Nazi Town, USA
Newsreel VO: In ever increasing numbers, the nation's youth has been going away to camp.
新闻片画外音：越来越多的国家年轻人开始外出露营。
This year has seen more boys and girls at camp than ever before.
今年参加营地的男孩和女孩比以往任何时候都多。
All of them have enjoyed common experiences, common adventures.
他们所有人都有共同的经历、共同的冒险。
Building muscle, learning fellowship, acquiring camp spirit.
锻炼肌肉、学习友谊、获得营地精神。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: It looked like any summer camp in America.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：它看起来就像美国的任何夏令营。
It looked normal but it wasn't normal, it was Nazi camp.
看起来很正常，但其实不正常，这是纳粹集中营。
In the 1930s there were these camps all across the country.
20 世纪 30 年代，全国各地都有这样的集中营。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: They were indoctrinating centers, that’s what they were for.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell）：它们是洗脑中心，这就是它们的用途。
As well as for protecting the purity and the health of your superior breed.
以及保护优良品种的纯度和健康。
Bradley Hart, Historian: The camps were the creation of something called the German-American Bund.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：这些集中营是由所谓的“德美联盟”创建的。
The Bund's vision was an America ruled by white Christians, and they thought that Nazism was entirely consistent with American ideals.
崩得的愿景是一个由白人基督徒统治的美国，他们认为纳粹主义完全符合美国的理想。
Rally speech: My fellow Americans, what would George Washington think and do were he alive today?
集会演讲：我的美国同胞们，如果乔治·华盛顿今天还活着，他会怎么想、怎么做？
Would he not plead with the thinking, the loyal and law-abiding people, the true Christian Americans?
他难道不会恳求有思想、忠诚、守法的人民、真正的基督教美国人吗？
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: The German-American Bund is after power, they’re after influence, within the very fabric of the United States.
Leah Wright Rigueur，历史学家：德美联盟追求的是权力，他们追求的是美国内部的影响力。
They want their ideas to become mainstream and they want people to embrace those ideas.
他们希望自己的想法成为主流，并希望人们接受这些想法。
William Hitchcock, Historian: They were against democracy.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：他们反对民主。
And thought that America would be a kind star in a constellation of pro-Nazi governments around the world.
并认为美国将成为世界各地亲纳粹政府中的一颗仁慈之星。
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: We assume that Democracy is something that all Americans embrace.
Leah Wright Rigueur，历史学家：我们认为民主是所有美国人都拥护的东西。
But in the 1930s, there were people in the United States who were ready to try something different.
但在 20 世纪 30 年代，美国有人准备尝试不同的东西。
Beverly Gage, Historian: In the 1930s, lots of Americans thought the whole social order was about to collapse.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：20 世纪 30 年代，许多美国人认为整个社会秩序即将崩溃。
Capitalism, democracy, they were done for, and something else was going to have to come along to take its place.
资本主义、民主，它们已经完蛋了，必须有其他东西来取代它们。
And a lot of people thought that was going to be Fascism.
很多人认为这将是法西斯主义。
Singing: Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there, O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
歌唱：整个夜晚都证明我们的旗帜还在那里，噢，那面星条旗还飘扬在自由的土地和勇敢的家园吗？
William Hitchcock, Historian: In the 1930’s one of the largest fascist groups in the United States was the German American Bund.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：1930 年代美国最大的法西斯团体之一是德美同盟。
“Bund” simply means organization.
“外滩”就是组织的意思。
But fundamentally this is an American organization.
但从根本上来说，这是一个美国组织。
They believe in a pure nation.
他们相信一个纯洁的民族。
They believe in a strong nation.
他们相信一个强大的国家。
They believe that government is best when it is organized in a hierarchical way with a powerful dictator at the top and that this would improve America.
他们认为，政府最好以等级制的方式组织起来，顶层有一位强大的独裁者，这将改善美国。
Bund speaker: We have no time, nor excuse, to be idle, so march along with the Bund!
外滩发言人：我们没有时间，也没有借口闲着，跟着外滩一起前进吧！
Beverly Gage, Historian: The popularity of the Bund showed that there were certain elements of the fascist vision that had real appeal in the United States.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：崩得的受欢迎程度表明，法西斯愿景中的某些元素在美国具有真正的吸引力。
Bund speaker: We have to fight for our rights!
外滩演讲者：我们要争取我们的权利！
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: When you look at American fascism in the 1920s and 30s, the outcome of German fascism had not yet happened and was not known.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell）：当你观察20世纪20年代和30年代的美国法西斯主义时，德国法西斯主义的结果尚未发生，也不为人所知。
We have the benefit of hindsight, but Americans at the time didn’t know where it was going to go.
我们有事后诸葛亮的好处，但当时的美国人不知道它会走向何方。
Bradley Hart, Historian: As foreign as this might seem, fascist ideology tapped into some deep historical realities, dark realities, in America.
布拉德利·哈特，历史学家：尽管这看起来很陌生，但法西斯意识形态利用了美国一些深刻的历史现实和黑暗现实。
So the United States was fertile ground for groups like the German American Bund to emerge.
因此，美国是德美联盟等团体出现的沃土。
Beverly Gage, Historian: The United States in the 1920s is a place of powerful divisions.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：20 年代的美国是一个分裂严重的地方。
It is a place of deep antisemitism and it is a place that has very formal racial segregation.
这是一个反犹太主义根深蒂固的地方，也是一个有着非常正式的种族隔离的地方。
William Hitchcock, Historian: The separation of races was something that Americans had been doing for centuries, but they've been doing it legally since the end of the Civil War through Jim Crow, the body of laws as well as habits and customs that kept white and Black people apart in public spaces.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：种族隔离是美国人几个世纪以来一直在做的事情，但自内战结束以来，他们一直通过吉姆·克劳法合法地这样做，吉姆·克劳法是在公共场所将白人和黑人分开的法律体系以及习惯和习俗。
In fact, the whole structure of racism in America had broad popular support.
事实上，美国种族主义的整个结构得到了广泛的民众支持。
Beverly Gage, Historian: in the 1920s, one of the biggest organizations in the United States was the Ku Klux Klan, which was not only anti-Black, it was anti-Jew, it was anti-immigrant.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：20 年代，美国最大的组织之一是三K党，它不仅反黑人，还反犹太人，反移民。
And those weren't marginal ideas.
这些并不是边缘想法。
William Hitchcock, Historian: In 1924, 4 to 5 million people were in the Ku Klux Klan, including a couple of dozen senators and congressmen.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：1924年，三K党有四到五百万人，其中包括几十名参议员和国会议员。
The Klan's basic message was a combination of white Christian nationalism combined with family values, which was a message that was appealing to millions of people.
三K党的基本信息是白人基督教民族主义与家庭价值观的结合，这一信息吸引了数百万人。
Steven Ross, Historian: Father Coughlin, Charles Coughlin, known as the radio priest, every week went on the air to 14 million listeners basically warning the country that Jews were destroying it.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：考夫林神父查尔斯·考夫林，被称为广播牧师，每周都会向 1400 万听众广播，基本上警告这个国家犹太人正在摧毁它。
Coughlin: We are Christian in so far as we believe in Christ's principle of love your neighbor as yourself.
考夫林：我们是基督徒，因为我们相信基督爱人如己的原则。
And with that principle, I challenge every Jew in this nation to tell me that he does not believe in it.
秉承这一原则，我向这个国家的每一位犹太人提出挑战，要求他们告诉我他不相信这一点。
Steven Ross, Historian: Antisemitism is rife in the United States.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：反犹太主义在美国盛行。
And at this point it’s out in the open.
现在它已经公开了。
The most famous antisemite in America was probably Henry Ford.
美国最著名的反犹太主义者可能是亨利·福特。
William Hitchcock, Historian: Henry Ford was an inventor, an extraordinary capitalist.
威廉·希区柯克，历史学家：亨利·福特是一位发明家，一位非凡的资本家。
But he used his wealth to promote some of the most virulent antisemitic conspiracy theories.
但他利用自己的财富宣扬一些最恶毒的反犹太主义阴谋论。
He published a notorious book called The International Jew, and had it distributed widely around the country.
他出版了一本臭名昭著的书《国际犹太人》，并在全国广泛发行。
Millions of people might have heard of this book, but never actually seen it.
数百万人可能听说过这本书，但从未真正看过它。
Well, Ford took care of that.
