Mr. Tornado
Prologue, The Belly of the Beast – April 3-4, 1974:
序言《野兽之腹》——1974 年 4 月 3 日至 4 日：
Woman’s voice: Sounded like a train, but I knew it wasn’t.
女人的声音：听起来像火车，但我知道不是。
And, it just hit.
而且，它刚刚击中。
Woman with bandana, crying: We were right underneath the front of it.
戴着头巾的女人哭着说：我们就在头巾的下面。
I’ve never seen anything like it and I don’t want to again.
我从来没有见过这样的事情，我不想再看到第二次。
Woman in glasses: Then I just said, “Lord, if it’s time for me to go, well I, I have to say that it’s my time to go.” VISUAL: aerial of tornado damage, emergency personnel
戴眼镜的女人：然后我就说，“主啊，如果我该走了，那么我，我不得不说，现在是我该走了的时候了。”视觉效果：龙卷风破坏的航拍，急救人员
On April 3rd, 1974, scores of tornadoes tore across 13 states in the center of the country, leaving a massive path of destruction.
1974 年 4 月 3 日，数十场龙卷风席卷了该国中部的 13 个州，造成了巨大的破坏。
First responders in cities and rural areas were overwhelmed.
城市和农村地区的急救人员不堪重负。
We’ve got about forty or fifty people injured this side of town…
城镇这边大约有四十或五十人受伤……
GREGORY S.
格雷戈里·S。
FORBES, Meteorologist: There was tornado after tornado after tornado.
福布斯，气象学家：龙卷风接连不断。
As the day unfolded, it became clear that this was going to be an historic day.
随着这一天的到来，人们清楚地意识到这将是历史性的一天。
Hundreds died, and thousands lay injured from the Great Lakes Region to the Deep South.
从五大湖区到南部腹地，数百人死亡，数千人受伤。
The shock of the unprecedented outbreak left Americans struggling to comprehend what Mother Nature had wrought.
史无前例的疫情爆发所带来的冲击让美国人难以理解大自然造成的后果。
Photograph of Tetsuya Fujita in tornado aftermath
藤田哲也在龙卷风过后的照片
One scientist took on the challenge of understanding what he would later call the “Super Outbreak.” Tetsuya Theodore Fujita, a professor of meteorology at the University of Chicago, was determined to make sense of the chaos.
一位科学家接受了理解他后来所说的“超级疫情”的挑战。芝加哥大学气象学教授 Tetsuya Theodore Fujita 决心找出混乱的原因。
NANCY MATHIS, Writer: He was a detective looking for clues and no detail should go unturned.
南希·马蒂斯（NANCY MATHIS），作家：他是一名寻找线索的侦探，不应该放过任何细节。
The Super Outbreak was one huge crime scene.
超级爆发是一个巨大的犯罪现场。
We do research on tornadoes.
我们对龙卷风进行研究。
And in case of future tornadoes, you know, what people should do, that’s the kind of thing we want to find out.
如果未来发生龙卷风，你知道，人们应该做什么，这就是我们想要找出的事情。
Right after the storm…
暴风雨过后……
The scene in America’s heartland was all too familiar to Fujita.
美国腹地的景象对藤田来说再熟悉不过了。
Three decades earlier, he had sought out answers amidst devastation in Nagasaki and Hiroshima—sifting through the rubble created by the world’s first atomic bombs.
三十年前，他在长崎和广岛的灾难中寻找答案——在世界上第一颗原子弹造成的废墟中进行筛选。
MARK LEVINE, Writer: After the Second World War he came to the US and he began a relentless pursuit of studying the after effects of severely destructive forces.
马克·莱文，作家：第二次世界大战后，他来到美国，开始不懈地研究严重破坏性力量的后果。
His unique forensic approach to meteorology was unorthodox, and would transform the understanding of one of Nature’s most powerful phenomena.
他对气象学的独特法医方法是非正统的，并且将改变对自然最强大现象之一的理解。
ROBERT F.
罗伯特·F.
ABBEY, JR., Colleague: Fujita was able to utilize his insights, his ingenuity, and give us knowledge about phenomenon, which we thought was unknowable.
ABBEY, JR.，同事：藤田能够利用他的洞察力和聪明才智，为我们提供有关我们认为不可知的现象的知识。
Archival footage of Japanese seaside town, B-29 bomber in clouds
日本海滨小镇的档案镜头，B-29 轰炸机在云中
In the late morning of August 9, 1945, in northern Kyushu, Japan, a twenty-four year old Tetsuya Fujita quickly led his students toward an underground air raid bunker.
1945年8月9日凌晨，在日本九州北部，二十四岁的藤田哲也带着学生快速走向地下防空掩体。
The young professor glanced at the sky, but a thick layer of clouds obscured the aircraft…a B-29 Superfortress laden with a single atomic bomb.
年轻教授看了一眼天空，厚厚的云层遮住了飞机……一架载有一颗原子弹的B-29超级堡垒。
The primary target was three miles from where Fujita was.
主要目标距离藤田所在的地方三英里。
The bomber actually made three attempts to drop its load.
轰炸机实际上进行了三次尝试放下负载。
It could not get a visual because of the clouds, so they ended up going to their secondary target, which was Nagasaki.
由于云层的原因无法看到，所以他们最终前往了第二个目标，那就是长崎。
The cloud cover over his city really spared his life.
城市上空的云层确实救了他一命。
At 11:02am, the B-29 dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki.
上午 11 点 02 分，B-29 在长崎投下了一颗原子弹。
Thousands of buildings and homes were instantly destroyed.
数以千计的建筑物和房屋立即被摧毁。
The flash radiation of heat from the blast scorched hillsides as far as 8,000 feet away from Ground Zero.
爆炸产生的瞬间热量辐射烧焦了距归零地 8,000 英尺远的山坡。
About a month later, Fujita was asked, as part of a team, to go out and look at the damage pattern around Nagasaki and Hiroshima to see if they could determine exact location of where the bomb detonated and the altitude of the detonation.
大约一个月后，藤田被要求作为团队的一员出去观察长崎和广岛周围的破坏模式，看看他们是否能够确定炸弹爆炸的确切位置和爆炸的高度。
After closely examining the debris, Fujita and his colleagues calculated that the bomb had exploded 520 meters above the ground.
在仔细检查残骸后，藤田和他的同事计算出炸弹在距地面 520 米的高度爆炸。
But what intrigued Fujita more was the curious pattern left by the blast.
但更让藤田感兴趣的是爆炸留下的奇怪图案。
The blackened trees directly below the explosion stood upright, while those radiating out from Ground Zero fell away horizontally in a starburst pattern.
爆炸正下方的黑色树木直立着，而那些从归零地辐射出来的树木则呈星爆状水平倒下。
As he studied the damage, Fujita imagined the airflow from the blast descending rapidly and fanning outward upon contact with the ground, toppling the trees.
在研究损坏情况时，藤田想象着爆炸产生的气流迅速下降，接触地面后向外扇动，导致树木倒塌。
ROGER WAKIMOTO, Atmospheric Scientist: This was his first really comprehensive damage survey.
ROGER WAKIMOTO，大气科学家：这是他第一次真正全面的损害调查。
It wasn’t meteorological, but some of his early understanding of how to do a damage survey, those seeds were planted during these surveys of these two atomic bombs.
这不是气象问题，而是他早期对如何进行损害调查的一些理解，这些种子是在对这两颗原子弹进行调查时播下的。
In the ashes of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, Fujita realized that the rubble told a story beyond the tragedy of death and destruction.
在长崎和广岛的废墟中，藤田意识到废墟讲述的故事超越了死亡和破坏的悲剧。
Original footage CU tidal waters over sand, CU young hands digging in sand, photos of Fujita
原始镜头CU潮水淹没沙子，CU年轻人挖沙子的手，藤田的照片
Tetsuya Fujita had always explored the natural world with a fearless curiosity.
