Victory in the Pacific
Narrator: : In June 1944 a vast American armada began the siege of Saipan in the Mariana Islands of the Central Pacific.
旁白： 1944 年 6 月，一支庞大的美国舰队开始围攻中太平洋马里亚纳群岛的塞班岛。
Its airfields would put American bombers within range of Tokyo.
它的机场将使美国轰炸机处于东京的射程之内。
The end of the war against Japan seemed in sight.
对日战争似乎即将结束。
The landing at Saipan would be as decisive for the war against Emperor Hirohito as the Normandy landing, a few days earlier, would be for the war against Hitler.
塞班岛登陆对对抗裕仁天皇的战争具有决定性作用，就像几天前的诺曼底登陆对对抗希特勒的战争具有决定性作用一样。
Edward Drea, Historian: : The loss of the Marianas was of critical importance to Japan, and the leaders knew it immediately.
历史学家爱德华·德雷（Edward Drea）：马里亚纳群岛的丧失对日本至关重要，领导人立即就知道了这一点。
You even have an entry in the, oh, confidential war diary that says, "All we can expect now is a slow and steady road to defeat." But they don't give up.
你甚至在秘密战争日记中写到：“我们现在所能期待的就是一条缓慢而稳定的失败之路。”但他们并没有放弃。
They're beaten from this point on, but they don't give up.
从现在起他们就被打败了，但他们并没有放弃。
Toshi Hasegawa, Historian: In dictionary of Japanese army, there's no term "surrender".
历史学家长谷川敏：日本军队的字典里没有“投降”这个词。
You have to fight to the end.
你必须战斗到底。
Richard Frank, Author: This, for most Americans, placed the Japanese simply beyond the pale, not merely people of a different race but virtually aliens from another galaxy.
理查德·弗兰克（Richard Frank），作者：对于大多数美国人来说，这让日本人完全超出了他们的范围，不仅是不同种族的人，而且实际上是来自另一个星系的外星人。
Donald Miller, Historian: These are, to a lot of American troops, you know, monkeys with machine guns.
历史学家唐纳德·米勒：对于很多美国军队来说，这些人就是拿着机枪的猴子。
Narrator: : And to the Japanese, the Americans are big hairy red beasts, who are going to defile our culture, rape our women.
旁白：：对于日本人来说，美国人是毛茸茸的红色大野兽，他们将玷污我们的文化，强奸我们的妇女。
This is a war that's going to fly out of control.
这是一场即将失控的战争。
It becomes a war of racial savagery that culminates in a decision to drop an atomic bomb as an act of liberation to end the thing.
它变成了一场种族野蛮的战争，最终决定投下原子弹作为结束这一切的解放行动。
Conrad Crane, Historian: : We tend to focus today on the bomb as some kind of key decision of 1945, that all these leaders are agonizing whether to use the bomb or not.
历史学家康拉德·克兰 (Conrad Crane)：我们今天倾向于将炸弹视为 1945 年的某种关键决定，所有这些领导人都在纠结是否使用炸弹。
They weren't agonizing about that at all.
他们根本没有为此烦恼。
Narrator: In the annals of warfare the final year of the war in the Pacific stands alone.
旁白：在战争史上，太平洋战争的最后一年是独一无二的。
It would be as brutal as war gets a death embrace between America demanding unconditional surrender.
这将像美国之间要求无条件投降的死亡拥抱一样残酷。
And Japan desperate to resist.
而日本则拼命抵抗。
Narrator: By 1944, the fierce resistance of the Japanese Imperial Army was familiar to American troops.
旁白：到了1944年，美国军队已经熟悉了日本皇军的激烈抵抗。
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, as they began to retake the Pacific, they saw it in the Gilbert Islands where, of a Japanese garrison of almost 2600 on Tarawa, only eight did not fight to the death.
日本偷袭珍珠港后，当他们开始夺回太平洋时，他们在吉尔伯特群岛看到了这一点，在塔拉瓦岛的近 2600 名日本驻军中，只有 8 人没有战斗至死。
They saw it in the Marshall Islands where, of almost 5,000 Japanese troops on Kwajelein, only 79 survived.
他们在马绍尔群岛看到了这一点，夸杰林岛上的近 5,000 名日军中只有 79 人幸存。
And in the Marianas, they saw 30,000 on Saipan reduced to 1,000.
在马里亚纳群岛，塞班岛的人数从 30,000 人减少到 1,000 人。
The day after the battle for Saipan ended, they saw something they had never witnessed before.
塞班岛战役结束的第二天，他们就看到了以前从未见过的景象。
A Marine told TIME correspondent Robert Sherrod, "There were hundreds of Jap civilians up here on this cliff.
一名海军陆战队员告诉《时代》杂志记者罗伯特·谢罗德：“悬崖上有数百名日本平民。
In the most routine way, they would jump off.
按照最常规的方式，他们会跳下去。
I saw a father throw his three children off, and then jump himself."
我看到一位父亲把他的三个孩子扔了下去，然后自己跳了下去。”
Koyu Shiroma, Age 5 in 1944: : My father usually tell me, you know, "American people going to kill you, someday, somehow.
Koyu Shiroma，1944 年 5 岁：：我父亲通常告诉我，你知道，“美国人民有一天会以某种方式杀掉你。
It's better off dying than caught by American soldier." My father told me so I just follow people, people, and lot of people jump the cliff.
死了比被美国士兵抓住要好。”我父亲告诉我，所以我只是跟随人们，人们，很多人跳下悬崖。
So everybody jumping, so I just jump myself.
所以每个人都跳，所以我就自己跳。
I find I was hanging on a tree.
我发现我挂在一棵树上。
Branch caught me, save me.
布兰奇抓住了我，救救我。
Anyway, I can laugh now because I'm here.
不管怎样，我现在可以笑了，因为我在这里。
I was just hanging there over the cliff.
我只是挂在悬崖上。
Then few minutes later other people jumping.
几分钟后，其他人也跳了起来。
Whole families jumping.
全家人都跳起来。
Some people say " hamnohaim banzai".
有人说“hamnohaim banzai”。
"Banzai".
“万岁”。
"The sea is so congested with floating bodies," a Naval officer told Sherrod, "we can't avoid running them down." "Saipan is the first invaded Jap territory populated with more than a handful of civilians," Sherrod wrote.
一名海军军官告诉谢罗德：“大海里充满了漂浮的尸体，我们无法避免将它们撞落。”谢罗德写道：“塞班岛是第一个被入侵的日本领土，那里有不少平民。”
"Do the suicides mean that the whole Japanese race will choose death before surrender?"
“自杀事件是否意味着整个日本民族都会选择死亡而不投降？”
Donald Miller: And he said, I wonder if this is what the Japanese leaders want us to believe, and maybe to get us to back off unconditional surrender, because it'll be such a slaughter.
唐纳德·米勒：他说，我想知道这是否是日本领导人希望我们相信的，也许是为了让我们放弃无条件投降，因为这将是一场屠杀。
Narrator: : By January 1945, the Japanese navy had been nearly eliminated.
旁白： ：到了1945年1月，日本海军几乎被消灭了。
Japan was dependent on oil and food from its Asian Empire.
日本依赖亚洲帝国的石油和食品。
Much of its merchant fleet was gone.
它的大部分商船队都消失了。
The Imperial Army developed a plan to save Japan from humiliating defeat.
帝国陆军制定了一项计划，以挽救日本免遭耻辱性失败。
It was based on death before surrender.
它是基于投降前的死亡。
It predicted Americans would assault Iwo Jima, then Okinawa where they hoped their fierce resistance would force a negotiated peace.
它预测美国人将攻击硫磺岛，然后攻击冲绳岛，他们希望他们的激烈抵抗能够迫使通过谈判达成和平。
They also prepared for an invasion of Japan from Okinawa.
他们还准备从冲绳入侵日本。
The range of American fighter planes indicated where the landing would be- on the island of Kyushu.
美国战斗机的航程表明了着陆地点——九州岛。
From Kyushu, the Americans would try to launch an invasion of Tokyo.
美国人将试图从九州发起对东京的入侵。
If the final decisive battle had to be fought on Japan's main islands, its soldiers would fight to the death.
如果最后的决战必须在日本本岛进行，日本士兵将奋战到底。
Alongside civilians, armed with sharpened bamboo spears.
旁边还有手持锋利竹矛的平民。
The army called the plan Ketsu-Go.
军队将该计划称为“Ketsu-Go”。
Richard Frank: The premise of Ketsu-Go was that American morale was brittle.
理查德·弗兰克：《决战》的前提是美国士气低落。
Japanese leaders believed with great conviction that a great deal of bloodletting in an invasion of Kyushu would compel American politicians to negotiate out an end to the war on terms that the Japanese would find acceptable.
日本领导人坚信，入侵九州所造成的大量流血事件将迫使美国政界人士通过谈判以日本可以接受的条件结束战争。
Those terms essentially involved preservation of an old order in Japan, an old order in which the militarists and the imperial institution were dominant.
这些术语本质上涉及维护日本的旧秩序，即军国主义者和帝国机构占主导地位的旧秩序。
Narrator: Japan's military government had expanded its empire from Korea and Manchuria to China, Southeast Asia, the Philippines and the southwest and central Pacific.
旁白：日本军政府已将其帝国从朝鲜和满洲扩展到中国、东南亚、菲律宾以及西南和中太平洋地区。
It totaled more than five million troops.
总兵力超过五百万。
Their commander-in-chief was Emperor Hirohito.
他们的总司令是裕仁天皇。
Hirohito was considered divine the 124th descendant of Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess.
裕仁被认为是太阳女神天照的第 124 代后裔。
Akira Iriye, Historian: : I just remember when I was in grade school, history lessons consist of us just memorizing all those 124 Japanese emperors' names, and you got the higher grade, the more names you could remember.
Akira Iriye，历史学家：我只记得当我上小学时，历史课就是我们记住所有124位日本天皇的名字，而且你的年级越高，你能记住的名字就越多。
I could never remember more than 20 or something.
我从来不记得超过20个什么的。
Every day before classes started, we all recited in a sense a pledge of allegiance, but this is the allegiance to the emperor, saying that we are all children-children of the emperor, and that the emperor could do no wrong, had never been defeated, he's watching over our fate, and nothing could go wrong.
每天上课前，我们都背诵某种意义上的效忠誓词，但这就是效忠皇帝，说我们都是皇帝的孩子，皇帝的孩子，皇帝不会做错事，从来没有被打败过，他在看管着我们的命运，不能出差错。
Narrator: Japan's objective was to preserve its old order -- the emperor presiding over a military regime.
旁白：日本的目标是维持其旧秩序——天皇掌管军事政权。
The Allies' objective was to defeat and dismantle the old order.
同盟国的目标是击败并瓦解旧秩序。
President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill demanded unconditional surrender of both Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.
富兰克林·罗斯福总统和英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔要求纳粹德国和日本帝国无条件投降。
Donald Miller: : When you're fighting an enemy antithetical to all the values that you stand for, these systems have to be expunged by wars that are, in a sense, revolutions, that overthrow regimes, that don't just defeat the regime, but that eliminate them entirely so Japan never goes on another war of conquest in Asia again.
唐纳德·米勒：当你与一个与你所代表的所有价值观对立的敌人作战时，这些制度必须通过战争来消灭，从某种意义上说，这些制度是革命，推翻政权，不仅击败政权，而且彻底消灭它们，这样日本就不会再在亚洲进行另一场征服战争。
So that's the purpose of unconditional surrender.
这就是无条件投降的目的。
Narrator: : On January 20, 1945, Emperor Hirohito approved Ketsu-Go.
旁白： : 1945 年 1 月 20 日，裕仁天皇批准了结号。
Toshi Hasegawa: The plan itself was a very horrifying thing, because I think the idea was to turn every soldier, Japanese soldier, and every civilian into a kamikaze.
长谷川俊：这个计划本身就是一件非常可怕的事情，因为我认为这个想法就是要把每一个士兵、日本士兵和每一个平民都变成神风特攻队。
It was suicidal.
这是自杀行为。
Narrator: The emperor was concerned enough to consult seven former prime ministers.
旁白：皇帝很关心，请教了七位前首相。
All urged him to fight the decisive battle except one: Prince Fumimaro Konoe feared defeat and with it a resurgence of communism.
所有人都敦促他进行决定性的战斗，除了一个：近卫文麻吕亲王担心失败以及随之而来的共产主义的复兴。
He remembered the uprisings Japan had repressed in the 1920s and '30s.
他记得日本在 20 世纪 20 年代和 30 年代镇压的起义。
Haruo Iguchi, Historian: : Konoe was saying that it's over.
Haruo Iguchi，历史学家：：近卫说一切都结束了。
There's no way Japan can win.
日本根本不可能赢。
We should now pursue a peace settlement of the Pacific War, now.
我们现在应该寻求和平解决太平洋战争。
And if we keep on fighting, what is dangerous is says, oh, well, of course a nation will be in smithereens.
如果我们继续战斗，危险的是，哦，好吧，一个国家当然会支离破碎。
But what's more dangerous is that Japan's defeat will create social upheaval, and there will be a Communist revolution in Japanese society.
但更危险的是，日本战败将造成社会动荡，日本社会将出现共产主义革命。
And that ultimately will undermine the Imperial throne.
这最终将削弱帝国的王位。
Narrator: Emperor Hirohito shared the concern about revolution.
旁白：裕仁天皇也同样关心革命。
But he too wanted one last decisive battle.
但他也想要最后一场决战。
"What worries me," he confided, "is whether the nation will be able to endure it until then." He worried about a popular reaction against the "ordinary hardships" of war.
“我担心的是，”他透露道，“这个国家是否能够忍受到那时。”他担心民众对战争“普通苦难”的反应。
The hardships his nation was about to endure would be anything but ordinary.
他的国家即将经历的苦难绝非平常。
Major General Curtis LeMay arrived in the Mariana Islands in mid - January 1945 to take over the 21st Bomber Command the B-29s.
柯蒂斯·李梅 (Curtis LeMay) 少将于 1945 年 1 月中旬抵达马里亚纳群岛，接管第 21 轰炸机司令部的 B-29 轰炸机司令部。
The B-29s had been rushed into service without proper testing.
B-29 未经适当测试就仓促投入使用。
No matter, LeMay was told to get results.
不管怎样，勒梅被告知要取得成果。
Conrad Crane, Historian: : Curtis LeMay was probably the most innovative air commander of World War II.
康拉德·克兰 (Conrad Crane)，历史学家：柯蒂斯·李梅 (Curtis LeMay) 可能是二战中最具创新精神的空军指挥官。
He really became the Air Force's problem solver.
他真正成为了空军的问题解决者。
You had a tough problem, you gave it to LeMay.
你遇到了一个棘手的问题，你把它交给了勒梅。
When he was in Europe, he developed the tight defensive formations they used for bombing.
当他在欧洲时，他开发了用于轰炸的严密防御阵型。
He developed the way they did their bomb runs.
他开发了他们进行炸弹袭击的方式。
Harry George, B-29 Co-pilot: : Very strong- minded, willed.
哈里·乔治，B-29 副驾驶：：意志坚强，意志坚定。
"Iron Pants LeMay," I guess you could say.
