The Rise and Fall of Penn Station
Narrator: : November 27, 1910, was a day New Yorkers had been anticipating for nearly a decade.
旁白： 1910 年 11 月 27 日，这是纽约人近十年来期盼的一天。
Pennsylvania Station, a monumental train terminal in the heart of Manhattan, finally opened to the public.
宾夕法尼亚车站是曼哈顿市中心一座具有纪念意义的火车站，终于向公众开放。
The excitement was palpable.
兴奋之情溢于言表。
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : There were throngs of people in the station that day.
洛林·迪尔（Lorraine Diehl），编剧： 那天车站里挤满了人。
It was as if someone took them to ancient Rome and ancient Greece.
就好像有人带他们去了古罗马和古希腊一样。
I mean, they’d never seen anything like that.
我的意思是，他们从未见过这样的事情。
Narrator: : Covering nearly eight acres, the building was the fourth largest in the world.
旁白：：这座建筑占地近八英亩，是世界第四大建筑。
The main waiting room, which extended the length of two city blocks and rose 150 feet high, was comparable to the nave at St. Peter’s in Rome -- in both size and splendor.
主等候室的长度有两个街区那么长，高 150 英尺，无论是规模还是华丽，都可以与罗马圣彼得大教堂的中殿相媲美。
A French visitor openly sobbed, noted a reporter, “because such a ‘beautiful affair’ was ‘just a railway station.’”
一位记者指出，一位法国游客公开哭泣，“因为如此‘美丽的事物’‘只是一个火车站’。”
Perched above the crowd was a statue of the man who had died bringing the station to life.
人群上方矗立着一座为使车站恢复生机而牺牲的人的雕像。
Alexander Cassatt, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, had defied legions of skeptics and gambled millions of dollars to link the nation’s biggest railroad to America’s greatest city.
宾夕法尼亚铁路公司总裁亚历山大·卡萨特（Alexander Cassatt）无视了大批怀疑论者，豪赌数百万美元将美国最大的铁路与美国最伟大的城市连接起来。
It was a rare example of a private investment that would clearly benefit the public.
这是私人投资明显造福公众的罕见例子。
Albert Churella, Historian: : Cassatt believed that he was performing a valuable service not only for his company but a valuable service for the country.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉（Albert Churella）：：卡萨特相信他不仅为他的公司提供了宝贵的服务，而且为国家提供了宝贵的服务。
Narrator: : The unveiling of the station represented the culmination of an unprecedented engineering project -- the building of 16 miles of underground tunnels.
旁白： 车站的揭幕代表了一项史无前例的工程项目的高潮——建造 16 英里的地下隧道。
Seven miles were under the Hudson and East Rivers, two of the busiest and geologically complex waterways in the world.
哈德逊河和东河是世界上最繁忙、地质最复杂的两条水道，水下有七英里。
Keith Revell: : When the Pennsylvania Railroad undertakes to build tunnels where no one thought tunnels could be built, it’s almost as though they are gonna go to the moon.
基思·雷维尔（Keith Revell）：当宾夕法尼亚铁路公司开始建造无人认为可以建造的隧道时，他们几乎就像要去月球一样。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : The scale of this was pharaonic.
吉尔·琼斯（Jill Jonnes），《征服哥谭》作者：：这是法老式的规模。
It was huge.
它是巨大的。
It was the biggest civil engineering project of its time.
这是当时最大的土木工程项目。
Paul Goldberger, Architecture Critic: : Pennsylvania Station is one of the greatest symbols of monumental public space that any American city has ever had.
保罗·戈德伯格（Paul Goldberger），建筑评论家：：宾夕法尼亚车站是美国城市有史以来最伟大的纪念性公共空间象征之一。
It ennobles the acts of daily life.
它使日常生活的行为变得高贵。
It makes every citizen feel important.
它让每个公民都感到自己很重要。
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : We were poor.
洛林·迪尔（Lorraine Diehl），作家：我们很穷。
We didn’t have very much.
我们没有太多。
My aunt said to me, “When I walked into Penn Station, I felt like a queen because I felt as if someone had done that for me.”
我姑妈对我说：“当我走进宾州车站时，我感觉自己像个女王，因为我觉得好像有人为我做了这件事。”
Narrator: : As 100,000 people streamed through its doors on opening day, a half dozen granite eagles peered down on each entrance.
旁白： 开幕当天，当 100,000 人涌入大门时，每个入口处都有六只花岗岩老鹰在俯视。
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : The eagles represented the Caesars when they conquered new territory.
洛林·迪尔 (Lorraine Diehl)，编剧： 老鹰代表凯撒征服新领土。
So here Alexander Cassatt finally conquered New York, and he’d surround his station with eagles.
在这里，亚历山大·卡萨特最终征服了纽约，他用老鹰包围了他的驻地。
Narrator: : Yet what no one that day could know was that Penn Station, built for the ages, would last only a few decades.
旁白：：然而当时没有人知道的是，多年来建造的宾州车站只能持续几十年。
In July 1901, Alexander Cassatt and his family began the first leg of their journey to Europe, by boarding a train in Philadelphia bound for New York.
1901 年 7 月，亚历山大·卡萨特和他的家人在费城登上开往纽约的火车，开始了欧洲之旅的第一站。
As happened every time he traveled to the city, Cassatt’s train abruptly ground to a halt in New Jersey, on the western shore of the Hudson River.
正如每次前往这座城市时发生的那样，卡萨特的火车在哈德逊河西岸的新泽西州突然停了下来。
There was no way across by train -- an increasingly frustrating situation for the president of the nation’s largest railroad.
无法乘坐火车——对于美国最大铁路公司的总裁来说，这种情况越来越令人沮丧。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : Alexander Cassatt gets off into just total chaos, and what he and thousands of people are going to are ferries.
吉尔·琼斯 (Jill Jonnes)，《征服哥谭》作者：亚历山大·卡萨特 (Alexander Cassatt) 陷入了彻底的混乱，他和成千上万的人将要乘坐渡轮。
Albert Churella, Historian: : Every 10 minutes a Pennsylvania Railroad ferry headed across the Hudson River threading a gauntlet of oceangoing ships, ferries operated by other railroads, tugs, lighters, car floats of one sort or another.
历史学家阿尔伯特·楚雷拉 (Albert Churella)：每 10 分钟就有一艘宾夕法尼亚铁路渡轮驶过哈德逊河，穿过远洋轮船、其他铁路运营的渡轮、拖船、驳船、各种汽车浮标。
The congestion of watercraft on the Hudson River was becoming intolerable.
哈德逊河上的船只拥挤不堪。
Narrator: : By the turn of the 20th century, New York had emerged as the nation’s preeminent metropolis, rivaling the great cities of the world.
旁白： 到 20 世纪之交，纽约已成为美国最杰出的大都市，可与世界上的大城市相媲美。
Still, the Pennsylvania Railroad, which controlled over 10,000 miles of track extending through the American heartland, had no direct access into Manhattan.
尽管如此，控制着穿过美国中心地带的 10,000 多英里轨道的宾夕法尼亚铁路却无法直接通往曼哈顿。
Albert Churella, Historian: : For Cassatt it was a matter of image and pride.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉 (Albert Churella)：：对于卡萨特来说，这是一个形象和自豪感的问题。
New York City was not just the largest city in the country.
纽约市不仅仅是美国最大的城市。
It was the nation’s commercial hub.
它是国家的商业中心。
And for the Pennsylvania Railroad to get so close, just one mile short of Manhattan, was to him unthinkable.
宾夕法尼亚铁路距离曼哈顿如此之近，仅一英里，对他来说是不可想象的。
Narrator: : As Cassatt looked across the Hudson, he was reminded of his recent failure to solve his company’s 30-year problem.
旁白：：当卡萨特眺望哈德逊河对岸时，他想起自己最近未能解决公司 30 年来的问题。
A plan for a bridge across the river had fallen through when a consortium of competing rail lines balked at sharing the cost of the $100 million project.
由于一个由相互竞争的铁路公司组成的财团不愿分担这个耗资 1 亿美元的项目的成本，修建一座跨河大桥的计划最终落空。
Cassatt realized if he wanted to get his line into New York, he would have to do it alone.
卡萨特意识到，如果他想让自己的线路进入纽约，他就必须独自完成。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : As Cassatt heads over to France, he’s really, really disappointed because this whole plan has fallen apart and they really have no fallback plan.