藤田哲也总是怀着无畏的好奇心探索自然世界。
As a young boy in Japan, he had studied astronomy to master tidal patterns and avoid being stranded at sea while hunting for clams.
作为一个日本小男孩，他学习了天文学，以掌握潮汐模式，避免在捕捞蛤时被困在海上。
His father, a schoolteacher, encouraged his inquisitive nature despite his reckless behavior.
他的父亲是一名教师，尽管他的行为鲁莽，但仍鼓励他的好奇心。
“I thought I could measure wind,” Fujita recalled.
“我以为我可以测量风，”藤田回忆道。
When a typhoon came “my father found I was standing on top of the roof.”
当台风来临时，“我父亲发现我站在屋顶上”。
Even as a child and even in a society as collectivist as pre-war Japan, he emphasizes his independent strain of mind.
即使在孩童时期，甚至在像战前日本这样集体主义的社会里，他也强调自己的独立思想。
Someone who wasn’t willing to do things the way the teachers expected him to do them but who might have known better.
他不愿意按照老师期望的方式做事，但他可能更了解。
In 1939, at the age of 18, Fujita departed from his boyhood home for the Meiji College of Technology to study engineering.
1939年，18岁的藤田离开儿时的家，前往明治工业大学学习工程学。
There, he continued to pursue his passion for amateur meteorological experiments, hopeful for a life filled with scientific research in his beloved homeland.
在那里，他继续追求业余气象实验的热情，对在他深爱的祖国过上充满科学研究的生活充满希望。
But after the atomic bombs dropped on Japan, everything changed for Fujita.
但在日本投下原子弹后，藤田的一切都改变了。
Archival footage showing streets of Japan
显示日本街道的档案镜头
After World War II ended, Japan’s economy was absolutely devastated.
二战结束后，日本经济遭受重创。
He was an assistant professor, but there was no research going on.
他是一名助理教授，但没有进行任何研究。
Just surviving was a struggle.
光是生存就是一场斗争。
One of the things he did to get extra money was he applied and received a grant to do science maps, weather maps for local school teachers.
为了获得额外的收入，他所做的一件事是他申请并获得了一笔资助，为当地学校教师制作科学地图和天气地图。
Working with atmospheric data provided by local weather stations, Fujita created detailed maps that revealed something other scientists overlooked.
藤田利用当地气象站提供的大气数据，绘制了详细的地图，揭示了其他科学家忽视的东西。
His maps provided far more information about localized conditions than the larger pressure fronts illustrated as smooth curves in textbooks.
他的地图提供了比教科书中平滑曲线所示的更大压力前沿更多的有关局部条件的信息。
“In the 1940s and ‘50s, people would smooth out those bumps and wiggles,” a former student recalled, “Fujita said, those bumps and wiggles mean something.”
“在 20 世纪 40 年代和 50 年代，人们会抚平这些颠簸和摆动，”一位前学生回忆道，“藤田说，这些颠簸和摆动是有意义的。”
contemporary footage of Seburi-yama Mountain during a thunderstorm
雷暴期间塞布里山的当代镜头
Fujita decided to address this gap in knowledge by collecting his own atmospheric data in the heart of a thunderstorm atop the 3,500-foot peak of Seburi-yama Mountain.
藤田决定通过在 3,500 英尺高的 Seburi-yama 山顶雷暴中心收集自己的大气数据来解决这一知识空白。
Lightning and fifty mile per hour gusts rolled past as he carefully measured air pressure, temperature, and wind speed.
当他仔细测量气压、温度和风速时，闪电和时速五十英里的阵风呼啸而过。
Most researchers at that time were sort of looking at things across the planet.
当时大多数研究人员都在关注地球上的事物。
They were looking at things like these huge cold fronts and warm fronts.
他们正在观察诸如巨大的冷锋和暖锋之类的东西。
And he said, “No. I want to study thunderstorms.
他说：“不。我想研究雷暴。”
I want to study very localized phenomena.” That was very counter to the prevailing research at the time.
我想研究非常局部的现象。”这与当时的流行研究非常相反。
I: nstead of taking the observations once an hour for these large-scale weather systems, he would collect the data more frequently than that.
I：他不会对这些大型天气系统每小时进行一次观测，而是会更频繁地收集数据。
He began to see that there were some pressure anomalies inside the thunderstorm that led him to hypothesize that there were downdrafts— down flowing air currents in the thunderstorm.
他开始发现雷暴内部存在一些压力异常，这使他推测雷暴中存在下降气流——向下流动的气流。
Fujita was reading between the lines, seeing and developing a whole new scale of meteorology.
藤田正在解读字里行间的含义，看到并开发了一种全新的气象学尺度。
Fujita presented his downdraft theory at numerous conferences in Japan, but his peers showed little interest.
藤田在日本的许多会议上提出了他的下降理论，但他的同行对此兴趣不大。
After one of his talks, however, someone handed Fujita a report authored by a leading American meteorologist studying thunderstorms with a similar focus.
然而，在他的一次演讲之后，有人递给藤田一份由一位美国著名气象学家撰写的报告，该报告的研究重点与雷暴类似。
There was a US military base there and someone had picked up out of the garbage a paper that Dr. Horace Byers of the University of Chicago had written in 1942 about non-frontal thunderstorms.
那里有一个美军基地，有人从垃圾堆里捡到了芝加哥大学霍勒斯·拜尔斯博士 1942 年写的一篇关于非锋面雷暴的论文。
ABBEY, JR.: So Fujita reads the paper and says, “Ah, this is what I’ve been working on.
ABBEY, JR.：所以藤田读了这篇论文并说：“啊，这就是我一直在研究的事情。
I must write this man.”
我必须写这个人。”
Archival footage of Thunderstorm Project field work
雷暴项目现场工作的档案镜头
After World War II, as the commercial airline industry began to expand, thunderstorms posed a serious threat to passenger safety.
第二次世界大战后，随着商业航空业开始扩张，雷暴天气对乘客安全构成了严重威胁。
A series of storm-related plane crashes prompted Congress to launch a multi-agency study that became known as The Thunderstorm Project.
一系列与风暴相关的飞机失事促使国会启动了一项多机构研究，该研究被称为“雷暴计划”。
The Weather Bureau selected Horace Byers as director, with the hope that a deeper understanding of thunderstorms would lead to safer air travel.
气象局选择霍勒斯·拜尔斯（Horace Byers）担任局长，希望对雷暴有更深入的了解，从而提高航空旅行的安全性。
They had field experiments in Ohio and in Florida using aircraft, using radar, using surface stations, using weather balloons.
他们在俄亥俄州和佛罗里达州使用飞机、雷达、地面站和气象气球进行了现场实验。
And they had measured all sorts of phenomena within thunderstorms.
他们测量了雷暴中的各种现象。
One of the major findings identified by Byers and his colleagues was the significant role of the thunderstorm downdraft: the exact same phenomenon Fujita had so carefully documented during his thunderstorm studies in Japan.
拜尔斯和他的同事发现的主要发现之一是雷暴下降气流的重要作用：藤田在日本的雷暴研究期间仔细记录了完全相同的现象。
Fujita was coming up with the same conclusions as a major US-sponsored field experiment, which had many aircraft, many scientists and students in the field studying this phenomena, and here was this lone Japanese scientist out in the mountains of Japan coming up with similar conclusions.
藤田得出了与美国资助的一项重大实地实验相同的结论，该实验有许多飞机、许多科学家和学生在该领域研究这一现象，而这位在日本山区的孤独的日本科学家也得出了类似的结论。
January 30, 1951 letter from Byers to Fujita
1951 年 1 月 30 日拜尔斯写给藤田的信
In 1951, desperate for a way out of Japan and a post-war economy that offered few job prospects, Fujita took a gamble.
1951 年，藤田迫切地想摆脱日本的困境，并寻求就业前景渺茫的战后经济，于是他赌了一把。
He spent his savings on an English-language typewriter and mailed a copy of his research to Horace Byers.
