Panama Canal
Narrator: It's been called one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World -- a manmade waterway, 50 miles long -- that forever altered the face of the earth.
旁白：它被称为现代世界七大奇迹之一——一条长 50 英里的人造水道——永远改变了地球的面貌。
Ovidio Diaz Espino, Writer: The Panama Canal exceeded any country's capacity.
奥维迪奥·迪亚兹·埃斯皮诺（Ovidio Diaz Espino），作家：巴拿马运河超出了任何国家的容量。
If in 1904 you had asked me to put money, I would have said 'No, it cannot be built.' Nobody knew how this was gonna be done.
如果在 1904 年你要求我投入资金，我会说“不，它无法建造。”没有人知道这将如何完成。
Carlos E.
卡洛斯·E.
Russell, Writer: : The geographic location of Panama, the Isthmus of Panama, has always been coveted as a way of making the oceans meet.
作家拉塞尔：巴拿马的地理位置，即巴拿马地峡，一直被视为海洋交汇的一个途径。
With the building of the Panama Canal, the realization of a dream became an expression of the power, the strength, the might of a growing nation.
随着巴拿马运河的修建，梦想的实现成为了一个成长中国家的力量、力量和威力的体现。
Narrator: For nearly a hundred years, the Panama Canal has stood for the triumph of technology over nature.
旁白：近一百年来，巴拿马运河一直代表着技术战胜自然。
But when it was built, at the dawn of the 20th century, it was simply an audacious gamble -- a colossal engineering project, the likes of which the world had never seen.
但当它在 20 世纪初建成时，这简直就是一场大胆的赌博——一个世界上从未见过的庞大工程项目。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: It's a story of inspiration.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：这是一个灵感的故事。
It's a story of humanity.
这是一个人性的故事。
What man can endure with pick and shovel to dig the canal.
哪个人能忍受用镐和铁锹来挖运河呢？
Carol R.
卡罗尔·R。
Byerly, Historian: It used science and engineering and government to improve the country and really improve the world.
历史学家拜尔利：它利用科学、工程和政府来改善国家，真正改善世界。
But it has a dark side as well.
但它也有黑暗的一面。
It is also a symbol of arrogance, authority, and power.
它也是傲慢、权威和权力的象征。
Matthew Parker, Author, Panama Fever: : The canal really announced the United States as the leading country in the world.
马修·帕克，《巴拿马热》作者： 运河真正宣告了美国成为世界领先国家。
It demonstrated an extraordinary will and determination.
表现出了非凡的意志和决心。
They had succeeded in conquering nature as no one had ever done before.
他们成功地征服了自然，这是前所未有的。
Narrator: In early July 1905, an American steamship made its way toward the isthmus of Panama -- the narrow ribbon of land between North and South America, and the two largest oceans in the world.
旁白：1905 年 7 月上旬，一艘美国轮船驶向巴拿马地峡——北美和南美之间的狭长地带，也是世界上最大的两个海洋。
Among the passengers on board was Jan van Hardeveld, a 30-year-old engineer from Wyoming.
机上乘客中有来自怀俄明州的 30 岁工程师扬·范·哈德维尔德 (Jan van Hardevald)。
He'd read in the newspaper about a new government project -- an ambitious plan to link the Atlantic and the Pacific with a canal -- and he was determined to be part of it.
他在报纸上读到了一个新的政府项目——一个通过运河连接大西洋和太平洋的雄心勃勃的计划——他决心参与其中。
A Dutchman by birth, Jan was a newly-minted citizen of the United States, and a fierce champion of his adopted country.
扬出生于荷兰，后来成为美国新公民，也是他的祖国的坚定捍卫者。
"In America," he liked to say, " anything is possible." The building of the Panama Canal would be no exception.
“在美国，”他喜欢说，“一切皆有可能。”巴拿马运河的建设也不例外。
Jan van Hardeveld (Josh Hamilton): A heavy suitcase in my hand…
Jan van Hardevald（乔什·汉密尔顿饰）：我手里拿着一个沉重的手提箱……
the sweat rolling down my face, I stumbled along the wet slippery track which I had been told to follow until I found a place to turn off.
汗水从我脸上滚落，我跌跌撞撞地沿着湿滑的小路走下去，我被告知要沿着这条路走，直到找到一个可以拐弯的地方。
In the deep darkness I seemed to have walked miles, and I never dreamed there could be such unearthly noises.
在深深的黑暗中，我仿佛走了好几英里，我做梦也没想到会有如此神秘的声音。
To me, they sounded like the howling of demons.
对我来说，它们听起来就像恶魔的嚎叫。
Well, I decided that turning back looked almost as hard as going on, so here I am.
好吧，我觉得回头看起来几乎和继续前进一样困难，所以我来了。
Narrator: Jan van Hardeveld was just one of hundreds of young Americans now living on the isthmus of Panama.
旁白：扬·范·哈德维尔德只是现在生活在巴拿马地峡的数百名美国年轻人之一。
They'd been arriving for months -- from San Diego, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Charlotte…
他们已经抵达几个月了——从圣地亚哥、辛辛那提、匹兹堡、夏洛特……
former railroad engineers and file clerks and recent college graduates -- all of them eager to be part of what one observer called America's "mighty march of progress."
前铁路工程师、档案员和刚毕业的大学毕业生——他们都渴望成为一位观察家所称的美国“伟大进步之路”的一部分。
Jackson Lears, Historian: At this particular moment, there's a lot of positive thinking going on in the United States.
历史学家杰克逊·利尔斯：在这个特殊时刻，美国正在发生很多积极的想法。
There are these sort of iconic structures, the transcontinental railroad, the Brooklyn Bridge, all of them accomplishing feats that naysayers had predicted could not be done.
有一些标志性的建筑，横贯大陆的铁路，布鲁克林大桥，所有这些都实现了反对者预测无法完成的壮举。
So there is this fascination with human triumph over adversity.
因此，人们对人类战胜逆境充满着迷。
Americans feel that we are at the cutting edge.
美国人觉得我们处于最前沿。
Matthew Parker, Author: The idea of building a Panama Canal seized the imagination of the American public.
马修·帕克，作者：修建巴拿马运河的想法激发了美国公众的想象力。
This was the great, unfulfilled engineering challenge of the world.
这是世界上尚未完成的伟大工程挑战。
Narrator: For nearly 400 years, people had dreamed of building a canal that would slice through the slender isthmus of Panama and make the world's great oceans meet.
旁白：近四百年来，人们一直梦想着修建一条运河，穿过巴拿马细长的地峡，使世界各大洋交汇在一起。
The French had been the first to try.
法国人是第一个尝试的人。
The year was 1880, and Ferdinand de Lesseps, the legendary builder of the Suez Canal, was looking for a second act.
那是 1880 年，苏伊士运河的传奇建造者费迪南德·德·雷赛普 (Ferdinand de Lesseps) 正在寻求第二幕。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : Well, Ferdinand de Lesseps was a great national hero, who had done this great, magnificent thing of building the Suez Canal.
艾伦，《美国遗产》编辑：嗯，费迪南德·德·雷塞普斯是一位伟大的民族英雄，他完成了修建苏伊士运河这一伟大而宏伟的事情。
Matthew Parker, Author: He was called "Le Grand Francais." He was endlessly appearing in the magazines, with his beautiful wife and his lovely children.
马修·帕克，作者：他被称为“大法国人”。他和他美丽的妻子和可爱的孩子们不断地出现在杂志上。
He was seen as incredibly virile.
他被认为是非常有男子气概的。
And he was endlessly touring the country where he'd pull in huge crowds to come and see this, the hero of Suez.
他无休止地周游全国，吸引大批群众前来观看这位苏伊士运河英雄。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : The thing about the Suez Canal was that it was a flat, level passage through a dry desert.
艾伦，《美国遗产》编辑：：苏伊士运河的特点是它是一条穿过干燥沙漠的平坦通道。
It couldn't have been more different from the Panama Canal.
它与巴拿马运河截然不同。
Matthew Parker, Author: If anything, Panama was the most difficult place in the whole world to build a canal.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：如果说有什么不同的话，那就是巴拿马是全世界最难修建运河的地方。
You've got really thick jungles full of snakes and of course mosquitoes that will give you malaria or yellow fever.
这里的丛林非常茂密，到处都是蛇，当然还有蚊子，它们会传播疟疾或黄热病。
And then you have deep, almost bottomless swamps.
然后就是深不见底的沼泽。
You've got the thick, heavy mountain range.
你有厚重的山脉。
And perhaps worst of all you've got the Chagres River, which is one of the most volatile rivers in the world.
也许最糟糕的是查格雷斯河，它是世界上最不稳定的河流之一。
Narrator: Despite the warnings of experts who said it could not be done, De Lesseps directed his engineers to carve a canal through the isthmus.
旁白：尽管专家警告说这是不可能的，德莱赛普还是指示他的工程师在地峡开凿了一条运河。
They spent the next eight and a half years locked in a losing battle against the jungle.
在接下来的八年半里，他们一直陷入与丛林的一场失败的战斗中。
Matthew Parker, Author: Everything that could have gone wrong went wrong for the French at Panama.
马修·帕克，作者：对于巴拿马的法国人来说，所有可能出错的事情都出错了。
There were fires, there was flooding, there was an earthquake.
发生了火灾、洪水、地震。
There was continuous epidemic of yellow fever.
黄热病持续流行。
There was a huge amount of corruption.
存在大量腐败现象。
Narrator: When the crash of de Lesseps' venture finally came, in 1888, it was thunderous.
旁白：1888 年，当德·莱赛普的冒险终于崩溃时，那是一场雷鸣般的惨剧。
In less than a decade, more than a billion francs -- about $287 million -- had been all but squandered.
在不到十年的时间里，超过 10 亿法郎（约合 2.87 亿美元）几乎被挥霍殆尽。
Meanwhile, accidents and disease had claimed a staggering 20,000 lives -- most of them West Indians who had been imported to do the heavy labor.
与此同时，事故和疾病夺去了惊人的 20,000 人的生命，其中大多数是被引进来做重体力劳动的西印度人。
De Lesseps, the one-time hero of France, was bankrupted and only narrowly escaped prison.
法国曾经的英雄德莱赛破产了，险些逃出监狱。
Walter LaFeber, Historian: De Lesseps was broken.
沃尔特·拉费伯（Walter LaFeber），历史学家：德莱塞普斯被打破了。
In the last years of his life he sat looking out a window with a three-year-old newspaper by his side.
在他生命的最后几年里，他坐在窗边看着窗外，身边放着一份三年前的报纸。
He had essentially been driven insane by the whole experience in Panama.
巴拿马的整个经历基本上把他逼疯了。
Narrator: For 10 years, the spectacular failure of the French cast a pall over the isthmus.
旁白：十年来，法国人的惨败给地峡蒙上了一层阴影。
In the eyes of most of the world, Panama was a miserable sinkhole -- a place synonymous with corruption, disease and death.
在世界大多数人眼中，巴拿马是一个悲惨的深坑——一个腐败、疾病和死亡的代名词。
The Americans took a different view.
美国人却有不同的看法。
No nation on earth had more to gain from a canal than the United States: the close of the 19th century had been witness to its astonishing rise -- the sudden, dramatic expansion of its industry, its gathering economic might, its surprising aggression against Spain in the War of 1898.
世界上没有哪个国家比美国更能从运河中获益：十九世纪末见证了美国的惊人崛起——工业的突然、戏剧性的扩张，经济实力的增强，以及在 1898 年战争中对西班牙的出人意料的侵略。
Now, on the threshold of the new century, the brash young country -- barely 100 years in existence -- was poised to become one of the world's great powers.
现在，在新世纪的门槛上，这个傲慢的年轻国家——成立仅100年——即将成为世界强国之一。
To President Theodore Roosevelt, who took office in 1901, the canal was the obvious path to America's future.
对于 1901 年上任的西奥多·罗斯福总统来说，运河显然是通向美国未来的道路。
Matthew Parker, Author: Roosevelt wanted American power to be projected outside of the North American continent really for the first time.
马修·帕克，作者：罗斯福第一次真正希望将美国的力量投射到北美大陆之外。
The key to this was, for him, the building of a Panama Canal, which could link the two oceans and provide a conduit for sea power.
对他来说，这件事的关键是修建巴拿马运河，这条运河可以连接两个大洋，并为海上力量提供渠道。
This was the crucial thing for him.
这对他来说是至关重要的事情。
Walter LeFeber, Historian: He saw the canal essentially as the way to protect American interests, particularly American commerce.
历史学家沃尔特·勒费伯：他认为运河本质上是保护美国利益，特别是美国商业的方式。
The United States was the number one industrial power in the world.
美国是世界第一工业强国。
And when you begin to look at the world in those terms, then what you begin to think about was, how do you get from New York to the markets of Asia?
当你开始用这些方式看待世界时，你开始思考的是，如何从纽约到达亚洲市场？
This is the first time in American history where we start to think globally.
这是美国历史上第一次我们开始全球化思考。
Jackson Lears, Historian: To Roosevelt, the notion of an isthmian canal is a key piece of the puzzle of world empire and a kind of providentially ordained world domination that the United States is meant to enjoy.
