The Movement and the “Madman”

1968 presidential campaign:

1968年总统竞选：

Announcer : Tonight, from Atlanta, live and in color: “The Nixon Answer.” Tonight, Richard Nixon in person is going to face a panel of citizens asking the questions they want answered.

播音员：今晚，来自亚特兰大的彩色现场直播：“尼克松的答案”。今晚，理查德·尼克松将亲自面对一个由公民组成的小组，提出他们想要回答的问题。

Richard Nixon, Presidential Candidate : Thank you very much, thank you.

总统候选人理查德·尼克松：非常感谢，谢谢。

Hi.

你好。

How are you?

你好吗？

Thank all of you in the

谢谢大家在

studio audience for your warm welcome, and I just hope my campaigning’s a lot better than my putting (laughs).

演播室观众对你们的热烈欢迎，我只是希望我的竞选比我的推杆好得多（笑）。

So we’ll start over on this side with Mr. Murphy from Atlanta.

因此，我们将从亚特兰大的墨菲先生这边开始。

Reg Murphy : Mr. Nixon, General Curtis LeMay became Governor Wallace's running mate

雷格·墨菲：尼克松先生、柯蒂斯·李梅将军成为华莱士州长的竞选搭档

today, and he immediately said that he would use a nuclear bomb to win in Vietnam.

今天，他立即表示要使用核弹来赢得越南。

How do you feel about the use of nuclear weapons in Vietnam or elsewhere?

您对在越南或其他地方使用核武器有何看法？

Nixon, Presidential Candidate : : I do not believe that nuclear bombs or nuclear weapons should be used in Vietnam, I do not think they’re necessary to be used in Vietnam.

总统候选人尼克松：：我不认为应该在越南使用核弹或核武器，我认为没有必要在越南使用它们。

And we should not risk a nuclear war in Vietnam by any matter or means.

我们不应该以任何方式或方式冒在越南爆发核战争的风险。

That was his campaign promise.

这是他的竞选承诺。

But Nixon had a secret plan to end the war.

但尼克松有一个结束战争的秘密计划。

Voice of Morton Halperin , Defense Department: We learned pretty quickly that his secret plan was to threaten the North Vietnamese with nuclear weapons.

国防部莫顿·哈尔珀林的声音：我们很快了解到他的秘密计划是用核武器威胁北越。

That was his plan.

这就是他的计划。

And he was convinced that the way to make the threat credible was for the North Vietnamese to fear that he was crazy and might actually do this.

他坚信，让北越人相信他的威胁可信的方法是担心他疯了并且可能真的这样做。

Nixon called it his “madman” strategy.

尼克松称其为“狂人”策略。

By 1968, the U.S. had been at war in Vietnam for four years.

到 1968 年，美国在越南的战争已经持续了四年。

There were over 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam.

越南有超过50万美军。

31,000 Americans had been killed.

31,000 名美国人被杀。

More than a million Vietnamese had died.

超过一百万越南人死亡。

Walter Cronkite, Newscaster, Archive: Richard Nixon goes over the top with 287 Electoral votes, and that seems to be the 1968 election.

沃尔特·克朗凯特 (Walter Cronkite)，新闻播音员，档案：理查德·尼克松 (Richard Nixon) 以 287 票选举人票领先，这似乎是 1968 年的选举。

Voice of Rev.

牧师之声

Dick Fernandez , Clergy and Laity Concerned: After his election there was a feeling in the anti-war movement of exhaustion.

迪克·费尔南德斯（Dick Fernandez），神职人员和平信徒的担忧：他当选后，反战运动中出现了一种疲惫不堪的感觉。

We felt devastated by the Nixon election.

尼克松的选举让我们感到震惊。

And there were a lot of questions like what should we be doing, what needs to be done and what do we do next?

还有很多问题，比如我们应该做什么、需要做什么以及下一步做什么？

We didn’t know at that time that they were already planning to blowup Vietnam.

我们当时并不知道他们已经在计划炸毁越南。

December 2, 1968 Nixon names his National Security Advisor

1968 年 12 月 2 日尼克松任命国家安全顾问

Richard Nixon : Dr. Kissinger is a man who is known to all people who are interested in foreign policy as perhaps one of the major scholars in America and the world today in this area, and I trust under his direction he will develop new ideas and new policies for the critical problems America has in the field of foreign policy around the world.

理查德·尼克松：基辛格博士是所有对外交政策感兴趣的人都知道的人，他也许是当今美国和世界在这一领域的主要学者之一，我相信在他的指导下，他将为美国在世界各地外交政策领域遇到的关键问题提出新的想法和新的政策。

Henry Kissinger, National Security Council: Ladies and gentlemen, I am honored by the confidence that the President Elect has expressed in me.

亨利·基辛格，国家安全委员会：女士们先生们，我很荣幸当选总统对我表达了信任。

And I shall serve the President Elect with all my energy and dedication.

我将竭尽全力和奉献精神为当选总统服务。

Voice of Morton Halperin, Defense Department (1966-1969): Kissinger and I had been colleagues together at Harvard.

莫顿·哈尔珀林（Morton Halperin）的声音，国防部（1966-1969）：基辛格和我曾是哈佛大学的同事。

I came into the government in ’66.

我于 66 年进入政府。

And I very quickly came to believe that we had no idea what we were doing in Vietnam and that it was hopeless, and that we should get out.

我很快就相信我们不知道我们在越南做什么，这是没有希望的，我们应该离开。

Which of course Kissinger knew.

基辛格当然知道这一点。

Kissinger and I taught a seminar at Harvard called the Defense Policy Seminar.

基辛格和我在哈佛大学教授了一个名为“国防政策研讨会”的研讨会。

There's actually a very famous New York Times picture of the last class of the seminar in 1968 ‘cause I alerted the New York Times to the fact that this was going to be Henry's last class.

事实上，《纽约时报》有一张非常著名的 1968 年研讨会最后一堂课的照片，因为我提醒《纽约时报》这将是亨利的最后一堂课。

The photographer walks in and Henry says, "This will be good for my megalomania."

摄影师走进来，亨利说：“这对我的狂妄自大有好处。”

After the class was over Kissinger asked to talk to me.

课程结束后，基辛格要求与我交谈。

He said that he wanted to ask me to come and work for him in the White House and I immediately said yes.

他说他想邀请我去白宫为他工作，我立即答应了。

Voice of Morton Halperin , Kissinger Aide: Kissinger had a sense of urgency because by Inauguration Day Nixon wanted a paper on

基辛格助手莫顿·哈尔珀林 (Morton Halperin) 的声音：基辛格有一种紧迫感，因为尼克松在就职典礼当天想要一篇关于

options for what should be done in Vietnam.

在越南应该做什么的选择。

We looked at a range of options all the way

我们一路上考虑了一系列的选择

towards the one that I favored, which was announcing that we would withdraw all our forces.

转向我所支持的那个，即宣布我们将撤出所有部队。

The paper went to Nixon and his response was: “This is a good options paper, but the option that I'm interested in is not in the paper.

该文件交给了尼克松，他的回应是：“这是一份很好的期权文件，但我感兴趣的选项并不在文件中。

And that is the option of escalating.”

这就是升级的选择。”

I was surprised by the escalation request, mostly because I thought it was infeasible, that the country wouldn't stand for it.

我对升级请求感到惊讶，主要是因为我认为这是不可行的，国家不会容忍。

And I said to Kissinger, “If you go in this direction, it will become Nixon’s war,” and Kissinger went off and talked to Nixon and came back and said, “He will be proud to have it called Nixon's war.”

我对基辛格说，“如果你朝这个方向走，它将成为尼克松的战争，”基辛格走过去与尼克松交谈，回来后说，“他会为将这场战争称为尼克松的战争而感到自豪。”

Music — instrumental, Jimi Hendrix, “All Along the Watchtower”

音乐 — 器乐，吉米·亨德里克斯，《All Below the Watchtower》

Voice of Tom Wells, Writer : Nixon wanted to end the war quickly.

作家汤姆·威尔斯 (Tom Wells) 配音：尼克松希望尽快结束战争。

And the way he hoped to do that was by threatening the North Vietnamese with a major escalation of the war.

他希望做到这一点的方式是通过战争的大幅升级来威胁北越。

And he had this idea that somehow he could convince the North Vietnamese that he was capable of anything — to blow them to smithereens.

他有这样的想法：他可以以某种方式让北越人相信他有能力做任何事情——将他们炸成碎片。

Voice of Daniel Ellsberg, former Defense Department analyst: H.R.

前国防部分析师丹尼尔·埃尔斯伯格 (Daniel Ellsberg) 的声音：H.R.

Haldeman - who became Nixon’s Chief of Staff - revealed in his memoirs that during the ‘68 campaign Nixon had discussed with him how he expected effectively to win the war in

霍尔德曼后来成为尼克松的参谋长，他在回忆录中透露，在 68 年竞选期间，尼克松曾与他讨论过他希望如何有效地赢得战争。

Vietnam.

越南。

Nixon’s secret plan was to threaten the North Vietnamese that he would go to a much higher level of escalation than President Johnson had ever managed, including the use of nuclear weapons.

尼克松的秘密计划是威胁北越，他将把局势升级到比约翰逊总统所曾达到的更高水平，包括使用核武器。

But how to make the North Vietnamese believe that he would do it?

但如何让北越人相信他会这么做呢？

He said, “We’ll get the word to them that this guy is unpredictable, crazy, we can’t control him and he has his finger on the nuclear button.” And Nixon said to Haldeman: "Ho Chi Minh will be in Paris the next day to negotiate.” And in his own mind the word was used - “madman!” He said, “I call it The Madman Theory, Bob.” And, by the way, privately I believe Nixon was that crazy.

他说：“我们会告诉他们，这个人不可预测、疯狂，我们无法控制他，而且他的手指已经放在了核按钮上。”尼克松对霍尔德曼说：“胡志明第二天将前往巴黎进行谈判。”在他自己的脑海里，这个词被用了——“疯子！”他说：“我称之为‘狂人理论’，鲍勃。”顺便说一句，私下里我相信尼克松就是那么疯狂。

Voice of Rev.

牧师之声

Dick Fernandez , peace activist: My name is Dick Fernandez, I am a minister in the United Church of Christ.

迪克·费尔南德斯（Dick Fernandez），和平活动人士：我叫迪克·费尔南德斯，是基督教联合教会的牧师。

I worked for eight years as a director of Clergy and Laity Concerned during the Vietnam War.

越南战争期间，我担任神职人员和平信徒关注组织的主任，工作了八年。

In February of 1969 there was a group of us that went to see Kissinger: Coretta Scott King, William Sloane Coffin at Yale, Rabbi Abraham Heschel.

1969 年 2 月，我们一群人去看基辛格：科雷塔·斯科特·金、耶鲁大学的威廉·斯隆·科芬、亚伯拉罕·赫舍尔拉比。

And as we came in the door, you had these two Jewish men who had both escaped Nazi Germany and Poland respectively.

当我们进门时，看到这两个犹太人，他们分别逃离了纳粹德国和波兰。

You could kind of tell there was this recognition.

你可以看出有这种认可。

We said we wanted the war to end and as our meeting went on at one point Kissinger said, “You know I’ve just been here six weeks, it takes a while.” He said to us, we need to be patient with them.

我们说我们希望战争结束，当我们的会议进行时，基辛格有一次说，“你知道我刚来这里六个星期，这需要一段时间。”他对我们说，我们需要对他们有耐心。

Rabbi Heschel, he kind of looked at Kissinger, and he said, “You know, Mr. Secretary, the children of Vietnam are dying so you should hurry”.

赫舍尔拉比看着基辛格，说道：“国务卿先生，你知道，越南的孩子们正在死去，所以你应该抓紧时间”。

You could have heard a pin drop.

你可能会听到一根针掉落的声音。

We didn't know at that time that they were already planning to blow up Vietnam.

我们当时并不知道他们已经在计划炸毁越南。

Sam Donaldson : It has now come to Richard Nixon as it came so often to his predecessor

萨姆·唐纳森：理查德·尼克松现在也遇到了这种情况，就像他的前任经常遇到这种情况一样

Lyndon Johnson.

林登·约翰逊。

The sight of hundreds of sign-carrying women marching in front of the White House, demanding an immediate end to the war in Vietnam.

数百名携带标语的妇女在白宫前游行，要求立即结束越南战争。

It was all very peaceful and quiet, so was Lyndon Johnson’s first antiwar demonstration.

一切都非常和平和安静，林登·约翰逊的第一次反战示威也是如此。

Voice of Carolyn Eisenberg, Historian : Nixon is acutely aware of the fact that Lyndon Johnson's presidency had been essentially

历史学家卡罗琳·艾森伯格的声音：尼克松敏锐地意识到林登·约翰逊的总统任期本质上是

destroyed by the anti-war movement.

被反战运动摧毁。

That's not lost on him at all.

他一点也不迷失这一点。

And he doesn't want to be in that spot.

他不想处于那个位置。

So from the very beginning Richard Nixon is always paying attention to the anti-war movement.

所以从一开始理查德·尼克松就一直关注着反战运动。

Voice of Cora Weiss, Women Strike for Peace : Women's Strike for Peace was a gathering of housewives, that's for sure.

科拉·韦斯 (Cora Weiss) 的声音，妇女争取和平罢工：妇女争取和平罢工是家庭主妇的聚会，这是肯定的。

And we were all over the country.

我们遍布全国各地。

We began getting worried about the Vietnam war.

我们开始担心越南战争。

It was a war of atrocities.

这是一场充满暴行的战争。

We committed crimes against humanity.

我们犯下了反人类罪。

t was horrible.

太可怕了。

And we were going to work to try to prevent this war from escalating and end it!

我们将努力阻止这场战争升级并结束它！

Sam Donaldson : Today they marched from The White House to Capitol Hill.

萨姆·唐纳森：今天他们从白宫游行到国会山。

At the Capitol the women took turns listening to antiwar Congressmen…

在国会大厦，妇女们轮流聆听反战国会议员的讲话……

Rep.

代表。

Shirley Chisholm, D-NY: The war should be ended immediately.