“铁裤勒梅”，我想你可能会说。
You didn't say "No" to him.
你没有对他说“不”。
You said, "Yes, sir!"
你说：“是的，先生！”
Narrato: r: Called the Superfortress, the B-29 was the most advanced bomber in the world.
旁白：r：B-29 被称为“超级堡垒”，是世界上最先进的轰炸机。
Production of B-29s would cost more than developing the atomic bomb.
生产 B-29 的成本比研制原子弹还要高。
Harry George: One hundred and forty-one foot-foot wingspan, 99 feet long, four powerful engines on it, and electronically, remote control gun sights, two bomb bays.
哈里·乔治：翼展 141 英尺，长 99 英尺，机上有四个强大的发动机，还有电子遥控瞄准器、两个炸弹舱。
Oh boy that was something else.
噢，天哪，那是另一回事。
Robert Rodenhouse: And to think that they could take an airplane, a bomber, and pressurize it so that we could feel the same at sea level as we do at 30,000 feet.
罗伯特·罗登豪斯（Robert Rodenhouse）：想想看，他们可以乘坐一架飞机、一架轰炸机，并对它进行加压，这样我们就可以在海平面上感受到与在 30,000 英尺高空时一样的感觉。
It just blew my mind.
这让我大吃一惊。
Donald Miller: : It could fly for about 18 hours, comfortably 3,700 miles, from the Marianas, Guam, Saipan and Tinian, all the way up to Tokyo, two, three hours in the air over Tokyo, and back.
唐纳德·米勒：它可以舒适地飞行约 18 小时，航程 3,700 英里，从马里亚纳群岛、关岛、塞班岛和天宁岛一直飞往东京，在东京上空飞行两、三个小时，然后返回。
So it's almost perfectly designed for the long-distance fighting in the Pacific.
所以它几乎是为太平洋上的远距离战斗而设计的。
Narrator: The first B-29 mission over Tokyo from the Marianas was on November 24, 1944.
旁白：B-29 首次从马里亚纳群岛上空执行任务是在 1944 年 11 月 24 日。
It was so important to the Army Air Forces they made a film about it, narrated by Capt.
这对陆军空军来说非常重要，他们制作了一部关于它的电影，由上尉讲述。
Ronald Reagan.
罗纳德·里根。
Ronald Reagan: : Within a radius of 15 miles of the Imperial Palace live seven million Japanese, a people we used to think of as small, dainty, polite, concerning themselves only with floral arrangements and rock gardens and the cultivation of silk worms.
罗纳德·里根：在皇宫方圆 15 英里的范围内居住着 700 万日本人，我们过去认为他们是矮小、精致、有礼貌的民族，只关心插花、假山花园和养蚕。
But it isn't silk worms and it isn't Imperial Palaces these men are looking for.
但这些人寻找的不是蚕，也不是皇宫。
In the suburbs of Tokyo is the huge Nakajima aircraft plant.
东京郊区有一座巨大的中岛飞机工厂。
Well bud, what are you waiting for?
好吧，伙计，你还在等什么？
Narrator: The film overlooked the problems that plagued the B-29s.
旁白：这部电影忽略了困扰 B-29 的问题。
Robert Rodenhouse, B-29 Pilot: : The biggest problem was something that the Air Force discovered, that nobody ever knew about or heard about.
罗伯特·罗登豪斯 (Robert Rodenhouse)，B-29 飞行员：：最大的问题是空军发现的，但没有人知道或听说过。
And that is a jet stream.
那是急流。
If we were going with the jet stream, our bombs were going over the target.
如果我们顺着急流飞行，我们的炸弹就会飞过目标。
And if were going against it, the bombs would be short of the target.
如果我们逆向的话，炸弹就会达不到目标。
We had a lot of bombs miss the target.
我们有很多炸弹没有击中目标。
Only 24 of the 111 planes on the first mission over Tokyo dropped bombs near the aircraft factory.
在东京上空执行首次任务的 111 架飞机中，只有 24 架在飞机工厂附近投掷了炸弹。
Damage was negligible.
损坏可以忽略不计。
For two months, LeMay had the same problems with high altitude flights.
两个月来，李梅在高空飞行时也遇到了同样的问题。
The jet stream and bad weather over Japan forced him to try something bold, something that had never been tried before.
日本上空的急流和恶劣天气迫使他尝试一些大胆的、以前从未尝试过的事情。
Film Announcer: This quaint looking jellyfish contains enough gasoline to spread fire of 1000 degrees over 30 square yards.
电影播音员：这种看起来古雅的水母含有足够的汽油，可以将 1000 度的火焰蔓延到 30 平方码的范围内。
When dropped from a plane, it pancakes and spreads consuming flame like a fountain.
当从飞机上掉落时，它会像喷泉一样煎成薄饼并散布出灼热的火焰。
Narrator: The incendiary jelly napalm had just been developed in 1944 by DuPont and Standard Oil.
旁白：燃烧果冻凝固汽油弹是杜邦公司和标准石油公司于 1944 年刚刚开发出来的。
Donald Miller: The incendiaries were clusters of bombs all bundled together.
唐纳德·米勒：燃烧弹是捆绑在一起的炸弹簇。
When the bomb hits, the jelly gasoline spreads.
当炸弹击中时，胶状汽油就会扩散。
It starts little fires.
它会引发小火。
And his great hope was that the little fires would converge and create a large fire, an all-consuming urban conflagration.
他最大的希望是小火能够汇聚成一场大火，一场吞噬一切的城市大火。
Here's Tokyo.
这里是东京。
Houses made of tarpaper, houses made of flimsy wood.
房子是用防水纸做的，房子是用脆弱的木头做的。
You know, a bonfire and it just needed a match to strike it.
你知道，篝火只需要一根火柴就能点燃。
And napalm is perfect for that.
凝固汽油弹是完美的选择。
Narrator : LeMay's gamble was not using napalm.
旁白：李梅的赌博不是使用凝固汽油弹。
It was flying at low altitudes to avoid the winds.
为了躲避风，它在低空飞行。
Low altitudes like the mission he had sent against Holland in 1943 with B-26s.
低空飞行就像 1943 年他驾驶 B-26 轰炸荷兰的任务一样。
"Not one B-26 came home that day," he remembered.
“那天没有一架 B-26 回家，”他回忆道。
"So that's what happens at low altitudes."
“这就是低海拔地区发生的情况。”
Robert Rodenhouse: To us that was totally absurd.
罗伯特·罗登豪斯：对我们来说，这完全是荒谬的。
We couldn't conceive of taking that airplane, designed for high altitude bombing, and bring it in there like it's a B- 26 Marauder.
我们无法想象将那架专为高空轰炸而设计的飞机像 B-26 掠夺者一样带到那里。
We thought they could throw the kitchen sink up there and hit us.
我们以为他们可以把厨房水槽扔到那里然后打我们。
My crew says, I think those generals lost their marbles.
我的船员说，我认为那些将军失去了理智。
Harry George: : What are we doing here with an airplane at 5,000 feet, when it was-- we were trained to do missions above 20,000 feet?
哈里·乔治：：当我们接受过在 20,000 英尺以上执行任务的训练时，我们带着一架 5,000 英尺高空的飞机在这里做什么？
Conrad Crane: When the B-29 crews heard that he was also taking away most of the armaments - the only bullets being left on board were for the tail guns, he was disarming the other guns -- they were really disturbed.
康拉德·克兰：当 B-29 机组人员听说他还拿走了大部分武器——机上唯一留下的子弹是用于尾炮的，他正在解除其他枪支的武装——他们真的很不安。
They felt they were going in defenseless.
他们觉得自己毫无防备。
Narrator: In his memoirs, LeMay recalled the anguish of his decision.
旁白：勒梅在回忆录中回忆了他的决定所带来的痛苦。
Female Voice: "Dear General.
女声：“尊敬的将军。
This is the anniversary of my son Nicky being killed over Tokyo.
这是我儿子尼基在东京上空被杀的周年纪念日。
You killed him, general."
将军，你杀了他。”
Male Voice: : If we go in low at night, I think we'll surprise the Japs, not only take out the guns and ammunition, take out the gunners too, less weight, fewer people jeopardized.
男声：：如果我们在夜间低空前进，我想我们会让日本人大吃一惊，不仅会取出枪支弹药，还会取出炮手，重量更轻，受威胁的人也更少。
Female Voice: : "I'm going to send you a letter each year on the anniversary of his death, to remind you." "Dear General, Dear General."
女声：“每年他去世的周年纪念日我都会给你寄一封信，提醒你。” “尊敬的将军，尊敬的将军。”
Male Voice: : "We don't think their night fighters amount to anything.
男声：“我们不认为他们的夜间战士有什么用。
We don't think their night fighters amount to anything.
我们认为他们的夜间战士没有什么意义。
And we could be wrong as hell."
我们可能会错得很离谱。”
Female Voice: : "Dear General, this is the anniversary of my son, Nicky being killed over Tokyo." "Dear General, Dear General, Dear General."
女声：“亲爱的将军，这是我儿子尼基在东京被杀的周年纪念日。” “尊敬的将军，尊敬的将军，尊敬的将军。”
Narrator: : On March 9, 1945 Gen.
旁白：：1945 年 3 月 9 日，将军。
Curtis LeMay dispatched 325 B-29s armed with incendiary bombs on the first low altitude mission against Japan.
柯蒂斯·李梅 (Curtis LeMay) 出动了 325 架配备燃烧弹的 B-29，执行首次针对日本的低空任务。
Among the targets in the Sumida district of Tokyo were several large factories that made airplane parts.
东京墨田区的几家大型飞机零部件工厂是袭击目标之一。
War production was also dispersed in small factories and hundreds of households with drill presses and lathes.
战争生产也分散在小工厂和数百户拥有钻床和车床的家庭中。
It was one of the most densely crowded areas in the world.
它是世界上人口最稠密的地区之一。
Yoshiko Hashimoto's family lived in the Sumida district.
桥本芳子的家人住在墨田区。
Yoshiko Hashimoto, Firebomb Survivor: : From the beginning of 1945, the B-29 bombers flew over Tokyo more frequently.
桥本芳子，《燃烧弹幸存者》：：从 1945 年初开始，B-29 轰炸机更加频繁地飞越东京上空。
They came almost every night, and we would go to bed with our regular clothes on every night, then, we had the air raid the night of March 10.
他们几乎每天晚上都来，我们每天晚上都会穿着平常的衣服去睡觉，然后，3月10日晚上我们就遭遇了空袭。
Narrator: : LeMay stayed up that night for the radio reports from his lead pilot.
旁白： 勒梅那天晚上熬夜听他的首席飞行员的无线电报告。
The early ones read: "Large fires observed.
早期的消息写道：“观察到大火。
Flak moderate.
高射适中。
Fighter opposition nil." The later ones read: "Conflagration".
战斗机反对为零。”后来的内容是：“大火”。
Yoshiko Hashimoto: : Warehouses, lined up on both sides of the river, were burning.
桥本芳子：河两岸的仓库着火了。
Women's hair and men's clothes caught on fire.
女人的头发和男人的衣服着火了。
My mother took off her protective hood from her head, put it on my head, and looked into my eyes.
妈妈把头上的防护罩摘下来，戴在我头上，看着我的眼睛。
Without a protective hood, my mother's hair must have caught on fire after I jumped into the river.
如果没有防护罩，我跳河后妈妈的头发肯定着火了。
She must have died in agony.
她一定是在痛苦中死去的。
I cannot hold back my tears whenever I think about it, and cannot forget her sad face looking into mine.
每当想起这件事，我就忍不住流泪，也忘不了她看着我的悲伤的脸。
Robert Rodenhouse: When we got over the target it was like a thousand Christmas trees lit up all over.
罗伯特·罗登豪斯：当我们超过目标时，就像一千棵圣诞树被点亮一样。
And you could feel the heat when you're there, and-and you could smell the smoke and the stench of human and animal flesh as that city is being consumed by millions of fires all over.
当你在那里时，你可以感受到热量，而且——你可以闻到烟雾以及人类和动物肉的恶臭，因为这座城市正在被数以百万计的大火吞噬。
And they can't extinguish them.
他们无法消灭它们。
It's awesome.
太棒了。
It's awesome.
太棒了。
Narrator: Next night LeMay was shown the photos.
旁白：第二天晚上，李梅看到了这些照片。
An aide remembered "a full minute of silence.
一名助手记得“整整一分钟的默哀”。
'All this is out,' LeMay then said, running a hand over several square miles of Tokyo.
“一切都结束了，”勒梅一边说，一边用手抚摸着东京几平方英里的区域。
'This is out -- this -- this.' " " 'It's all ashes,' another general said.
“这出来了——这——这。” ” “‘都化为灰烬了，’另一位将军说道。
'All that - and that - and that.' " LeMay's B-29s had flown far below the jet stream, too low for the heavy anti-aircraft.
“所有这些——还有那个——还有那个。” “李梅的 B-29 飞得远远低于急流，对于重型防空飞机来说太低了。
His gamble had worked.
他的赌博成功了。
The military targets were gone.
军事目标消失了。
As many as 100,000 civilians died that night.
当晚多达10万平民死亡。
No bombing raid in the war had been more destructive.
战争中没有哪一次轰炸袭击比这更具破坏性。
Robert Rodenhouse: : I'm sort of a religious person.
罗伯特·罗登豪斯：我是一个有宗教信仰的人。
I was brought up with a strong faith.
我是在坚定的信念中长大的。
And I couldn't understand why there was a God that would permit that to happen, and use me to see that it was being done, you know.
我不明白为什么有一位上帝会允许这种情况发生，并利用我来看到这件事正在发生，你知道。
And it bothered me a lot.
这让我很困扰。
It bothered me a lot.
这让我很困扰。
And I never forget I wrote home to my pastor about that, and he says, "You know, that's a secret that's known only to God.
我永远不会忘记我写信给我的牧师，他说：“你知道，这是一个只有上帝才知道的秘密。
He did what He wanted to have done."
他做了他想做的事。”
Harry George: : Naturally we knew that there was going to be civilians killed, and I don't think we ever got to a point that "Hey, this is awful," you know.
哈里·乔治：我们当然知道会有平民被杀，而且我认为我们从未达到“嘿，这太糟糕了”的地步，你知道。
"Let's quit." We were directed to do these missions, and we did them.
“我们放弃吧。”我们被指示执行这些任务，我们也做到了。
Narrator: "Congratulations," Army Air Force's commander Gen.
旁白：“恭喜，”陆军空军司令将军。
Henry Arnold wired from Washington.
亨利·阿诺德从华盛顿发来电报。
"This mission shows your crews have the guts for anything." Sixteen square miles of Tokyo lay in ruins.
“这次任务表明你的船员有勇气做任何事。”十六平方英里的东京变成了废墟。
267,000 buildings - about one quarter of the city.
267,000 座建筑物——约占城市的四分之一。
"We don't pause," LeMay would write, "to shed any tears for uncounted hordes of Japanese who lie charred in that acrid-smelling rubble.