吉尔·琼斯，《征服哥谭》作者：：当卡萨特前往法国时，他真的非常失望，因为整个计划已经崩溃，他们真的没有后备计划。
Narrator: : The Cassatts started their annual European holiday in London, then headed to Paris, where they visited Alexander’s younger sister Mary, who had built a reputation as an Impressionist painter.
旁白：卡萨特夫妇在伦敦开始了一年一度的欧洲假期，然后前往巴黎，在那里他们拜访了亚历山大的妹妹玛丽，她已成为享有盛誉的印象派画家。
While in Paris, Cassatt received a cable from his vice president, Samuel Rea, who urged him to investigate the new Paris train station, Gare d’Orsay.
在巴黎期间，卡萨特收到了副总统塞缪尔·雷亚 (Samuel Rea) 发来的电报，敦促他调查巴黎新火车站奥赛火车站 (Gare d’Orsay)。
The celebrated train terminal had been completed for the Paris Exposition of 1900.
这座著名的火车站是为了 1900 年巴黎博览会而竣工的。
The Gare d’Orsay’s Beaux-Arts architecture impressed Cassatt.
奥赛火车站的美术风格建筑给卡萨特留下了深刻的印象。
Even more stunning was the station’s innovative use of electric traction and tunnels.
更令人惊叹的是该车站对电力牵引和隧道的创新使用。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : Cassatt is an engineer.
吉尔·琼斯（Jill Jonnes），《征服哥谭》作者：卡萨特是一名工程师。
He knows everything inside out about railroads, and he spends three days inspecting every aspect of these trains, the tunnels, the whole system.
他对铁路了如指掌，他花了三天时间检查这些火车、隧道和整个系统的各个方面。
Albert Churella, Historian: : What caught Cassatt’s attention was that trains got there through a long tunnel -- a tunnel that was smoke-free because those trains were pulled by electric locomotives.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉（Albert Churella）：引起卡萨特注意的是，火车通过一条长长的隧道到达那里——这条隧道是无烟的，因为这些火车是由电力机车牵引的。
Narrator: : Unlike coal-burning locomotives, electric trains did not run the risk of asphyxiating their crew and passengers while passing through long tunnels.
旁白：：与燃煤机车不同，电力列车在穿过长隧道时不会有机组人员和乘客窒息的风险。
Up to this point, they’d primarily been used for lighter trolleys.
到目前为止，它们主要用于轻型手推车。
Now Cassatt watched powerful electric locomotives pull 300-ton passenger cars through a mile-long tunnel running along the River Seine to platforms below the station.
现在，卡萨特看着强大的电力机车牵引 300 吨的客车穿过沿着塞纳河延伸的一英里长的隧道，到达车站下方的站台。
Daniel Czitrom, Historian: : It was the idea of going electric, I think, that really brought all this together for Cassatt.
历史学家 Daniel Czitrom：我认为，正是电动化的想法才真正将卡萨特的所有这些结合在一起。
Narrator: : Cassatt envisioned his own electric trains gliding through tunnels under the Hudson River, into Manhattan.
旁白：：卡萨特设想他自己的电动火车穿过哈德逊河下的隧道，进入曼哈顿。
He cabled Rea that he believed this might be the solution.
他给 Rea 发了电报，表示他相信这可能是解决方案。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : The railroads completely remade and redefined every aspect of life in America.
吉尔·琼斯（Jill Jonnes），《征服哥谭》作者：铁路彻底重塑并重新定义了美国生活的方方面面。
They knit the whole country together and really created an entirely new economy.
他们将整个国家团结在一起，真正创造了一个全新的经济。
And it was a very industrialized economy and it was a very urbanized economy.
这是一个高度工业化的经济体，也是一个高度城市化的经济体。
Albert Churella, Historian: : As the nation’s largest railroad, the Pennsylvania Railroad played a bigger role than most.
历史学家 Albert Churella：作为美国最大的铁路，宾夕法尼亚铁路发挥了比大多数铁路更大的作用。
The Pennsylvania Railroad hauled more freight; it transported more passengers than any other railroad in the United States.
宾夕法尼亚铁路运输了更多的货物；它运送的乘客比美国任何其他铁路都多。
Narrator: : By 1900, the Pennsylvania Railroad was the largest corporation in the world.
旁白： ： 到 1900 年，宾夕法尼亚铁路公司已成为世界上最大的公司。
With over 100,000 employees, its operating budget was second only to the federal government’s.
其拥有超过 10 万名员工，运营预算仅次于联邦政府。
Cassatt had been appointed president of the line in 1899, at the age of 59.
1899 年，59 岁的卡萨特被任命为该系列总裁。
His career hadn’t followed the typical path.
他的职业生涯并没有遵循典型的道路。
Born into a wealthy family, he had the means to retire at age 42 before being persuaded to return after the company’s president died unexpectedly.
他出生于一个富裕的家庭，42岁时有办法退休，但在公司总裁意外去世后被说服返回。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : The board of directors asked him would he consider taking on the presidency.
吉尔·琼斯（Jill Jonnes），《征服哥谭》作者：董事会问他是否会考虑担任总裁。
In a way this was no small thing because almost every president of the Pennsylvania Railroad had died in office.
从某种程度上来说，这并不是一件小事，因为几乎每一位宾夕法尼亚铁路公司的总裁都在任内去世。
So it was literally known as a killing job.
所以这实际上被称为杀人工作。
Narrator: : As a condition for accepting the job, Cassatt demanded free rein to carry out his vision for the company.
旁白：：作为接受这份工作的条件，卡萨特要求自由地实现他对公司的愿景。
Albert Churella, Historian: : Cassatt certainly did believe that he knew better than anyone how things should be run.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉（Albert Churella）：：卡萨特确实相信他比任何人都更了解事物应该如何运作。
He understood the organizational and the financial complexity of the railroad industry.
他了解铁路行业的组织和财务复杂性。
Narrator: : The railroad thrived under Cassatt’s leadership, nearly doubling its income in two years.
旁白：：铁路在卡萨特的领导下蓬勃发展，两年内收入几乎翻了一番。
Keith Revell, Historian: : He’s in a position to say, “Let’s do something really extraordinary that this company has been trying to do for years.”
历史学家 Keith Revell：他可以说，“让我们做一些真正非凡的事情，这家公司多年来一直在尝试做的事情。”
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : New York City at the turn of the century was changing rapidly.
洛林·迪尔 (Lorraine Diehl)，作家： 世纪之交的纽约市正在迅速变化。
The entire city is pushing itself into the 20th century and he wants to be part of the party.
整个城市正在迈入20世纪，他想成为这个政党的一员。
He wants his railroad to be part of that.
他希望他的铁路成为其中的一部分。
He was really obsessed with taking his trains into Manhattan.
他真的很痴迷于坐火车去曼哈顿。
Narrator: : To help realize his new tunnel plan, Cassatt tapped Samuel Rea to oversee the project, and recruited Charles Jacobs, one of the world’s foremost tunnel engineers.
旁白：：为了帮助实现他的新隧道计划，卡萨特任命塞缪尔·雷 (Samuel Rea) 来监督该项目，并聘请了世界上最重要的隧道工程师之一查尔斯·雅各布斯 (Charles Jacobs)。
Jacobs had become prominent building a small natural gas tunnel under the East River, the first underwater tunnel into Manhattan.
雅各布斯因在东河下修建一条小型天然气隧道而闻名，这是第一条通往曼哈顿的水下隧道。
Albert Churella, Historian: : Charles Jacobs understood, perhaps better than anybody else in the world, the practicalities of building underwater tunnels.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉（Albert Churella）：查尔斯·雅各布斯（Charles Jacobs）也许比世界上任何人都更了解建造水下隧道的实用性。
Narrator: : The plan was daunting -- 16 miles of tunnels that would link the Pennsylvania Railroad’s sprawling system to New York City and New England.
旁白：这个计划令人望而生畏——16 英里长的隧道将把宾夕法尼亚铁路庞大的系统与纽约市和新英格兰连接起来。
Two tunnels would be bored under the Hudson River from New Jersey to Manhattan, where they would open up into tracks 50 feet below street level, leading to the railroad’s terminus in the heart of the city.
两条隧道将在哈德逊河下挖掘，从新泽西州到曼哈顿，在那里它们将通向街道以下 50 英尺的轨道，通向位于市中心的铁路终点站。
Four tunnels would continue under the East River and emerge in Long Island, where they would connect with the recently acquired Long Island Railroad.
四个隧道将继续在东河下延伸并出现在长岛，在那里它们将与最近收购的长岛铁路连接。
The final piece would be the Hell Gate Bridge, a span over the East River extending the rail lines northward to New England.
