization or even sterilized without their knowledge.
事实上，绝育滥用在南方非常猖獗，黑人称之为“密西西比阑尾切除术”。因此，众所周知，黑人女性被迫绝育，甚至在她们不知情的情况下被绝育。
And when the Pill came out this history meant that black people had to see it as a possible means of control.
当避孕药问世时，这段历史意味着黑人必须将其视为一种可能的控制手段。
Narrator: One African American newspaper asked, "Why couldn't blacks get basic health care like a free aspirin, but can get a truck load of birth control pills for free?"
旁白：一家非裔美国报纸问道：“为什么黑人不能获得像免费阿司匹林这样的基本医疗保健，却可以免费获得一卡车避孕药？”
Militant Black Power groups declared birth control the equivalent of "Black Genocide" and implored black women to throw away their pills.
激进的黑人权力团体宣称节育相当于“黑人种族灭绝”，并恳求黑人妇女扔掉避孕药。
Dorothy Roberts: Black women did respond by saying that they understood the reasons for their concerns, but that black women had to make these decisions for themselves.
多萝西·罗伯茨：黑人女性确实回应说，她们理解她们担心的原因，但黑人女性必须自己做出这些决定。
And in the end, black women decided to use the pill in equal numbers as whites.
最终，黑人女性决定使用与白人同等数量的避孕药。
Narrator: In the autumn of 1966, Margaret Sanger died at the age of 87.
旁白：1966年秋天，玛格丽特·桑格去世，享年87岁。
She had lived long enough to see her dream fulfilled, and her despised Comstock laws overturned.
她活得足够长，看到自己的梦想得以实现，她所鄙视的康斯托克法律也被推翻了。
Her scientist, Gregory Pincus, died a year later from over-exposure to toxic chemicals in the lab.
她的科学家格雷戈里·平卡斯 (Gregory Pincus) 一年后因在实验室中过度接触有毒化学物质而死亡。
Her angel, Katharine McCormick, would die next at 92.
她的天使凯瑟琳·麦考密克 (Katharine McCormick) 接下来去世，享年 92 岁。
Only her Catholic doctor, John Rock, would live to see the Pill's full impact on American society.
只有她的天主教医生约翰·洛克能活着看到避孕药对美国社会的全面影响。
Film Narrator : For a modern look at sex, take...
电影旁白：对于性的现代看法，采取......
[Cut to Title Card for film: Prudence & the Pill]
[切至电影标题卡：《普鲁登斯与药丸》]
Narrator Only a generation earlier, birth control had been unmentionable in public.
旁白 仅在一代人之前，节育还没有在公共场合提及。
In 1968, the Pill was the star of a Hollywood film.
1968 年，避孕药成为好莱坞电影的主角。
Film Narrator: Of all the mean, vile, deceitful, treacherous, sneaky tricks...someone switched the pills with the aspirins.
电影旁白：在所有卑鄙、卑鄙、欺骗、奸诈、鬼祟的伎俩中……有人把药丸换成了阿司匹林。
Narrator: Social commentators called it a "sexual revolution."
旁白：社会评论家称之为“性革命”。
Dr. Richard Hauskenecht: Here was a tool that permitted sexual expression that simply hadn't occurred ever before, except in very small communities of "bohemians.""
理查德·豪斯肯内希特博士：这是一种允许性表达的工具，这在以前从未发生过，除了在非常小的“波西米亚人”社区之外。”
Leslie Tentler: Of course, this was the golden age, when venereal disease was assumed to be, to be conquered ...
莱斯利·坦特勒：当然，这是黄金时代，性病被认为是要被征服的......
and no one had ever heard of AIDS.
没有人听说过艾滋病。
Ah, but I think some of that bravado -- maybe much of that bravado -- was linked to the Pill and this confidence that nothing could go wrong.
啊，但我认为其中一些虚张声势——也许大部分虚张声势——与避孕药和这种不会出错的信心有关。
Narrator: On July 25, 1968, Pope Paul VI issued an encyclical called Humane Vitae -- Of Human Life -- the church's final pronouncement on the Pill.
旁白：1968 年 7 月 25 日，教皇保罗六世发表了通谕《人道的生命——关于人类的生命》——教会对避孕药的最终声明。
Loretta McLaughlin: The answer from Paul VI is no. Not only no, but absolutely no. Reaffirming the absolute prohibition against any, quote, "artificial," unquote, form of contraception.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林：保罗六世的答案是否定的。不仅没有，而且绝对没有。重申绝对禁止任何“人工”避孕方式。
Leslie Tentler: Humanae Vitae actually speaks of marriage in lyrical terms.