“我们不会停下来，”勒梅写道，“为无数躺在那片散发着刺鼻气味的瓦砾中被烧焦的日本人流泪。
The smell of Pearl Harbor fires is too persistent in our nostrils." He ordered more raids.
珍珠港大火的气味在我们的鼻孔里太持久了。”他下令进行更多袭击。
On Nagoya, with its huge aircraft plants.
在名古屋，那里有巨大的飞机工厂。
Osaka, with its shipyards and steel mills.
大阪及其造船厂和钢铁厂。
Kobe, Japan's major port.
神户，日本主要港口。
Back to Nagoya.
返回名古屋。
"I thought it would be possible," he later recalled, "to knock-out all of Japan's major industrial cities during the next ten days." LeMay never got the chance.
“我认为有可能，”他后来回忆道，“在接下来的十天内摧毁日本所有的主要工业城市。”李梅始终没有机会。
He ran out of bombs.
他的炸弹用完了。
Edward Drea: : You know, when you kill 100,000 people, civilians, you cross some sort of moral divide.
爱德华·德雷（Edward Drea）：你知道，当你杀死 100,000 个人、平民时，你就跨越了某种道德鸿沟。
Yet at the time, it was generally accepted that this was fair treatment, that the Japanese deserved this, that they had brought this on themselves.
然而，当时人们普遍认为这是公平的待遇，日本人应得的，这是他们自找的。
These are easy and simplistic wartime rationalizations.
这些都是简单而简单的战时合理化解释。
In retrospect though, some divide had been crossed.
但回想起来，一些鸿沟已经被跨越。
Civilians were now fair game.
平民现在成了公平的猎物。
Conrad Crane: This is the great escalation in the air war.
康拉德·克兰：这是空战的巨大升级。
It's a lot easier, once you've incinerated 100,000 Japanese in Tokyo, to drop an atomic bomb that's going to kill less than that, on Hiroshima.
一旦你在东京烧死了 10 万日本人，那么在广岛投下一颗原子弹就容易多了，而它造成的死亡人数比这要少。
Narrator: : LeMay was later asked about the morality of the firebombing.
旁白：：勒梅后来被问及燃烧弹爆炸的道德问题。
"Every soldier thinks something of the moral aspects of what he is doing," he answered.
“每个士兵都会考虑他所做事情的道德方面，”他回答道。
"But all war is immoral and if you let that bother you, you're not a good soldier.
“但是所有的战争都是不道德的，如果你让它困扰你，你就不是一个好士兵。
I suppose if I had lost the war," he added, "I would have been tried as a war criminal." Emperor Hirohito inspected the ruins nine days after the firebombing.
我想如果我输掉了这场战争，”他补充道，“我就会作为战犯受到审判。”轰炸九天后，裕仁天皇视察了废墟。
An aide noted victims "digging through the rubble with empty expressions on their faces that became reproachful as the Imperial motorcade went by.
一名助手指出，受害者“在废墟中挖掘，脸上表情空洞，当帝国车队经过时，他们的表情变得责备。
" The rebellion the emperor feared seemed more plausible.
”皇帝担心的叛乱似乎更有道理。
He counted on his subjects to endure and did nothing.
他指望他的臣民能够忍受，却什么也没做。
Richard Frank: : When you talk about Japan's leadership, you have to bear in mind that all the important players who really had a role in deciding what was going to happen [to] Japan were in Tokyo.
理查德·弗兰克：当你谈论日本的领导力时，你必须记住，所有真正对决定日本将要发生的事情发挥作用的重要参与者都在东京。
These men watched Tokyo be burned down around them.
这些人眼睁睁地看着周围的东京被烧毁。
And what is astonishing is, when you go back to the records of their meetings, you can go through this entire period and find but one perhaps stray reference by one of these men to the fact they are watching Tokyo burn down around them, and it's having no effect on their position with respect to what to do.
令人惊讶的是，当你回顾他们的会议记录时，你可以回顾整个时期，并发现其中一个人可能无意中提到了这样一个事实：他们正在看着东京在他们周围被烧毁，而这对他们在做什么方面的立场没有影响。
Walt Moore, 1st Marine Division: Absolutely awesome.
沃尔特·摩尔，海军陆战队第一师：太棒了。
I couldn't believe what I could see.
我简直不敢相信我所看到的。
It was over the horizon.
它已经超出了地平线。
That many ships.
那么多船。
Jack Hoag, 6th Marine Division: : Ships everyplace, thousands of them, as far as you could see.
杰克·霍格 (Jack Hoag)，海军陆战队第六师： ：随处可见，成千上万艘，随处可见。
Narrator: As the emperor toured Tokyo, the largest fleet ever assembled approached the Japanese island province of Okinawa.
旁白：天皇巡视东京时，有史以来规模最大的舰队接近了日本冲绳岛。
There were more than 40 carriers, 18 battleships, 200 destroyers.
航母有40多艘，战列舰18艘，驱逐舰200多艘。
It was vaster than the invasion fleet at Normandy.
它比诺曼底的入侵舰队还要庞大。
Nearly 200,000 troops had boarded at 11 ports - from Seattle and San Francisco to Leyte in the Philippines.
近20万名士兵已在11个港口登船——从西雅图、旧金山到菲律宾的莱特岛。
George Niland, 6th Marine Division: : We had the, that feeling of confidence, because all these big guns were firing in the air.
乔治·尼兰，海军陆战队第六师：：我们有一种自信的感觉，因为所有这些大炮都在空中射击。
And we thought, well, with all this artillery, they'll probably kill most of the Japs so it'll be easy.
我们想，好吧，有了这些大炮，他们可能会杀死大部分日本人，所以这很容易。
Narrator: Their mission, as the Japanese high command had predicted, was to take Okinawa, and use it as a staging area for an invasion of Japan's main islands, only 350 miles away.
旁白：正如日本最高统帅部所预测的那样，他们的任务是占领冲绳岛，并将其用作入侵日本主要岛屿的集结地，距离日本仅 350 英里。
The troops who landed knew this could be the Imperial Army's last battle before it defended the main islands.
登陆的部队知道这可能是帝国军保卫主岛之前的最后一场战斗。
They knew the Japanese would fight to the death.
他们知道日本人会誓死战斗。
Jerome Connolly, U.S. Army Medic: : Oh man.
杰罗姆·康诺利，美国陆军军医：哦天啊。
you're scared to death.
你吓死了。
There's no question about it.
毫无疑问。
You're, you're as frightened as a man could be, as you go in.
当你进去的时候，你就像一个男人一样害怕。
Jack Hoag: But there was no shooting going on.
杰克·霍格：但是没有发生枪击事件。
Nothing happened.
什么也没发生。
Which was real strange.
这真的很奇怪。
Once in a while you would hear a gunshot someplace, but nothing happened.
偶尔你会听到某个地方有枪声，但什么也没发生。
George Niland, 6th Marine Division: Nothing.
乔治·尼兰，海军陆战队第六师：没什么。
Zero.
零。
Everybody was shocked.
所有人都震惊了。
There was no resistance at all.
完全没有反抗的意思。
Donald Miller: They went in on April 1 and they thought: What is this?
唐纳德·米勒：他们 4 月 1 日进去，他们想：这是什么？
An April Fool's joke?
愚人节玩笑？
"Where are the Japs?" We got all this big buildup on the boat.
“日本人在哪儿？”我们在船上堆积了这么多东西。
And they told us about the ferocious snakes and the Japs are worse than the snakes, and we're going in there and it's going to be maybe the final battle.
他们告诉我们蛇很凶猛，日本人比蛇更糟糕，我们要去那里，这可能是最后的战斗。
Then there's nobody on the beach?
那么海滩上就没有人了吗？
Narrator: For five days, American forces were unopposed as they headed south.
旁白：五天来，美军南下没有遇到任何抵抗。
An admiral radioed Chester Nimitz, Commander of the Pacific Fleet, "I may be crazy, but it looks as if the Japanese have quit the war, at least in this sector."
一位海军上将通过无线电向太平洋舰队司令切斯特·尼米兹表示：“我可能疯了，但看起来日本人已经退出了战争，至少在这一领域是这样。”
Donald Miller: And Nimitz wired back, "Delete everything after 'I may be crazy.' "
唐纳德·米勒：尼米兹回电说，“删除‘我可能疯了’之后的所有内容。” ”
Narrator: General Mitsuru Ushijima could smile from his mountain headquarters beneath ancient Shuri Castle.
旁白：牛岛充将军在古老的首里城下的山中指挥部里可以微笑。
He was luring his enemy into a trap.
他正在引诱敌人落入陷阱。
Donald Miller: Ushijima was very smart.
唐纳德·米勒：牛岛非常聪明。
He followed a theory the Americans called it the "cornered rat" theory.
他遵循了美国人称之为“走投无路的老鼠”理论的理论。
Terrain's everything here.
地形决定了这里的一切。
And the southern part of the island, the terrain explains it, a series of ridges in the south.
而岛的南部，地形解释了这一点，南部有一系列山脊。
So he builds steel, concrete, and coral garrisons inside the mountains.
于是他在山里建造了钢铁、混凝土和珊瑚的要塞。
So he has two things that you need to win a battle.
所以他有两件事是你赢得战斗所需要的。
He has concealment, and he's got the advantage of height.
他有隐蔽性，而且有身高的优势。
Narrator: The first major line of defense was at Kakazu Ridge.
旁白：第一道主要防线是在卡卡祖岭。
Ushijima's command post was under Shuri Castle four miles south in the main line of defense.
牛岛的指挥所位于主线防线以南四英里处的首里城下方。
These ridges ran the width of the island.
这些山脊与岛屿一样宽。
There were no open flanks.
没有开放的侧翼。
The Army's commander decided to storm the ridges.
陆军指挥官决定猛攻山脊。
Jerome Connolly: : You got up every morning, and there'd be another craggy, rock-piled hill and the Army, infantry, would take off over whatever open ground there was.
杰罗姆·康诺利：你每天早上起床，都会看到另一座崎岖不平、堆满岩石的小山，陆军、步兵会在任何空旷的地面上起飞。
The Japs would then lay into them, and we'd try to keep them down with our machine guns.
然后日本人就会向他们进攻，我们会用机枪压制住他们。
And that was like a continuum.
这就像一个连续体。
Every day it was the same story, only different guys got hit and different guys got killed, I used to look at those infantry guys go across -- go across those fields.
每天都是同样的故事，只是不同的人被击中，不同的人被杀，我过去常常看着那些步兵穿过——穿过那些田野。
God, it's tough to believe.
天哪，很难相信。
Katsuo Nagata, Okinawan Student Conscript: : We student conscripts were ordered to deliver bombs to Kakazu for destroying U.S. tanks.
Katsuo Nagata，冲绳学生义务兵：：我们学生义务兵奉命向卡卡祖投掷炸弹，以摧毁美国坦克。
We carried 10 kg bombs on our shoulders and headed for Kakazu at night.
我们肩负着10公斤的炸弹，连夜前往卡卡祖。
The Americans launched a star shell and then came the gunfire.
美国人发射了一颗星炮弹，然后就是枪声。
We had to hide in the shade whenever a star shell was up, but finally we managed to deliver the bombs to Kakazu.
每当一颗星星弹升起时，我们就得躲在阴凉处，但最终我们还是成功地将炸弹交给了卡卡祖。
I heard that, the next morning when the tanks came, they armed the bombs and made suicide attacks into the tanks.
听说，第二天早上坦克来的时候，他们就装上炸弹，对坦克进行自杀式袭击。
Narrator: After nearly a month of attack and counterattack, Marines relieved a shattered Army division.
旁白：经过近一个月的进攻和反击，海军陆战队解救了一个支离破碎的陆军师。
George Niland: We got down there and and we were in a particular place where wounded were left on stretchers.
乔治·尼兰：我们到了那里，我们在一个特殊的地方，伤员被放在担架上。
They had to evacuate very quickly.
他们必须迅速撤离。
And we found the wounded Americans dismembered and mutilated horribly.
我们发现受伤的美国人被肢解和肢解，惨不忍睹。
And we found them laying there with their heads cut off, and their hands cut off, and their private parts in their mouths.
我们发现他们躺在那里，头被砍掉，手被砍掉，私处还含在嘴里。
We just hated them.
我们只是讨厌他们。
God, did we hate them.
天哪，我们恨他们吗？
And we wanted to kill them.
我们想杀了他们。
You talk to the average Marine, he enjoyed it.
你和普通海军陆战队员交谈，他很享受。
And that sounds bloodthirsty, but it's true.
这听起来很血腥，但这是事实。
You enjoyed it.
你很享受。
That was one less Jap you had to worry about.
你就少了一个需要担心的日本人。
They had not been killing "men," a veteran recalled.
一位老兵回忆道，他们并没有杀死“人”。
"They were wiping out dirty animals."
“他们正在消灭肮脏的动物。”
Jack Hoag: We just looked at them-- They were just- just something to eliminate.
Jack Hoag：我们只是看着它们——它们只是——只是一些需要消除的东西。
But we didn't think of them as humans or anything like that.
但我们并不认为他们是人类或类似的东西。
If you see him, shoot him.
如果你看到他，就开枪射击他。
And that's the way we all felt.
这就是我们所有人的感受。
Donald Miller: : When you're fighting an enemy that will not surrender, that considers surrender disgraceful, and punishes prisoners who do surrender for being unmanly, and treats them that way, this is a war that's going to fly out of control, and the atrocities really begin to mount.
唐纳德·米勒：当你与一个不愿投降的敌人作战时，他们认为投降是可耻的，并以没有男子气概为由惩罚投降的囚犯，并以这种方式对待他们，这就是一场失控的战争，暴行真的开始加剧。
Narrator: The Battle of Okinawa was just beginning.
旁白：冲绳岛战役才刚刚开始。
These pilots would help make it one of the most terrible in the history of warfare.
这些飞行员将使这场战争成为战争史上最可怕的战争之一。
Those who assembled on air bases on Kyushu on April 6, 1945 belonged to "special attack forces," kamikazes.
1945 年 4 月 6 日在九州空军基地集结的人员属于“特种攻击部队”，即神风特攻队。
The last desperate effort of the Japanese air force was to send pilots on a one-way mission.
日本空军最后的绝望努力是派遣飞行员执行单程任务。
Corporal Masayuki Shimada remembers the ritual.
岛田正之下士还记得这个仪式。
Masayuki Shimada, Kamikaze Pilot: : This is a headband painted with my own blood.
岛田雅之，神风特攻队飞行员：：这是用我自己的血涂成的发带。
When I wrote my farewell letter in the barracks, I cut my little finger, used the blood to paint a Japanese flag on the headband, and wore it when I flew out the next day.
我在军营里写告别信时，割伤了小指，用血在头带上画了一面日本国旗，第二天飞出去时就戴着它。
The next morning, I went to the airfield right before 9 AM, where my superior officer made a speech of encouragement and we had a farewell toast.
第二天早上，我在上午 9 点之前赶到了机场，我的上级军官发表了鼓励讲话，我们举行了告别酒会。
The twelve of us shook hands, said to each other, "See you at Yasukuni."
我们十二个人握手道：“靖国神社见。”
Narrator: Their reward would be a place of honor among the spirits of the war dead who dwelled at Yasukuni, the great Shinto shrine in Tokyo.