历史学家杰克逊·李尔斯：对罗斯福来说，地峡运河的概念是世界帝国难题的关键部分，也是美国理应享有的一种天意注定的世界统治地位。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: Whoever could connect and have the two seas -- the Atlantic and the Pacific -- will be the global power.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：谁能连接并拥有大西洋和太平洋这两个海洋，谁就将成为全球强国。
Narrator: "If we are to hold our own in the struggle for supremacy," Roosevelt insisted, "we must build the canal." But the rights to the land in Panama proved difficult to negotiate.
旁白：“如果我们要在争夺霸权的斗争中保持自己的地位，”罗斯福坚持说，“我们就必须修建运河。”但事实证明，巴拿马土地权的谈判很难。
Julie Greene, Historian: Panama was a small province of Colombia.
历史学家朱莉·格林：巴拿马是哥伦比亚的一个小省。
And once the United States decided to build the canal in Panama, they tried to reach an agreement with Colombia.
一旦美国决定在巴拿马修建运河，他们就试图与哥伦比亚达成协议。
Matthew Parker, Author: Roosevelt insisted on a huge amount of control over where the canal was to be built.
马修·帕克，作者：罗斯福坚持对运河建设地点进行大量控制。
However, the Colombian constitution expressly forbids any sovereignty to be given away for any part of the country.
然而，哥伦比亚宪法明确禁止放弃该国任何地区的任何主权。
And effectively this is what the Americans were demanding.
实际上，这就是美国人的要求。
Walter LeFeber, Historian: So, the Colombians rejected the treaty.
历史学家沃尔特·勒费伯：所以，哥伦比亚人拒绝了该条约。
They not only rejected it -- the Colombian legislature rejected it unanimously.
他们不仅拒绝了它，哥伦比亚立法机构也一致拒绝了它。
Ovidio Diaz Espino, Writer: Roosevelt thought, "We have one objective, and we're not going to allow this small little insignificant country get in our way."
奥维迪奥·迪亚兹·埃斯皮诺（Ovidio Diaz Espino），作家：罗斯福想，“我们有一个目标，我们不会让这个微不足道的小国家妨碍我们。”
Matthew Parker, Author: And Roosevelt felt that the United States should be leading the way in improving the world, even if bits of the world didn't necessarily want to be improved.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：罗斯福认为，美国应该在改善世界方面发挥带头作用，即使世界上的某些地区不一定希望得到改善。
So he had an option.
所以他有一个选择。
Either he could just simply invade Panama and take it, which he considered doing -- he sent spies to go and check out the possibility of achieving that -- or there was another option and that was for Panama to declare its independence under the protection of the United States.
要么他可以简单地入侵巴拿马并占领它，他考虑这样做——他派间谍去看看实现这一目标的可能性——或者还有另一种选择，那就是巴拿马在美国的保护下宣布独立。
Narrator: As Roosevelt well knew, Panamanian elites had been plotting revolution for years.
旁白：罗斯福深知，巴拿马精英多年来一直在策划革命。
Now, with a nod from Washington, they made their move.
现在，在华盛顿的点头下，他们采取了行动。
On the morning of November 3rd, 1903, the rebels seized the isthmus.
1903年11月3日上午，叛军占领了地峡。
Aided by the well-timed appearance of an American gunboat in the harbor at Colón, their revolution was over by sundown -- its sole casualties a foreign-born shopkeeper and a luckless donkey.
在一艘美国炮艇及时出现在科隆港的帮助下，他们的革命在日落时结束了——唯一的伤亡是一名外国出生的店主和一头倒霉的驴子。
Three days later, the United States formally recognized the new Republic of Panama.
三天后，美国正式承认新的巴拿马共和国。
Ovidio Diaz Espino, Writer: The best part was the way they did it.
奥维迪奥·迪亚兹·埃斯皮诺（Ovidio Diaz Espino），编剧：最好的部分是他们的做法。
Instead of fight against the Colombia, they just send bags of money to pay off all the Colombian troops to go back to Colombia, so this was a bloodless revolution.
他们没有与哥伦比亚人作战，而是送来一袋袋的钱来支付所有哥伦比亚军队返回哥伦比亚的费用，所以这是一场不流血的革命。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: Colombia, they didn't imagine the audacity of Teddy Roosevelt.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：哥伦比亚，他们没有想象到泰迪·罗斯福的大胆。
We will make Panama into a new independent country.
我们将使巴拿马成为一个新的独立国家。
They will sign us off this track of land, and then we will have a canal and they will have a nation.
他们会让我们脱离这条土地，然后我们就会有一条运河，他们就会有一个国家。
And that was the birth of the nation of Panama.
这就是巴拿马国家的诞生。
Edward Tenner, Historian: It was arrogant, but then again America was emerging into an international order where to be a self-respecting power you had to be arrogant.
历史学家爱德华·坦纳（Edward Tenner）：这是傲慢的，但美国再次进入一种国际秩序，在这种秩序中，要成为一个自尊的大国，你就必须傲慢。
The British were arrogant, the Germans were arrogant.
英国人傲慢，德国人傲慢。
God knows the French were arrogant.
天知道法国人有多傲慢。
So this self-assertion by America was part of a certain kind of culture.
所以美国的这种自我主张是某种文化的一部分。
Narrator: The treaty later signed with the Panamanians gave the United States effective sovereignty over the so-called "canal zone" -- a 500-square-mile swath that stretched clear across the isthmus and cut the new nation in two.
旁白：后来与巴拿马人签署的条约赋予美国对所谓“运河区”的有效主权——一块500平方英里的地带，横跨地峡，将这个新国家一分为二。
Matthew Parker, Author: The Panamanian leadership was of course extremely grateful to the Americans for their support in the revolution.
马修·帕克，作者：巴拿马领导层当然非常感谢美国人对革命的支持。
But the honeymoon period was incredibly short.
但蜜月期却异常短暂。
As soon as the Americans started actually laying out the boundaries of the zone, the Panamanians realized that they'd been sold out.
当美国人开始实际划定该地区的边界时，巴拿马人意识到他们已经被出卖了。
Narrator: What Roosevelt called "one of the future highways of civilization" was now America's to control.
旁白：罗斯福所说的“未来文明高速公路之一”现在由美国控制。
All that was left to do was build it.
剩下要做的就是建造它。
Matthew Parker, Author: When the news of the Panama revolution came through, it was immediately apparent that it carried out with the connivance and with the support of the United States.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：当巴拿马革命的消息传出时，人们立即发现，这场革命是在美国的纵容和支持下进行的。
And this left the public very confused and very divided.
这让公众感到非常困惑和分裂。
There was a feeling that the underhand and internationally illegal way in which the Americans had contrived the revolution had somehow sullied America's reputation.
人们有一种感觉，美国人策划革命的卑鄙和国际非法方式在某种程度上玷污了美国的声誉。
There were headlines saying, "Might makes right." You know, we are just now like the Europeans who grab land whenever they want.
有头条新闻说：“强权即公理”。你知道，我们现在就像欧洲人一样，想什么时候抢土地就什么时候抢。
And there was a feeling that something that had made the United States different, that had made it better than the other great powers, had been lost.
人们有一种感觉，那些让美国与众不同、比其他大国更好的东西已经消失了。
Narrator: On May 4th, 1904, the American effort in Panama officially got underway.
旁白：1904年5月4日，美国在巴拿马的行动正式开始。
To oversee the project on the ground, Roosevelt had selected a seasoned, seemingly unflappable 51-year-old engineer from Chicago named John Findley Wallace.
为了现场监督该项目，罗斯福从芝加哥挑选了一位经验丰富、看似镇定自若的 51 岁工程师，名叫约翰·芬德利·华莱士 (John Findley Wallace)。
But real authority rested with the Isthmian Canal Commission, a Presidentially-appointed panel charged with approving virtually every decision made in the canal zone.
但真正的权威在于地峡运河委员会，这是一个由总统任命的小组，负责批准运河区几乎所有的决定。
With the national treasury footing the bill for the project, the Commission was determined that not a single penny be misspent.
由于国家财政部为该项目提供资金，委员会决定不花一分钱。
Matthew Parker, Author: Every time you wanted to do something, every time you wanted to hire a cart, you'd have to fill out a form in triplicate and send it to Washington.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：每次你想做某事，每次你想租一辆手推车，你都必须填写一式三份的表格并发送给华盛顿。
And this of course brought utter paralysis to anything that Wallace was trying to do.
这当然给华莱士想做的任何事情带来了彻底的瘫痪。
Narrator: As yet, the Americans had no real plan other than to pick up where the French left off and dig a massive ditch through the isthmus, some 50 miles in length and about 30 feet below sea level.
旁白：到目前为止，美国人还没有真正的计划，只是继续法国人留下的地方，在地峡挖一条巨大的沟渠，长约 50 英里，低于海平面约 30 英尺。
Slated to run from Colón, the harbor on the Caribbean, all the way south to Panama City on the Pacific, the canal would have to cut through dense jungle, across the flood-prone Chagres River Valley, and then through the steep mountain pass known as Culebra.
这条运河将从加勒比海港口科隆一直向南到达太平洋上的巴拿马城，必须穿过茂密的丛林，穿过洪水泛滥的查格雷斯河谷，然后穿过被称为库莱布拉的陡峭山口。
Wallace had only 3,500 men at his disposal: some 1,500 of them new recruits from the U.S., the rest West Indians left over from the French effort.
华莱士手下只有 3,500 名士兵：其中约 1,500 名是从美国新招募的士兵，其余的是法国人留下的西印度群岛士兵。
With such a token force and tons of machinery badly in need of repair, he was uncertain how to proceed.
面对如此象征性的力量和大量急需维修的机械，他不确定如何继续。
He wanted time -- at least a year, he said -- to experiment with equipment.
他需要时间——他说至少一年——来试验设备。
Matthew Parker, Author: And all of the time there was this huge clamor from back at home to make the dirt fly.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：家里一直传来巨大的喧闹声，要让泥土飞扬。
Roosevelt wanted action.
罗斯福希望采取行动。
So of course Wallace had to start digging the minute he got there.
所以华莱士当然必须一到那里就开始挖掘。
Narrator: In November 1904, under pressure from Washington, Wallace ordered excavation to begin at Culebra.
旁白：1904 年 11 月，在华盛顿的压力下，华莱士下令在库莱布拉开始挖掘工作。
To meet the challenge of the mountains, he'd imported two Bucyrus steam shovels -- 95-ton behemoths that could dig up roughly eight tons of rock and earth with a single scoop.
为了应对山区的挑战，他进口了两台比塞洛斯蒸汽铲，这是一台重达 95 吨的庞然大物，一铲就能挖出大约八吨的岩石和泥土。
But there were not enough trains to haul the spoil away, and what trains there were kept running off the tracks.
但没有足够的火车来运走这些赃物，而且那里的火车一直在脱轨。
Matthew Parker, Author: It was an impossible situation for him to deal with as Chief Engineer.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：对于他作为总工程师来说，这是一个不可能处理的情况。
The key to the successful excavation of the canal was about moving the spoil that was dug away from the site, otherwise everything would stop.
运河开挖成功的关键是将挖出的弃土移离现场，否则一切都会停止。
If the shovel didn’t have anything to load the earth onto, the shovel would stop.
如果铲子没有任何东西可以装载泥土，铲子就会停下来。
"Make the dirt fly" was a disastrous approach to the huge engineering challenge that Wallace was facing.
“让泥土飞起来”对于华莱士面临的巨大工程挑战来说是一种灾难性的方法。
Narrator: The problems only multiplied.
旁白：问题只会成倍增加。
Just weeks into the digging at Culebra, three men on the isthmus contracted yellow fever.
库莱布拉挖掘工作刚开始几周，地峡上的三名男子就感染了黄热病。
In December, there were six more.
12 月，又增加了 6 个。
Carol R.
卡罗尔·R。
Byerly, Historian: Yellow fever could cause internal bleeding.
历史学家拜尔利：黄热病可能导致内出血。
Bleeding from the gums.
牙龈出血。
And internal hemorrhaging that would cause the black vomit or vomito negro which was terrifying.
还有内出血，会导致黑色呕吐物或呕吐物黑人，这是可怕的。
William Daniel Donadio, Canal Worker Descendent: The Yellow Fever.
威廉·丹尼尔·多纳迪奥，《运河工人后裔：黄热病》。
The fever attacking and killing everybody.
高烧袭击并杀死了所有人。
The fever got everybody scared.
发烧让大家都害怕了。
Nobody wants to come to the isthmus to work.
没有人愿意来地峡工作。
Carol R.
卡罗尔·R。
Byerly, Historian: The fear.
历史学家拜尔利：恐惧。
Don't go down to that project because you may not come back.
不要继续那个项目，因为你可能不会回来。
Julie Greene, Historian: The horror that maybe death is stalking us the same way it stalked the French.
历史学家朱莉·格林（Julie Greene）：死亡的恐惧可能正像跟踪法国人一样跟踪我们。
Carol R.
卡罗尔·R。
Byerly, Historian: Within three months, 500 of the Americans flee.