莱斯利·坦特勒：《Humanae Vitae》实际上是用抒情的方式谈论婚姻。
It's a view of sex that respects the human person, that sees the context in which sex occurs as crucial, which regards love as an absolute essential part of sexual expression.
这是一种尊重人的性观，将性发生的环境视为至关重要，将爱视为性表达的绝对重要组成部分。
But of course it confines sex to marriage, and it does continue this absolutely essential link to procreation.
但当然，它将性局限于婚姻，并且它确实延续了这种与生育绝对重要的联系。
Narrator: Rock could barely contain his disappointment with the Vatican's decision.
旁白：洛克对梵蒂冈的决定难以掩饰失望之情。
"The hierarchy has made a terrible mistake," was all he could say.
他只能说：“领导层犯了一个可怕的错误。”
Loretta McLaughlin: John Rock is devastated.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林：约翰·洛克彻底崩溃了。
John Rock finds it hard, really, very hard to believe that his church could act what he saw as so unwisely.
约翰·洛克发现很难，真的，非常难以相信他的教会会做出他认为如此不明智的事情。
John is now moving into his eighties.
约翰现在已经八十多岁了。
He really knows that there's not going to be another battle.
他真的知道，不会再有另一场战斗了。
Narrator: John Rock would grow distant from his Church.
旁白：约翰·洛克会与他的教会渐行渐远。
He died in 1984, at the age of 94.
他于1984年去世，享年94岁。
In the wake if the encyclical, millions of Catholic women would defy Church teaching on contraception, using the pill in equal numbers as non-Catholics.
通谕发布后，数百万天主教妇女将违抗教会关于避孕的教义，使用避孕药的人数与非天主教徒人数相当。
By the late 1960s, thousands of women were complaining to their physicians about side effects -- the same problems discounted by Pincus and Rock in Puerto Rico.
到了 20 世纪 60 年代末，成千上万的女性向她们的医生抱怨副作用——波多黎各的平卡斯和洛克忽视了同样的问题。
Anita Fream: I began to have cluster migraines, really, really evil headaches.
Anita Fream：我开始出现丛集性偏头痛，非常非常严重的头痛。
And I asked my physician on a couple of occasions to take me off the Pill and to start, you know, help me get some other type of birth control going.
我有几次请求我的医生让我停止服用避孕药，并开始帮助我采取其他类型的节育措施。
And I allowed him to talk me out of it on both occasions...
两次我都允许他劝我放弃……
Barbara Seaman, Journalist: The motto was, "Don't worry your pretty little head about it," to the female patient.
芭芭拉·西曼，记者：对女病人来说，座右铭是“别担心你那可爱的小脑袋”。
"Let doctor do the worrying for you."
“让医生来替你担心吧。”
Dr. Richard Hauskenecht : That was at a time when...when a male gynecologist dominated women patients without question.
Richard Hauskenecht 博士：当时……男性妇科医生毫无疑问地支配着女性患者。
We were father figures.
我们是父亲的形象。
We were taught to be father figures.
我们被教导要成为父亲的形象。
We were taught never to be questioned.
我们被教导永远不要被质疑。
Our judgment about all matters reproductive were never to be questioned.
我们对所有生殖问题的判断是不容质疑的。
Narrator: Doctors were relying on the drug companies and the FDA for information, and both had given assurances that the Pill was safe.
旁白：医生们依赖制药公司和 FDA 来获取信息，而两家公司都保证了避孕药的安全性。
Philip Ball, Journalist: The doctor was blind, the patient was blind and the doctor was deaf and dumb too.
菲利普·鲍尔，记者：医生是瞎子，病人是瞎子，医生也是又聋又哑。
You had fifteen million women that weren't ill to start with, and you gave them a pill and now they were ill.
有一千五百万本来没有生病的女性，你给了她们一颗药，现在她们病了。
Not all of them, but some of them.
不是全部，而是其中一些。
And that was a new ball game.
那是一种新的球赛。
Narrator: Earlier, during the Puerto Rico study three women had died while participating in the trial.
旁白：早些时候，在波多黎各的研究中，三名女性在参与试验时死亡。
They were never autopsied, and the cause of death remained unknown.
他们从未被尸检，死因仍然未知。
Now grim news began to filter through the medical community -- the Pill could kill.
现在医学界开始传出可怕的消息——避孕药可能致命。
Anita Fream: I got up one morning to go to work and I was having one of these headaches.
