The Nuremberg Trials
"The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant and so devastating that civilization can not tolerate their being ignored, because it can not survive their being repeated."
“我们寻求谴责和惩罚的错误是经过深思熟虑、如此恶毒和如此具有破坏性，以至于文明不能容忍它们被忽视，因为它无法再重蹈覆辙。”
Narrator : The year World War II finally ended, a courtroom in Nuremberg, Germany, became the scene of what would be called the greatest trial in history.
旁白：二战最终结束的那一年，德国纽伦堡的法庭上演了堪称历史上最伟大的审判。
For the first time, leaders of a nation would be tried for war crimes.
一个国家的领导人将首次因战争罪受到审判。
Chief prosecutor Robert Jackson declared, "We will show these men to be the living symbols of racial hatred, terrorism and violence, and of the arrogance and cruelty of power."
首席检察官罗伯特·杰克逊宣称：“我们将让这些人成为种族仇恨、恐怖主义和暴力以及权力傲慢和残酷的活生生象征。”
The highest ranking Nazi to survive the war, Hermann Göring, was the lead defendant.
战争中幸存下来的最高级别的纳粹分子赫尔曼·戈林是主要被告。
"Everybody knows this is not a trial," Göring proclaimed.
“每个人都知道这不是一场审判，”戈林宣称。
"This is just an arrangement where the victors will take revenge on the defeated."
“这只是胜利者向失败者复仇的安排。”
Six years of war had left 55 million dead.
六年的战争造成 5500 万人死亡。
Now, in Nuremberg, before the eyes of the world, the victorious Allies would attempt to stay the hand of vengeance, and follow a difficult and uncertain path to justice.
现在，在纽伦堡，在全世界的眼前，胜利的盟军将试图阻止复仇之手，并走上一条艰难而不确定的正义之路。
On November 20, 1945, the elevator in Nuremberg's Hall of Justice rose slowly from the cellblock to the courtroom.
1945年11月20日，纽伦堡司法厅的电梯从牢房缓缓上升到法庭。
Hermann Göring, founder of the Gestapo and heir apparent to Hitler, strode confidently into the prisoners' dock, followed by the Commander of the German Navy, Admiral Karl Doenitz, Nazi party secretary Rudolf Hess and 18 other leaders of Adolph Hitler's Third Reich.
盖世太保的创始人、希特勒的法定继承人赫尔曼·戈林自信地大步走进囚犯码头，后面跟着德国海军司令卡尔·邓尼茨海军上将、纳粹党书记鲁道夫·赫斯以及阿道夫·希特勒第三帝国的其他 18 名领导人。
Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson would lead the American prosecution team.
最高法院法官罗伯特·杰克逊将领导美国检方团队。
Jackson was determined that the Nazis pay for their crimes, yet fearful that Hitler's henchmen could use this high-profile forum to re-ignite Nazism in Germany.
杰克逊决心让纳粹为其罪行付出代价，但又担心希特勒的追随者可能会利用这个备受瞩目的论坛在德国重新点燃纳粹主义。
In a courtroom flooded by lights for the newsreel cameras, five hundred spectators and 21 defendants -- some shielding their eyes from the glare behind dark glasses -- waited for the unprecedented trial to begin.
在新闻片摄像机灯光照射下的法庭里，500 名观众和 21 名被告（其中一些人用墨镜遮住眼睛）等待着这场史无前例的审判开始。
Walter Cronkite, Journalist : Sitting there for the first time and seeing these 21 men who had caused such horror in the world I actually felt sick, kind of.
沃尔特·克朗凯特（Walter Cronkite），记者：第一次坐在那里，看到这 21 个给世界带来如此恐怖的人，我真的感到有点恶心。
They had come into the dock as if this was not a fair proceeding, as if they knew they were going to hang already, why go through this whole thing.
他们来到被告席上，就好像这不是一个公平的诉讼，好像他们知道自己已经要被绞死了，为什么要经历这整件事。
Narrator : As the eight judges, led by Lord Geoffrey Lawrence of England -- took their places on the bench, the air was thick with anticipation.
旁白：当以英国勋爵杰弗里·劳伦斯为首的八位法官在法官席上就座时，空气中充满了期待。
The international tribunal was empowered to decide the fate of each defendant -- including a sentence of death.
国际法庭有权决定每个被告的命运，包括判处死刑。
The first to enter his plea was Hermann Göring.
第一个提出抗辩的是赫尔曼·戈林。
Hermann Göring (archival) (translation) :
赫尔曼·戈林（档案）（翻译）：
"Before I answer the question of the court, whether I plead guilty or not guilty..."
“在我回答法庭的问题之前，我是认罪还是不认罪……”
The tribunal cut him short and he said: 炭ou are here to plead guilty, not guilty or guilty with an explanation' and that remonstrance he shouted: 'nicht schuldig.'
法庭打断了他的话，他说：“炭ou在这里认罪、无罪或有罪并作出解释”，他在抗议中喊道：“nicht schuldig”。
"Responding to the indictment I plead not guilty."
“针对起诉书，我不认罪。”
William Jackson : That was an indication of his ability of try to find an opening to present what he wanted to say rather then what he was being asked.
威廉·杰克逊：这表明他有能力尝试找到一个机会来表达他想说的话，而不是被问到的内容。
Narrator : Each defendant pleaded "not guilty." Robert Jackson then made his way to the podium.
旁白：每位被告均表示“无罪”。随后罗伯特·杰克逊走上讲台。
He had labored over his opening statement for weeks.
他花了好几个星期的时间来准备他的开场陈词。
Robert Jackson (archival) : "The privilege of opening the first trial in history for crimes against the peace of the world imposes a grave responsibility.
罗伯特·杰克逊（档案）：“能够对危害世界和平的罪行进行历史上首次审判，这意味着我们负有重大责任。
...
...
The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant and so devastating that civilization can not tolerate their being ignored, because it can not survive their being repeated."
我们寻求谴责和惩罚的错误是如此精心策划、如此恶毒、如此具有破坏性，以至于文明不能容忍它们被忽视，因为它无法再重蹈覆辙。”
Whitney Harris, Prosecutor : That set the tone not only for the speech which followed but for the entire trial.
惠特尼·哈里斯（Whitney Harris），检察官：这不仅为接下来的演讲，也为整个审判定下了基调。
This was not a trial of Germans alone.
这不仅仅是对德国人的审判。
This was a trial for humanity.
这是对人类的一次考验。
This was a trial to prevent tyranny from raising its head again in any place in the world.
这是为了防止暴政在世界任何地方再次抬头而进行的审判。
Narrator : The trial unfolding in Nuremberg was not without controversy.
旁白：在纽伦堡进行的审判并非没有争议。
In the months leading up to Allied victory, voices calling for vengeance had been numerous and forceful.
在盟军胜利前的几个月里，要求复仇的声音众多而有力。
As the long and bloody war in Europe was winding down, Allied leaders began to address what should be done with the Nazis.
随着欧洲漫长而血腥的战争逐渐结束，盟军领导人开始讨论应该如何对付纳粹。
When the Allies met in Yalta in February 1945, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill favored swift executions of top Nazi leaders.
1945 年 2 月，盟军在雅尔塔会面时，英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔赞成迅速处决纳粹高层领导人。
Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin preferred show trials, followed quickly by mass executions.
苏联总理约瑟夫·斯大林更喜欢表演审判，随后很快进行大规模处决。
President Franklin Roosevelt -- his health failing badly -- was hearing conflicting opinions from his cabinet.
富兰克林·罗斯福总统的健康状况严重恶化，他从内阁中听到了相互矛盾的意见。
Roosevelt's influential Treasury Secretary, Henry Morganthau -- Jewish, and enraged by Nazi atrocities -- argued for summary executions of those he called "the arch criminals of this war." Secretary of War Henry Stimson was adamant that Nazi leaders be put on trial.
