Partners of the Heart
November, 1944.
1944 年 11 月。
A surgeon dares to operate on the heart of a baby girl.
外科医生敢于对女婴的心脏进行手术。
G.
G。
WAYNE MILLER, Author: Cardiac problems really was the Mt. Everest of surgery.
韦恩·米勒（WAYNE MILLER），作者：心脏问题确实是手术的珠穆朗玛峰。
It was a mountain that many thought couldn't be climbed.
这是一座许多人认为无法攀登的山。
At stake were the lives of thousands of babies, doomed by a heart defect.
数以千计因心脏缺陷而注定死亡的婴儿的生命处于危险之中。
ROWENA SPENCER, M.D., Pediatric Surgeon: And to my dying day I will remember those poor squalling little babies, because they were so miserably uncomfortable.
ROWENA SPENCER，医学博士，小儿外科医生：直到我去世的那一天，我都会记得那些可怜的哭闹的小婴儿，因为他们非常不舒服。
The surgeon held the scalpel, but another man was guiding him through the procedure.
外科医生拿着手术刀，但另一个人正在引导他完成手术。
Together they would change the course of modern medicine.
他们共同改变了现代医学的进程。
Alfred Blalock is remembered as a pioneer in cardiac surgery.
阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克 (Alfred Blalock) 被誉为心脏手术的先驱。
At his side was Vivien Thomas.
在他身边的是费雯·托马斯。
Thomas opened new paths for healing at a time when most doors were closed to him.
当大多数门对他关闭时，托马斯开辟了新的治疗途径。
LEVI WATKINS JR.,M.D, Johns Hopkins: I think he is the most untalked about, unappreciated, unknown giant in the African American community.
LEVI WATKINS JR.，医学博士，约翰霍普金斯大学：我认为他是非裔美国人社区中最不被谈论、不被赏识、不为人知的巨人。
What he helped facilitate impacted people all over the world.
他的帮助为世界各地受影响的人们提供了便利。
Vivien Thomas and Alfred Blalock came from two different worlds.
费雯·托马斯和阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克来自两个不同的世界。
They first met in Nashville, Tennessee in 1930.
1930 年，他们在田纳西州纳什维尔首次见面。
At 19 years old, Vivien Thomas had come of age in a world full of possibilities.
19 岁那年，费雯·托马斯 (Vivien Thomas) 在一个充满可能性的世界里长大了。
He wanted to be a doctor, and in Black Nashville that was not a pipe dream.
他想成为一名医生，在黑人纳什维尔这不是一个白日梦。
Nashville was a segregated town, but in some ways unlike other southern cities.
纳什维尔是一个种族隔离的城镇，但在某些方面与其他南方城市不同。
DR. BOBBY LOVETT, Historian: Well it was not a stereotypical black community in the South, because it did have a large elite class, with doctors and lawyers and storeowners and entrepreneurs and Nashville had a very large class.
博士。鲍比·洛维特，历史学家：嗯，这不是南方典型的黑人社区，因为它确实有一个庞大的精英阶层，有医生、律师、店主和企业家，而纳什维尔有一个非常大的阶层。
In the shadow of the state capital, most of Nashville's African American residents lived in poverty.
在州首府的阴影下，纳什维尔的大部分非洲裔居民都生活在贫困之中。
But the residents of a middle class enclave created a world of their own.
但中产阶级飞地的居民创造了自己的世界。
Black firemen secured the neighborhoods.
黑人消防员保护了社区。
Black doctors cared for the sick.
黑人医生照顾病人。
And the churches were at the core of black life.
教堂是黑人生活的核心。
Nashville's economic boom had brought Thomas' father, a master carpenter, from Louisiana.
纳什维尔的经济繁荣将托马斯的父亲（一位木匠大师）从路易斯安那州带来了。
The youngest of three sons, Vivien inherited his father's skill with his hands.
薇薇安是三个儿子中最小的一个，继承了父亲的双手技艺。
Savings from carpentry jobs would be his ticket to college.
木工工作的积蓄将成为他上大学的门票。
So if he had the skills and he had good education, he knew that in that segregated community he could make it as a doctor, as a teacher, as a lawyer, and so on.
因此，如果他有技能并且受过良好的教育，他知道在那个种族隔离的社区中，他可以成为一名医生、教师、律师等等。
Thomas attended Pearl High School, where academic standards were high.
托马斯就读于珍珠高中，那里的学术水平很高。
An honors student in the class of 29, he planned to enter the Tennessee A&I State College that Fall.
作为 29 年级的优等生，他计划那年秋天进入田纳西州 A&I 州立学院。
But soon after his graduation, the Great Depression struck Nashville.
但毕业后不久，大萧条袭击了纳什维尔。
When banks failed, Thomas saw his savings for college -- seven years of carpentry work -- wiped out.
当银行倒闭时，托马斯看到他上大学的积蓄——七年的木工工作——化为乌有。
VIVIEN THOMAS (from autobiography): My first feelings were anger, followed by disbelief.
薇薇安·托马斯（来自自传）：我的第一感觉是愤怒，然后是难以置信。
Men were walking the streets for jobs that didn't exist.
男人们走上街头寻找不存在的工作。
But I thought that things would somehow change in my favor.
但我认为事情会以某种方式向对我有利的方向改变。
Across the tracks there was a job open at Vanderbilt University's medical school.
铁轨对面有范德比尔特大学医学院的一个职位空缺。
Thomas was hired by Blalock, the director of the research laboratory, for pay less than a carpenter's wage.
托马斯被研究实验室主任布莱洛克聘用，报酬低于木匠的工资。
His job classification was janitor.
他的工作类别是看门人。
Thomas' new boss was just 32 years old and had a reputation for hard work and a hair-trigger temper.
托马斯的新老板只有 32 岁，以工作勤奋和脾气暴躁而闻名。
Alfred Blalock came from old Southern aristocracy.
阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克出身于古老的南方贵族家庭。
JOE MOORE, Historian: The Blalocks were always considered one of the best families in this region.
乔·摩尔，历史学家：布莱洛克家族一直被认为是该地区最好的家族之一。
And really making money came as natural to the Blalock men as breathing air.
对于布莱洛克家族来说，真正赚钱就像呼吸空气一样自然。
George Blalock ran a prosperous trading company and expected his son to carry on the family business.
乔治·布莱洛克经营着一家繁荣的贸易公司，并希望他的儿子能够继承家族生意。
But Alfred had other ideas.
但阿尔弗雷德有其他想法。
He chose medicine.
他选择了医学。
Then as a student at Johns Hopkins, he seemed more interested in sports and women.
然后，作为约翰·霍普金斯大学的学生，他似乎对运动和女性更感兴趣。
ROBINSON BAKER, M.D., Johns Hopkins: He had a reputation as being very active socially.
罗宾逊·贝克（Robinson BAKER），医学博士，约翰·霍普金斯大学：他以社交活跃而闻名。
And at least in one group, which included my mother and some of her friends was called, Playboy Al.
至少在一个群体中，包括我母亲和她的一些朋友，被称为“花花公子艾尔”。
Denied a residency at Hopkins, Blalock ended up at Vanderbilt-in his view, the backwoods.
布莱洛克被拒绝获得霍普金斯大学的居住权，最终来到了范德比尔特大学——在他看来，这是一个偏僻的地方。
But once he got to Nashville, the young doctor settled down.
但到达纳什维尔后，这位年轻的医生就安定下来了。
He met and married a debutante, Mary O'Brien.
他遇见并娶了一位初出茅庐的女子玛丽·奥布莱恩。
Their wedding was the social event of the year.
他们的婚礼是今年的社交活动。
At Vanderbilt, Blalock set an ambitious plan for the research lab.
在范德比尔特大学，布莱洛克为研究实验室制定了雄心勃勃的计划。
Eager to prove himself, he focused on one of the most misunderstood questions in medicine: What causes the body to go into shock?
为了证明自己，他专注于医学上最容易被误解的问题之一：是什么导致身体进入休克状态？
Each year surgeons lost more patients to shock than to any other single cause.
每年，外科医生因休克而失去的病人比任何其他单一原因造成的病人都要多。
Blalock needed help with his experiments.
布莱洛克的实验需要帮助。
Within weeks after hiring young Thomas, he saw potential, someone he could train.
在雇用年轻的托马斯后几周内，他就看到了潜力，看到了他可以训练的人。
LEVI WATKINS, M.D.: I think he recognized early Vivien's talent, his technical talent, and what he needed was a technician.