最后的作品是地狱门大桥，它横跨东河，将铁路线向北延伸至新英格兰。
For the company’s new terminal, Cassatt envisioned an architectural tour de force along the lines of the Gare d’Orsay, only twice as big.
对于公司的新航站楼，卡萨特设想了一个仿照奥赛车站的建筑杰作，但面积只有奥赛车站的两倍。
The expected price tag of the project was $50 million.
该项目的预期造价为 5000 万美元。
The Pennsylvania would take on this massive venture alone, giving it exclusive access to the tunnels.
宾夕法尼亚号将独自承担这项大规模的任务，并给予其进入隧道的独家通道。
Daniel Czitrom, Historian: : The ambition and the scope of the Pennsylvania Railroad project reflect something about America at the turn of the century.
历史学家 Daniel Czitrom：宾夕法尼亚铁路项目的雄心和范围反映了世纪之交美国的一些情况。
People identify these same themes with works like the Brooklyn Bridge, with the building of the first subways, with the building of the Panama Canal.
人们通过布鲁克林大桥、第一条地铁的建设、巴拿马运河的建设等作品来识别这些相同的主题。
But unlike some of the other great engineering feats of the late 19th, early 20th century, this is not being done with any government subsidy.
但与 19 世纪末、20 世纪初的其他一些伟大工程壮举不同，这并不是在任何政府补贴的情况下完成的。
This is being done by a private corporation.
这是由一家私营公司完成的。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : They feel as if they’re doing this great civic deed.
吉尔·琼斯（Jill Jonnes），《征服哥谭》作者：：他们感觉自己正在做这项伟大的公民行为。
They are actually going to finally attach New York City, which is the most important city in the country, to the mainland.
他们实际上最终要把美国最重要的城市纽约市并入大陆。
Narrator: : It began quietly.
旁白：：一切悄然开始。
In the fall of 1901, three men went door to door, buying up real estate in the Tenderloin, a working-class neighborhood that was also one of Manhattan’s most notorious vice districts.
1901 年秋天，三名男子挨家挨户购买田德隆区的房地产，田德隆区是一个工人阶级社区，也是曼哈顿最臭名昭著的罪恶区之一。
Snapping up shabby tenements, saloons, dance halls, gambling joints, and warehouses, the men worked to get the lowest prices possible.
这些人抢购破旧的公寓、酒吧、舞厅、赌场和仓库，努力争取尽可能低的价格。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : They had no idea who they were buying property for, and they went out into these blocks in the Tenderloin and just began looking for owners.
吉尔·琼斯（Jill Jonnes），《征服哥谭》作者：他们不知道要为谁购买房产，他们走进田德隆区的这些街区，开始寻找业主。
They had giant wads of cash, and if someone was willing to sell their building they would pay them on the spot.
他们拥有大量现金，如果有人愿意出售他们的大楼，他们会当场付款。
Narrator: : The buyers needed to purchase the four blocks from West 31st Street to West 33rd Street between 7th and 9th Avenues.
旁白：：买家需要购买第7大道和第9大道之间从西31街到西33街的四个街区。
The area was to be the site of the Pennsylvania Railroad’s Manhattan terminal, but that was a closely guarded secret.
该地区原本是宾夕法尼亚铁路曼哈顿终点站的所在地，但这是一个严格保守的秘密。
Daniel Czitrom, Historian: : The idea is that once we buy these buildings up, we’re gonna tear ‘em all down.
Daniel Czitrom，历史学家：我们的想法是，一旦我们买下了这些建筑物，我们就会将它们全部拆除。
They wanna do this before it becomes publicly known that they’re buying everything up.
他们想在他们买下一切的事情被公众知道之前做到这一点。
That’s the way to keep the prices down.
这就是压低价格的方法。
Narrator: : When news of the tunnels leaked out, it stunned the public.
旁白：：当隧道的消息泄露出去时，震惊了公众。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : People still assumed that somehow or another they were in pursuit of a bridge.
吉尔·琼斯（Jill Jonnes），《征服哥谭》作者：人们仍然认为他们在寻找一座桥梁。
The idea that you would build tunnels was not on anyone’s mind because it was not viewed as technically possible.
建造隧道的想法并没有出现在任何人的脑海中，因为这在技术上被认为是不可能的。
Albert Churella, Historian: : Cassatt certainly understood that driving a tunnel under the Hudson River was a risky business.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉 (Albert Churella)：：卡萨特当然明白，在哈德逊河下修建隧道是一项危险的工作。
In the 1870s DeWitt Clinton Haskin had tried to build a tunnel under the Hudson River and had suffered a series of blowouts, one of which killed 20 people.
1870 年代，德威特·克林顿·哈斯金 (DeWitt Clinton Haskin) 试图在哈德逊河下修建一条隧道，结果遭遇了一系列井喷，其中一次造成 20 人死亡。
The project was abandoned.
该项目被放弃。
Proof, critics said, that it just couldn’t be done.
批评者说，事实证明这是不可能做到的。
Vincent Tirolo, Jr., Engineer: : The geologic conditions for the Pennsylvania Railroad tunnels in the Hudson River were difficult.
Vincent Tirolo, Jr.，工程师： ：哈德逊河宾夕法尼亚铁路隧道的地质条件很困难。
The soil that you’re mining through, it’s a soft silt.
您开采的土壤是松软的淤泥。
So there was a lot of concern about whether the tunnel in that soft material would stay in position or would settle.
因此，人们非常担心这种软材料制成的隧道是否会保持在原位或是否会沉降。
Narrator: : A typical Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train weighed 700 tons.
旁白：：一列典型的宾夕法尼亚铁路旅客列车重 700 吨。
The tunnels would need to withstand hundreds of them everyday.
隧道每天需要承受数百次。
Keith Revell, Historian: : Building a tunnel of that size to handle that level of traffic is going to be an extraordinary undertaking.
历史学家基思·雷维尔 (Keith Revell)：建造如此规模的隧道来处理如此高的交通量将是一项非凡的任务。
When you put several hundred tons of railroad car underneath the river in that silt the likelihood is that things are gonna start to move around, and you don’t want a railroad tunnel underneath the water to start moving around.
当你将数百吨的火车车厢放入河底的淤泥中时，物体很可能会开始移动，而你不希望水下的铁路隧道开始移动。
Albert Churella, Historian: : What concerned Samuel Rea was that the tunnels would fail, and in failing doom the entire project.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉 (Albert Churella)：塞缪尔·雷 (Samuel Rea) 担心的是隧道会失败，而失败则导致整个项目的灭亡。
Narrator: : Cassatt had already spent $5 million buying up land for his Manhattan train station.
旁白：：卡萨特已经花费 500 万美元为他的曼哈顿火车站购买土地。
Now he was betting 10 times that amount on what many considered a mad and reckless pursuit.
现在，他在许多人认为是疯狂而鲁莽的追求上下了十倍的赌注。
On a spring day in 1902, New York architect Charles McKim was in Washington to discuss a renovation of the White House with President Theodore Roosevelt.
1902 年春日，纽约建筑师查尔斯·麦金 (Charles McKim) 在华盛顿与西奥多·罗斯福 (Theodore Roosevelt) 总统讨论白宫的翻修事宜。
While there, McKim received an unexpected telegram from Alexander Cassatt, requesting a meeting.
在那里，麦金意外地收到了亚历山大·卡萨特发来的一封电报，要求会面。
“I suppose President Cassatt wants a new stoop for his house,” McKim joked.
“我想卡萨特总统想要为他的房子建一个新的门廊，”麦金开玩笑说。
McKim hurried to the Pennsylvania Railroad’s offices in Philadelphia the next day.
第二天，麦金匆匆赶到宾夕法尼亚铁路公司位于费城的办公室。
He spent the morning with Cassatt, who described his plans for a new railroad station in Manhattan.
他与卡萨特度过了一个上午，卡萨特描述了他在曼哈顿建造一个新火车站的计划。
Hilary Ballon, Historian: : Alexander Cassatt wanted a monument.
希拉里·巴隆 (Hilary Ballon)，历史学家：亚历山大·卡萨特 (Alexander Cassatt) 想要一座纪念碑。
He didn’t want a simple opening into an underground space.
他不想要一个通向地下空间的简单开口。
He wanted a monument to his company that could express the importance of the railroad and the ambitions of New York City, that captured its sense of itself as a world capital.
他想要为他的公司建造一座纪念碑，能够表达铁路的重要性和纽约市的雄心壮志，体现纽约作为世界首都的感觉。
Paul Goldberger, Architecture Critic: : Cassatt was a very unusual executive.