罗斯福颇具影响力的财政部长亨利·摩根索（Henry Morganthau）是犹太人，对纳粹暴行感到愤怒，他主张立即处决那些他所谓的“这场战争的罪魁祸首”。战争部长亨利·史汀生坚决要求对纳粹领导人进行审判。
"The punishment of these men in a dignified manner," Stimson wrote, "will have all the greater effect upon posterity."Stimson advanced a plan developed by a young Jewish lawyer on his staff, Murray Bernays, to try the Nazi leaders as a criminal conspiracy -- like an organized crime syndicate.
史汀生写道：“以有尊严的方式惩罚这些人，将对后代产生更大的影响。”史汀生提出了一项由他手下的年轻犹太律师默里·伯奈斯制定的计划，将纳粹领导人作为一个犯罪阴谋——就像一个有组织的犯罪集团——来审判。
"The atrocities were not single or unconnected", wrote Bernays, "but were the inevitable outcome of a conspiracy based on the Nazi doctrine of racism and totalitarianism."
伯奈斯写道：“这些暴行并非单一或毫无关联，而是基于纳粹种族主义和极权主义学说的阴谋的必然结果。”
Whitney Harris : That was the concept that we would charge these leading defendants with conspiring, getting together and plotting to seize control of the German government and subjecting the German people to its dictatorial control, making the German people themselves victims if you like and eliminating freedom in Germany, eliminating democracy, establishing a ruthless dictatorship and then, having done that -- that's the conspiracy -- then committing the crimes that they did in the name of the German people.
惠特尼·哈里斯：我们将指控这些主要被告密谋、联合起来密谋夺取德国政府的控制权，将德国人民置于其独裁控制之下，如果你愿意的话，可以让德国人民自己成为受害者，消除德国的自由，消除民主，建立残酷的独裁政权，然后，在这样做之后——这就是阴谋——然后以德国人民的名义犯下罪行。
Martha Minow, Professor of Law : It was difficult for the political figures to come to the view that after this rather brutal and longout war that something as refined and patient as a legal process should be pursued, but if someone is a prisoner of war, they are not supposed to be executed and, indeed, they are supposed to be given considerable protection.
玛莎·米诺，法学教授：政治人物很难认为，在这场相当残酷和漫长的战争之后，应该寻求像法律程序这样精致和耐心的东西，但如果有人是战俘，他们不应该被处决，事实上，他们应该得到相当多的保护。
So it would have violated at least the best versions of American law and British law to have summary executions.
因此，即决处决至少违反了美国法律和英国法律的最佳版本。
Narrator : Roosevelt came to favor the Stimson/Bernays plan, but in April, he died.
旁白：罗斯福开始支持史汀生/伯内斯计划，但在四月，他去世了。
His successor, Harry Truman, asked Robert Jackson, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, to serve as chief U.S. prosecutor for the war crimes trials.
他的继任者哈里杜鲁门要求最高法院副法官罗伯特杰克逊担任战争罪审判的美国首席检察官。
Jackson was wary.
杰克逊很谨慎。
The trials would explore uncharted legal territory; convictions were by no means certain.
这些审判将探索未知的法律领域；信念绝不是确定的。
"You must put no man on trial," Jackson warned, "if you are not willing to see him freed if not proved guilty.
杰克逊警告说：“如果你不愿意看到一个人在没有被证明有罪的情况下被释放，那么你就不能对任何人进行审判。
If we want to shoot Germans as a matter of policy, let it be done as such.
如果我们想把射杀德国人作为一项政策，那就这样吧。
But don't hide the deed behind a court."
但不要在法庭背后隐藏这一行为。”
John Barrett, Jackson's Biographer : Jackson hears from collegues at the Supreme Court and friends and contacts in the government, and he encounters a lot of skepticism about the time and difficulty of accomplishing this, skepticism about the benefits at the end of the process in terms of justice, in terms of deterrence.
约翰·巴雷特，杰克逊的传记作者：杰克逊听取了最高法院的同事、朋友和政府联系人的意见，他遇到了很多人对实现这一目标的时间和难度的怀疑，对程序结束时在正义和威慑方面的好处的怀疑。
Narrator : Still, Jackson was drawn to the challenge.
旁白：尽管如此，杰克逊还是被这个挑战所吸引。
The son of a small town businessman, Jackson never attended college.
杰克逊是一个小镇商人的儿子，从未上过大学。
He had risen to become attorney general, then a Supreme Court justice.
他后来成为司法部长，然后是最高法院法官。
John Barrett : Robert Jackson was a lawyer's lawyer at each stage of his career.
约翰·巴雷特：罗伯特·杰克逊在其职业生涯的每个阶段都是律师的律师。
For twenty years in private practice, trials and appeals and tremendous success.
二十年来在私人执业、审判和上诉中取得了巨大的成功。
And then Jackson on the bench of the Supreme Court being a very active and witty and colorful speaker in the courtroom and thinker and writer in his opinions ...
然后，杰克逊坐在最高法院的法官席上，他在法庭上是一位非常活跃、机智、丰富多彩的演讲者，也是他的观点的思想家和作家……
so this was an enormous legal figure.
所以这是一个巨大的法律数字。
Narrator : Now, at age fifty-three, Jackson exuded self-confidence and ambition, and was frustrated at being on the sidelines during World War Two, the century's great drama.
旁白：现在，五十三岁的杰克逊流露出自信和野心，并因在本世纪最伟大的戏剧——第二次世界大战中置身事外而感到沮丧。
On May 2, he accepted Truman's offer.
5月2日，他接受了杜鲁门的提议。
Robert Jackson : "I am convinced that we have an opportunity to bring to a just judgement those who have thought it safe to wage aggressive and ruthless war."
罗伯特·杰克逊：“我相信，我们有机会对那些认为发动侵略性和残酷战争是安全的人做出公正的判断。”
Narrator : The Supreme Court would soon adjourn for the summer.
旁白：最高法院即将在夏季休会。
Jackson was sure he'd be back in time for the fall session.
杰克逊确信他会及时回来参加秋季课程。
But he also knew that the trials would be controversial, and might hurt his chances of one day being named Chief Justice.
但他也知道审判会引起争议，并可能会损害他有一天被任命为首席大法官的机会。
As Jackson assembled his legal team in Washington, the U.S. Army was gathering evidence of Nazi atrocities-the extent of which were finally being understood: the use of slave labor; the horrific extermination camps; the millions of murdered Jews.
当杰克逊在华盛顿召集他的法律团队时，美国陆军正在收集纳粹暴行的证据——其严重程度终于得到了了解：使用奴隶劳工；可怕的灭绝营；数以百万计被谋杀的犹太人。
Benjamin Ferencz, U.S. Army Investigator : I was coming in there to prove the crimes.
本杰明·费伦茨，美国陆军调查员：我来这里是为了证明这些罪行。
We would come in.
我们会进来的。
We would prepare a list of the evidence, proof of what transports had come into the camp, how many people had been registered as being killed on the various dates, the supposed cause of death -- which was obviously fictitious, such as "Auf der Flucht erschossen," shot while trying to escape ...
我们会准备一份证据清单，证明哪些运输工具进入了营地，在不同日期有多少人被登记为被杀，假定的死因——这显然是虚构的，例如“Auf der Flucht erschossen”，在试图逃跑时被枪杀......
listing some disease page after page." My mind just refused to grasp what my eyes saw, these people who were lying in the dirt -- mostly you couldn't tell whether they were dead or alive.
一页一页地列出一些疾病。”我的大脑拒绝理解我的眼睛所看到的，这些躺在泥土中的人——大多数时候你无法判断他们是死是活。
They didn't look like human beings, many of them; they looked animal-like, almost.
他们中的很多人看起来都不像人类。它们看起来几乎像动物。
Or like skeletons.
或者像骷髅一样。
Narrator : On May 6, 1945, Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring surrendered to American troops.
旁白：1945 年 5 月 6 日，德国元帅赫尔曼·戈林向美军投降。
He had brought his prized possessions -- 17 truckloads worth -- and expected to be treated like a dignitary.
他带来了价值 17 卡车的珍贵财产，并希望得到贵宾般的待遇。
"War is like a football game," he remarked, "whoever loses gives his opponent his hand, and everything is forgotten." Göring had been one of the most conspicuous and notorious figures in Germany.