LEVI WATKINS，医学博士：我认为他认识到了早期 Vivien 的天赋，他的技术天赋，而他需要的是一名技术人员。
ANDREW MANLOVE, Vanderbilt Technician: Blalock taught Vivien what to do.
ANDREW MANLOVE，范德比尔特技术员：Blalock 教 Vivien 该怎么做。
He taught him how to keep records.
他教他如何保存记录。
He would say, Vivien, what we need you to do is to write down what you're doing.
他会说，薇薇安，我们需要你做的就是写下你正在做的事情。
You can't run an experiment without keeping an accurate record.
如果不保留准确的记录，就无法进行实验。
J.
J。
ALEX HALLER, M.D., Johns Hopkins: He learned very quickly how brilliant Vivien was and how talented because he turned over to him within a year's time the important responsibilities of taking all the notes on the experiments without him having any scientific background.
亚历克斯·哈勒（ALEX HALLER），医学博士，约翰·霍普金斯大学：他很快就了解到维维安是多么的聪明和有才华，因为他在一年之内就将重要的责任交给了他，在他没有任何科学背景的情况下记录所有实验笔记。
What he couldn't have known was how unique that relationship would become.
他不可能知道这种关系会变得多么独特。
LOUIS ROSENFELD, M.D, Vanderbilt University: Blalock was a stickler for perfection.
路易斯·罗森菲尔德，医学博士，范德比尔特大学：布莱洛克是一位追求完美的人。
If you did your work, he was wonderful to work with.
如果你做好你的工作，和他一起工作会很棒。
But if you did not, he was hell warmed over.
但如果你不这样做，他就会非常生气。
VIVIEN THOMAS (from autobiography): One day, I became the target of Dr. Blalock's famous temper.
薇薇安·托马斯（来自自传）：有一天，我成为了布莱洛克博士著名脾气的目标。
The profanity he used would have made a sailor proud.
他使用的脏话会让水手感到自豪。
NAT CRIPPENS, Author: Vivien didn't say anything.
NAT CRIPPENS，作者：薇薇安什么也没说。
But as he thought about it, a few minutes later, he said I don't have to take this.
但几分钟后，他想了想，说我不必接受这个。
VIVIEN THOMAS (from autobiography): I went across the hall to Dr. Blalock's office.
薇薇安·托马斯（来自自传）：我穿过大厅来到布莱洛克博士的办公室。
I told him I had not been raised to take that kind of language.
我告诉他我从小就没有接受过这种语言。
I was leaving.
我正要离开。
Dr. Blalock actually apologized to this 19 year old youngun.
Blalock博士实际上向这个19岁的年轻人道歉。
And he said, I'll never do that again.
他说，我再也不会这样做了。
And Vivien said throughout the subsequent 34 years, Dr. Blalock never did that again to him.
薇薇安说，在接下来的 34 年里，布莱洛克博士再也没有对他这样做过。
And that was the beginning of their mutual respect for each other.
这就是他们相互尊重的开始。
JOHN EGERTON, Author: Down the road five or six years, they're a real team.
约翰·埃格顿（JOHN EGERTON），作者：五六年后，他们成为了一支真正的团队。
He is an important research assistant to the doctor.
他是医生的重要研究助理。
But Vivien is still making a menial salary and he finds out he's still classified as a janitor.
但薇薇安仍然拿着微薄的薪水，而且他发现自己仍然被归类为看门人。
Thomas asked for a raise.
托马斯要求加薪。
His responsibilities were growing in the lab and at home.
他在实验室和家里的责任越来越大。
He was 24 years old and newly married.
当时他24岁，刚刚结婚。
Thomas built his young bride a house.
托马斯为他年轻的新娘建造了一座房子。
Now he needed to support a family.
现在他需要养家糊口。
That was one of the constant fights that he and Dr. Blalock had was salary.
这是他和布莱洛克博士经常发生的争论之一就是工资问题。
And he threatened to leave several times on that account.
为此他多次威胁要离开。
But Dr. Blalock always talked him into the notion of staying.
但布莱洛克博士总是说服他留下来。
When experiments forced them to work late, the two men would sometimes share a drink, discuss science, argue their points.
当实验迫使他们工作到很晚时，这两个人有时会一起喝一杯，讨论科学，争论他们的观点。
In the privacy of the lab, they made the rules.
他们在实验室的私密环境中制定了规则。
Outside, the old rules remained.
外面，旧规则依然存在。
In the eyes of Vivien Thomas, Vanderbilt had to look like a plantation.
在费雯·托马斯眼中，范德比尔特必须看起来像一个种植园。
It was all white students.
都是白人学生。
It was almost entirely white employees.
几乎全是白人员工。
And all of the black employees were in menial jobs.
所有黑人雇员都从事卑微的工作。
There were no exceptions to this, period.
这期间没有例外。
Thomas got a few token raises.
托马斯得到了一些象征性的加薪。
But as long as he worked at Vanderbilt, he remained on the books a janitor.
但只要他在范德比尔特工作，他就一直是一名看门人。
Blalock pushed for those small gains.
布莱洛克推动了这些小成果。
He was anxious to keep Thomas and move his research forward.
他渴望留住托马斯并推动他的研究向前发展。
LEVI WATKINS, M.D.: I think that was another thing that Blalock saw in him, inward drive.
莱维·沃特金斯医学博士：我认为这是布莱洛克在他身上看到的另一件事，即内心的驱动力。
And just the ability to do whatever is necessary to accomplish what the laboratory was trying to do.
并且有能力做任何必要的事情来完成实验室想要做的事情。
Working side by side, the two men brought about a critical breakthrough -- they proved that shock was caused by the loss of blood and other fluids.
两人并肩工作，取得了重大突破——他们证明休克是由血液和其他液体流失引起的。
This discovery would save millions of lives on the battlefields of World War II alone.
这一发现仅在第二次世界大战的战场上就挽救了数百万人的生命。
Their success also brought their partnership to a crossroads.
他们的成功也将他们的伙伴关系带到了十字路口。
When Blalock had an opportunity because of his growing renown to go elsewhere to teach and to move up in his professional life.
当布莱洛克因为名气越来越大而有机会去其他地方教书并提升他的职业生涯时。
He always made it a condition of any such consideration that Vivien Thomas came with the deal.
他总是把费雯·托马斯接受这笔交易作为任何此类考虑的条件。
In 1940, in one of their after hour talks, Blalock told Thomas that he'd received an exciting offer -- to return to Johns Hopkins as Chief of Surgery.
1940 年，在一次下班后的谈话中，布莱洛克告诉托马斯，他收到了一份令人兴奋的邀请——返回约翰·霍普金斯大学担任外科主任。
Blalock asked his technician to go with him.
布莱洛克请他的技术人员和他一起去。
LOUIS ROSENFELD, M.D.: Blalock realized he needed Vivien and I think Vivien debated about going with a wife and child.
路易斯·罗森菲尔德（医学博士）：布莱洛克意识到他需要薇薇安，我认为薇薇安正在争论是否要带着妻子和孩子去。
VIVIEN THOMAS (from autobiography): I didn't know what to expect at Hopkins.
薇薇安·托马斯（来自自传）：我不知道在霍普金斯大学会发生什么。
It would mean leaving our community and the house that I had built with my own hands.
这意味着离开我们的社区和我亲手建造的房子。
But we were young and hoped that big things lay ahead.
但我们还年轻，希望未来能有大事发生。
The Thomases arrived in Baltimore in June, 1941.
1941 年 6 月，托马斯夫妇抵达巴尔的摩。
With war on the horizon, the city was jammed with thousands of new arrivals seeking jobs in its booming defense industries.
随着战争一触即发，这座城市挤满了成千上万在蓬勃发展的国防工业中寻找工作的新移民。
The congested metropolis took the young couple by surprise.
拥挤的大都市让这对年轻夫妇感到措手不及。
CLARA THOMAS, Thomas' widow: I was ready to go back when I saw Baltimore.
克拉拉·托马斯，托马斯的遗孀：当我看到巴尔的摩时，我正准备回去。
All I wanted to do was get out as fast as I came in.
我想做的就是进来的时候快点出去。
But it was something I had to put up with.
但这是我必须忍受的事情。
And I put up with it.
我忍受了。
It wasn't just the big city atmosphere that upset them.
令他们不安的不仅仅是大城市的氛围。
If in going North Vivien and Clara Thomas had expected a more tolerant racial climate, they were quite mistaken.