嗯，福特解决了这个问题。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: At that time, antisemitic and white supremacist ideas were supported by a pseudo-scientific movement that was wildly popular in Europe and in the United States called Eugenics.
莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell），文化历史学家：当时，反犹太主义和白人至上主义思想得到了在欧洲和美国广泛流行的伪科学运动（称为优生学）的支持。
Eugenics Film: What is the bearing of the laws of heredity upon human affairs?
优生电影：遗传法则对人类事务有什么影响？
Eugenics provides the answer so far as this is known.
优生学提供了目前已知的答案。
Eugenics seeks to apply the known laws of heredity so as to prevent the degeneration of the race and improve its inborn qualities.
优生学寻求应用已知的遗传法则来防止种族退化并提高其先天素质。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: Eugenics said that white supremacy was biologically determined and could be proven.
莎拉·丘奇韦尔，文化历史学家：优生学说，白人至上是由生物学决定的，并且可以被证明。
As could the identities of the inferior, you know, so-called inferior races.
你知道，所谓的劣等种族的身份也可能如此。
It rationalized white supremacism by apparently giving it a scientific basis.
它显然为白人至上主义提供了科学依据，从而使其合理化。
Laws were based on these ideas.
法律就是基于这些想法。
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: In 1924, the United States passes the Johnson Reed Act, which puts a quota system on people immigrating into the United States from Europe.
历史学家 Leah Wright Rigueur：1924 年，美国通过了《约翰逊里德法案》，对从欧洲移民到美国的人实行配额制度。
Under this new law, roughly 90% of them are going to come from northern European countries - AKA, White.
根据这项新法律，大约 90% 的人将来自北欧国家 - 又称白人。
Steven Ross, Historian: All this led right wing groups like the German American Bund to believe that they would actually have a receptive audience in America.
史蒂文·罗斯（Steven Ross），历史学家：所有这些都导致像德美联盟这样的右翼团体相信他们在美国实际上会有接受的观众。
Because, look, Americans had cast themselves as a white nation.
因为，瞧，美国人把自己塑造成一个白人国家。
Bund Speaker: We are decidedly not preaching un-Americanism or anything basically new.
崩得议长：我们绝对不是宣扬非美国主义或任何新事物。
We have an Asiatic exclusion act, Jim Crow laws and a complicated system of immigration quotas differentiating even between the various white peoples.
我们有《亚洲排斥法》、《吉姆·克劳法》和复杂的移民配额制度，甚至在不同的白人之间也有区别。
It has then always been very much American.
那时它一直非常美国化。
Bradley Hart, Historian: The leader of the Bund was a naturalized American citizen named Fritz Julius Kuhn.
布拉德利·哈特，历史学家：崩得的领导人是一位归化的美国公民，名叫弗里茨·朱利叶斯·库恩。
Kuhn had some bold ambitions.
库恩有一些大胆的抱负。
He presented himself as an American Führer, and his vision was to become the absolute leader, the absolute dictator, of this organization that claims it’s going to take control of the United States.
他自称是美国元首，他的愿景是成为这个声称要控制美国的组织的绝对领导者、绝对独裁者。
Kuhn: Let me welcome you, in the name of our local unit of the German American Bund of Brooklyn, and I’d like to tell you a few words about our purpose and aims.
库恩：让我以我们布鲁克林德美联盟当地单位的名义欢迎您，我想向您介绍一下我们的宗旨和目标。
William Hitchcock, Historian: He imagined that he was going to build a distinctively American version of Naziism.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：他想象自己将建立一个独特的美国版纳粹主义。
Because America’s problem is that it has too many differences, it has too many races all mingled together, too many languages.
因为美国的问题是它有太多的差异，有太多的种族混合在一起，有太多的语言。
This country can't possibly survive for a long time in such a crazy state.
这个国家不可能在如此疯狂的状态下长期生存。
It should be organized, it should be disciplined, and it should be unified by one charismatic leader.
它应该是有组织的，应该有纪律的，并且应该由一位有魅力的领导人来统一。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Kuhn's path to the United States was somewhat typical for men of his generation who had lived through World War One, only to experience the economic ruin that Germany went through in the early 1920s.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：库恩通往美国的道路对于他这一代人来说有些典型，他们经历过第一次世界大战，却又经历了德国在 1920 年代初经历的经济崩溃。
Steven Ross, Historian: European society was devastated after World War One, and Germans, as the losing side of the war, were especially affected.
历史学家史蒂文·罗斯：第一次世界大战后，欧洲社会满目疮痍，德国作为战争的战败方，受到的影响尤其严重。
You had hyperinflation.
你经历了恶性通货膨胀。
You had unemployed soldiers, unemployed workers, all desperate.
那里有失业的士兵、失业的工人，他们都很绝望。
Everyone was looking for a solution.
每个人都在寻找解决方案。
Russian: Lenin's prediction came true.
俄语：列宁的预言成真了。
The front of imperialism was blown up.
帝国主义的阵线被炸毁了。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: A lot of people thought that communism was the answer, but others were very very worried that revolutionaries were coming, that property would be abolished and this infection would spread.
莎拉·丘奇韦尔，文化历史学家：很多人认为共产主义是答案，但其他人非常非常担心革命者即将到来，财产将被废除，这种感染会蔓延。
In Europe, one main ideological counter to Communism was Fascism.
在欧洲，反对共产主义的主要意识形态之一是法西斯主义。
Beverly Gage, Historian: Our association of fascism with the second world war, and particularly with the Holocaust, isn’t a set of associations that anyone had in the 1920’s.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：我们将法西斯主义与第二次世界大战，特别是与大屠杀联系起来，这并不是 1920 年代任何人都会有的一系列联系。
William Hitchcock, Historian: People looked at the fascist Italian dictator Mussolini and said, Mussolini has solved Italy's economic crisis by suppressing the communists, by getting rid of parliament, getting rid of divisive political parties.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：人们看着意大利法西斯独裁者墨索里尼，说，墨索里尼通过镇压共产党、废除议会、废除分裂的政党，解决了意大利的经济危机。
And he's basically asked Italians to trust him and his vision of a united country.
他基本上是要求意大利人相信他和他对统一国家的愿景。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: Fascism was a word that was coined by Mussolini to identify his political movement.
莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell），文化历史学家：法西斯主义是墨索里尼创造的一个词，用来标识他的政治运动。
It says that in order to reclaim the strength and the purity and the nobility of your country, you need to purify your nation of “the wrong people” to get back to what the nation is supposed to be.
它说，为了恢复国家的力量、纯洁和高贵，你需要净化你的国家中的“错误的人”，以回到国家应有的样子。
William Hitchcock, Historian: It’s essentially a white nationalist movement, so a lot of Americans were intrigued by Fascism, at least in its Italian form.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：这本质上是一场白人民族主义运动，所以很多美国人对法西斯主义很感兴趣，至少是意大利形式的法西斯主义。
Mussolini: I am very glad to be able to express my friendly feelings towards the American nation.
墨索里尼：我很高兴能够表达我对美国民族的友好感情。
My fellow citizens who are working to make America great
我的同胞们正在努力让美国变得伟大
Steven Ross, Historian: In Germany, Adolf Hitler's Nazi party is first seen as a very marginal group of thugs.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：在德国，阿道夫·希特勒的纳粹党首先被视为一个非常边缘的暴徒团体。
Hitler rises to power on one promise: to save Germany.
希特勒凭借一个承诺上台：拯救德国。
And to save Germany, he's going to get rid of the communists and the Jews.
为了拯救德国，他将除掉共产党人和犹太人。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: Fritz Kuhn was involved in the early days of the Nazi party.
莎拉·丘奇韦尔，文化历史学家：弗里茨·库恩参与了纳粹党的早期活动。
He claimed that he had been part of Hitler’s failed coup attempt in 1923.
他声称自己参与了 1923 年希特勒未遂政变。
William Hitchcock, Historian: Kuhn is emblematic of this generation of young German men who feel that they are the victims of the outcome of the First World War.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：库恩是这一代德国年轻人的象征，他们认为自己是第一次世界大战结果的受害者。
They want unity, they want comradeship but most of all, they want employment.
他们想要团结，他们想要同志情谊，但最重要的是，他们想要就业。
Steven Ross, Historian: So in 1924 he decides to do what many other Germans do – leave the country, and come to America.