“战争就像一场足球比赛，”他说，“谁输了，就把对手交给对手，一切都会被忘记。”戈林是德国最引人注目、最臭名昭著的人物之一。
A flying ace in WWI, he had taken over command of Hitler's bodyguards, the SA, in 1922.
作为第一次世界大战中的王牌飞行员，他于 1922 年接管了希特勒的保镖冲锋队的指挥权。
The following year, he became addicted to morphine while recovering from injuries sustained during a failed Nazi coup.
第二年，他在一次失败的纳粹政变中受伤后康复期间对吗啡上瘾。
His addiction led to manic-depressive behavior that twice forced him to be hospitalized.
他的毒瘾导致了躁狂抑郁行为，两次迫使他住院。
After Hitler seized power in 1933, Göring was at the center of everything.
1933 年希特勒掌权后，戈林成为一切的中心。
He established the secret police, the Gestapo, instituted concentration camps for political opponents and commanded the Luftwaffe, Germany's air force.
他建立了秘密警察盖世太保，为政治对手建立了集中营，并指挥了德国空军。
Some in Hitler's inner circle thought Göring mentally unstable, but he soon became the Fuhrer's second-in-command.
希特勒核心圈子里的一些人认为戈林精神不稳定，但他很快就成为元首的第二把手。
He was cunning, ostentatious, larger-than-life- regarded by many as the "Sun King" of the Third Reich.
他狡猾、招摇、有传奇色彩，被许多人视为第三帝国的“太阳王”。
He changed clothes several times a day, favoring brightly colored jackets, gaudy jewelry, and archaic Bavarian hunting outfits.
他每天换几次衣服，最喜欢颜色鲜艳的夹克、华丽的珠宝和古老的巴伐利亚狩猎服装。
In his estate outside Berlin, Göring lived a life of luxury, surrounded by exotic pets and stolen art treasures, as he spearheaded the build-up of the Nazi war machine.
戈林在柏林郊外的庄园里过着奢华的生活，周围都是异国情调的宠物和偷来的艺术珍品，同时他带头建立了纳粹战争机器。
Now he was the highest ranking Nazi prisoner of war.
现在他是纳粹战俘中级别最高的。
Hitler and his propaganda chief, Joseph Goebbels, had killed themselves.
希特勒和他的宣传部长约瑟夫·戈培尔自杀了。
When the Nazis were put on trial, Hermann Göring would be defendant number one.
当纳粹受审时，赫尔曼·戈林将成为第一号被告。
The day after Göring turned himself in, Germany surrendered.
戈林自首的第二天，德国就投降了。
Now, Robert Jackson could send in civilian investigators to search for a paper trail of Nazi crimes.
现在，罗伯特·杰克逊可以派出民事调查员来搜寻纳粹罪行的书面记录。
The results were stunning.
结果令人震惊。
Whitney Harris : I visited many Gestapo offices and I found documents lying around on the floor, saying "this man should be executed." and I picked them up off the floor.
惠特尼·哈里斯：我走访了许多盖世太保办公室，发现地板上到处都是文件，上面写着“这个人应该被处决”。我把它们从地板上捡起来。
There were many many documents that were not destroyed that we obtained and were incriminating.
我们获得了许多未销毁的文件，这些文件有罪。
Narrator : "I did not think men would ever be so foolish," Jackson wrote, "as to put in writing some of the things the Germans did.
旁白：“我没想到人们会如此愚蠢，”杰克逊写道，“把德国人所做的一些事情写下来。
...
...
The stupidity and the brutality of it would simply appall you."
它的愚蠢和残酷只会让你感到震惊。”
In June, Jackson flew to London to establish the ground rules for the International Tribunal, joining counterparts from France, Great Britain and the Soviet Union.
六月，杰克逊与法国、英国和苏联同行一起飞往伦敦，制定国际法庭的基本规则。
He was unsure how difficult the negotiations would be, but expected them to be brief.
他不确定谈判会有多困难，但预计谈判会很简短。
The Allies quickly came to agreement on a key point: the tribunal would not allow the Nazis to defend their actions by claiming the Allies had also committed crimes, such as killing civilians by carpet bombing German cities.
盟军很快就一个关键点达成了一致：法庭不会允许纳粹通过声称盟军也犯下了罪行（例如通过地毯式轰炸德国城市杀害平民）来为自己的行为辩护。
They just came up with kind of a blanket rule: we will find it no defense to say 'but you did it too.' It is no defense to murder to say that other people have murdered.
他们只是想出了一种笼统的规则：我们会发现说“但你也这么做了”是没有道理的。说其他人谋杀了，并不能为谋杀辩护。
Narrator : But the talks soon bogged down.
旁白：但是谈判很快就陷入了僵局。
The Soviets wanted speedy trials; prosecutors would simply outline charges and judges hand down sentences.
苏联人希望迅速进行审判；检察官只需概述指控，法官即可宣判刑罚。
Jackson insisted there be time for the accused to defend themselves, and that judges be free to determine guilt or innocence.
杰克逊坚称被告有时间为自己辩护，法官可以自由判定有罪或无罪。
He reminded everyone the United States held most of the Nazis to be tried -- and the evidence to be used against them.
他提醒大家，美国对大多数纳粹分子进行了审判，并提供了对他们不利的证据。
After a month of tough negotiations, he prevailed.
经过一个月的艰苦谈判，他取得了胜利。
The trials would be conducted on Jackson's terms.
审判将按照杰克逊的条件进行。
In July, Jackson flew to the Army's choice of a location for the trials, the ancient southern German city of Nuremberg.
七月，杰克逊飞往陆军选择的试验地点——德国南部古城纽伦堡。
William Jackson : It was devastated, totally devastated.
威廉·杰克逊：它被摧毁了，完全被摧毁了。
The rubble was everywhere, the buildings were down.
到处都是瓦砾，建筑物倒塌。
Those that were standing were gutted, the stench of bodies was in the air.
那些站着的人都被掏空了，空气中弥漫着尸体的恶臭。
However, the Palace of Justice was standing and was relatively undamaged.
然而，正义宫仍然矗立着，并且相对未受到损坏。
Narrator : Though the largest courtroom was in disarray, Jackson was sure it could be restored to its former grandeur in time.
旁白：虽然最大的法庭一片混乱，但杰克逊确信它会及时恢复到以前的宏伟。
And the symbolic value of this place was undeniable: Nuremberg had been the cradle of Nazism.
这个地方的象征价值是不可否认的：纽伦堡曾经是纳粹主义的摇篮。
Between 1933 and 1938 the Nazis had held massive Party Rallies in Nuremberg every September.
1933 年至 1938 年间，纳粹每年 9 月都会在纽伦堡举行大规模的党集会。
It was here that Hitler displayed his growing power.
正是在这里，希特勒展示了他日益增长的权力。
The city's history appealed to Jackson.
这座城市的历史吸引了杰克逊。
Where it all began, it was to end.
一切开始的地方，也将结束。
Newsreel Announcer : In bombed out Nuremberg preparations go forward for the trials of Germany's major war criminals...
新闻片播音员：在被炸毁的纽伦堡，审判德国主要战犯的准备工作正在推进......
Narrator : In August newsreels brought the unfolding story of the Nuremberg trials to movie screens across America.
旁白：八月，新闻短片将纽伦堡审判的故事搬上了美国各地的电影银幕。
Newsreel Announcer : ...and the shrine of Hitler's Nazism becomes its tomb.
新闻片播音员：……希特勒纳粹主义的圣地变成了它的坟墓。
In Nuremberg's court building, were the trials will be held, German prisoners work on enlarging and rebuilding the courtroom.
在即将举行审判的纽伦堡法院大楼里，德国囚犯正在扩建和重建法庭。
Under American supervision they install broadcasting booths and press facilities to carry the proceedings throughout the world.
在美国的监督下，他们安装了广播亭和新闻设施，以将会议进程传播到世界各地。
Robert H.
罗伯特·H.
Jackson, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, made preliminary arrangements for the trial.
美国最高法院副法官杰克逊对庭审进行了初步安排。
From the jail to the courtroom a covered corridor has been erected.