如果说薇薇安和克拉拉·托马斯在前往北部时期望的是一种更加宽容的种族氛围，那么他们就大错特错了。
FRASER SMITH, Author: It was really little different from the deep south.
弗雷泽·史密斯（FRASER SMITH），作者：这与南方腹地确实没什么不同。
There were just as many exclusions for black people in the city of Baltimore as there were anywhere else.
巴尔的摩市对黑人的排斥与其他地方一样多。
In some ways, they were, they were worse and more pronounced and divided.
从某些方面来说，它们确实更糟糕、更明显、更分裂。
VIVIEN THOMAS (from autobiography): The hunt for a place to live was disheartening.
薇薇安·托马斯（来自自传）：寻找住处是令人沮丧的。
In Nashville we had a lawn and tress.
在纳什维尔，我们有草坪和树木。
Here such homes were "unavailable" to Negroes.
在这里，黑人“无法获得”这样的房屋。
Many apartments I looked at were hardly fit for human habitation.
我看过的许多公寓几乎不适合人类居住。
Thomas stayed with the Blalocks while he searched for a home.
托马斯在寻找新家时和布莱洛克一家住在一起。
It took him several months to find a livable row house downtown.
他花了几个月的时间才在市中心找到一栋适合居住的联排别墅。
Only a few blocks away, dominating the neighborhood with its impressive dome, stood Johns Hopkins Hospital.
距离酒店仅几个街区，约翰·霍普金斯医院以其令人印象深刻的圆顶占据着整个街区。
Alfred Blalock's arrival as Surgeon-in-Chief was heralded in the local press.
阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克（Alfred Blalock）就任首席外科医生受到当地媒体的热烈欢迎。
But his own department had mixed reactions.
但他自己的部门对此反应不一。
JACOB HANDELSMAN,M.D., Johns Hopkins: He was held to be a person who was startlingly young.
约翰·霍普金斯大学医学博士雅各布·汉德尔斯曼（JACOB HANDELSMAN）：他被认为是一个非常年轻的人。
There was a serious question as to whether a person so young could run a department this important.
一个严重的问题是，一个如此年轻的人是否能够管理如此重要的部门。
Despite some internal opposition, Blalock set out to refocus the department on surgical research, largely neglected by his predecessor.
尽管存在一些内部反对，布莱洛克还是开始将部门的重点重新放在外科研究上，而这在很大程度上被他的前任忽视了。
The Old Hunterian Laboratory, removed from the main hospital building, would be the center of that effort.
从医院主楼拆除的老亨特实验室将成为这项工作的中心。
When the two men inspected their new workplace they were shocked by what they saw.
当两人检查他们的新工作场所时，他们对所看到的感到震惊。
The equipment was outmoded at best; one lab looked abandoned.
设备充其量是过时的；一个实验室看起来被遗弃了。
VIVIEN THOMAS (from autobiography): I was not prepared for the odor that greeted us when we entered.
VIVIEN THOMAS（来自自传）：当我们进入时，我没有准备好迎接我们的气味。
The main laboratory was a mess.
主实验室一片狼藉。
The atmosphere throughout was depressing...almost revolting.
整个气氛很压抑……几乎令人作呕。
So this is Johns Hopkins.
这就是约翰·霍普金斯大学。
The great Johns Hopkins I have been hearing about for as long as I can remember.
从我记事起，我就一直听说过伟大的约翰·霍普金斯大学。
Together, Blalock and Thomas faced the challenge of building a new research facility.
布莱洛克和托马斯一起面临建设新研究设施的挑战。
On his own, Thomas confronted a much deeper issue.
托马斯独自面临着一个更深层次的问题。
Well, Hopkins was regarded as prejudiced.
嗯，霍普金斯被认为是有偏见的。
That was the word that was used in those days; that they were a sort of an implacable fortress.
这是当时使用的词；他们是某种坚不可摧的堡垒。
LEVI WATKINS, M.D.: The black community, with reason, had no faith and no trust in this institution.
莱维·沃特金斯医学博士：黑人社区有理由对这个机构没有信心和信任。
And it's because of the legacy of separation and segregation.
这是因为分离和隔离的遗留问题。
The legacy of coming into this hospital and seeing your color only in the basement.
进入这家医院并只能在地下室看到你的颜色的遗产。
In 1941, all of Johns Hopkins' facilities were segregated.
1941 年，约翰霍普金斯大学的所有设施都被隔离。
There was also a rigid hierarchy among the medical staff.
医务人员之间也存在严格的等级制度。
KOCO EATON, M.D., Thomas' Nephew: Hopkins is a university and medical school that's very, very deep in tradition.
科科·伊顿（KOCO EATON）医学博士，托马斯的侄子：霍普金斯大学是一所传统非常深厚的大学和医学院。
And the way you dress and the particular clothes that you're wearing lets everyone know what your position in life is at that school.
你的着装方式和你所穿的特定衣服让每个人都知道你在那所学校的生活中的地位。
The interns wear a short white coat and white pants.
实习生穿着白色短外套和白色裤子。
When you graduate to the level of a senior resident, then you can wear your own pants.
当你毕业到高级住院医师级别时，你就可以穿自己的裤子了。
And you wear a long white lab coat.
你穿着一件长长的白色实验室外套。
As a technician in Blalock's research department, Vivien Thomas also wore a white lab coat.
作为布莱洛克研究部门的一名技术员，费雯·托马斯也穿着白色的实验室外套。
RICHARD SCOTT, M.D.
理查德·斯科特，医学博士
Cardiovascular Surgeon: When he wasn't scrubbed, he had on the most immaculate white lab coat that I had ever seen.
心血管外科医生：当他没有擦洗时，他穿着我见过的最完美的白色实验室外套。
I mean -- and it was just -- there were no wrinkles.
我的意思是——而且只是——没有皱纹。
It was just starched to the ultimate.
它只是浆糊到了极致。
One memorable day Thomas left the Hunterian lab and walked to the Main hospital building.
一个难忘的一天，托马斯离开亨特实验室，步行到主医院大楼。
Vivien would have been seen as quite an anomaly.
薇薇安会被视为一个相当异常的人。
Walking down the hallway, people would have wondered what -- who is this person.
走在走廊上，人们会想知道这个人是谁。
How is he here?
他怎么在这里？
Who let him in?
谁让他进来的？
KOCO EATON, M.D.: And he said there was such a big stink raised about it.
科科·伊顿，医学博士：他说这引起了很大的争议。
People wanted him fired.
人们希望他被解雇。
So actually Blalock had a talk with him and said 'Listen, when you go over to the hospital, take your lab coat off.' He was a man with pride, but yet a lot of times that pride couldn't show.
事实上，布莱洛克与他进行了交谈，并说：“听着，当你去医院时，请脱掉你的实验室外套。”他是一个骄傲的人，但很多时候这种骄傲却表现不出来。
So I think it was very tough for him.
所以我认为这对他来说非常艰难。
Dr. Blalock was not opposed to segregation and he had the same attitudes about race, I think, as anyone else raised in Southern Georgia.
布莱洛克博士并不反对种族隔离，我认为他对种族的态度与在乔治亚州南部长大的其他人一样。
When he came to Baltimore those attitudes really weren't much different.
当他来到巴尔的摩时，这些态度确实没有太大不同。
This was a very segregated hospital.
这是一家非常隔离的医院。
Not much was said or done about it at the time.
当时对此并没有太多的说法或行动。
Blalock was preoccupied with his search for a major new project.
布莱洛克全神贯注于寻找一个重大的新项目。
In the fall of 1943 he was approached by a colleague with an intriguing idea.
1943 年秋天，一位同事向他提出了一个有趣的想法。
Her name was Helen Taussig.
她的名字叫海伦·陶西格。
J.
J。
ALEX HALLER JR., M.D.: Dr. Taussig was the first woman pediatric cardiologist.
ALEX HALLER JR.，医学博士：Taussig 博士是第一位女性儿科心脏病专家。
She was one of the first women on any faculty anywhere.
她是任何地方教师中最早的女性之一。
When she was made chief of pediatric cardiology, her great concern was with congenital heart disease in children.
当她被任命为儿科心脏病科主任时，她非常关心儿童先天性心脏病。
Helen Taussig was practically deaf from a childhood bout with whooping cough.