历史学家拜尔利：三个月内，500 名美国人逃离。
Narrator: In January, as the epidemic spread, Wallace tried to project confidence and made a show of riding around the Canal Zone with his wife.
旁白：一月份，疫情蔓延，华莱士试图表现出自信，与妻子一起在运河区骑行表演。
Then it became known that the couple had quietly imported two metal coffins.
后来人们知道，这对夫妇悄悄进口了两具金属棺材。
"I am thoroughly sick of this country and everything to do with the canal," one American wrote his mother.
“我彻底厌倦了这个国家以及与运河有关的一切，”一位美国人写信给他的母亲。
"Tell the boys at home to stay there, even if they get no more than a dollar a day."
“告诉家里的孩子们留在那里，即使他们每天的收入不超过一美元。”
By June 1905, nearly three-quarters of the American labor force had fled the isthmus.
到 1905 年 6 月，近四分之三的美国劳动力逃离了地峡。
Overwhelmed and suffering from nervous strain, Wallace soon resigned his post.
华莱士不堪重负，精神紧张，很快就辞职了。
Carol R.
卡罗尔·R。
Byerly, Historian: The project looks doomed.
历史学家拜尔利：这个项目看起来注定要失败。
The project comes to a standstill and Theodore Roosevelt goes nuts.
该项目陷入停滞，西奥多·罗斯福发疯了。
Walter LaFeber, Historian: It looked as though what was going to happen to the United States had been exactly what happened to France.
历史学家沃尔特·拉费伯（Walter LaFeber）：看起来美国即将发生的事情就像法国发生的事情一样。
And this is traumatic for Americans, how dangerously close to failure the whole U.S. enterprise is.
这对美国人来说是一种创伤，整个美国企业濒临失败是多么危险。
Narrator: The Americans had been in Panama for more than a year, and $78 million already had been spent.
旁白：美国人在巴拿马已经一年多了，已经花费了7800万美元。
But so far, only about 15 million cubic yards of spoil had been excavated, which left hundreds of millions still to be removed.
但到目前为止，仅挖掘出约 1500 万立方码的弃土，还有数亿立方码的弃土有待清除。
At the rate things were going, one worker guessed, the canal would not be finished for 50 years.
一名工人猜测，按照目前的进展速度，这条运河要 50 年才能完工。
Jan van Hardeveld (Josh Hamilton): I'm convinced that there isn't a place in the world that can beat this Isthmus for rain.
Jan van Hardevald（乔什·汉密尔顿）：我确信世界上没有一个地方的降雨量能胜过这个地峡。
It rains so much that honest to goodness my hat is getting moldy on my head…
雨下得太大了，说实话，我头上的帽子都发霉了……
I haven't had on a dry pair of shoes in weeks.
我已经好几个星期没有穿过干鞋了。
Narrator: Jan van Hardeveld arrived in Panama just as Chief Engineer Wallace was leaving, and for the first few weeks, it was hard not to wonder if he'd made a mistake.
旁白：扬·范·哈德维尔德抵达巴拿马时，总工程师华莱士正要离开，在最初的几周里，人们很难不怀疑他是否犯了一个错误。
He'd put more than 2,000 miles between himself and his family -- left his wife Rose alone with the children -- and all for a project that was floundering.
他和家人之间相隔了 2000 多英里，留下妻子罗斯独自带着孩子，而这一切都是为了一个陷入困境的项目。
Jan van Hardeveld (Josh Hamilton): [Dear Rose,] the food is awful, and cooked in such a way that no civilized white man can stand it for more than a week or two....
扬·范·哈德维尔德（乔什·汉密尔顿）：[亲爱的罗丝，]食物很糟糕，而且烹饪方式使得任何文明的白人都无法忍受超过一两周......
I grew careless last week and before I realized it, I was one sick hombre -- stomach out of order, and my blood full of malaria bugs…
上周我变得粗心了，在我意识到这一点之前，我是一个生病的人——胃不舒服，我的血液里充满了疟疾……
I'm taking no more chances than I can help of being sent home wrapped in a wooden overcoat.
我不会再冒任何可能被裹着木大衣送回家的机会。
Narrator: Morale in the canal zone was at an all-time low when, at the end of July, 1905, Wallace's replacement as Chief Engineer finally turned up.
旁白：1905 年 7 月底，当华莱士的总工程师继任者终于出现时，运河区的士气处于历史最低点。
His name was John Stevens -- and his reputation preceded him.
他的名字叫约翰·史蒂文斯——他的名声在他之前就已成名。
Some years before, as a surveyor for the Great Northern Railroad, he'd trekked hundreds of miles through the Rockies to plot out the line's passage over the Continental Divide.
几年前，作为大北方铁路的测量员，他长途跋涉数百英里穿过落基山脉，绘制出穿越大陆分水岭的线路路线。
Word had it that he'd since built more miles of railroad than any other man alive.
有传言说，他自此修建的铁路里程比任何其他在世的人都多。
Now, he'd been asked to rescue the largest government project in American history.
现在，他被要求拯救美国历史上最大的政府项目。
Matthew Parker, Author: John Stevens was an absolutely brilliant railroad engineer.
马修·帕克，作者：约翰·史蒂文斯是一位绝对出色的铁路工程师。
Very much a frontiersman.
非常像一个边疆人。
He'd fought wolves and Indians.
他曾与狼和印第安人作战。
He had survived in incredibly harsh environments.
他在极其恶劣的环境中生存下来。
And he arrived in Panama and he took a look around and he saw everywhere disillusionment and fear.
他到达巴拿马后，环顾四周，发现到处都是幻灭和恐惧。
Narrator: "I believe," Stevens later wrote, "[that] I faced about as discouraging a proposition as was ever presented to a construction engineer."
旁白：“我相信，”史蒂文斯后来写道，“我所面临的建议是建筑工程师所遇到的最令人沮丧的建议。”
Matthew Parker, Author: Stevens noticed straightaway that part of the problem was what he called "the idiotic howl" to make dirt fly.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：史蒂文斯立即注意到问题的一部分在于他所说的“愚蠢的嚎叫”让泥土飞扬。
He had enough experience to realize that on a project of this enormous, unprecedented scale he would have to spend a very great amount of time just getting the whole thing ready.
他有足够的经验意识到，在如此巨大、前所未有的规模的项目中，他必须花费大量的时间来准备好整个事情。
So therefore, even though he knew that Roosevelt and the press back in the United States would be horrified, he ordered the digging to stop.
因此，尽管他知道罗斯福和美国媒体会感到震惊，但他还是下令停止挖掘。
Narrator: For Stevens, the first order of business was to retool the Panama Railroad, which had been built in the 1850s and was by now so decrepit that he once described it as "two streaks of rust and a right of way."
旁白：对史蒂文斯来说，首要任务是改造巴拿马铁路，该铁路建于 1850 年代，如今已经破旧不堪，他曾将其描述为“两道锈迹和一条通行权”。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : Stevens realized that this was going to be a huge exercise in logistics.
艾伦，《美国遗产》编辑：：史蒂文斯意识到这将是一项巨大的后勤工作。
The job of building the canal would be very much a job of just moving, removing, hauling out thousands of carloads of dirt.
修建运河的工作很大程度上只是移动、清除、拖出数千车泥土。
He understood that the railroad was going to be the heart of the effort.
他明白铁路将成为这项工作的核心。
Narrator: In the system Stevens ultimately devised, the railroad would function as a giant conveyor belt, and its position would shift continuously to accommodate the work as it progressed.
旁白：在史蒂文斯最终设计的系统中，铁路将充当一个巨大的传送带，其位置会随着工作的进展而不断移动以适应工作。
To speed the relocation along, he seized on an ingenious innovation -- a swinging boom mounted on a flatcar that could lift and move yards of existing track without first having to take it apart.
为了加快搬迁进度，他抓住了一项巧妙的创新——安装在平板车上的摆动臂，可以提升和移动现有轨道的码数，而无需先将其拆开。
Then, he traded the rail cars for open-sided flats fitted with a plow, which could empty a 20-car train in about 10 minutes.
然后，他将火车车厢换成了配有犁的开放式公寓，这样可以在大约 10 分钟内清空一列 20 节车厢的火车。
By Stevens' estimate, the two rigs would do the labor of 900 men working by hand.
据史蒂文斯估计，这两座钻机将承担 900 名手工作业人员的劳动。
Matthew Parker, Author: The cleverest little trick that he did was to plan the work so that the digging would start at either end of the nine-mile Culebra Cut and move towards the middle, which was the highest point.
作者马修·帕克（Matthew Parker）：他所做的最聪明的小技巧就是规划工作，以便挖掘工作从九英里库莱布拉切口的两端开始，然后向中间（即最高点）移动。
This meant that when the empty spoil trains came into the Cut they would be climbing up to the shovels and when they were full, they would have the benefit of the gradient to take away their enormous loads.
这意味着，当空的弃土列车进入切口时，它们将爬上铲子，而当它们装满时，它们将利用坡度来带走巨大的负载。
Engineering at its simplest and most brilliant.
最简单、最精彩的工程。
Narrator: At first, the project's most formidable challenge seemed to be the mountain pass at Culebra.
旁白：起初，该项目最艰巨的挑战似乎是库莱布拉山口。
To dig the canal there, the Americans would have to bore down as much as 300 feet through rock, gravel, clay and earth along a corridor some nine miles in length.
为了在那里挖掘运河，美国人必须沿着一条约 9 英里长的走廊，在岩石、砾石、粘土和泥土中挖掘 300 英尺。
As Stevens put it to a colleague, "[At Culebra,] we are facing a proposition greater than was ever undertaken in the history of the world."
正如史蒂文斯对一位同事所说，“[在库莱布拉]我们面临着一个比世界历史上任何时候都更伟大的提议。”
But after a few months on the isthmus, at the height of the rainy season, Stevens began to realize that the Chagres was an obstacle every bit as daunting.
但在地峡呆了几个月后，正值雨季最高峰，史蒂文斯开始意识到查格雷斯河也是一个同样令人畏惧的障碍。
Throughout the summer and fall of 1905, he watched as the swollen river surged over its banks again and again, flooding the works all up and down the line.
1905 年夏秋两季，他目睹河水一次又一次冲过河岸，淹没了沿线的所有工厂。
Gradually, it began to dawn on him: if he and his men built a sea level canal -- as the French had attempted to do, and Washington was now expecting -- the Chagres would menace its operation for more than half of each year.
渐渐地，他开始明白：如果他和他的手下修建一条海平面运河——正如法国人试图做的那样，华盛顿现在也期待着——查格雷斯河每年将有一半以上的时间威胁其运营。
Matthew Parker, Author: Stevens realized building a sea level canal would almost certainly condemn the American canal to failure just like the French.
马修·帕克，作者：史蒂文斯意识到修建一条海平面运河几乎肯定会导致美国运河的失败，就像法国运河一样。
Stevens was totally horrified by this.
史蒂文斯对此感到彻底震惊。
He went to Washington.
他去了华盛顿。
He hated politicians, he hated going on a boat, he got horribly seasick.
他讨厌政客，他讨厌坐船，他晕船得厉害。
But he went to Washington, and he talked face to face with Roosevelt and convinced him, convinced the President that a sea level canal would be total madness.
但他去了华盛顿，与罗斯福面对面交谈，并说服了罗斯福，让总统相信海平面运河将是彻底的疯狂。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: How can you get a boat to move from one side to the other side and to cross the mountain?
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：如何才能让船从一侧移动到另一侧并穿越山脉？
Stevens and the rest of American engineers would need to find a new way to do it.
史蒂文斯和其他美国工程师需要找到一种新的方法来做到这一点。
Narrator: The answer was a lock canal -- a highly engineered, mechanized waterway that would solve the multiple problems of Panama all at once.
旁白：答案是船闸运河——一条高度工程化的机械化水道，可以一次性解决巴拿马的多重问题。
First, to control the Chagres, a massive dam would be built at Gatún -- creating an artificial lake, some 85 feet above sea level, roughly in the middle of the canal's planned route.
首先，为了控制查格雷斯河，将在加通修建一座大型水坝，形成一个人工湖，海拔约 85 英尺，大致位于运河规划路线的中间。
Matthew Parker, Author: In order to get to this lake, the ship would be raised by a series of locks.
马修·帕克，作者：为了到达这个湖，船将被一系列船闸升起。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : These locks are each gonna be these huge concrete structures more than three football fields long.
艾伦，《美国遗产》编辑：：这些锁都是巨大的混凝土结构，长度超过三个足球场。
They're gonna hold tens of millions of gallons of water.
它们将容纳数千万加仑的水。
They're gonna raise ships up over the American continent, in effect.
实际上，他们将在美洲大陆上空升起船只。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: What it was, was to set up a series of steps, hydraulically elevate the ship where the boats will go up a step, come across.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：它的目的是设置一系列台阶，通过液压方式提升船只，船只将在台阶上通过。
Matthew Parker, Author: It would sail across the artificial lake, go through Culebra Cut which of course now didn't need to be cut out nearly so drastically, and then would descend again, in steps, down into the Pacific and away.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：它将航行穿过人工湖，穿过库莱布拉切口，当然现在不需要如此大幅度地切口，然后将再次下降，一步一步地下降到太平洋并离开。
Narrator: To build the lock canal in Panama, the Americans would not only have to dam the turbulent Chagres and create the largest artificial lake in the world, they also would have to design locks nearly three times longer than the longest ever constructed.