从监狱到法庭，已经搭建了一条有顶走廊。
The war criminals will be screened from site exept in the courtroom, protected and safe for the disposition of United Nations justice.
战犯将在法庭以外的地点接受筛查，并受到保护并安全接受联合国司法处置。
The big names of Hitler's Third Reich are kept under heavy guard.
希特勒第三帝国的大人物受到严密监视。
Narrator : Behind the palace of justice loomed a massive prison, capable of holding 1200 detainees.
旁白：司法宫后面隐约可见一座巨大的监狱，可关押1200名囚犯。
The first group of Nazi defendants was brought to the prison on August 12.
8月12日，第一批纳粹被告被带入监狱。
Each prisoner was housed in a separate cell and not permitted to speak except during interrogations.
每个囚犯都被关在单独的牢房里，除了审讯期间不准说话。
Göring's cell was tiny and barren.
戈林的牢房又小又贫瘠。
He was allowed only a few books to pass the time.
他只被允许看几本书来打发时间。
His garish clothing and jewelry were now in the hands of the U.S. Army.
他花哨的衣服和珠宝现在都在美国陆军手中。
Jackson met with him briefly that September.
那年九月，杰克逊与他进行了短暂的会面。
He found that Göring was no longer addicted to morphine.
他发现戈林不再对吗啡上瘾。
The Nazi warlord was fit, focussed, lucid and fiercely unapologetic.
这位纳粹军阀身体健康，注意力集中，头脑清醒，而且毫无歉意。
Jackson knew he was up against a formidable adversary.
杰克逊知道他面对的是一个强大的对手。
John Barrett : Jackson's concern was that the defendants and Göring first among them would use it as a platform to stimulate some resurgence of Nazism in Germany, that this was a virus that was not dead, that the defeat and the death of Hitler did not mean forever the end of Nazism, and that Jackson was dealing with a very volatile dangerous prospect of the Nazi future as he dealt with these defendants.
约翰·巴雷特：杰克逊担心的是，被告和戈林首先会利用它作为刺激纳粹主义在德国死灰复燃的平台，这是一种尚未死亡的病毒，希特勒的失败和死亡并不意味着纳粹主义的永远终结，杰克逊在与这些被告打交道时，正在应对纳粹未来非常不稳定的危险前景。
Narrator : Since accepting his assignment, two things had become clear to Robert Jackson.
旁白：自从接受任务以来，罗伯特·杰克逊清楚了两件事。
He would not get back to the Supreme Court for its fall session.
他不会回到最高法院参加秋季开庭。
And the trial that lay before him would be the most difficult of his life.
而摆在他面前的考验将是他一生中最艰难的考验。
On October 19 , 1945, the German leaders held in the cellblock of Nuremberg were indicted for the crimes the Allies had agreed upon: conspiracy to wage aggressive war; the waging of aggressive war, known as "crimes against peace;" war crimes, such as mistreatment of prisoners; and "crimes against humanity," which included what later would come to be called "genocide" and "ethnic cleansing." Göring was indicted on all four counts.
1945 年 10 月 19 日，被关押在纽伦堡牢房的德国领导人因盟军商定的罪行被起诉：密谋发动侵略战争；发动侵略战争，被称为“危害和平罪”；战争罪，例如虐待囚犯；以及“危害人类罪”，其中包括后来被称为“种族灭绝”和“种族清洗”的罪行。戈林因全部四项罪名被起诉。
Richard Sonnenfeldt : Göring was very businesslike.
理查德·索南菲尔德：戈林非常务实。
He was not visibly upset.
他并没有明显地感到不安。
He still radiated this feeling this is nothing but a charade but a show, a victory of the victors.
他仍然散发着这样的感觉：这只不过是一场猜谜，而是一场表演，是胜利者的胜利。
Some of the others were shocked, but Göring showed no obvious sign of shock at all.
其他一些人都感到震惊，但戈林却没有表现出明显的震惊迹象。
Robert Jackson, opening speech : "The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant and so devastating that civilization can not tolerate their being ignored, because it can not survive their being repeated."
罗伯特·杰克逊在开幕致辞中表示：“我们寻求谴责和惩罚的错误是经过深思熟虑、如此恶毒、如此具有破坏性，以至于文明不能容忍它们被忽视，因为它们无法重蹈覆辙。”
Narrator : On November 21, the packed courtroom in Nuremberg fell silent as Robert Jackson opened the case against the Nazis with a speech of nearly four-hours.
旁白：11月21日，当罗伯特·杰克逊发表近四个小时的演讲，开始针对纳粹的案件时，纽伦堡挤满了人的法庭陷入了沉默。
Robert Jackson : "That four great nations flushed with victory and stung with injury stay the hand of vengeance and voluntarily submit their captive enemies to the judgement of the law is one of the most significant tributes that power has ever paid to reason."
罗伯特·杰克逊：“四个因胜利而满脸通红、饱受伤害的伟大国家，坚守复仇之手，自愿将被俘虏的敌人置于法律的审判之下，这是权力对理性最重要的致敬之一。”
John Barrett : The power of it was immediate and enormous.
约翰·巴雷特：它的力量是直接而巨大的。
The defendants were sort of knocked back in the box and were very depressed lot as they returned to their lunch room in the middle of it and to their cells at the end of the day, because this was really their first experience of Jackson in action in the courtroom and in a new way they understood that they were up against it.
被告们在包厢里有点被击倒了，当他们在中午回到午餐室并在一天结束时回到牢房时，他们感到非常沮丧，因为这确实是他们第一次经历杰克逊在法庭上的行动，他们以一种新的方式明白自己正在对抗它。
Narrator : "My spine throbbed," William Shirer of CBS News noted, "as Jackson used the power of language to build up his masterly case against the Nazi barbarism.
旁白：“我的脊椎一阵阵抽痛，”哥伦比亚广播公司新闻的威廉·夏勒指出，“当杰克逊利用语言的力量来阐述他反对纳粹野蛮行径的精彩案例时。
We have heard today one of the great trial addresses of history." The next day, prosecutors began introducing evidence contained in the stacks of documents now filling several store rooms in the Palace of Justice.
今天我们听到了历史上最伟大的审判演讲之一。”第二天，检察官开始介绍堆积如山的文件中包含的证据，这些文件现在堆满了司法宫的几个储藏室。
They cited the darkest and most incriminating of the thousands of orders issued by the Nazis.
他们引用了纳粹发布的数千条命令中最黑暗、最有罪的一条。
The process was tedious.
这个过程很乏味。
Jackson feared the trial would get bogged down.
杰克逊担心审判会陷入困境。
Each document had to be read in its entirety and translated into four languages.
每份文件都必须完整阅读并翻译成四种语言。
John Barrett : Jackson is sitting there through it and the tribunal's requirement about how the documents have to be read before they can be accepted into evidence, the delay caused by the translation system is a kind of numbing that he is experiencing too.
约翰·巴雷特：杰克逊坐在那儿听审，法庭要求如何阅读这些文件才能被接受为证据，翻译系统造成的延迟也是他所经历的一种麻木。
He is quickly persuaded that other types of evidence, particularly film evidence should be played sooner rather than later as a way of dramatizing and pumping up the proceedings a little bit.
他很快就被说服，认为其他类型的证据，特别是电影证据应该尽早播放，而不是稍后播放，作为一种戏剧化和稍微刺激整个过程的方式。
Narrator : One day early in the trial, Jackson projected a film made from clips of German propaganda.
旁白：审判初期的一天，杰克逊放映了一部由德国宣传片段制作的电影。
It showed how the Nazis had systematically violated treaties, rearmed Germany, and attacked neighboring countries with the criminal intent to subjugate and pillage them.
它展示了纳粹如何系统地违反条约，重新武装德国，并攻击邻国，意图征服和掠夺它们。
When the lights came up, Göring was ecstatic: "They don't have to show films to prove that we rearmed for war," he boasted, "Of course we rearmed!
当灯光亮起时，戈林欣喜若狂：“他们不必放映电影来证明我们为战争重新武装，”他吹嘘道，“我们当然重新武装了！
I rearmed Germany until we bristled!" The film had been so rousing, Göring declared, that prosecutor Jackson would now surely want to join the Nazi party.