Paul Goldberger，建筑评论家：：卡萨特是一位非常不寻常的高管。
He not only knew how to run a railroad, he really did have a grand vision and he wanted the Pennsylvania Railroad to stand for the grandest, the noblest, the most elegant, the most inspiring.
他不仅知道如何经营铁路，他确实有一个宏伟的愿景，他希望宾夕法尼亚铁路代表最宏伟、最高贵、最优雅、最鼓舞人心。
He saw in McKim the kind of architect who would give him that.
他在麦金身上看到了那种能够给他带来这些的建筑师。
Narrator: : Along with Stanford White and William Mead, McKim had founded one of the country’s most famous architectural firms.
旁白：：麦金与斯坦福·怀特和威廉·米德一起创立了美国最著名的建筑公司之一。
Paul Goldberger, Architecture Critic: : McKim, Mead & White were the top guys in town.
Paul Goldberger，建筑评论家：：McKim、Mead 和 White 是城里的顶尖人物。
And Charles McKim was a strong-willed, earnest believer in the nobility of Classical architecture.
查尔斯·麦金 (Charles McKim) 是古典建筑高贵性的坚定、真诚的信徒。
Narrator: : McKim had made his name designing civic spaces like the Boston Public Library and the campus of Columbia University.
旁白：麦金因设计波士顿公共图书馆和哥伦比亚大学校园等公共空间而闻名。
Although he had never designed a train station, he created works on a heroic scale.
尽管他从未设计过火车站，但他创作的作品规模宏大。
By the end of their meeting, Cassatt had commissioned McKim to design Pennsylvania Station.
会议结束时，卡萨特委托麦金设计宾夕法尼亚车站。
In the Tenderloin, about 500 buildings were soon torn down, displacing hundreds of families, to make way for Cassatt’s immense new terminal.
在田德隆区，大约 500 座建筑物很快被拆除，导致数百户家庭流离失所，为卡萨特巨大的新航站楼让路。
McKim marveled at the huge expanse -- a sprawling, blank canvas on which he could design a monument for the ages.
麦金对这片广阔的土地感到惊叹——这是一块广阔的空白画布，他可以在上面设计一座永恒的纪念碑。
On June 24, 1903, Charles Jacobs stepped up on a wooden platform next to a large pneumatic drill and began drilling down into the bedrock of Manhattan.
1903 年 6 月 24 日，查尔斯·雅各布斯 (Charles Jacobs) 登上大型风钻旁边的木制平台，开始向曼哈顿的基岩钻孔。
The massive hole would soon be a 55-foot-deep shaft for tunneling under the Hudson River.
这个巨大的洞很快就会成为一个 55 英尺深的竖井，用于在哈德逊河下挖掘隧道。
At the same time, workers sunk a similar shaft in Weehawken, New Jersey.
与此同时，工人们在新泽西州威霍肯挖出了一个类似的竖井。
Construction had begun on what Engineering News lauded as the “most extensive and difficult piece of submarine tunnel work ever undertaken.”
《工程新闻》称赞为“有史以来规模最大、难度最大的海底隧道工程”的施工已经开始。
The shafts would be the access points for simultaneously digging two tunnels that would meet up under the Hudson River.
这些竖井将成为同时挖掘两条隧道的入口，这两条隧道将在哈德逊河下汇合。
On the other side of Manhattan, crews would burrow four tunnels under the East River, also starting from each shore and connecting in the middle.
在曼哈顿的另一边，工作人员将在东河下挖四个隧道，同样从两岸开始并在中间连接。
At the contractor’s field offices, doctors began examining hundreds of applicants for jobs as tunnel workers, called Sandhogs.
在承包商的现场办公室，医生开始对数百名隧道工人（称为 Sandhogs）的求职者进行检查。
The dangerous work drew men from all different nationalities and ethnic groups -- Irish, Italian, Polish, West Indian, African-American.
这项危险的工作吸引了来自不同国家和民族的人们——爱尔兰人、意大利人、波兰人、西印度群岛人、非裔美国人。
At the shaft entrances, a makeshift elevator transported Sandhogs to the dank depths of their underground work.
在竖井入口处，一部临时电梯将沙猪运送到地下工作的潮湿深处。
Tunneling never stopped -- three eight-hour shifts a day, seven days a week.
隧道挖掘工作从未停止过——每周 7 天、每天 3 个轮班，每班 8 小时。
Rows of steam engines pumped the lifeblood of compressed air into the tunnel below.
一排排蒸汽机将压缩空气的命脉泵入下面的隧道。
Vincent Tirolo, Jr., Engineer: : Compressed air means you’re raising the pressure of the air inside the tunnel to a pressure that’s equal to the pressure of the water trying to come in.
Vincent Tirolo, Jr.，工程师：：压缩空气意味着将隧道内的空气压力提高到与试图进入的水的压力相等的压力。
Now the water’s trying to flow inside the tunnel, and you’re pushing on that, the face of the tunnel with the pressure, with a pressure equal to the pressure of the water.
现在水试图在隧道内流动，而你正在用压力推动隧道表面，压力等于水的压力。
That compressed air pressure keeps the water from coming in.
压缩空气的压力可以防止水进入。
Narrator: : To bore under the river, the engineers used a Greathead shield.
旁白：：为了在河下钻孔，工程师们使用了巨头盾。
Weighing nearly 200 tons, the shield was a steel cylinder with a diameter of 23 feet in which the tunnel was constructed.
盾构重近 200 吨，是一个直径 23 英尺的钢圆柱体，隧道就在其中建造。
The head of the shield had nine compartments with doors, allowing for the extraction of earth and rock, called “muck,” from the face of the tunnel.
盾牌的头部有九个带门的隔间，可以从隧道表面提取被称为“淤泥”的泥土和岩石。
In the tail of the shield, the tunnel was built by assembling a series of two-and-a-half-foot-wide cast-iron rings, each made up of 12 segments bolted together by hand.
在盾构的尾部，隧道是通过组装一系列两英尺半宽的铸铁环建造的，每个铸铁环由 12 个手工螺栓连接在一起的部分组成。
As each ring was put in place, hydraulic jacks pushed the shield forward so that another ring could be erected.
当每个环就位时，液压千斤顶将护罩向前推动，以便可以竖立另一个环。
Vincent Tirolo, Jr., Engineer: : The process is kind of an inchworm process.
Vincent Tirolo, Jr.，工程师： ：这个过程有点像尺蠖过程。
You erect a ring, you jack forward, you pull the jacks back, you erect another ring.
你竖起一个环，向前推进，将千斤顶向后拉，再竖起另一个环。
And out the back of the shield you’re getting this continuous line of cast-iron rings.
在盾牌的后面，你会看到一排连续的铸铁环。
Narrator: : In the beginning, it took Sandhogs about six hours to put a ring segment in place.
旁白： ：一开始，Sandhogs 花了大约六个小时才将环段安装到位。
With experience, they soon could build one every 90 minutes.
凭借经验，他们很快就能每 90 分钟建造一个。
Vincent Tirolo, Jr., Engineer: : Excavation was essentially hand labor.
Vincent Tirolo, Jr.，工程师：：挖掘本质上是手工劳动。
Generally speaking it was done with a spade.
一般来说，是用铁锹完成的。
And the rock was drilled by a pneumatic hammer held by a Sandhog.
岩石是用沙猪手持的气动锤钻孔的。
Scott Chesman, Sandhog: : It’s grueling.
斯科特·切斯曼（Scott Chesman），《Sandhog》：：这很折磨人。
There’s tremendous power down there that needs to be used, and if you’re in the wrong spot at the wrong time you’re gonna get crushed.
那里有巨大的力量需要使用，如果你在错误的时间出现在错误的地点，你就会被压垮。
Equipment moving in and out; muck cars full of muck.
设备进出；渣土车里装满了渣土。
I mean, they weigh tons.
我的意思是，它们重达数吨。
If you’re not paying attention you’re gonna get hit.
如果你不注意，你就会被击中。
And when you’re in a confined space and anything can happen, there is nowhere to run.
当你在一个密闭的空间里，任何事情都有可能发生时，你就无处可逃。
Narrator: : Concerned about the tunnel settling in the soft silt, Jacobs had engineers measure the alignment and grade every second to fourth ring.
旁白：：出于对隧道在松软淤泥中沉降的担忧，雅各布斯让工程师每隔第二圈到第四圈测量一次对准线和坡度。
As the enormous shields crept towards each other Jacobs knew there was no margin for error.