旁白：他们的奖励将是与居住在东京伟大神社靖国神社的战死者灵魂一起获得荣誉。
There even the emperor would bow.
在那里，连皇帝都会鞠躬。
The pilots were told they would protect the empire as the divine wind the kamikaze, had seven centuries before.
飞行员被告知，他们将像七个世纪前神风特攻队的神风一样保护帝国。
Kublai Khan and his huge Mongol armies invaded twice in the 13th century, only to be destroyed, at the last minute, by typhoons.
忽必烈和他庞大的蒙古军队在 13 世纪两次入侵，但都在最后一刻被台风摧毁。
These pilots would be the first wave of ten to try to cripple the US Navy supporting the siege of Okinawa.
这些飞行员将是第一批试图削弱支持围攻冲绳的美国海军的十名飞行员。
"Remember the carriers," their commander urged.
“记住航母，”他们的指挥官敦促道。
"The enemy has many ships.
“敌人有很多船只。
Do not attack the first ship you see."
不要攻击你看到的第一艘船。”
Masayuki Shimada: : In my plane, I found a message card, "We wish success to Corporal Shimada.
岛田雅之：在我的飞机上，我发现了一张留言卡，“我们祝岛田下士成功。
From the maintenance crew." I was moved by it very much.
来自维修人员。”我非常感动。
Then, at a sign from the captain, we took off right away.
然后，在机长的示意下，我们立刻起飞了。
Narrator: : Three hundred and fifty-five planes began the attack on April 6th.
旁白：： 4 月 6 日，三百五十五架飞机开始攻击。
Kamikazes had attacked the Navy before, but never on such a scale.
神风特攻队以前曾袭击过海军，但规模从未如此之大。
Masayuki Shimada: One and a half hours passed, two hours passed and we came near Okinawa.
岛田雅之：一个半小时过去了，两个小时过去了，我们已经接近冲绳了。
I could no longer hold in my emotions and shouted out with the loudest possible voice, "Mother!" I don't remember calling for my father but I do remember I called for my mother.
我再也按捺不住自己的情绪，用最大的声音喊道：“妈妈！”我不记得我呼唤过我的父亲，但我记得我呼唤过我的母亲。
Narrator: That same morning, a Japanese battleship slipped her moorings in Japan's Inland Sea and headed for Okinawa.
旁白：当天早上，一艘日本战舰在日本内海停泊，驶向冲绳。
The Yamato bore the ancient name for Japan.
大和号是日本的古称。
With 18-inch guns, she was the largest battleship ever built.
她拥有 18 英寸主炮，是有史以来建造的最大的战列舰。
She had no fighter escort.
她没有战斗机护航。
The symbol of Japan's pride had embarked on a suicide mission.
日本骄傲的象征已经开始执行自杀任务。
Yoshio Emoto, Japanese Imperial Navy: : As the Yamato left the Bungo Strait, the captain gathered the officers and everyone on the crew to the deck and read out the orders he had received from the commander of the Imperial Navy.
日本帝国海军江本义雄：当大和号离开丰后海峡时，船长将军官和全体船员聚集到甲板上，宣读了他从帝国海军司令官那里收到的命令。
Our country is in a critical situation.
我们的国家正处于危急的境地。
It is time for all the one hundred-million Japanese people to stand up and prepare for the final battle.
是时候让一亿日本人民全体站起来，准备最后的战斗了。
And we, the Yamato crew, should take the lead.
而我们，大和号船员，应该带头。
Narrator: : The Yamato's mission was to attack the fleet of Okinawa.
旁白：：大和号的任务是攻击冲绳舰队。
She never got that far.
她从未走得那么远。
Her contribution would be to attract fighter planes from the US carriers and leave the fleet more vulnerable to kamikaze attacks.
她的贡献将是吸引美国航母上的战斗机，并使舰队更容易受到神风特攻队的攻击。
Yoshio Emoto: I was up high and saw the five wakes of torpedoes coming toward us.
Yoshio Emoto：我在高处看到五枚鱼雷尾流向我们袭来。
The captain calmly accepted the situation.
船长平静地接受了这个情况。
He did not react at all to the sound of the explosions.
听到爆炸声，他完全没有反应。
The torpedoes slammed into the side of the ship.
鱼雷猛烈击中船舷。
I clearly remember the scene.
我清楚地记得当时的场景。
The Yamato looked like a potato stabbed with hundreds of steel sticks.
大和号看起来就像一个被数百根钢棍刺伤的土豆。
Narrator: It would take 11 torpedoes and eight bombs to sink the Yamato.
旁白：需要11枚鱼雷和8枚炸弹才能击沉大和号。
Most of the crew, more than 3,000 men, went down with her.
大多数船员（3000 多人）与她一起沉没。
Lt.
中尉
Yoshio Emoto was one of 269 survivors.
江本吉雄是 269 名幸存者之一。
Yoshio Emoto: : Westerners often ask me how the Japanese could choose death over surrender.
江本义夫：西方人经常问我日本人怎么会选择死亡而不是投降。
I have to bring up the traditional notion of sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the nation, "Yamato Damasii." It comes largely from the spirit of the Samurai.
我必须提出保卫国家的牺牲和英雄主义的传统观念，“大和达马西”。它很大程度上来自武士精神。
We were taught that "Yamato Damasii" was a virtue, a fundamental principle of the Japanese people.
我们被教导“大和大马二”是一种美德，是日本人民的基本原则。
To be taken captive was against this principle, and the biggest shame and disgrace to us.
被俘虏是违反这个原则的，是我们最大的耻辱。
On one mission, one of the men in my unit was shot and critically wounded.
在一次任务中，我部队的一名人员被枪杀并受重伤。
He was young and had a wife and small children.
他很年轻，有妻子和年幼的孩子。
I asked him whether he wanted to leave a message for anyone.
我问他是否想给任何人留言。
He said there was no message to leave.
他说没有消息要留下。
Then he faced the direction of the Imperial Palace, threw his hands in the air and said, "Long live the Emperor!" and died.
然后他面向皇宫方向，双手高举，道：“皇上万岁！”然后死了。
I do not think that Westerners can fully understand this behavior.
我认为西方人不能完全理解这种行为。
Narrator: "There was a hypnotic fascination to a sight so alien to our Western philosophy," an admiral observed.
旁白：“这与我们的西方哲学如此陌生的景象有一种催眠般的魅力，”一位海军上将评论道。
"We watched each plunging kamikaze with the detached horror of one witnessing a terrible spectacle rather than as the intended victim."
“我们带着超然的恐惧看着每一次坠落的神风特攻队，就像一个目睹了可怕景象的人，而不是作为预期的受害者。”
Donald Miller: A lot of these kids were pretty clear-thinking.
唐纳德·米勒：这些孩子中很多人的思维都非常清晰。
They were college graduates, the best and the brightest, many of them, in Japan.
他们是大学毕业生，其中许多人都是日本最优秀、最聪明的人。
They're thinking in terms of community, family, which is everything to the Japanese‹protection of your parents, of your brothers and sisters, protection of your home village.
他们从社区、家庭的角度思考，这对日本人来说就是一切——保护你的父母、你的兄弟姐妹、保护你的家乡。
If they could stop an invasion that would destroy their country, their culture, their Emperor, and their villages, they will have done great things.
如果他们能够阻止一场会摧毁他们的国家、他们的文化、他们的皇帝和他们的村庄的入侵，他们将做了伟大的事情。
So they took to the air.
于是他们飞向空中。
Hero gods of the sky.
天空的英雄神。
Narrator: : Two kamikazes attacked the aircraft carrier Bunker Hill on May 11.
旁白： : 5 月 11 日，两架神风特攻队袭击了邦克山号航空母舰。
Al Turnbull, U.S. Navy: : Both of them strafed over my head, fortunately.
阿尔·特恩布尔（Al Turnbull），美国海军：：幸运的是，它们都从我头上扫过。
But the second one dropped his bomb into the ready room that I had just left five minutes before.
但第二个人把他的炸弹扔进了我五分钟前刚刚离开的准备室。
And then he turned his plane and dove into the carrier.
然后他调转飞机，冲进了航母。
And then the gasoline lines that were laid out on our deck - we were being refueled, ready to fly again - those caught on fire.
然后我们甲板上铺设的汽油管道——我们正在加油，准备再次飞行——着火了。
And then whatever ammunition was laying out on the carrier deck, those all exploded.
然后航母甲板上放置的所有弹药都爆炸了。
As soon as one plane would explode, it would set another on fire.
一旦一架飞机爆炸，另一架飞机就会着火。
And then that would explode.
然后就会爆炸。
If there were bombs in the bomb bay, they would go off.
如果炸弹舱里有炸弹，它们就会爆炸。
You couldn't breathe it.
你无法呼吸。
It was intense.
很激烈。
I mean, thick.
我的意思是，厚。
There was no oxygen anywhere.
到处都没有氧气。
The wind was coming back to the stern where we were.
风正回到我们所在的船尾。
There's no place for us to go, except get out of that smoke, get away from that heat.
除了逃离烟雾、远离炎热之外，我们无处可去。
It's going to kill you, if a bomb doesn't.
如果炸弹没有，它就会杀死你。
Donald Miller: Death on these ships was really awful.
唐纳德·米勒：这些船上的死亡真的很可怕。
Everybody in the Pacific that served on the hospital ships said the worst scarring and the worst victims were the victims of the oil fires, you know, burned from head to foot.
太平洋地区所有在医疗船上服役的人都说，最严重的伤疤和最严重的受害者是石油火灾的受害者，你知道，从头到脚被烧伤。
Everyone said that to see a burn victim in a state of agony was-was the worst kind of experience anyone could have in the war, except to be the victim himself.
每个人都说，看到烧伤受害者处于痛苦状态是——除了自己成为受害者之外，任何人在战争中可能经历的最糟糕的经历。
And this mentality of constantly being on alert, the warning, the attack, the warning, the attack, and a place coming right on you, drove a lot of guys beserk.
这种不断保持警惕、警告、攻击、警告、攻击以及某个地方向你袭来的心态，让很多人陷入了疯狂。
Narrator: In the ten waves of kamikaze attacks off Okinawa, Japan lost 1900 pilots.
旁白：在冲绳近海的十波神风特攻队袭击中，日本损失了 1900 名飞行员。
Corporal Shimada was not one of them.
岛田下士不是其中之一。
He had maintenance problems, an oil leak, and crashed off a small island.
他遇到了维护问题、漏油，并在一个小岛上坠毁。
After six weeks he managed to get back to his base.
六周后，他设法返回基地。
Masayuki Shimada: : I said, "I wish to go on another mission.
岛田雅之：我说，“我希望继续执行另一项任务。
Please prepare a plane for me." To my surprise the officer was angry and yelled at me, "How could you come back alive?
请给我准备一架飞机。”令我惊讶的是，警察很生气，对我大喊：“你怎么能活着回来？
You must have spared your own life." "You idiot!" I was angry, my hands were trembling with rage.
你肯定饶了自己的命。” “你这个白痴！”我很生气，我的手气得发抖。
They called us war gods.
他们称我们为战神。
For the first time I realized that I was regarded merely as part of the plane.
我第一次意识到我仅仅被视为飞机的一部分。
Isn't it natural that I decided not to sacrifice my life again?
我决定不再牺牲自己的生命，这不是理所当然的吗？
Narrator: In the sea off Okinawa the US Navy suffered its greatest losses of World War II -- almost 10,000 killed or wounded.
旁白：在冲绳附近海域，美国海军遭受了二战中最惨重的损失——近万人伤亡。
The Japanese sank 30 American ships and damaged 368 others.
日本击沉了 30 艘美国船只，并损坏了 368 艘。
Chester Nimitz, admiral of the Pacific fleet, was appalled.
太平洋舰队海军上将切斯特·尼米兹感到震惊。
In April he had agreed to a strategy of invading Japan.
4月，他同意入侵日本的战略。
After two months in the Okinawa campaign, he cabled Washington that he could no longer support it.
在参加冲绳战役两个月后，他致电华盛顿表示他无法再支持该行动。
Many on the front lines shared his concern.
许多前线人员也有同样的担忧。
George Niland: : And we started getting instructions on invading Japan.
乔治·尼兰：我们开始收到有关入侵日本的指示。
And we considered ourselves dead men.
我们认为自己是死人。
We really did.
我们真的做到了。
We knew we wouldn't survive.
我们知道我们无法生存。
Narrator: In May 1945 US forces in Europe celebrated victory over the Nazis.
旁白：1945 年 5 月，驻欧美军庆祝战胜纳粹。
Some would occupy Germany.
有些人会占领德国。
Others would return home.
其他人会回家。
Many would redeploy to the Pacific for the invasion of Japan.
许多人将重新部署到太平洋以入侵日本。
Imperial Army troops in China had already begun pulling back to Japan to thwart the anticipated American invasion.
在中国的帝国陆军已经开始撤回日本，以阻止美国的入侵。
The Joint Chiefs of Staff met May 25th to plan the invasion.
参谋长联席会议于 5 月 25 日召开会议，制定入侵计划。
Army Chief of Staff George Marshall took the lead.
陆军参谋长乔治·马歇尔带头。
Edward Drea, Historian: : It wasn't only because Marshall was an Army man that he pushed for an invasion.
历史学家爱德华·德雷 (Edward Drea)：：马歇尔推动入侵不仅仅是因为他是一名军人。
Marshall believed that a democracy really just couldn't fight a seven years war.
马歇尔认为，民主国家确实无法打七年战争。
He didn't know how much longer the American people could endure this.
他不知道美国人民还能忍受多久。
If that was the case, then it was imperative to end this war as soon as possible.
既然如此，那么尽快结束这场战争就势在必行了。
The most direct way to do that was through an invasion of Japan.
最直接的方法就是入侵日本。
Narrator: The Chiefs set a date: November 1st.
旁白：酋长队定下日期：11 月 1 日。
The island of Okinawa, once secure, would be a staging area for the invasion.
冲绳岛一旦安全，将成为入侵的集结地。
In early May, after a month of fighting, US forces approached Japan's main defensive line.
5月初，经过一个月的战斗，美军逼近日本的主要防线。
There was a hill on it Marines called Sugar Loaf.
上面有一座小山，海军陆战队员称之为甜面包。
One remembers it as "a pimple of a hill." "You could have run the 600 yards across that plain and up Sugar Loaf Hill," he recalled, "in a few minutes." The defenses of General Mitsuru Ushijima, Japan's commander on Okinawa, were so thorough, it would take the 6th Marine Division seven days and 14 attempts.
人们记得它是“山上的一个疙瘩”。 “几分钟之内，你就可以跑 600 码穿过平原，登上糖面包山。”日本冲绳司令牛岛满将军的防御非常彻底，海军陆战第六师花了7天时间和14次尝试才完成。
By some counts, the battle for Sugar Loaf Hill was the hardest for Americans anywhere in World War II.
从某些方面来看，甜面包山之战对美国人来说是二战中最艰难的一场。
George Niland, 6th Marine Division: When we first went up Sugar Loaf Hill, we had a number of people shot in the back.