我重新武装了德国，直到我们感到愤怒！”戈林宣称，这部电影是如此激动人心，检察官杰克逊现在肯定想加入纳粹党。
Göring's mood was noticeably different when another film was shown as evidence of crimes against humanity."
当另一部电影作为反人类罪的证据放映时，戈林的情绪明显不同。”
Original sound (archival) : "Dachau -- factory of horrors.
原声（档案）：“达豪——恐怖工厂。
Dachau near Munchen, one of the oldest of the Nazi prison camps.
慕尼黑附近的达豪集中营是最古老的纳粹集中营之一。
The Nazis said it was a prison for political dissenters, habitual criminals, and religious enthusiasts.
纳粹称这是一座关押政治异见者、惯犯和宗教狂热者的监狱。
This is the Brausebad, the shower bath.
这是布劳塞巴德，淋浴浴缸。
Inside the shower bath: the gas vents.
淋浴间内部：排气口。
On the ceiling: the dummy shower heads.
天花板上：假淋浴喷头。
Cyanide powder was used.
使用氰化物粉末。
This was Bergen-Belsen."
这是贝尔根-贝尔森。”
Walter Cronkite, Journalist : As soon as the defendants saw the pictures, the film of the concentration camps, they began to wither.
沃尔特·克朗凯特（Walter Cronkite），记者：被告一看到有关集中营的照片和影片，他们就开始萎靡不振。
As a matter of fact several of them cried.
事实上，他们中的几个人都哭了。
They weren't crying, I don't think, for the Jewish people that were lost.
我不认为他们没有为迷失的犹太人哭泣。
They were crying because they knew that, when those pictures were seen in the world they had no way to escape execution.
他们哭泣是因为他们知道，当这些照片被世人看到时，他们将无法逃脱处决。
Narrator : One member of the prosecution team who had urged Jackson to use films was Thomas Dodd.
旁白：托马斯·多德（Thomas Dodd）是控方团队中一位敦促杰克逊使用电影的成员。
An experienced lawyer from Connecticut, Dodd was a former FBI man with a flair for the dramatic.
多德是一位来自康涅狄格州的经验丰富的律师，曾担任联邦调查局人员，具有戏剧天赋。
What he had learned while preparing for the trials horrified him.
他在准备审判时学到的东西让他感到震惊。
Senator Christopher Dodd, Son : The inhumanity just stunned him.
参议员克里斯托弗·多德（Christopher Dodd）的儿子：这种不人道的行为让他感到震惊。
My father talked a lot, the lessons of it.
我父亲讲了很多，其中的教训。
He felt very strongly that we ought to be well informed as a generation of what can happen, and well educated, sophisticated people, when things go wrong and people can do things they never could think about doing and they did, and he wanted us to be very conscious of that.
他强烈地认为，作为一代人，我们应该充分了解可能发生的事情，以及受过良好教育、经验丰富的人，当事情出错时，人们可以做他们从未想过要做的事情，而且他们确实做了，他希望我们非常意识到这一点。
Narrator : On December 13, Dodd presented shocking evidence of Nazi crimes against humanity.
旁白：12月13日，多德提出了纳粹危害人类罪的令人震惊的证据。
Thomas Dodd (archival) : "The Nazi conspirators were generally meticulous record keepers, but the records which they kept about concentration camps appeared to have been quite incomplete.
托马斯·多德（档案）：“纳粹阴谋者通常都是一丝不苟的记录保存者，但他们保存的有关集中营的记录似乎相当不完整。
Perhaps the character of the records resulted from the indifference which the Nazis felt for the lives of their victims, but occasionally we find a death book or a set of index cards"
也许这些记录的特点是纳粹对其受害者的生命漠不关心，但偶尔我们会发现一本死亡书或一套索引卡”
Narrator : As Dodd spoke, all eyes were riveted on a small table covered with a white sheet that he'd placed in the front of the room.
旁白：当多德讲话时，所有人的目光都集中在他放在房间前面的一张铺着白床单的小桌子上。
Dodd (archival) : "For the most part, nevertheless, the victims apparently faded into an unrecorded death."
多德（档案）：“然而，在大多数情况下，受害者显然已经陷入了未记录的死亡。”
Narrator : Finally the shroud was lifted.
旁白：裹尸布终于被揭开了。
Dodd (archival) : "This exhibit which is on the table is a human head with its skull bone removed, shrunken, stuffed and preserved.
多德（档案）：“桌子上的这个展品是一个人头，其头骨被移除、缩小、填充并保存下来。
The Nazis had one of their many victims decapitated after having him hanged apparently for fraternizing with a German woman."
纳粹将其中一名受害者斩首，他显然是因为与一名德国妇女交好而被绞死的。”
Narrator : The shrunken head had been used as a paperweight by the commandant of Buchenwald concentration camp.
旁白：这个萎缩的头颅曾被布痕瓦尔德集中营的指挥官用作镇纸。
The courtroom was aghast.
法庭上一片惊愕。
Dodd : When we are talking statistics nobody pays much attention, but if I can show you one person who gets murdered you're more apt to pay attention to that.
多德：当我们谈论统计数据时，没有人会太关注，但如果我可以向你展示一个被谋杀的人，你就会更容易关注这一点。
And my father by boiling this stuff down to in that particular case, one of the atrocities, one individual.
我的父亲将这些事情归结为在特定情况下的暴行之一，一个人。
If I talked about thousands who lost their lives in Buchenwald, your eyes might glaze over.
如果我谈论成千上万在布痕瓦尔德集中营丧生的人，您的目光可能会变得呆滞。
I hold this up in my hand and say 稚his is what happened, even for a seasoned judge it's hard to ignore that.
我把它举在手里，说这就是发生的事情，即使对于经验丰富的法官来说，也很难忽视这一点。
Narrator : One of the biggest challenges for Jackson and his team was linking individual defendants to Nazi crimes.
旁白：杰克逊和他的团队面临的最大挑战之一是将个别被告与纳粹罪行联系起来。
"It would be relieving to hear one of them admit some blame for something," Dodd wrote to his wife.
多德在给妻子的信中写道：“听到他们中的一个人承认自己对某事负有责任，我会感到很欣慰。”
"They blame everything on the dead or the missing." Zeroing in on Nazi leaders, the prosecution called General Erwin Lahousen, an officer in the German intelligence unit who'd participated in a key meeting with Hitler to plot the invasion of Poland.
“他们将一切归咎于死者或失踪者。”针对纳粹领导人，检方传唤了德国情报部门官员欧文·拉豪森将军，他参加了与希特勒的一次重要会议，策划入侵波兰。
Audio archive of Lahousen interrogation :
拉豪森审讯的音频档案：
"Do you also see Keitel in the courtroom?"
“你在法庭上也看到凯特尔了吗？”
"Now to the best of your knowledge and recollection, will you please explain what took place at this conference in the Fuehrer's train?"
“现在，就您所知和所记得的，请您解释一下在元首火车上举行的这次会议发生了什么？”
Narrator : Lahousen recalled a meeting in September 1939 when the destruction of Warsaw was planned.
旁白：拉豪森回忆起 1939 年 9 月的一次会议，当时计划摧毁华沙。
Hitler and Göring called for the German air force to bomb the Polish capital on the heels of the invasion.
希特勒和戈林呼吁德国空军在入侵后轰炸波兰首都。
Lahousen's testimony connected Göring explicitly to the launching of a war of aggression -- a crime against peace.
拉豪森的证词明确将戈林与发动侵略战争联系起来，这是一种危害和平的罪行。
Narrator : Jackson's team then began to lay out its case that Göring had committed crimes against humanity over the course of a decade.
旁白：杰克逊的团队随后开始阐述戈林在十年间犯下反人类罪的论据。
In September 1935, the organized persecution of Jews in Germany intensified with Göring's proclamation of the "Nuremberg Laws."
1935年9月，随着戈林颁布“纽伦堡法案”，德国对犹太人有组织的迫害愈演愈烈。
Eheschlieﾟungen zwischen Juden und staatsangehigen deutschen oder artverwandten Blutes sind verboten!"