纽约州民主党人雪莉·奇泽姆：战争应该立即结束。

We really need a complete re-evaluation of what this nation’s priority is going to be.

我们确实需要彻底重新评估这个国家的优先事项。

And until we end the war in Vietnam and address ourselves to the domestic war at home we are going to continue to be in trouble in our country.

在我们结束越南战争并解决国内战争之前，我们的国家将继续陷入困境。

Voice of David Hawk, Anti-War activist : In the early sixties, what I was most concerned about was really the Civil Rights movement.

反战活动家戴维·霍克的声音：在六十年代初期，我最关心的其实是民权运动。

I went to Mississippi in the summer of 1964 as part of Mississippi Freedom Summer.

1964 年夏天，我作为密西西比自由之夏的一部分去了密西西比州。

And being concerned with the issue of poverty in America, you could see easily who was getting sent to Vietnam and where in American society the draftees were coming from: the small towns, the farms and the ghettos.

考虑到美国的贫困问题，你可以很容易地看到谁被派往越南，以及这些应征入伍者来自美国社会的哪个地方：小镇、农场和贫民窟。

And I went from concern about civil rights at home directly into concern for the escalation of the war in Vietnam, and many many of my colleagues and friends from the civil rights movement also transitioned into the anti-war movement.

我从对国内民权的关注直接变成了对越南战争升级的关注，而我的很多民权运动的同事和朋友也转向了反战运动。

I became the antiwar and anti-draft coordinator for the National Student Association and I organized a We Won't Go Letter addressed to Nixon advising him of how deep and how wide opposition to the war was on the campuses.

我成为全国学生协会的反战和反征兵协调员，并组织了一封致尼克松的“我们不会去的信”，告诉他校园里反战的程度有多深、有多广。

And to our surprise, we were invited to meet with Henry Kissinger and Nixon's chief domestic advisor John Ehrlichman, and had that meeting in the Situation Room in the White House.

令我们惊讶的是，我们被邀请会见亨利·基辛格和尼克松的首席国内顾问约翰·埃利希曼，并在白宫的战情室举行了这次会议。

Roger Black, University of Chicago: Dr. Kissinger repeated a number of times that we really should give them more time, be patient.

芝加哥大学罗杰·布莱克：基辛格博士多次重申，我们确实应该给他们更多时间，要有耐心。

Dr. Kissinger said that If we came back a year from now and the war was still in the same position he would really have no moral argument against us.

基辛格博士说，如果我们一年后回来，战争仍处于同样的境地，他真的没有任何道德理由反对我们。

Voice of David Hawk, anti-war activist: Kissinger left the room after 20, 30 minutes, and John Ehrlichman took the floor and was so hard line it shocked people.

反战活动家戴维·霍克的声音：基辛格在20、30分钟后离开了房间，约翰·埃利希曼发言，其强硬立场令人震惊。

He said, “If you think that you can break laws you don't like, you're going to force us to up the ante to the point where we have to give out death sentences for traffic violations.” I mean, this was so off the wall, and over the top that everybody's jaw just dropped.

他说：“如果你认为你可以违反你不喜欢的法律，你就会迫使我们提高赌注，直到我们必须对交通违规行为判处死刑。”我的意思是，这太离谱了，太夸张了，每个人都惊掉了下巴。

What is this guy talking about?

这家伙在说什么？

It was clear to everybody that the war was going to go on, these guys were not going to end it, and they might even be worse than the last bunch.

每个人都清楚，战争将会继续下去，这些家伙不会结束战争，甚至可能比最后一批更糟糕。

Voice of Roger Morris, National Security Council : I'm Roger Morris.

国家安全委员会罗杰·莫里斯的声音：我是罗杰·莫里斯。

I was on the National Security Council staff under Henry Kissinger and President Richard Nixon.

我曾是亨利·基辛格和理查德·尼克松总统领导下的国家安全委员会工作人员。

Nixon intended to be very much his own secretary of state, as well as his own president.

尼克松非常想成为他自己的国务卿，以及他自己的总统。

In foreign policy it would be in the end, Henry and Dick.

在外交政策上，最终是亨利和迪克。

As early as the spring of 1969, we knew that Nixon was making very definite and often somewhat furtively menacing approaches to the Soviet Union.

早在 1969 年春天，我们就知道尼克松正在对苏联采取非常明确且往往带有某种威胁性的态度。

What struck me at the time is almost childish, if not adolescent playing with the whole issue, you'll have to get on board here with pressuring the North Vietnamese to end the war or terrible things will happen.

当时令我震惊的是，如果不是青少年玩弄整个问题，那几乎是幼稚的，你必须加入到这里，向北越施压，要求结束战争，否则可怕的事情就会发生。

Voice of Stephen Bull, President ’ s Nixon personal aide : I was a very, very strong supporter of Richard Nixon.

尼克松总统的私人助理斯蒂芬·布尔的声音：我是理查德·尼克松的非常非常坚定的支持者。

He was my boss.

他是我的老板。

I admired him and whatever his decision was, I was going to support it.

我很钦佩他，无论他的决定是什么，我都会支持。

President Nixon wanted the Russians to believe that he would do anything.

尼克松总统希​​望俄罗斯人相信他会做任何事情。

He wanted to make them think that he was a madman.

他想让他们认为他是个疯子。

However, my personal observation was, it was a bluff, he wasn’t going to do anything, he was never going to use nuclear weapons, but he wanted the threat to be out there to force them to the table.

然而，我个人的观察是，这是虚张声势，他不会做任何事情，他永远不会使用核武器，但他希望威胁能够迫使他们坐到谈判桌前。

Voice of Daniel Ellsberg, Defense Analyst, RAND Corporation : By May of 1969 Henry Kissinger had told Dobrynin, the Russian ambassador, Soviet ambassador, that if the North Vietnamese did not agree to Nixon's terms, we would move to measures of the greatest consequence, the gravest consequence.

兰德公司国防分析师丹尼尔·埃尔斯伯格的声音：1969 年 5 月，亨利·基辛格告诉俄罗斯大使、苏联大使多勃雷宁，如果北越不同意尼克松的条件，我们将采取后果最严重、后果最严重的措施。

Voice of Morton Halperin, Kissinger aide : I found out about the threats in which Kissinger says to the Russian ambassador Dobrynin, "The president wants you to tell the Russians that the North Vietnamese have nothing to gain by waiting, that if they wait, things will get much worse.

基辛格助手莫顿·哈尔佩林的声音：我发现了基辛格对俄罗斯大使多勃雷宁的威胁，“总统希望你告诉俄罗斯人，北越人等待不会有任何好处，如果他们等待，事情会变得更糟。

There will be terrible destruction".

将会有可怕的破坏”。

It did everything but use the word nuclear weapons, but it was clearly meant to be a nuclear threat which of course I found very disturbing.

它做了所有事情，但没有使用核武器这个词，但这显然意味着核威胁，这当然让我感到非常不安。

Voice of Carolyn Eisenberg, Historian : In May ‘69 you have The Battle of Hamburger Hill.

历史学家卡罗琳·艾森伯格的声音：69 年 5 月，您将看到汉堡山之战。

It’s ery close to the Laotian border in a mountainous region.

它位于山区，非常靠近老挝边境。

Groups of soldiers are sent up the hill to get the North Vietnamese out, but they're in a terrible position.

成群的士兵被派上山去赶走北越人，但他们的处境很糟糕。

The enemy troops are on the top and they’re just killing them.

敌军在上面，他们正在杀死他们。

But their officer cannot bear to give up.

但他们的军官不忍心放弃。

Hamburger Hill was a term that the men used because they were being ground up like ground meat.

汉堡山是这些人使用的一个术语，因为他们像碎肉一样被碾碎。

Eventually they actually take the Hill and of course by that point, the enemy's either dead or they've now crossed back over the border into Laos.

最终他们实际上占领了这座山，当然到那时，敌人要么已经死了，要么他们现在已经越过边境进入老挝。

So it's really a big nothing in terms of what they're achieving.

因此，就他们所取得的成就而言，这确实是微不足道的。

Walter Cronkite, CBS Evening News June 10, 1969 : Today, a squad leader wounded in those assaults, Sergeant Ken Tepper, talked about the fight.

沃尔特·克朗凯特 (Walter Cronkite)，哥伦比亚广播公司晚间新闻，1969 年 6 月 10 日：今天，在袭击中受伤的班长肯·泰珀 (Ken Tepper) 中士谈到了这场战斗。

Sgt.

中士。

Ken Tepper : It seemed so useless because they just kept sending us up there and they were just slaughtering us.

肯·泰珀：这看起来毫无用处，因为他们一直把我们送到那里，他们只是在屠杀我们。

My best friend was right behind me with his machine gun, he got killed right there, got a bullet through his head and it was pretty awful.

我最好的朋友拿着机枪就在我身后，他当场被杀，一颗子弹穿过他的头，那真是太可怕了。

And I cried that night and many guys did.

那天晚上我哭了，很多人也哭了。

Voice of Carolyn Eisenberg, Historian: Nixon sees this and he sends a message to Kissinger.

历史学家卡罗琳·艾森伯格的声音：尼克松看到了这一点，他向基辛格发送了一条消息。

“How in the world do people like that get put on the television?

“这样的人怎么会出现在电视上呢？

How did we allow that to happen?”

我们怎么会允许这种事发生呢？”

The absolute disconnection, both of them, between the things that they're deciding to do and the human costs of it, whether it's to our own soldiers or its civilians has absolutely no part of their thinking.

他们决定要做的事情和由此造成的人员成本之间的绝对脱节，无论是对我们自己的士兵还是平民来说，都绝对不是他们的想法。

They don't care.

他们不在乎。

Voice of Sam Brown, anti-war activist : I was teaching a seminar at Harvard at the time.

反战活动家萨姆·布朗的声音：当时我正在哈佛大学教授一个研讨会。

In the seminar, I said, “Let’s play a ‘what if?’ game.

在研讨会上，我说：“让我们玩一个‘假设’游戏。

What if you wanted to end the war in Vietnam?”

如果你想结束越南战争怎么办？”

We were casting about to see what other people were thinking.

我们四处寻找，看看其他人在想什么。

Jerry Grossman, who was a businessman, but deeply committed against the war, had come up with this idea of a national strike.

杰里·格罗斯曼是一名商人，但坚决反对战争，他提出了全国罢工的想法。

Jerry came to the seminar and pitched this.

杰里（Jerry）参加了研讨会并提出了这个建议。

And over a period of weeks, we carried on a conversation about how is that going to work?

在几周的时间里，我们进行了一次讨论，讨论这将如何运作？

Who's going to be attracted to that?

谁会被吸引呢？

Will people be put off by the word strike?

人们会因为罢工这个词而被推迟吗？

And also, the question was, could you pull it off, that is, would people actually walk off their jobs?

而且，问题是，你能做到这一点吗？也就是说，人们真的会辞掉工作吗？

We began to think, on the other hand, maybe we could use that idea, reframed, saying not we are going to strike that day, but we are going to take some time to contemplate that day, we are going to set aside business as usual.

另一方面，我们开始思考，也许我们可以利用这个想法，重新组织一下，不是说我们会在那一天罢工，而是说我们会花一些时间思考那一天，我们会像往常一样搁置业务。

And from that came the idea of the Moratorium.

由此产生了暂停的想法。

Voice of David Hawk, Moratorium co-organizer : We thought there was a lot more latent opposition to the war that could be mobilized at the local level.

暂停令联合组织者戴维·霍克 (David Hawk) 的声音：我们认为可以在地方一级动员更多潜在的反战力量。

Since I had this active network of student leaders we decided to bring some of them back to Washington and Sam came down and laid out the idea.

由于我拥有这个活跃的学生领袖网络，我们决定将其中一些人带回华盛顿，萨姆下来提出了这个想法。

Voice of Sam Brown, Moratorium organizer : You know, we were basically political people.

暂停令组织者萨姆·布朗的声音：你知道，我们基本上都是政治人物。

We didn't think revolution was in the air.

我们并不认为革命即将来临。

We didn't think that the United States is going to change overnight.

我们不认为美国会在一夜之间发生变化。

So we wanted to find a way that made people feel comfortable.

所以我们想找到一种让人们感到舒适的方式。

Made them feel like, Oh, I've been thinking about the war and maybe now I can actually do something right here in my hometown.

让他们感觉，哦，我一直在思考战争，也许现在我实际上可以在家乡做点什么。

So that was the intent of the Moratorium.

这就是暂停令的目的。

Voice of David Hawk, Moratorium co-organizer : We decided to give it a try and set October 15th as the target date.

暂停活动联合组织者 David Hawk 的声音：我们决定尝试一下，并将 10 月 15 日定为目标日期。

Voice of Sam Brown, Moratorium organizer: Yeah.

暂停组织者萨姆·布朗的声音：是的。

Well, we didn't know any better.

好吧，我们不知道更好。

Nobody had told us we couldn't do it.

没有人告诉我们我们做不到。

So we just sort of set out to do it.

所以我们只是着手去做。

Song: Country Joe McDonald, “Fixin’ To Die Rag”

歌曲：Country Joe McDonald，“Fixin’ To Die Rag”

Well, come on all of you big strong men Uncle Sam needs your help again Got himself in a terrible jam Way down yonder in Vietnam Put down your books and pick up a gun We’ re gonna have a whole lot of fun And it’ s one, two, three What are we fighting for?

好吧，来吧，你们所有的大强人，山姆大叔再次需要你们的帮助，让自己陷入了可怕的困境，在越南那边，放下书本，拿起枪，我们会玩得很开心，一、二、三，我们为什么而战？

Don’ t ask me I don ’ t give a damn Next stop is Vietnam And it’ s five, six, seven open up the pearly gates Well, there ain’ t no time to wonder why Whoopee!

别问我，我一点也不在乎下一站是越南五六七就打开了珍珠之门好吧，没有时间去想为什么哎呀！

We’ re all gonna die …

我们都会死……

Voice of David Hartsough, Quaker lobbyist : I’m David Hartsough.

贵格会游说者戴维·哈特索 (David Hartsough) 的声音：我是大卫·哈特索 (David Hartsough)。

And I was a lobbyist working on ending the war.