乔治·尼兰，海军陆战队第六师：当我们第一次登上糖面包山时，我们有很多人背部中枪。
Couldn't believe it.
简直不敢相信。
How do you get shot in the back when you're assaulting a hill?
当你攻山时，你怎么会被背后中枪呢？
But it was coming from all sides.
但它来自四面八方。
And the Japs were just zeroing in on us.
日本人正瞄准我们。
Narrator: : Marines encountered fire from positions dug into the front of the hill, mortars lobbed from the back of the hill, fire from neighboring hills and artillery from Shuri Castle almost a mile away.
旁白：：海军陆战队遭遇了来自山前挖阵地的炮火、山后发射的迫击炮、邻近山上的炮火以及近一英里外首里城的炮火。
Sugar Loaf could be re- supplied by tunnels.
甜面包可以通过隧道进行补给。
They ran from Shuri Castle to all the supporting hills.
他们从首里城跑到了所有的支撑山头。
If Sugar Loaf fell, General Ushijima's main line of defense would collapse.
如果甜面包倒下，牛岛将军的主线防线就会崩溃。
Marines soon realized it was not about to fall.
海军陆战队很快意识到它不会坠落。
George Niland: : We found out that Okinawa had been used for a Japanese artillery range for over 50 years.
乔治·尼兰：我们发现冲绳岛被用作日本炮兵训练场已有 50 多年。
So they knew every inch of it.
所以他们对每一寸都了如指掌。
And they could drop a shell in your back pocket so we were completely exposed, going up that hill.
他们可能会在你的后兜里扔一枚贝壳，这样我们在上山时就完全暴露了。
Irvin Gehret, 6th Marine division: : We just went down there, and then when we got on the hill, and all this open ground behind us, they shot us up and killed a lot of people wounded a lot of people, at least a third of our company.
欧文·盖雷特（Irvin Gehret），海军陆战队第六师：我们刚下到那里，然后当我们上了山，在我们身后的所有空地上，他们向我们开枪，杀死了很多人，打伤了很多人，至少是我们连的三分之一。
Donald Miller, Historian: : Sacrificial charges.
历史学家唐纳德·米勒：：牺牲的指控。
They get repelled again and again.
他们一次又一次地被排斥。
They actually get to the summit, get in a firefight with the Japanese, and get pushed off the rock, pushed off the hill.
他们实际上到达了山顶，与日本人交火，然后被推下了岩石，推下了山。
Narrator: The Marines kept assaulting Sugar Loaf Hill.
旁白：海军陆战队不断进攻甜面包山。
George Niland: We took that hill 13 times.
乔治·尼兰：我们爬过那座山 13 次。
Thirteen times.
十三次。
In the night, they'd come back from the back of the hill, from under the hill, from beside the hill, and they'd counterattack.
到了晚上，他们就会从山后、山下、山边回来，然后反击。
We suffered terrible casualties, and we'd have to pull back a little bit.
我们伤亡惨重，不得不稍稍撤退。
Narrator: Torrential rains and mud also hindered their advance.
旁白：暴雨和泥泞也阻碍了他们的前进。
There was no way to bury the dead.
没有办法埋葬死者。
The Marines lived among them.
海军陆战队就住在他们中间。
Nighttime brought its own terrors.
夜晚也带来了恐惧。
Donald Miller: These sneak attacks at night, it's psychological warfare.
唐纳德·米勒：这些夜间偷袭，是心理战。
And it works in a lot of cases.
它在很多情况下都有效。
It drove a lot of Marines nuts.
这让很多海军陆战队员抓狂了。
Irvin Gehret: This one person, he was right next to me.
Irvin Gehret：这个人，他就在我旁边。
And it was a trench that we were in, waiting for the word to move out.
我们就像是在一个战壕里，等待着消息的发出。
All of a sudden he started crying and pulling grass out and putting it in his mouth, and stuff like that.
突然间，他开始哭泣，把草拔出来放进嘴里，诸如此类。
Narrator: More than twelve hundred Marines would leave the battle of Sugar Loaf Hill with what was called "combat fatigue".
旁白：一千二百多名海军陆战队员带着所谓的“战斗疲劳”离开甜面包山战役。
On the seventh day, the artillery fire that softened up Sugar Loaf Hill and its neighboring hills was unusually heavy.
第七天，使糖面包山及其邻近山丘软化的炮火异常猛烈。
Then the Marines cleared out the side hills.
然后海军陆战队清理了边山。
Tanks encircled Sugar Loaf and attacked the backside caves.
坦克包围了甜面包山并攻击了后方的洞穴。
After seven days, the battle of Sugar Loaf Hill was over.
七日后，甜面包山之战结束。
Okinawa's main line of defense began to crumble.
冲绳的主要防线开始崩溃。
General Ushijima began to retreat.
牛岛将军开始撤退。
American casualties at Sugar Loaf Hill were more than 2,500.
甜面包山美军伤亡超过 2,500 人。
Emperor Hirohito wanted a final decisive battle.
裕仁天皇想要进行最后的决战。
General Ushijima was trying to wage it.
牛岛将军正试图发动这一行动。
Donald Miller: The idea is to bleed the Americans.
唐纳德·米勒：这个想法是让美国人流血。
It's a dual strategy.
这是一个双重策略。
You can't win the war, but you can bleed them to such an extent that we can get better peace terms.
你无法赢得战争，但你可以让他们流血到一定程度，以便我们能够获得更好的和平条件。
The longer we prolong it, the longer that fleet sits out there and is susceptible to kamikaze air attack.
我们拖延的时间越长，舰队在那里停留的时间就越长，就越容易受到神风特攻队的空袭。
They thought the combination of the two a long war of savage attrition, taking casualties, and then the slaughter at sea might convince the Americans that an invasion would be insanity.
他们认为这两者的结合是一场长期的野蛮消耗战，造成人员伤亡，然后海上的屠杀可能会让美国人相信入侵是疯狂的。
Narrator: : As the Imperial Army lost ground on Okinawa, Japan prepared for the final decisive battle on the main islands - Ketsu-Go.
旁白：：随着皇军在冲绳失利，日本准备在主岛决战——结号上进行最后的决战。
The plan was to destroy troop ships before they reached the beaches.
该计划是在军舰到达海滩之前将其摧毁。
Japan had more than 5,000 conventional warplanes to defend against an invasion.
日本有超过 5000 架常规战机来防御入侵。
More than 5,000 kamikazes.
超过 5,000 名神风特攻队队员。
1,300 miniature suicide submarines.
1,300艘微型自杀式潜艇。
Several hundred piloted bombs.
数百枚有人驾驶的炸弹。
Edward Drea: It was really little more than a rocket with a man in it, just to aim into a ship.
爱德华·德雷（Edward Drea）：这实际上只不过是一枚载着一个人的火箭，只是为了瞄准一艘船。
The Japanese were going to use suicide frogmen with explosives strapped around them, to go and blow up landing craft.
日本人打算使用身上绑着炸药的自杀式蛙人去炸毁登陆艇。
Narrator: : The Imperial Army planned to counterattack the US forces that made it to land.
旁白：：帝国军计划对登陆的美军进行反击。
Civilians, attached to military units, were prepared to fight with sharpened bamboo spears.
附属于军队的平民准备用锋利的竹矛进行战斗。
Edward Drea: My Japanese professor was about 11 or 12 years old in 1945, and he told me they were taught to rush at an American tank with a satchel charge full of explosives, roll under the tank, and set it off.
爱德华·德雷：1945 年，我的日本教授大约 11 或 12 岁，他告诉我，他们被教导如何冲向一辆装满炸药的美国坦克，滚到坦克下面，然后引爆它。
I mean, he was actually being trained to do this.
我的意思是，他实际上正在接受训练来做到这一点。
Richard Frank, Author: The Japanese had a substantial basis to believe that Ketsu-Go could deliver something to them better than unconditional surrender.
理查德·弗兰克（Richard Frank），作者：日本人有充分的理由相信决战可以为他们带来比无条件投降更好的东西。
Narrator: General Korechika Anami became War Minister in April and the head of the pro-war faction in the government.
旁白：阿南惟亲将军于四月就任陆军大臣，也是政府中亲战派的首脑。
He was a passionate defender of Ketsu-Go.
他是结围棋的热情捍卫者。
General Anami was really the personification of a Japanese soldiers, soldier.
阿南将军确实是日本士兵、士兵的化身。
He was athletic.
他很有运动天赋。
Anami was quite good at Japanese stick fighting or kendo.
阿南非常擅长日本棍术或剑道。
He seemed to be the typical samurai who cared about his troops, who told staff officers, "Get the hell out of my way.
他似乎是典型的武士，关心他的部队，他告诉参谋，“滚开。
What are we doing for the troops?" Foreign minister Shigenori Togo began to doubt if Japan could continue the war.
我们为部队做什么？”外相东乡茂德开始怀疑日本能否继续战争。
A report he commissioned warned people were growing critical even rebellious.
他委托撰写的一份报告警告说，人们变得越来越挑剔甚至叛逆。
The US blockade and firebombing had taken a toll.
美国的封锁和燃烧弹造成了损失。
Akira Iriye, Historian: I was about down to 44 pounds.
Akira Iriye，历史学家：我的体重大约减至 44 磅。
And I remember writing to my mother about it, and she was so upset because that sounded like a complaint, that I was complaining about something.
我记得写信给我妈妈谈过这件事，她很沮丧，因为这听起来像是一种抱怨，我在抱怨一些事情。
We were all undernourished, and all kind of skin diseases.
我们都营养不良，还患有各种皮肤病。
I mean, lice were all over your hair.
我是说，你的头发上全是虱子。
I mean, there was no sanitation.
我的意思是，没有卫生设施。
You-you would not want to turn these 10-year-olds into any kind of fighting soldiers.
你-你不会想把这些十岁的孩子变成任何类型的战斗士兵。
They couldn't even fight the lice.
他们甚至无法对抗虱子。
Narrator: Togo warned the military, Ketsu-Go would destroy Japan.
旁白：多哥警告军方，决号将毁灭日本。
"If we can not fulfill our responsibility to the throne," replied a furious Anami, "We should offer our sincere apologies by committing hara-kiri." At an Imperial conference on June 8th, Anami argued that the entire nation should fight to the death.
“如果我们不能履行对王位的责任，”愤怒的阿南回答道，“我们应该通过切腹来表示诚挚的歉意。”在 6 月 8 日的帝国会议上，阿南主张整个国家应该战斗到底。
Then Baron Kiichiro Hiranuma, an advisor to the Emperor, presented the report Togo had commissioned.
随后，天皇顾问平沼喜一郎男爵提交了多哥委托的报告。
Edward Drea: Hiranuma, comes in and says, "Well, wait.
爱德华·德雷：平沼进来并说：“好吧，等等。
Our industries are wrecked.
我们的工业遭到破坏。
We're short of food.
我们缺食物。
If we have a poor harvest, the people will starve to death.
如果收成不好，人民就会饿死。
There's beginnings of popular unrest, the way this war has gone.
民众的骚乱已经开始，就像这场战争的发展一样。
We've had a series of defeats." And everyone says, "Well, yes, but let's fight to the bitter end." The extremity of their situation actually propels them to seek a decisive battle before their condition becomes so hapless, they can't even do that.
我们已经经历了一系列的失败。”每个人都说：“好吧，是的，但让我们战斗到底吧。”他们的极端处境实际上促使他们寻求决战，以免他们的处境变得如此不幸，甚至连他们都做不到。
Narrator: The Emperor had hoped the final decisive battle would be on Okinawa.
旁白：天皇原本希望最后的决战是在冲绳岛。
On Okinawa the US Army and Marines were destroying the last line of Japanese resistance cave by cave.
在冲绳岛，美国陆军和海军陆战队正在逐个摧毁日军抵抗的最后一道防线。
Jack Hoag, 6th Marine Division: You'd get the interpreter up there, beg 'em to come out.
杰克·霍格（Jack Hoag），海军陆战队第六师：你可以把翻译叫到那里，求他们出来。
And they wouldn't come out.
他们不肯出来。
They might send somebody out and shoot at you or something like that.
他们可能会派人出去向你开枪或类似的事情。
So, so you'd just seal them up.
所以，所以你就把它们密封起来。
A lot of them that were sealed, they'd get a bulldozer in there and just cover up the entrance to the cave.
很多都是被密封的，他们会用推土机进去，然后盖住洞穴的入口。
Walter Moore, 1st Marine Division: The horrible thing about flame is, it doesn't have to hit you.
沃尔特·摩尔，海军陆战队第一师：火焰的可怕之处在于，它不一定会击中你。
It sucks out all the oxygen.
它吸走了所有的氧气。
And you'd see people in the caves, soldiers Japanese, not a mark on them.
你会看到山洞里有人，日本士兵，但他们身上没有任何标记。
They suffocated because there was no more oxygen to breathe.
他们因为没有更多的氧气呼吸而窒息。
It was gone.
它消失了。
Narrator: Marines learned not to trust those who surrendered even civilians.
旁白：海军陆战队学会了不要相信那些投降的人，即使是平民。
George Niland: Some people came out, and this old lady in a kimono.
乔治·尼兰：有些人走了出来，还有一位穿着和服的老太太。
She looked old.
她看起来很老。
And uh, she pulled out a grenade from under her armpit and threw it at a corporal.
然后呃，她从腋下掏出一枚手榴弹，扔向一名下士。
It was an American grenade.
那是一枚美国手榴弹。
I don't know where she got it.
我不知道她从哪里得到的。
But she pulled the pin and threw it and blew him to kingdom come.
但她拔出别针并扔了出去，把他吹到了王国的降临。
And I saw her do it.
我看到她这么做了。
And so I shot her.
所以我开枪打死了她。
And quite a few others.
还有不少其他人。
Narrator: Many civilians in the caves, like those on Saipan, preferred death before surrender.
旁白：许多山洞里的平民，就像塞班岛的平民一样，宁愿死也不投降。
Forty-six student nurses shared a cave with the army.
四十六名实习护士与军队共用一个山洞。
Ruri Miyara, Student nurse: Suddenly, I heard a call for surrender coming from above: "Are there any soldiers or civilians in the cave?
护士实习生 Ruri Miyara：突然，我听到上面传来投降的呼声：“山洞里有士兵或平民吗？
Come out naked if you are a man and come out waving a handkerchief if you are a woman!" He repeated the call again and again, but no one responded.
如果你是男人就裸体出来，如果你是女人就挥舞手帕出来！”他一遍又一遍地拨打电话，但没有人回应。
We had been told not to be captured.
我们被告知不要被俘虏。
Captives would be despised as traitors, forever bringing shame to themselves and to their entire family.
俘虏会被视为叛徒而被鄙视，永远给自己和整个家族带来耻辱。
We had also been told that the Americans would kill men instantly and women would be raped and run over by tanks.
我们还被告知，美国人会立即杀死男人，女人会被强奸并被坦克碾过。
Again, the voice said, "We are going to blow up this cave if you don't come out!" Still, no one responded.
那个声音又说道：“如果你不出来，我们就炸掉这个山洞！”尽管如此，还是没有人回应。
Some Japanese soldiers started firing and in response the American soldiers threw in a grenade.