海伦·陶西格（Helen Taussig）因童年时期患百日咳而几乎失聪。
In spite of this, she could diagnose complex heart anomalies using a special stethoscope and her hands.
尽管如此，她仍然可以使用特殊的听诊器和双手诊断复杂的心脏异常。
Taussig was deeply touched by children afflicted with a deadly heart defect.
陶西格对患有致命心脏缺陷的儿童深受感动。
She called them her "Blue Babies." Cookie Belkov was one of them.
她称他们为“蓝色婴儿”。库奇·贝尔科夫就是其中之一。
SYLVIA BELKOV, Cookie's mother: She had blue lips, blue fingers, and blue feet.
西尔维娅·贝尔科夫，曲奇的母亲：她有蓝色的嘴唇、蓝色的手指和蓝色的脚。
You would sit her down and she would sit just like this -- she didn't look alive.
你让她坐下，她就这样坐着——她看起来没有生气。
Because we sat her in the grocery store one day and a little boy walked in and all of a sudden, he started screaming.
因为有一天我们让她坐在杂货店里，一个小男孩走进来，突然他开始尖叫。
And his mother said what's the matter?
他妈妈说怎么了？
He said the doll that's sitting there -- her eyes move and so do her hands.
他说坐在那里的洋娃娃——她的眼睛会动，她的手也会动。
Cookie looked like a living doll.
饼干看起来就像一个活生生的娃娃。
Cookie's heart was failing; so were her lungs.
库奇的心脏衰竭了；她的肺也是如此。
This stunted her growth and gave her skin a peculiar blue cast.
这阻碍了她的生长，使她的皮肤呈现出一种奇特的蓝色。
Taking just a few steps left her gasping for breath.
才走了几步，她就喘不过气来。
Medical science had no treatment.
医学没有治疗方法。
Cookie's prognosis was grim.
库奇的预后很严峻。
They had no options.
他们别无选择。
Babies like that are supposed to die.
这样的婴儿就该死。
See I couldn't absorb it.
看得我无法吸收。
Maybe I didn't want to.
也许我不想。
Thousands of Blue Babies were born every year.
每年都有数以千计的蓝宝宝出生。
Their frightened parents were desperate for a cure.
他们惊恐万状的父母迫切需要治疗方法。
But any solution would involve physically altering the human heart.
但任何解决方案都需要从物理上改变人心。
Historically, the heart was considered taboo.
从历史上看，心脏被认为是禁忌。
Medically intervening in any way, certainly cutting it was something that could not be achieved, would simply be impossible.
以任何方式进行医学干预，当然切割它是不可能实现的，根本不可能。
Taussig had a daring idea to create a pathway from the heart to the lungs using an artery.
陶西格提出了一个大胆的想法，即利用动脉创建一条从心脏到肺部的通道。
She shared this thought with Blalock.
她与布莱洛克分享了这个想法。
Despite advances in surgery, no one had ever attempted such a complex procedure.
尽管外科手术取得了进步，但没有人尝试过如此复杂的手术。
Blalock accepted the challenge.
布莱洛克接受了挑战。
Over the next year, he and Thomas explored the dilemma in the now renovated Hunterian Laboratory.
接下来的一年里，他和托马斯在现已翻新的亨特实验室中探索了这个困境。
Their collaboration took on a new urgency.
他们的合作呈现出新的紧迫性。
The lives of children like Cookie Belkov would depend on their success.
像库奇·贝尔科夫这样的孩子的生活将取决于他们的成功。
They came up with a very ingenious idea of connecting an artery that sent blood out into the body to an artery that brings blood into the lungs.
他们想出了一个非常巧妙的想法，将一条将血液输送到体内的动脉与一条将血液输送到肺部的动脉连接起来。
By doing that, they added significantly more oxygen to the blood.
通过这样做，他们显着增加了血液中的氧气。
Blalock, tied up with teaching and administrative chores, left the details of the procedure to Thomas.
布莱洛克忙于教学和行政事务，将程序的细节留给了托马斯。
When they found that surgical instruments they needed didn't exist, Thomas made them himself.
当他们发现所需的手术器械不存在时，托马斯自己制作了它们。
Later, these would become standard in the operating room.
后来，这些将成为手术室的标准配置。
J.
J。
ALEX HALLER JR., M.D.: Vivien designed these instruments and then Dr. Blalock would get one of the medical companies to actually manufacture them based upon Vivien's feeling about what technically was going to be the most useful.
ALEX HALLER JR.，医学博士：Vivien 设计了这些仪器，然后 Blalock 博士会根据 Vivien 对技术上最有用的感觉，让一家医疗公司实际制造它们。
NARRATOR: The toughest challenge would be to duplicate the blue baby syndrome in laboratory animals.
旁白：最艰巨的挑战是在实验动物中复制蓝婴综合症。
First Thomas had to create the defect in a dog before they could correct it.
首先，托马斯必须先在狗身上制造出缺陷，然后才能纠正它。
Her pedigree isn't royal, but thanks to Anna and the surgeons at Johns Hopkins, thousands of our children may have a new lease on life!
她的血统不是皇室血统，但感谢安娜和约翰·霍普金斯大学的外科医生，我们成千上万的孩子可能会获得新的生命！
Anna is the only animal whose portrait hangs in the Hopkins medical library.
安娜是霍普金斯大学医学图书馆中唯一挂有肖像的动物。
With Anna, Thomas and Blalock had solved the technical problems.
托马斯和布莱洛克与安娜一起解决了技术问题。
Now the big question remained.
现在最大的问题仍然存在。
Would the procedure work on a gravely ill child?
该手术对病情严重的孩子有效吗？
In the Autumn of 1944, Taussig asked Blalock about saving a critically ill baby.
1944 年秋天，陶西格向布莱洛克询问有关拯救一名危重婴儿的问题。
Her name was Eileen Saxon.
她的名字叫艾琳·撒克逊。
DENTON COOLEY, M.D., Texas Heart Institute: You know, the real worry at the time was could a little blue child like this withstand surgery?
德克萨斯心脏研究所医学博士 DENTON COOLEY：你知道，当时真正担心的是像这样的蓝色小孩子能否承受手术？
And withstand anesthesia?
并能承受麻醉吗？
Eileen Saxon was dying.
艾琳·撒克逊快要死了。
There was no time left.
时间已经所剩无几了。
Overnight, the team would move from the laboratory to the operating room.
一夜之间，团队将从实验室转移到手术室。
Just under nine pounds, Eileen's fragile condition was of great concern.
艾琳的体重还不到九磅，她脆弱的身体状况令人非常担忧。
When the anesthesiologist saw her, he quit, convinced that she could not possibly survive.
当麻醉师看到她时，他放弃了，确信她不可能活下来。
WILLIAM LONGMIRE, M.D., UCLA: Everyone was predicting it was gonna be a disaster.
威廉·朗米尔，医学博士，加州大学洛杉矶分校：每个人都预测这将是一场灾难。
It satisfied me that we were gonna make a desperate effort to save this child's life.
我们将尽一切努力来挽救这个孩子的生命，这让我感到很满意。
On the morning of November 29th, 1944, Eileen Saxon was wheeled into the operating room.
1944 年 11 月 29 日早上，艾琳·萨克森 (Eileen Saxon) 被推进手术室。
All those present knew this was not just another day on the job.
所有在场的人都知道这不仅仅是工作的又一天。
They were now characters in a larger drama.
他们现在是一部更大的戏剧中的角色。
At 8:00 AM, Dr. Blalock was prepared for surgery.
上午 8:00，Blalock 医生做好了手术准备。
In the gallery, a small group of observers waited anxiously.
画廊里，一小群旁观者焦急地等待着。
Someone was missing.
有人失踪了。
"Where is Vivien?" He bellowed.
“薇薇安在哪儿？”他怒吼道。
"Go get him."
“去找他吧。”
DENTON A.
丹顿 A.
COOLEY, M.D.: I knew that he felt rather insecure by not having Vivien there because Vivien had probably more experience with doing these procedures than Dr. Blalock had.
库利，医学博士：我知道他因为没有薇薇安在场而感到相当不安全，因为薇薇安可能比布拉洛克医生更有执行这些手术的经验。
At Blalock's insistence, Vivien Thomas stood on a step stool just behind him.
在布莱洛克的坚持下，费雯·托马斯站在他身后的一张踏脚凳上。
Thomas had done the operation hundreds of times on laboratory animals.
托马斯已经在实验动物身上做过数百次这种手术。
At Hopkins, Blalock had performed the entire procedure just once.