我是一名致力于结束战争的游说者。

My job was to help educate Congress and bring pressure on Congress about the war and trying to bring the truth to Congress.

我的工作是帮助教育国会，向国会施加有关战争的压力，并试图将真相告诉国会。

I was living the Vietnam war day and night, and feeling a heavy responsibility on my shoulders.

我日日夜夜地生活在越南战争中，深感肩上责任重大。

Every week 300 American soldiers were dying and thousands of Vietnamese.

每周都有 300 名美国士兵和数千名越南士兵死去。

Quakers decided somehow we had to publicly help the American people understand the reality of what the war was costing in lives, and came up with the idea of reading the names of the American war dead on the Capitol steps, which we proceeded to do.

贵格会认为，我们必须以某种方式公开帮助美国人民了解战争造成的生命损失的现实，并提出了在国会大厦台阶上宣读美国战争死难者名字的想法，我们开始这样做。

We got through fifty, sixty names and we were arrested and taken off to jail.

我们查到了五十、六十个名字，然后就被逮捕并送进了监狱。

The next Wednesday again we went back and continued reading the names of the war dead and we were again arrested and taken off to jail.

下周三，我们又回去继续念战争死难者的名字，我们再次被捕并被带进监狱。

Policeman into megaphone: Vacate forthwith or subject yourselves to arrest.

警察对着扩音器：立即撤离，否则将被逮捕。

Voice of David Hartsough, Quaker lobbyist: So I went to see Congressman George Brown of southern California and I said, “George, is there anything you can do to help us?” He sits back on his swivel chair and says, “Yeah, I think I’ll join you.” (laughs)

贵格会游说者戴维·哈特索的声音：所以我去见了南加州的国会议员乔治·布朗，我说：“乔治，你有什么可以帮助我们的吗？”他靠在转椅上说道：“是的，我想我会和你一起去的。” （笑）

Voice of News Reporter: “For the fourth straight Wednesday a group of Quakers tried to read from the Capitol steps the names of Americans killed in Vietnam.

新闻记者之声：“连续第四个星期三，一群贵格会教徒试图在国会大厦台阶上宣读在越南被杀的美国人的名字。

They were joined today by members of Congress who sat with them on the steps.

今天，与他们一起坐在台阶上的国会议员也加入了他们的行列。

Voice of David Hartsough, Quaker lobbyist : The congressmen, they had congressional immunity, so we got arrested and they just continued reading the names for hours and hours and hours.

贵格会游说者大卫·哈特索的声音：国会议员，他们有国会豁免权，所以我们被捕了，他们只是继续读几个小时、几个小时、几个小时的名字。

That got publicity and more members of Congress joined us.

这得到了公众的关注，更多的国会议员加入了我们。

Charles Diggs from Detroit.

来自底特律的查尔斯·迪格斯。

Ed Koch who later became mayor of New York City.

艾德·科赫后来成为纽约市市长。

Shirley Chisholm of New York.

来自纽约的雪莉·奇泽姆。

Song: We Shall Not Be Moved by Pete Seeger and crowd We shall not We shall not be moved We shall not We shall not to be moved Just like a tree that’s standing by the water We shall not be moved

歌曲：我们不会被 Pete Seeger 和人群感动 我们不会 我们不会被感动 我们不会 我们不会被感动 就像一棵树站在水边 我们不会被感动

Voice of David Hartsough, Quaker Lobbyist : I like to believe that our courage gave these congress people the courage to do what they

贵格会游说者戴维·哈特索 (David Hartsough) 的声音：我愿意相信，我们的勇气让这些国会议员有勇气做他们想做的事

believed was right, and their courage gave courage and encouragement to the media to begin sharing this terrible story of how many Americans and and how many Vietnamese were dying every single week.

他们相信是正确的，他们的勇气给了媒体勇气和鼓励，让他们开始分享这个可怕的故事：每周有多少美国人和多少越南人死亡。

Students at Texas Christian University, Ft.

德克萨斯基督教大学的学生，英尺。

Worth, TX reading names of the war dead

德克萨斯州值得读战死者的名字

Voice of David Hartsough, Quaker Lobbyist : Congress people inserted all 40,000 names of American war dead into the Congressional Record so that became public knowledge and people began reading the names of the war dead all over the country.

贵格会游说者戴维·哈特索 (David Hartsough) 的声音：国会议员将全部 40,000 名美国战争死难者的名字写入国会记录中，从而成为公众知识，人们开始在全国各地阅读战争死难者的名字。

The message we were trying to send out was this war has to end.

我们试图发出的信息是这场战争必须结束。

This madness has to end.

这种疯狂必须结束。

John Lennon and Yoko Ono and friends, recording “Give Peace a Chance”: One, two, three four!

约翰·列侬、小野洋子和朋友们正在录制“给和平一个机会”：一、二、三、四！

(strumming and vocalizing)

（弹奏和发声）

In May 1969, John Lennon and Yoko Ono turn their honeymoon into an anti-war event.

1969 年 5 月，约翰·列侬和小野洋子将他们的蜜月变成了一场反战活动。

In their hotel suite, they record a new song.

在他们的酒店套房里，他们录制了一首新歌。

John Lennon and Yoko Ono: All we are saying is give peace a chance All we are saying is give peace a chance

约翰·列侬和小野洋子：我们所说的就是给和平一个机会 我们所说的就是给和平一个机会

Voice of John Lennon : We tried to do it in New York but the American government wouldn't let us in.

约翰·列侬的声音：我们试图在纽约这样做，但美国政府不让我们进去。

But we ended up doing it in Montreal instead and broadcasting across the border.

但我们最终选择在蒙特利尔进行，并跨越边境进行广播。

“ Give Peace a Chance ” quickly becomes a pop chart hit and a new anthem for the anti-war movement.

《给和平一个机会》很快成为流行音乐排行榜上的热门歌曲，并成为反战运动的新赞歌。

John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Give Peace a Chance (con’t) All we are saying is give peace a chance OK, beautiful (applause)

约翰·列侬和小野洋子，给和平一个机会（续）我们所说的是给和平一个机会，好吧，美丽（掌声）

Voice of Christian Appy, Historian : By the middle of 1969 many Americans, middle Americans, were beginning to think, you know, maybe it doesn't make sense for us to be continuing to send our sons to fight this war that seems unwinnable.

历史学家克里斯蒂安·阿皮 (Christian Appy) 的声音：到 1969 年中期，许多美国人、美国中产阶级开始思考，你知道，也许我们继续派我们的儿子去打这场看似无法获胜的战争是没有意义的。

President Nixon : After 5 years in which more and more Americans have been sent to Vietnam we finally have reached the point where we can begin to bring Americans home from Vietnam.(applause)

尼克松总统：五年来，越来越多的美国人被派往越南，我们终于可以开始把美国人从越南带回家了。（掌声）

Voice of Christian Appy, Historian : He did realize that he could no longer escalate the war of American ground troops in Vietnam, those soldiers had to be brought back.

历史学家克里斯蒂安·阿皮的声音：他确实意识到他不能再让美国地面部队在越南的战争升级，那些士兵必须被召回。

He wanted to bring them back as slowly as possible, but he understood that the American public could no longer tolerate large numbers of American body bags coming home.

他想尽可能慢地把他们带回来，但他明白美国公众无法再容忍大量美国运尸袋回国。

Voice of Sam Brown, Moratorium Co-Organizer : You could not forget that June issue of Life magazine.

暂停联合组织者萨姆·布朗 (Sam Brown) 的声音：您无法忘记《生活》杂志六月号。

I think Life may have had a circulation of five or 6 million or something.

我想《生活》的发行量可能有五六百万份左右。

It seemed like it came to every home in America and suddenly here are these pictures and you have a face and a name.

它似乎来到了美国的每个家庭，突然间这些照片就出现了，你有了一张脸和一个名字。

Not just, oh, last week, people died, which is horrifying, but it had become so normalized.

不仅仅是，哦，上周，人们死亡了，这很可怕，但它已经变得如此正常了。

That magazine brought back to reality that that new normal was terrible.

那本杂志让我们认识到新常态是可怕的。

It was devastating.

这是毁灭性的。

Voice of David Hawk, Moratorium Co-Organizer : Nixon announced the withdrawal of 25,000 troops but the rate of withdrawal they were talking about meant the war would go on for another four or five years!

暂停令共同组织者戴维·霍克之声：尼克松宣布撤军25,000人，但他们所说的撤军速度意味着战争还要持续四五年！

We wanted to indicate that that won't do it.

我们想表明这样做是行不通的。

The war's gone on too long already.

战争已经持续太久了。

Just simply end it.

只是简单地结束它。

End it!

结束吧！

Bring them home, immediate withdrawal.

把他们带回家，立即撤退。

Song: Jefferson Airplane, “Volunteers” We’ re volunteers of America.

歌曲：杰斐逊飞机，“志愿者”我们是美国的志愿者。

Voice of Joan Libby, Moratorium Staff : I was the student body president at Mount Holyoke, and I hated the war.

暂停工作人员琼·利比 (Joan Libby) 的声音：我是曼荷莲学院的学生会主席，我讨厌战争。

I met David Hawk who was looking to hire people who were good organizers and could get things done.

我遇到了大卫·霍克（David Hawk），他正在寻找善于组织、能把事情做好的人。

And of course at 21 (laugh) you knew that you could get anything done and I said, I’m in.

当然，在 21 岁时（笑）你知道你可以完成任何事情，我说，我加入了。

I remember I packed my things in a cardboard box and went on an airplane.

我记得我把东西装进纸板箱然后上了飞机。

You know, I had no suitcase even.

你知道，我什至没有手提箱。

And it’s a beehive, it’s frenetic, it’s organized!

这是一个蜂巢，它疯狂，它有组织！

News Reporter : At 26, Sam Brown is the oldest of the 4 Moratorium organizers and has a masters degree from Rutgers.

新闻记者：26岁的萨姆·布朗是四位暂停令组织者中年龄最大的，他拥有罗格斯大学硕士学位。

David Hawk is a quietly intense young man with the best connections to the radical left.

大卫·霍克（David Hawk）是一位安静而热情的年轻人，与激进左派有着最密切的联系。

He graduated from Cornell, went to Harvard Divinity School and expects to go to prison in a few months for refusing the draft.

他从康奈尔大学毕业，进入哈佛神学院，预计几个月后将因拒绝征兵入狱。

At 22, Marge Sklencar is extraordinary.

22 岁的 Marge Sklencar 非常出色。

She's been accepted at Yale Law School, works 18 hours a day, handles the money, breaks up the arguments, and knows everyone.

她已被耶鲁大学法学院录取，每天工作 18 小时，负责处理金钱、平息争执，并且认识每个人。

David Mixner was recruited by Brown for his long experience in student organization and his knowledge of Capitol Hill.

大卫·米克斯纳因其在学生组织方面的长期经验以及对国会山的了解而被布朗聘用。

Song Refrain: We’ re volunteers of America.

歌曲副歌：我们是美国的志愿者。

Voice of David Mixner, Moratorium Co-Organizer : My family has always had a great military history.

暂停联合组织者戴维·米克斯纳 (David Mixner) 的声音：我的家族一直有着伟大的军事历史。

All my uncles served in World War II.

我所有的叔叔都曾在第二次世界大战中服役。

My father, and there was real pride in that.

我的父亲，对此我感到真正的自豪。

And then I had four members of my family die in Vietnam and my best friend from high school and elementary school died in Vietnam.

然后我的四位家人在越南去世，我高中和小学最好的朋友也在越南去世。

All before they were 22.

一切都发生在他们22岁之前。

It's something you never forget.

这是你永远不会忘记的事情。

And my sister and I became outspoken opponents against the war.

我和姐姐成了直言不讳的反对战争的人。

And then I got a draft notice.

然后我收到了一份草稿通知。

There was no question in my mind, I wasn't going.

我心中毫无疑问，我不会去。

The only question in my mind was whether to go overseas or jail.

我脑子里唯一的问题是出国还是坐牢。

And I dreaded telling my father.

我害怕告诉我父亲。

But I said, dad, I got drafted.

但我说，爸爸，我被征召入伍了。

And he sorta turned pale and I said, I know you're not going to like this, but I ain't goin’.

他的脸色变得苍白，我说，我知道你不会喜欢这个，但我不会去。

I said, I sent a letter to the Salem

我说，我给塞勒姆寄了一封信

County draft board saying, fuck you and fuck your war, I ain’t goin’.

县征兵委员会说，操你，操你的战争，我不会去。

And that's exactly what I wrote.

这正是我写的。

And he said, of course you're not goin’.

他说，你当然不会去。

We've given enough already.

我们已经付出的足够多了。

And he says, you'll go when the Rockefellers start sending their sons.

他说，当洛克菲勒家族开始派他们的儿子去的时候你就走。

Shocked the shit out of me.

简直把我惊呆了

Voice of Joan Libby, Moratorium staff : I was from this working class town called Revere, Massachusetts.

暂停工作人员琼·利比 (Joan Libby) 的声音：我来自马萨诸塞州里维尔这个工人阶级小镇。

I did have a sense from my lower middle class upbringing and my father that I wanted to do something that would convince people who were like my parents to turn against the war.

我确实从我的中下阶层成长经历和我的父亲那里感觉到，我想做一些事情来说服像我父母一样的人反对战争。

My father was in World War II and was a master Sergeant and came back from the war and became a police officer.

我父亲参加过第二次世界大战，是一名军士长，从战争中回来后成为一名警察。

My family is Jewish and my father had been with General Patton and had helped liberate the concentration camps.

我的家庭是犹太人，我的父亲曾与巴顿将军一起并帮助解放了集中营。

So the notion of conscience was for me very important.

所以良心的概念对我来说非常重要。

And when I thought about Vietnam, I didn't want to say, you know, I just finished college and went to grad school, honey.

当我想到越南时，我不想说，你知道，我刚刚读完大学并读了研究生，亲爱的。

I wanted to know that I did what I could in the smartest way I knew how to end the war in Vietnam.

我想知道我是否以我所知道的最明智的方式做了我能做的事情来结束越南战争。

I was not going to be the bystander.

我不会成为旁观者。

Voice of David Mixner, Moratorium co-organizer : Mary McGrory was a Pulitzer Prize columnist at the Washington Evening Star at the time.