他用自己的积蓄买了一台英语打字机，并将他的研究副本邮寄给霍勒斯·拜尔斯。
In his reply, Byers offered Fujita the chance of a lifetime: an invitation to help with his weather research in Chicago.
在回信中，拜尔斯向藤田提供了千载难逢的机会：邀请他帮助他在芝加哥进行天气研究。
Pan-Am flight, Fujita’s charting of clouds during his flight to America
泛美航空航班，藤田在飞往美国的航班上绘制的云图
Aluminum suitcase in hand, Fujita boarded a plane for the first time in his life and headed for the United States.
藤田提着铝制行李箱，生平第一次登上飞机，前往美国。
He excitedly plotted his journey by sketching the clouds—towering cumuli at takeoff; orange tropical cumuli over Hawaii; a deck of stratus above San Francisco Bay.
他兴奋地通过描绘云彩来规划他的旅程——起飞时高耸的积云；夏威夷上空的橙色热带积云；旧金山湾上方的一层层云。
Busy streets of 1950s Chicago, University of Chicago campus
20 世纪 50 年代芝加哥繁忙的街道，芝加哥大学校园
Fujita arrived at the University of Chicago in a post-war America that was booming and that was expanding culturally, scientifically, economically, in enormous ways.
藤田来到芝加哥大学时，战后的美国正在蓬勃发展，在文化、科学、经济等方面都在大力发展。
The University of Chicago had top-flight people in just about every field of meteorology.
芝加哥大学几乎在气象学的每个领域都拥有顶尖人才。
It must have been a pretty daunting environment for a Japanese person to be coming for the first time to the United States.
对于第一次来美国的日本人来说，这一定是一个相当令人畏惧的环境。
This was not very long after World War II.
这距离第二次世界大战结束不久。
I’m sure there was a lot of anti-Japanese resentment.
我确信当时有很多反日情绪。
Fujita had to prove himself when he came here.
藤田来到这里就必须证明自己。
He wasn’t a trained meteorologist.
他不是受过训练的气象学家。
He was an engineer.
他是一名工程师。
His English wasn’t the best.
他的英语不是最好的。
He claimed that all the university gave him was a desk and a pencil, and then he had to do everything on his own.
他声称大学给他的只是一张桌子和一支铅笔，然后他必须自己做所有事情。
Fujita immersed himself in his work, eager to impress Byers with his skillful analysis of thunderstorms in the American Midwest.
藤田沉浸在自己的工作中，渴望通过对美国中西部雷暴的熟练分析给拜尔斯留下深刻的印象。
Soon, Fujita grew fascinated with the most mysterious of severe storms: tornadoes.
很快，藤田对最神秘的严重风暴：龙卷风着迷。
Beautiful footage of tornadoes dancing across Midwest
龙卷风席卷中西部的美丽镜头
The central part of the United States, from the Pioneer Era right to the present, has been known to be the place on Earth that is most frequently visited by the strongest of tornadoes.
从拓荒者时代到现在，美国中部地区一直被认为是地球上最强龙卷风最频繁出现的地方。
Anywhere from the front range of the Rockies to the Appalachians and across the southeast can get, upon occasion, some very long-lived destructive, violent tornadoes.
从落基山脉的前沿到阿巴拉契亚山脉以及整个东南部的任何地方，有时都会遭遇一些非常持久的破坏性猛烈龙卷风。
Apart from knowing where they were most likely to occur, meteorologists understood little about the behavior of these incredibly destructive phenomena.
除了知道它们最有可能发生在哪里之外，气象学家对这些极具破坏性的现象的行为知之甚少。
The rapidly spinning vortex with air rising from its base and exiting at the top of its funnel represents one of the most violent weather phenomena on Earth.
快速旋转的漩涡，空气从其底部上升并从漏斗顶部排出，代表了地球上最剧烈的天气现象之一。
For those who survive them, tornadoes often serve as the demarcation of their life.
对于那些幸存下来的人来说，龙卷风常常成为他们生活的分界线。
The terror of the tornado is that it can upend your life in an instant.
龙卷风的可怕之处在于它可以瞬间颠覆你的生活。
There’s very little warning.
警告很少。
It can enact a kind of total destruction that few other things can.
它可以造成一种其他事物无法做到的彻底破坏。
Tornadoes occupy a place in our minds, even our contemporary, scientific, and technically sophisticated minds, that is akin to magic.
龙卷风在我们的头脑中占有一席之地，甚至在我们当代、科学和技术先进的头脑中，它就像魔法一样。
archival footage of tornadoes, meteorologists at work
龙卷风的档案镜头，气象学家在工作
Ever since Benjamin Franklin chased what he called a “whirlwind” into a Maryland forest in 1754, scientists have struggled to explain the nature and structure of tornadoes.
自从 1754 年本杰明·富兰克林将他所谓的“旋风”驱赶到马里兰州的森林中以来，科学家们一直在努力解释龙卷风的性质和结构。
Early theories ranged from a central vacuum sucking air upward to the heavens, to steam power or electricity providing the storm’s generative force.
早期的理论包括从中央真空将空气向上吸到天空，到蒸汽动力或电力提供风暴的发电力。
Some even proposed firing cannonballs through funnel clouds to let the air out.
有些人甚至提议通过漏斗云发射炮弹以排出空气。
From the late 1800s until the 1930s the Weather Bureau wouldn’t even say the word tornado in its forecast.
从 1800 年代末到 1930 年代，气象局在预报中甚至不会提到龙卷风这个词。
There was the idea that people would overreact and panic if there was a tornado warning.
有人认为，如果出现龙卷风警告，人们会反应过度并陷入恐慌。
So our knowledge was very limited.
所以我们的知识非常有限。
What they did know was that tornadoes were killing a large number of Americans.
他们所知道的是，龙卷风正在杀死大量美国人。
No one knows all the facts about tornadoes, but meteorologists can detect...
没有人知道有关龙卷风的所有事实，但气象学家可以检测到......
When Dr. Fujita came to the United States there was not much known about tornadoes and a lot of what was published or taught was wrong.
当藤田博士来到美国时，人们对龙卷风知之甚少，许多发表或教授的内容都是错误的。
You could see in encyclopedias that the tornado wind speeds were the speed of sound.
你可以在百科全书中看到，龙卷风的风速是音速。
There was all sorts of misconceptions.
存在着各种各样的误解。
The exact location of the tornado was flashed to the nearest radar station…
龙卷风的确切位置已闪现到最近的雷达站……
By 1953 storms that were producing tornadoes had been seen on radar, and they were seen to have a distinctive pattern.
到 1953 年，雷达上已经观测到产生龙卷风的风暴，并且它们具有独特的模式。
In the coming years, the National Weather Service would begin creating a network of radar stations across the country to help detect tornadoes.
在未来几年中，国家气象局将开始在全国范围内建立雷达站网络，以帮助检测龙卷风。
The resulting flood of new data would be a gold mine for the young Fujita and he would apply it in ways that had never been done before.
由此产生的大量新数据对于年轻的藤田来说将是一座金矿，他将以前所未有的方式应用它。
A hungry sky closes in on Fargo, North Dakota.
饥饿的天空笼罩着北达科他州的法戈。
A tornado about to hit…
龙卷风即将袭来……
In the late afternoon of June 20, 1957 a ferocious tornado ripped through the metropolitan area of Fargo, North Dakota.
1957 年 6 月 20 日下午晚些时候，一场猛烈的龙卷风席卷了北达科他州法戈都会区。
: Archival color footage of damage, car driving through streets of Fargo
：损坏的档案彩色镜头，汽车行驶穿过法戈的街道
“…all together some 100 blocks were affected by the storm.
“……总共约有 100 个街区受到风暴影响。
Fire and police officials were on the scene quickly…”
消防和警察很快就赶到了现场……”
Byers immediately dispatched Fujita to learn more.