在霍普金斯大学，布莱洛克只完成了整个手术一次。
He was going where no one had gone before.
他要去以前没有人去过的地方。
And he was going within an area where there were great consequences to failure.
他正在进入一个失败会产生严重后果的领域。
The consequence was you had a dead baby.
结果就是你的孩子死了。
Eileen was so very small; It was difficult to tell there was anything beneath the sterile drapes.
艾琳那么小，她太小了。很难看出无菌窗帘下面有什么东西。
Surgery by today's terms certainly was Neanderthal.
以今天的术语来看，手术无疑是尼安德特人的。
You had no way to get an instant report on what was happening inside the body.
您无法立即获得有关体内发生情况的报告。
Among the most sophisticated equipment [in the OR] would have been the clock.
[手术室]最复杂的设备之一就是时钟。
Blalock didn't have unlimited opportunity inside the body.
布莱洛克体内并没有无限的机会。
He had to keep a clear eye on the clock and what was going on.
他必须密切关注时钟和正在发生的事情。
I mean, this was really flying blind.
我的意思是，这真的是盲目的。
Ninety minutes had elapsed.
九十分钟过去了。
Blalock began to sew up Eileen's tiny arteries, no thicker than a matchstick.
布莱洛克开始缝合艾琳的细小动脉，其厚度不及火柴棍。
Vivien Thomas' voice could be heard quietly guiding him through the procedure.
可以听到薇薇安·托马斯的声音轻声引导他完成手术。
The two men stood elbow to elbow with a single focus on the operating table.
两个人肩并肩地站着，目光集中在手术台上。
Two men who could not share the same lunch table in the Hopkins cafeteria.
两个男人无法在霍普金斯大学的自助餐厅共享同一张午餐桌。
VIVIEN THOMAS (from autobiography): Until the bulldog clamps were removed, I had no idea if those sutures would hold.
维维恩·托马斯（来自自传）：在斗牛犬夹被拆除之前，我不知道这些缝线是否会固定。
But when they came off, there was practically no bleeding.
但当它们脱落时，几乎没有流血。
You have never seen anything so dramatic.
你从未见过如此戏剧性的事情。
It was almost a miracle.
这几乎是一个奇迹。
WILLIAM LONGMIRE, M.D.: Dr. Blalock had to stop and take a look over the screen to see how quickly -- how beautifully -- this red color had come to this child's lips.
威廉·朗迈尔医学博士：布莱洛克医生不得不停下来，看看屏幕，看看这种红色是如何快速、多么美丽地到达这个孩子的嘴唇上的。
DENTON A.
丹顿 A.
COOLEY, M.D.: Dr. Taussig was at the head of the table there.
医学博士库利：陶西格博士坐在会议桌的首位。
And she said, 'Al, the baby's lips are a glorious pink color.'
她说：“艾尔，宝宝的嘴唇是绚丽的粉红色。”
ALAN C.
艾伦·C.
WOODS JR., M.D., Johns Hopkins: I can't even talk about that day without emotion.
小伍兹，医学博士，约翰霍普金斯大学：我什至无法不带感情地谈论那一天。
Everybody was around and everybody was crying.
每个人都在周围，每个人都在哭泣。
Little Eileen Saxon offered the first ray of hope to parents of thousands of blue babies.
小艾琳·撒克逊给成千上万的蓝色婴儿的父母带来了第一缕希望。
The popular press immediately seized hold of this and the word miracle was used repeatedly.
大众媒体立即抓住了这一点，并反复使用“奇迹”这个词。
And it was a big story.
这是一个大故事。
I mean it was a story on, on the level of mapping the genome today.
我的意思是，这是一个关于当今基因组图谱水平的故事。
News of the operation's success brought a flood of desperate parents to Johns Hopkins' doors.
手术成功的消息吸引了大批绝望的家长来到约翰霍普金斯大学的门口。
RAY HEIMBECKER M.D.
雷·海姆贝克医学博士
OC, University of Western Ontario: The Blue Baby operation put Johns Hopkins on the map.
西安大略大学 OC：“蓝色婴儿”行动使约翰·霍普金斯大学名声大噪。
We had people coming in from all over North America.
我们有来自北美各地的人。
Every day there would be license plates from Tennessee, from Quebec, from Alaska.
每天都会有来自田纳西州、魁北克省、阿拉斯加的车牌。
People bringing their sickly children to us for help.
人们带着生病的孩子来向我们寻求帮助。
Not every child could be saved.
并不是每个孩子都能得救。
Eileen Saxon, the first Blue Baby, died from complications within a year after her operation.
艾琳·撒克逊（Eileen Saxon），第一个蓝宝宝，在手术后一年内因并发症去世。
The new surgery, still experimental, was used only on children with no other hope for survival.
这项新手术仍处于实验阶段，仅用于没有其他生存希望的儿童。
Cookie Belkov was now four years old, her condition much worse.
库奇·贝尔科夫现在四岁了，她的状况更糟。
Cookie had 4 spells in one day.
Cookie 一天内施展了 4 个咒语。
I called my doctor.
我打电话给我的医生。
He says we're not putting it off.
他说我们不会推迟。
I'm calling Johns Hopkins.
我打电话给约翰·霍普金斯大学。
Next thing I knew, he says, pack up, you're getting on a train.
接下来我就知道了，他说，收拾行李，你要上火车了。
You and Cookie.
你和饼干。
Cookie was rushed to Hopkins, her condition so serious that Blalock cancelled a trip to Europe to operate immediately.
Cookie 被紧急送往霍普金斯大学，由于她的病情非常严重，Blalock 立即取消了前往欧洲进行手术的行程。
Her operation lasted two hours, but it would be nine hours before Sylvia Belkov knew the results.
她的手术持续了两个小时，但西尔维娅·贝尔科夫九个小时后才知道结果。
I did not see Dr. Blalock until they brought her into her room.
直到他们把布莱洛克医生带进她的房间，我才见到她。
And he says, you want to see your daughter, go ahead.
他说，你想见见你的女儿，尽管吧。
She looked like a little rosebud.
她看起来就像一朵小玫瑰花蕾。
She was beautiful when they brought her down, just beautiful.
当他们把她打倒时，她很漂亮，真的很漂亮。
I'll tell you the color pink is prettier than the color blue.
我会告诉你粉色比蓝色更漂亮。
Cookie Belkov was one of the early success stories.
Cookie Belkov 是早期的成功案例之一。
Today, she lives in San Francisco.
如今，她住在旧金山。
The Hopkins Heart room had captured world attention.
霍普金斯心脏室引起了全世界的关注。
Michelle Rannou flew from Paris clutching her life-sized doll.
米歇尔·兰努 (Michelle Rannou) 抱着真人大小的洋娃娃从巴黎飞来。
One mother hitchhiked with her two year old from Appalachia.
一位母亲带着她两岁的孩子从阿巴拉契亚搭便车。
American GIs stationed in Germany, raised over $2000 to send a 5 year old from Frankfurt.
驻扎在德国的美国大兵筹集了 2000 多美元，从法兰克福送了一名 5 岁的孩子。
Under the intense spotlight of the O.R., Blalock and Thomas perfected their procedure.
在手术室的强烈关注下，布莱洛克和托马斯完善了他们的手术。
During the first year alone, the team performed over 200 operations.
仅第一年，该团队就进行了 200 多次手术。
WILLIAM GROSE M.D., Johns Hopkins: Dr. Blalock's major attribute as a surgeon was that he wouldn't quit.
约翰·霍普金斯大学威廉·格罗斯医学博士：布莱洛克医生作为一名外科医生的主要特质是他不会放弃。
And I've seen him when he would be suddenly confronted with the kind of thing where surgeons would be tempted to literally throw in the towel and he wouldn't.
我见过他，当他突然面临这样的事情时，外科医生会很想认输，但他不会。
He'd never give up.
他永远不会放弃。
In the first six months, there would be many tense moments in the O.R.
在最初的六个月里，手术室里会有很多紧张的时刻。
Often, Blalock called on Thomas for support.
布莱洛克经常向托马斯寻求支持。
He would tell anyone who moved into the space behind his right shoulder, "Only Vivien is to stand there."
他会告诉任何进入他右肩后面空间的人，“只有薇薇安才能站在那里。”
ROWENA SPENCER, M.D.: He depended on Vivien for advice about how long to make the incision and how many stitches.