旁白：为了在巴拿马建造船闸运河，美国人不仅要在汹涌的查格雷斯河上筑坝并建造世界上最大的人工湖，而且还必须设计比有史以来最长的船闸长近三倍的船闸。
The plan was wildly ambitious.
这个计划雄心勃勃。
But Roosevelt had backed it, and Stevens was confident it could be done.
但罗斯福对此表示支持，史蒂文斯也有信心能够做到。
"There is no element of mystery involved in it," Stevens reported to Washington, "the problem is one of magnitude, not miracles."
史蒂文斯向华盛顿报告说：“这并不涉及神秘因素，问题是严重的，而不是奇迹。”
To Jan van Hardeveld, the canal zone now seemed infused with a sense of purpose.
对于扬·范·哈德维尔德来说，运河区现在似乎充满了使命感。
Assigned to supervise a work gang in the Culebra Cut, he spent his days building track for the spoil trains, while all around him roads were being paved and streetlights installed, wharves and warehouses built, dormitories and dining halls banged together.
他被指派去监督库莱布拉切口的一个工作队，整天为废品列车修建轨道，而他周围的道路正在铺设，路灯正在安装，码头和仓库正在建造，宿舍和食堂正在互相撞击。
The time had come, he decided, to send for his family.
他决定，是时候派人去接家人了。
Jan van Hardeveld (Josh Hamilton): [Dear Rose,] the slowness of work would be discouraging, if I were not certain that our Government can and will accomplish whatever it sets out to do.
扬·范·哈德维尔德（乔什·汉密尔顿）：[亲爱的罗斯，]如果我不确定我们的政府是否能够并且将会完成它打算做的任何事情，那么工作的缓慢将会令人沮丧。
That is why, since you have made no objection, I have made my decision to stay, and I am happy to be able to tell you that the quartermaster has at last assigned me to married quarters.
这就是为什么，既然你没有反对，我就决定留下来，我很高兴能够告诉你，军需官终于把我分配到了已婚宿舍。
The house is an old one at Las Cascadas, the village where I am now working.
这所房子是拉斯卡斯卡达斯（Las Cascadas）的一栋旧房子，我现在工作的那个村庄。
It was the first house built here by the French, and is marked "House Number One."
这是法国人在这里建造的第一座房屋，并被标记为“House Number One”。
Narrator: It was late winter, 1906, when Rose packed up her belongings, said her goodbyes to Wyoming, and set off with her children for Panama.
旁白：1906 年冬末，罗斯收拾好行李，告别了怀俄明州，带着孩子们出发前往巴拿马。
She hadn't laid eyes on her husband in more than half a year.
她已经有半年多没有见过自己的丈夫了。
She spent most of the voyage laid low by seasickness.
她因晕船而度过了大部分航程。
But as their destination neared, she felt a sudden rush of enthusiasm: "This will be our chance," she told her children, "to be among those who make history!"
但当他们的目的地临近时，她突然感到一股热情：“这将是我们的机会，”她告诉她的孩子们，“成为创造历史的人之一！”
Rose van Hardeveld (Carolyn McCormick): Your Papa is helping to build the big canal, the waterway that has been in the minds of men for centuries.
罗丝·范·哈德维尔德（卡罗琳·麦考密克饰）：你的爸爸正在帮助修建大运河，这是几个世纪以来人们心目中的水道。
It will unite the two oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific, and alter the course of the ships that sail upon them.
它将连接大西洋和太平洋两大洋，并改变在其上航行的船只的航向。
This canal, when it is finished, will change the face of the earth.
这条运河建成后，将改变地球的面貌。
Narrator: Of all the challenges confronting John Stevens, none was so urgent as the need for workers.
旁白：在约翰·史蒂文斯面临的所有挑战中，没有一个比对工人的需求更紧迫的了。
By his estimate, the canal project would generate some 20,000 jobs in 1906 alone.
据他估计，仅 1906 年运河项目就将创造约 20,000 个就业机会。
Of those, 5,000 were positions for skilled workers -- blacksmiths, carpenters, drill operators, plumbers -- and they were reserved for white U.S. citizens.
其中，5,000 个职位是为技术工人提供的——铁匠、木匠、钻井操作员、管道工——而且这些职位是为美国白人公民保留的。
But the vast majority of the jobs in the canal zone were unskilled.
但运河区的绝大多数工作都是非技术性的。
Thousands of men were needed to cut brush, dig ditches, load and unload equipment and supplies.
需要数千人来砍伐灌木丛、挖掘沟渠、装卸设备和物资。
The French had relied on West Indians for manual labor.
法国人依赖西印度群岛人进行体力劳动。
Stevens had other plans.
史蒂文斯还有其他计划。
Matthew Parker, Author: Stevens, when he'd done all his railway building in the United States, had mainly used Chinese labor.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：史蒂文斯在美国完成所有铁路建设时，主要使用中国劳动力。
He considered that to be the best.
他认为这样是最好的。
When he got to Panama, he saw that the workforce was mainly West Indian, and he didn't like or trust the West Indians at all.
当他到达巴拿马时，他看到劳动力主要是西印度群岛人，他根本不喜欢也不信任西印度群岛人。
Julie Greene, Historian: John Stevens wasn't happy about relying on West Indians because he, you know, sharing in the racial beliefs of the day, he saw them as too lazy, not intelligent.
朱莉·格林，历史学家：约翰·史蒂文斯对依赖西印度群岛人感到不高兴，因为他分享当时的种族信仰，认为他们太懒惰，不聪明。
Narrator: Stevens kept up a continuous campaign to recruit elsewhere.
旁白：史蒂文斯持续不断地在其他地方招募人才。
He experimented with workers from Spain and Greece and Italy.
他对来自西班牙、希腊和意大利的工人进行了实验。
But in the end, he had to take men wherever he could find them, and nowhere did he find more than in the nearby islands of the West Indies.
但最终，他不得不把人带到任何他能找到的地方，而他在西印度群岛附近的岛屿上找不到更多的人。
Egbert C.
埃格伯特 C.
Leslie, Canal Worker: I landed here on the 21st of January, 1907.
莱斯利，运河工人：我于 1907 年 1 月 21 日登陆这里。
On the appearance of the place I felt like I'll go right back home because everything looked so strange and there no different to being brought up at home so I felt like I'd go back home, but it wasn’t so easy to do that.
从这个地方的外观来看，我觉得我要回家了，因为一切看起来都很奇怪，和在家里长大没有什么不同，所以我觉得我要回家，但要做到这一点并不容易。
Narrator: Recruitment proved especially successful on the tiny island of Barbados, where jobs were scarce, pay was low and young men were an easy target for American advertising.
旁白：事实证明，在巴巴多斯这个小岛上，招聘工作特别成功，那里的工作岗位稀缺，工资低，而且年轻人很容易成为美国广告的目标。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: They created what was called the Panama Man, which was to get someone that went to Panama and bring him back and he will be the advertiser.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：他们创造了所谓的“巴拿马人”，就是让一个去巴拿马的人把他带回来，他将成为广告商。
And what he came back -- when he came back to Barbados from Panama, he came back with white trousers, white jacket, gold teeth, Panama hat, a big smile and monies in their pocket.
当他从巴拿马回到巴巴多斯时，他穿着白裤子、白夹克、金牙、巴拿马帽、灿烂的笑容和口袋里的钱。
And all the other guys in the plantation take a look and say, 'boy I better go down to Panama and get mine too.'
种植园里的所有其他人看了一眼后说：“我最好去巴拿马也去拿我的。”
John W.
约翰·W.
Bowen, Canal Worker: I had some friends and they always getting ready to go and they wanted me to go, and I joined them and I left from St. Lucy.
Bowen，运河工人：我有一些朋友，他们总是准备好去，他们希望我去，我加入了他们，从圣露西出发。
Went to Bridgetown to the transportation office and I signed up there for a trip to the Canal.
去了布里奇敦的交通办公室，我在那里报名参加了运河之旅。
I had no recognition of what was going to happen.
我没有意识到将会发生什么。
I couldn't conceive.
我无法怀孕。
I hadn't yet seen the canal.
我还没有看到运河。
I hadn't yet seen no part of the operation until after I reached employment then I begun to realize what a stupendous affair this would be.
我还没有看到手术的任何部分，直到我找到工作后，我才开始意识到这将是一件多么惊人的事情。
Carlos E.
卡洛斯·E.
Russell, Writer: Panama was perceived as the way of getting riches, but what they did not know was the price that they had to pay to do that.
作家拉塞尔：巴拿马被认为是致富的途径，但他们不知道为此必须付出的代价。
Narrator: The journey from Barbados took an average of eight to 10 days.
旁白：从巴巴多斯出发的旅程平均需要八到十天。
Then came the shock of the canal zone.
接下来是运河区的震动。
Julie Greene, Historian: West Indians found as they got to the Canal Zone that things were very different from what they had known in Barbados.
历史学家朱莉·格林：西印度群岛人在到达运河区时发现，情况与他们在巴巴多斯所了解的情况非常不同。
The United States created a very regimented world.
美国创造了一个非常管制的世界。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: They had shacks and they had bunk beds on all four walls.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：他们有棚屋，四壁都有双层床。
All four walls had bunk beds, three layers of bunk beds.
四壁都有双层床，三层双层床。
Very harsh facilities.
设施非常恶劣。
That was part and parcel of that type of society that was created.
这是所创建的那种类型社会的重要组成部分。
Narrator: As the Barbadians soon learned, everything in the canal zone came down to how you were paid.
旁白：巴巴多斯人很快就了解到，运河区的一切都取决于你的报酬。
Skilled workers -- invariably white -- received their wages in gold; unskilled workers -- who were largely black -- in silver.
技术工人——无一例外是白人——领取黄金工资；非技术工人——大部分是黑人——穿着白银。
So-called Gold Roll employees enjoyed privileges such as paid sick leave and laundry service and holidays off.
所谓的“金卷”员工享有带薪病假、洗衣服务和假期等特权。
For Silver Roll employees, there was nothing of the kind.
对于 Silver Roll 的员工来说，情况并非如此。
Matthew Parker, Author: From this emerged a system of segregation on the works whereby everything was marked either silver or gold whether it was the toilets, whether it was the post office, whether it was a shop or a drinking fountain.
作者马修·帕克：由此出现了一种作品隔离制度，所有东西都被标记为银色或金色，无论是厕所、邮局、商店还是饮水机。
William Daniel Donadio, Canal Worker Descendent: I remember my stepfather talking about it.
威廉·丹尼尔·多纳迪奥（William Daniel Donadio），运河工人后裔：我记得我的继父谈论过这件事。
It was a kind of a polished-up segregation.
这是一种完美的隔离。
It didn't say black and white, but you understood that if you weren't a gold roller and you were a silver roller that you were on the black side.
它没有说黑与白，但你明白，如果你不是金滚子，而你是银滚子，那么你就站在黑色的一边。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: It worked exactly like it worked in the United States.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：它的运作方式与在美国完全相同。
In the States, they called the system for black "colored." In Panama they call it silver.
在美国，他们将黑色系统称为“有色”。在巴拿马，他们称之为银。
With the segregation that was a whole dehumanizing strategy and that gave the moral justification for viewing them as beasts of labor.
种族隔离是一种完全非人性化的策略，这为将他们视为劳动野兽提供了道德理由。
Narrator: In the West Indies, Stevens had found exactly what he needed -- a seemingly inexhaustible supply of men willing to endure harsh treatment and heavy physical labor in exchange for as little as 10 cents an hour.
旁白：在西印度群岛，史蒂文斯找到了他所需要的东西——似乎取之不尽用之不竭的男人愿意忍受严酷的待遇和繁重的体力劳动，以换取每小时 10 美分的报酬。
Carlos E.
卡洛斯·E.
Russell, Writer: They knew that they had to send money home.
作家拉塞尔：他们知道必须寄钱回家。
That was the reality.
这就是现实。
Ten cents an hour was much more than they would make in the Caribbean.
每小时十美分比他们在加勒比海赚的钱多得多。
Narrator: By the close of 1906, Stevens had a labor force of some 24,000 men at his disposal.
旁白：到 1906 年底，史蒂文斯拥有大约 24,000 名劳动力可供他调动。
And though he'd never wanted them, more than 70 percent were West Indians.
尽管他从来不想要他们，但其中 70% 以上是西印度群岛人。
Rose van Hardeveld had made her family whole again by coming to Panama.
罗丝·范·哈德维尔德来到巴拿马，让她的家人再次完整。
But she was one of very few American women in the canal zone, and she'd never been so lonely in her life.
但她是运河区极少数的美国女性之一，她一生中从未如此孤独过。
Jan put in more hours on the job than he ever had in Wyoming, leaving Rose to cope with the miseries of jungle living all on her own.
简在工作上投入的时间比他在怀俄明州的工作时间还要多，让罗丝独自应对丛林生活的痛苦。
In the local stores, she remembered, "not one edible thing looked familiar," and she wound up feeding her children a steady diet of fruit, beans and soggy crackers.