史蒂文·罗斯（Steven Ross），历史学家：所以在 1924 年，他决定做许多其他德国人所做的事情——离开这个国家，来到美国。
Bradley Hart, Historian: German-Americans and their descendants had been in the United States for a long period of time at this point.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：德裔美国人及其后裔此时已经在美国生活了很长一段时间。
There were actually multiple waves of German immigration to the US
实际上有多次德国移民美国的浪潮
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: So Kuhn went to Detroit and got a job at the Henry Ford Hospital as an X-ray technician.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：库恩去了底特律，在亨利·福特医院找到了一份 X 射线技术员的工作。
It was a hospital that had a policy of no Jewish doctors.
这家医院有禁止犹太医生入内的政策。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: It’s an era of deep antisemitism, of legalized racism, of growing inequality across the United States.
文化历史学家萨拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell）：这是一个反犹太主义根深蒂固、种族主义合法化、美国各地不平等日益加剧的时代。
And then the great depression begins.
然后大萧条开始了。
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: In October 1929, the stock market crashed with the subsequent onset of a massive depression.
Leah Wright Rigueur，历史学家：1929 年 10 月，股市崩盘，随之而来的是大规模萧条。
Beverly Gage, Historian: The stock market lost about 90% of its value.
历史学家 Beverly Gage：股市损失了约 90% 的价值。
In places where you had a largely foreign-born industrial working class population, as many as 80% of those workers were out of work.
在那些主要是外国出生的工业工人阶级人口的地方，多达 80% 的工人失业了。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: In the depths of the Depression a great many Americans started to ask themselves whether the American experiment was failing.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔：在大萧条最严重的时期，许多美国人开始问自己，美国的实验是否失败了。
Steven Ross, Historian: In one poll of conservative professionals, something like a third of them said it was time for a revolution, some kind of change, whether it was going to be democracy, whether it was going to be communism, whether it was going to be fascism, all these ideas were finding supporters.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：在一项针对保守派专业人士的民意调查中，大约三分之一的人表示，是时候进行一场革命，进行某种变革，无论是民主、共产主义还是法西斯主义，所有这些想法都在寻找支持者。
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: The 1930’s is a period that can be characterized by fear - fear of the other, fear of want, fear of losing everything.
Leah Wright Rigueur，历史学家：1930 年代是一个充满恐惧的时期——对他人的恐惧、对匮乏的恐惧、对失去一切的恐惧。
Roosevelt: The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself!
罗斯福：我们唯一要害怕的就是恐惧本身！
William Hitchcock, Historian: Franklin Roosevelt comes into the White House in March of 1933 in the midst of the biggest economic and social crisis since the Civil War.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：富兰克林·罗斯福于 1933 年 3 月入主白宫，当时正值南北战争以来最严重的经济和社会危机之中。
Roosevelt: My most immediate concern is in carrying out the purposes of the great work program just enacted by the congress.
罗斯福：我最关心的是实现国会刚刚颁布的伟大工作计划的目的。
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: His solution is to introduce a series of programs that come to be known as “The New Deal”.
Leah Wright Rigueur，历史学家：他的解决方案是推出一系列被称为“新政”的计划。
There has not been another president that has introduced more legislation than Roosevelt did in his first 100 days.
没有哪位总统比罗斯福在上任的头 100 天内推出了更多的立法。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: American right-wing groups were rabidly opposed to Roosevelt's New Deal which they saw as a communist plot, as a redistribution of property.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔：美国右翼团体强烈反对罗斯福新政，他们认为这是共产主义阴谋，是财产的重新分配。
And began calling it “the Jew Deal” because they said that Roosevelt was being manipulated by Jewish financiers who were pulling the strings.
并开始称其为“犹太交易”，因为他们说罗斯福受到幕后操纵的犹太金融家的操纵。
Beverly Gage, Historian: 1933 was also the year that Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：1933 年也是阿道夫·希特勒在德国上台的一年。
So there was a sense not only that there was a crisis at home, but that fascism was really beginning to take root around the world.
因此，人们感觉不仅国内出现了危机，而且法西斯主义确实开始在世界各地扎根。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Hitler puts Germany on what appears to be a very successful course.
布拉德利·哈特，历史学家：希特勒让德国走上了一条看似非常成功的道路。
Inflation is under control.
通货膨胀得到控制。
And according to the Nazi’s official figures, unemployment has all but disappeared.
根据纳粹的官方数据，失业率几乎消失了。
Americans who see their own system in crisis are looking at fascism and Nazism as perhaps models that could be emulated in the United States.
看到自己的制度陷入危机的美国人将法西斯主义和纳粹主义视为美国可以效仿的模式。
So extremist groups pop up all over the country inspired by what's going on in Europe.
因此，受到欧洲发生的事情的启发，极端主义团体在全国各地涌现。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: There was the ‘Order of 76’.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔：有“76 人勋章”。
There was the ‘Black Legion’, there was the ‘Liberty League’.
有“黑色军团”，有“自由联盟”。
There were the ‘White Shirts’, the ‘Black Shirts’ and ‘Brown Shirts’.
有“白衬衫”、“黑衬衫”和“棕色衬衫”。
There were the ‘Silver Shirts’.
还有“银衫军”。
Paper Boy: Free speech stopped by Jew Riot!
报童：言论自由被犹太人骚乱阻止了！
William Hitchcock, Historian: In its earliest expressions, Fascism was thought by many Americans to be a suitable answer to America’s problems.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：在其最早的表述中，许多美国人认为法西斯主义是解决美国问题的合适答案。
But there were others who opposed Fascism from the beginning.
但也有人从一开始就反对法西斯主义。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: Dorothy Thompson was one of the first female foreign correspondents for American newspapers and was working in Europe during the rise of fascism.
莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell），文化历史学家：多萝西·汤普森（Dorothy Thompson）是美国报纸的第一批女驻外记者之一，在法西斯主义兴起期间在欧洲工作。
She could see the danger that it posed and she was very outspoken about it from very early on.
她可以看到它所带来的危险，并且从很早就对此直言不讳。
She had the honor, I think, of being the very first American foreign correspondent to be ejected from Germany after Hitler came to power.
我认为，她有幸成为希特勒上台后第一位被驱逐出德国的美国驻外记者。
Dorothy Thompson: There seems to me to be a certain misunderstanding about the antisemitic end of the Hitler movement.
多萝西·汤普森：在我看来，对于希特勒运动的反犹太主义结局存在某种误解。
A great many people didn't believe that if they came to power they would carry this program out, but as a matter of fact they are doing what they have said for 13 years that they would do if they came to power.
很多人不相信如果他们上台就会执行这个计划，但事实上他们正在做他们13年来所说的如果他们上台就会做的事情。
William Hitchcock, Historian: Another one of the great public figures of that era, Rabbi Stephen Wise, steps forward and says we are going to act.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：那个时代的另一位伟大公众人物斯蒂芬·怀斯拉比站出来表示我们将采取行动。
We're going to mobilize against Naziism.
我们将动员起来反对纳粹主义。
Steven Ross, Historian: Wise called for a boycott of all German products until Hitler stopped persecuting all minorities.
历史学家史蒂文·罗斯：怀斯呼吁抵制所有德国产品，直到希特勒停止迫害所有少数民族。
Not just Jews, but all minorities.
不只是犹太人，所有少数民族都是如此。
It led to a big decline in German imports.
这导致德国进口大幅下降。
William Hitchcock, Historian: This presents a challenge to Berlin, which is how do we improve our reputation in the United States while also pursuing our policies against the Jews here in Germany.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：这对柏林提出了挑战，即我们如何提高我们在美国的声誉，同时在德国推行针对犹太人的政策。
Steven Ross, Historian: Rudolf Hess, the number two Nazi leader, was looking at the American situation and saying, how are we going to offset this?
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：纳粹第二号领导人鲁道夫·赫斯在审视美国的局势时说，我们将如何抵消这一影响？
And so he helped create the ‘Friends of New Germany’.
因此，他帮助创建了“新德国之友”。
Newsreel: The membership card in the ‘Friends of the New Germany’, note the American emblem.
新闻片：“新德国之友”的会员卡，注意美国徽章。
And over it, the Nazi swastika.