拜尔斯立即派藤田去了解更多情况。
Working with a local TV weatherman Fujita called upon residents to submit their personal photos of the storm.
藤田与当地电视天气预报员合作，呼吁居民提交风暴的个人照片。
The young Japanese scientist then interviewed eyewitnesses to collect their first-hand observations.
这位年轻的日本科学家随后采访了目击者，收集他们的第一手观察结果。
He found they were just as interested in him as they were the research he was conducting.
他发现他们对他的兴趣就像对他正在进行的研究一样感兴趣。
“When I went out there,” he said, “Some asked, ‘Where is Japan?’…They asked me what I was doing.
“当我出去时，”他说，“有人问，‘日本在哪里？’……他们问我在做什么。
‘I’m studying tornadoes.’”
“我正在研究龙卷风。”
Fujita soon collected nearly 200 images of the storm—blurry pictures of flying debris to most people, a treasure trove of data to Fujita.
藤田很快就收集了近 200 张风暴图像——对大多数人来说，这些都是飞行碎片的模糊图片，但对藤田来说却是一个数据宝库。
Fujita gathered photographs from 53 different locations.
藤田收集了 53 个不同地点的照片。
Someone has taken a picture of the tornado here looking one direction; another person at the same time has taken a picture looking from another direction.
有人在这里拍了一张龙卷风朝一个方向看的照片；同时另一个人从另一个方向拍摄了一张照片。
: He very meticulously identified the location from which each shot was taken.
：他非常仔细地确定了每个镜头的拍摄位置。
He corrected for the differences of perspective and he was able to put together a single narrative of the tornado.
他纠正了观点的差异，并能够将龙卷风的单一叙述放在一起。
Footage from Fujita’s SMRP film about Fargo Tornado
藤田关于法戈龙卷风的 SMRP 电影的片段
After two years of painstaking analysis, Fujita assembled the first motion picture depicting the entire life cycle of a tornado and what Fujita named its rotating “parent” cloud, or supercell thunderstorm.
经过两年的艰苦分析，藤田制作了第一部描绘龙卷风整个生命周期的电影，以及藤田称之为旋转“母体”云或超级单体雷暴的电影。
Out of Dr. Fujita’s studies of the 1957 Fargo tornado came terms that are still used.
藤田博士对 1957 年法戈龙卷风的研究中得出的术语至今仍在使用。
Wall cloud: the low hanging cloud that is the rotating updraft portion of the storm, the tornado often drops down near the edge or right underneath that.
壁云：低垂的云，是风暴的旋转上升气流部分，龙卷风经常在边缘附近或正下方下降。
Collar cloud: little ring around the wall cloud.
领云：围墙的小环云。
Tail cloud: horizontal tube that comes in from the edge of the storm and gets picked up in the updraft.
尾云：从风暴边缘进入并在上升气流中上升的水平管。
It was one of the masterful studies of all time for severe weather meteorology.
这是恶劣天气气象学有史以来最出色的研究之一。
Fujita’s research declared that tornadoes were not random, but instead occurred as the result of “well organized conditions.” Having proved that tornadoes could indeed be approached and studied, he was more determined than ever to unlock the mysteries of what caused these severe storms.
藤田的研究表明，龙卷风不是随机的，而是“组织良好的条件”的结果。在证明龙卷风确实可以被接近和研究后，他比以往任何时候都更有决心解开造成这些严重风暴的奥秘。
POV footage from a Cessna aircraft through clouds over tornado damage
一架塞斯纳飞机穿过云层飞越龙卷风破坏的 POV 镜头
Fujita knew that he needed a way to study tornadoes independent of that chance event of having a lot of people supply photos; that the tornado would provide its own clues.
藤田知道他需要一种研究龙卷风的方法，而不必依赖于由很多人提供照片的偶然事件。龙卷风会提供自己的线索。
In 1965, Fujita began chartering low-flying Cessna aircraft in order to get to the aftermath of tornadoes as quickly as possible.
1965 年，藤田开始包租低空飞行的塞斯纳飞机，以便尽快赶赴龙卷风灾后救援。
Thrilled by his new vantage point, he spent hours scouring the landscape for evidence, snapping thousands of photographs.
他对自己的新有利位置感到兴奋，花了几个小时在风景中搜寻证据，拍摄了数千张照片。
He is able to look at tornadoes’ destructive paths, and he’s able to detect moment by moment changes and fluctuations in the behavior of the tornado that leads to an understanding that a tornado is not just a thing, but a tornado is rather a process, a kind of living, moving, changing dynamic event.
他能够观察龙卷风的破坏路径，并且能够检测龙卷风行为的每时每刻的变化和波动，从而使他认识到龙卷风不仅仅是一个东西，而是一个过程，一种活生生的、移动的、变化的动态事件。
On some of his surveys, Fujita noticed peculiar circular patterns across the main tornado funnel path.
在他的一些调查中，藤田注意到龙卷风主要漏斗路径上有奇特的圆形图案。
Meteorologists believed that these gouge marks were caused by the tornado dragging heavy objects along the ground.
气象学家认为，这些凿痕是龙卷风在地面上拖动重物造成的。
But Fujita had a different theory.
但藤田有不同的理论。
Dr. Fujita saw that these weren’t scratches, they were piles of debris that were left behind.
藤田博士发现这些不是划痕，而是留下的一堆碎片。
Usually it was piles of corn stubble that were about six inches or twelve inches deep.
通常是成堆的玉米茬，深约六英寸或十二英寸。
He began to hypothesize that there were spots of maybe low pressure in the tornado that like vacuums were sucking in the corn stubble.
他开始推测龙卷风中可能存在低压点，就像真空吸尘器一样正在吸入玉米茬。
He proposed that they were tornadoes within the tornado, multiple suction vortices.
他提出它们是龙卷风中的龙卷风，多重吸力漩涡。
If correct, Fujita’s theory explained a phenomenon that had vexed weather researchers for decades: why one house could be destroyed during a tornado while one next door would be left untouched.
如果正确的话，藤田的理论解释了几十年来困扰气象研究人员的一个现象：为什么一所房子可能在龙卷风中被摧毁，而隔壁的一所却毫发无伤。
This was an enormous leap of faith because at that time, there was no photograph of this occurring.
这是一次巨大的信仰飞跃，因为当时没有任何照片记录这一情况。
And so he was immediately criticized and the first thing that came out of people’s mouth is, “Well, show me a picture of this.” Well, he had no picture.
所以他立刻就受到了批评，人们嘴里说的第一句话就是，“好吧，给我看一张这个的照片。”好吧，他没有照片。
And this played out in many conferences where they would literally argue with each other.
这在许多会议上都上演了，他们在会上确实互相争论。
You would just see these battle royals, of one saying that you’re wrong, and Ted would stand up and say, “No, you’re wrong.”
你只会看到这些混战，有人说你错了，特德会站起来说：“不，你错了。”
Fujita met his critics head-on, confident that he would one day prove his theory.
藤田正面回应了他的批评者，相信有一天他会证明他的理论。
“Not to have seen something,” he asserted, “does not mean that such a thing does not exist.”
“没有看到某些东西，”他断言，“并不意味着这种东西不存在。”
Archival footage of University of Chicago campus
芝加哥大学校园档案录像
Fujita’s bold theories were earning him a reputation as the idea man of the meteorological community.
藤田大胆的理论为他赢得了气象界思想家的声誉。
At the University of Chicago, he became a full Professor of Meteorology and director of the newly created Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Project, or SMRP.
在芝加哥大学，他成为气象学正教授和新创建的卫星和中气象学研究项目（SMRP）的主任。
He wrote prolifically about severe weather.
他写了大量有关恶劣天气的文章。
But the method he used to disseminate his unorthodox ideas was controversial.
但他用来传播他的非正统思想的方法引起了争议。
Fujita had very little patience.
藤田几乎没有耐心。
When he finished doing research, he wanted it to hit the street immediately.