Anita Fream：一天早上我起床去上班，我感到头痛。
Except this time I had kind of a strange black film over my vision in my right eye and just was terribly ill.
但这次我的右眼视力上出现了一层奇怪的黑色薄膜，而且病得很重。
I can't even...I cannot describe the feeling, it was like a wave of fear, I guess, that kind of washed up over me.
我什至无法……我无法描述那种感觉，我想，这就像一股恐惧的浪潮席卷了我。
The nurses took my blood pressure at which point everyone's attitude changed.
护士给我量了血压，此时每个人的态度都改变了。
And you know when you see medical people react like that to you, they go from casual to get the doctor now and everybody's running around looking kind of freaked out, um, it makes an impression.
你知道，当你看到医务人员对你做出这样的反应时，他们从随意变成了现在去看医生，每个人都跑来跑去，看起来有点害怕，嗯，这给人留下了深刻的印象。
Uh, the upshot was they were guessing that I was having a stroke.
呃，结果是他们猜测我中风了。
That was in fact the diagnosis.
这实际上就是诊断结果。
Joan McCracken: I remember reading about that some woman died.
琼·麦克拉肯：我记得读到过一些女人去世的消息。
They had a stroke.
他们中风了。
But I wanted to believe so much that it wasn't the birth control pill, that it was like, they probably did something else.
但我非常想相信这不是避孕药，而是他们可能做了别的事情。
You know, it couldn't have just been the birth control pill.
你知道，这不可能只是避孕药的问题。
Because I still believed they would not give you something that harmed you.
因为我仍然相信他们不会给你伤害你的东西。
Narrator: In 1969, a hard-hitting expose would shake the medical community out of its complacency.
旁白：1969 年，一次严厉的曝光使医学界摆脱了自满情绪。
Barbara Seaman: We, we were snookered.
芭芭拉·西曼：我们，我们被斯诺克打了。
We were told that we were given this wonderful gift by modern science, that would make our lives so much better.
我们被告知，现代科学给了我们这份美妙的礼物，这将使我们的生活变得更加美好。
But there was a very dark side.
但也有非常黑暗的一面。
And the dark side was concealed and denied.
而黑暗面则被隐藏和否认。
It was denied.
但被否认了。
And a lot of healthy young women died or were left crippled.
许多健康的年轻女性死亡或致残。
We can't ignore that.
我们不能忽视这一点。
Narrator: Seaman's book caught the attention of U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson, who moved rapidly to set up hearings.
旁白：西曼的书引起了美国参议员盖洛德·纳尔逊的注意，他迅速采取行动召开听证会。
In January 1970, experts were summoned to Washington -- only men were invited to testify.
1970 年 1 月，专家们被传唤到华盛顿——只邀请男性作证。
Philip Ball Here was I, old Phil Ball, just a plain old doctor from Muncie, Indiana and we go to the nation's capital...and there we go to the hearings, find our way to this Senate room and it was an enormous room full of people.
菲利普·鲍尔：我，老菲尔·鲍尔，只是一位来自印第安纳州曼西的普通老医生，我们去了国家首都……在那里我们去参加听证会，找到通往参议院房间的路，那是一个挤满了人的巨大房间。
And I simply told them that I was in practice and that I was suddenly afflicted with all these young women taking the pill that had all these problems.
我只是告诉他们，我正在练习，突然间，所有这些年轻女性服用的药丸都出现了这些问题，让我感到痛苦。
Philip Ball sync: Even though I have not prescribed the medication in some years, a procession of symptomatically unhappy women taking birth control pills continues to flow into my office.
菲利普·鲍尔同步：尽管我已经好几年没有开过这种药了，但一队服用避孕药、症状不佳的女性仍然不断涌入我的办公室。
Philip Ball: Mind you this, the dose of the pill in those days was ten times what it is now.
菲利普·鲍尔：请注意，当时的药丸剂量是现在的十倍。
It was a huge blockbuster pill.
这是一颗巨大的重磅药丸。
They used a sledgehammer to, to drive a small nail you know.
他们用大锤来钉一颗小钉子，你知道。
It was, it was an unnecessary dose.
确实，这是不必要的剂量。
Narrator: Sitting in the Senate chamber that day was a group of young feminists who themselves had taken the Pill.
旁白：那天参议院会议厅里坐着一群年轻的女权主义者，她们自己也服用了避孕药。
Alice Wolfson: We began to hear researcher after researcher -- male after male -- start saying things about the pill.