当巨大的盾牌相互靠近时，雅各布斯知道没有犯错的余地。
At the site of the new station and its accompanying train yard, work gangs began to dig, drill, dynamite and cart out tons of muck.
在新车站及其附属火车站现场，工作人员开始挖掘、钻孔、炸药并运出成吨的淤泥。
Construction crews worked day and night to excavate the 28-acre expanse.
施工人员夜以继日地挖掘这片占地 28 英亩的土地。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : It’s just block, after block, after block that’s going down, down, down.
吉尔·琼斯（Jill Jonnes），《征服哥谭》作者：：这只是一个街区、一个又一个街区、一个又一个街区在下降、下降、下降。
They’re having to prop up entire avenues, including above the avenues, the elevated railroads.
他们必须支撑整个大道，包括大道上方的高架铁路。
And then excavating around all of the underground infrastructure that’s there: the sewer pipes, the water pipes.
然后挖掘周围所有的地下基础设施：下水道、水管。
It’s an amazing engineering feat.
这是一项了不起的工程壮举。
Daniel Czitrom, Historian: : The construction site also became an object of fascination for ordinary passersby who were just struck by the breathtaking size of this operation.
历史学家丹尼尔·齐特罗姆 (Daniel Czitrom)：：对于普通路人来说，这个建筑工地也成为了一个令人着迷的对象，他们只是被这次行动的惊人规模所震惊。
It was almost an unworldly scene that was going on.
这几乎是一个超凡脱俗的场景。
Nobody had ever seen a hole this big.
没有人见过这么大的洞。
And nobody had ever seen an excavation project this ambitious.
没有人见过如此雄心勃勃的挖掘项目。
The newspapers and other observers would constantly refer to the excavation job as being our own Panama Canal here on the west side of Manhattan.
报纸和其他观察家经常将这次挖掘工作称为曼哈顿西侧我们自己的巴拿马运河。
Narrator: : Just blocks from the excavation site, Charles McKim was working intensely on designs for a lofty space -- to celebrate what he called, “the entrance to one of the great metropolitan cities of the world.” For inspiration, McKim studied the great buildings of ancient Rome, in particular the Baths of Caracalla, which he had recently visited.
旁白：：距离发掘现场仅几个街区，查尔斯·麦金 (Charles McKim) 正在紧张地设计一个高耸的空间，以庆祝他所说的“世界上最伟大的大都市之一的入口”。为了寻求灵感，麦金研究了古罗马的伟大建筑，特别是他最近参观过的卡拉卡拉浴场。
Paul Goldberger, Architecture Critic: : The Romans believed that public buildings were inherently noble things.
Paul Goldberger，建筑评论家：：罗马人相信公共建筑本质上是高贵的东西。
They were not just functional.
它们不仅仅是功能性的。
He looked at the Baths of Caracalla, and decided that there was the model for the great space of a train station.
他看了卡拉卡拉浴场，认为这里有一个火车站大空间的模型。
This is saying that we can evoke the grandeur of ancient Rome and make it part of modern New York.
这就是说，我们可以唤起古罗马的宏伟，并使之成为现代纽约的一部分。
Narrator: : Cassatt had also visited the Baths, and was equally taken with them.
旁白：：卡萨特也参观过浴场，并且同样被浴场所吸引。
Daniel Czitrom, Historian: : He was not solely interested in aggrandizing power.
历史学家丹尼尔·奇特罗姆（Daniel Czitrom）：他不仅仅对权力的扩张感兴趣。
He was a man of culture, of taste, of fine art.
他是一个有文化、有品味、有艺术的人。
He paid tremendous attention to aesthetics, and beauty, and great architecture.
他非常关注美学、美丽和伟大的建筑。
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : Alexander Cassatt and Charles McKim, they both had a very deep, keen respect for beauty.
洛林·迪尔 (Lorraine Diehl)，编剧：亚历山大·卡萨特 (Alexander Cassatt) 和查尔斯·麦金 (Charles McKim)，他们都对美怀有深深的、强烈的敬意。
They decided on how the station should be built with that same dream in their heads.
他们怀着同样的梦想决定了如何建造车站。
Narrator: : McKim dreamed big.
旁白：：麦金的梦想很大。
His grand design included importing Italian Travertine marble -- the same material used in ancient Roman monuments -- for the interior.
他的宏伟设计包括进口意大利石灰华大理石（与古罗马纪念碑使用的材料相同）用于室内装饰。
For the exterior, he chose lustrous pink Milford granite from Massachusetts.
对于外部，他选择了来自马萨诸塞州的有光泽的粉红色米尔福德花岗岩。
He built full-scale models of the facade to study the proportions of his design.
他建造了全尺寸的立面模型来研究他的设计比例。
When the railroad’s board of directors pushed to include a revenue-generating hotel on top of the station, McKim was appalled.
当铁路董事会推动在车站顶部修建一家创收酒店时，麦金感到震惊。
He argued that this would compromise the artistic integrity of the building.
他认为这会损害建筑物的艺术完整性。
Cassatt was won over, but his engineers also gave him practical reasons to oppose the hotel.
卡萨特被说服了，但他的工程师也给了他反对这家酒店的实际理由。
The additional support columns needed, they told him, would necessitate the removal of two or more tracks.
他们告诉他，需要额外的支撑柱，因此需要拆除两条或更多轨道。
Cassatt quickly dropped the idea.
卡萨特很快就放弃了这个想法。
Albert Churella, Historian: : He was intimately involved in the design of the structure of Penn Station.
Albert Churella，历史学家：：他密切参与了宾州车站的结构设计。
And Penn Station embodies Alexander Cassatt’s vision as much as it does Charles McKim’s vision.
宾夕法尼亚车站既体现了亚历山大·卡萨特的愿景，也体现了查尔斯·麦金的愿景。
Narrator: : Tunnel construction under the Hudson had proved easier and faster than expected, and Charles Jacobs was exuberant over the progress.
旁白：：事实证明，哈德逊河下的隧道建设比预期更容易、更快，查尔斯·雅各布斯对进展感到非常兴奋。
By the spring of 1906, New York and New Jersey Sandhog crews raced to be the first to reach the middle of the river.
1906 年春天，纽约和新泽西的 Sandhog 船员竞相率先到达河中央。
On the other side of Manhattan, however, tunneling under the East River was turning into a nightmare.
然而，在曼哈顿的另一边，东河下的隧道工程正在变成一场噩梦。
Albert Churella, Historian: : The tunnels under the Hudson were easy compared to the tunnels under the East River.
Albert Churella，历史学家：：与东河下的隧道相比，哈德逊河下的隧道很容易。
The East River overlay a complex strata of gravel, clay, sand, silt, bedrock even.
东河覆盖着由砾石、粘土、沙子、淤泥、甚至基岩组成的复杂地层。
And it was proving extraordinarily difficult for crews to tunnel through that.
事实证明，工作人员要穿过这个隧道非常困难。
Narrator: : Every time the Sandhogs hit pockets of sand and gravel, they ran the risk of air leaking from the tunnels.
旁白：：每次沙猪遇到沙子和砾石时，他们都会冒着空气从隧道泄漏的风险。
“The geysers formed by the leaks,” reported the New York Times , “have made the water in the ferry slips look like boiling lakes.” Inside the tunnel, Sandhogs were constantly on the alert for a whistling sound -- the telltale sign that compressed air was escaping and might at any moment punch a hole through the riverbed -- what was known as a blowout.
《纽约时报》报道称，“泄漏形成的间歇泉使渡船滑道中的水看起来就像沸腾的湖泊。”在隧道内，沙猪们时刻警惕着哨声，这是压缩空气正在逸出的明显信号，随时可能在河床上冲出一个洞，即所谓的井喷。
Vincent Tirolo, Jr., Engineer: : It’s like a ship being hit by a torpedo.
Vincent Tirolo, Jr.，工程师： ：就像一艘船被鱼雷击中。
When a ship gets hit by a torpedo everybody runs to the opening and they try to plug the leak.
当一艘船被鱼雷击中时，每个人都会跑到开口处并试图堵住漏洞。
They’ll try using anything they have on hand.
他们会尝试使用手头上的任何东西。
They’ll use blankets.
他们会用毯子。
They’ll use hay, whatever they can to stop the air.
他们会使用干草，尽其所能来阻止空气流动。
If a Sandhog is unlucky enough to be at that point where the air is leaking, and all of a sudden the air leaks at one time that man will be blown out into the river with the air.