Eheschlieﾟungen zwischen Juden und staatsangehigen deutschen oder artverwandten Blutes sind verbaten！”
Marriages of Jews and persons of German or German-related blood are prohibited!"
禁止犹太人与德国人或德国血统的人结婚！”
Werner H.
沃纳·H.
Von Rosenstiel, U.S. Army Investigator :
冯·罗森斯蒂尔，美国陆军调查员：
Göring did many many things that nobody else would dare do because he was an enormous power in Germany.
戈林做了很多其他人不敢做的事情，因为他在德国是一个巨大的力量。
Göring made also the decision that I say who is Jewish.
戈林还做出了我说谁是犹太人的决定。
Narrator : Prosecutors described how Hitler and Göring began excluding Jews from the economic activity of Germany, driving many out of the country, stripping them of their belongings.
旁白：检察官描述了希特勒和戈林如何开始将犹太人排除在德国的经济活动之外，将许多人赶出德国，剥夺他们的财产。
Narrator : On November 9, 1938 -- Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass -- raging mobs burned synagogues across Germany.
旁白：1938 年 11 月 9 日——水晶之夜，玻璃碎裂的夜晚——愤怒的暴民烧毁了德国各地的犹太教堂。
Over 8,000 Jewish businesses were destroyed, and at least 91 Jews killed.
8,000 多家犹太企业被毁，至少 91 名犹太人被杀。
Narrator : Following Kristallnacht, Hitler made Göring the coordinator for the "the Jewish question." He disallowed insurance claims by Jews who'd lost property to arson and looting.
旁白：水晶之夜之后，希特勒任命戈林为“犹太人问题”的协调员。他不允许因纵火和抢劫而失去财产的犹太人提出保险索赔。
The victims themselves must pay for the damages, he declared.
他宣称，受害者自己必须赔偿损失。
Arno Hamburger : The Jews had to pay for the value that was destroyed.
阿诺汉堡：犹太人必须为被摧毁的价值付出代价。
They had to pay one billion Reichsmark in order to atone for their sins for having permitted those values to be destroyed.
他们必须支付十亿德国马克，以弥补他们允许这些价值观被摧毁的罪过。
That was Göring's order.
这是戈林的命令。
Narrator : The most damning evidence against Göring was a document from July 1941 authorizing the "final solution of the Jewish question" -- the systematic murder of all European Jews.
旁白：针对戈林最有力的证据是 1941 年 7 月的一份文件，授权“犹太人问题的最终解决方案”——有计划地谋杀所有欧洲犹太人。
Richard Sonnenfeldt, Interpreter : We said to Göring: 'Did you issue this and did you sign it?' And he said: 'How do you expect me to know anything about a little old document out of Wurzburg?' And we said: 'well, it happens to have your name on it.
理查德·索南菲尔德（Richard Sonnenfeldt），口译员：我们对戈林说：“这个是你签发的吗？你签署了吗？”他说：“你怎么能指望我知道维尔茨堡的一份旧文件呢？”我们说：‘好吧，上面正好有你的名字。
Narrator : On January 3, 1946, prosecutors called S.S.
旁白：1946 年 1 月 3 日，检察官致电 S.S.
officer Dieter Wisliceny to the stand.
警官迪特尔·威斯利切尼 (Dieter Wisliceny) 出庭作证。
Wisliceny described how - in the wake of Göring's order -- he had helped to organize the deportation of Jews to extermination camps.
维斯利切尼描述了在戈林下令后他如何帮助组织将犹太人驱逐到灭绝营。
Prosecutor Smith Brookhart, questioning: "What became of the Jews to whom you already referred, the approximately 450.000?"
检察官史密斯·布鲁克哈特 (Smith Brookhart) 提问：“你刚才提到的大约 45 万犹太人后来怎么样了？”
"They were all brought to Auschwitz and were part of the final solution."
“它们都被带到了奥斯威辛集中营，是最终解决方案的一部分。”
"Yes, except about 25 to 30 percent, that were used for labor purposes."
“是的，除了大约 25% 到 30% 的资金用于劳动力目的。”
Narrator : Göring was infuriated that his countrymen had testified against him.
旁白：戈林对他的同胞作证反对他感到愤怒。
"It is sickening," he raged, "to see how Germans sell their souls to the enemy." During the first two months of 1946, French, British, and Soviet prosecutors added to the case the Americans had laid out.
“看到德国人如何向敌人出卖灵魂，”他愤怒道，“真是令人作呕。” 1946 年前两个月，法国、英国和苏联检察官对美国提出的案件进行了补充。
Then, in March, the defense phase of the trial began.
然后，三月份，审判的辩护阶段开始了。
Göring was called to the stand by his German defense attorney on the 13.
戈林13日被德国辩护律师传唤出庭。
Jackson feared that the judges wouldn't rein Göring in, giving him a stage from which to defend and glorify Nazism.
杰克逊担心法官不会约束戈林，给他一个捍卫和美化纳粹主义的舞台。
Walter Cronkite : He was arrogant, considerably arrogant.
沃尔特·克朗凯特：他很傲慢，相当傲慢。
There was no attempt to placate the courtroom.
没有人试图安抚法庭。
He was telling his story his way, and of course in telling the story he was justifying what had happened as best he could.
他以自己的方式讲述自己的故事，当然，在讲述故事的过程中，他也在尽最大努力为所发生的事情辩护。
Pretty hard to justify that, but he was skipping over the worst, and defending the need for the Third Reich at the time it came.
很难证明这一点是合理的，但他跳过了最坏的情况，并在第三帝国到来时捍卫了它的需要。
G&oml;ring, testimony (translation) : "Me personally, and I can only speak for myself, did everything, that was within the limits of my power, to strengthen und enlarge the national socialist movement, and worked relentlessly, to bring it into power, meaning the sole and unlimited power."
戈林的证言（翻译）：“我个人，我只能为自己说话，尽了我的力量范围内的一切，以加强和扩大国家社会主义运动，并不懈地努力，将其带入权力，这意味着唯一和无限的权力。”
Narrator : Göring testified on his own behalf-that he'd only been serving the best interests of Germany, that all his actions had been to protect his homeland.
旁白：戈林代表自己作证——他只是在为德国的最大利益服务，他的所有行动都是为了保护他的祖国。
For five days, he held the courtroom in thrall.
五天来，他控制了法庭。
Jackson knew he needed to regain control.
杰克逊知道他需要重新获得控制权。
John Barrett : Jackson is not very worried about carrying his burden of proof on the crimes charged.
约翰·巴雷特：杰克逊并不十分担心要承担他所指控的罪行的举证责任。
He doesn't need confessions from Hermann Göring.
他不需要赫尔曼·戈林的供词。
They have an extensive documentary record including many things Göring had signed.
他们拥有大量文件记录，其中包括戈林签署的许多内容。
But Jackson is very concerned about not letting Göring rally the German people to a renewed enthusiasm for Nazism.
但杰克逊非常担心不能让戈林重新唤起德国人民对纳粹主义的热情。
With hindsight I think that was greatly exaggerated, it wasn't the danger that they thought, the German people were not poised to fight again or somehow elevate Herman Göring as a future leader.
事后看来，我认为这被严重夸大了，这并不是他们想象的危险，德国人民没有做好再次战斗的准备，也没有以某种方式将赫尔曼·戈林提升为未来的领导人。
It was a depressed, beaten, desperate, starving country without a government, is really what the situation was outside the courtroom.But in the courtroom they didn't fully understand that.
那是一个沮丧、被殴打、绝望、饥饿的国家，没有政府，这就是法庭外的情况。但在法庭上，他们并没有完全理解这一点。
They had an exaggerated sense of the danger, politically, that Göring posed as a witness.
他们对戈林作为证人所带来的政治危险有一种夸大的感觉。
59 Narrator : The Palace of Justice was jam-packed when, on March 18, Robert Jackson began his cross-examination.
59 旁白：3 月 18 日，罗伯特·杰克逊开始盘问时，司法宫挤满了人。
Jackson, cross-examining G&oml;ring : "I want to get what's necessary to run the kind of a system that you set up in Germany and concentration camps was one of the things you found immediately necessary upon coming to power, was it not?