大卫·米克斯纳 (David Mixner) 的声音，暂停合作组织者：玛丽·麦格罗里 (Mary McGrory) 当时是《华盛顿晚星报》的普利策奖专栏作家。

Her column was in like 400 papers around the world.

她的专栏发表在世界各地大约 400 份报纸上。

I mean, she was a star.

我的意思是，她是一个明星。

And she was passionately committed against the war.

她热情地致力于反对战争。

She fell in love with the Moratorium.

她爱上了暂停令。

And she arranged a lunch with Ehrlichman.

她还安排了与埃利希曼共进午餐。

And the lunch went well and then he said, “You've got to call this off.

午餐进行得很顺利，然后他说：“你必须取消这件事了。

This is treasonous.

这是叛国行为。

This is undercutting our troops.

这正在削弱我们的军队。

And if you don't, we'll put you in jail.”

如果你不这样做，我们就会把你关进监狱。”

Voice of Sam Brown, Moratorium Co-Organizer: One of us said, eventually you'll have to put us all in jail.

暂停令联合组织者萨姆·布朗的声音：我们中的一个人说，最终你将不得不把我们所有人都关进监狱。

And he made some joke in a kind of mock German accent about, “Well, we'll build the walls higher and higher.” That's pretty unnerving.

他用一种模仿德国口音开了个玩笑，“好吧，我们会把墙建得越来越高。”这真是令人不安。

(laughs) Thank you.

（笑）谢谢。

Voice of David Mixner, Moratorium Co-Organizer : I was very much in the closet as a gay man.

暂停活动联合组织者大卫·米克斯纳 (David Mixner) 的声音：作为一名同性恋者，我一直在柜子里。

And I was living in total fear of that coming out.

我一直生活在对这件事曝光的恐惧之中。

He knew of that.

他知道这一点。

And before he left, he patted me on the knee and he said, “David, don't forget.

在他离开之前，他拍拍我的膝盖说：“大卫，别忘了。

We know all about you, ALL about you.” I knew what he was talking about.

我们了解你的一切，了解你的一切。”我知道他在说什么。

And it was scary.

这很可怕。

Voice of Rev.

牧师之声

Dick Fernandez, Mobilization steering committee : Over the July 4th weekend, a large group of us gathered in Cleveland, Ohio to plan a march on Washington.

迪克·费尔南德斯（Dick Fernandez），动员指导委员会：7 月 4 日的周末，我们一大群人聚集在俄亥俄州克利夫兰，计划向华盛顿游行。

We called our coalition the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam or simply, “The Mobe.”

我们将我们的联盟称为“结束越南战争新动员委员会”，或者简称为“莫贝”。

STEWART MEACHAM / American Friends Service CommitteeSIDNEY LENS / labor cctivistSIDNY PECK / Professor, Case Western Reserve CORA WEISS / Women Strike for Peace FRED HALSTEAD / Socialist Workers Party

斯图尔特·米查姆 / 美国公谊服务委员会西尼·朗斯 / 劳工活动家西尼·佩克 / 凯斯西储大学教授 CORA WEISS / 妇女争取和平罢工 FRED HALSTEAD / 社会主义工人党

News Reporter : The New Mobilization is a big, floppy umbrella, a loose, sometimes quarrelsome coalition of old left, new left, and ordinary liberals.

新闻记者：新总动员是一把大而松软的保护伞，是一个由老左派、新左派和普通自由派组成的松散的、有时会争吵的联盟。

It does not include the Yippies nor the Students for a Democratic Society.

它不包括雅皮士和民主社会学生会。

Its 60-member-plus steering committee does include a member of the Communist Party and two members of the Trotskyite Socialist Workers Party.

其 60 多名成员的指导委员会确实包括一名共产党成员和两名托洛茨基社会主义工人党成员。

Voice of Frank Joyce, Anti-War Activist : If you can't handle a meeting that lasts 18 hours, you're not ready to be in the movement.

反战活动家弗兰克·乔伊斯 (Frank Joyce) 的声音：如果您无法处理持续 18 小时的会议，那么您还没有准备好参与运动。

Now, that's kind of a joke and it's kind of funny, and it's also kind of true because we had really incredibly intense and lengthy discussions and debates at any Mobe meeting that I was ever at.

现在，这有点像一个笑话，有点有趣，但也有点真实，因为在我参加过的任何 Mobe 会议上，我们都进行了非常激烈和漫长的讨论和辩论。

Voice of Cora Weiss, Women Strike for Peace : I had to fight all the way for my points, and I frequently won.

科拉·韦斯 (Cora Weiss) 的声音，《妇女争取和平》：我必须一路为自己的分数而战，而且我经常获胜。

SIDNEY PECK, Mobilization co-chair RON YOUNG, Mobilization coordinator SIDNEY LENS, Mobilization co-chair CORA WEISS, Mobilization co-chair

SIDNEY PECK，动员联合主席 RON YOUNG，动员协调员 SIDNEY LENS，动员联合主席 CORA WEISS，动员联合主席

Voice of Cora Weiss, Women Strike for Peace : My role, which I gave to myself, was to make sure that any demonstration that was planned would be safe for families.

科拉·韦斯 (Cora Weiss) 的声音，妇女争取和平罢工：我给自己的角色是确保计划中的任何示威活动对家庭来说都是安全的。

If I couldn't bring my children, I wasn't going to go to the demonstration and I wouldn't let them move off that issue until they agreed.

如果我不能带我的孩子，我就不会去参加示威，在他们同意之前我不会让他们放弃这个问题。

I said we would triple our numbers if we let the whole family come or quadruple our numbers and violence was not going to win us any friends.

我说过，如果我们让全家人都来的话，我们的人数就会增加三倍，或者增加四倍，而暴力不会为我们赢得任何朋友。

Voice of Margery Tabankin, Mobilization and Moratorium Volunteer : Cora was one tough cookie.

动员和暂停志愿者玛格丽·塔班金 (Margery Tabankin) 的声音：科拉是个难缠的人。

She was one of the only people in combination with this incredible guy, Reverend Dick Fernandez, who was like the gentle giant of the anti-war movement.

她是唯一与这个令人难以置信的家伙迪克·费尔南德斯牧师在一起的人之一，他就像反战运动中温柔的巨人。

They were the only people who could actually hold together all the different wings of what was now a really massive anti-war movement in the country.

他们是唯一能够真正将全国范围内大规模反战运动的所有不同派系团结在一起的人。

Voice of Rev.

牧师之声

Dick Fernandez, Clergy and Laity Concerned : At the Cleveland meeting we agreed to organize major anti-war demonstrations in November.

迪克·费尔南德斯（Dick Fernandez），神职人员和平信徒关心的问题：在克利夫兰会议上，我们同意在 11 月组织大型反战示威活动。

A 3-day protest in Washington and a large march and rally in San Francisco.

华盛顿举行了为期三天的抗议活动，旧金山举行了大型游行和集会。

We were able to figure out a way to lock arms going toward the Fall, fanning out across the country to stir up interest for the Fall anti-war protests.

我们找到了一种方法，锁定支持秋季的武器，在全国范围内展开，以激发人们对秋季反战抗议的兴趣。

Voice of Cora Weiss, New Mobilization Co-Chair : The public and the press spoke of November and October as The Moratorium days, not distinguishing between the two.

新动员联合主席科拉·韦斯 (Cora Weiss) 的声音：公众和媒体将 11 月和 10 月称为“暂停日”，但并未区分两者。

We all wanted the war in Vietnam to stop.

我们都希望越南战争停止。

And we appealed to the conscience of the American people.

我们呼吁美国人民的良心。

All of the leaders had some contact with religion.

所有的领导人都与宗教有一定的接触。

I couldn't believe it.

我简直不敢相信。

Dave Hawk and Sam Brown both went to theological seminary.

戴夫·霍克和萨姆·布朗都曾就读于神学院。

Marge Sklencar had spent a year in a nunnery.

玛吉·斯克伦卡在修道院度过了一年。

Even Dave Dellinger from the new MOBE went to theological seminary.

就连新 MOBE 的 Dave Dellinger 也进过神学院。

I mean, God must have been on our side!

我的意思是，上帝一定站在我们一边！

Voice of Anthony Lake, Kissinger Aide : I'm Tony Lake.

基辛格助手安东尼·莱克的声音：我是托尼·莱克。

Vietnam was very much a part of my early life.

越南是我早年生活的一部分。

I served in Vietnam for two years at the American embassy.

我在越南的美国大使馆工作了两年。

And then as the Vice Consul in Hue in central Vietnam.

然后担任越南中部顺化的副领事。

In 1969, Kissinger convinced me to become his special assistant.

1969年，基辛格说服我成为他的特别助理。

He told me that he was going to end the war in Vietnam and he knew I was passionate by then in my belief that the war was a horrible mistake.

他告诉我他要结束越南战争，他知道我当时充满热情，相信战争是一个可怕的错误。

And he was offering me the opportunity to work to try to end it.

他为我提供了努力结束这一切的机会。

And so I agreed.

所以我同意了。

Voice of Anthony Lake, Kissinger Aide : I flew with Kissinger to the secret meetings.

基辛格助手安东尼·莱克的声音：我和基辛格一起飞去参加秘密会议。

The State Department was being completely cut out including the Secretary of State.

国务院被完全排除，包括国务卿。

I did not believe that was the right way to run a railroad.

我不认为这是经营铁路的正确方式。

But I wasn't going to violate the secrecy that Kissinger had sworn me to.

但我不会违反基辛格向我发誓遵守的保密规定。

Voice of Roger Morris, Kissinger Aide : Kissinger asked Tony Lake and me to be what he called his special project staff in those talks with the North Vietnamese.

基辛格助手罗杰·莫里斯的声音：基辛格要求托尼·莱克和我担任他在与北越会谈中所谓的特别项目工作人员。

It was a stunning venture for me, meeting in safe houses in Paris completely off the record.

对我来说，这是一次令人惊叹的冒险，在巴黎的安全屋里见面，完全不公开。

Voice of Anthony Lake, Kissinger Aide: The strategy was to convince the North Vietnamese to withdraw their forces from South Vietnam.

基辛格助手安东尼·莱克的声音：战略是说服北越从南越撤军。

How do you do that?

你是怎么做到的？

Well, the answer was to threaten them, and Kissinger began implementing the threats, built around the ultimatum that if they did not withdraw their forces or agree to withdraw their forces by November 1st, then there would be measures of great force taken against them.

好吧，答案是威胁他们，基辛格开始实施威胁，围绕最后通牒，如果他们不撤军或同意在 11 月 1 日之前撤军，那么将对他们采取强大的武力措施。

The threats were never specific.

这些威胁从来都不是具体的。

It was simply measures of great force.

这只是采取了强大的武力措施。

Xuan Thuy, Diplomat, North Vietnam : And it was clear from the face of the North Vietnamese negotiator that he was not particularly intimidated by the threat.

北越外交官Xuan Thuy：从北越谈判代表的表情可以清楚地看出，他并没有特别被威胁吓倒。

Anti-Aircraft missile site, North Vietnam

北越防空导弹基地

They'd built their whole lives around Vietnamese independence.

他们的一生都是围绕越南独立而建立的。

I did not believe that any blow short of the almost complete destruction of North Vietnam was going to deter these people and those leaders who had spent their lifetimes fighting against foreign domination of their country.

我不相信除了几乎完全摧毁北越之外的任何打击都不会阻止这些人民和那些一生都在反对外国对他们国家的统治的领导人。

Voice of Roger Morris, Kissinger Aide: The approaches to the North Vietnamese had not yielded very much of any value.

基辛格助手罗杰·莫里斯的声音：与北越的接触并没有产生太多价值。

And so, if I had to characterize the late summer of 1969, it would be a kind of frustration and dismay and that inevitably made for the planning for a resort to extreme violence.

因此，如果我必须描述 1969 年夏末，那将是一种沮丧和沮丧，这不可避免地导致了诉诸极端暴力的计划。

Voice of Tom Wells, Writer: The plan for dramatic escalation of the war was known as Operation “Duck Hook” And I'm not sure how they came up with that name.

作家汤姆·威尔斯的声音：战争戏剧性升级的计划被称为“鸭钩”行动，我不确定他们是如何想出这个名字的。

It's a golf term, for slicing it to the left when you hit a golf ball.

这是一个高尔夫术语，指的是当你击打高尔夫球时将球向左切。

Voice of Carolyn Eisenberg, Historian : Duck Hook is a plan that Kissinger and his staff are working on.

历史学家卡罗琳·艾森伯格的声音：“鸭钩”是基辛格和他的工作人员正在制定的一项计划。

For Kissinger, the idea is that you're going to hit North Vietnam very hard, very dramatically, get a lot of casualties, scare them out of their wits and then pray that the North Vietnamese will now accept their terms.

对于基辛格来说，这个想法是，你要非常严厉、非常戏剧性地打击北越，造成大量人员伤亡，把他们吓得魂飞魄散，然后祈祷北越现在接受他们的条件。

Voice of Roger Morris, Kissinger Aide : A special working group was assembled and came to be known in some quarters as the September Group.

基辛格助手罗杰·莫里斯的声音：一个特别工作组成立了，在某些方面被称为“九月工作组”。

It was strictly select people from the NSC staff handpicked by Kissinger.

这是基辛格从国家安全委员会工作人员中严格挑选的人员。

Its marching orders were very clear and had been cast by Kissinger himself, which was his famous remark, “I can't believe that a fourth rate power like North Vietnam does not have a breaking point.”

它的行军命令非常明确，而且是基辛格亲自下达的，这就是他的名言：“我不敢相信像北越这样的四流强国没有崩溃点。”

We formulated plans for a very, very punishing blow.

我们制定了非常非常严厉的打击计划。

And those plans were very sophisticated and detailed in military terms

这些计划在军事方面非常复杂和详细

Col.

上校

Alexander Haig, Military aide to Kissinger

亚历山大·黑格，基辛格的军事助手

Voice of Anthony Lake, Kissinger aide : The military planning was being done in the military section of the NSC staff.