如果沙猪运气不好，正好到了漏气的地方，突然漏气了，那个人就会和空气一起被吹到河里去。
Narrator: : Constant blowouts put them desperately behind schedule, and costs were skyrocketing.
旁白：：持续的井喷使他们严重落后于计划，成本飞涨。
In April 1906, the lead engineer told Cassatt that work had stopped on three of the four tunnels.
1906 年 4 月，首席工程师告诉卡萨特，四条隧道中的三条已经停止施工。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : They find it very, very hard to keep the compressed air in these tunnels.
Jill Jonnes，《征服哥谭》作者：他们发现在这些隧道中保持压缩空气非常非常困难。
They’re blowing all the time.
他们一直在吹。
And there have been a lot of deaths, and a lot of cases of the bends.
已经有很多人死亡，也有很多弯道的病例。
Albert Churella, Historian: : The situation under the East River was going from bad to worse.
Albert Churella，历史学家：：东河水下的情况每况愈下。
In the absence of firsthand information, reporters often exaggerated the number of deaths and injuries.
在缺乏第一手资料的情况下，记者常常夸大伤亡人数。
And this created an intense public image problem for the Pennsylvania Railroad.
这给宾夕法尼亚铁路带来了严重的公众形象问题。
Narrator: : As dawn broke on June 20, 1906, ferry passengers heading across the East River to Manhattan heard a horrific roar.
旁白：1906 年 6 月 20 日黎明时分，渡过东河前往曼哈顿的渡轮乘客听到一声可怕的轰鸣声。
An enormous geyser suddenly erupted out of the water.
一股巨大的间歇泉突然从水中喷涌而出。
Eighty-six feet below the surface, Sandhogs scrambled for safety as a massive blowout flooded much of the southernmost Pennsylvania Railroad tunnel.
在地表以下 86 英尺处，大规模井喷淹没了最南端的宾夕法尼亚铁路隧道的大部分地区，沙猪们紧急逃生。
Two Sandhogs drowned.
两只沙猪淹死了。
Cassatt and Rea rushed to New York.
卡萨特和雷亚赶往纽约。
Rea assured the press that the tunnels were only a few months behind schedule, and the delays were not alarming.
雷向媒体保证，隧道工程只比原计划晚了几个月，而且延误并不令人担忧。
A representative for the contracting firm admitted that 14 men had died from the bends, more than they expected, but half as many as the newspapers were claiming.
承包公司的一名代表承认，有 14 名男子死于弯道，比他们预期的要多，但只有报纸报道的一半。
To help reduce blowouts, he explained they would dump tons of clay into the river to seal the riverbed.
他解释说，为了帮助减少井喷，他们会将大量粘土倒入河中以密封河床。
Still, Cassatt realized he needed to counter the mounting bad press.
尽管如此，卡萨特意识到他需要反击越来越多的负面新闻。
Four months earlier, he had hired Ivy Lee, a pioneer in the field of public relations.
四个月前，他聘请了公共关系领域的先驱艾维·李(Ivy Lee)。
Now, Cassatt charged Lee with managing the stories swirling around the tunnels.
现在，卡萨特责成李负责管理隧道周围的故事。
Later that summer, for the first time since the start of the project, the Pennsylvania Railroad allowed a journalist to take a tour of the tunnels.
那年夏天晚些时候，宾夕法尼亚铁路公司自项目启动以来首次允许记者参观隧道。
Albert Churella, Historian: : Ivy Lee understood that the way to capture the public’s attention was not to release dry statistical data, but rather to make sure the public understands something about the romance, the excitement, and the adventure associated with this great endeavor.
艾维·李 (Albert Churella)，历史学家：艾维·李 (Ivy Lee) 明白，吸引公众注意力的方法不是发布枯燥的统计数据，而是确保公众了解与这一伟大事业相关的浪漫、兴奋和冒险。
That this is a dark and mysterious subterranean world in which heroic men are carrying forth the progress of a nation.
这是一个黑暗而神秘的地下世界，英雄们正在其中推动着一个民族的进步。
Narrator: : On the evening of September 11, 1906, after three years of tunneling and a full year ahead of schedule, the two halves of the north tunnel met under the Hudson River.
旁白： 1906 年 9 月 11 日晚，经过三年的隧道挖掘，比原计划提前了一整年，北隧道的两半在哈德逊河下相遇。
Under Charles Jacobs’ careful eye, their alignment was off by only a 16th of an inch.
在查尔斯·雅各布斯 (Charles Jacobs) 的仔细观察下，它们的对齐仅偏差了十六分之一英寸。
Vince Tirolo, Jr., Engineer: : Even today an accuracy of a 16th of an inch in tunnels meeting is still excellent.
Vince Tirolo, Jr.，工程师： ：即使在今天，隧道交汇中 16 英寸的精度仍然非常出色。
So the fact that they were able to do it back then, it’s amazing.
所以他们当时能够做到这一点，真是令人惊奇。
Narrator: : Jacobs led an inspection party through the tunnel from New Jersey to Manhattan.
旁白：雅各布斯带领视察队穿过从新泽西州到曼哈顿的隧道。
The group cheered as the engineer became the first person to pass through from one side to the other.
当工程师成为第一个从一侧穿过到另一侧的人时，大家欢呼起来。
As others followed, a cry went out, “three cheers for the Sandhogs!”
其他人紧随其后，一声喊叫：“为沙猪队欢呼三声！”
Albert Churella, Historian: : Far from speculating about how this project might not work, or might be too dangerous, reporters gushed over the marvels of the tunnels.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉 (Albert Churella)：记者们并没有猜测这个项目可能行不通，或者可能太危险，而是滔滔不绝地讲述着隧道的奇迹。
The sheer novelty of being able to walk underneath the Hudson River from New York to New Jersey.
能够在哈德逊河下从纽约步行到新泽西，这绝对是一件新鲜事。
Narrator: : Noticeably absent from all the celebration were Alexander Cassatt and Samuel Rea.
旁白：：值得注意的是，亚历山大·卡萨特和塞缪尔·雷缺席了所有庆祝活动。
For the past five months, they had been preoccupied with troubling news.
在过去的五个月里，他们一直忙于处理令人不安的消息。
Measurements showed that the Hudson River tunnels were shifting up and down in the silty river bottom.
测量结果显示，哈得逊河隧道在淤泥河底上下移动。
Cassatt had the engineers increase the weight of the cast-iron linings to settle the tunnels, but the shifting continued.
卡萨特让工程师增加铸铁衬砌的重量以解决隧道问题，但移动仍在继续。
Albert Churella, Historian: : There is a very real fear that the tunnels would simply keep sinking, the tunnels might crack, they might lie forever broken, flooded, abandoned, underneath the Hudson River, a monument to the folly of the Pennsylvania Railroad’s efforts to reach Manhattan.
历史学家艾伯特·丘雷拉 (Albert Churella)：人们非常担心隧道会继续下沉，隧道可能会破裂，它们可能会永远破碎、被洪水淹没、被遗弃在哈德逊河下面，这是宾夕法尼亚铁路通往曼哈顿的愚蠢行为的纪念碑。
Narrator: : Rea pressured his engineers to find an answer.
旁白：：Rea 向他的工程师施压，要求他们找到答案。
Jacobs suggested attaching screw piles to the bedrock below to support the tunnels.
雅各布斯建议将螺旋桩固定在下面的基岩上以支撑隧道。
Rea was not convinced.
雷亚并不相信。
After months of measurements, experiments and debate, Jacobs finally figured out what suddenly seemed obvious: the tunnels were moving with the tide.
经过几个月的测量、实验和辩论，雅各布斯终于弄清楚了突然看来显而易见的事情：隧道正在随着潮汐移动。
When the tide came in, the increased volume of water pushed the tunnels down.
当潮水来临时，增加的水量将隧道推下。
Then they would spring back up as the tide receded.
然后，当潮水退去时，它们就会重新升起。
This explained the shifting, but a terrifying unknown remained.
这解释了这种转变，但仍然存在一个可怕的未知数。
Jill Jonnes, Author, Conquering Gotham: : What does that mean for the ultimate fate of the tunnels?
吉尔·琼斯，《征服哥谭》作者：：这对隧道的最终命运意味着什么？
Are they going to keep sinking once they have very heavy trains going through them every day?
一旦每天都有非常重型的火车经过它们，它们会继续下沉吗？
And the truth is no one knows.
事实是没有人知道。
So this is this terrible secret that hangs over Samuel Rea.