当他完成研究后，他希望它立即上市。
He could not wait months and months and months.
他等不了几个月又几个月。
If you look at his publication record, he does not have a lot of publications in the peer review literature, but what he does have is hundreds of publications in SMRP because he had total control over that.
如果你看一下他的发表记录，你会发现他在同行评审文献中发表的文章并不多，但他在 SMRP 上发表的文章却有数百篇，因为他对此拥有完全的控制权。
This was his publication.
这是他的出版物。
ABBEY, JR.: The downside to it was almost anything and everything that could be written or summarized quickly were in those reports.
ABBEY, JR.：它的缺点是几乎所有可以快速编写或总结的内容都在这些报告中。
They were very uneven quality.
它们的质量非常参差不齐。
Ted felt he didn’t need a review process.
特德觉得他不需要审查程序。
He was merely reporting what was observed, what was documented, as far as Fujita was concerned.
就藤田而言，他只是报告观察到的情况、记录的情况。
Map of Fujita’s road trips, photo of Fujita working
藤田公路旅行地图、藤田工作照片
Fujita struggled to balance work with family.
藤田努力平衡工作与家庭。
He took lengthy road trips with his wife and young son in their 1951 Mercury, visiting every state except Rhode Island.
他与妻子和年幼的儿子乘坐 1951 年的水星号进行了长途公路旅行，访问了除罗德岛州以外的每个州。
These family vacations never interfered with his absolute dedication to his research.
这些家庭度假从未妨碍他对研究的绝对奉献。
He had one son, but I think, even he would say that they didn’t have the closest relationship.
他有一个儿子，但我想，连他也会说他们的关系并不亲密。
Work was everything.
工作就是一切。
He worked night and day, and family was, I think, to be honest, was secondary.
他日以继夜地工作，老实说，我认为家庭是次要的。
In 1968 Fujita was divorced from his wife of 20 years, but he soon remarried.
1968年，藤田与结婚20年的妻子离婚，但很快又再婚了。
He also became an American citizen and gave himself the middle name Theodore.
他还成为了美国公民，并给自己取了中间名西奥多。
His closest friends called him Ted.
他最亲密的朋友称他为特德。
Though he remained nostalgic for his childhood in Japan, Fujita understood America held his fortunes.
尽管藤田仍然怀念在日本的童年，但他明白美国掌握着他的命运。
“I never felt, until I got my citizenship…that I would stay here forever,” Fujita recalled, “It was a very mixed feeling.”
“在获得公民身份之前，我从来没有想过我会永远留在这里，”藤田回忆道，“这是一种非常复杂的感觉。”
aerial photographs conveying different tornado damage
航空照片显示不同的龙卷风损害
Fujita’s scrupulous analysis of the many aerial photographs he had collected convinced him that not all tornadoes were created equal.
藤田对他收集的许多航空照片进行了仔细分析，使他确信并非所有龙卷风都是一样的。
Some caused extreme damage, others very little at all.
有些造成了极大的损害，有些则造成了很小的损害。
In 1971 Fujita set out to classify these variations in tornado intensity.
1971 年，藤田开始对龙卷风强度的这些变化进行分类。
He decided to create a six-point scale—and named it after himself.
他决定创建一个六分制量表，并以自己的名字命名。
In the Fujita Scale an F0 signified wind speeds up to 72 mph causing “light damage.” An F5 was the most powerful tornado with winds up to 318 mph.
在藤田等级中，F0 表示风速高达 72 英里/小时，会造成“轻微损坏”。 F5 是最强大的龙卷风，风速高达 318 英里/小时。
Evidence of an F5 included strong frame houses ripped from their foundations, debarked trees, and cars flying through the air.
F5 存在的证据包括从地基上拆除的坚固框架房屋、剥落树皮的树木以及在空中飞行的汽车。
With an F5, Fujita proclaimed, “Incredible phenomena can occur.” Anything beyond an F5 would be inconceivable.
藤田宣称，有了 F5，“可以发生不可思议的现象。”任何超过F5的东西都是不可想象的。
Critics challenged his method of estimating wind speed.
批评者对他估计风速的方法提出了质疑。
Undaunted, Fujita aggressively advocated for the acceptance of his tornado intensity scale.
藤田毫不畏惧，积极主张接受他的龙卷风强度等级。
Footage of Fujita presenting at chalkboard, Fujita’s tornado machine
藤田在黑板上展示藤田龙卷风机器的镜头
It’s very difficult to compute the wind speed because tornadoes swirl very fast…
计算风速非常困难，因为龙卷风旋转得非常快……
He believed that devising a way to quantify tornado damage was a critical first step towards understanding their tendencies.
他认为，设计一种量化龙卷风损害的方法是了解其趋势的关键的第一步。
If we were to just look out that window and I was to say, “There’s a tornado,” what would your reaction be?
如果我们只是朝窗外看，我说“有龙卷风”，你会有什么反应？
I would grab a camera and go up to the roof…
我会拿起相机爬上屋顶……
Fujita’s confidence and charm won over reporters, who soon dubbed him ‘Mr. Tornado.’
藤田的自信和魅力赢得了记者的青睐，他们很快就称他为“藤田先生”。龙卷风。
Try to pinpoint which particular thunderstorm might produce tornado…
尝试确定哪种特定的雷暴可能会产生龙卷风……
Fujita proudly built this little fiefdom at the University of Chicago and hosted a stream of guests to his laboratory where he had built a tornado simulation device and would regale them with his trove of documents about disaster.
藤田自豪地在芝加哥大学建立了这个小领地，并接待了一批客人来到他的实验室，他在那里建造了一个龙卷风模拟设备，并向他们展示了他关于灾难的大量文件。
He was interested in gaining a high profile for the kind of research he did and for himself.
他有兴趣为自己所做的研究和为自己赢得高知名度。
But for the F-Scale to take hold in the popular imagination, there was some need for a really high-profile tornado event and that’s what Fujita got on April 3rd and 4th of 1974.
但要使 F 级在大众的想象中占据一席之地，需要一场真正引人注目的龙卷风事件，而这正是藤田在 1974 年 4 月 3 日至 4 日发生的事情。
Archival footage of Americans starting their day
美国人开始新的一天的档案镜头
April 3rd, 1974 dawned like any ordinary day.
1974 年 4 月 3 日的黎明就像平常的一天一样。
Americans across the Midwest bought their morning paper to catch up on the Patty Hearst kidnapping and President Nixon’s tax troubles.
中西部的美国人购买晨报来报道帕蒂·赫斯特绑架案和尼克松总统的税务问题。
While forecasters were predicting scattered thunderstorms, the unseen atmospheric forces above the heart of America were inching perilously towards volatility.
当预报员预测会有分散的雷暴时，美国中心上空看不见的大气力量正在危险地走向波动。
Footage of hail on prairie land, tornadoes forming, teletype
草原冰雹、龙卷风形成、电传打字机的镜头
At 11am, the heavens opened up.
上午11点，天开了。
Baseball-sized hail broke windows and tree limbs in central Illinois.
棒球大小的冰雹打破了伊利诺伊州中部的窗户和树枝。
At 12:10pm, the first tornado of the day touched down, damaging some billboards in Morris, IL.
中午 12 点 10 分，当天的第一场龙卷风袭击了伊利诺伊州莫里斯市，损坏了一些广告牌。
By two o’clock a tornado struck Decatur, killing an elderly man in his mobile home while seriously injuring his wife.
下午两点，龙卷风袭击了迪凯特，一名老人在活动房屋中丧生，他的妻子受重伤。
As the day unfolded and we were running back and forth to the teletype that was spitting out the reports and the warnings…
随着时间的推移，我们来回奔向正在输出报告和警告的电传打字机……
The thunderstorm warning has been changed to a tornado warning for Metro Louisville Jefferson County…
路易斯维尔杰斐逊县都会区的雷暴警报已更改为龙卷风警报......
…we’re seeing that, oh, there’s just storms everywhere.