ROWENA SPENCER，医学博士：他依靠 Vivien 的建议来确定切口需要多长时间以及缝多少针。
And occasionally Vivien would say, Dr. Blalock, put that stitch in the other way.
有时薇薇安会说，布莱洛克博士，把那针换个方向。
J.
J。
ALEX HALLER JR., M.D.: They depended upon each other and knew the other's important strengths and roles and they simply leaned on each other.
小亚历克斯·哈勒 (ALEX HALLER JR.)，医学博士：他们相互依赖，了解对方的重要优势和角色，他们只是互相依靠。
What began as a medical sensation, two years later became a routine procedure.
一开始只是引起医学轰动，两年后变成了常规手术。
Blalock welcomed scores of surgeons to Hopkins to observe the operation.
布莱洛克欢迎数十名外科医生来到霍普金斯大学观摩手术。
JACOB HANDELSMAN, M.D.: It became the most famous department of surgery in the world.
雅各布·汉德尔斯曼医学博士：它成为世界上最著名的外科。
The number of people who wanted to train here were huge in number.
想要在这里修炼的人数量非常多。
The Department of Surgery grew, and Thomas was given new responsibilities.
外科部门不断壮大，托马斯被赋予了新的职责。
RICHARD SCOTT, M.D.: As the director, essentially, of the surgical research laboratory, he was given an awful lot of authority to train surgeons and these were individuals that were handpicked by Dr. Blalock.
理查德·斯科特，医学博士：作为外科研究实验室的主任，他被赋予了极大的权力来培训外科医生，而这些人都是由布拉洛克博士精心挑选的。
Every surgeon in training was required to study surgical technique with Thomas.
每一位接受培训的外科医生都必须跟随托马斯学习手术技术。
J.
J。
ALEX HALLER JR., M.D.: One of the things that was so important about Vivien's teaching was that he broke down complicated operations into simple steps.
ALEX HALLER JR.，医学博士：Vivien 教学中非常重要的一件事是他将复杂的操作分解为简单的步骤。
And that way you could teach it to anybody -- even me.
这样你就可以把它教给任何人——甚至包括我。
Alex Haller would later become chief of Pediatric Surgery at Johns Hopkins.
亚历克斯·哈勒后来成为约翰·霍普金斯大学小儿外科主任。
In her last year of medical school, Rowena Spencer became Thomas' assistant.
在医学院的最后一年，罗伊纳·斯宾塞成为托马斯的助手。
ROWENA SPENCER, M.D.: Many times in my career I was complimented on my surgical technique and I will admit that a good many people were shocked when I told them I learned my surgical technique from a black man who had only a high school education.
ROWENA SPENCER，医学博士：在我的职业生涯中，我的手术技术多次受到称赞，我承认，当我告诉很多人我从一个只有高中教育的黑人那里学到了我的手术技术时，他们感到震惊。
Thomas was teaching surgery to the country's brightest young doctors, but outside the hospital, his status changed.
托马斯正在向全国最聪明的年轻医生教授外科手术，但在医院外，他的地位发生了变化。
When Blalock entertained his staff at home, Vivien was with them.
当布莱洛克在家招待他的员工时，费雯丽也在他们身边。
But not as a guest.
但不是以客人的身份。
DENTON A.
丹顿 A.
COOLEY, M.D.: One of his responsibilities it seemed was to serve as a bartender at our functions.
医学博士库利：他的职责之一似乎是在我们的活动中担任调酒师。
Vivien was there, he was behind the bar.
薇薇安在那里，他在吧台后面。
Still struggling to earn a decent living, Thomas moonlighted as a bartender to make ends meet.
托马斯仍在努力谋求体面的生活，他兼职做调酒师以维持收支平衡。
RICHARD SCOTT, M.D.: That put him into a strange scenario whereby he was training individuals during the day and then serving them their drinks at night.
理查德·斯科特（医学博士）：这让他陷入了一种奇怪的境地，他白天训练人员，然后晚上为他们提供饮料。
WILLIAM GROSE, M.D.: I don't think any of us realized how bizarre it was to have a person of his talents waiting tables or waiting the bar.
威廉·格罗斯（医学博士）：我认为我们中没有人意识到让像他这样有才华的人当服务员或吧台服务员是多么奇怪。
But nobody thought the less of him for doing it.
但没有人因为他这样做而轻视他。
He was as nice as he was good.
他既善良又善良。
He was just a heck of a nice guy, a heck of a nice guy.
他只是一个非常好的人，一个非常好的人。
LEVI WATKINS JR., M.D.: Vivien was not a coequal by any stretch of the imagination.
小列维·沃特金斯 (LEVI WATKINS JR.)，医学博士：无论怎么想，费雯丽都不是一个同等的人。
So I think the gentlemen both were products of their time.
所以我认为这两位先生都是他们那个时代的产物。
And in an incredible way, complemented each other.
并且以令人难以置信的方式相互补充。
But at the same time, kept the constraints.
但同时，又保留了限制。
In the corridors of Hopkins, Thomas had attained respect, but few outside knew his importance.
在霍普金斯大学的走廊里，托马斯受到了尊重，但外面很少有人知道他的重要性。
He received a substantial raise, but his life-long dream eluded him.
他获得了大幅加薪，但他一生的梦想却离他而去。
RICHARD SCOTT, M.D.: He was very confident that he had what it took to become a physician.
理查德·斯科特，医学博士：他非常有信心自己具备成为一名医生所需的条件。
And he had all of these surgical skills and he was in sort of a real mid-life crisis.
他拥有所有这些外科手术技能，但他正处于真正的中年危机中。
In the fall of 1947, approaching 40, Vivien Thomas went to nearby Morgan State to enroll as a freshman.
1947 年秋天，年近 40 的费雯·托马斯 (Vivien Thomas) 前往附近的摩根州立大学 (Morgan State) 入学，成为一名新生。
To become a doctor, he would first need to earn a Bachelor's degree, then complete medical school and spend four years as a resident.
要成为一名医生，他首先需要获得学士学位，然后完成医学院学业并担任四年的住院医师。
By the time he entered practice, he would be past 50 years old.
当他进入练习场时，他已经年过50了。
GWEN MANLOVE CLARK, Family friend: He had family and children.
格温·曼洛夫·克拉克（GWEN MANLOVE CLARK），家庭朋友：他有家人和孩子。
He knew that he was going to have to let the dream of going back to college go.
他知道他将不得不放弃重返大学的梦想。
And that hurt, that was very crushing.
那很痛，非常令人心碎。
Vivien wanted to be a doctor.
薇薇安想成为一名医生。
He loved to do research.
他喜欢做研究。
But that was as close to being a doctor as he could get.
但这已经是他所能达到的最接近医生的水平了。
In April 1960, Alfred Blalock celebrated another milestone.
1960 年 4 月，阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克 (Alfred Blalock) 庆祝了另一个里程碑。
BETTY BLALOCK, Blalock's daughter: The 60th birthday was a grand affair.
贝蒂·布莱洛克 (BETTY BLALOCK)，布莱洛克的女儿：60 岁生日是一件盛大的事情。
It was attended by people - doctors from all over the world.
参加者是来自世界各地的医生。
The party was held at Baltimore's Southern Hotel, which for over 40 years reined as the city's finest.
派对在巴尔的摩南方酒店举行，该酒店 40 多年来一直是该市最好的酒店。
As the champagne flowed, friends and colleagues gathered to toast the dean of American Surgeons.
随着香槟的流动，朋友和同事们聚集在一起为美国外科医生院长敬酒。
ALFRED BLALOCK, M.D.
阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克，医学博士
(from text of speech): "The sky was never so blue, and the grass so green as they are this day for me.
（摘自演讲文本）：“对我来说，天空从未像今天这样蓝，草从未如此绿。
These are my sentiments tonight."
这是我今晚的感受。”
More than 500 people were invited to the gala.
超过500人受邀参加晚会。
But Vivien Thomas was not on the guest list.
但费雯·托马斯并不在嘉宾名单上。
Friends secretly arranged for Thomas to watch the festivities -- from the back of the ballroom.
朋友们秘密安排托马斯在舞厅后面观看庆祝活动。
Like all of the city's hotels and restaurants, the Southern Hotel was still segregated.
与城里所有的酒店和餐馆一样，南方酒店仍然实行隔离。
A black man did not walk through its front door.
一个黑人没有走进它的前门。
But the restrictions of the past were being challenged.