其上方是纳粹万字符。
Steven Ross, Historian: People joined the Friends of New Germany in the same way you would join the Masons or the Oddfellows or the Elks.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：人们加入新德国之友就像加入共济会、奥德费洛斯或麋鹿会一样。
William Hitchcock, Historian: So Kuhn joins the ‘Friends of New Germany’ and becomes the head of the Midwest District.
威廉·希区柯克，历史学家：所以库恩加入了“新德国之友”并成为中西部地区的负责人。
Steven Ross, Historian: It was one thing for Americans to say, well, Hitler's doing great things for Germany from a distance.
历史学家史蒂文·罗斯：美国人说，希特勒在远处为德国做了伟大的事情，这是一回事。
But Americans didn't actually like seeing swastikas in their neighborhoods.
但美国人实际上并不喜欢在他们的社区看到纳粹标志。
This began to turn American public opinion against the Friends of New Germany and against the Nazis.
这开始使美国舆论开始反对新德国之友和纳粹。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: In the 1930’s, there was a very strong Jewish presence in the Mafia.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：20 世纪 30 年代，黑手党中犹太人的势力非常强大。
And they had an army of Jewish prizefighters, guys who knew how to work their fists.
他们有一支由犹太职业拳击手组成的军队，他们知道如何使用拳头。
Steven Ross, Historian: At the time, about a third of professional boxers were Jewish.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：当时，大约三分之一的职业拳击手是犹太人。
And many of those Jewish boxers were very proud of their heritage, and they had Stars of David on their trunks.
许多犹太拳击手对自己的血统感到非常自豪，他们的裤衩上有大卫之星。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: They saw it as their duty to take on the Friends of New Germany.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：他们认为对抗新德国之友是他们的责任。
In New Jersey, this army of boxers was called the Minutemen - because they could be there in a minute.
在新泽西州，这支拳击手大军被称为“民兵”——因为他们很快就能到达那里。
Steven Ross, Historian: They would burst into open meetings of the Friends of New Germany and they would beat the stuffing out of them.
史蒂文·罗斯（Steven Ross），历史学家：他们会突然召开新德国之友的公开会议，并把他们打得落花流水。
In Newark, New Jersey, they were so angry there was a massive brawl that lasted for hours until the police were able to get it under control.
在新泽西州纽瓦克，他们非常愤怒，发生了一场持续数小时的大规模斗殴，直到警方控制住了局面。
William Hitchcock, Historian: The government in Berlin starts to feel that it's more of a problem than it is an asset, and in late 1935 they disband the organization.
威廉·希区柯克 (William Hitchcock)，历史学家：柏林政府开始觉得这与其说是一种资产，不如说是一个问题，于是在 1935 年末解散了该组织。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: The Friends of New Germany was no more.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦，作家：新德国之友已不复存在。
And Fritz Kuhn saw his opportunity and seized it.
弗里茨·库恩看到了机会并抓住了它。
He said, you know, we have to re-form this group.
他说，你知道，我们必须重新组建这个团队。
We have an infrastructure already in place with chapters all over the country.
我们的基础设施已经到位，分会遍布全国。
William Hitchcock, Historian: So in early 1936, Fritz Kuhn founds the German-American Bund.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：1936 年初，弗里茨·库恩创立了德美联盟。
Kuhn was trying to sell it as an American organization.
库恩试图将其作为一个美国组织出售。
Steven Ross, Historian: What you begin to see in 1936 with the creation of the Bund is what I would call the beginning of star-spangled fascism.
史蒂文·罗斯 (Steven Ross)，历史学家：1936 年崩得的创建，我将其称为星条旗法西斯主义的开始。
Kuhn: The German-American Bund is a patriotic, law abiding and honor bound fighting organization, of loyal Americans of German extraction, fighting to exterminate Jewish, international, aesthetic Bolshevism.
库恩：德美同盟是一个爱国、守法、受荣誉约束的战斗组织，由具有德国血统的忠诚美国人组成，为消灭犹太的、国际的、审美的布尔什维克主义而奋斗。
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: The German-American Bund starts very deliberately cloaking itself in the explicit symbols of Americanness: George Washington, the American flag.
莉亚·赖特·里格（Leah Wright Rigueur），历史学家：德美同盟开始非常刻意地用美国性的明确象征来掩盖自己：乔治·华盛顿，美国国旗。
Bradley Hart, Historian: You have these bizarre mixtures of American symbols with the symbols of Nazism.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：美国符号与纳粹主义符号的奇怪混合。
People dressed as Minutemen from the American Revolution, standing on stage next to these Bund members in their own uniforms.
人们打扮成美国独立战争中的民兵，站在舞台上，旁边是穿着自己制服的外滩成员。
Or a man, dressed as a Native American chief.
或者是一个打扮成美洲原住民酋长的男人。
William Hitchcock, Historian: Kuhn is trying to change the conversation a little bit by saying you can be a patriotic American and you can be proud of the Nazi government as well.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：库恩试图稍微改变一下谈话，他说你可以成为一个爱国的美国人，你也可以为纳粹政府感到自豪。
So he is going to try to square the circle, which is to make Americans and American citizens a part of an organization that is basically designed to propagate Nazism.
因此，他将尝试化圆为方，让美国人和美国公民成为一个基本上旨在传播纳粹主义的组织的一部分。
Steven Ross, Historian: The National Bund establishes its headquarters on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in the Yorkville neighborhood.
史蒂文·罗斯（Steven Ross），历史学家：国家外滩总部设在曼哈顿上东区的约克维尔附近。
German was spoken in the streets.
街上都说德语。
The shops had signs in German.
商店里有德文招牌。
If you walked through Yorkville in 1936, you could think you were in a German city.
如果您在 1936 年走过约克维尔，您可能会认为自己身处德国城市。
Bradley Hart, Historian: The Bund had a fairly extensive business arm.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：外滩拥有相当广泛的商业部门。
New York City had beer halls where its members would gather and these were often owned and operated by the Bund.
纽约市有其成员聚集的啤酒馆，这些啤酒馆通常由外滩拥有和经营。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: Nationally, most German-Americans were not supporters of the Bund, but the German-American Bund had a great presence in New York, so it was deliberately provocative for the Jewish community because they were literally holding parades in front of Jewish people's homes.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔：在全国范围内，大多数德裔美国人并不是崩得的支持者，但德裔美国人崩得在纽约的影响力很大，因此它是故意挑衅犹太社区，因为他们实际上是在犹太人的家前举行游行。
Kuhn: We are American citizens, and we demand our rights to be American citizens!
库恩：我们是美国公民，我们要求拥有成为美国公民的权利！
Steven Ross, Historian: Like Hitler, Kuhn wanted to establish a Reich that would last for a thousand years.
历史学家史蒂文·罗斯：像希特勒一样，库恩也想建立一个持续一千年的帝国。
So he gets to work expanding the group.
所以他开始致力于扩大团队。
William Hitchcock, Historian: In 1936 and ‘37, the Bund has a period of real growth.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：1936年和37年是外滩真正成长的时期。
There were three big districts of the Bund in America, but there were about 45 regional districts and then 80 smaller little branches.
美国的外滩有3个大区，但大约有45个地区区和80个较小的小分支机构。
They're all over the place in the West Coast, Midwest and East.
它们遍布西海岸、中西部和东部。
Bradley Hart, Historian: At its peak, the Bund attracts as many as 100,000 members.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：在鼎盛时期，外滩吸引了多达 10 万名会员。
And there were thousands of people who were also sympathetic to the Bund who were attending its events
还有数千名同样同情外滩的人参加了外滩的活动
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: One of the best ways to get people on board is to target their children.
Leah Wright Rigueur，历史学家：让人们参与其中的最佳方法之一就是以他们的孩子为目标。
People can say, well, this is a good organization.
人们可以说，嗯，这是一个很好的组织。
It teaches them about the beauty of nature.
它教会他们自然之美。
It teaches them vital skills in life.
它教会他们生活中重要的技能。
And it's family friendly and family oriented.
而且它是家庭友好且以家庭为导向的。
By the way, we hate Jews.
顺便说一句，我们讨厌犹太人。
We hate Blacks.
我们讨厌黑人。
We hate Catholics.
我们讨厌天主教徒。
German Song: A comrade for battle who stays faithful day and night, and the world will belong to us!
德国歌曲：日夜忠诚的战斗伙伴，世界将属于我们！
Those who cannot be faithful shall die, and life belongs to us!