......我们看到，哦，到处都是风暴。
It’s even bigger area than we expected it to be.
它的面积比我们预期的还要大。
We’re getting Fujita excited at that point—he’s pumped.
那时我们让藤田很兴奋——他很兴奋。
Archival footage of tornadoes day of Super Outbreak
超级爆发龙卷风日的档案镜头
Sirens blared in the few towns equipped with warning systems…
少数配备警报系统的城镇拉响了警笛……
Even then, residents barely had time to take cover.
即便如此，居民们也几乎没有时间躲避。
You literally had people all over the country driving their cars off to the side of the road and jumping in ditches to try to get out of the paths of these tornadoes.
全国各地的人们都把车开到路边，跳进沟渠，试图避开龙卷风的路径。
People watched in horror as more tornado funnels formed…until darkness fell, when they could no longer see the devils approaching.
人们惊恐地看着更多的龙卷风漏斗形成……直到夜幕降临，他们再也看不到恶魔的逼近。
There were people who lacking a basement, took shelter in the bathrooms of their houses and were found dead in bathtubs.
有些人没有地下室，躲在自家浴室里，最后被发现死在浴缸里。
There were people who did what you’re supposed to do and rushed to their basement who were found dead in the rubble of their basement.
有些人做了你应该做的事，冲到地下室，被发现死在地下室的废墟里。
While the tornadoes continued to rage into the next morning, Fujita scrambled to assemble Cessna crews so he could survey the damage before it was too late.
当龙卷风持续肆虐到第二天早上时，藤田紧急召集塞斯纳机组人员，以便在为时已晚之前调查损失情况。
people picking up the pieces, Fujita’s tornado hand-written questionnaires
人们收拾残局，藤田龙卷风手写问卷
The human tendency in response to destructive events is to clean things up right away.
人类应对破坏性事件的倾向是立即清理事物。
Fujita thought that the site of tornado damage was something like a crime scene, and he wanted the evidence to be preserved because he believed that it held the key to unlocking the meaning and dynamics of these storms.
藤田认为龙卷风破坏的地点有点像犯罪现场，他希望保留证据，因为他相信这些证据掌握着解开这些风暴的意义和动态的关键。
I was a graduate student of Dr. Fujita’s at the time.
当时我是藤田博士的研究生。
Fujita gave a little bit of coaching, but I was filled with a mixture of excitement and a little bit of nervousness.
藤田给了我一些指导，但我心里既兴奋又有点紧张。
We were asking people to tell where they were and what happened.
我们要求人们讲述他们在哪里以及发生了什么。
There was just so many tornadoes, we needed help from the public in terms of getting as much information as we could.
龙卷风如此之多，我们需要公众的帮助来获取尽可能多的信息。
People are really in a state of shock.
人们确实处于震惊之中。
When they encountered a person who’s asking questions that seemed not to address their welfare, my sense is that there was often a certain confusion, like, “What’s going on?”
当他们遇到一个人提出的问题似乎与他们的福利无关时，我的感觉是，他们经常会感到困惑，比如“发生了什么事？”
I think it’s important to point out though that we’re scientists.
我认为重要的是要指出我们是科学家。
There’s nothing that we can do to fix what nature has wrought.
我们无能为力来修复大自然造成的后果。
So it’s our job to be out there just trying to document what has happened.
因此，我们的工作就是尝试记录所发生的事情。
We can’t be tearing up and so on over—we’ve just got to be doing our job and then maybe having some nightmares about it afterwards.
我们不能流泪等等——我们只需要做好我们的工作，然后可能会做一些噩梦。
Crisscrossing the country, Fujita flew over 10,000 miles in his Cessna, documenting the damage first hand.
藤田驾驶他的塞斯纳飞机穿越全国，飞行了 10,000 多英里，第一手记录了损失情况。
But his work had only just begun.
但他的工作才刚刚开始。
photos, maps, drawings of Fujita’s Super Outbreak research
藤田超级疫情研究的照片、地图和图纸
The evidence he and his staff gathered would become part of the most sophisticated tornado study Fujita had ever attempted.
他和他的工作人员收集的证据将成为藤田曾经尝试过的最复杂的龙卷风研究的一部分。
Through thousands of photographs, radar and satellite imagery, maps, and first-hand accounts, Fujita pieced together the enormity of what transpired in those two days in April.
通过数千张照片、雷达和卫星图像、地图和第一手资料，藤田拼凑出了四月份那两天发生的严重事件。
Then, he rendered it in chilling detail in a hand-drawn map.
然后，他在手绘地图上以令人毛骨悚然的细节进行了渲染。
Three hundred and fifteen deaths and 5,484 injuries charted against time, location, and demographics; 2,598 miles of damage paths carefully traced and adorned with changing F-Scale classifications.
根据时间、地点和人口统计数据绘制了 315 人死亡和 5,484 人受伤的图表；仔细追踪 2,598 英里的损坏路径，并用不断变化的 F 等级分类进行装饰。
Fujita calculated that a total of 148 tornadoes had torn through 13 states in a 17-hour period.
藤田计算出，17 小时内共有 148 场龙卷风席卷了 13 个州。
He named this extraordinary occurrence the ‘Super Outbreak.’
他将这一非同寻常的事件命名为“超级爆发”。
He really nailed it in terms of documenting the worst tornado outbreak in the United States at that point.
他确实记录了当时美国最严重的龙卷风爆发。
The Super Outbreak set in stone permanently Dr. Fujita’s legend as Mr. Tornado.
超级爆发永久地奠定了藤田博士作为龙卷风先生的传奇。
Archival film of dancing vortices in Xenia
奇尼亚舞动漩涡的档案影片
Fujita also gathered evidence that had eluded him for years.
藤田还收集了他多年来未能找到的证据。
Footage shot in Ohio and Indiana showed the multiple suction vortices Fujita envisioned from circular marks in cornfields years before.
在俄亥俄州和印第安纳州拍摄的镜头显示了藤田几年前从玉米地的圆形标记中设想的多重吸力涡流。
And then, all the criticism stopped, and people said, “Gosh, we see it now.
然后，所有的批评都停止了，人们说：“天哪，我们现在看到了。
You’re right.” And so he was vindicated.
你说得对。”所以他被证明是正确的。
Fujita’s Super Outbreak research became an indispensable resource for future tornado risk assessment and climatology studies.
藤田的超级爆发研究成为未来龙卷风风险评估和气候学研究不可或缺的资源。
More importantly for Fujita, his F-Scale was emblazoned in the minds of Americans.
对于藤田来说，更重要的是，他的 F 量表深深印在了美国人的心目中。
Before the creation of the F-Scale, you would just say, “Oh, that was a strong tornado.” Now, if you say, “That was an F5 tornado,” you have an immediate picture because with the F-Scale, Fujita had all these images of what that damage would look like.
在创建 F 级之前，你只会说，“哦，那是一场强烈的龙卷风。”现在，如果您说“那是一场 F5 龙卷风”，您就会立即看到一幅图片，因为藤田通过 F 尺度获得了所有这些损坏情况的图像。
That was a brilliant maneuver by Ted Fujita.
这是特德·藤田的绝妙策略。
By 1975, Fujita was hailed as the nation’s premiere tornado researcher.
到 1975 年，藤田被誉为美国首屈一指的龙卷风研究员。
His years of expertise would soon be tested in a way he had not foreseen.
他多年的专业知识很快就会以他没有预见到的方式受到考验。
NBC Nightly News report, John Chancellor at desk with NYC map
NBC 晚间新闻报道，约翰·财政大臣在办公桌前拿着纽约市地图
This is NBC NIGHTLY NEWS Tuesday, June 24th with John Chancellor.
这是 6 月 24 日星期二由约翰·钱斯勒主持的 NBC 晚间新闻。
Good Evening.
晚上好。
More than one hundred people were reported dead in a plane crash near New York’s Kennedy airport this afternoon.