这就是笼罩在塞缪尔·雷身上的可怕秘密。
Narrator: : Three days after Christmas in 1906, Alexander Cassatt was working from his home in Philadelphia, still weakened after a bout with whooping cough he had contracted the previous summer.
旁白：1906 年圣诞节后三天，亚历山大·卡萨特 (Alexander Cassatt) 在费城的家中工作，去年夏天患百日咳后，身体仍然很虚弱。
Resting with his wife by his side, he suffered a heart attack, and died.
他与妻子在身边休息时，心脏病发作，去世了。
He was 67.
他 67 岁了。
He had become the fourth Pennsylvania Railroad president to die in office.
他成为第四位在任期间去世的宾夕法尼亚铁路公司总裁。
Jill Jonnes, Author,: Conquering Gotham : Cassatt was enormously admired.
吉尔·琼斯，作者：《征服哥谭》：卡萨特受到极大的钦佩。
And he had this very unusual and unique position of being viewed almost as a public servant, and that his corporation had this larger more idealistic role to play, which was to help make America great.
他有着一种非常不寻常和独特的地位，几乎被视为一名公务员，他的公司可以发挥更大、更理想主义的作用，帮助美国变得伟大。
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : Watching this building rise, watching these beautiful columns rise almost like the temple of Athena.
洛林·迪尔（Lorraine Diehl），编剧： ：看着这座建筑拔地而起，看着这些美丽的柱子升起，几乎就像雅典娜神庙一样。
People must’ve been awestruck by that.
人们一定对此感到敬畏。
Jill Jonnes, Author,: Conquering Gotham : It really looks like some aspect of ancient Rome is rising in the middle of what’s left of the Tenderloin.
吉尔·琼斯（Jill Jonnes），作者，《征服哥谭》：看起来古罗马的某些方面确实正在里脊肉的剩余部分中崛起。
And it began to sink in that something truly extraordinary was happening in Manhattan.
人们开始意识到曼哈顿正在发生一些真正非凡的事情。
Narrator: : By the time the masonry work started on Pennsylvania Station in 1908, Sandhogs had joined the tunnels under the East River, making it possible to travel underground from New Jersey to Long Island.
旁白： 1908 年宾夕法尼亚车站开始砌筑工程时，Sandhogs 已加入东河下的隧道，使得从新泽西到长岛的地下交通成为可能。
Albert Churella, Historian: : At the time Penn Station was built most people believed that railroads were symbols of progress, symbols of modernity, symbols of what the United States could achieve.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉 (Albert Churella)：：宾夕法尼亚车站建成时，大多数人认为铁路是进步的象征、现代性的象征、美国能够实现的目标的象征。
Narrator: : It had taken four years to build Pennsylvania Station.
旁白：：宾夕法尼亚车站的建造花了四年时间。
McKim’s colossal structure used 27,000 tons of steel, 500,000 cubic feet of granite, 83,000 square feet of skylights and 17 million bricks.
麦金的巨型建筑使用了 27,000 吨钢材、500,000 立方英尺花岗岩、83,000 平方英尺天窗和 1700 万块砖块。
Keith Revell, Historian: : When the station is completed in 1910 Samuel Rea says, “We started this project with a great deal of skepticism from onlookers.” They now see that we have built for the future.
历史学家基思·雷维尔 (Keith Revell)： 1910 年车站竣工时，塞缪尔·雷 (Samuel Rea) 说道：“我们在旁观者的强烈怀疑下开始了这个项目。”他们现在看到我们为未来而建设。
It’s part of a system that’s going to be here for years.
它是一个将存在多年的系统的一部分。
Narrator: : On opening day, thousands of entranced spectators wandered through the station.
旁白： ：开业当天，数千名入迷的观众在车站里漫步。
“They flooded the acres of its floor space,” reported the New York Tribune , “gazed…at the vaulted ceilings far above them,…and pressed like caged creatures against the grill which looked down upon subterranean tracks, trains and platforms.”
《纽约论坛报》报道称，“他们淹没了数英亩的建筑面积，凝视着……远远高于他们的拱形天花板，……像笼中的生物一样压在烤架上，烤架俯视着地下铁轨、火车和站台。”
Paul Goldberger, Architecture Critic: : Pennsylvania Station was a symbol not only of the greatness and power of the railroad, but also of the greatness and power of the city.
Paul Goldberger，建筑评论家：：宾夕法尼亚车站不仅是铁路伟大和力量的象征，也是城市伟大和力量的象征。
It was a gift to the city as well as a creation of a corporation.
这是给这座城市的一份礼物，也是一家公司的创造。
And this notion that private enterprise and the public good didn’t contradict each other, they in fact reinforced each other.
私营企业和公共利益的观念并不相互矛盾，事实上它们是相辅相成的。
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : My first memory of Penn Station is one that is indelible.
洛林·迪尔（Lorraine Diehl），作家： ：我对宾夕法尼亚车站的第一个记忆是不可磨灭的。
I was about 10 years old.
我当时大约10岁。
I walk into this train shed and I felt such a sense of wonder and motion.
当我走进这个火车棚时，我感受到了一种奇妙和动感的感觉。
And the late morning sun is coming in and all the little particles of dust are frozen there.
清晨的阳光照进来，所有的小尘埃都冻结在那里。
They’re just sort of dancing in the air and I’m just saying to myself, “This is a wondrous place.”
他们只是在空中跳舞，我只是对自己说：“这是一个奇妙的地方。”
Narrator: : Seven years after Penn Station opened, Samuel Rea, now president of the railroad, dedicated the last piece of Cassatt’s grand plan, the Hell Gate Bridge.
旁白：宾夕法尼亚车站开通七年后，现任铁路总裁塞缪尔·雷 (Samuel Rea) 奉献了卡萨特宏伟计划的最后一部分——地狱门大桥。
The world’s longest steel arch bridge at the time, it finally connected the Pennsylvania Railroad to New England.
它是当时世界上最长的钢拱桥，最终将宾夕法尼亚铁路与新英格兰连接起来。
By then, 18 million people travelled through Penn Station every year, and hundreds of trains rumbled through the tunnels day after day.
那时，每年有 1800 万人次通过宾州车站，数百列火车日复一日地隆隆驶过隧道。
Rea’s worst fears had been unfounded.
雷亚最担心的事情是没有根据的。
The tunnels held up.
隧道依然坚守。
Traffic particularly exploded on the Long Island Rail Road, which brought an increasing number of commuters into Manhattan through the East River tunnels.
长岛铁路的交通量尤其激增，越来越多的通勤者通过东河隧道进入曼哈顿。
Within a decade, two-thirds of the passengers arriving in Penn Station were coming from the suburbs.
十年之内，抵达宾州车站的乘客中有三分之二来自郊区。
Daniel Czitrom, Historian: : The creation of Penn Station in some ways had a greater impact not on the city, but on the suburbs.
历史学家丹尼尔·奇特罗姆 (Daniel Czitrom)：：宾夕法尼亚车站的创建在某些方面对郊区产生了更大的影响，而不是城市。
The opening up of Queens, and Long Island, and New Jersey was in some ways, I think, an unintended consequence of all this.
我认为，皇后区、长岛和新泽西州的开放在某种程度上是这一切的意外后果。
Narrator: : By 1945, more than 100 million passengers a year travelled through Penn Station, exceeding Cassatt’s wildest dreams.
旁白：到 1945 年，每年有超过 1 亿乘客通过宾夕法尼亚车站，这超出了卡萨特最疯狂的梦想。
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : Penn Station was a place not only of journeys but a place of memories.
洛林·迪尔 (Lorraine Diehl)，编剧： 宾夕法尼亚车站不仅是一个旅行的地方，也是一个充满回忆的地方。
Those walls actually held the history of the country in a way.
这些墙实际上在某种程度上保存了这个国家的历史。
It held time in that it held memory.
它承载着时间，也承载着记忆。
Paul Goldberger, Architecture Critic: : Great architecture can imbue daily life with a sense of wonder, and majesty, and joy.
保罗·戈德伯格（Paul Goldberger），建筑评论家：伟大的建筑可以给日常生活注入惊奇、威严和欢乐的感觉。
Penn Station was perhaps the greatest single public space of all.
宾州车站也许是最大的单一公共空间。
Albert Churella, Historian: : There’s a great irony that Penn Station was finally used to capacity during World War II, but at that moment of triumph the Pennsylvania Railroad was on the verge of decline.
历史学家阿尔伯特·丘雷拉 (Albert Churella)： 具有极大讽刺意义的是，宾夕法尼亚车站最终在二战期间充分利用，但在胜利的那一刻，宾夕法尼亚铁路却处于衰落的边缘。
And the next year, 1946, the company lost money for the first time in its history.