她记得，在当地的商店里，“没有一件可吃的东西看起来是熟悉的”，她最终给孩子们喂了稳定的水果、豆类和湿饼干。
The house smelled of bat droppings, and it was overrun with lizards and insects.
房子里弥漫着蝙蝠粪便的味道，爬满了蜥蜴和昆虫。
"Slowly but surely my natural fortitude was giving way," Rose later wrote, "and I was becoming a nervous, fearful woman." Then her youngest, whom the family called "Sister," came down with a fever.
“慢慢地，但可以肯定的是，我天生的坚韧正在消失，”罗斯后来写道，“我正在变成一个紧张、害怕的女人。”然后她最小的孩子（家人称她为“姐姐”）发烧了。
Rose van Hardeveld (Carolyn McCormick): Her round face was pale, and the cold sweat stood out in beads all over her body.
罗丝·范·哈德维尔德（卡罗琳·麦考密克饰）：她的圆脸苍白，全身冷汗如珠。
It was malaria and dysentery, and a dreary time we had of it.
那是疟疾和痢疾，我们度过了一段沉闷的时光。
She became a limp, feverish little bundle, crying night and day.
她变成了一个软弱无力、发烧的小东西，日夜哭泣。
All the time I was becoming lower and lower in spirits and less able to cope….
一直以来，我的情绪越来越低落，越来越无力应对……。
Narrator: By the time Sister finally recovered, Rose had been driven to the verge of collapse.
旁白：当姐姐终于恢复过来时，罗丝已经被逼到了崩溃的边缘。
"I believe it was the consciousness of what would happen to the children," she wrote, "that kept me from going to pieces." The story was the same all over the canal zone -- malaria, dysentery, pneumonia.
“我相信，正是意识到孩子们会发生什么，”她写道，“才让我没有崩溃。”整个运河区的情况都是一样的——疟疾、痢疾、肺炎。
But nothing was worse than yellow fever.
但没有什么比黄热病更糟糕了。
Each year, epidemics swept across the isthmus killing men by the hundreds, inciting panic, utterly paralyzing the work.
每年，流行病席卷整个地峡，造成数百人死亡，引发恐慌，使工作彻底瘫痪。
Matthew Parker, Author: When the Americans arrived in Panama, it was obviously clear that there had to be a medical officer.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：当美国人抵达巴拿马时，很明显必须有一名医务人员。
And one of the leading yellow fever specialists was an army doctor called Colonel William Gorgas.
一位著名的黄热病专家是一位名叫威廉·戈尔加斯上校的军医。
Gorgas had made his name as a frontier doctor in the United States.
戈尔加斯以美国边境医生的身份而闻名。
And on one of his postings he caught yellow fever.
在他的一篇帖子中，他染上了黄热病。
And he recovered and thereafter he was immune.
他康复了，此后他就免疫了。
And he decided to make it his life's work to battle this terrible disease.
他决定将对抗这种可怕的疾病作为自己一生的工作。
Narrator: For centuries, yellow fever had been thought to be caused by filth, and efforts to combat the disease had revolved entirely around sanitation.
旁白：几个世纪以来，黄热病一直被认为是由污垢引起的，而对抗这种疾病的努力完全围绕着卫生问题。
But during a posting in Havana, Gorgas had developed a new protocol.
但在哈瓦那任职期间，戈尔加斯制定了一项新协议。
Working from an obscure theory in a Cuban medical journal that blamed yellow fever transmission on infected mosquitoes, he had carried out an extensive eradication campaign in Havana.
根据古巴医学杂志上发表的一个晦涩的理论，该理论将黄热病传播归咎于受感染的蚊子，他在哈瓦那开展了广泛的根除运动。
Over the course of one year, yellow fever cases there had fallen by more than 95 percent.
一年来，那里的黄热病病例下降了 95% 以上。
Kill the mosquitoes, Gorgas argued, and yellow fever would disappear.
戈尔加斯认为，杀死蚊子，黄热病就会消失。
Matthew Parker, Author: Gorgas arrived in Panama absolutely 100% convinced that the mosquito theory of yellow fever transmission was correct.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：戈尔加斯抵达巴拿马后，百分百确信蚊子传播黄热病的理论是正确的。
Carol R.
卡罗尔·R。
Byerly, Historian: Gorgas put a proposal together to implement a plan similar to that which he had done in Havana.
历史学家拜尔利：戈尔加斯提出了一项提案，以实施与他在哈瓦那所做的类似的计划。
His project was a lot bigger, though, because in Havana he just had to clean up one city, but in Panama he had to clean up two urban areas separated by 500 square miles of swamp and jungle.
不过，他的项目要大得多，因为在哈瓦那他只需要清理一座城市，但在巴拿马他必须清理两个被 500 平方英里沼泽和丛林隔开的城市地区。
Gorgas put together a $1 million proposal and submitted it to the Panama Canal Commission.
戈尔加斯提出了一份价值 100 万美元的提案，并将其提交给巴拿马运河委员会。
And they approved $50,000 dollars.
他们批准了 50,000 美元。
Fifty thousand dollars.
五万美元。
They just didn’t get what he was trying to do.
他们只是没有明白他想要做什么。
Matthew Parker, Author: The gentlemen of the commission simply didn't believe the mosquito theory.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：委员会的先生们根本不相信蚊子理论。
They called it the veriest balderdash.
他们称之为最胡言乱语。
There was a feeling that we needed a sensible doctor, not this sort of crazy Gorgas with his wild mosquito theories.
有一种感觉，我们需要一位明智的医生，而不是这种疯狂的戈尔加斯，他的蚊子理论很疯狂。
And actually one of the leaders of the canal commission tried to get him fired and replaced with a friend of his who was actually an osteopath with no experience of tropical medicine at all.
事实上，运河委员会的一位领导人试图解雇他，并让他的一位朋友取代他，而这位朋友实际上是一位完全没有热带医学经验的整骨医生。
Narrator: On the eve of Gorgas' dismissal, President Roosevelt received a visitor at his home at Oyster Bay: his personal physician, Dr. Alexander Lambert.
旁白：在戈尔加斯被解职的前夕，罗斯福总统在牡蛎湾的家中接待了一位访客：他的私人医生亚历山大·兰伯特博士。
"You are facing one of the greatest decisions of your career," Lambert told him.
“你正面临着你职业生涯中最伟大的决定之一，”兰伯特告诉他。
"If you fall back on the old methods you will fail, just as the French failed.
“如果你退回到旧方法，你就会失败，就像法国人失败一样。
If you back Gorgas, you will get your canal."
如果你支持戈尔加斯，你就会得到你的运河。”
Carol R.
卡罗尔·R。
Byerly, Historian: Lambert appeals to Roosevelt's ego and he says, "This canal is your project and it's your choice." And Roosevelt buys it.
历史学家拜尔利：兰伯特迎合了罗斯福的自负，他说：“这条运河是你的项目，是你的选择。”罗斯福也相信这一点。
He says, "Get behind Gorgas and give him the authority and the resources he needs." And so mosquito eradication can begin in earnest.
他说：“支持戈尔加斯，给予他所需的权力和资源。”这样就可以认真开始消灭蚊子了。
Narrator: With the blessing and backing of Chief Engineer Stevens, Gorgas launched the most expensive public health campaign in history.
旁白：在总工程师史蒂文斯的祝福和支持下，戈尔加斯发起了历史上最昂贵的公共卫生运动。
Carol R.
卡罗尔·R。
Byerly, Historian: William Gorgas is an army officer.
历史学家拜尔利：威廉·戈尔加斯是一名军官。
So the cleanup effort was conducted with military discipline and precision.
因此，清理工作是按照军事纪律和精确进行的。
He spends $90,000 dollars on screening.
他在放映上花费了 90,000 美元。
He goes about screening off patients so that mosquitoes cannot bite them and transmit their case of yellow fever.
他对病人进行筛查，以免蚊子叮咬他们并传播黄热病。
And he goes about fumigating the houses throughout the Canal Zone to kill adult mosquitoes.
他还对整个运河区的房屋进行熏蒸，以杀死成年蚊子。
And then the more extensive effort is to find mosquito larvae in all of the water sources in town and kill the larvae.
然后更广泛的工作是在城镇的所有水源中找到蚊子幼虫并杀死幼虫。
Matthew Parker, Author: Gorgas had discovered that if you pour oil on top of the water, you smother the mosquito larvae.
马修·帕克，作者：戈尔加斯发现，如果将油倒在水面上，就会窒息蚊子幼虫。
He called them wrigglers.
他称他们为蠕动者。
So he had to go through every single house, every shack in Panama City and Colón, all along the line of the canal and find every single water tank, every little puddle and get them covered with oil.
因此，他必须沿着运河沿线走遍巴拿马城和科隆的每一栋房屋、每一间棚屋，找到每一个水箱、每一个小水坑，并用油覆盖它们。
Carol R.
卡罗尔·R。
Byerly, Historian: Gorgas's team is swarming all over the Panama Canal Zone.
历史学家拜尔利：戈尔加斯的队伍正在巴拿马运河区各处蜂拥而至。
They had to screen gutters.
他们必须屏蔽排水沟。
They had to put lids on water cisterns.
他们必须给水箱盖上盖子。
Gorgas even got a law passed to make it a $5 fine to have a wiggler in your home.
Gorgas 甚至还通过了一项法律，规定家中放置摇摆器将被处以 5 美元的罚款。
He is at war against the mosquitoes.
他正在与蚊子作战。
And he's going to kill them to the last.
他要把他们杀到最后。
Narrator: By August 1906, the monthly tally of new yellow fever cases had fallen by nearly half, to 27.
旁白：到 1906 年 8 月，每月新增黄热病病例数下降了近一半，降至 27 例。
A month later, the count was down to just seven.
一个月后，人数减少到只有七人。
Then, on November 11th, Gorgas called his staff into an autopsy room and told them to take a good look at the corpse on the table.
然后，11 月 11 日，戈尔加斯把他的工作人员叫到尸检室，让他们仔细看看桌子上的尸体。
It was, he rightly predicted, the last yellow fever victim they would ever see.
他正确地预测，这是他们见过的最后一个黄热病受害者。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : The idea that Gorgas was able to conquer this problem is still kind of unbelievable to me.
艾伦，《美国遗产》编辑：：戈尔加斯能够解决这个问题的想法对我来说仍然有点难以置信。
He ended up tracking down individual mosquitoes, which is unbelievable in this, this jungle where it essentially never stops raining.
他最终追踪到了单独的蚊子，这在这个雨不停的丛林里是令人难以置信的。
And it worked and it saved thousands of lives, really was a huge part of what made the digging of the canal possible.
它奏效了，拯救了数千人的生命，这确实是使开凿运河成为可能的重要原因。
Narrator: By the fall of 1906, Stevens' carefully-designed excavation system was running at peak efficiency.
旁白：到 1906 年秋天，史蒂文斯精心设计的挖掘系统正以最高效率运行。
It had taken him the better part of an exhausting year to prepare.
他花了一年的大部分时间来准备。
He'd overseen the construction of thousands of buildings, hired thousands of men, spent thousands upon thousands on new equipment and supplies.
他监督了数千座建筑物的建设，雇佣了数千名工人，花费了数千美元购买新设备和物资。
Finally, the real work of building the canal was underway.
终于，修建运河的真正工程开始了。
Over the months and years to come, millions of cubic yards of rock and earth would have to be loosened and dug and loaded and hauled away -- enough spoil, it was said, to build a Great Wall like China's, clear across the United States.
在接下来的几个月甚至几年里，数百万立方码的岩石和泥土将不得不被松动、挖掘、装载和拖走——据说，这些废料足够建造一座像中国一样的长城，横贯美国。
From Washington, Theodore Roosevelt was watching.
西奥多·罗斯福在华盛顿观看。
Despite the progress in Panama, his pet project lately had come under fire with critics howling about alleged graft and corruption, and American boys supposedly ruined by prostitution and drink.
尽管在巴拿马取得了进展，但他的宠物项目最近受到了批评者的批评，批评者指责涉嫌贪污和腐败，而美国男孩据称因卖淫和酗酒而被毁。
What the President needed now was a new story for the nation's front pages.
总统现在需要的是国家头版的新故事。
Walter LaFeber, Historian: He's got a very big PR problem.
Walter LaFeber，历史学家：他有一个非常大的公关问题。
But if anyone knew how to deal with a PR problem it was Theodore Roosevelt.
但如果有人知道如何处理公关问题，那就是西奥多·罗斯福。
And Roosevelt decides that he'll go down to Panama and see what's going on firsthand.
罗斯福决定前往巴拿马，亲眼看看到底发生了什么。
It's the first time an American president, while in office, leaves the United States.
这是美国总统首次在任期间离开美国。
Narrator: "I want to see how they are going to dig that ditch, how they are going to build that lock; how they are going to get through that cut," Roosevelt told the press.
旁白：“我想看看他们将如何挖那条沟渠，如何建造那个船闸；他们将如何通过那个切口，”罗斯福告诉媒体。
"It's a business trip.