但过去的限制正在受到挑战。
In Baltimore, blacks moved beyond the boundaries of segregated neighborhoods.
在巴尔的摩，黑人超越了种族隔离社区的界限。
Elsewhere, freedom riders and protests signaled a nationwide change.
在其他地方，自由乘车者和抗议活动标志着全国范围内的变革。
By 1964, Johns Hopkins had taken its first steps towards desegregation.
1964 年，约翰·霍普金斯大学迈出了废除种族隔离的第一步。
Wards and staff cafeterias became integrated just as Alfred Blalock was retiring.
阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克（Alfred Blalock）即将退休时，病房和员工自助餐厅已经整合。
He was in very bad shape.
他的状况非常糟糕。
Very - actually they, I don't think they knew what was the matter with him and they were treating him for a bad back problem.
非常 - 事实上他们，我认为他们不知道他出了什么问题，他们正在治疗他的严重背部问题。
And it turned out he really had cancer.
结果证明他真的得了癌症。
ALFRED BLALOCK, M.D.
阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克，医学博士
(Archival footage): "Unlike Mayor McKeldin, I fell into the hands of surgeons.
（档案片段）：“与麦克凯尔丁市长不同，我落入了外科医生的手中。
[LAUGHTER] And I hope next time I'll have asthma."
[笑声]我希望下次我会得哮喘。”
ALAN C.
艾伦·C.
WOODS JR., M.D.: He was one wonderful man.
小伍兹，医学博士：他是一位了不起的人。
I don't know anybody who worked for him who wouldn't have taken off his right hand and given it to Dr. Blalock if Dr. Blalock had asked him to.
如果布莱洛克医生要求的话，我不知道为他工作的人会不会把他的右手取下来交给布莱洛克医生。
Particularly all the left handed guys.
尤其是所有左撇子。
They called themselves the Old Hands Club, an Association of Blalock's former residents.
他们称自己为“老手俱乐部”，是布莱洛克前居民的一个协会。
By the mid-1960's they were heading up the surgery departments at the nation's leading hospitals, and were pioneering the field's next dramatic advances: open heart surgery and heart transplants.
到 1960 年代中期，他们领导了全国领先医院的外科部门，并引领了该领域的下一个重大进步：心脏直视手术和心脏移植。
DANDY BLALOCK, Blalock's son: He was a supreme teacher and that was his joy.
丹迪·布莱洛克（DANDY BLALOCK），布莱洛克的儿子：他是一位至高无上的老师，这就是他的快乐。
More than the awards.
比奖项还多。
That was not what he was really going for at all.
那根本不是他真正想要的。
BETTY BLALOCK (OC): But they didn't hurt.
BETTY BLALOCK（OC）：但他们并没有受伤。
This would be Blalock's last public appearance.
这将是布莱洛克最后一次公开露面。
He died four months later at age 65.
四个月后他去世，享年 65 岁。
Vivien Thomas had lost his friend and colleague of 34 years.
费雯·托马斯 (Vivien Thomas) 失去了 34 年的朋友和同事。
VIVIEN THOMAS(from autobiography): It was so unfortunate that his time was cut off.
VIVIEN THOMAS（摘自自传）：很不幸，他的时间被切断了。
His mind was still so keen on research.
他的心思仍然那么热衷于研究。
We fought all the time but I think we both thrived on it.
我们一直在争吵，但我认为我们都因此而茁壮成长。
RICHARD SCOTT, M.D.: Mr. Thomas was a very young man at that time.
理查德·斯科特，医学博士：托马斯先生当时还是一个非常年轻的人。
So he had a lot of living to do.
所以他还有很多生活要做。
And there was a lot of uncertainty as to which direction his career would go into.
他的职业生涯将走向哪个方向存在很多不确定性。
And I think he had a very unique bond with Dr. Blalock and perhaps h e believed this could not be achieved with any other individual.
我认为他与布莱洛克博士有着非常独特的联系，也许他相信这是任何其他人都无法实现的。
Vivien Thomas fell into a depression.
费雯·托马斯陷入了抑郁之中。
For six years he did not undertake a major research project.
六年来他没有承担任何重大研究项目。
Then he made a new connection.
然后他建立了新的联系。
Drawing on his own experience, he began to guide the first generation of African Americans through the ways of Hopkins.
他借鉴自己的经验，开始引导第一代非裔美国人走霍普金斯之路。
To these young students, he offered a vision of what they could be.
对于这些年轻的学生，他提出了他们的愿景。
He became more than a teacher, he became a mentor.
他不仅仅是一位老师，更是一位导师。
RICHARD SCOTT, M.D.: He was my initial supporter.
理查德·斯科特，医学博士：他是我最初的支持者。
It was a result of his encouragement that I was able to persevere in some of my career choices.
正是在他的鼓励下，我才能够坚持自己的一些职业选择。
The choices for the next generation were different from those Thomas had faced as a young man.
下一代人面临的选择与托马斯年轻时所面临的选择不同。
LEVI WATKINS JR., M.D.: We were from different eras.
医学博士 LEVI WATKINS JR.：我们来自不同的时代。
He was in the 40s, I was in the 50s and 60s.
他40多岁，我50、60多岁。
I had been exposed to Dr. King and the whole civil rights movement.
我接触过金博士和整个民权运动。
I was looking at what was happening at Hopkins, which was not too different from Alabama, to be honest.
我正在关注霍普金斯大学发生的事情，老实说，那里与阿拉巴马州并没有太大不同。
And so I was getting outspoken about what we should do about black medical students, interns, residents, faculty, so forth.
因此，我直言不讳地讨论我们应该如何对待黑人医学生、实习生、住院医师、教师等。
And in a fatherly fashion, he just wanted me to be cool.
他以父亲的方式，只是希望我保持冷静。
And wait for the appropriate times.
并等待适当的时间。
One February morning in 1971, a large group gathered in an auditorium at the Hopkins medical school.
1971 年 2 月的一个早晨，一大群人聚集在霍普金斯医学院的礼堂里。
GWEN MANLOVE CLARK, Family friend: And I was trying to sense what was about to happen.
格温·曼洛夫·克拉克（GWEN MANLOVE CLARK），家人朋友：我试图感知即将发生的事情。
There was a sort of positive tension in the room.
房间里有一种积极的紧张气氛。
And they had told us, just matter of factly, we want you to go over to Johns Hopkins with us and something is going to happen; They're going to make a little presentation and we got over there, and Vivien's the key person.
他们告诉我们，事实上，我们希望你和我们一起去约翰霍普金斯大学，有些事情将会发生；他们要做一个小演示，我们就到了那里，费雯是关键人物。
He's in the spotlight.
他是众人瞩目的焦点。
Vivien Thomas stood at center stage for the first time.
费雯·托马斯 (Vivien Thomas) 首次站在舞台中央。
The members of Blalock's Old Hands Club had commissioned his portrait.
布莱洛克老手俱乐部的成员委托为他绘制肖像。
They came from all over the country to pay tribute to him.
他们从全国各地赶来悼念他。
J.
J。
ALEX HALLER JR., M.D.: We felt very strongly that Vivien should be hanging on the wall just as some of the other great surgeons in the Hopkins tradition and when I presented that to Vivien, he said oh, no, that's not appropriate.
小亚历克斯·哈勒（ALEX HALLER JR.），医学博士：我们强烈认为薇薇安应该像霍普金斯传统中其他一些伟大的外科医生一样挂在墙上，当我向薇薇安展示这一点时，他说哦，不，那是不合适的。
And I said it's very appropriate and all of us who have trained here feel that you should be hanging on the wall like these other surgical greats.
我说这是非常合适的，我们所有在这里接受过培训的人都觉得你应该像其他外科专家一样挂在墙上。
RICHARD SCOTT, M.D.: This was a true recognition, a true recognition by his peers of, of his fantastic contributions to cardiac surgery.
理查德·斯科特医学博士：这是对他对心脏外科做出的杰出贡献的真正认可，也是他的同行的真正认可。
VIVIEN THOMAS (text from speech): People in my category are not accustomed to being in the limelight as most of you are.
维维恩·托马斯（演讲稿）：我这一类人并不习惯像你们大多数人那样成为众人瞩目的焦点。
Being placed in the position I find myself now makes me feel quite humble.
处于现在的位置让我感到非常谦卑。
But at the same time, just a little proud.
但同时，又有点骄傲。
VALERIA SPANN, Thomas' niece: And I tried to pull back and see whom this person really was that I called Uncle V.