不忠诚者必死，生命属于我们！
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: You get kids out of unhealthy city environments and put them into these summer camps.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell）：你让孩子们脱离不健康的城市环境，然后将他们放入这些夏令营。
It's all about making sure that your superior breed is kept separate from pollutants - people of inferior races and ethnicities.
这一切都是为了确保您的优良品种与污染物（劣等种族和民族的人）分开。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Children are essential to the future of the movement.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：儿童对于运动的未来至关重要。
They have to be physically primed to become the leaders of this Nazi Reich.
他们必须做好身体准备才能成为这个纳粹帝国的领导人。
So there was a camp in upstate New York, Milwaukee, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, the Pacific Northwest.
因此，在纽约州北部、密尔沃基、芝加哥、洛杉矶、旧金山、太平洋西北地区设立了一个营地。
There were camps located all over the country.
全国各地都有营地。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: The grand opening for Camp Norland was July 18th, 1937, and it was an event to be seen.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：1937 年 7 月 18 日，诺兰营盛大开幕，这是一件值得关注的事件。
There were more than 10,000 people there.
那里有一万多人。
And this was in New Jersey, sixty miles outside of Manhattan.
这是在新泽西州，距曼哈顿六十英里。
Rally Audio: I call upon all of you to join us in the battle for a socially just, financially independent and Jew-free America!
集会音频：我呼吁你们所有人加入我们，为社会公正、经济独立和无犹太人的美国而战！
William Hitchcock, Historian: The biggest camp that the Bund built was Camp Siegfried in Yaphank, Long Island.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：外滩建造的最大的集中营是位于长岛雅芬克的齐格弗里德集中营。
It was a destination for lots of people from the New York area, not just during the summer camp, but for rallies and picnics and gatherings throughout the year.
它是许多纽约地区人们的目的地，不仅是在夏令营期间，而且是全年集会、野餐和聚会的目的地。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: There was a train every Friday direct from Penn Station to Long Island called ‘The Siegfried Special’, and it would be packed with people getting away for the weekend.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：每周五都有一趟从宾州车站直达长岛的火车，名为“齐格弗里特号”，车上挤满了周末外出度假的人们。
William Hitchcock, Historian: Camp Siegfried was so popular, the Bund created a front organization called the German American Settlement League, which bought property so that they could establish not only camps but actual planned communities.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：齐格弗里德营非常受欢迎，以至于崩得创建了一个名为德美定居联盟的幌子公司，该组织购买财产，以便他们不仅可以建立营地，还可以建立实际规划的社区。
And at Yaphank, they did build a German-American settlement called German Gardens.
在雅芬克，他们确实建造了一个德裔美国人定居点，名为“德国花园”。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: The town that they set up named streets on Long Island after prominent Nazis.
莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell），文化历史学家：他们在长岛建立的街道以著名纳粹分子的名字命名。
So there was Adolf Hitler Street and there was Goering Street.
于是就有了阿道夫·希特勒街和戈林街。
They had laws on the books restricting ownership.
他们有限制所有权的法律。
So unsurprisingly, this community was not willing to admit Jewish homeowners.
因此，毫不奇怪，这个社区不愿意接纳犹太房主。
Bradley Hart, Historian: It was designed around the idea of creating an idealized sort of Nazi town.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：它的设计理念是创建一个理想化的纳粹城镇。
Beverly Gage, Historian: In the late summer of 1936, President Roosevelt calls J.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：1936 年夏末，罗斯福总统致电 J.
Edgar Hoover, who's the head of the FBI, asking him to look into the activities of Nazis in the United States.
联邦调查局局长埃德加·胡佛要求他调查纳粹在美国的活动。
One of the first things that the FBI sets out to investigate is the German-American Bund.
联邦调查局首先着手调查的事情之一就是德美联盟。
Bund Meeting: Sieg Heil!
外滩会议：万岁！
Sieg Heil!
齐格万岁！
Sieg Heil!
齐格万岁！
Beverly Gage, Historian: Ultimately, the FBI produces a thousand-page report which really lays out some of the more outrageous aspects of this organization.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：最终，联邦调查局制作了一份长达一千页的报告，真正列出了该组织的一些更令人震惊的方面。
The pro-Nazi imagery, the pro-Hitler sentiments, the anti-Semitism, all of it’s there, but Hoover was not terribly interested in taking this on.
支持纳粹的形象、支持希特勒的情绪、反犹太主义，所有这些都在那里，但胡佛并没有太大兴趣接受这些。
Steven Ross, Historian: Why is Hoover sitting on his hands doing nothing with the Nazi fascist threat?
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：为什么胡佛对纳粹法西斯的威胁袖手旁观？
The answer is actually pretty simple.
答案其实很简单。
It's because he was a rabid anti-communist.
这是因为他是一个狂热的反共主义者。
Hoover: The communist party of the United States is not a political party.
胡佛：美国共产党不是一个政党。
It is a way of life, an evil and malignant way of life!
这是一种生活方式，一种邪恶、恶毒的生活方式！
William Hitchcock, Historian: Like many Americans, Hoover thought well, I don't really like fascism, but I do like its anti-communist credentials.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：像许多美国人一样，胡佛想得很好，我并不真正喜欢法西斯主义，但我确实喜欢它的反共凭据。
So people tolerated organizations like the German-American Bund that were explicitly anti-communist.
因此，人们容忍像德美联盟这样明确反共的组织。
Rally Audio: We stand beside you as Christian soldiers in your valiant fight against Jewish Communism!
集会音频：作为基督教战士，我们与你们并肩作战，与犹太共产主义进行英勇斗争！
Steven Ross, Historian: There is a movement to stop hate speech.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：有一场停止仇恨言论的运动。
And in fact, the New Jersey legislature passes a race libel law.
事实上，新泽西州立法机关通过了种族诽谤法。
You can't libel somebody because of their race, their religion, their color.
你不能因为某人的种族、宗教信仰、肤色而诽谤他。
Bradley Hart, Historian: This is in some ways a novel concept in law.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：在某种程度上，这在法律上是一个新颖的概念。
The problem with this is that groups like the ACLU immediately become involved and raise the obvious constitutional objection of: how can you possibly outlaw speech that is offensive to a particular group.
问题在于，像美国公民自由联盟这样的团体立即介入并提出明显的宪法反对意见：你怎么可能禁止冒犯特定群体的言论。
Beverly Gage, Historian: For all of the kind of horror of the idea of pro-Nazi forces acting in the United States, it's really not clear that they were breaking any particular federal law that existed at that point by engaging in the activities they were engaged in.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇（Beverly Gage）：尽管亲纳粹势力在美国活动的想法令人恐惧，但确实不清楚他们从事的活动是否违反了当时存在的任何特定联邦法律。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Ultimately, the big test for the race libel law comes because of Camp Nordland, the German-American Bund camp in the state of New Jersey, because of speeches that were defamatory towards the Jewish community.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：归根结底，种族诽谤法面临的重大考验来自于新泽西州的德裔美国人联盟营地诺德兰营，因为那里出现了诽谤犹太社区的言论。
Rally Speech: We know that the Jew is most concerned with maintaining his stranglehold on the financial systems of the world!
集会演讲：我们知道犹太人最关心的是维持他对世界金融体系的控制！
Bradley Hart, Historian: Ultimately, there is a conviction of nine Bund members for violating the race libel law, but that's struck down by the New Jersey State Supreme Court.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：最终，九名外滩成员因违反种族诽谤法而被定罪，但新泽西州最高法院驳回了这一判决。
In the end, the ACLU publishes a pamphlet defending their decision to defend the free speech of Nazis.
最后，美国公民自由联盟出版了一本小册子，捍卫他们捍卫纳粹言论自由的决定。
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: This is the double-edged sword of the First Amendment.
Leah Wright Rigueur，历史学家：这是第一修正案的双刃剑。
It is a fundamental American right to be allowed to say horrible things, but the protection of the right to be hateful is what allows these ideas to proliferate.
允许说可怕的话是美国人的一项基本权利，但对仇恨权利的保护使得这些想法得以扩散。
William Hitchcock, Historian: In early 1937, a Chicago newspaper, The Chicago Daily Times, decides it's going to send reporters incognito into the world of the German-American Bund.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：1937 年初，芝加哥一家报纸《芝加哥每日时报》决定派记者隐姓埋名地走进德美同盟的世界。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: John and James Metcalfe were brothers, born in Germany, were both reporters for the Chicago Daily Times.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦，作家：约翰·梅特卡夫和詹姆斯·梅特卡夫是兄弟，出生于德国，都是《芝加哥每日时报》的记者。
They were assigned to go undercover and infiltrate the Bund.