杰克逊盘问戈林：“我想知道运行你在德国建立的那种制度所必需的东西，而集中营是你上台后立即发现必要的事情之一，不是吗？
And you set them up as a matter of necessity as you saw it?"
你认为它们是出于必要而设置的吗？”
G&oml;ring (translation) : "You asked me if I considered it necessary to establish concentration camps immediately in order to eliminate opposition.
戈林（翻译）：“你问我是否认为有必要立即建立集中营以消除反对派。
That is correct."
这是正确的。”
Whitney Harris : As Jackson pressed him Göring saw what was going on and he became very wordy and evasive.
惠特尼·哈里斯：当杰克逊向他施压时，戈林看到了正在发生的事情，他变得非常啰嗦和闪烁其词。
His answers were long explanations.
他的回答是很长的解释。
He would say well, you do the same thing in the United States, in Great Britain and so forth, and there is no difference and so forth.
他会说，好吧，你在美国、英国等地也做同样的事情，没有什么区别等等。
Jackson, question : "But all of these things were necessary things, as I understood you, to protect...?"
杰克逊提问：“但据我了解，为了保护……，所有这些都是必要的事情？”
Göring, answer (translation) : "Yes, these things were necessary because of the opponents that existed."
戈林回答（翻译）：“是的，由于存在对手，这些事情是必要的。”
Jackson, question : "I assume that is the only kind of government that you think can function in Germany under present conditions?"
杰克逊提问：“我认为这是您认为在目前条件下可以在德国运作的唯一政府类型？”
Göring, answer (translation) : "Under the conditions existing at the time, it was, in my opinion, the only possible form, and it also demonstrated that Germany could be raised in a short time from the depths of misery, poverty, and unemployment to relative prosperity."
戈林回答（翻译）：“在我看来，在当时的条件下，这是唯一可能的形式，而且它也表明德国可以在短时间内从痛苦、贫困和失业的深渊走向相对繁荣。”
John Barrett : The press, like Jackson himself, has a sort of prize fight mentality about the event that they were watching.
约翰·巴雷特：媒体，就像杰克逊本人一样，对他们正在观看的赛事有一种职业拳击心态。
They expected another knockout, a crushing blow, a collapse, a confession, something of that dramatic order.
他们期待着另一次击倒、毁灭性的打击、崩溃、认罪，等等戏剧性的事情。
Instead what they saw was a great lawyer running into a great powerful and brilliant witness and a combative examination that was something of a draw whenever they tried to talk about the great topics of the ultimate questions.
相反，他们看到的是一位伟大的律师遇到了一位强大而才华横溢的证人，以及一场激烈的考试，每当他们试图谈论终极问题的伟大话题时，这种考试就很有吸引力。
"Let's omit that, I haven't asked for that.
“我们忽略这个吧，我没有要求这个。
If you will just answer my questions we shall save a great deal of time.
如果您只回答我的问题，我们将节省大量时间。
You did prohibit all court review and considered it necessary to prohibit court review of the causes for taking people into what you called protective custody?
您确实禁止所有法院审查，并认为有必要禁止法院审查将人们置于您所谓的保护性拘留的原因？
That is right, isn't it?"
没错，不是吗？”
"That I answered very clearly, but I should like to make an explanation in connection with my answer ..."
“我回答得很清楚，但我想就我的回答做一个解释……”
Whitney Harris : Justice Jackson then sought the help of Chief Justice Lawrence in restricting Göring to making direct answers to Jackson's questions.
惠特尼·哈里斯：杰克逊法官随后寻求首席大法官劳伦斯的帮助，限制戈林直接回答杰克逊的问题。
"The difficulty is: the tribunal looses control of these proceedings, if the defendant in a case of this kind, where we all know that propaganda is one of the purposes of the defendant, is permitted to put his propaganda in, and then we have to meet it afterwards."
“困难在于：法庭失去了对这些诉讼的控制，如果在这种我们都知道宣传是被告的目的之一的案件中，被告被允许进行宣传，那么我们必须事后应对。”
Unfortunately it happened Lord Lawrence, who was the Chief Judge, sensitive to history itself elected to allow Göring pretty much unlimited freedom in his responses.
不幸的是，首席法官劳伦斯勋爵对历史本身很敏感，他选择允许戈林在回应中拥有几乎无限的自由。
Narrator : "Göring obviously enjoyed himself" a reporter for Life Magazine wrote.
旁白：“戈林显然很享受”《生活》杂志的一位记者写道。
A judge observed that "Göring quickly saw the elements of the situation, and as his confidence grew, his mastery became more apparent.
一位法官评论道：“戈林很快就看到了局势的要素，随着他信心的增强，他的掌控能力也变得更加明显。
Jackson looks beaten and dead tired."
杰克逊看上去已经筋疲力尽，疲惫不堪。”
The first day of cross-examination ended triumphantly for Göring.
戈林的盘问第一天胜利结束。
He had answered the chief prosecutor's questions calmly and directly, and the tribunal had allowed him to launch into several self-serving orations.
他平静而直接地回答了首席检察官的问题，法庭也允许他发表一些自私的演讲。
Jackson was furious.
杰克逊非常愤怒。
But as the second and third days of cross-examination unfolded, Jackson gradually gained the upper hand as, point by point, he listed Göring's crimes, and verified each with evidence.
但随着盘问的第二天和第三天的展开，杰克逊逐渐占了上风，他逐条列举了戈林的罪行，并逐一列举了证据。
Whitney Harris : When we got Göring into the matter of the specific crimes that he committed such as the persecution of the Jews, well, then he collapsed, then he collapsed.
惠特尼·哈里斯：当我们让戈林了解他所犯下的具体罪行（例如迫害犹太人）时，好吧，然后他崩溃了，然后他崩溃了。
He was a done witness, I'll tell you, because we had him so devastated on the Jewish issue that he had nothing so say.
我告诉你，他是一个彻底的证人，因为我们让他在犹太问题上如此震惊，以至于他无话可说。
Jackson, question : "You, Hermann Göring, published a decree, imposing a fine of a billion marks for atonement on all Jews?"
杰克逊提问：“你，赫尔曼·戈林，颁布了一项法令，对所有犹太人处以十亿马克的罚款，以赎罪？”
Göring (translation) : "I have already explained that all these decrees at that time were signed by me and I assume responsibility for them."
戈林（翻译）：“我已经解释过，当时所有这些法令都是由我签署的，我对此承担责任。”
Jackson : "It was you, was it not, who signed a decree to make the plans for a complete solution of the Jewish question.
杰克逊：“是你，不是吗，签署了一项法令，制定了彻底解决犹太人问题的计划。
That document is signed by you, is it not?"
那份文件是你签署的，不是吗？”
John Barrett : Göring then leaves the stand not the next Fuehrer, which had been Jackson's fear, and he leaves the stand convicted by his own admissions, which was Jackson's immediate objective.
约翰·巴雷特：戈林随后离开了证人席，而不是下一任元首，这是杰克逊所担心的，他离开证人席时因自己的供述而被定罪，这是杰克逊的直接目标。
So, with a sort of sober endpoint assessment an observer, I think, could understand that this had not been a good day, a good series of days for Göring.
因此，通过某种清醒的终点评估，我认为观察者可以理解，这对戈林来说不是美好的一天，一系列美好的日子。
Narrator : Over the next four months, most of the other Nazi leaders testified in their own defense.
旁白：在接下来的四个月里，大多数其他纳粹领导人都为自己辩护作证。
Some claimed they had merely been following orders; a few admitted responsibility for crimes.
一些人声称他们只是执行命令；另一些人则声称他们只是执行命令。一些人承认对犯罪负责。
The defense finally rested on July 25, 1946.
1946 年 7 月 25 日，防守终于结束。
The next day, Robert Jackson delivered his long-anticipated closing argument.
第二天，罗伯特·杰克逊发表了期待已久的结案陈词。
"Mr. President and members of the tribunal.
“庭长先生和法庭成员。
It is impossible in summation to do more than outline with full strokes the vitals of this trial's mad and melancholy record, which will live as a historical text of the twentieth century's shame and depravity.