一些日本士兵开始射击，美国士兵投掷了一枚手榴弹作为回应。
I clung to rugged rocks and raised my head only to be choked.
我抓住崎岖的岩石，抬起头却被噎住了。
Everybody started screaming, "Mother, help me!" "Father, help me!", "Teacher, help me!", "I can't breathe!" "Help!" "Help!" I don't remember waking up, but my friend told me later that I was buried under dead bodies.
每个人都开始尖叫：“妈妈，救救我！” “爸爸，救救我！”，“老师，救救我！”，“我无法呼吸了！” “帮助！” “帮助！”我不记得醒来了，但我的朋友后来告诉我，我被埋在尸体下面。
Narrator: Only seven of the 46 student nurses survived.
旁白：46名实习护士中只有7人幸存。
(Mrs. Miyara sings Umi Yukaba, subtitles)
（宫原夫人唱《海由花》，字幕）
Across the sea, corpses in the water, Across the mountain, corpses in the field.
过海，水中尸，过山，田野尸。
(Her singing segues into Umi Yukaba anthem for "Ushijima cave")
（她的歌声延续到 Umi Yukaba 的“Ushijima Cave”赞歌）
Narrator: As Americans approached General Ushijima's cave, he retreated to its depths.
旁白：当美国人接近牛岛将军的洞穴时，他撤退到了深处。
For a general death before surrender entailed a ritual.
投降前的一般死亡需要举行仪式。
He knelt - facing north toward the Imperial Palace.
他面向北方跪下，面向皇宫。
Subtitles of first verse of Umi Yukaba continue:
《Umi Yukaba》第一节的字幕继续：
I shall die for the Emperor.
我将为皇帝而死。
I shall never look back.
我永远不会回头。
Narrator: : After 82 days, the battle of Okinawa was over.
旁白：：82天后，冲绳战役结束了。
More than 70,000 died trying to defend it.
超过 70,000 人在保卫它的过程中丧生。
More than 12,000 died trying to take it.
超过 12,000 人在试图夺取它的过程中丧生。
An additional 36,000 were wounded.
另有 36,000 人受伤。
Almost one-third of the invasion force were casualties.
入侵部队伤亡近三分之一。
The survivors would invade Japan.
幸存者将入侵日本。
Conrad Crane, Historian: : Reporters are saying that the Japanese are the best cave and hill fighters in the world, And Okinawa is just an inkling of what's going to come when we actually hit the main Japanese islands.
历史学家康拉德·克兰 (Conrad Crane)：记者们说，日本人是世界上最优秀的洞穴和山地战士，而冲绳只是我们真正袭击日本主要岛屿时将会发生的事情的一个预兆。
Donald Miller: The American people were anxious to end this thing.
唐纳德·米勒：美国人民渴望结束这件事。
There's a sense of "over by '45." But nothing in the character of these battles gave any indication that the Japanese were going to surrender.
有一种“45岁就过去了”的感觉。但从这些战斗的性质来看，没有任何迹象表明日本人会投降。
Edward Drea: : How do you end this, on both sides?
爱德华·德雷 (Edward Drea)： 双方如何结束这一切？
I mean, you have to achieve an understanding.
我的意思是，你必须达成理解。
Now, with the Nazis it was pretty easy.
现在，对于纳粹来说，这很容易。
The understanding was: We've walked over your entire country.
我们的理解是：我们已经走遍了你们的整个国家。
You surrendered.
你投降了。
Well, Japan hadn't been walked over.
好吧，日本还没有被踏过。
What was the understanding?
理解是什么？
What was the basis for war termination?
终止战争的依据是什么？
Because the Japanese wouldn't say surrender.
因为日本人不会说投降。
How do you end it?
你如何结束它？
How do you end it quickly?
怎样才能快速结束呢？
How do you end it efficiently?
如何有效地结束它？
Narrator: These questions faced America's new President, Harry Truman, who succeeded Franklin Roosevelt after he died in April.
旁白：这些问题摆在美国新任总统哈里·杜鲁门的面前，他在富兰克林·罗斯福四月份去世后接替了他的职位。
Okinawa was Truman's first battle as commander-in-chief, and it weighed heavily on him.
冲绳岛是杜鲁门作为总司令的第一场战役，对他来说压力很大。
"Shall we invade Japan proper or shall we bomb and blockade?" he wrote in his diary on June 17th.
“我们应该入侵日本本土，还是轰炸和封锁？”他在6月17日的日记中写道。
"That is my hardest decision to date." When he met with his advisors the next day, Truman was more concerned about casualties than a quick end to the war.
“这是我迄今为止最艰难的决定。”第二天，当杜鲁门与顾问会面时，他更关心的是伤亡，而不是战争的快速结束。
Army Chief-of-Staff George Marshall was less concerned about casualties than ending the war quickly.
陆军参谋长乔治·马歇尔更关心的是尽快结束战争，而不是伤亡。
He presented the invasion plan the Chiefs had agreed on.
他提出了酋长们商定的入侵计划。
To establish air bases the US would invade southern Kyushu with nine divisions.
为了建立空军基地，美国将派出九个师入侵九州南部。
Intelligence predicted six Japanese divisions would have to defend the entire coastline.
情报预测日本的六个师将不得不保卫整个海岸线。
On beaches in the south, invaders would outnumber the defenders by three to one.
在南部的海滩上，入侵者的数量将比防御者多出三比一。
The Kyushu bases would facilitate air support for an assault on Tokyo in 1946.
九州基地将为 1946 年袭击东京提供空中支援。
Truman never got a forthright answer on potential casualties.
杜鲁门从未得到关于潜在伤亡的直截了当的答案。
Richard Frank: Marshall essentially evades giving a direct answer to that question.
理查德·弗兰克：马歇尔基本上回避直接回答这个问题。
At one point, Admiral Leahy, Truman's chief of staff, suggests it'll be like Okinawa, 35% of the committed forces.
杜鲁门的参谋长莱希海军上将曾一度暗示，这将像冲绳岛一样，有 35% 的承诺部队。
Since we're talking about using about 776,000 men on Kyushu, that works out to more than 200,000 casualties.
由于我们谈论的是在九州动用了大约 776,000 名士兵，因此伤亡人数超过 200,000 人。
But nobody works that out.
但没有人能解决这个问题。
Barton Bernstein, Historian: This is really the 5- star general talking to the World War I captain, ten weeks or so in office, still new and uneasy in the position, and here's a older, seasoned warrior, a man who commands great respect, Marshall, and he lectures the President.
巴顿·伯恩斯坦，历史学家：这实际上是一位五星级将军与第一次世界大战上尉交谈，他在任十个星期左右，在这个职位上仍然是新的和不安的，而这是一位年长的，经验丰富的战士，一位备受尊敬的人，马歇尔，他给总统讲课。
And at one point he tells the President basically, "Don't delay things and be irresolute.
有一次，他基本上告诉总统，“不要拖延，不要优柔寡断。
It's important to make tough decisions and be a leader."
做出艰难的决定并成为领导者很重要。”
Narrator: Hoping to avoid what he called an "Okinawa from one end of Japan to the other," Truman approved only the Kyushu landing and only after all the Chiefs endorsed it.
旁白：为了避免他所谓的“冲绳从日本的一端到另一端”，杜鲁门只批准了九州登陆，而且是在所有酋长都同意后才批准的。
He postponed a decision on invading Tokyo.
他推迟了入侵东京的决定。
Only two weeks after committing himself to a fight to the finish, the Emperor summoned his war cabinet.
在决心战斗到底两周后，天皇就召集了战时内阁。
It was June 22nd, the day Okinawa fell to the Americans.
那是 6 月 22 日，冲绳落入美国人手中的那一天。
Richard Frank: The Emperor's conference with this inner Cabinet was indeed a critical moment, and extremely unusual in the nature of Japanese politics, because the Emperor in fact took the lead, indicated that he wanted the government to actively pursue a diplomatic option mediating an end to the war.
理查德·弗兰克：天皇与内阁内部的会议确实是一个关键时刻，这在日本政治的本质上是极其不寻常的，因为天皇实际上带头表示，他希望政府积极寻求外交选择来调解结束战争。
Not surrendering.
不投降。
Mediating an end to the war that would be acceptable to Japan.
调解日本可以接受的方式结束战争。
Narrator: : The diplomatic option also had to be acceptable both to General Anami, who led the military faction in the war cabinet, and to Foreign Minister Togo, who led an emerging peace faction.
旁白：外交选择还必须为战时内阁中领导军事派的阿南将军和领导新兴和平派的外相多哥所接受。
The Emperor had been warned the Soviet Union might enter the war against Japan.
天皇被警告苏联可能加入对日战争。
Nonetheless, the war cabinet decided to ask the Soviet Union to mediate.
尽管如此，战时内阁还是决定请苏联进行调解。
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Historian: For military, I think it is very important to keep Soviet out of the war.
历史学家长谷川刚：对于军事而言，我认为让苏联远离战争非常重要。
They were quite aware that they couldn't afford to have two-front war.
他们非常清楚，他们无法承受两线战争的后果。
And Togo thought that.
多哥也是这么想的。
Moscow approach, I think, is crucial to terminate the war.
我认为，莫斯科的做法对于结束战争至关重要。
Narrator: There was no decision on what peace terms Japan might offer.
旁白：尚未决定日本可能提出什么和平条件。
As Hirohito made overtures to the Soviets, Truman set off to meet their leader, Joseph Stalin.
当裕仁向苏联示好时，杜鲁门出发去会见他们的领导人约瑟夫·斯大林。
He went to the Berlin suburb of Potsdam to discuss post-war Europe with Allied leaders.
他前往柏林郊区波茨坦与盟军领导人讨论战后欧洲。
And to see that Stalin kept a promise to enter the war against Japan after Germany was defeated.
并看到斯大林信守诺言，在德国战败后加入对日战争。
The Allies had promised Stalin territorial concessions if he entered the war.
盟军曾承诺，如果斯大林参战，将给予他领土让步。
Stalin told Truman he would -- on August 15th.
斯大林告诉杜鲁门他会——8 月 15 日。
Truman's diary entry that night read: "Fini Japs when that comes about." In Potsdam, Truman received word from the director of the Manhattan project.
那天晚上，杜鲁门的日记写道：“当这种情况发生时，日本人就会被打败。”在波茨坦，杜鲁门收到了曼哈顿计划负责人的来信。
The atom bomb had been tested successfully at Alamogordo, New Mexico.
原子弹已在新墨西哥州阿拉莫戈多试验成功。
"Believe Japs will fold-up before Russia comes in," he wrote.
“相信日本会在俄罗斯介入之前崩溃，”他写道。
" I am sure they will when Manhattan appears over their homeland." Within days after these optimistic diary entries, intelligence from intercepted Japanese military cables, called Ultra, was alarming.
“我相信当曼哈顿出现在他们的祖国上空时，他们会的。”在写下这些乐观的日记后几天内，来自截获的名为“Ultra”的日本军用电报的情报令人震惊。
In June the invasion planners projected three Japanese divisions in southern Kyushu.By July there was evidence of nine divisions - triple the number in just one month.
6 月，入侵计划者预计日军将在九州南部部署 3 个师团。到 7 月，有证据表明日军有 9 个师团——一个月内数量就增加了三倍。
Edward Drea: Ultra told a startling story in July of 1945.
Edward Drea：《Ultra》讲述了 1945 年 7 月的一个令人震惊的故事。
Japanese units were moving into southern Kyushu at an alarming rate.
日本部队正以惊人的速度进入九州南部。
It was as if the in very invasion beaches were magnets drawing the Japanese forces to those places where the Americans would have to land and fight their way ashore.
就好像入侵的海滩就像磁铁一样，将日本军队吸引到美国人必须登陆并奋力上岸的地方。
It was very clear in the messages that the Japanese intended to fight to the bitter end.
信息中非常清楚地表明日本人打算战斗到底。
Narrator: : These intercepts were so secret that no one who saw them, including the President, was supposed to write about them.
旁白：这些拦截是如此秘密，以至于任何看到它们的人，包括总统，都不应该写下它们。
There is some evidence Truman saw the intercept dated July 25th.
有一些证据表明杜鲁门看到了 7 月 25 日的拦截。
Richard Frank: With Truman, we have this extraordinary entry in his diary on the 25th of July, 1945, where he talks about meeting in the morning with General Marshall and British Admiral Mountbatten, and they talked about the tactical and political situation.
理查德·弗兰克：对于杜鲁门，我们在他 1945 年 7 月 25 日的日记中看到了这一非凡的条目，他在其中谈到了早上与马歇尔将军和英国海军上将蒙巴顿的会面，他们谈到了战术和政治局势。
Well, there's no place in the world that US forces are engaged in a tactical battle on the 25th of July.
好吧，7 月 25 日，世界上没有任何地方美军会进行战术战斗。
It seems pretty clear to me that he must be talking about the intercepts.
在我看来，很明显他一定是在谈论拦截。
And what Truman is doing with that entry is leaving a cryptic message to us, down through the years: I saw, I saw, I saw.
杜鲁门通过该条目所做的事情是多年来向我们留下了一个神秘的信息：我看到了，我看到了，我看到了。
Narrator: That happened to be the night Secretary of War Henry Stimson sent a wire authorizing the use of the atomic bomb.
旁白：那天晚上，战争部长亨利·史汀生发来电报，授权使用原子弹。
Barton Bernstein, Historian: There was no reason not to do it.
历史学家巴顿伯恩斯坦：没有理由不这样做。
It made good sense.
这是有道理的。
And it was not a weighty matter.
而且这也不是什么大事。
In the framework of mid-1945, for Truman and those around him, the answer was self-evident.
在 1945 年中期的框架内，对于杜鲁门和他周围的人来说，答案是不言而喻的。
Nobody around him had any sustained and serious doubts about using the bomb.
他周围没有人对使用炸弹有任何持续和严重的怀疑。
It was the implementation of a long-run assumption, rooted in the FDR administration, and sharing many of the same advisors.
这是植根于罗斯福政府的长期假设的实施，并且共享许多相同的顾问。
Conrad Crane: There's no way that any American president, faced with the expenditures that's been put into the project, faced with the casualties in the Pacific, could not have used that bomb.
康拉德·克兰：任何一位美国总统，面对该项目的投入，以及太平洋地区的人员伤亡，都不可能不使用那枚炸弹。
What would have come out later if all of a sudden the invasion went in and had all these casualties, and American public found out later that, well, we had this super-bomb but we didn't want to use it because we thought we were going to kill too many Japanese?
如果突然入侵并造成这么多伤亡，美国公众后来发现，我们拥有这种超级炸弹，但我们不想使用它，因为我们认为我们会杀死太多日本人，那么后来会发生什么呢？
Just couldn't make that decision.
只是无法做出这样的决定。
Richard Frank: Nobody knew for sure what it would take to get the Japanese to yield.
理查德·弗兰克：没有人确切知道怎样才能让日本屈服。
We're going to do everything we have been doing, and we're going to add the Soviets, and we're going to add the bomb, and we're going to add the invasion and hope that at some point in this process the Japanese crack and surrender.