他们被指派卧底并渗透到外滩。
They had German birth certificates and they could speak German.
他们有德国出生证明并且会说德语。
So they had the perfect credentials.
所以他们拥有完美的资历。
William Hitchcock, Historian: John had a little toothbrush mustache, if that might be a little familiar, and looked the part.
威廉·希区柯克，历史学家：约翰留着牙刷状的小胡子，如果这可能有点熟悉的话，而且看起来很像这个角色。
He approaches the Bund headquarters in New York and works his way into the organization.
他接近了位于纽约的外滩总部，并通过自己的努力进入了该组织。
Metcalfe goes by an alias, Helmut Oberwinder, and very quickly ingratiates himself with Fritz Kuhn.
梅特卡夫化名赫尔穆特·奥伯温德，很快就讨好弗里茨·库恩。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Because he's willing to dedicate himself to the cause, within just a few months, John Metcalfe becomes Kuhn's right-hand man.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：因为愿意全身心投入，短短几个月内，约翰·梅特卡夫就成为库恩的得力助手。
And Kuhn dispatches Metcalfe as a personal emissary to local and regional Bund chapters.
库恩派遣梅特卡夫作为私人特使前往当地和区域外滩分会。
So Metcalfe travels all over the country visiting with various Bund leaders, and all along the way he’s filing reports back to his paper.
因此，梅特卡夫走遍全国，拜访了外滩的多位领导人，一路上他都在向他的报纸提交报告。
Everything from how a local Bund chapter might be completely inept or more interested in having drinking parties than politics, to Bund leaders scoffing at Kuhn's authority, all the way to individual rank and file members talking about their ambitions to actually overthrow the U.S. government and establish a Nazi dictatorship.
从当地的外滩分会如何可能完全无能或对酒会比政治更感兴趣，到外滩领导人嘲笑库恩的权威，一直到个别普通成员谈论他们真正推翻美国政府并建立纳粹独裁政权的野心。
William Hitchcock, Historian: In September of 1937, the Chicago Daily Times drops the bomb.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：1937 年 9 月，《芝加哥每日时报》投下炸弹。
They publish a series of articles on the German American Bund and they don't hold back.
他们发表了一系列关于德美联盟的文章，并且毫不犹豫。
Steven Ross, Historian: These stories came out one after the other.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：这些故事相继出现。
These exposés of how the Nazis in America are trying to undermine the American people, the American government, and the American way of life.
这些揭露了美国纳粹如何试图破坏美国人民、美国政府和美国生活方式。
Bradley Hart, Historian: The Metcalfes heard whispers inside the Bund’s inner circle of something called Der Tag, which translates to "the day" - The day when the Bund believes there will be a fascist revolution in the United States.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：梅特卡夫一家听到了崩得内部圈子里关于“Der Tag”的窃窃私语，“Der Tag”的意思是“那一天”——崩得相信美国将发生法西斯革命的那一天。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: This would be the day that there would be an insurrection.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：这一天将会发生叛乱。
They would take over the United States government, and the swastika would fly above the Capitol.
他们将接管美国政府，纳粹党徽将飘扬在国会大厦上空。
Bradley Hart, Historian: The Metcalfe scoop really galvanizes public opinion against the Bund, and Congress begins to enter the discourse about what should be done about subversive groups in the United States.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：梅特卡夫的独家新闻确实激发了公众舆论反对崩得，国会开始讨论如何应对美国的颠覆组织。
Congressman Martin Dies Jr, becomes the chairman of what will become called the House Un-American Activities Committee or HUAC
众议员马丁·戴斯 (Martin Dies Jr) 成为众议院非美活动委员会 (HUAC) 的主席
Martin Dies: Tactics of Communists, Nazis and Fascists are now endangering this country.
马丁去世：共产党、纳粹和法西斯的策略现在正在危及这个国家。
America must wake up to its danger!
美国必须醒悟到它的危险！
HAUC Investigator: To whom were you sending these letters?
HAUC 调查员：你这些信是寄给谁的？
HUAC Witness: I sent that to a list of approximately 150 people.
HUAC 见证人：我已将其发送给大约 150 人的名单。
Beverly Gage, Historian: HUAC was very much in the mindset that there were an array of subversive organizations that needed to be investigated and that a lot of them actually were on the right.
贝弗利·盖奇（Beverly Gage），历史学家：HUAC 的想法是，有一系列颠覆性组织需要调查，而且其中很多实际上是右翼组织。
Bradley Hart, Historian: John Metcalfe was actually the first witness called before the committee.
布拉德利·哈特，历史学家：约翰·梅特卡夫实际上是委员会传唤的第一位证人。
And there's incredible images of him giving Martin Dies and the committee the Nazi salute from the witness table, and then he showed them photos of how the Bund was preparing some sort of military coup.
还有令人难以置信的照片，他在证人席上向马丁·戴斯和委员会行纳粹礼，然后他向他们展示了崩得如何准备某种军事政变的照片。
Steven Ross, Historian: What were we going to be as a nation?
历史学家史蒂文·罗斯：作为一个国家，我们将成为什么样的国家？
Because what the Bund wanted to be was a nation that was proud of its white Aryan past.
因为崩得想要成为一个为其白人雅利安人的过去感到自豪的国家。
But yes, there were people who stood up for the right cause, who stood up for what we think of as American ideals.
但是，是的，有人为正确的事业挺身而出，为我们心目中的美国理想挺身而出。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: Dorothy Thompson had interviewed Hitler in 1931 and was very clear about the risks that he posed, and not just to Europe.
莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell），文化历史学家：多萝西·汤普森（Dorothy Thompson）曾在 1931 年采访过希特勒，她非常清楚他所带来的风险，而不仅仅是对欧洲。
Dorothy Thompson: The classical end of all pure democracy is the popular tyrant.
多萝西·汤普森（Dorothy Thompson）：所有纯粹民主的经典结局都是大众暴君。
And incidentally, all successful tyrants throughout history have been popular idols.
顺便说一句，历史上所有成功的暴君都是受欢迎的偶像。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: In 1938 alone, she gave more than 50 speeches about the importance of democracy and fighting fascism.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔：仅在 1938 年，她就发表了 50 多场关于民主和反法西斯主义重要性的演讲。
And her radio broadcasts reached more than 5 million people.
她的电台广播覆盖了超过 500 万人。
Dorothy Thompson: The tyrant, said Machiavelli, must pose as the friend of the people, as their champion against the rich and aristocratic, as the incorporation of the people's will.
多萝西·汤普森：马基雅维利说，暴君必须以人民的朋友、人民反对富人和贵族的斗士、人民意志的结合者的姿态出现。
They must be made to feel that through him, in his person, they are actually ruling.
必须让他们感觉到，通过他，以他本人，他们实际上正在统治。
This was the formula of Caesar, and it's the formula of Stalin, Mussolini and Hitler.
这是凯撒的公式，也是斯大林、墨索里尼和希特勒的公式。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: Her point was never be complacent.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell）：她的观点是永远不要自满。
Her point was this can happen anywhere.
她的观点是这种情况可能发生在任何地方。
And you have to be on your guard.
你必须保持警惕。
Steven Ross, Historian: On November 9th, 1938 in hundreds of cities across Germany, we have Kristallnacht - “night of the broken glass”.
史蒂文·罗斯 (Steven Ross)，历史学家：1938 年 11 月 9 日，德国数百个城市迎来了“水晶之夜”——“碎玻璃之夜”。
For two nights Jewish businesses are destroyed, their homes ransacked.
连续两个晚上，犹太人的企业被摧毁，他们的家园被洗劫一空。
Synagogues are burned.
犹太教堂被烧毁。
Thirty thousand Jewish men are rounded up and sent to concentration camps.
三万名犹太男子被围捕并送往集中营。
William Hitchcock, Historian: Americans now knew that Nazi Germany wasn't just a normal country with a fascist dictator.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：美国人现在知道纳粹德国不仅仅是一个拥有法西斯独裁者的普通国家。
It was a malevolent force.