基辛格助手安东尼·莱克的声音：军事规划是在国家安全委员会参谋部的军事部门进行的。

I do remember looking at a draft and I do remember that it referred to the bombing of the dikes around the Red River in North Vietnam and being appalled at the thought of the devastation that would cause.

我确实记得看过一份草稿，我确实记得它提到了对北越红河周围堤坝的轰炸，一想到这将造成的破坏就感到震惊。

Voice of Daniel Ellsberg, Defense analyst : The plans for escalation, code named Duck Hook, called for all kinds of escalations and options, including going into Cambodia and Laos, and possibly a full invasion of North Vietnam.

国防分析师丹尼尔·埃尔斯伯格的声音：代号为“Duck Hook”的升级计划要求采取各种升级和选择，包括进入柬埔寨和老挝，甚至可能全面入侵北越。

Definitely for an expansion of bombing to all areas of North Vietnam up to the northernmost areas on the border with China and Including the use of nuclear weapons.

肯定是将轰炸范围扩大到北越所有地区，直至与中国接壤的最北端地区，包括使用核武器。

“Top Secret” “Vietnam Contingency Planning: Concept of Operations”

《绝密》《越南应急计划：行动概念》

“clean nuclear interdiction of three NVN-Laos passes” “nuclear interdiction of two NVN-CPR railroads”

“对 NVN-老挝 3 个通道实施核封锁” “对 NVN-CPR 两条铁路实施核封锁”

Voice of Daniel Ellsberg, Defense Analyst, RAND Corporation: Only a handful of people in the White House and the Pentagon knew that the war was on the verge of becoming much larger and possibly nuclear.

兰德公司国防分析师丹尼尔·埃尔斯伯格的声音：白宫和五角大楼中只有少数人知道战争即将变得更大，甚至可能是核战争。

Voice of Roger Morris, Kissinger Aide : The massive, savage blow that we contemplated in the September Group was going to kill hundreds of thousands of people.

基辛格助手罗杰·莫里斯的声音：我们在“九月集团”中设想的大规模、野蛮的打击将导致数十万人死亡。

It was going to risk confrontation with the great powers.

它将冒着与大国对抗的风险。

It was an extraordinarily risky and punishing option.

这是一个极其危险和惩罚性的选择。

I think Kissinger and Nixon were ruthless.

我认为基辛格和尼克松是无情的。

I think in many respects they were savage.

我认为他们在很多方面都是野蛮的。

I think they were expedient.

我认为他们是权宜之计。

I think that for both men the end justified the means.

我认为对于两个人来说，目的都证明了手段的合理性。

And I think that they were, if not blind, relatively insensate to the sheer depth and breadth and horror of the human cost.

我认为，他们即使不是盲目，也对人类付出的代价的深度、广度和恐怖相对麻木不仁。

FALL

秋季

Voice of David Hartsough, Quaker Lobbyist : When I heard that there were some young people organizing what they called the Vietnam Moratorium, their office was over on Vermont Avenue, I went over to visit them and it was really inspiring!

贵格会游说者戴维·哈特索之声：当我听说有一些年轻人组织了他们所谓的越南暂停行动，他们的办公室在佛蒙特大道上时，我就过去拜访了他们，这真的很鼓舞人心！

They were in touch with student groups and church groups, community people all over the country!

他们与全国各地的学生团体、教会团体、社区人士保持联系！

Voice of Joan Libby, Moratorium staff : The people in the office were fantastic - they were bright and they were funny, and they all came from somewhere different.

暂停工作人员琼·利比 (Joan Libby) 的声音：办公室里的人都很棒 - 他们很聪明，很有趣，而且他们都来自不同的地方。

You got there early and fueled yourself on coffee and soda and cheap food.

你很早就到了那里，喝了咖啡、苏打水和便宜的食物来补充能量。

And worked until midnight, one or two, every day.

每天工作一到两点。

There was George Wiley who ran the Poor People’s Campaign.

乔治·威利（George Wiley）负责穷人运动。

There were numerous people out of the civil rights movement like Fannie Lou Hamer.

像范妮·卢·哈默这样的民权运动人士有很多。

Paul Newman came in to kind of cheer us up at times, but also to use his network to help raise money and visibility and keep things going.

保罗·纽曼有时会来给我们打气，但也会利用他的人际网络来帮助筹集资金和知名度，让事情继续下去。

Voice of David Mixner, Moratorium Co-Organizer : Bill Clinton was working with Senator Fulbright as an intern.

暂停联合组织者戴维·米克斯纳 (David Mixner) 的声音：比尔·克林顿 (Bill Clinton) 曾作为实习生与参议员富布赖特 (Fulbright) 一起工作。

He came over and Clinton and I hit it off instantly and became friends.

他过来了，我和克林顿一拍即合，成了朋友。

Big country man, big hillbilly.

大乡下人，大乡巴佬。

And I mean it was so clear that he wanted to be president.

我的意思是，很明显他想当总统。

Voice of Sam Brown, Moratorium Co-Organizer : A regular volunteer in our office, Betty Ann Ottinger, Dick Ottinger’s wife, was den mother to us all.

暂停联合组织者萨姆·布朗 (Sam Brown) 的声音：我们办公室的一名常规志愿者贝蒂·安·奥廷格 (Betty Ann Ottinger)，迪克·奥廷格 (Dick Ottinger) 的妻子，是我们所有人的母亲。

She was 10 or 15 years older, and she was in the office every day.

她比她大10、15岁，每天都在办公室。

Wife of a congressman.

国会议员的妻子。

Voice of David Mixner, Moratorium Co-Organizer : I was put in charge of labor.

暂停令联合组织者大卫·米克斯纳 (David Mixner) 的声音：我被安排负责劳工工作。

The big unions had been very pro war, their rank and file.

大工会及其普通员工都非常支持战争。

But these were the people we needed.

但这些正是我们需要的人。

A man named Bill Dodds was Walter Reuthers’ top aide at the United Automobile Workers.

比尔·多兹 (Bill Dodds) 是沃尔特·鲁瑟斯 (Walter Reuthers) 在美国汽车工人联合会 (United Automobile Workers) 的高级助手。

And I went to Bill and Bill had behind him Ben Shahn’s lithograph of Gandhi and I knew I was in the right place.

我去找了比尔，比尔身后放着本·沙恩的甘地版画，我知道我来对地方了。

And I said, Bill, we're not going to stop this war until labor comes.

我说，比尔，在劳动力到来之前我们不会停止这场战争。

And the only one that can make it a reality is Mr. Reuther and his brother, Victor.

唯一能够使其成为现实的人是鲁瑟先生和他的兄弟维克多。

How do we do this?

我们该怎么做？

He said, first of all you have to understand there is strong support in the UAW members for the war so if it’s not done right Mr. Reuther could get hurt very badly.

他说，首先你必须明白，UAW 成员对战争有强烈的支持，因此，如果处理不当，鲁瑟先生可能会受到严重伤害。

But we hammered out an agreement where Walter Reuther would be the first major labor leader to come out against the war.

但我们敲定了一项协议，沃尔特·鲁瑟将成为第一个站出来反对战争的主要劳工领袖。

So Sam Brown came with me, and we met with Mr. Reuther and outlined what he would do and what he wouldn’t do.

于是萨姆·布朗和我一起来了，我们会见了鲁瑟先生，概述了他会做什么和不会做什么。

And I'll never forget, he hugged us and said, I'm so proud of you.

我永远不会忘记，他拥抱我们并说，我为你们感到骄傲。

You remind me of Victor and I in the early years in the labor movement.

你让我想起了维克多和我早年的劳工运动。

And I said, I can't think of any greater compliment that you could have given us Mr. Reuther.

我说，我想不出还有什么比您对鲁瑟先生更好的赞美了。

And we're walking through the door and he has his arms on Sam and my shoulder.

当我们走进门时，他的手臂搭在萨姆和我的肩膀上。

He said, ‘Did I ever tell you about going to the dentist?” and I thought, what the fuck is this?

他说：‘我有告诉过你去看牙医的事吗？我想，这他妈是什么？

Is it some sort of joke?

这是某种玩笑吗？

And he said, “I hated to go to the dentist more than anything in the world.

他说：“我最讨厌去看牙医。

But finally, I got this toothache that I couldn't live with.

但最终，我的牙痛让我无法忍受。

So I went in and I got in that chair.

所以我进去了，坐在那把椅子上。

And that dentist came at me with that buzz saw towards my tooth.

那个牙医拿着圆锯朝我走来，对着我的牙齿。

And I grabbed him by the balls and squeezed them hard and looked him in the eyes and said, We're not going to hurt each other are we doctor?”

我抓住他的蛋蛋，用力挤压，看着他的眼睛说，我们不会互相伤害吧，医生吗？”

I knew what that story was about.

我知道那个故事是关于什么的。

It was like, don't you fuck me.

就像，别操我。

Or I'll have you both by the balls.

不然我就让你们两个都死心塌地。

And I said, “Mr. Reuther, that story is not wasted on us.” And he said, “I thought you would get it, David.

我说：“先生。鲁瑟，这个故事对我们来说并没有浪费。”他说：“我以为你会明白的，大卫。

I thought you would.”

我以为你会的。”

Song: Peter, Paul and Mary, “ The Times They Are a Changin ’ “Come senators, congressman, please heed the call Don’ t stand in the doorway, don ’ t block up the hall ”

歌曲：彼得、保罗和玛丽，“时代正在改变”“参议员们，国会议员们，请听从号召，不要站在门口，不要堵塞大厅”

Voice of David Mixner, Moratorium Co-Organizer: We got a huge number of endorsements, which had never before come out publicly as a unified opposition to the war.

暂停令联合组织者戴维·米克斯纳 (David Mixner) 表示：我们得到了大量支持，这是以前从未公开公开表示一致反对战争的。

Congressman Don Riegle, Congressman Pete McCloskey.

国会议员唐·里格尔（Don Riegle）、国会议员皮特·麦克洛斯基（Pete McCloskey）。

Senator Hatfield, McGovern.

参议员哈特菲尔德、麦戈文。

And we got it being for immediate withdrawal.

我们得到的是立即撤回。

We didn’t budge on that.

我们对此没有让步。

And I remember one Senator saying, David, you can't do that.

我记得一位参议员说，大卫，你不能这样做。

And I said, well, we have to.

我说，好吧，我们必须这样做。

And they said, well, how would you do it?

他们说，好吧，你会怎么做？

It's just not practical.

这只是不切实际。

And I said, it’s real easy, stop making it complex.

我说，这真的很简单，别让它变得复杂。

You put them on ships and planes and you point them East and you bring them home.

你把它们放在轮船和飞机上，把它们指向东方，然后把它们带回家。

Reporter : Mr. President, what is your view, sir, concerning the student Moratorium and other campus demonstrations being planned for this Fall against the Vietnam War?

记者：总统先生，您对计划于今年秋天举行的学生暂停活动和其他校园反越战示威活动有何看法？

President Nixon : I understand that there has been and continues to be opposition to the war in Vietnam on the campuses and also in the nation.

尼克松总统：据我所知，在校园和全国范围内一直存在并将继续存在反对越南战争的声音。

As far as this kind of activity is concerned, we expect it.

对于这样的活动，我们是期待的。

However, under no circumstances will I be affected whatever by it.

然而，在任何情况下我都不会受到它的影响。

Voice of David Hawk, Moratorium Co-Organizer : As soon as he said, under no circumstances, will I be affected by it whatsoever, we knew that it was much too harsh and cavalier a statement.

暂停令联合组织者 David Hawk 的声音：当他说“在任何情况下我都不会受到影响”时，我们就知道这是一个过于严厉和傲慢的声明。

So we seized on it.

所以我们抓住了它。

(laugh)

（笑）

Sam Brown, Moratorium Co-Organizer : “Good morning.

暂停联合组织者萨姆·布朗：“早上好。

I’m Sam Brown, one of the co-coordinators of the Vietnam Moratorium Committee…"

我是萨姆·布朗，越南暂停令委员会的联合协调员之一……”

Voice of David Hawk, Moratorium Organizer : We immediately called a press conference which was extremely well attended with TV cameras and national reporters.

暂停组织者戴维·霍克 (David Hawk) 的声音：我们立即召开了新闻发布会，电视摄像机和国家记者出席了会议。

Sam Brown, Moratorium Co-Organizer : And we intend to build a movement which will make it imperative that the United States withdraw from Vietnam.

暂停行动联合组织者萨姆·布朗：我们打算发起一场运动，迫使美国从越南撤军。

Voice of David Hawk, Moratorium Organizer: Our response to Nixon ended up being on the front page of the Washington Post.

暂停组织者戴维·霍克的声音：我们对尼克松的回应最终登上了《华盛顿邮报》的头版。

At which point newspapers editors around the country realized that the Moratorium was a big national story.

此时，全国各地的报纸编辑意识到暂停令是一个全国性的大新闻。

The same day, Kissinger delivers an urgent warning to Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin.

同一天，基辛格向苏联大使阿纳托利·多勃雷宁发出紧急警告。

Voice of Anthony Lake, Kissinger Aide : I was there when Kissinger told Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin that the train has left the station, i.e. that we were now going to go after the North Vietnamese with measures of great force, if the Soviets didn't help us by making the North Vietnamese agree.

基辛格助手安东尼·莱克的声音：当基辛格告诉苏联大使多勃雷宁火车已经离开车站时，我就在场，也就是说，如果苏联不通过让北越同意来帮助我们，我们现在将用强大的武力追捕北越。

Voice of Tom Wells, Writer : If the North Vietnamese did not come to satisfactory peace terms by November 1st they were going to dramatically escalate the war.

作家汤姆·威尔斯 (Tom Wells) 的声音：如果北越在 11 月 1 日之前未能达成令人满意的和平条款，他们将会使战争急剧升级。

Operation Duck Hook, what Kissinger called “a savage punishing blow,” possibly even using nuclear devices.

鸭钩行动，基辛格称之为“野蛮的惩罚性打击”，甚至可能使用核装置。

Voice of Daniel Ellsberg, Defense Analyst: We had no notion that as of October 1969 the possibility of nuclear war lay weeks ahead.