“这是一次商务旅行。
I want to be able to tell people as much as I can about the canal."
我希望能够尽可能多地向人们介绍运河。”
Jackson Lears, Historian: T.R.'s trip to Panama tells you a lot about his mastery of new media.
历史学家杰克逊·李尔斯：T.R. 的巴拿马之行告诉你很多关于他对新媒体的掌握。
He knows that if he goes to Panama it will be a media event.
他知道，如果他去巴拿马，那将成为媒体事件。
Julie Greene, Historian: Newspaper reporters are doing stories on exactly what his stateroom looks like on the ship, where he's going to stop along the way.
朱莉·格林（Julie Greene），历史学家：报纸记者正在报道他的客舱在船上的样子，他将在途中停下来。
You know, even before he gets to Panama it has captured the attention of the country.
你知道，甚至在他到达巴拿马之前，它就已经引起了该国的注意。
Narrator: The Presidential vessel dropped anchor at Limon Bay on November 14th, 1906, an entire day ahead of schedule.
旁白：1906 年 11 月 14 日，总统船在利蒙湾抛锚，比原计划提前了一整天。
Matthew Parker, Author: Everything had been scrubbed and white washed, and made ready for his visit.
马修·帕克，作者：一切都已擦洗干净，为他的来访做好了准备。
There were choirs lined up, there were balls and parties but even before the welcoming party started up their, their songs, he was already on the isthmus.
唱诗班排着队，有舞会和派对，但甚至在欢迎派对开始他们的歌曲之前，他就已经到了地峡。
He had snuck away from his boat and was poking around in the hospitals, and in the barrack rooms.
他偷偷地离开了他的船，在医院和营房里闲逛。
Roosevelt was determined that nothing would be hidden from him.
罗斯福决心不会向他隐瞒任何事情。
He deliberately went when Panama was at its wettest.
他特意在巴拿马最潮湿的时候去。
And it rained and rained and rained as it only can in Panama.
雨一直下着，雨下着，只有巴拿马才能下这样的雨。
Julie Greene, Historian: The rains are coming down.
历史学家朱莉·格林：雨正在下。
And he's, you know, saying, "That's bully great to have so much rain," because he wants to see Panama at its worst.
你知道，他说，“下这么大的雨真是太棒了”，因为他想看到巴拿马最糟糕的情况。
Matthew Parker, Author: Everywhere he went he would make impromptu speeches, urging the workforce to be men, and to fight for this fantastic achievement that would cover the United States with glory.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作家：无论走到哪里，他都会即兴演讲，敦促劳动力成为男性，并为这一伟大的成就而奋斗，让美国充满荣耀。
William Daniel Donadio, Canal Worker Descendent: He made the men that were building there feel like they were special people.
威廉·丹尼尔·多纳迪奥（William Daniel Donadio），运河工人后裔：他让在那里建造的人们感觉自己是特别的人。
Give them pride of what they were doing for the United States.
让他们为自己为美国所做的事情感到自豪。
Matthew Parker, Author: He had this amazing energy.
马修·帕克，作者：他拥有惊人的能量。
The people who were designated to show him around were totally exhausted after the first few hours.
被指定带他参观的人在最初的几个小时后已经筋疲力尽了。
Narrator: For Roosevelt, the biggest draw in the canal zone was the Culebra Cut, where each month Stevens and his crew set a new excavation record.
旁白：对于罗斯福来说，运河区最大的吸引力是库莱布拉河道，史蒂文斯和他的团队每个月都会创造新的挖掘记录。
He got his look early on the second day.
第二天他很早就看到了。
With a flock of newspaper photographers hard on his heels, he marched up to one of the mammoth Bucyrus steam shovels, asked the operator to slide over, and hoisted himself into the driver's seat.
在一群报纸摄影师的紧追不舍下，他走到一辆巨大的比塞洛斯蒸汽铲前，要求操作员滑过去，然后自己坐进了驾驶座。
Julie Greene, Historian: One of the most famous photographs ever taken of the United States president.
朱莉·格林，历史学家：有史以来最著名的美国总统照片之一。
It's a great photo that really announced the key themes of the United States in the Canal Zone: peerless leadership, American industry, efficiency, technology.
这是一张很棒的照片，真正揭示了美国在运河区的关键主题：无与伦比的领导力、美国工业、效率、技术。
Science was going to master the canal project.
科学将掌握运河工程。
It was going to do what France never could have done.
它将做法国永远无法做到的事情。
Narrator: In all, the President spent 12 days on the isthmus -- 12 days that Rose van Hardeveld and many other Americans would remember as the turning point for the canal.
旁白：总统总共在地峡度过了 12 天，这 12 天被罗斯·范·哈德维尔德和许多其他美国人铭记为运河的转折点。
Rose van Hardeveld (Carolyn McCormick): We saw him once, on the end of a train.
罗丝·范·哈德维尔德（卡罗琳·麦考密克饰）：我们在火车尾部见过他一次。
Jan got small flags for the children, and told us about when the train would pass, so we were standing on the [front] steps.
简为孩子们拿了小旗子，并告诉我们火车何时经过，所以我们站在[前]台阶上。
Mr. Roosevelt flashed us one of his well-known toothy smiles and waved his hat at the children as though he wanted to come up the hill and say 'Hello!' I caught some of Jan's confidence in the man.
罗斯福先生向我们展示了他那著名的露齿微笑，并向孩子们挥舞着帽子，好像他想上山来打招呼一样。我发现了简对这个男人的一些信心。
Maybe this ditch will get dug after all, I thought.
我想，也许这条沟最终会被挖出来。
Narrator: Late on the night of January 30th, 1907 -- 18 months into his tenure and at the close of yet another 14-hour day -- John Stevens sat down at his desk in his office near Culebra, and composed a letter to Theodore Roosevelt.
旁白：1907 年 1 月 30 日深夜，也就是他上任 18 个月后，又一个 14 小时的一天结束时，约翰·史蒂文斯坐在库莱布拉附近办公室的办公桌前，写了一封给西奥多·罗斯福的信。
"Mr. President," he wrote, "you have been kind enough on several occasions to instruct me to address you directly and personally and I will in this case.
“总统先生，”他写道，“您曾多次善意地指示我直接亲自向您讲话，在这种情况下我会的。
The "honor" which is continually being held as an incentive for being connected with this work, appeals to me but slightly.
这种“荣誉”作为与这项工作联系在一起的动力而不断被持有，对我来说吸引力不大。
To me, the canal is only a big ditch…."
对我来说，运河只是一条大沟……”
Matthew Parker, Author: It was an extraordinary thing to send to a president.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：把这件事送给总统是一件非同寻常的事情。
He said he didn't like Panama.
他说他不喜欢巴拿马。
He never wanted the job in the first place.
他从一开始就不想得到这份工作。
He'd had enough and he wanted to go and do something far more lucrative elsewhere.
他已经受够了，他想去别的地方做一些更赚钱的事情。
Roosevelt looked at this letter and was absolutely furious.
罗斯福看了这封信，勃然大怒。
He'd been in Panama talking to the workforces, that they were all martial soldiers, they must stick to their tasks.
他曾在巴拿马与工人们交谈，他们都是军人，必须坚守自己的任务。
And now the leader that he had backed was resigning.
现在他支持的领导人要辞职了。
I think Stevens was utterly exhausted.
我认为史蒂文斯已经筋疲力尽了。
And the incredible scale of the problems that he inherited from Wallace -- really it's amazing that he lasted as long as he did.
他从华莱士那里继承的问题规模之大令人难以置信——他能坚持这么久真是令人惊讶。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : Wallace had worn out and quit.
艾伦，《美国遗产》编辑：：华莱士已经精疲力竭，辞职了。
Stevens had worn out and quit.
史蒂文斯已经精疲力竭，退出了。
Roosevelt basically said, "I want a military man who can't quit until I tell him he can quit.
罗斯福基本上说：“我想要一名军人，除非我告诉他他可以辞职，否则他不会辞职。
Who has absolutely no choice.
谁根本没有选择。
That's how it's gotta be from now on." And that's what he got in Goethals.
从现在开始就必须如此。”这就是他在戈索尔斯身上得到的。
Narrator: George Washington Goethals was 48, an expert in hydraulics, and one of the finest engineers in the Army Corps.
旁白：乔治·华盛顿·戈索尔斯（George Washington Goethals）现年 48 岁，是一位液压专家，也是陆军军团中最优秀的工程师之一。
He was also -- as Roosevelt now made plain -- the Chief Engineer who would see the canal through to completion.
正如罗斯福现在明确表示的那样，他也是负责运河竣工的总工程师。
As Goethals told a friend: "It's a case of just plain straight duty."
正如戈索尔斯对一位朋友说的那样：“这只是一个简单的直接职责。”
He arrived on the isthmus in late March 1907.
1907 年 3 月下旬，他抵达地峡。
A month later, the steam shovel men -- the backbone of the entire excavation effort -- went out on strike, demanding a wage increase of more than 40 percent.
一个月后，蒸汽铲工——整个挖掘工作的支柱——举行罢工，要求加薪40%以上。
Matthew Parker, Author: They were already the best paid people on the isthmus.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：他们已经是地峡上收入最高的人了。
And Goethals basically pulled the plug on it.
戈索尔斯基本上就终止了这个计划。
He decided he was going to gradually recruit strikebreakers.
他决定逐步招募破坏罢工者。
Narrator: Hiring new crews would take time.
旁白：雇用新员工需要时间。
Meanwhile, the digging ground to a halt.
与此同时，挖掘工作陷入停顿。
Two weeks passed, then four.
两周过去了，然后是四个星期。
Still, Goethals refused to negotiate.
尽管如此，戈索尔斯还是拒绝谈判。
Instead, he sent the strikers packing.
相反，他让罢工者离开。
None of them would be permitted to return to Panama.
他们中的任何人都不会被允许返回巴拿马。
Matthew Parker, Author: He could deport anyone from the isthmus who it was in any way causing any kind of trouble whatsoever.
马修·帕克，作者：他可以将任何以任何方式造成任何麻烦的人驱逐出地峡。
Anyone who complained, asked for more money, would simply be got rid of.
任何抱怨、索要更多钱的人都会被解雇。
Narrator: By the time the Bucyrus shovels finally went back to work in July manned by new operators, Goethals had made his point.
旁白：当比塞洛斯铲斗最终在 7 月份由新操作员重新投入工作时，戈索尔斯已经表明了自己的观点。
As he later put it, "the outcome showed conclusively that defection by any one class of men could not tie up the whole work."
正如他后来所说，“结果明确表明，任何一类人的叛逃都无法阻碍整个工作。”
Matthew Parker, Author: George Goethals became known as the Czar of Panama.
马修·帕克，作者：乔治·戈索尔斯被称为巴拿马沙皇。
He not only ran the engineering effort, he also ran the canal zone government, the post office, the commissaries.
他不仅负责工程工作，还负责运河区政府、邮局、小卖部。
Everything reported directly to him.
一切都直接向他汇报。
He had total power on the isthmus.
他对地峡拥有完全的权力。
And his express mission was that everything was subservient to getting the canal made.
他的明确使命是一切都服从于修建运河。
Narrator: By the time Goethals took over, the Americans had been in Panama for three years, and the bulk of the work still lay ahead.
旁白：戈索尔斯接任时，美国人已经在巴拿马呆了三年，大部分工作仍在等待着。
On both the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the isthmus, the lock basins had yet to be dug and the locks themselves constructed.
在地峡的大西洋和太平洋两侧，船闸盆地尚未挖掘，船闸本身尚未建造。
At Gatún, the site where the Chagres would be dammed to form the lake, a foundation of solid rock had to be laid before building could even begin.
在加通，也就是查格雷斯河筑坝形成湖泊的地方，在开始建造之前必须先打好坚固的岩石地基。
Meanwhile, to keep the river from continually flooding the works at Culebra, a massive dike had to be put up at Gamboa.
与此同时，为了防止河流不断淹没库莱布拉的工程，必须在甘博亚修建一座巨大的堤坝。
And then, there was Cut itself.
然后，还有 Cut 本身。
Excavation had so far managed to widen it by over 100 feet, but the immense task of digging down had barely begun.
到目前为止，挖掘工作已将其拓宽了 100 多英尺，但挖掘的艰巨任务才刚刚开始。
With Goethals in charge, the Culebra Cut would become a round-the-clock operation, with as many as 6,000 men at work at any given time.
在 Goethals 的领导下，库莱布拉切割将成为全天候作业，任何时间都有多达 6,000 名工人在工作。
Matthew Parker, Author: If we arrived there now I think the first thing would strike us would be the noise.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：如果我们现在到达那里，我想首先让我们震惊的是噪音。
There would be maybe 300 drills going.
可能会有 300 场演习正在进行。
There would be 60 or 70 shovels each with three or four trains.
总共有 60 或 70 个铲子，每个铲子有 3 到 4 个列车。
There were constant explosions.
爆炸声不断。
And all of this noise would reverberate off the walls.
所有这些噪音都会从墙壁上回荡。
As well as the noise, it was immensely hot, up to as much as a 120 degrees.