那是一股邪恶的力量。
Bradley Hart, Historian: In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Bund's tactics are very provocative in the eyes of most Americans.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：水晶之夜之后，崩得的策略在大多数美国人看来非常具有挑衅性。
But rather than disappear from the public eye, the German American Bund decides on mass provocation.
但德美同盟并没有从公众视野中消失，而是决定进行大规模挑衅。
William Hitchcock, Historian: By the end of 1938, the Bund made it clear that what they wanted to do was to show that we are popular, that we are relevant, that we're fulfilling our ambition of making German Americans into good Nazis and Americans at the same time.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：到 1938 年底，崩得明确表示，他们想要做的是表明我们很受欢迎，我们具有相关性，我们正在实现我们的野心，即让德裔美国人同时成为优秀的纳粹分子和美国人。
How can we do that?
我们怎样才能做到这一点？
Let's have a rally.
我们来举行一次集会吧。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: People appealed to Mayor LaGuardia saying, “How can you allow this to happen?” LaGuardia said they have every right to do it and he wasn't going to stand in the way.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：人们向拉瓜迪亚市长求助，说：“你怎么能允许这种事发生？”拉瓜迪亚表示他们完全有权这样做，他不会阻止。
It was the First Amendment.
这是第一修正案。
Steven Ross, Historian: In those days, just like today, New York City had the largest Jewish population in America.
历史学家史蒂文·罗斯：当时，就像今天一样，纽约市拥有美国最多的犹太人口。
Of course, there had been fascist demonstrations before all around the country, but the Bund was going to Madison Square Garden in the center of the Jewish American world.
当然，之前全国各地都曾发生过法西斯示威，但外滩却要去美国犹太世界中心的麦迪逊广场花园。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: Over 20,000 Bundists were admitted inside the Garden that night.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：当晚，超过 20,000 名崩得分子被接纳进入花园。
Outside were tens of thousands of anti-Bundists wanting to get inside.
外面有数以万计的反崩得分子想要进去。
Rally audio: I pledge undivided allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
集会音频：我宣誓全心全意效忠美利坚合众国及其所代表的共和国的国旗，这是一个不可分割的国家，人人享有自由和正义。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Because of the visibility of this event, there had been a sort of general assumption that the Bund speakers would refrain from their most hateful speech, especially against Jews.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：由于这一事件的可见性，人们普遍认为崩得的发言人不会发表最仇恨的言论，尤其是针对犹太人的言论。
But that proves not to be the case.
但事实证明并非如此。
Kunze from Rally: The Jew is a thousand times more dangerous to us than all the others by reason of his parasitic nature.
来自 Rally 的 Kunze：由于犹太人的寄生本性，犹太人对我们来说比其他所有人危险一千倍。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: Also present that night was the indomitable Dorothy Thompson, who was furious that this rally was taking place.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell）：当晚出席的还有不屈不挠的多萝西·汤普森（Dorothy Thompson），她对这次集会的举行感到愤怒。
And amidst 22,000 fascists, she started shouting "Bunk!"
在 22,000 名法西斯分子中，她开始大喊“废话！”
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: Dorothy Thompson didn't hold anything back.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：多萝西·汤普森（Dorothy Thompson）没有任何保留。
She went there to heckle.
她去那里质问。
She went there to cause a fuss.
她去那儿是为了闹事。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: There is footage of Dorothy being hustled out.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔：有一段多萝西被赶出去的镜头。
Bodily thrown out of Madison Square Garden.
身体被扔出麦迪逊广场花园。
Steven Ross, Historian: Inside the Garden, the final speaker is Fritz Kuhn himself.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：在花园里，最后的发言者是弗里茨·库恩本人。
Rally audio: We love him for the enemies he has made.
集会音频：我们爱他，因为他树下的敌人。
Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Fritz Kuhn.
女士们先生们，弗里茨·库恩先生。
Kuhn at podium: Ladies and gentlemen, fellow Americans, American Patriots.
库恩在讲台上：女士们先生们，美国同胞们，美国爱国者们。
If you ask what we're actively fighting for under our charter.
如果你问我们根据我们的章程积极奋斗的目标是什么。
First, a socially just, white gentile-ruled United States.
首先，一个社会公正、由白人外邦人统治的美国。
Second, gentile-controlled labor union, free from Jewish Moscow directed domination.
其次，由非犹太人控制的工会，不受犹太莫斯科的直接统治。
Steven Ross, Historian: A 26 year-old Jewish plumber named Isidor Greenbaum can't stand what he's hearing, and he runs onto the stage.
史蒂文·罗斯（Steven Ross），历史学家：一位名叫伊西多·格林鲍姆（Isidor Greenbaum）的 26 岁犹太水管工无法忍受他所听到的内容，他跑上了舞台。
Stormtroopers grab him and are beating the hell out of him.
冲锋队抓住了他，并狠狠地殴打他。
They could have killed him, except the police came in and stopped the fight.
他们本可以杀了他，除非警察介入并制止打斗。
Kuhn at podium: Be seated please.
库恩在讲台上：请入座。
One fanatic don't make any difference ladies and gentlemen.
女士们先生们，一个狂热分子没有任何区别。
Bradley Hart, Historian: So the rally really comes to this violent conclusion.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：所以这次集会确实得出了这个暴力的结论。
Outside, there's an almost riotous situation as protesters clash with the police and with Bund members.
外面，抗议者与警察和外滩成员发生冲突，场面几乎陷入骚乱。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: After the rally, New York Mayor LaGuardia was furious that this thing had happened in his city.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：集会结束后，纽约市长拉瓜迪亚对他的城市发生了这样的事情感到愤怒。
So he called his district attorney, Thomas Dewey, and said, we can't get Fritz Kuhn for what he says.
于是他打电话给他的地方检察官托马斯·杜威，并说，我们无法接受弗里茨·库恩的言论。
But there's got to be another way to get him.
但必须有其他方法才能得到他。
So his office started investigating.
于是他的办公室开始调查。
Thomas Dewey discovered that Kuhn had been using money from the Bund coffers to pay for his romances.
托马斯·杜威发现库恩一直在用外滩金库的钱来支付他的恋情。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Throughout his leadership of the Bund, Kuhn has maintained a network of mistresses across the country.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：库恩在领导崩得期间一直在全国范围内维持着一个情妇网络。
And he's used some of these funds to not only pay for his personal expenses, but also those of his lady friends.
他不仅用其中一些资金来支付他的个人开支，还用来支付他的女性朋友的开支。
Newsreel: The law books the would-be American Fuhrer on charges of grand larceny and forgery.
新闻片：法律以重大盗窃罪和伪造罪对未来的美国元首进行了登记。
He's Fritz Kuhn, Bund leader and friend of Hitler.
他就是弗里茨·库恩，崩得领袖和希特勒的朋友。
But right now his chief task is to explain about some $14,000 he's accused of stealing from his followers.
但现在他的主要任务是解释他被指控从追随者那里窃取的约 14,000 美元。
Steven Ross, Historian: Fritz Kuhn is found guilty of embezzlement and tax evasion, and he’s sentenced to two-and-a-half to five years in prison.
历史学家史蒂文·罗斯：弗里茨·库恩被判犯有贪污罪和逃税罪，被判处两年半至五年监禁。
Bradley Hart, Historian: As Kuhn is sitting in Sing Sing Prison, he learns that Hitler has invaded Poland and war has now broken out in Europe for the second time in a generation.
布拉德利·哈特（Bradley Hart），历史学家：当库恩坐在新新监狱时，他得知希特勒入侵了波兰，欧洲现在爆发了一代人以来的第二次战争。
Debate is raging all over the country about whether the US should even take sides in the war in Europe.
关于美国是否应该在欧洲战争中选边站的争论正在全国范围内激烈进行。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: There was a coalition of unlikely bedfellows of people who wanted to keep the United States out of the war for different reasons.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔（Sarah Churchwell）：有一个由不太可能的同伙组成的联盟，他们出于不同的原因希望让美国远离战争。
There were big business interests, there were pacifists, and then there were Nazi sympathizers.
有大商业利益，有和平主义者，还有纳粹同情者。
So all of these people formed this coalition called America First, and Charles Lindbergh became their spokesperson.
因此，所有这些人组成了这个名为“美国优先”的联盟，查尔斯·林德伯格成为他们的代言人。
Lindbergh: I have been forced to the conclusion that we cannot win this war for England, regardless of how much assistance we send.