国防分析师 Daniel Ellsberg 的声音：截至 1969 年 10 月，我们并没有意识到核战争的可能性会在未来几周内出现。

News reporter : The Mennonite bell at Bethel College was rung once for each of the American men killed in the war.

新闻记者：伯特利学院的门诺派钟声为每一位在战争中丧生的美国人敲响一次。

It is still ringing tonight.

今晚铃声依然响起。

It will still be ringing tomorrow.

明天依然会响。

News Reporter : A dove was released above Chicago’s Civic Center this afternoon, symbolizing in its flight to freedom the hopes of 5,000 peace demonstrators gathered in the plaza below.

新闻记者：今天下午，一只鸽子在芝加哥市政中心上空被放飞，它的飞翔象征着聚集在下面广场上的 5000 名和平示威者的希望。

News Reporter: They came across the Charles River from Harvard and they marched from MIT and Boston University.

新闻记者：他们从哈佛大学跨过查尔斯河，从麻省理工学院和波士顿大学出发。

They came from almost all of the city’s colleges and universities and despite their numbers their marches were peaceful.

他们几乎来自该市所有的学院和大学，尽管人数众多，但他们的游行是和平的。

Perhaps 100,000 came.

也许有十万人来了。

At any rate never before has Boston seen so many demonstrate so peacefully for peace.

无论如何，波士顿以前从未见过如此多的人如此和平地示威要求和平。

Voice of Joan Libby, Moratorium Staff : It was a really beautiful day.

暂停工作人员琼·利比 (Joan Libby) 的声音： 这真是美好的一天。

All of a sudden it is real.

突然之间，一切都变成了现实。

And that was like jubilant.

那感觉就像是欢欣鼓舞。

Song: The Byrds, “Chimes of Freedom” Far between sundown’ s finish And midnight’ s broken toll We ducked inside the doorway, thunder crashing As majestic bells of bolts Struck shadows in these sounds Seeming to be the chimes of freedom flashing Flashing for the warriors whose strength is not to fight Flashing for the refugees on the unarmed road of flight And for each and every underdog soldier in the night And we gazed upon the chimes of freedom flashing

歌曲：飞鸟乐队，《自由的钟声》 在日落结束和午夜钟声响起之间，我们躲进门口，雷声轰然，如同雄伟的螺栓钟声，在这些声音中敲响阴影，似乎是自由的钟声在闪烁，为那些没有力量战斗的战士闪烁，为手无寸铁的逃亡路上的难民闪烁，为每一个夜色中的失败者士兵，我们凝视着自由的钟声闪烁。

IDs over montage of protests: Michigan State University, Lansing, MI Carlisle, PA Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA Washington, DC Cincinnati, OH Middletown, CT Denver, CO University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI Atlanta, Georgia Milwaukee, WISC New Orleans San Francisco

抗议蒙太奇上的 ID：密歇根州立大学、兰辛、密歇根州卡莱尔、宾夕法尼亚州南卫理公会大学、德克萨斯州达拉斯、斯坦福大学、加利福尼亚州帕洛阿尔托、华盛顿特区、辛辛那提、俄亥俄州米德尔敦、康涅狄格州丹佛、科罗拉多州威斯康星大学、麦迪逊、威斯康星州亚特兰大、佐治亚州密尔沃基、WISC 新奥尔良、旧金山

Voice of Melvin Small, Historian, Wayne State University : Nothing like this had ever been seen before.

韦恩州立大学历史学家 Melvin Small 的声音：以前从未见过这样的事情。

On October 15th, 1969, there were demonstrations, vigils, marches, appeals in at least 200 cities, involving at least 2 million people and maybe as many as 3 million.

1969年10月15日，至少200个城市发生了示威、守夜、游行、请愿，涉及人数至少200万，可能多达300万。

And it went from the East coast, from Maine, from New England all the way to the Golden Gate Bridge.

它从东海岸，从缅因州，从新英格兰一直到金门大桥。

Howard K.

霍华德·K.

Smith, ABC News : The word protestor generally evokes an image of long hair and love beads.

史密斯，美国广播公司新闻：“抗议者”这个词通常会让人联想到长发和爱心珠子的形象。

But today the crowds that marched and chanted and cheered the speeches looked more like a cross-section picked by the Census Bureau.

但今天，游行、高呼口号、为演讲欢呼的人群看起来更像是人口普查局挑选的横截面。

Los Angeles, CA Harold Willens and Paul Schrade, United Auto Workers

加利福尼亚州洛杉矶 Harold Willens 和 Paul Schrade，美国汽车工人联合会

Harold Willens: I speak for Business Executives Move for Vietnam Peace of which I am a co-founder, and which has some 2,600 executives who have endorsed and who support the Vietnam Moratorium.

哈罗德·威伦斯：我代表企业高管为越南和平而行动，我是该组织的联合创始人，该组织约有 2,600 名高管认可并支持越南暂停令。

We’re proud, we business executives, to stand behind them and support them in this remarkable, popular effort which they have launched and which is now taking on the proportions of a tidal wave.

作为企业高管，我们很自豪能站在他们身后并支持他们这项非凡的、受大众欢迎的努力，这项努力现在正掀起一股浪潮。

Berkeley, CA Reading the names of the war dead in the rain

加利福尼亚州伯克利市 在雨中宣读战争死难者的名字

Fannie Lou Hamer, UC Berkeley : Bring those men home from Vietnam.

Fannie Lou Hamer，加州大学伯克利分校：将这些人从越南带回家。

I am sick of the racist war in Vietnam when we don't have justice in the United States.

我厌倦了越南的种族主义战争，而美国却没有正义。

Song: Rascals, “People Got to Be Free” All the world over it’ s so easy to see People everywhere just wanna be free Listen please listen, that’ s the way it should be Deep in the valley, people got to be free See that train over there?

歌曲：流氓，“人们必须自由” 全世界都很容易看到 世界各地的人们都想要自由 听着，请听着，这就是应该的方式 在山谷深处，人们必须自由 看到那边的火车了吗？

Concert for Peace, Lincoln Center, New York City

和平音乐会，林肯中心，纽约市

John Lindsay, Mayor, New York City: We ask every citizen to examine his own conscience.

纽约市市长约翰·林赛：我们要求每个公民审视自己的良心。

Announcer : Welcome to the 4th game of the 1969 World Series.

播音员：欢迎收看 1969 年世界职业棒球大赛的第四场比赛。

The amazing New York Mets, underdogs when this Series began, now lead the Baltimore Orioles two games to one.

令人惊叹的纽约大都会队在本系列赛开始时处于劣势，现在以两比一领先巴尔的摩金莺队。

Song, Bob Dylan, “Chimes of Freedom” Far between sundown’ s finish and midnight ’ s broken toll We ducked inside the doorways, the thunder went crashing As majestic bells of bolts…

歌曲，鲍勃·迪伦，《自由的钟声》在日落结束和午夜钟声敲响之间，我们躲进门口，雷声轰然作响，就像闪电的雄伟钟声……

Voice of Margery Tabankin, Moratorium organizer, University of Wisconsin : The brilliance of the Moratorium was that it put front and center real Americans from real America.

威斯康星大学暂停令组织者玛格丽·塔班金 (Margery Tabankin) 的声音： 暂停令的高明之处在于，它将来自真正美国的真正美国人放在了前面和中心。

What a brilliant idea to mainstream it and give it a face in the public that was not as threatening and was more understandable to the average person.

将其纳入主流并在公众面前赋予它一个不那么具有威胁性并且对普通人来说更容易理解的面孔，这是多么明智的想法啊。

This is for everybody!

这是给每个人的！

Bob Dylan , “Chimes of Freedom” song ends: And we gazed upon the chimes of freedom flashing

鲍勃·迪伦《自由之钟》歌曲结束：我们凝视着闪烁的自由之钟

Voice of Carolyn Eisenberg, Historian : Nixon is very disturbed by the Moratorium even though he announces that he's been paying no attention to it.

历史学家卡罗琳·艾森伯格的声音：尼克松对暂停令感到非常不安，尽管他宣称他一直没有关注它。

And he's very, very worried about the second demonstration that's coming in November.

他对 11 月份即将举行的第二次示威活动非常非常担心。

Voice of Tom Wells, Writer : Nixon was concerned that these protests in the fall of ’69 undercut the credibility of his ultimatum by convincing the North Vietnamese that he did not have enough domestic support to carry out his ultimatum.

作家汤姆·威尔斯 (Tom Wells) 的声音：尼克松担心 69 年秋天的这些抗议活动让北越人相信他没有足够的国内支持来执行他的最后通牒，从而削弱了他最后通牒的可信度。

And that if he dramatically escalated the war, the country might explode.

如果他急剧升级战争，这个国家可能会爆炸。

Voice of Melvin Small, Historian, Wayne State University : Nixon folded.

韦恩州立大学历史学家梅尔文·斯莫尔 (Melvin Small) 的声音：尼克松折叠了。

He did not go through with Operation Duck Hook because he didn't think the American public would settle for the kind of military escalation that he had in mind.

他没有实施“鸭钩行动”，因为他认为美国公众不会满足于他所设想的军事升级。

Voice of Anthony Lake, Kissinger aide : I know that Kissinger was very unhappy but do not ask me to get into the mind of Richard Nixon and tell you exactly what was going through it.

基辛格助手安东尼·莱克的声音：我知道基辛格非常不高兴，但不要让我进入理查德·尼克松的内心并告诉你到底经历了什么。

In his memoir, Nixon acknowledged the Moratorium’ s impact.

尼克松在回忆录中承认了暂停令的影响。

“Although publicIy I continued to ignore the raging antiwar controversy,I had to face the fact that it had probably destroyed the credibility of my ultimatum to Hanoi.” “It was important that the Communists not mistake as weakness the lack of dramatic action on my part in carrying out the ultimatum.”

“尽管我在公开场合继续无视激烈的反战争议，但我不得不面对这样一个事实：它可能破坏了我向河内发出最后通牒的可信度。” “重要的是，共产党不要将我在执行最后通牒方面缺乏戏剧性行动误认为是软弱。”

“I thought the Soviets would need a special reminder.”

“我认为苏联人需要特别提醒。”

Voice of William Burr, Senior Analyst, National Security Archive : Nixon and Kissinger ordered a secret worldwide nuclear alert, in the hope that it would lend credibility to their prior warnings to Moscow and Hanoi.

国家安全档案馆高级分析师威廉·伯尔的声音：尼克松和基辛格下令在全球范围内发出秘密核警报，希望这能让他们之前向莫斯科和河内发出的警告更加可信。

It was supposed to be what Nixon called “a special reminder” of how far he might go.

这应该是尼克松所说的“特别提醒”，告诉他他可能会走多远。

Voice of Joe Urgo, U.S. Air Force Security Sergeant: After serving in Vietnam, in 1969 I was assigned to a base in Atlantic City.

美国空军安全中士 Joe Urgo 的声音：在越南服役后，1969 年我被分配到大西洋城的一个基地。

And we had nuclear bunkers with nuclear weapons at this base.

我们在这个基地有带有核武器的核掩体。

In the fall of 1969, between the October 15th Moratorium and the November 15th Moratorium all of a sudden, we go on this alert.

1969 年秋天，在 10 月 15 日暂停和 11 月 15 日暂停之间，我们突然保持了这种警惕。

We had F-106 fighter interceptor jets and the planes are sitting out on the taxi-way loaded with nuclear weapons.

我们有 F-106 战斗机拦截机，这些飞机停在滑行道上，装载着核武器。

Nobody was explaining anything to us and I was freaked out by this — seeing those planes out of the hangar loaded with nuclear weapons.

没有人向我们解释任何事情，我被这件事吓坏了——看到那些装载着核武器的飞机从机库出来。

Voice of Daniel Ellsberg, Former Nuclear War Planner, Defense Department : Nixon ordered a Strategic Air Command SAC alert that would make it look as though we were on the edge of launching nuclear war.

国防部前核战争规划师丹尼尔·埃尔斯伯格的声音：尼克松下令战略空军司令部 SAC 发出警报，这将使我们看起来好像处于发动核战争的边缘。

Done in a way that would not be visible to the American people, Nixon demanded, but would be visible to the Soviets.

尼克松要求，以美国人民看不到的方式完成，但苏联人却可以看到。

Voice of William Burr, National Security Archive : There was a risk that the Soviets could see the readiness measures nuclear alert as threatening but it was a risk that Nixon and Kissinger apparently thought was worth taking.

国家安全档案馆威廉·伯尔的声音：苏联可能会将核警戒准备措施视为威胁，但尼克松和基辛格显然认为值得冒这个风险。

Animated map of the world showing nuclear alert activity

显示核警报活动的世界动画地图

It involved nuclear military operations around the world carried out between October 13th and October 30th, 1969.

它涉及1969年10月13日至10月30日期间在世界各地进行的核军事行动。

The activities included movements of aircraft carriers and ballistic missile submarines to destroyers and to the shadowing of Soviet merchant ships sailing towards Haiphong Harbor.

这些活动包括航空母舰和弹道导弹潜艇向驱逐舰移动以及跟踪驶向海防港的苏联商船。

Beginning on October 27th, the SAC plan put six B-52s in the air.

从 10 月 27 日开始，SAC 计划将 6 架 B-52 投入空中。

For 18 hours stretches each day for three days in a row.

每天18小时，连续三天。

All over northern Alaska.

遍布阿拉斯加北部。

Nixon assumed that he could bend Cold War adversaries to his will by making them fear that he was crazy enough to launch a nuclear attack.

尼克松认为，他可以通过让冷战对手担心他疯狂到发动核攻击来让他们屈服于他的意志。

It remains to be learned what exactly Moscow made of the alert.

莫斯科究竟对这一警报有何反应还有待了解。

What is known is that the nuclear ploy failed to move the Soviets, and that failure marked a turning point in the administration's strategy for exiting from Vietnam.

众所周知，核策略未能打动苏联，这一失败标志着政府退出越南战略的转折点。

President Nixon: Good evening, my fellow Americans.

尼克松总统：晚上好，我的美国同胞们。

Tonight I want to talk to you on a subject of deep concern to all Americans and to many people in all parts of the world, the war in Vietnam.