除了噪音之外，温度也非常高，高达 120 度。
Very soon it became known as Hell's Gorge.
很快它就被称为地狱峡谷。
And more than anything, it was incredibly dangerous.
最重要的是，这是极其危险的。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : The Culebra Cut was the most challenging part to dig because you had to get down through so much earth that became so much mud when it rained as it did almost nonstop for nine months out of the year.
艾伦，《美国遗产》编辑：：库莱布拉切口是挖掘中最具挑战性的部分，因为你必须穿过如此多的泥土，这些泥土在下雨时会变成泥浆，一年中有九个月几乎不间断。
There were just constant landslides.
只是不断发生山体滑坡。
William Daniel Donadio, Canal Worker Descendent: They'd hear this tooting of the whistle.
威廉·丹尼尔·多纳迪奥（William Daniel Donadio），运河工人后裔：他们会听到哨声。
Blaring out, and they'd know that something went wrong, a slide.
大声喊出来，他们就会知道出问题了，幻灯片。
So they had to use pick and shovels to dig them out.
所以他们不得不用镐和铲子把它们挖出来。
They knew that a next slide could come down on them too and bury them too.
他们知道下一张幻灯片也可能落在他们身上并埋葬他们。
The mountain didn't want to be crushed the way they did it, and the mountain fought back.
这座山不想像他们那样被压碎，所以它进行了反击。
Narrator: The slides came without warning, again and again, wiping out months of work in an instant, twisting track and machinery beyond recognition, literally burying men alive.
旁白：幻灯片一次又一次地毫无征兆地出现，瞬间毁掉了数月的工作，使轨道和机械扭曲得面目全非，简直把人活埋了。
Nearly all of the victims were West Indians.
几乎所有受害者都是西印度群岛人。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: There were no safety guidelines.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：没有安全指南。
There was no labor guidelines.
没有劳工准则。
Every day men died.
每天都有人死去。
It was a regular situation.
这是一种常见的情况。
So now they have to bring in more men and more men and more men.
所以现在他们必须引进更多的人，更多的人，更多的人。
Narrator: Assigned to the most punishing and hazardous work in the Cut, the West Indians were ones on the ground -- hauling lumber and ties, shoveling the earth, laying the dynamite that was used to blast through the mountains.
旁白：西印第安人被分配到山地进行最艰苦、最危险的工作，他们都是地面人员——拖运木材和绳索，铲土，铺设炸药，用于炸穿山脉。
Eustace Tabois, Canal Worker: They had to drill these holes, you know, through the rock.
尤斯塔斯·塔布瓦 (Eustace Tabois)，运河工人：他们必须在岩石上钻这些孔。
And after they get down to a certain depth they fill it with dynamite.
当他们到达一定深度后，他们会用炸药填充其中。
Then when they are ready, they give you warning so that you go and take shelter.
然后，当他们准备好时，他们会警告你，让你去避难。
Granville Clarke, Canal Worker: Three, four, five places start to blast.
运河工人格兰维尔·克拉克：三、四、五个地方开始爆炸。
Big rocks going up in the air.
大石头升到空中。
What happens sometimes is somebody make a mistake and touch the wire and that guy is gone up too.
有时会发生这样的情况：有人犯了一个错误，触碰了电线，那个人也跟着上去了。
John W.
约翰·W.
Bowen, Canal Worker: It happened a Sunday morning when the pay car was there paying men.
Bowen，运河工人：事情发生在周日早上，当时付费车正在那里付钱。
Pay car and all was in the explosion.
付费汽车，一切都在爆炸中。
A couple a hundred men, a couple a hundred men.
几百人，几百人。
Like you see bits of men here, and the head yonder, all those picking it up for days.
就像你看到这里有一些人，那边有一些人的头，所有这些人都在好几天里捡起它。
Boy that wasn't an easy day, I tell you, Sunday morning.
我告诉你，周日早上，这可不是轻松的一天。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: My Grandfather told me the guys that go up front with the dynamite, that they would leave with their buddies their belongings, cause they never know if they are coming back up.
梅森，纽约巴拿马委员会：我的祖父告诉我，那些带着炸药走在前面的人，他们会把自己的财物留给他们的伙伴，因为他们永远不知道自己是否会回来。
It was a daily situation that today, this morning, you have breakfast, and somebody at that table having breakfast may not be there for that evening so it is that type of situation.
这是一种日常情况，今天，今天早上，你吃早餐，而那张桌子上吃早餐的人那天晚上可能不在，所以就是这种情况。
Eustace Tabois, Canal Worker: Now that I am old and sometimes I sit down there, and these things recollection, you know.
尤斯塔斯·塔布瓦（Eustace Tabois），运河工人：现在我老了，有时我会坐在那里，回忆起这些事情，你知道。
And what I went through on the Panama Canal, and I'm still alive.
我在巴拿马运河上经历过什么，但我还活着。
I raise my hands to God.
我向上帝举起双手。
I say, "Thank God, thank You." Because I could have been, I could have been dead several times.
我说：“感谢上帝，谢谢你。”因为我本可以，我本可以死好几次。
Narrator: As the weeks went by, the death toll rose.
旁白：几周过去了，死亡人数不断上升。
Eventually, Goethals had the railroad tracks extended all the way out to Mount Hope Cemetery, so that the bodies could be buried more easily.
最终，戈索尔斯将铁轨一直延伸到希望山公墓，以便更容易埋葬尸体。
Meanwhile, with each passing month, the cut at Culebra grew deeper.
与此同时，随着时间的推移，库莱布拉的伤口越来越深。
Rose van Hardeveld (Carolyn McCormick): …with the darkness came noises so weird and uncanny as to make the flesh creep with the strangeness of it all.
罗丝·范·哈德维尔德（卡罗琳·麦考密克饰）：……黑暗中传来奇怪而不可思议的声音，这一切的陌生感使人毛骨悚然。
The very worst was the wailing for the dead that came from the labor camp below us.
最糟糕的是从我们下面的劳改营里传来的对死者的哀号。
When one of their number died the friends and kindred of the deceased would drink rum and wail and sing Old English Gospel hymns.
当他们中的一名成员去世时，死者的朋友和亲属会喝朗姆酒，哭泣并唱古英语福音赞美诗。
No matter how fast asleep I might be, when the first sound of that eerie screeching slapped the air, I was wide awake and out of bed.
不管我睡得有多熟，当第一声令人毛骨悚然的尖叫声拍打空气时，我就完全清醒了，从床上爬了起来。
It was like the dance of the witches….
这就像女巫的舞蹈......
Narrator: Looking back later, Rose van Hardeveld would marvel that she and Jan had ever gotten used to living in Panama.
旁白：后来回想起来，罗丝·范·哈德维尔德会惊叹她和简竟然已经习惯了巴拿马的生活。
More than once, she recalled, their commitment to the project had wavered.
她回忆说，他们对这个项目的承诺不止一次动摇过。
And after Jan's closest friend was killed, they actually had considered going home.
在简最亲密的朋友被杀后，他们实际上考虑过回家。
"Why should we stay any longer?" Rose remembered thinking.
“我们为什么要再呆下去？”罗丝记得自己在想。
"The canal could get built, eventually, without us."
“运河最终可以在没有我们的情况下建成。”
Matthew Parker, Author: The Americans had a very serious problem in that the white workforce were largely arriving and pretty much leaving straightaway.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：美国人面临着一个非常严重的问题，因为白人劳动力大部分来了又几乎立即离开。
They didn't like working in Panama.
他们不喜欢在巴拿马工作。
And right up until 1907, there was something like a 100% turnover in white staff.
直到 1907 年，白人员工的流动率几乎达到 100%。
This was a potentially deal-breaking problem.
这是一个潜在的破坏交易的问题。
And the answer to it was to provide every single home comfort that they could.
答案是尽可能提供一切家庭舒适感。
Narrator: For Rose and Jan, the inducement to stay came in the summer of 1908, in the form of a newly-built cottage on a pretty, tree-lined street.
旁白：对于罗斯和简来说，留下来的诱因是在 1908 年夏天，在一条美丽的绿树成荫的街道上新建了一座小屋。
"The house was clean and comfortable," Rose remembered, "just about the type of home a man in the States would try to provide for his family."
“房子干净又舒适，”罗斯回忆道，“这就是美国男人为家人提供的那种房子。”
As time passed, there were other improvements as well: ice boxes and electricity and YMCA clubhouses -- built by the government and outfitted with card rooms, pool tables and libraries.
随着时间的推移，还有其他的改进：冰箱、电力和基督教青年会俱乐部会所——由政府建造，配备棋牌室、台球桌和图书馆。
There were dances on Saturday nights and baseball games on Sunday, more than three dozen churches, and scores of clubs and fraternal organizations -- the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen and the Odd Fellows, Sojourner's Lodge and the Knights of Pythias.
周六晚上有舞会，周日有棒球比赛，还有三打以上的教堂，还有数十个俱乐部和兄弟组织——铁路列车员兄弟会和奇怪的同伴、旅居者旅馆和皮蒂亚斯骑士团。
As Rose remembered it, all the perks had their desired effect.
罗斯记得，所有的福利都达到了预期的效果。
American men stayed in Panama longer, their wives and children came to join them, and friendships in the Canal Zone deepened.
美国男人在巴拿马停留的时间更长，他们的妻子和孩子也来加入他们，运河区的友谊也加深了。
"We drew together in a sort of a compact clique," Rose recalled.
“我们形成了一个紧密的小集团，”罗斯回忆道。
"And nothing else seemed quite so important as this immense project moving gradually and steadily to completion.
“似乎没有什么比这个巨大的项目逐步、稳定地完成更重要了。
This was our life."
这就是我们的生活。”
Julie Greene, Historian: The canal project increasingly became looked upon by Americans as kind of a utopian representation of the United States.
历史学家朱莉·格林：运河工程越来越被美国人视为美国乌托邦的代表。
You know, there are these glowing journalistic accounts of it -- the workers are happy, everyone is well fed, contented.
你知道，有这些热情洋溢的新闻报道——工人们很高兴，每个人都吃得饱饱的，很满足。
The reality was that it was a very autocratic state.
现实是，这是一个非常专制的国家。
No freedom of speech, no rights to a union, more power being asserted at every step.
没有言论自由，没有工会权利，每一步都在伸张更多的权力。
The United States government was creating an efficient factory workforce for this incredible earth-shifting project on the isthmus of Panama.
美国政府正在为巴拿马地峡这一令人难以置信的翻天覆地的项目打造一支高效的工厂劳动力队伍。
Matthew Parker, Author: There was no democracy at all.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：根本不存在民主。
But at the same time, things got done.
但与此同时，事情也完成了。
Mountains were moved.
山被移走了。
It worked.
它起作用了。
Narrator: By 1911, the Americans were finally making real progress on the canal -- and headlines all over the world.
旁白：到 1911 年，美国人终于在运河上取得了真正的进展，并成为全世界的头条新闻。
Suddenly now, tourists from everywhere were flocking to Panama to see the engineering marvel of the age.
突然之间，来自世界各地的游客纷纷涌向巴拿马，一睹这个时代的工程奇迹。
What the Americans were doing with the canal, said one awed visitor, was "the greatest liberty ever taken with nature." No aspect of the construction compelled such fascination as the gargantuan locks -- the so-called "mighty portals to the Panama Gateway."
一位敬畏的游客说，美国人对运河所做的事情是“对大自然最大的自由”。这座建筑的任何一个方面都没有像巨大的船闸——所谓的“通往巴拿马门户的强大门户”那样令人着迷。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : These locks are these huge concrete structures with these incredibly elaborate culverts.
艾伦，《美国遗产》编辑：：这些船闸是巨大的混凝土结构，带有极其精致的涵洞。
They are this enormous engineering challenge, the biggest engineering project there has been in the history of the earth until then.
这是一个巨大的工程挑战，是迄今为止地球历史上最大的工程项目。
Narrator: In all, some 5 million bags and barrels of concrete went into the building of the locks, dams and spillways.
旁白：总共大约有 500 万袋和桶混凝土被用于建造船闸、水坝和溢洪道。
Mixed on-site and deposited into enormous six-ton buckets, the concrete was then hoisted by crane, delivered by cableway, and poured from above.
混凝土在现场混合并存放在六吨重的巨大桶中，然后用起重机吊装，通过索道运送，并从上方浇注。
The amount poured at Gatún alone -- some 2 million cubic yards -- could have built a wall 12 feet high and long enough to encircle the island of Manhattan more than four times.
仅在加通倾注的水量（约 200 万立方码）就可以建造一堵 12 英尺高和长的围墙，足以环绕曼哈顿岛四圈以上。
Matthew Parker, Author: This was far bigger locks than had ever been constructed before.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：这比以前建造的船闸要大得多。
And really it was about just doing everything much bigger.
事实上，这只是做更大的事情。
There were a couple of very clever ideas, one of which was to have the lock gates hollow and water tight, so therefore buoyant, which meant that far less of the weight had to be carried by the locks' hinges.
有几个非常聪明的想法，其中之一就是让船闸门中空且防水，因此具有浮力，这意味着船闸铰链所承受的重量要少得多。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : Although they were 80-some feet high they were so precisely balanced that they could be operated by a single 40-horse power motor.