林德伯格：我被迫得出这样的结论：无论我们提供多少援助，我们都无法为英格兰赢得这场战争。
That is why the America First Committee has been formed.
这就是美国第一委员会成立的原因。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Lindbergh had first come into prominence in 1927 when he was the first man to fly solo across the Atlantic.
布拉德利·哈特 (Bradley Hart)，历史学家：林德伯格于 1927 年首次成名，当时他是第一个独自飞越大西洋的人。
He's a true national hero and one of most famous men in the world in this period.
他是一位真正的民族英雄，也是这一时期世界上最著名的人物之一。
At its peak in mid 1941, America First has 800,000 members nationwide, dwarfing any other nonpartisan political organization of the era.
美国优先在 1941 年中期达到顶峰，在全国拥有 80 万会员，令当时任何其他无党派政治组织相形见绌。
Lindbergh: The imminent danger of war lies in the action taken by President Roosevelt and his supporters.
林德伯格：迫在眉睫的战争危险在于罗斯福总统及其支持者所采取的行动。
I appeal to all Americans no matter what their viewpoint on the war may be, to unite behind the demand for a leadership in Washington that stands squarely upon American tradition.
我呼吁所有美国人，无论他们对战争的看法如何，团结起来，要求华盛顿的领导层完全符合美国传统。
Beverly Gage, Historian: Lindbergh not only criticizes the Roosevelt administration, but also begins to really flirt in pretty overt ways with pro-Hitler sentiments, with anti-Semitism here at home, and becomes kind of the hero of the, to some degree, antiwar and to some degree pro-Hitler right.
贝弗利·盖奇，历史学家：林德伯格不仅批评罗斯福政府，而且还开始以相当公开的方式与国内的亲希特勒情绪和反犹太主义调情，并在某种程度上成为反战和某种程度上亲希特勒右翼的英雄。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Another belief of the Bund was that after the fascist revolution, after “Der Tag”, some leader will be swept into power on the Bund's political platform.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：崩得的另一个信念是，在法西斯革命之后，在“Der Tag”之后，一些领导人将在崩得的政治平台上上台。
Now, who is this leader?
现在，这个领导者是谁？
Fritz Kuhn might be one option, but the name that is whispered more commonly is Charles Lindbergh.
弗里茨·库恩（Fritz Kuhn）可能是一种选择，但更常见的名字是查尔斯·林德伯格（Charles Lindbergh）。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: There was talk of him running for president.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔：有传言说他竞选总统。
And in fact, the America First Committee was organizing itself into a political party when Pearl Harbor happened.
事实上，珍珠港事件发生时，美国第一委员会正在组织自己成为一个政党。
And everything, you know, unfurled differently.
你知道，一切都以不同的方式展开。
Bradley Hart, Historian: Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941, and the U.S. declares war against Japan.
历史学家布拉德利·哈特：1941 年 12 月 7 日日本袭击珍珠港，美国对日宣战。
A few days later, Hitler and Germany declare war on the United States.
几天后，希特勒和德国向美国宣战。
Beverly Gage, Historian: With the United States entering the war, you begin to get new laws that require non- citizens in the United States to register with the federal government.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：随着美国参战，新的法律开始要求美国的非公民向联邦政府登记。
You get laws like the Smith Act, which says that any group that advocates for the violent overthrow of the U.S. government can be subject to a whole host of criminal penalties.
《史密斯法案》等法律规定，任何主张暴力推翻美国政府的团体都可能受到一系列刑事处罚。
Steven Ross, Historian: So after he’s released from prison, Kuhn was then convicted a second time and given a second jail sentence for never having registered as a foreign agent of the German government.
史蒂文·罗斯，历史学家：库恩出狱后，因从未登记为德国政府的外国代理人而再次被定罪并被判处第二次监禁。
And then in 1945, he’s stripped of his citizenship and sent back to Germany.
1945 年，他被剥夺了公民身份并被送回德国。
Beverly Gage, Historian: The Bund as an organization collapsed.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：外滩作为一个组织崩溃了。
But of course, the people who were in the Bund didn't then disappear.
当然，外滩的人们并没有就此消失。
The end of the Bund just meant that they blended back into American life.
外滩的终结只是意味着他们重新融入了美国生活。
Leah Wright Rigueur, Historian: They go on to run businesses.
Leah Wright Rigueur，历史学家：他们继续经营企业。
They go on to be doctors and dentists and police chiefs.
他们后来成为医生、牙医和警察局长。
So when we say a group has disappeared - in a lot of ways that means nothing, because until the ideas are actually gone, it's still there.
因此，当我们说一个群体消失了——在很多方面，这没有任何意义，因为在想法真正消失之前，它仍然存在。
It's the ideas that matter.
重要的是想法。
Arnie Bernstein, Writer: Fritz Kuhn tapped into something that was, unfortunately, I wouldn't say just part of the American makeup, but part of human makeup.
阿尼·伯恩斯坦（Arnie Bernstein），作家：不幸的是，弗里茨·库恩（Fritz Kuhn）利用了一些东西，我不会说这只是美国化妆的一部分，而是人类化妆的一部分。
The part that we don't like to look at.
我们不喜欢看的部分。
William Hitchcock, Historian: America triumphantly wins the Second World War, which justifies a sense of pride and recognition of sacrifices made by Americans to defeat Nazism.
历史学家威廉·希区柯克：美国胜利地赢得了第二次世界大战，这证明了美国人为击败纳粹主义所做出的牺牲感到自豪和认可。
But there's not so much a reckoning with the ideology that had motivated organizations like the Bund.
但对于激励像外滩这样的组织的意识形态却没有太多的反思。
Those questions go unasked and unanswered after World War Two.
第二次世界大战后，这些问题没有被提出，也没有得到解答。
Bradley Hart, Historian: There's this huge wish to simply forget about the fractious politics of the 1930s.
Bradley Hart，历史学家：人们有一个巨大的愿望，就是忘记 20 世纪 30 年代难以驾驭的政治。
To think that groups like the Bund couldn’t possibly present a serious threat to American democracy.
认为像崩得这样的团体不可能对美国民主构成严重威胁。
Beverly Gage, Historian: It was unlikely that an avowedly pro-German organization was going to become the vehicle through which fascism came to America.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：一个公开支持德国的组织不太可能成为法西斯主义传入美国的工具。
But it doesn't mean that that can’t or won't happen.
但这并不意味着这不能或不会发生。
Sarah Churchwell, Cultural Historian: The history of the German American Bund reminds us that fascism is ultra nationalist.
文化历史学家莎拉·丘奇韦尔：德美同盟的历史提醒我们，法西斯主义是极端民族主义的。
In other words, there's no such thing as foreign fascism.
换句话说，不存在外国法西斯主义。
Fascism is always homegrown.
法西斯主义始终是本土产生的。
The story of the German American Bund, a pro-Nazi group active across the US in the 1930s.
德美同盟的故事，这是一个 20 世纪 30 年代活跃在美国各地的亲纳粹组织。
She made a name for herself by speaking out against fascism abroad and at home.
她因在国内外公开反对法西斯主义而出名。
Then the fight got personal.
然后，争斗就变成了私人争斗。
In the years leading up to WWII, children across the United States spent their summers learning archery and antisemitism.
在第二次世界大战前的几年里，美国各地的孩子们利用暑假学习射箭和反犹太主义。
Professor at George Washington Law School Mary Anne Franks and Professor at University of Southern California Steven J.
乔治华盛顿法学院玛丽·安妮·弗兰克斯教授和南加州大学史蒂文·J·弗兰克斯教授
Ross speak with historian Adriane Lentz-Smith about whether the First Amendment makes Americans more vulnerable to political extremism.
罗斯与历史学家阿德里亚娜·伦茨·史密斯讨论第一修正案是否使美国人更容易受到政治极端主义的影响。
There are over 300 PBS Stations across the country, with many sharing history right from their own backyard.
全国有 300 多个 PBS 电视台，其中许多电视台都在自家后院分享历史。
Check out more stories of how Nazism touched America's shores from Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Iowa and Michigan.
查看更多关于纳粹主义如何从俄克拉荷马州、宾夕法尼亚州、德克萨斯州、爱荷华州和密歇根州入侵美国海岸的故事。