我们将做我们一直在做的一切，我们将添加苏联，我们将添加炸弹，我们将添加入侵，并希望在这个过程中的某个时刻日本崩溃并投降。
Narrator: Truman was advised he might save American lives if he dropped the demand for unconditional surrender and allowed Japan to keep the Emperor.
旁白：杜鲁门被告知，如果他放弃无条件投降的要求并允许日本保留天皇，他可能会挽救美国人的生命。
The idea had originated with Joseph Grew, former ambassador to Japan, now the Undersecretary of State.
这个想法最初是由前驻日本大使、现任副国务卿约瑟夫·格鲁提出的。
Secretary of War Henry Stimson also favored this conditional surrender.
战争部长亨利·史汀生也赞成这种有条件投降。
Truman had sailed to Europe with Stimson's draft of a warning the allies would give Japan.
杜鲁门带着史汀生起草的盟国将向日本发出的警告启程前往欧洲。
He recommended the Emperor remain as a constitutional monarch like the King of England.
他建议皇帝继续像英国国王一样实行立宪君主制。
But it was James Byrnes, the Secretary of State, who had Truman's ear aboard ship.
但在船上听取杜鲁门意见的却是国务卿詹姆斯·伯恩斯。
The Nazis had surrendered unconditionally, and he believed, Americans would demand the same of Hirohito.
纳粹已经无条件投降，他相信美国人也会对裕仁提出同样的要求。
Barton Bernstein: : Byrnes is the most savvy politician in the administration.
巴顿·伯恩斯坦：：伯恩斯是政府中最精明的政治家。
He was a leader of the Senate at the time that Truman was really a junior Senator.
当时他是参议院领袖，而杜鲁门实际上只是一名初级参议员。
He was a mentor to Truman.
他是杜鲁门的导师。
Byrnes is the kind of person who worried about the electorate, who worried about domestic politics.
伯恩斯是那种担心选民、担心国内政治的人。
It didn't take great perception to read the polls of early June 1945, and discover that most Americans hated the Emperor, hated the Emperor system, wanted the destruction of both Hirohito and the system, and saw this as responsible for the war.
阅读 1945 年 6 月上旬的民意调查并不需要很大的洞察力，就会发现大多数美国人讨厌天皇，讨厌天皇制度，想要摧毁裕仁天皇和这个制度，并认为这是造成战争的原因。
Narrator: Truman sided with Byrnes.
旁白：杜鲁门站在伯恩斯一边。
If at Potsdam he had allowed Japan to keep the Emperor, many historians have argued, Japan might have surrendered before the atomic bomb was dropped.
许多历史学家认为，如果在波茨坦他允许日本保留天皇，日本可能会在原子弹投下之前投降。
Intercepts, codenamed Magic, of the exchange between Foreign Minister Togo in Tokyo and Japan's Ambassador in Moscow, Naotake Sato, tell a different story.
代号为“Magic”的截获的东京外相东乡与日本驻莫斯科大使佐藤直武之间的交流讲述了一个不同的故事。
Edward Drea: : Ambassador Sato is very clear.
爱德华·德雷：佐藤大使说得非常清楚。
The best you're going to get out of this is what he calls unconditional surrender, and then he thinks better of that and refines it to mean: Of course we would retain the imperial institution.
最好的结果就是他所说的无条件投降，然后他对此进行了更好的思考并将其提炼为：我们当然会保留帝国制度。
But it would still be a surrender.
但这仍然是投降。
And this is the best you're going to get.
这是你能得到的最好的结果。
Richard Frank: And all he gets back in response to that is, "No, no, no. We can't accept anything like unconditional surrender, and certainly not simply a modification to provide for a guarantee of the imperial institution." The foreign minister, Togo, says that in the name of the Japanese government.
理查德·弗兰克：他得到的回应是，“不，不，不。我们不能接受无条件投降之类的东西，当然不能简单地接受为帝国制度提供保证的修改。”外相多乡以日本政府的名义这么说。
That's all enshrined in black and white, in the Magic Diplomatic Summary of July 22nd, 1945.
这一切都白纸黑字地记录在 1945 年 7 月 22 日的《神奇外交摘要》中。
In my view, it leaves no reasonable room for doubt that simply offering a promise about the Imperial institution would have secured the surrender of Japan.
在我看来，只要对帝国制度做出承诺就可以确保日本投降，这是毫无疑问的。
Narrator: The Potsdam Declaration, issued July 26, 1945, was an ultimatum calling on Japan to surrender unconditionally and without delay or "risk prompt and utter destruction." It also offered various terms for Japan to rejoin the family of nations, It was signed by the allies in the war against Japan but not by the Soviet Union, which had not yet declared war.
旁白：1945 年 7 月 26 日发表的《波茨坦公告》是一份最后通牒，要求日本立即无条件投降，否则“将面临迅速彻底毁灭的风险”。它还为日本重新加入国际大家庭提出了各种条件。它是由对日战争的盟国签署的，但尚未由尚未宣战的苏联签署。
When the ultimatum arrived in Tokyo, Japan's prime minister Admiral Kantaro Suzuki, said the government intended to ignore it.
当最后通牒到达东京时，日本首相铃木贯太郎表示，政府打算忽略它。
Haruo Iguchi, Historian: : Since the Soviet Union's name did not appear as one of the countries that had signed the Potsdam Declaration why don't we wait for their final word with regard to whether or not they can mediate?
历史学家井口春夫：既然苏联的名字没有出现在签署《波茨坦宣言》的国家之一中，我们为什么不等待他们关于是否可以调解的最终决定呢？
Richard Frank: : When the Potsdam Declaration was issued, within the inner sanctum of the Japanese government, even what we regard as the moderates deemed the Potsdam Declaration as a sign of weakening American will; that we had already offered all these terms before the first drop of blood was shed in the invasion.
理查德·弗兰克：《波茨坦公告》发表时，在日本政府内部，就连我们所谓的温和派也认为《波茨坦公告》是削弱美国意志的表现；在入侵中流下第一滴血之前，我们已经提出了所有这些条件。
And they were fortified in the belief that they should just press on.
他们坚信自己应该继续前进。
Narrator: The Potsdam Declaration had said, "We shall brook no delay." By August 5, after nine days, Japan had not officially responded.
旁白：《波茨坦宣言》说：“我们不能再拖延了。”到8月5日，九天过去了，日本还没有正式回应。
Hirohito did not press his government to accept it.
裕仁没有迫使他的政府接受它。
Instead, he worried about how to preserve the Imperial Regalia, emblems of the legitimacy of his rule.
相反，他担心如何保存帝王，这是他统治合法性的象征。
The sacred mirror, symbol of the sun goddess, was worshipped at the Grand Shrine at Ise.
伊势神宫供奉着象征太阳女神的圣镜。
The sacred sword, symbol of bravery, was preserved at the Atsuta Shrine in Nagoya City.
这把象征勇敢的圣剑被保存在名古屋市的热田神宫。
The sacred curved jewel, symbol of affection, was enshrined at the Imperial Palace.
这颗神圣的弧形宝石是爱情的象征，被供奉在皇宫中。
The Emperor wanted all of them at the palace for protection.
皇帝希望他们都在皇宫里受到保护。
Donald Miller: Here's a man who ought to be thinking about his children as he called them, his people.
唐纳德·米勒：这个人应该考虑他的孩子，他称他们为他的人民。
Instead, his insiders say he was concerned about the insignia and symbols of office, all the things that gave him, in a sense, sovereignty and invested him with power.
相反，他的内部人士表示，他关心的是职位的徽章和象征，这些东西在某种意义上赋予了他主权并赋予了他权力。
He was more concerned about the destruction of his power than the destruction of his country.
他更关心的是他的权力的毁灭，而不是他的国家的毁灭。
Narrator: On August 6th, the day an atomic bomb destroyed Hiroshima, Hirohito was still waiting for a response from Moscow.
旁白：8月6日，原子弹摧毁广岛的那一天，裕仁仍在等待莫斯科的回应。
It was a response that Ambassador Sato had said would never come.
佐藤大使曾表示永远不会有这样的回应。
Harry Truman, U.S. president: It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July the 26th was issued at Potsdam.
美国总统杜鲁门：7月26日在波茨坦发出最后通牒是为了让日本人民免遭彻底毁灭。
Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum.
他们的领导人立即拒绝了这一最后通牒。
If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.
如果他们现在不接受我们的条件，他们可能会期待从空中降下一场毁灭之雨，这是地球上从未见过的。
Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware.
这次空袭的幕后黑手将是海陆军，他们的数量和力量是他们前所未见的，战斗技巧也是他们已经熟知的。
Narrator: General Marshall, the advocate of invasion, was having second thoughts.
旁白：入侵的鼓吹者马歇尔将军正在改变主意。
In July the intercepts identified nine divisions protecting Kyushu.
七月的拦截发现了九个保护九州的师。
On August 6th, they identified 13.
8月6日，他们确认了13个。
For Marshall, it was a preview of hell.
对于马歇尔来说，这是地狱的预演。
The landings at Normandy had been costly but successful.
诺曼底登陆虽然代价高昂，但取得了成功。
Marshall began to question if the invasion plans for Japan would succeed.
马歇尔开始质疑入侵日本的计划是否会成功。
He asked General Douglas MacArthur, who was to command the invasion, to consider moving the landing to northern Japan.
他请求指挥这次入侵的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军考虑将登陆地点移至日本北部。
Edward Drea: Just imagine you're George Marshall, and on the eve of the Normandy invasion, you suddenly tell Dwight Eisenhower, "Hey, don't invade Normandy.
爱德华·德雷：想象一下，你是乔治·马歇尔，在诺曼底入侵前夕，你突然告诉德怀特·艾森豪威尔，“嘿，不要入侵诺曼底。
Why don't we reschedule the whole thing and invade Norway, where the German defenses are weaker?" Well, I mean, the mind boggles because of all the work, all the effort, all the planning that's gone into this.
我们为什么不重新安排整个计划并入侵德国防御力量较弱的挪威呢？”嗯，我的意思是，由于所有的工作、所有的努力、所有的计划，这令人难以置信。
Yet this is really, in effect, what Marshall is saying to MacArthur in August of 1945.
然而，这实际上正是马歇尔在 1945 年 8 月对麦克阿瑟所说的话。
Narrator: The warning had been raised by his own intelligence officer, yet MacArthur downplayed it.
旁白：这个警告是他自己的情报官员提出的，但麦克阿瑟淡化了它。
Douglas MacArthur was determined to lead the greatest invasion in the history of warfare.
道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟决心领导战争史上最大规模的入侵。
One way to make an invasion possible, Marshall thought, would be to destroy beach defenses with atomic bombs.
马歇尔认为，使入侵成为可能的一种方法是用原子弹摧毁海滩防御设施。
The Manhattan Project informed him at least seven would be ready by November 1st.
曼哈顿计划告诉他，到 11 月 1 日，至少有 7 个将准备就绪。
Edward Drea: Marshall is now planning to use atomic bombs as really as tactical support weapons against the Japanese beach defenses, to precede the landing by the American units almost as if it were naval gunfire support.
爱德华·德雷：马歇尔现在计划使用原子弹作为对抗日本海滩防御的战术支援武器，在美国部队登陆之前几乎就像海军炮火支援一样。
Richard Frank: The scientists had calculated that anybody who'd be killed by radiation would have already been killed by a rock or blast or heat.
理查德·弗兰克：科学家们计算出，任何被辐射杀死的人都已经被岩石、爆炸或高温杀死了。
You read the contemporary planning documents, and you see that there is no appreciation of the potential danger of immediate or lingering radiation.
你阅读当代的规划文件，你会发现他们没有意识到即时或持续辐射的潜在危险。
Edward Drea: If this would have happened, the invaders of the land of the gods would have entered the world of the dead on both sides.
爱德华·德瑞：如果这样的话，诸神之地的入侵者就会从两边进入死者世界。
Narrator: Just before mid-night on August 8th, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan.
旁白：8月8日午夜前，苏联对日宣战。
Fearing the atomic bomb would end the war before he entered, Stalin advanced the date.
斯大林担心原子弹会在他进入之前结束战争，因此提前了日期。
The Red Army launched the largest land operation of the Pacific war against the Japanese in Manchuria.
红军在满洲对日军发动了太平洋战争中最大规模的地面行动。
At the same time U.S. forces were readying a second atomic bomb.
与此同时，美军正在准备第二颗原子弹。
For three days after the Hiroshima bombing, the Japanese government had not met.
广岛原子弹爆炸后三天，日本政府没有开会。
With the hope for Soviet mediation shattered, the War Cabinet gathered at 10:30 AM on August 9th to discuss the Potsdam Declaration.
随着苏联调解的希望破灭，战时内阁于8月9日上午10点30分聚集在一起讨论《波茨坦公告》。
Foreign Minister Togo led the peace faction urging acceptance with one condition preserving the Emperor although stripped of his powers.
外交部长多哥领导的和平派敦促接受，但有一个条件，即保留天皇，但剥夺他的权力。
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Historia: n: What prompted "peace party" is a profound fear that the Soviet influence, if allowed to continue then that would lead to the end of monarchical system.
长谷川刚，《历史》：n：促使“和平党”成立的原因是对苏联影响的深刻恐惧，如果允许这种影响继续下去，将导致君主制的终结。
Narrator: "The inevitable has come," said General Anami, who feared a two-front war.
旁白：“不可避免的事情已经到来，”阿纳米将军说道，他担心会发生两线战争。
Yet Anami and the militarists, still confident in Ketsu-Go, favored adding three additional conditions: there would be no occupation, the Japanese military would disarm itself and the military would try its own war criminals.
然而，阿南和军国主义者仍然对结号充满信心，赞成增加三个附加条件：不存在占领、日本军队将自行解除武装以及军队将审判自己的战犯。
Haruo Iguchi, Historian: They really lacked reality picture.
Haruo Iguchi，历史学家：他们确实缺乏现实图景。
They uh, it's rather amazing that they were audacious enough to hammer out such unrealistic three conditions attached to the preservation of the Imperial Throne.
他们呃，真是太神奇了，他们竟敢提出这样不切实际的三个保住皇位的条件。
Narrator: Anami told the war cabinet he was certain America only had one atomic bomb.
旁白：阿纳米告诉战时内阁，他确信美国只有一颗原子弹。
It was at that time, just before 1:00 PM on August 9th, that word reached the meeting a second bomb had hit Nagasaki.
就在那时，就在 8 月 9 日下午 1:00 之前，会议收到了第二枚炸弹袭击了长崎的消息。
The war cabinet was divided over surrender.
战时内阁在投降问题上存在分歧。
The full cabinet then met.
随后全体内阁成员开会。
It too was divided.
它也被分裂了。
Only the Emperor could break the deadlock.
只有皇帝才能打破僵局。
He met first with his principal advisor, Marquis Koichi Kido.
他首先会见了他的首席顾问木户光一侯爵。
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa: : And Kido had very important meeting with Emperor in that afternoon, that lasted for long time, unusually long time.
长谷川刚：那天下午，木户与天皇进行了非常重要的会面，会面持续了很长时间，非常长的时间。
That meant they met substantial issues.