美国遗产编辑艾伦：：虽然它们有 80 多英尺高，但它们的平衡非常精确，可以由一台 40 马力的发动机驱动。
Matthew Parker, Author: The whole operation was powered by electricity.
马修·帕克（Matthew Parker），作者：整个操作都是由电力驱动的。
And this was in very early days before many factories were electrified.
这是在许多工厂还没有实现电气化之前的早期。
And this electricity was generated nearby by water from the spillway, by hydroelectric, and this powered all of the systems that made the locks work.
这些电力是由附近溢洪道的水通过水力发电产生的，为所有使船闸工作的系统提供动力。
The locks were the mechanical marvel of the canal.
这些船闸是运河的机械奇迹。
Narrator: "These locks are more than just tons of concrete," said one observer.
旁白：“这些船闸不仅仅是数吨混凝土，”一位观察者说。
"They are the answer of courage and faith to doubt and unbelief.
“它们是勇气和信念对怀疑和不信的答案。
In them are the blood and sinew of a great and hopeful nation, the fulfillment of ancient ideals and the promise of larger growth to come."
他们身上蕴藏着一个伟大而充满希望的国家的血脉和力量，是古老理想的实现，也是未来更大发展的希望。”
In the spring of 1913, nine years almost to the day after the Americans started work on the Panama Canal, they began, at last, to finish it.
1913 年春天，几乎是美国人开始修建巴拿马运河九年后的那一天，他们终于开始完工了。
In May, steam shovels number 222 and 230 dumped their last loads and met in the center of Culebra Cut.
5 月，222 号和 230 号蒸汽铲卸载了最后一批货物，并在库莱布拉切口中心汇合。
In June, the last spillway at Gatún Dam was sealed, allowing the waters of Gatún Lake to rise to their full height.
六月，加通大坝的最后一个溢洪道被封闭，使加通湖的水位达到最高点。
In August, the dikes at either end of the line were blown, and the oceans rushed inland to the gates of the locks.
八月，防线两端的堤坝被炸毁，海水冲入内陆，冲向船闸的闸门。
In September, the first trial lockage was made from the Atlantic harbor at Colón all the way up to the lake.
9月，首次试航从科隆的大西洋港口一直到湖边。
By summer's end, there was only one remaining dry span in the channel -- the nine-mile stretch of Culebra Cut, and that was to be flooded on Monday, October 10th.
到夏末，河道中只剩下一处干涸的河段——库莱布拉河道长达 9 英里的一段，并将于 10 月 10 日星期一被洪水淹没。
Early that afternoon, a crowd began to gather at Gamboa, on the edge of Gatún Lake -- workers and their families, visiting dignitaries from the United States, tourists from as far away as Europe and East Asia.
那天下午早些时候，一群人开始聚集在加通湖畔的甘博阿——工人及其家人、来自美国的来访贵宾、来自远至欧洲和东亚的游客。
At 2pm, in a stunt devised by a newspaperman, President Woodrow Wilson was scheduled to push a button at his desk in the White House, releasing by telegraph a current that would blow up the Gamboa dike and send the waters of Gatún Lake rushing into the Cut.
下午 2 点，按照一名新闻记者设计的噱头，伍德罗·威尔逊总统按计划按下白宫办公桌上的一个按钮，通过电报释放一股水流，炸毁甘博阿堤坝，让加通湖的水冲进河口。
Rose van Hardeveld (Carolyn McCormick): We could easily see the dike with men still working around it.
罗丝·范·哈德维尔德（卡罗琳·麦考密克）：我们可以很容易地看到堤坝周围有人仍在工作。
Not many yards to one side was the gash of the Cut, not very deep here.
切口一侧不远几码处就是切口，这里不是很深。
The small waves lapped eagerly at the edge, as though the lake was also waiting to let go some of its overload of water.
小浪急切地拍打着湖边，仿佛湖水也在等待释放掉一些超载的水。
Tension mounted…
张力安装…
Narrator: As Jan van Hardeveld put it to Rose, the event would either be "a historic success -- or a historic failure.
旁白：正如扬·范·哈德维尔德 (Jan van Hardevald) 对罗斯所说，这次活动要么是“历史性的成功，要么是历史性的失败”。
No one knows." At Gamboa, the clock struck two.
没有人知道。”在甘博阿，时钟敲响了两点。
Rose van Hardeveld (Carolyn McCormick): There was a reverent silence.
罗丝·范·哈德维尔德（卡罗琳·麦考密克）：大家肃然起敬。
No one spoke at all.
根本没有人说话。
There was a low rumble, a dull muffled B-O-O-M!
传来一声低沉的隆隆声，一种沉闷的、低沉的“B-O-O-M”！
A triple column shot high in the center, turned, and gracefully fell to both sides like a fountain.
一根三重柱子从中央高高射出，然后转身，像喷泉一样优雅地落到两侧。
From the multitude came a spontaneous long, loud roar of such joy and relief that I felt sure I would remember the sound all my life.
人群中自发地发出一声长长的、响亮的欢呼声，充满了喜悦和宽慰，我确信我会终生记住这个声音。
As the water poured out of the lake into the Cut, hats came off.
当水从湖中涌入切口时，帽子就脱落了。
We saw Jan and the engineer in charge of the Cut shake hands.
我们看到简和负责切割的工程师握手。
They were both crying.
他们都哭了。
We were crying, too.
我们也哭了。
Narrator: The canal's official opening was scheduled for August 15th, 1914.
旁白：运河定于 1914 年 8 月 15 日正式通航。
Twelve days before, a ship called the Cristobal made a final practice run -- and became the first seagoing vessel ever to successfully cross from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific through the Panama Canal.
十二天前，一艘名为“克里斯托瓦尔”号的船进行了最后一次练习，并成为第一艘成功通过巴拿马运河从大西洋横渡太平洋的海船。
Frederick E.
弗雷德里克·E.
Allen, Editor, American Heritage: : It's pretty amazing going through the locks.
艾伦，《美国遗产》编辑：：穿过船闸真是太神奇了。
You nose forward into this space and then 26 million gallons of water pour by gravity through underground culverts into that lock and raise you up 30 feet or so.
你向前探入这个空间，然后 2600 万加仑的水在重力作用下通过地下涵洞倒入那个水闸，并将你提升 30 英尺左右。
It's an amazing, beautiful, dramatic experience.
这是一次奇妙、美丽、戏剧性的经历。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: When you're on the ship and you feel it rising up, you move and you feel it rising up, and you're witnessing what's happening.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：当你在船上时，你感觉到它在上升，你移动，你感觉到它在上升，你正在目睹正在发生的事情。
The ship climbing a mountain.
船在爬山。
I mean, that is mind-boggling.
我的意思是，这令人难以置信。
Narrator: It had taken 10 years of ceaseless, grinding toil, an outlay of more than $350 million -- the largest single federal expenditure in history to that time -- and the loss of more than 5,000 lives.
旁白：这需要 10 年不间断的艰苦努力，花费超过 3.5 亿美元（当时历史上最大的单一联邦支出），并造成 5,000 多人丧生。
But the successful completion of the Panama Canal had defined the United States to the world, and announced the arrival of a new power for the new century.
但巴拿马运河的成功竣工，向世界定义了美国，并宣告了新世纪新强国的到来。
Jackson Lears, Historian: It was a symbol to Americans.
历史学家杰克逊·李尔斯：它对美国人来说是一个象征。
This is what American power, technological know-how, determination, managerial organization, all of those things that Americans prided themselves on and still do to a certain extent, this is what it can do for the whole world.
这就是美国的实力、技术知识、决心、管理组织，所有这些美国人引以为豪并且在一定程度上仍在做的事情，这就是它能为全世界做的事情。
Ovidio Diaz Espino, Writer: After 500 years of people dreaming, now it was done.
奥维迪奥·迪亚兹·埃斯皮诺（Ovidio Diaz Espino），作家：经过 500 年人们的梦想，现在它已经实现了。
The Atlantic and Pacific oceans were forever united.
大西洋和太平洋永远连在一起。
The United States was now firmly established as the most powerful nation on Earth.
美国现已牢固确立为地球上最强大的国家。
Matthew Parker, Author: It all occurred at such a pivotal moment in our history.
作者马修·帕克：这一切都发生在我们历史上的关键时刻。
The failure of the French effort was very much the sort of the dying gasp of the Victorian age that had been dominated by Europe.
法国努力的失败很像欧洲主导的维多利亚时代的垂死喘息。
With the opening of the American canal, the power in the world had shifted irrevocably and the American century effectively could begin.
随着美国运河的开通，世界力量发生了不可逆转的转移，美国世纪实际上可以开始了。
Narrator: Though the Panama Canal was arguably his greatest legacy, Theodore Roosevelt never saw it once it was finished.
旁白：尽管巴拿马运河可以说是他最伟大的遗产，但西奥多·罗斯福在竣工后却从未亲眼目睹过它。
An expedition to South America kept him from attending the canal's official opening, and he never again visited the isthmus.
由于一次南美探险活动，他未能参加运河的正式开通仪式，之后他再也没有去过地峡。
Of the tens of thousands of West Indians who had come to Panama to build the canal, most simply returned home again, quite often with not much more money in their pockets than they'd had when they left.
在数以万计的来到巴拿马修建运河的西印度群岛人中，大多数人只是再次返回家乡，他们口袋里的钱往往比他们离开时没有多多少。
Marco A.
马可·A.
Mason, Panamanian Council of New York: The building of it was a harsh nightmare for the diggers, but it's one of the wonders of the world.
纽约巴拿马委员会梅森：它的建设对挖掘者来说是一场残酷的噩梦，但它是世界奇迹之一。
And it's with pride that my grandfather and his contemporaries look across at that.
我的祖父和他的同代人对此感到自豪。
Knowing that it was one of the biggest enterprise that the world had ever seen, and that they have participated in that.
知道这是世界上有史以来最大的企业之一，并且他们参与了其中。
They did it.
他们做到了。
Narrator: For Jan and Rose van Hardeveld, the years in Panama had been an epic adventure.
旁白：对于简·范·哈德维尔德和罗斯·范·哈德维尔德来说，在巴拿马的岁月是一场史诗般的冒险。
Of all the Americans who had been employed on the isthmus, Jan was one of the very few who had been there since the beginning, and, as Rose remembered, the award he'd earned for long service, the Roosevelt medal, was always in his pocket.
在所有曾在地峡工作过的美国人中，简是极少数从一开始就在那里的人之一，正如罗斯所记得的那样，他因长期服务而获得的奖项——罗斯福奖章，一直装在他的口袋里。
Sometimes, in the evening, she would find him staring off into the distance, turning the tiny scrap of metal over and over in his hand.
有时，在晚上，她会发现他凝视着远方，把那块小金属片在手里翻来覆去。
Jan van Hardeveld (Josh Hamilton): I couldn't help thinking of those who worked beside me who lost their lives.
扬·范·哈德维尔德（乔什·汉密尔顿）：我情不自禁地想起了那些在我身边工作并失去生命的人。
I thought of the many times when I nearly gave in to doubts that the Canal could ever be completed, that it was ever meant to be.
我想起很多次我几乎怀疑运河能否竣工，怀疑它是否本来就应该竣工。
But most of all, I was remembering how my answer to my own doubts, every time, was my faith in my country.
但最重要的是，我记得每次我对自己疑虑的回答都是我对祖国的信心。
I have always believed America could accomplish anything she set out to do.
我一直相信美国能够完成她打算做的任何事情。
In 1914 the Panama Canal opened, connecting the world's two largest oceans.
1914年巴拿马运河开通，连接了世界上最大的两个海洋。
Ride through the Panama canal with this time-lapse video of the locks in action.
观看这段闸门运行的延时视频，穿越巴拿马运河。
Forty five years after the U.S. first considered building it, the Panama Canal opened to the public.
美国首次考虑修建巴拿马运河四十五年后，巴拿马运河向公众开放。
Explore a timeline of events.
探索事件的时间表。
In 1932, FDR was elected on a campaign promising a New Deal for the American people.
1932 年，罗斯福在一场承诺为美国人民实施新政的竞选活动中当选。
Life for workers in the Canal Zone was filled with hardships: constant rain, backbreaking work, racial tension, and the constant fear of yellow fever or malaria
运河区工人们的生活充满艰辛：持续的降雨、繁重的工作、种族紧张以及对黄热病或疟疾的持续恐惧
How would a ship travel across the Panamanian Isthmus?
轮船如何穿越巴拿马地峡？
Here's a quick demonstration.
这是一个快速演示。
In 2007, the Panamanian government launched a $5.25 billion, seven-year project to update and improve the canal.
2007年，巴拿马政府启动了一项耗资52.5亿美元、为期七年的项目来更新和改善运河。
During the decade-long American effort to build the Panama Canal, the project had three different Chief Engineers.
在美国长达十年的巴拿马运河建设过程中，该项目经历了三位不同的总工程师。
Read President Theodore Roosevelt's message to Congress after returning from the Canal Zone in Panama.
阅读西奥多·罗斯福总统从巴拿马运河区返回后给国会的致辞。