概括起来，除了用笔墨概括这次审判的疯狂和忧郁记录的要害之外，不可能做更多的事情，它将作为二十世纪耻辱和堕落的历史文本而活下去。
It is against such a background that these defendants now ask this tribunal to say, that they are not guilty of planning, executing or conspiring to commit this long list of crimes and wrongs.
正是在这样的背景下，这些被告现在要求法庭声明，他们没有策划、执行或密谋犯下这一长串罪行和错误。
They stand before the record of this tribunal as bloodstained Gloucester stood by the body of his slain king.
他们站在法庭的记录前，就像血迹斑斑的格洛斯特站在被杀国王的尸体旁一样。
He begged of the widow, as they beg of you: 痴ay I slew them not!' And the queen replied: 稚hen say they were not slain, but dead they are.' If you were to say of these men that they are not guilty it would be as true to say, that there has been no war, that there are no slain, that there has been no crime."
他乞求寡妇，就像他们乞求你一样：“求求我不要杀了他们！”王后回答说：“那么就说他们没有被杀，但他们已经死了。”如果你说这些人无罪，那么就可以说，没有发生战争，没有被杀，没有犯罪。”
Narrator : On September 2, after 216 days in court, the international tribunal retired to deliberate the fate of the accused.
旁白：9月2日，经过216天的法庭审理后，国际法庭休庭审议被告的命运。
Four weeks later, the defendants were brought up to the courtroom for the last time.
四个星期后，被告最后一次被带上法庭。
The overflow crowd hushed in anticipation as Lord Lawrence read out the judgements the tribunal had reached.
当劳伦斯勋爵宣读法庭做出的判决时，拥挤的人群鸦雀无声，满怀期待。
Verdict being read : "Defendant Hermann Wilhelm Göring, on the counts of the indictment on which you have been convicted the International Military tribunal sentences you to death by hanging.
宣读判决书：“被告赫尔曼·威廉·戈林，根据您被定罪的起诉书罪名，国际军事法庭判处您绞刑。
Defendant Rudolf Hëss, on the counts of the indictment ..."
被告鲁道夫·赫斯，关于起诉书的罪名……”
Narrator : Göring and ten others were to hang.
旁白：戈林和其他十个人将被绞死。
Seven defendants received prison sentences.
七名被告被判入狱。
Three were acquitted.
三人被无罪释放。
Göring's wife and daughter were allowed a final visit.
戈林的妻子和女儿被允许最后一次探望。
Emmy Göring believed that they would never hang her husband but intern him on an island, like Napoleon.
艾美·戈林相信他们永远不会绞死她的丈夫，而是像拿破仑一样将他拘留在一个岛上。
Göring demanded a firing squad -- an execution, he thought, more befitting his rank.
戈林要求行刑队——他认为这种处决更适合他的职位。
"They will not hang me", he vowed.
“他们不会绞死我”，他发誓。
His request was denied.
他的请求被拒绝了。
At 10:45 p.m.
晚上 10:45
on October 15 -- two hours before Göring was to hang -- a guard noticed him put an arm to his face and begin to choke.
10 月 15 日，即戈林被绞死前两小时，一名警卫注意到他用一只手臂捂住脸并开始窒息。
He had managed to get hold of a capsule of potassium cyanide.
他设法拿到了一粒氰化钾胶囊。
Within a few minutes the Nazi warlord was dead.
几分钟之内，纳粹军阀就死了。
"I decided to take my own life," Hermann Göring had confided in a letter to his wife, "lest I be executed in so terrible a fashion by my enemies".
赫尔曼·戈林在给妻子的一封信中透露，“我决定结束自己的生命，以免我被敌人以如此可怕的方式处决”。
Narrator : His body was taken secretly to Munich and burned.
旁白：他的尸体被秘密运到慕尼黑并被烧毁。
His ashes scattered in a local river.
他的骨灰撒在当地的一条河里。
Over the next two and a half years the courtroom in Nuremberg saw twelve more trials of another 184 Nazi officials, including physicians, judges, bankers and industrialists.
在接下来的两年半里，纽伦堡法庭又对另外 184 名纳粹官员进行了 12 次审判，其中包括医生、法官、银行家和实业家。
Twenty-four were sentenced to death.
二十四人被判处死刑。
Robert Jackson returned to the U.S. Supreme Court after the first trial, where he served until his death in 1954.
罗伯特·杰克逊在第一次审判后返回美国最高法院，一直任职到 1954 年去世。
He was never appointed chief justice.
他从未被任命为首席大法官。
Jackson's hope that an international system of justice would deter war crimes and crimes against humanity has yet to be realized.
杰克逊希望国际司法体系能够遏制战争罪和反人类罪，但这一愿望尚未实现。
But Nuremberg did establish an important precedent: those responsible for atrocities -- even heads of state -- could be brought to trial.
但纽伦堡确实开创了一个重要的先例：那些对暴行负有责任的人——甚至是国家元首——都可能受到审判。
And if the hand of vengeance were stayed, justice could prevail over evil.
如果复仇之手停止，正义就能战胜邪恶。
Raymond D'Addario assigned by the U.S. Army to photograph the Nuremberg War Trials from 1945 to 1946.
雷蒙德·达达里奥 (Raymond D'Addario) 受美国陆军指派拍摄 1945 年至 1946 年的纽伦堡战争审判。
D'Addario also spent time in the former Nazi capital of Berlin, which was occupied by Soviet, American, British and French troops.
达达里奥还曾在前纳粹首都柏林呆过一段时间，那里曾被苏联、美国、英国和法国军队占领。
There he documented the hardships of Berliners' daily lives.
在那里，他记录了柏林人日常生活的艰辛。
Browse some of these images.
浏览其中一些图像。
Although the League of Nations and other international meetings had used simultaneous interpretation prior to the trials at Nuremberg, its successful use there in 1945 gave the method new importance.
尽管国际联盟和其他国际会议在纽伦堡试验之前就已经使用了同声传译，但 1945 年的成功使用使该方法变得更加重要。
The 1945 meeting betwen the Allied partners underlined the differences between them, and set the stage for a post-war "cold" war that would be waged in the coming decades between two global superpowers.
1945 年盟军伙伴之间的会议强调了它们之间的分歧，并为两个全球超级大国之间在未来几十年内爆发的战后“冷”战奠定了基础。
In 1864, twelve nations signed the first Geneva Convention, which guaranteed neutrality to medical personnel.
1864年，十二个国家签署了第一个《日内瓦公约》，保证医务人员的中立性。
Such conventions have grown into a set of internationally recognized principles.
此类公约已发展成为一套国际公认的原则。
In the Moscow Declaration of October 1943, United States President Franklin D.
1943 年 10 月，美国总统富兰克林·D.
Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin formally stated their determination to bring Nazi war criminals to justice.
罗斯福、英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔和苏联总理约瑟夫·斯大林正式表示决心将纳粹战犯绳之以法。
The chief prosecutors for the trial of Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg came from four nations: The United States; The United Kingdom; The Soviet Union; and France.
纽伦堡审判纳粹战犯的首席检察官来自四个国家：美国；英国；苏联；和法国。
On October 18, 1945, the United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia issued an indictment against 24 men and six Nazi organizations.
1945 年 10 月 18 日，美国、英国、法国和俄罗斯对 24 名男子和 6 个纳粹组织提出起诉。
Each of the four Allied countries that had formed the International Military Tribunal provided one judge and one alternate for the court that convened in the fall of 1945.
组成国际军事法庭的四个盟国各自为 1945 年秋季开庭的法庭提供了一名法官和一名候补法官。
Raymond D'Addario took hundreds of black and white and color photographs at Nuremberg for the Army.
雷蒙德·达达里奥在纽伦堡为陆军拍摄了数百张黑白和彩色照片。
William Glenny guarded the Nazi defendants.
威廉·格伦尼看守纳粹被告。
Read their reminiscences about the trials and their work there.
阅读他们对审判和在那里工作的回忆。
Read about key events of World War II, and its aftermath.
了解第二次世界大战及其后果的重要事件。