第二年，即 1946 年，该公司历史上首次出现亏损。
Cassatt planned his program of improvements perfectly for the world he believed would exist 50 years in the future.
卡萨特为他相信 50 年后的世界完美地规划了他的改进计划。
But he never envisioned a world in which more people would travel by car or by plane than by train.
但他从未想象过一个世界，乘坐汽车或飞机出行的人会多于乘坐火车的人。
Narrator: : Within the lifetime of many who had seen it open came the end of Pennsylvania Station.
旁白：：在许多亲眼目睹宾夕法尼亚车站开通的人的有生之年，宾夕法尼亚车站就终结了。
What was supposed to last forever, to herald and represent the American empire, was slated for destruction.
本来应该永远存在、预示并代表美利坚帝国的东西，注定会被毁灭。
Hilary Ballon, Historian: : The Pennsylvania Railroad was struggling, and it’s in desperate financial condition.
历史学家希拉里·巴隆 (Hilary Ballon)：宾夕法尼亚铁路陷入困境，财务状况陷入困境。
It could no longer forfeit the real estate revenues of its site in Manhattan, something it had forgone when the railroad was originally built, but which now is impossible.
它不能再放弃曼哈顿基地的房地产收入，这是它在铁路最初修建时就放弃的，但现在这是不可能的。
Their job was not to preserve the architectural landscape of New York City.
他们的工作不是保护纽约市的建筑景观。
Their job was to protect their company.
他们的工作是保护他们的公司。
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : The Pennsylvania Railroad owned it.
洛林·迪尔 (Lorraine Diehl)，编剧： 宾夕法尼亚铁路拥有它。
The Pennsylvania Railroad could therefore destroy it.
因此，宾夕法尼亚铁路可能会摧毁它。
It was a very, very tough thing to understand because it was a public space.
这是一件非常非常难以理解的事情，因为这是一个公共空间。
Even though it was built for us we didn’t own it.
尽管它是为我们建造的，但我们并不拥有它。
We just used it.
我们刚刚用过它。
Narrator: : In 1961, the financially strapped Pennsylvania Railroad announced it had sold the air rights above Penn Station.
旁白： 1961年，财政拮据的宾夕法尼亚铁路公司宣布出售宾夕法尼亚车站上空的空中使用权。
The company would tear down what had once been its crowning jewel to build Madison Square Garden, a high-rise office building and sports complex.
该公司将拆除曾经的皇冠上的明珠，建造麦迪逊广场花园、一座高层办公楼和体育中心。
A few people protested, but to no avail.
一些人提出抗议，但没有效果。
On the rainy morning of October 28, 1963, the demolition began.
1963年10月28日一个下雨的早晨，拆迁开始了。
“Until the first blow fell no one was convinced that Penn Station really would be demolished,” wrote the New York Times , “or that New York would permit this monumental act of vandalism against one of the finest landmarks of its age.”
《纽约时报》写道：“在第一击到来之前，没有人相信宾夕法尼亚车站真的会被拆除，或者纽约会允许这种针对其时代最优秀的地标之一的纪念性破坏行为。”
Hilary Ballon, Historian: : The demolition of Pennsylvania Station represented a tremendous loss of hope for the city -- that it has surrendered one of its great pieces of public architecture.
历史学家希拉里·巴隆 (Hilary Ballon)：宾夕法尼亚车站的拆除代表着这座城市的希望的巨大丧失——它已经放弃了其伟大的公共建筑之一。
Lorraine Diehl, Writer: : For most people it wasn’t until that station was torn down that they understood what was taken from them.
洛林·迪尔（Lorraine Diehl），编剧：对于大多数人来说，直到那个车站被拆除后，他们才明白自己被夺走了什么。
Vincent Scully said, “Where once we entered like kings we exit like rats.” You never get over the fact that such a wonderful place is gone.
文森特·斯卡利说：“我们曾经像国王一样进入，但现在却像老鼠一样退出。”你永远无法忘记这样一个美好的地方已经消失的事实。
Paul Goldberger, Architecture Critic: Penn Station was really the great martyr of historic preservation, the building that died so that we might save others in the future.
保罗·戈德伯格（Paul Goldberger），建筑评论家：宾夕法尼亚车站确实是历史保护的伟大烈士，这座建筑的消亡是为了我们将来可以拯救其他人。
What Penn Station was, was the tipping point.
宾州车站是一个转折点。
Something that people simply wouldn’t accept any more.
人们根本不会再接受的东西。
And so then there was the political will to do something about it.
于是就有了对此采取行动的政治意愿。
Narrator: : In the wake of the destruction, New York City established the Landmarks Preservation Commission.
旁白：：在遭到破坏后，纽约市成立了地标保护委员会。
Grand Central Terminal was designated a historic landmark in 1967, sparing it from the fate of Penn Station.
中央车站 (Grand Central Terminal) 于 1967 年被指定为历史地标，使其免受宾州车站 (Penn Station) 的命运影响。
Daniel Czitrom, Historian: : It does help inspire a whole new consciousness about the importance of saving great buildings.
历史学家 Daniel Czitrom：：它确实有助于激发人们对拯救伟大建筑重要性的全新认识。
But anybody who knows New York understands that that’s always an uphill battle: that the power of commerce, the devotion to change, the fetish of what’s coming next really worked against what McKim and Cassatt had created.
但任何了解纽约的人都明白，这始终是一场艰苦的战斗：商业的力量、对变革的奉献、对未来的迷恋确实与麦金和卡萨特的创造背道而驰。
Albert Churella, Historian: : The architectural edifice of Penn Station may be gone, but the tracks and the tunnels remain and carry millions of people in and out of Manhattan every year.
历史学家艾伯特·丘雷拉 (Albert Churella)：宾夕法尼亚车站的建筑大厦可能已经消失，但铁轨和隧道仍然存在，每年承载数百万人进出曼哈顿。
That was the most valuable part of the entire project and that survives.
这是整个项目中最有价值的部分，并且得以幸存。
Paul Goldberger, Architecture Critic: : Penn Station represents the aspiration of doing something monumental and noble, of private enterprise creating something extraordinary for the benefit of the public.
保罗·戈德伯格（Paul Goldberger），建筑评论家：：宾州车站代表了私营企业做一些不朽和崇高的事情的愿望，为公众的利益创造非凡的东西。
It was an investment that generations that followed would benefit from.
这是一项让后代受益的投资。
The challenge is how you balance the need to preserve what’s best, what’s most important, and the need to continually invent, and change, and grow -- because that’s what living places have to do.
挑战在于如何平衡保护最好的、最重要的东西的需要，以及不断发明、改变和成长的需要——因为这就是生活场所必须做的事情。
The monumental building that was supposed to last forever was destroyed after 53 years.
这座原本应该永远存在的纪念性建筑在 53 年后被毁。
Watch the opening scene of The Rise and Fall of Penn Station.
观看《宾州车站的兴衰》的开场场景。
Penn Station took four years to build, and used 27,000 tons of steel, 500,000 cubic feet of granite, 83,000 square feet of skylights, and 17 million bricks.
宾州车站耗时四年建成，使用了 27,000 吨钢材、500,000 立方英尺花岗岩、83,000 平方英尺天窗和 1700 万块砖块。
Half a million people pass through New York City's Penn Station every day.
每天有五十万人经过纽约市的宾州车站。
Here's an unusual behind the scenes look at the Central Control room.
这是中央控制室不寻常的幕后景象。
Demolition of the original Pennsylvania Station — once a crown jewel of New York City architecture — began in October 1963.
原宾夕法尼亚车站——曾经是纽约市建筑皇冠上的明珠——于 1963 年 10 月开始拆除。
An exclusive look at New York MTA's subterranean East Side Access project.
独家了解纽约 MTA 地下东区通道项目。
Explore the rise and fall of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and its construction of Penn Station.
探索宾夕法尼亚铁路公司的兴衰及其宾夕法尼亚车站的建设。
General Charles W.
查尔斯·W.将军
Raymond first reported the deeply troubling problem: the tunnels under the Hudson River were shifting.
雷蒙德首先报告了一个令人深感不安的问题：哈德逊河下的隧道正在移动。
The year 2013 marked the 50th anniversary of the start of demolition of the original Penn Station.
2013 年是原宾夕法尼亚车站开始拆除工作 50 周年。
Today, there is much debate over the future of the current Penn Station.
如今，对于当前宾夕法尼亚车站的未来存在很多争论。