今晚我想和大家谈谈所有美国人和世界各地许多人都深切关注的话题：越南战争。

Voice of Carolyn Eisenberg, Historian : Nixon had planned to give a speech on November 3rd, and the speech that he intended to give was supposed to be announcing his escalation of the war.

历史学家卡罗琳·艾森伯格的声音：尼克松原计划于 11 月 3 日发表演讲，而他打算发表的演讲应该是宣布他的战争升级。

But that's no longer in the hopper, and so now he’s very clear that he’s going to direct his November speech really to the question of how to diffuse the peace movement.

但现在他已经不再考虑这个问题了，所以现在他非常清楚，他将在 11 月份的演讲中真正讨论如何扩散和平运动的问题。

President Nixon : In San Francisco a few weeks ago, I saw demonstrators carrying signs reading, “Lose in Vietnam - bring the boys home!”

尼克松总统：几周前在旧金山，我看到示威者举着标语，上面写着“越南失败了——把孩子们带回家！”

As President of the United States, I would be untrue to my oath of office if I allowed the policy of this nation to be dictated by the minority who hold that point of view and who try to impose it on the nation by mounting demonstrations in the streets.

作为美国总统，如果我允许这个国家的政策由持这种观点的少数人决定，并试图通过在街头举行示威活动将其强加给国家，那么我就违背了我的就职誓言。

Voice of David Hawk, Moratorium Co-Organizer: In Nixon's November 3rd speech he made very clear that the war was going to go on and that he was gonna attack the opponents of the war.

暂停令联合组织者戴维·霍克的声音：在尼克松 11 月 3 日的讲话中，他非常明确地表示战争将继续下去，并且他将攻击战争的反对者。

President Nixon : And so tonight, to you, the great silent majority of my fellow Americans, I ask for your support.

尼克松总统：今晚，我向你们，我的美国同胞中沉默的大多数同胞请求你们的支持。

Let us be united for peace.

让我们为了和平而团结起来。

Let us also be united against defeat.

让我们也团结起来反对失败。

Because let us understand: North Vietnam cannot defeat or humiliate the United States.

因为让我们明白：北越无法击败或羞辱美国。

Only Americans can do that.

只有美国人才能做到这一点。

Voice of Stephen Bull, President ’ s Nixon ’ s Personal Aide : I believe that the "silent majority" speech gave permission for those who were being cowed by the Left to stand up and say, "No, you violent, anti American people are wrong.

尼克松总统的私人助理史蒂芬·布尔的声音：我相信“沉默的大多数”演讲让那些被左派吓倒的人站起来说：“不，你们这些暴力的、反美的人错了。

We're standing up for America.

我们正在为美国挺身而出。

And we're standing up for this President."

我们正在支持这位总统。”

I remember him being in a very good mood the next morning.

我记得第二天早上他心情很好。

His desk was covered with a mountain of telegrams congratulating the president on his speech and pledging support.

他的办公桌上堆满了祝贺总统演讲并承诺支持的电报。

Voice of Melvin Small, Historian, Wayne State University: Now, obviously a lot of people sent in telegrams and letters to the White House but a lot of the letters that arrived at the White House were a part of a secret run program by the Republican National Committee.

韦恩州立大学历史学家梅尔文·斯莫尔的声音：现在，显然有很多人向白宫发送了电报和信件，但到达白宫的很多信件都是共和党全国委员会秘密运行计划的一部分。

Voice of Carolyn Eisenberg, Historian, Hofstra University: They want to make sure that the White House is flooded with telegrams and phone calls that will express vast enthusiasm for what he's just said.

霍夫斯特拉大学历史学家卡罗琳·艾森伯格的声音：他们希望确保白宫充满电报和电话，表达对他刚才所说的话的巨大热情。

They've already developed a network for doing it.

他们已经开发了一个网络来做到这一点。

They have a whole set of organizations that are in place to get their members to make phone calls, to send these telegrams, so that's a setup by them.

他们有一整套组织来让他们的成员打电话，发送这些电报，所以这是他们的设置。

Voice of Christian Appy, Historian : As a backlash to the anti-war demonstrations of the Fall of 1969, many powerful people around the country who supported the war rallied around Nixon.

历史学家克里斯蒂安·阿皮的声音：作为对 1969 年秋天反战示威的强烈抵制，全国许多支持战争的有权势人士聚集在尼克松周围。

And he began to really successfully turn the debates around Vietnam into a debate around patriotism and cast anti-war activists as unpatriotic, playing a kind of divisive politics that the Nixon administration was really expert at doing.

他开始真正成功地将围绕越南的辩论转变为围绕爱国主义的辩论，并将反战活动人士视为不爱国，玩弄一种尼克松政府真正擅长的分裂政治。

Carl Stern, News Reporter: A massive anti-war march with a quarter to a half-million people is supposed to come down Pennsylvania Avenue and past the White House November 15.

新闻记者卡尔·斯特恩：预计 11 月 15 日将有 25 至 50 万人参加的大规模反战游行沿着宾夕法尼亚大道经过白宫。

Voice of Melvin Small, Historian: Nixon is going into an offensive mode against the demonstrators and he knows that on November 15th there is going to be a massive demonstration led by the New MOBE.

历史学家梅尔文·斯莫尔 (Melvin Small) 的声音：尼克松正在对示威者采取进攻模式，他知道 11 月 15 日将有新 MOBE 领导的大规模示威活动。

Voice of Carolyn Eisenberg, Historian : The positive coverage that had been the case with the Moratorium, Nixon doesn’t want that to happen again.

历史学家卡罗琳·艾森伯格的声音：关于暂停令的积极报道，尼克松不希望这种情况再次发生。

Voice of Pat Buchanan, Nixon Aide : So I wrote Nixon a memo, and I said, “It’s time to attack the media.” And I said the Vice President of the United States ought to deliver this speech, and so I wrote that Agnew speech.

尼克松助手帕特·布坎南的声音：所以我给尼克松写了一份备忘录，我说，“是时候攻击媒体了。”我说这个演讲应该由美国副总统发表，所以我写了阿格纽的演讲。

And there was one editor for that Agnew speech: Richard Milhouse Nixon.

阿格纽的演讲有一位编辑：理查德·米尔豪斯·尼克松。

And he said, “This’ll tear the scab off those bastards.” And we broke out laughin’ (laughs)...

他说：“这会撕掉那些混蛋的痂。”然后我们就大笑起来（笑）……

and it did.

确实如此。

Spiro Agnew, Vice President : How many marches and demonstrations would we have if the marchers did not know that the ever-faithful TV cameras would be there to record their antics for the next news show?

副总统斯皮罗·阿格纽（Spiro Agnew）：如果游行者不知道永远忠实的电视摄像机会在那里记录下一次新闻节目的滑稽动作，我们会有多少次游行和示威？

(big applause)

（热烈鼓掌）

Voice of Carolyn Eisenberg, Historian : They get Agnew to give a major speech attacking the media and they put pressure on the media to run Agnew's speech in its entirety, which they do.

历史学家卡罗琳·艾森伯格的声音：他们让阿格纽发表攻击媒体的重要演讲，并向媒体施加压力，要求媒体完整报道阿格纽的演讲，他们也这么做了。

Voice of Melvin Small, Historian : Nixon has his Vice-President Spiro Agnew go on the attack directly against the media.

历史学家梅尔文·斯莫尔的声音：尼克松让他的副总统斯皮罗·阿格纽直接攻击媒体。

He attacked the elitism of the Eastern elites, the people in Washington, in New York.

他攻击东方精英、华盛顿和纽约人民的精英主义。

He earlier had called them “the nattering nabobs of negativism.” “Who elected these people to tell you what to think?”

他早些时候曾称他们为“消极主义的喋喋不休的大佬”。 “谁选了这些人来告诉你该怎么想？”

Vice-President Spiro Agnew : The views of the majority of this fraternity do not — and I repeat, not — represent the views of America.

副总统斯皮罗·阿格纽：这个兄弟会大多数人的观点并不——我再说一遍，不代表美国的观点。

(applause)

（掌声）

Voice of Melvin Small, Historian : It is interesting to note that journalism scholars think this is the beginning of the American people beginning to lose faith in their media.

历史学家梅尔文·斯莫尔的声音：有趣的是，新闻学者认为这是美国人民开始对媒体失去信心的开始。

Weatherman “ Days of Rage ” Chicago, October 8-11, 1969

天气预报员“愤怒的日子”芝加哥，1969 年 10 月 8 日至 11 日

Voice of Sam Brown, Moratorium Co-Organizer : A day or two before the November march, Bill Ayers, who was then with the Weathermen, he came into the office to say that their intent was to mount an attack on the Justice Department during the demonstration.

暂停活动联合组织者萨姆·布朗 (Sam Brown) 的声音：11 月游行前一两天，当时与气象员在一起的比尔·艾尔斯 (Bill Ayers) 走进办公室，表示他们的意图是在示威期间对司法部发动攻击。

But he knew that we had been very successful raising money and that if we gave them as I recall, $20,000, they would call off the demonstration at the Justice Department.

但他知道我们筹集资金非常成功，如果我们给他们 20,000 美元（我记得是这样），他们就会取消司法部的示威活动。

Straight out blackmail.

直接敲诈勒索。

Extortion, whatever.

敲诈勒索什么的。

This was hard to believe that it was actually taking place.

很难相信这真的发生了。

Of course we said, go away, get out of here.

我们当然说，走开，离开这里。

But we knew that that was a potential for incredible trouble.

但我们知道这可能会带来难以置信的麻烦。

Bill Downs, ABC News: It’s estimated that some 3,000 troops will be bivouacked here under canvas during the crisis period.

Bill Downs，ABC 新闻：据估计，危机期间将有约 3,000 名士兵在帐篷下扎营。

Marines from the 2nd Marine Division which will be flown in later tonight making up the total of 9,000 troops activated.

海军陆战队第二师的海军陆战队员将于今晚晚些时候空运抵达，总计 9,000 名士兵。

They have been especially trained in civil disturbance and mob control.

他们接受过内乱和暴民控制方面的专门培训。

They brought their duffle bags, their M-16s …

他们带来了行李袋、M-16……

Voice of David Mixner, Moratorium Co-Organizer : They played for keeps.

暂停比赛联合组织者大卫·米克斯纳 (David Mixner) 的声音：他们一直在比赛。

I remember the trucks coming in, federal troops with their bayonets and their gas masks, and they put buses around the White House.

我记得卡车进来了，联邦军队带着刺刀和防毒面具，他们把公共汽车停在白宫周围。

Voice of Stephen Bull, President Nixon ’ s Personal aAde : In preparation for this huge demonstration that was expected, President Nixon had the White House ringed by buses, parked bumper to bumper.

尼克松总统的私人助理斯蒂芬·布尔的声音：为了准备这场预料之中的大规模示威活动，尼克松总统让白宫被巴士包围，并排停放着。

There were troops in full gear, full military troops, not National Guard.

那里有全副武装的军队，全副武装的军队，而不是国民警卫队。

And it certainly was pretty stark and quite tangible evidence that this country was close to a revolution.

这无疑是一个非常明显且切实的证据，表明这个国家即将发生一场革命。

The March Against Death November 13-15, 1969

向死亡进军 1969 年 11 月 13 日至 15 日

Voice of Brenda (Genest) Cavanaugh, War Widow : There were many, many buses with protesters from all over the States going to Washington.

战争寡妇布伦达（吉内斯特）卡瓦诺的声音：有很多很多巴士载着来自各州的抗议者前往华盛顿。

My sister, Jill, was four years younger than me.

我的妹妹吉尔比我小四岁。

So she was 17 at the time.

所以当时她17岁。

And we took a bus to Washington.

我们乘公共汽车去了华盛顿。

Of course my sign was my husband Dick Genest.

当然，我的标志是我的丈夫迪克·吉内斯特。

He was in the 197th Artillery of the National Guard.

他曾在国民警卫队第 197 炮兵部队服役。

There were five members of the New Hampshire National Guard in his convoy coming home.

他回国的车队中有五名新罕布什尔州国民警卫队成员。

They hit a mine and killed them all instantly.

他们触中了地雷，立即将他们全部杀死。

I'm sorry.

对不起。

I'm going to cry.

我要哭了。

(cries) The pain never goes away.

（哭声）痛苦永远不会消失。

It just takes part of your heart.

它只是占据了你内心的一部分。

It's cut out.

已经被剪掉了

That’s the only way to describe it.

这是描述它的唯一方式。

Arlington National Cemetery November 13, 1969

阿灵顿国家公墓 1969 年 11 月 13 日

Stewart Meacham, Mobilization Co-Chair: In this march we will carry the names of those who are the victims of U.S. military policy in Vietnam.

动员联合主席斯图尔特·米查姆：在这次游行中，我们将纪念那些美国越南军事政策受害者的名字。

We will carry the names of the Americans.

我们将铭记美国人的名字。

We will carry the names of the towns and the villages that have been bombed and burned out of existence.

我们将铭记那些被轰炸和烧毁的城镇和村庄的名字。

Through this march we commit ourselves to continue our protest and our resistance to this vast inhumanity until it has been ended.

通过这次游行，我们承诺继续抗议和抵抗这种巨大的不人道行为，直到它结束。

Boy : Well, my brother Mike was killed in the war.

男孩：嗯，我的兄弟迈克在战争中阵亡了。

Our whole family is here.

我们全家都在这里。

Young man : I’m here because I believe there are a whole lot of soldiers over in Vietnam that would like to be here themselves.

年轻人：我来这里是因为我相信越南有很多士兵也想来这里。

And they can’t be here, so I’m here protesting.

他们不能在这里，所以我在这里抗议。

Woman : I keep thinking of the man whose name I am carrying and of the candle I’m carrying for him.

女：我一直在想着我所携带的那个男人的名字以及我为他携带的蜡烛。

It keeps flickering out.

它一直在闪烁。

And I see the candle as symbolic of his life.

我认为蜡烛是他生命的象征。

And I’m just very moved by this one man.

我只是被这个人深深感动了。

Voice of Susan Miller, Co-Coordinator, March Against Death : Between 47,000 and 50,000 people marched.