瓦莱丽娅·斯潘 (VALERIA SPANN)，托马斯的侄女：我试图抽身，看看这个我称之为 V 叔叔的人到底是谁。
It was seeing him in a new light and I was just a little speechless and I told him that.
我以一种新的眼光看待他，我有点无语，我告诉了他。
That, you know, I just -- I was speechless knowing that he had done something of such great importance.
你知道，我只是——知道他做了如此重要的事情，我简直无言以对。
Reporters sought him out in the lab and articles appeared in the local press.
记者在实验室找到了他，当地媒体发表了文章。
Nearing 60, Vivien Thomas began to receive the public recognition that for so long eluded him.
年近 60 岁的费雯·托马斯 (Vivien Thomas) 开始获得公众的认可，而这是他长期以来一直未能获得的认可。
Graduation Day, May, 1976.
1976 年 5 月，毕业日。
Vivien Thomas received an honorary doctorate.
费雯·托马斯获得荣誉博士学位。
At the presentation, he was called "a man in the finest tradition of medicine at Johns Hopkins."
在演讲中，他被称为“约翰霍普金斯大学最优秀医学传统的人”。
KOCO EATON, M.D.: Vivien was very proud of the doctorate that he received.
科科·伊顿，医学博士：维维安对他获得的博士学位感到非常自豪。
And I remember looking at it and thinking, why is it a doctorate of law?
我记得我看着它并想，为什么它是法学博士学位？
Why didn't they give you a doctorate of medicine?
他们为什么不给你医学博士学位？
And he explained to me that they're not allowed to give honorary doctorates of medicine, that they could only give him a doctorate of law.
他向我解释说他们不允许授予荣誉医学博士学位，他们只能授予他法学博士学位。
So he has an honorary degree in a doctorate of law from Johns Hopkins.
因此，他获得了约翰·霍普金斯大学的荣誉法学博士学位。
After 37 years at Hopkins, Thomas was officially recognized as a teacher and was appointed to the medical school faculty.
在霍普金斯大学工作 37 年后，托马斯被正式认可为一名教师，并被任命为医学院教员。
ROWENA SPENCER, M.D.: I only went back to Baltimore once and the only person I was interested in seeing was Vivien.
ROWENA SPENCER，医学博士：我只回过一次巴尔的摩，唯一有兴趣见到的人是薇薇安。
And by this time he had an office in the hospital I guess it was.
我想此时他在医院里已经有了一间办公室。
Perhaps in the medical school building.
也许在医学院大楼里。
And when I walked into his office, he was sitting there behind his desk and I wasn't sure he'd remember me.
当我走进他的办公室时，他正坐在办公桌后面，我不确定他是否记得我。
But he did.
但他做到了。
He saw me, and he got up and came around the desk and said Rowena!
他看到了我，站起身来，绕过桌子说道：“罗威娜！”
And gave me a big hug.
并给了我一个大大的拥抱。
Makes me a little tearful.
让我有点热泪盈眶。
Isn't that silly?
这不是很傻吗？
When I went back for my reunion, the only portrait I wanted to see was Vivien and the minute I saw him, I burst into tears.
当我回去重聚时，我唯一想看到的肖像是费雯丽，当我看到他的那一刻，我泪流满面。
Vivien Thomas retired in 1979.
费雯·托马斯于 1979 年退休。
That same year, Levi Watkins joined the medical school admissions committee.
同年，利瓦伊·沃特金斯加入医学院招生委员会。
Within four years, minority enrollment quadrupled.
四年内，少数族裔入学人数翻了两番。
Thomas took great satisfaction in seeing the number of black medical students increase.
托马斯对黑人医学生人数的增加感到非常满意。
His nephew Koco Eaton entered Hopkins in 1983.
他的侄子 Koco Eaton 于 1983 年进入霍普金斯大学。
KOCO EATON, M.D.: I was a medical student and went over to Vivien's house [for dinner].
科科·伊顿（KOCO EATON），医学博士：我是一名医科学生，去维维恩家[吃晚饭]。
His health wasn't good and he had suffered a stroke.
他的健康状况不佳，还曾中风。
And it seemed like as, as I was entering into his world, he was passing out of it.
似乎当我进入他的世界时，他正在走出它。
And I was looking from inside of his world, as he is sitting on the outside -- wanting to bring him back in and really just question him as to how'd you do this, would you do that, where'd this idea come from?
我从他的世界内部观察，而他坐在外面——想把他带回来，真正问他你是如何做到这一点的，你会这样做吗，这个想法是从哪里来的？
And I just really had a million and one questions for him of, you know, this type of technique, that type of technique.
我真的有一百万零一个问题要问他，你知道，这种类型的技术，那种类型的技术。
I mean, now that I knew, I knew what to ask him.
我的意思是，现在我知道了，我知道该问他什么。
Now I knew an appreciation for him and he was gone.
现在我知道了对他的感激之情，而他却走了。
Vivien Thomas died at the age of 75.
费雯·托马斯去世，享年 75 岁。
Just days later, his autobiography was published.
几天后，他的自传出版了。
It described his life's work with Alfred Blalock.
它描述了他一生与阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克的合作。
I'm sure he recognized that he had done something so important for mankind.
我确信他认识到他为人类做了如此重要的事情。
And whether he boasted about it or not, he recognized it.
不管他是否夸耀这一点，他都承认这一点。
I'm sure.
我敢肯定。
LEVI WATKINS JR., M.D.: I think the implications are extraordinary.
医学博士 LEVI WATKINS JR.：我认为其影响是非同寻常的。
Take a man like this, without much formal anything, that impacts on inventions, and also impacts on the nation's premiere heart surgeons, I look at him as a global person that rose above the conditions of his time.
像这样一个没有太多正式的东西的人，对发明产生了影响，也对国家首屈一指的心脏外科医生产生了影响，我将他视为一个超越他那个时代条件的全球人物。
Dr. Blalock examined the incision.
布莱洛克医生检查了切口。
He asked, "Vivien are you sure you did this?"
他问道：“薇薇安，你确定这是你做的吗？”
"This looks like something the Lord made." Vivien T.
“这看起来像是主所创造的东西。”费雯·T.
Thomas
托马斯
Excerpted from his autobiography, Partners of the Heart: Vivien Thomas and His Work with Alfred Blalock .
摘自他的自传《心灵的伙伴：费雯·托马斯及其与阿尔弗雷德·布莱洛克的合作》。
Pearl High School provided African Americans with an exceptional education in the 1920s.
珍珠高中在 20 年代为非裔美国人提供了卓越的教育。
It was the only high school available to black students in middle Tennessee.
这是田纳西州中部唯一一所向黑人学生开放的高中。
Explore the memories of four people from the Pearl High School community.
探索珍珠高中社区四个人的回忆。
African Americans were confined to the least paid, least desirable, most dangerous and unstable jobs.
非裔美国人只能从事报酬最低、最不理想、最危险和不稳定的工作。
Vivien Thomas followed in the footsteps of other African Americans who made advances in medicine and helped to improve people's lives.
费雯·托马斯追随其他非裔美国人的脚步，在医学上取得了进步，帮助改善了人们的生活。
The heart symbol, the popular icon for the heart, can be traced to before the last Ice Age.
心形符号，流行的心形图标，可以追溯到最后一个冰河时代之前。
In 1941, Vivien Thomas moved to Baltimore, Maryland, a place just as segregated as Nashville, but with its own distinct black culture and community.
1941 年，费雯·托马斯 (Vivien Thomas) 搬到了马里兰州巴尔的摩，这里与纳什维尔一样实行种族隔离，但拥有自己独特的黑人文化和社区。
Kwame Lillard and Elizabeth McClain, whose civil rights activism spans decades were leaders of the Nashville sit-ins, discuss their early experiences with resistance.
夸梅·利拉德 (Kwame Lillard) 和伊丽莎白·麦克莱恩 (Elizabeth McClain) 是纳什维尔静坐抗议的领导人，他们的民权活动持续了数十年，他们讨论了他们早期的抵抗经历。
Read profiles of Blalock, Thomas, Helen Taussig, and the medical professionals who followed in their footsteps.
阅读 Blalock、Thomas、Helen Taussig 以及追随他们脚步的医疗专业人员的简介。
Partners of the Heart came to fruition more than ten years after producer/director Andrea Kalin first conceived it.
《心灵伙伴》在制片人兼导演安德里亚·卡林首次构想十多年后才得以实现。