这意味着他们遇到了重大问题。
Emperor resisted to accept Togo's narrowest definition, and expanded it to include Emperor's political rule.
天皇拒绝接受多哥最狭隘的定义，并将其扩大到包括天皇的政治统治。
In other words that one condition should not be merely preservation imperial house, but the preservation of emperor's status within the national law.
换言之，条件之一不应只是保存皇室，而是在国家法律范围内保留皇帝的地位。
He wanted actual power.
他想要真正的权力。
Narrator: The emperor wanted the powers he then enjoyed, the powers granted his grandfather under the constitution of 1868.
旁白：皇帝想要他当时享有的权力，也就是 1868 年宪法赋予他祖父的权力。
When the emperor's inner circle met with him that night, Baron Hiranuma, a Shinto fundamentalist, tried to further solidify the emperor's powers.
当晚天皇的核心圈子与他会面时，神道教原教旨主义者平沼男爵试图进一步巩固天皇的权力。
Edward Drea: Hiranuma's argument was the constitution was irrelevant.
爱德华·德雷：平沼的论点是宪法无关紧要。
The imperial line predated the Meiji constitution of 1868.
天皇世系早于 1868 年明治宪法。
The origin of Japan was the origin of the imperial house, and that was a divine event because the imperial family descended from the gods, long before any constitution existed.
日本的起源就是皇室的起源，这是一个神圣的事件，因为皇室是神的后裔，早在任何宪法存在之前。
It was irrelevant to discuss the emperor's prerogatives in terms of legal arrangements.
从法律安排上讨论皇帝的特权是无关紧要的。
The emperor transcended those worldly forms.
皇帝超越了那些世俗的形式。
He was a transcendent being.
他是一个超然的存在。
Narrator: The emperor broke the deadlock.
旁白：皇帝打破了僵局。
Japan sent word to Washington it accepted the Potsdam Declaration with one condition that it did not "prejudice the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler." These prerogatives would give the emperor the power to prevent the US from demilitarizing and democratizing Japan.
日本向华盛顿发出消息，它接受《波茨坦公告》，但有一个条件，即该公告“不得损害天皇陛下作为主权统治者的特权”。这些特权将赋予天皇阻止美国使日本非军事化和民主化的权力。
This was not the powerless, symbolic emperor like the King of England that Togo and some of Truman's advisors - had imagined.
这并不是多哥和杜鲁门的一些顾问所想象的像英国国王那样无权的、象征性的皇帝。
Japan's response to the Potsdam Declaration arrived in Washington August 10th.
日本对波茨坦公告的回应于8月10日抵达华盛顿。
Even after two atomic bombs, no one expected surrender so soon.
即使在两颗原子弹爆炸之后，也没有人预料到这么快就投降了。
Secretary of War Stimson dropped vacation plans to attend a cabinet meeting.
战争部长史汀生放弃休假计划去参加内阁会议。
Richard Frank: Stimson took the lead.
理查德·弗兰克：史汀生带头。
He urged Truman to accept the Japanese offer.
他敦促杜鲁门接受日本的提议。
Stimson told Truman that if we don't use the emperor to obtain an organized capitulation of the Japanese armed forces, we could be facing a score of Iwo Jimas or Okinawas across the Asian continent, in Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
史汀生告诉杜鲁门，如果我们不利用天皇来促使日本武装部队有组织地投降，我们可能会在亚洲大陆、东南亚和太平洋地区面临数十个硫磺岛或冲绳岛。
And that's an analogy to a casualty figure somewhere between 600,000 and almost a million.
这与 60 万到近 100 万之间的伤亡数字进行了类比。
And Stimson isn't even talking about the home islands.
史汀生甚至没有谈论本土岛屿。
Narrator: : Truman told his cabinet that telegrams he had already received were overwhelmingly against accepting Japan's offer.
旁白：杜鲁门告诉他的内阁，他收到的电报绝大多数都反对接受日本的提议。
To Secretary of State Byrnes, these expressions of public opinion mattered.
对于国务卿伯恩斯来说，这些公众意见的表达很重要。
Barton Bernstein: : Byrnes said, "This will mean the crucifixion of the President." Wonderfully dramatic metaphor.
巴顿·伯恩斯坦：：伯恩斯说，“这将意味着总统被钉死在十字架上。”奇妙的戏剧性隐喻。
That is, if the President accedes to retaining the imperial system, and presumably the emperor, he, the President, is going to be destroyed at home.
也就是说，如果总统同意保留帝国制度，并且可能是皇帝，那么他，总统，将在国内被摧毁。
This is the fear of the backlash.
这就是对反弹的恐惧。
Narrator: : Byrnes got support from an unexpected quarter.
旁白：：伯恩斯得到了意想不到的支持。
Retaining the emperor had been the idea of Undersecretary of State Joseph Grew and Japan experts in the State Department, including Joseph Ballantine.
保留天皇是副国务卿约瑟夫·格鲁和包括约瑟夫·巴兰坦在内的国务院日本问题专家的想法。
They were derided by some as "emperor worshippers," but they knew what Baron Hiranuma meant by "imperial prerogatives".
他们被一些人嘲笑为“皇帝崇拜者”，但他们知道平沼男爵所说的“皇帝特权”是什么意思。
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa: Ballantine immediately he said, "Oh, this is bad news.
长谷川刚：百龄坛立即说道：“哦，这是个坏消息。
This is Imperial prerogatives." That means we are going to maintain the source of Japanese militarism.
这是帝国的特权。”这意味着我们要维护日本军国主义的根源。
And that would be in contradiction with the basic objectives of the United States.
这将与美国的基本目标相矛盾。
Narrator: : Byrnes was in a tough position.
旁白：：伯恩斯处境艰难。
To reject Japan's offer might prolong the war and give the Soviets a foothold in Japan and a role in the occupation The response Byrnes drafted for Truman sidestepped the fate of the emperor but made it clear he would not be in charge.
拒绝日本的提议可能会延长战争，并使苏联在日本立足并在占领中发挥作用。伯恩斯为杜鲁门起草的回应回避了天皇的命运，但明确表示他不会负责。
"From the moment of surrender," it read, "the authority of the emperor and the Japanese government shall be subject to the Supreme Commander Allied PowersŠ" When Byrnes's response arrived in Japan, the war cabinet was once again split.
“从投降那一刻起，”它写道，“天皇和日本政府的权力将服从盟军最高统帅。”当伯恩斯的回应抵达日本时，战时内阁再次分裂。
For three rancorous days, General Anami led those opposing surrender.
在充满怨恨的三天里，阿南将军带领反对投降的人。
On August 14 the emperor intervened once again and imposed his will.
8月14日，天皇再次介入并强加了他的旨意。
"It is my belief," he said with sadness, "that continuation of the war promises nothing but additional destruction." Just before midnight, he recorded a surrender message.
“我相信，”他悲伤地说，“战争的继续只会带来更多的破坏。”就在午夜之前，他录制了一条投降信息。
Within the hour, junior officers launched a coup d'etat, with the murder of two leaders of the Palace Guard.
一个小时内，下级军官发动政变，两名宫廷卫队领导人被谋杀。
The rebels ransacked the Imperial Palace, hoping to destroy the surrender message.
叛军洗劫了皇宫，希望毁掉投降的消息。
They burned the homes of Prime Minister Suzuki and Baron Hiranuma calling them pro- American traitors.
他们烧毁了铃木首相和平沼男爵的住宅，称他们为亲美叛徒。
General Anami never condemned the coup, but he never backed it.
阿纳米将军从未谴责过这次政变，但他也从未支持过它。
Without his support, it was doomed.
没有他的支持，一切就注定了。
Anami's last act was that of a proud Japanese warrior who had fought his battle and lost.
阿南的最后一幕是一位骄傲的日本武士，他参加了战斗并失败了。
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa: Anami's ritual suicide was very, very important symbolic meaning, because this is the end of Imperial army.
长谷川刚：阿南的自杀仪式具有非常非常重要的象征意义，因为这是帝国军队的终结。
So that's a clean break.
这样就彻底决裂了。
This is end of the army.
这就是军队的末日。
Narrator: In a radio broadcast at noon on August 15th, Japanese people heard something they had never heard before their emperor's voice.
旁白：8月15日中午的广播中，日本民众听到了天皇的声音。
He never mentioned "defeat" or "surrender".
他从未提及“失败”或“投降”。
Edward Drea: : In essence what the emperor says is, "Things didn't quite go our way.
爱德华·德雷：本质上皇帝所说的是：“事情并没有完全按照我们的意愿发展。
The situation did not develop to our advantage." I mean, this is one of the classic understatements in world history, when he looks around at this ruined empire and says, "Well, it didn't, didn't quite go as we expected." Well, okay.
局势并没有朝着对我们有利的方向发展。”我的意思是，这是世界历史上经典的轻描淡写之一，当他环顾这个被毁坏的帝国并说：“嗯，它没有，没有完全按照我们的预期发展。”好吧，好吧。
Surely didn't.
当然没有。
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa: This is totally devoid of personal responsibility or responsibility of Japan causing that war.
长谷川刚：这完全没有个人责任，也没有日本造成那场战争的责任。
Richard Frank: He also specifically singles out the atomic bomb as being a reason for the surrender, saying that the Americans are so unusually cruel and savage that to spare humanity from further such barbarities, I will end the war.
理查德·弗兰克：他还特别指出原子弹是投降的原因，他说美国人异常残忍和野蛮，为了使人类不再遭受进一步的野蛮行径，我将结束战争。
Narrator: The emperor, who had worried about a rebellion from his subjects, helped ensure his position by posing as their savior.
旁白：皇帝担心臣民造反，于是冒充臣民的救世主来巩固自己的地位。
Harry Truman: : I have received this afternoon a message from the Japanese government.
哈里·杜鲁门：：今天下午我收到了来自日本政府的消息。
I deem this reply a full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, which specifies the unconditional surrender of Japan.
我认为这个答复完全接受《波茨坦公告》，其中规定了日本无条件投降。
In the reply there is no qualification.
回复中没有任何限定条件。
Narrator: Word of the Japanese surrender would soon reach anxious American forces poised for the invasion.
旁白：日本投降的消息很快就传到了准备入侵的焦虑的美国军队中。
George Niland: You couldn't believe how happy we were.
乔治·尼兰：你简直不敢相信我们有多高兴。
It was like getting a death sentence revoked.
这就像死刑被撤销一样。
You know, it just, it was wonderful.
你知道，那真是太棒了。
Narrator: The emperor directed a special surrender message to his armed forces.
旁白：天皇向他的军队发出了特别的投降信息。
He never mentioned the bomb but stressed the Soviet entry into the war.
他从未提及原子弹，但强调了苏联参战。
Richard Frank: : From the standpoint of securing their compliance, Soviet intervention was a far, far more potent argument.
理查德·弗兰克：从确保他们遵守的角度来看，苏联的干预是一个更有力的论据。
The prospect of massive Soviet armies sweeping down across Asia and confronting them, was a very real and intimidating prospect.
大规模的苏联军队横扫亚洲并与他们对抗的前景是一个非常真实和令人生畏的前景。
Conrad Crane: I think the best explanation of why the Japanese surrender is it's because a whole series of shocks that occur.
康拉德·克兰：我认为日本投降的最好解释是因为发生了一系列的冲击。
Both bombs were important.
两枚炸弹都很重要。
And I think that the Russian invasion also is very important.
我认为俄罗斯的入侵也非常重要。
Hard to weight which are more important.
很难衡量哪个更重要。
But I think it's worth saying that there's a certain equality there; that they are both very important.
但我认为值得一提的是，那里存在一定的平等；他们都很重要。
Narrator: : In explaining Japan's defeat, Hirohito wrote to his son, "Our military men placed too much weight on spirit and forgot about science." His wife, Empress Nagako, seemed to agree.
旁白：裕仁在给儿子解释日本战败时写道：“我们的军人过于重视精神而忘记了科学。”他的妻子长子皇后似乎也同意这一点。
A few days after the surrender, she wrote, "Every day from morning to night, B-29s, naval bombers, and fighters freely fly over the palace...
投降几天后，她写道：“每天从早到晚，B-29、海军轰炸机和战斗机自由地飞越宫殿上空……
making an enormous noise...
发出巨大的噪音……
As I sit at my desk writing and look up at the sky, countless numbers are passing over...
当我坐在书桌前写字，仰望天空时，无数的数字掠过……
Unfortunately," she added, "the B-29 is a splendid plane."
不幸的是，”她补充道，“B-29 是一架出色的飞机。”
The B-29, or Superfortress, was designed to operate faster, at higher altitudes, and with heavier bomb loads than its predecessor, the B-17 Flying Fortress.
B-29（或“超级堡垒”）的设计目的是比其前身 B-17 飞行堡垒运行速度更快、飞行高度更高、载弹量更重。
President Harry Truman and his war advisers hotly discussed casualty estimates for a projected invasion.
哈里·杜鲁门总统和他的战争顾问热烈讨论了预计入侵的伤亡估计。
Congress and the public were solidly behind the war.
国会和公众坚决支持这场战争。
To make this film, producers Austin Hoyt and Melissa Martin spoke to many survivors, whose memories reveal the horrors of war.
为了制作这部电影，制片人奥斯汀·霍伊特和梅丽莎·马丁采访了许多幸存者，他们的记忆揭示了战争的恐怖。
Explore a timeline of the Pacific theater, from the invasion of Saipan in the Mariana Islands of the Central Pacific to the formal Japanese surrender on the U.S.S.
探索太平洋战区的时间线，从入侵中太平洋马里亚纳群岛的塞班岛到日本正式向美国投降。
Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
东京湾的密苏里州。
Watch the government film produced by the Army Air Forces in 1945 and narrated by Hollywood actor Ronald Reagan.
观看 1945 年由陆军空军制作、由好莱坞演员罗纳德·里根解说的政府电影。
Several days after the U.S. dropped a second atomic bomb on Japan, Secretary of State James Byrnes drafted the following letter to a Swiss diplomat serving as an intermediary in negotiations with the Japanese.
美国向日本投下第二颗原子弹几天后，国务卿詹姆斯·伯恩斯起草了以下致瑞士外交官的信，该外交官在与日本的谈判中担任中间人。
Read excerpt of President Truman's diary as he considered how to end the war.
阅读杜鲁门总统考虑如何结束战争时的日记摘录。
B-29's also carried a non-lethal payload over Japan: leaflets urging the Japanese people to surrender.
B-29 还在日本上空携带非致命性有效载荷：敦促日本人民投降的传单。
A panel of experts answered online questions on the end of the war in the Pacific.
专家小组回答了有关太平洋战争结束的网上问题。
Can you help Koyu Shiroma find his two sisters?
你能帮助城间晃悠找到他的两个妹妹吗？
Shiroma lost contact with his two sisters since the end of World War II.
第二次世界大战结束后，城间与他的两个姐妹失去了联系。
"Take no prisoners.
“不要俘虏。
Fight to the bitter end." Those were everyday words to combat troops.
战斗到底。”这些是作战部队的日常用语。
In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i, causing the U.S. to enter World War II.
1941年12月，日本袭击了美国夏威夷珍珠港，导致美国加入第二次世界大战。