据报道，今天下午纽约肯尼迪机场附近发生飞机失事，造成一百多人死亡。
Eastern Flight 66 was on what appeared to be a normal approach when it either exploded in the air or dove into the ground.
东方航空 66 号航班似乎正在正常进近，但它要么在空中爆炸，要么坠入地面。
Accounts differ.
帐户不同。
It was raining heavily at the time, when the plane hit the ground parts of it skidded across a highway filled with rush hour traffic, smashing cars.
当时正下着大雨，当飞机撞到地面时，飞机的一部分在交通高峰时段的高速公路上打滑，撞坏了汽车。
Archival footage of Eastern Airlines flight 66 wreckage near JFK airport
肯尼迪机场附近东航 66 号航班残骸的档案镜头
It was the deadliest single-plane crash in US history to that day.
这是当时美国历史上最致命的单机坠机事故。
The ensuing National Transportation Safety Board report cited normal thunderstorm activity at the time of the accident, suggesting pilot error was the cause of the crash.
随后的国家运输安全委员会报告援引了事故发生时的正常雷暴活动，表明飞行员失误是导致坠机的原因。
Yet still, questions remained.
然而，问题仍然存在。
Eastern Airlines asked Fujita to conduct an independent study.
东方航空要求藤田进行独立研究。
They said, “What happened?
他们说：“发生了什么事？
This plane fell out of the sky, it crashed, and we don’t know why.” They came to Ted and said, “You’re the expert, you’re the severe storm expert, help us.”
这架飞机从天上掉下来坠毁了，我们不知道为什么。”他们来找特德说：“你是专家，你是强风暴专家，请帮助我们。”
Fujita went to work.
藤田去上班了。
He meticulously pieced together satellite imagery, radar echoes, and synoptic data.
他精心地将卫星图像、雷达回波和天气数据拼凑在一起。
He reviewed black box recorders and interviewed pilots of the 14 planes that approached runway 22-L at JFK airport that tragic afternoon.
他查看了黑匣子记录仪，并采访了那个悲惨的下午接近肯尼迪机场 22-L 跑道的 14 架飞机的飞行员。
Then, he made a leap of imagination.
然后，他实现了想象力的飞跃。
Tapping into his years of detailed analysis of destruction, he connected the crash to Nagasaki and the Super Outbreak.
他利用多年对破坏的详细分析，将这次坠机事件与长崎和超级疫情爆发联系起来。
photos of starburst patterns from Super Outbreak, microburst simulation
超级爆发的星暴图案照片，微爆模拟
While he was flying over the Super Outbreak, he saw an area where the trees were felled in all directions in a starburst pattern, and it was certainly something similar to what he saw in Nagasaki.
当他飞越超级爆发的上空时，他看到了一片树木被四面八方砍倒的星状图案，这肯定和他在长崎看到的情况很相似。
That led him to theorize that there was basically an explosion of air that came out of a thundercloud and caused this plane to crash.
这让他推测，基本上是雷云中的空气爆炸导致了这架飞机坠毁。
He thought that it was a very powerful downdraft that he later termed a microburst that, you know, came down, struck, spread out, caused the aircraft to lose lift and just come crashing down.
他认为这是一种非常强大的下沉气流，后来被他称为微爆，你知道，它会下降、撞击、扩散，导致飞机失去升力，然后坠毁。
And it was so small scale and short-lived that by the time the next aircraft came, it was gone.
而且它的规模如此之小，寿命也如此短暂，以至于当下一架飞机到来时，它已经消失了。
Fujita argued that his new microburst theory explained why other airplanes around the country were mysteriously crashing.
藤田辩称，他的新微爆理论解释了为什么全国各地的其他飞机神秘坠毁。
His colleagues thought that he had gone too far.
他的同事们认为他做得太过分了。
The meteorological community pushed back hard.
气象界强烈反击。
They accused Fujita of simply redefining a thunderstorm downdraft, and scoffed at the possibility that such a violent phenomenon could have gone unnoticed for decades.
他们指责藤田只是重新定义了雷暴下沉气流，并嘲笑这种暴力现象可能几十年来都被忽视的可能性。
Fujita had grown accustomed to being a revered figure.
藤田已经习惯了成为受人尊敬的人物。
He had every expectation that his views on what had happened in the Eastern Air Lines crash would be given a lot of respect.
他满怀希望，他对东方航空公司空难事件的看法会得到很大的尊重。
I was there literally shoulder to shoulder with him when he said, “Look, there are aircraft literally falling out of the sky.
当他说：“看，有飞机从天上掉下来。
There are hundreds of people dying with each one of these accidents.
每一起事故都有数百人死亡。
When are people going to start listening to me and understanding what’s really happening here?”
人们什么时候才能开始倾听我的声音并了解这里到底发生了什么？”
There was a sense of urgency to this theory.
这个理论有一种紧迫感。
A, there were additional airline crashes, and B, to uphold his reputation.
A，发生了更多的空难，B，为了维护他的声誉。
One of Fujita’s great fears is that this would not be resolved in his lifetime.
藤田最担心的事情之一就是这个问题在他有生之年无法得到解决。
Fujita’s Doppler radar field experiments, Doppler radar imagery
藤田的多普勒雷达现场实验，多普勒雷达图像
Fujita went on the offensive, with the hunch that the new Doppler radar technology would prove his theory.
藤田继续进攻，预感新的多普勒雷达技术将证明他的理论。
He organized three extensive experiments in the Midwest hoping to find evidence of microbursts.
他在中西部组织了三项广泛的实验，希望找到微爆发的证据。
For weeks, Fujita came up empty handed.
几个星期以来，藤田两手空空。
Then, on May 29, 1978, his intuition paid off.
然后，1978 年 5 月 29 日，他的直觉得到了回报。
When he was at one of the Doppler radar sites, a microburst came straight down and struck and spread out while the Doppler radar was scanning.
当他到达多普勒雷达站点之一时，当多普勒雷达正在扫描时，一股微爆直冲而下、撞击并扩散。
So, he actually had this incredible vertical cross-section of a microburst as it was happening.
所以，他实际上看到了微爆发生时令人难以置信的垂直横截面。
So, not only was the radar collecting data, he lived the microburst.
所以，雷达不仅在收集数据，他还经历了微爆。
Over the next eight years, Fujita’s Doppler radar experiments went on to capture hundreds of microbursts rebuffing years of doubt from his peers.
在接下来的八年里，藤田的多普勒雷达实验继续捕获了数百个微爆，消除了同行多年来的怀疑。
More importantly, it led to changes in aviation safety, saving countless lives.
更重要的是，它导致了航空安全的变化，挽救了无数生命。
Footage of pilots doing safety checks, simulators
飞行员进行安全检查、模拟器的镜头
As a consequence of all of this, the FAA deploys fine-scale surface weather instrumentation around airports to be detecting wind shear.
由于这一切，美国联邦航空局在机场周围部署了精细的地面天气仪器来检测风切变。
And there’s pilot training that takes place to teach the pilots the recognition, visually, of what might be a microburst and what to do about it.
还进行了飞行员培训，教飞行员从视觉上识别什么可能是微爆以及如何应对。
That has undoubtedly saved hundreds of lives relative to the status quo that might have taken place had he not said, “This is a new phenomenon.”
如果他没有说“这是一个新现象”，相对于现状而言，这无疑挽救了数百人的生命。
Despite being known as Mr. Tornado, Dr. Fujita didn’t see his first tornado until he was 61 years old.
尽管被称为“龙卷风先生”，藤田博士直到 61 岁才第一次看到龙卷风。
It was during one of the microburst field experiments out in the Denver area.
那是在丹佛地区进行的一项微爆现场实验期间。
On June 12, 1982, Fujita’s researchers were positioning three Doppler radar systems just north of Denver’s Stapleton International Airport, while Fujita tracked a distant line of thunderstorms with his camera.