艾丽丝·沃尔夫森：我们开始听到一个又一个的研究人员——一个又一个的男性——开始谈论有关避孕药的事情。
And then one doctor, I believe, said, "Fertilizer is to wheat what estrogen is to cancer." And I think at that point we practically dropped dead, we were so shocked.
然后，我相信一位医生说：“肥料之于小麦，就像雌激素之于癌症一样。”我想那一刻我们几乎死了，我们非常震惊。
Alice Wolfson sync: Why had you assured the drug companies that they could testify?
Alice Wolfson 同步：你为什么向制药公司保证他们可以作证？
Why have you told them that they could get top priority?
你为什么告诉他们他们可以获得最高优先权？
They're not taking the pills, we are!
他们没有吃药，是我们！
Alice Wolfson sync: Who is going to pay the medical bills when a woman develops cancer of the breast and cancer of the uterus?
Alice Wolfson 同步：当女性患乳腺癌和子宫癌时，谁来支付医疗费用？
Alice Wolfson: And -- and it just -- just all seemed so outrageous to us that we were not given any information when we were given the Pill.
艾丽丝·沃尔夫森：而且——而且这一切对我们来说似乎都太离谱了，以至于当我们服用避孕药时，我们没有得到任何信息。
It was literally handed out like candy.
它实际上是像糖果一样分发的。
Alice Wolfson sync: We are not just going to sit quietly any longer.
Alice Wolfson 同步：我们不会再安静地坐着了。
You are murdering us for your profit and convenience!
你们为了自己的利益和方便而谋杀我们！
Senator Nelson sync: We are not going to permit the, uh, proceedings to be interrupted in this way...
纳尔逊参议员同步：我们不会允许呃，程序以这种方式中断......
If you ladies would, ah...sit down...
如果你们女士愿意的话，啊...坐下...
Feminist protestor sync: Our lives have been disrupted by taking this Pill.
女权主义抗议者同步：我们的生活因服用这种药而被扰乱。
Senator Nelson sync: We're conducting...
纳尔逊参议员同步：我们正在进行……
Alice Wolfson sync: I don't think the hearings are any more important than our lives.
Alice Wolfson 同步：我认为听证会并不比我们的生命更重要。
Feminist protestor sync: Senator Nelson, can we have some solid answers for our questions, or not?
女权抗议者同步：尼尔森参议员，我们能否为我们的问题提供一些可靠的答案？
Why did you do this?
你为什么这么做？
This is a really unfair trick.
这实在是一个不公平的伎俩。
Why did you do this?
你为什么这么做？
Why didn't you answer our questions?
你为什么不回答我们的问题？
Alice Wolfson: Well, first they ignored us.
艾丽丝·沃尔夫森：嗯，首先他们忽视了我们。
But then all the television cameras turned to us.
但随后所有的电视摄像机都转向了我们。
And once we saw the television cameras, we asked more questions.
当我们看到电视摄像机时，我们提出了更多问题。
And they adjourned the hearings.
他们推迟了听证会。
Senator Nelson sync: Ah, will everybody please leave the room?
尼尔森参议员同步：啊，请大家离开房间好吗？
Press and everyone else.
媒体和其他人。
Narrator: The young women had captured the national spotlight.
旁白：这些年轻女性引起了全国的关注。
Alice Wolfson sync: It must be admitted that women make superb guinea pigs.
艾丽丝·沃尔夫森同步：必须承认，女性是出色的豚鼠。
They don't cost anything, they feed themselves, they clean their own cages, pay for their own pills, and remunerate the clinical observer.
它们不花任何钱，自己吃饭，自己清理笼子，自己支付药费，并支付临床观察员的报酬。
We will no longer tolerate intimidation by white-coated gods antiseptically directing our lives.
我们将不再容忍白衣神明的恐吓，以防腐剂指导我们的生活。
Barbara Seaman: They came back day after day, and that became the story: the, the disruptions at the hearing.
芭芭拉·西曼：他们日复一日地回来，这就是故事：听证会的混乱。
It was -- It was the Boston Tea Party of the women's health movement.
那是——那是妇女健康运动的波士顿茶党。
What came out of the hearings was for women to have much more control over our own bodies.
听证会的结果是女性对自己的身体有更多的控制权。
Narrator: As a result of the protests, hormone levels in the Pill were slashed, greatly diminishing the occurrence of side effects.
旁白：由于抗议活动，避孕药中的激素水平被大幅降低，大大减少了副作用的发生。
Manufacturers were required to include information in every package listing potential risks.
制造商被要求在每个包装中包含列出潜在风险的信息。
And women demanded a new kind of relationship with their doctors.