1982 年 6 月 12 日，藤田的研究人员在丹佛斯台普尔顿国际机场以北放置了三个多普勒雷达系统，而藤田则用相机跟踪了远处的雷暴线。
He was framing a towering cumulous cloud in his viewfinder when suddenly a slender, white funnel appeared.
当他在取景器中拍摄一朵高耸的积云时，突然出现了一个细长的白色漏斗。
Fujita pressed his camera shutter at 4:21 pm.
藤田在下午 4 点 21 分按下了相机快门。
After three and a half decades of tornado research, Mr. Tornado had finally seen one.
经过三年半的龙卷风研究，龙卷风先生终于看到了龙卷风。
Fujita’s photos of his first tornado, celebrations with friends
藤田第一次拍摄龙卷风时与朋友一起庆祝的照片
So you can imagine the excitement, not only for all of us, his colleagues, that he saw it, but for him personally.
所以你可以想象，不仅我们所有人，他的同事，他看到这一切，而且他个人也感到兴奋。
He was just as giddy as I’ve ever seen him after seeing his first tornado.
在第一次看到龙卷风后，他就像我见过的那样头晕目眩。
There was a big drinking party after because we all wanted to celebrate with him.
之后举行了一场盛大的酒会，因为我们都想和他一起庆祝。
Footage of Concorde flight, photograph of Fujita in cockpit
协和式飞机飞行的镜头，藤田在驾驶舱内的照片
In the years following, Fujita’s microburst discovery was celebrated worldwide.
在接下来的几年里，藤田的微爆发现受到了全世界的庆祝。
In 1989, after receiving the Vermeil Gold Medal Award in Toulouse, France, the French National Academy of Air and Space arranged for a special gift: a cross-Atlantic flight aboard a supersonic Concorde jet.
1989年，在法国图卢兹获得维梅尔金奖后，法国国家航空航天学院安排了一份特别的礼物：乘坐超音速协和式喷气式飞机进行跨大西洋飞行。
Seated in the cockpit, Fujita recalled his first flight to the United States thirty-seven years earlier.
藤田坐在驾驶舱里，回忆起三十七年前他第一次飞往美国的经历。
Since leaving Japan, he noted, technology had advanced.
他指出，自从离开日本以来，技术已经进步。
“So did my knowledge of meteorology,” Fujita later wrote, “along with my standing in the scientific community.”
“我的气象学知识也随之增加，”藤田后来写道，“我在科学界的地位也随之提高。”
Within a year of his Concorde flight, upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70, Fujita reluctantly walked away from his post at the University of Chicago.
在协和式飞机起飞后不到一年，藤田就达到了 70 岁的法定退休年龄，不情愿地辞去了在芝加哥大学的职务。
He used his newfound freedom to write a circuitous autobiography chronicling his career achievements and personal life with his signature analytical treatment.
他利用新获得的自由写了一本迂回的自传，用他标志性的分析方法记录了他的职业成就和个人生活。
ABBEY, JR.: It’s curious to me.
ABBEY, JR.：我很好奇。
I mean it’s an interesting organization of memoirs.
我的意思是这是一个有趣的回忆录组织。
It’s not chronological.
这不是按时间顺序排列的。
It’s I guess more or less by topic.
我猜或多或少是按主题来的。
He was not concerned about who he is.
他并不关心自己是谁。
He was concerned about what he was able to do.
他担心自己能做什么。
It documents his need to document, to be remembered.
它记录了他需要记录、被记住的需要。
His memoir does not offer much of the personal or emotional life of Fujita, but in a lot of ways, it’s strangely moving as the record of the mind and times of someone who is cut from different cloth than most others.
他的回忆录并没有提供太多藤田的个人或情感生活，但在很多方面，作为一个与大多数人不同的人的思想和时代的记录，它奇怪地令人感动。
Fujita pain scale, Diagrams and charting his unexplained pain
藤田疼痛量表、图表和绘制他无法解释的疼痛
Shortly after his 75th birthday, Fujita set about trying to unravel one last mystery: his ailing health.
75 岁生日后不久，藤田开始试图解开最后一个谜团：他健康状况不佳。
ABBEY, JR.: He developed symptoms that he cannot explain.
ABBEY, JR.：他出现了无法解释的症状。
And they say he’s diabetic, and they prescribe a medicine, and he gets worse.
他们说他患有糖尿病，他们开了药，他的病情变得更糟。
And Ted says, “Why should I get worse when I’m supposed to get better?” He starts, as only Fujita can, to describe variations in pain along his leg.
特德说：“当我应该变得更好时，为什么我会变得更糟？”他开始描述腿部疼痛的变化，只有藤田才能做到。
Fujita tracked his ailments as meticulously as he had tornadoes even creating a Fujita Pain Scale to note that his ever-increasing discomfort had reached intolerable limits.
藤田像对待龙卷风一样一丝不苟地追踪他的疾病，甚至创建了藤田疼痛量表来指出他不断增加的不适已经达到了无法忍受的极限。
As he had for all of his life, he continued to document and map and diagram everything.
正如他一生所做的那样，他继续记录、绘制和图表化一切。
He continued to find patterns in everything he did.
他继续在他所做的一切中寻找模式。
In the final months of his life Fujita received the professional recognition he had pursued his entire career when the American Meteorological Society announced their plans to honor him at their annual symposium.
在他生命的最后几个月，当美国气象学会宣布计划在年度研讨会上向藤田致敬时，藤田获得了他整个职业生涯所追求的专业认可。
He struggled early in his career to sort of gain respect as a serious researcher that had a lot to give to the field, and so when that’s sort of driving you I think there’s no question that the awards that come later mean a lot.
作为一名认真的研究人员，他在职业生涯的早期为赢得尊重而奋斗，他为这个领域做出了很多贡献，因此，当这成为你的动力时，我认为毫无疑问，后来获得的奖项意义重大。
It shows that the long, hard road was worth it and that you finally have gained the respect, the recognition, your peers are honoring you.
这表明漫长而艰辛的道路是值得的，你终于赢得了尊重、认可，你的同事正在向你致敬。
Tetsuya Theodore Fujita passed away on November 19, 1998.
藤田哲也于 1998 年 11 月 19 日去世。
He was 78 years old.
他已经78岁了。
Photo of Fujita and his tornado machine, footage of Fujita in field
藤田和他的龙卷风机器的照片，藤田在现场的镜头
Fujita spent a lifetime struggling to understand the mysteries hidden within severe storms.
藤田一生都在努力了解隐藏在猛烈风暴中的奥秘。
He died knowing that many unanswered questions remained.
他临死时知道还有许多未解之谜。
But his spirit of inquiry and his tireless, unorthodox approach left an indelible mark on meteorology.
但他的探究精神和孜孜不倦、非正统的方法在气象学上留下了不可磨灭的印记。
He came up with ideas that were beyond the accepted norm and was often questioned for that, but Dr. Fujita made tremendous contributions to our understanding of tornadoes, to aviation safety.
他提出了超出公认标准的想法，并经常因此受到质疑，但藤田博士为我们对龙卷风的理解和航空安全做出了巨大贡献。
America is safer today because of his pioneering efforts.
由于他的开创性努力，今天的美国变得更加安全。
He was one of these true individuals that are sort of visionaries, and you lose something when these people pass on.
他是真正有远见的人之一，当这些人去世时，你会失去一些东西。
You know they would have continued to come up with brilliant ideas, would have advanced the field, would have excited the community, would have excited students, and that’s something that is not easy to replace.
你知道他们会继续提出绝妙的想法，会推进这个领域，会激发社区，会激发学生，这是不容易取代的。
There’s not a hard line between science and art, and I think a lot of what Fujita did was as much art as science.
科学和艺术之间并没有严格的界限，我认为藤田所做的很多事情既是艺术也是科学。
And he was able to take creativity and apply it in a scientific way and imagine things that no one had ever thought of before.
他能够发挥创造力，并以科学的方式应用它，想象出以前从未想过的事情。