女性需要与医生建立一种新的关系。
Dr. Richard Hauskenecht The bad patient, she'd walk in pregnant with the husband and here are my demands.
理查德·豪斯肯内希特医生（Dr. Richard Hauskenecht） 这个坏病人，她带着丈夫进来了，这是我的要求。
That was a phenomenon of the seventies.
这是七十年代的现象。
"I won't have this, I will have that, I won't have this." And they got this from the same medical-political activists that I was.
“我不要这个，我要那个，我不要这个。”他们从和我一样的医疗政治活动家那里得到了这个。
And it was terrifying to me to hear myself give a lecture to a lay group about why they shouldn't let doctors do all of these things to them and know those same damn patients came back to my office and made those demands of me and it used to upset the hell out of me.
听到自己向一个非专业团体演讲，解释为什么他们不应该让医生对他们做所有这些事情，并且知道那些该死的病人回到我的办公室并向我提出这些要求，这让我感到非常沮丧，这让我感到害怕。
Narrator: The Pill would help launch a generation of activists, not only in the doctor's office, but in the streets, in the bedroom, in society.
旁白：避孕药将有助于培养一代积极分子，不仅在医生的办公室，而且在街道、卧室和社会上。
Loretta McLaughlin: The Pill did more for the equality of women than any other single factor, certainly, in the twentieth century.
洛雷塔·麦克劳克林：在二十世纪，避孕药对女性平等的作用肯定比任何其他单一因素都大。
Sylvia Clark: Women began to see themselves for the first time in all of history as economically self-sustainable units.
西尔维娅·克拉克（Sylvia Clark）：女性有史以来第一次开始将自己视为经济上自给自足的单位。
And that I think was one of the most profound changes.
我认为这是最深刻的变化之一。
Andrea Tone: It's an estimated eighty percent of all American women born since 1945 have taken the Pill.
Andrea Tone：据估计 1945 年以来出生的所有美国女性中有 80% 都服用过避孕药。
You cannot understand modern women's history without thinking about the what the Pill did for women and also what the Pill did to women.
如果不思考避孕药对女性的影响以及避孕药对女性的影响，就无法理解现代女性的历史。
In the early 1950s, the last thing Searle wanted to get involved in was the controversial area of birth control.
20 世纪 50 年代初，塞尔最不想涉足的领域是备受争议的节育领域。
When Enovid officially came on the market in 1960 as a contraceptive, the response was astonishing.
1960 年，当 Enovid 作为避孕药正式上市时，反响令人震惊。
In less than two years, 1.2 million women were on the Pill.
在不到两年的时间里，已有 120 万名女性服用了避孕药。
As the 1960s progressed, the women's liberation movement gained momentum alongside the civil rights and anti-war movements.
随着 20 世纪 60 年代的进展，妇女解放运动与民权和反战运动一起取得了势头。
Senate hearing on the Pill held in 1970 led to an examination of the relationship between doctors and patients.
1970 年举行的参议院关于避孕药的听证会引发了对医生与患者之间关系的审查。
After reading Seaman's book, The Doctor's Case Against the Pill, U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson decided to take on the birth control pill.
在阅读了西曼的书《医生反对避孕药的案例》后，美国参议员盖洛德·尼尔森决定服用避孕药。
Early on, women taking the original 10-milligram high-dose pill suffered from a wide variety of side effects.
早期，服用原始 10 毫克高剂量药丸的女性遭受了多种副作用。
As female sexuality and premarital sex moved out of the shadows, the Pill became a convenient scapegoat for the sexual revolution among social conservatives.
随着女性性行为和婚前性行为走出阴影，避孕药成为社会保守派性革命的方便替罪羊。
Sterilization abuse of African American women by the white medical establishment reached its height in the 1950s and 1960s.
白人医疗机构对非裔美国妇女绝育的滥用在 20 世纪 50 年代和 1960 年代达到了顶峰。
Eugenics proposed that human perfection could be developed through selective breeding.
优生学提出，人类的完美可以通过选择性育种来发展。
In the papal encyclical entitled Humanae Vitae , Pope Paul VI ended the speculation over oral contraceptives and birth control once and for all.
在题为《人的生命》的教皇通谕中，教皇保罗六世一劳永逸地结束了对口服避孕药和节育的猜测。
On New Year's Eve 1930, the Roman Catholic Church officially banned any artificial means of birth control.
1930年新年前夕，罗马天主教会正式禁止任何人工节育手段。
Patients participating in drug trials must be fully informed of any potential risks before receiving any treatment.
参