反对死亡游行联合协调员苏珊·米勒 (Susan Miller) 的声音： 47,000 至 50,000 人参加了游行。

The March Against Death lasted for 39 hours day and night.

抗死游行日夜持续了39个小时。

It took between three and four hours to walk the distance from Arlington, past the White House, over to the Capitol grounds.

从阿灵顿步行经过白宫，到达国会大厦场地需要三到四个小时。

It was not a short walk.

这不是很短的步行路程。

And it was freezing.

天气很冷。

I have never been so cold in my entire life.

我这辈子从来没有这么冷过。

Voice of Christian Appy, Historian : At one point during the candlelight ceremony out in front of the White House, Nixon turned to his aides and says “Can’t we get some helicopters to fly over that demonstration and blow out the candles?” Which shows you the level to which he was concerned about it.

历史学家克里斯蒂安·阿皮的声音：在白宫前的烛光仪式期间，尼克松转向他的助手说：“我们不能派一些直升机飞越示威现场并吹灭蜡烛吗？”这表明他对此的关心程度。

National Cathedral, Washington, DC.

国家大教堂，华盛顿特区。

November 14

11 月 14 日

Pete Seeger and congregation singing, “ We Shall Overcome ” We shall live in peace, we shall live in peace We shall live in peace someday Oh, deep in my heart, I do believe We shall overcome some day.

皮特·西格和会众唱着，“我们将克服”我们将生活在和平中，我们将生活在和平中我们有一天将生活在和平中哦，在我内心深处，我确实相信我们有一天将克服。

Voice of Mary Posner, Ball State University, Indiana : About 35 of us got to Washington DC any way we could to participate in the national Mobilization.

印第安纳州鲍尔州立大学玛丽·波斯纳 (Mary Posner) 的声音：我们中约有 35 人以各种方式到达华盛顿特区，参加全国总动员。

Me and a few other students crashed someplace in Washington DC.

我和其他一些学生在华盛顿特区的某个地方坠毁。

I have no idea who with, and we got up early on the morning of November 15th and made our way to the Mall and it was just this huge, huge crowd.

我不知道和谁在一起，11 月 15 日早上，我们起得很早，前往购物中心，那里有一大群人。

And we just knew we were a part of this amazing group of people who all believed what we did, which was a great feeling to know that that many people were against the war.

我们只知道我们是这群了不起的人中的一员，他们都相信我们所做的事情，知道很多人反对战争是一种很棒的感觉。

Song: Creedence Clearwater Revival, “Fortunate Son” Yeah, some folks inherit star-spangled eyes Oh, they send you down to war And when you ask 'em, "How much should we give?" They only answer, "More, more, more" It ain't me, it ain't me I ain't no military son It ain't me, it ain't me I ain't no fortunate one

歌曲：Creedence Clearwater Revival，“幸运的儿子” 是的，有些人继承了星光灿烂的眼睛哦，他们把你送去战争当你问他们，“我们应该给多少钱？”他们只是回答，“更多，更多，更多”这不是我，这不是我，我不是军人儿子这不是我，这不是我，我不是一个幸运的人

Voice of Cora Weiss, Mobilization Co-Chair : It was a very peaceful bipartisan demonstration.

动员联合主席科拉·韦斯 (Cora Weiss) 的声音：这是一次非常和平的两党示威活动。

Charlie Goodell, a Republican member of the Senate and George McGovern, a Democratic member of the Senate, literally held hands leading the demonstration.

参议院共和党议员查理·古德尔和民主党参议院议员乔治·麦戈文实际上手牵手领导了示威活动。

Voice of David Cortright, U.S. Army : The march was led by a contingent of active duty service members and then behind us was a group of veterans.

美国陆军戴维·科特赖特 (David Cortright) 的声音：游行由一群现役军人带领，后面是一群退伍军人。

So if you look at the photos from those days you can see, there we are with our short hair and these caps that say GIs for Peace.

所以，如果你看看那些日子的照片，你就会发现，我们留着短发，戴着写着“和平大兵”字样的帽子。

We are definitely unmistakable.

我们绝对是毫无疑问的。

We’re active duty people in the military, we have to follow orders to do our duty in the military but we’re also citizens and we oppose this war and we’re going to speak out against it.

我们是军队中的现役军人，我们必须遵守命令在军队中履行我们的职责，但我们也是公民，我们反对这场战争，我们将公开反对它。

Pete Seeger and Fred Kirkpatrick on stage singing “ Bring ‘ Em Home ”

皮特·西格和弗雷德·柯克帕特里克在舞台上演唱“带他们回家”

Rev.

牧师。

Fred Kirkpatrick and Pete Seeger So if you love your Uncle Sam Bring ‘em home, bring ‘em home Support our boys in Vietnam Bring ‘em home, bring ‘em home Richard Nixon thinks he’s slick Bring ‘em home, bring ‘em home We’ve got to outwit that Tricky Dick, Bring ‘em home, bring ‘em home

弗雷德·柯克帕特里克和皮特·西格 所以如果你爱你的山姆大叔 带他们回家，带他们回家 支持我们在越南的男孩 带他们回家，带他们回家 理查德·尼克松认为他很狡猾 带他们回家，带他们回家 我们必须智胜那个狡猾的迪克，带他们回家，带他们回家

Dick Gregory, Comedian and Activist : Last month the president of the United States said nothing you young kids would do would have any effect on him.

迪克·格雷戈里，喜剧演员和活动家：上个月，美国总统表示，你们这些小孩子所做的任何事情都不会对他产生任何影响。

Well, I suggest to the president of the United States if he wanna know how much effect you youngsters can have on a president he should make one long distance phone call to the LBJ Ranch and ask that boy how much effect you can have.

好吧，我建议美国总统，如果他想知道你们这些年轻人对总统能产生多大的影响，他应该给林登·约翰逊牧场打一个长途电话，问问那个男孩，你们能产生多大的影响。

(cheering)

（欢呼）

Voice of Stephen Bull, President Nixon ’ s Personal Aide : There were about a half a million demonstrators from all over the country that gathered in Washington.

尼克松总统私人助理史蒂芬·布尔的声音：来自全国各地的大约五十万示威者聚集在华盛顿。

And it just annoyed the heck out of me that here are these guys coming after President Nixon.

这些人追随尼克松总统，这让我很恼火。

I felt like so many others of us felt that they were wrong and we felt that they were left-wing useful idiots of the growing left-wing movement in the United States.

我觉得我们很多人都觉得他们错了，我们觉得他们是美国日益增长的左翼运动中有用的左翼白痴。

Voice of Christian Appy, Historian : Nixon of course said that he would pay no attention whatsoever to these demonstrations, in effect, the only college students he was interested in were the ones playing football on television.

历史学家克里斯蒂安·阿皮的声音：尼克松当然说他不会关注这些示威活动，实际上，他唯一感兴趣的大学生就是电视上踢足球的大学生。

But he was in fact deeply obsessed with the anti-war movement.

但他实际上深深地痴迷于反战运动。

And was paying serious attention to the November demonstration.

并正在认真关注 11 月的示威活动。

The White House became a kind of a bunker and fortress, and he had a military personnel stationed throughout the White House itself for fear that these demonstrators might actually assault the center of power.

白宫变成了一种掩体和堡垒，他在白宫各处驻扎了军事人员，担心这些示威者实际上可能会袭击权力中心。

Voice of Henry Kissinger, National Security Adviser : You know, the White House was ringed by students.

国家安全顾问亨利·基辛格的声音：你知道，白宫被学生包围了。

There are facilities in the White House in case of a bombing attack.

白宫内设有应对爆炸袭击的设施。

And I moved into one of these facilities for a few days and slept in the basement of the White House.

我搬进其中一处设施几天，并睡在白宫的地下室。

Voice of Anthony Lake, Henry Kissinger Aide : They were extremely concerned about their security and they were concerned by the size of the demonstration, and how it was helping keep the issue of Vietnam front and center.

亨利·基辛格助手安东尼·莱克的声音：他们非常担心自己的安全，他们担心示威的规模，以及它如何帮助保持越南问题的中心地位。

I found it extremely painful.

我发现这非常痛苦。

My wife, many of my friends, were outside the White House demonstrating, while I was inside.

我的妻子和我的许多朋友都在白宫外面示威，而我却在里面。

And I wanted to be outside.

我想去外面。

Richie Havens on stage singing “ Freedom ” A long way from my home Freedom!

Richie Havens 在舞台上演唱《Freedom》 离我家很远 自由！

(repeats)

（重复）

Arlo Guthrie on stage singing, “ This Land is Your Land ” This land is your land and this land is my land From California to the New York island From the redwood forest to the Gulf Stream water This land was made for you and me

阿洛·格思里 (Arlo Guthrie) 在舞台上唱道：“这片土地是你的土地” 这片土地是你的土地，这片土地是我的土地 从加利福尼亚到纽约岛 从红木森林到墨西哥湾流水 这片土地是为你和我而建的

IDs of speakers as Guthrie sings Rev.

Guthrie 演唱 Rev. 时发言者的 ID

William Sloane Coffin Dr. Benjamin Spock Ossie Davis, actor and activist Leonard Bernstein Sen.

威廉·斯隆·科芬 本杰明·斯波克·奥西·戴维斯博士、演员兼活动家伦纳德·伯恩斯坦参议员

Charles Goodell, R-NY Sen.

查尔斯·古德尔 (Charles Goodell)，纽约州共和党参议员。

George McGovern, D-SD David Dellinger

乔治·麦戈文、D-SD 大卫·德林格

Coretta Scott King : My dear peace loving friends.

科雷塔·斯科特·金：我亲爱的爱好和平的朋友们。

I want to thank you for providing me with one of the most awe inspiring experiences of my life.

我要感谢您为我提供了一生中最令人敬畏的经历之一。

There is only one other experience that reminds me of this one today and that was the March on Washington in 1963.

今天只有另一件事让我想起这件事，那就是 1963 年的华盛顿游行。

(applause)

（掌声）

Pete Seeger on stage leads crowd singing “ Give Peace a Chance ” All we are saying is give peace a chance (repeats)

皮特·西格在舞台上带领人群演唱“给和平一个机会”我们所说的是给和平一个机会（重复）

Voice of David Hawk, Moratorium and Mobilization National Committee : We were concerned to make it a hugely successful event.

暂停和动员全国委员会戴维·霍克 (David Hawk) 的声音：我们希望使其成为一次非常成功的活动。

And it was!

确实如此！

(laugh) Primarily in my opinion, thanks to the music, which was out of this world You know, a couple of hundred thousand people singing Give Peace a Chance within earshot of the White House.

（笑）在我看来，这主要归功于音乐，这是世界上绝无仅有的音乐。你知道，几十万人在白宫能听到的范围内唱着“给和平一个机会”。

That was the high point of Saturday.

那是周六的高潮。

Pete Seeger on stage leads crowd singing “ Give Peace a Chance ” All we are saying is give peace a chance (repeats) Are you listening, Nixon?

皮特·西格在舞台上带领人群唱“给和平一个机会”我们所说的就是给和平一个机会（重复）你在听吗，尼克松？

Are you listening, Agnew?

阿格纽，你在听吗？

Are you listening in the Pentagon?

你在五角大楼听吗？

All we are saying is give peace a chance

我们所说的只是给和平一个机会

Song: From cast of “Hair” — singing “Age of Aquarius” This is the dawning of the Age of Aquarius

歌曲：来自《头发》演员——演唱《水瓶座时代》 这是水瓶座时代的黎明

Mel Wax, KQED, San Francisco: “Here in San Francisco Moratorium Day protestors assembled early for the 7-mile march through downtown San Francisco to Golden Gate Park.

旧金山 KQED 的梅尔·瓦克斯 (Mel Wax)：“在旧金山暂停日，抗议者们很早就聚集在一起，进行 7 英里的游行，穿过旧金山市中心到达金门公园。

Estimates of the crowd size vary but all agree it was the largest peace demonstration ever held in the Western United States, and it was peaceful.

对人群规模的估计各不相同，但所有人都同意这是美国西部有史以来举行的最大规模的和平示威，而且是和平的。

Cast of “Hair” sings “Let the Sunshine In” in Golden Gate Park

《头发》演员在金门公园演唱《让阳光进来》

Rev.

牧师。

Ralph Abernathy : What do you want?

拉尔夫·阿伯内西：你想要什么？

Crowd: Peace!

众人：平安！

Abernathy: What do you want?

阿伯内西：你想要什么？

Crowd: Peace!

众人：平安！

Abernathy : When do you want it?

阿伯内西：你什么时候想要？

Crowd : Now!

众人：现在！

Abernathy : When do you want it?

阿伯内西：你什么时候想要？

Crowd : Now!

众人：现在！

Rev.

牧师。

Ralph Abernathy : Who is the one callous individual who is going against the current of history and social change?

拉尔夫·阿伯内西：谁是那个逆历史潮流和社会变革而冷酷无情的人？

Nixon’s the one!

尼克松就是那个！

Who writes himself telegrams?

谁给自己写电报？

(laughter)

（笑声）

Phil Ochs Singing “ I Ain ’ t Marchin ’ Anymore ” It’s always the old to lead us to the war It’s always the young to fall Now look at all we’ve won with a saber and a gun Tell me, is it worth it all?

菲尔·奥克斯（Phil Ochs）唱着“我不再行军了”带领我们走向战争的总是老人，倒下的总是年轻人现在看看我们用军刀和枪赢得的一切告诉我，这一切值得吗？

Call it peace or call it treason Call it love or call it reason But I ain’t a marchin’ anymore No, I ain’t marchin’ anymore

称其为和平或称其为叛国称其为爱或称其为理性但我不再游行了不，我不再游行了

Carl Reiner, Comedian, Master of Ceremonies: I have three words for you: Crosby, Stills and Nash.

卡尔·雷纳（Carl Reiner），喜剧演员、司仪：我要对你们说三个词：克罗斯比（Crosby）、斯蒂尔（Stills）和纳什（Nash）。

(applause)

（掌声）

Crosby, Stills and Nash singing “ Find the Cost of Freedom ” Find the cost of freedom Buried in the ground Mother Earth will swallow you Lay your body down

克罗斯比、斯蒂尔和纳什唱着“寻找自由的代价” 寻找自由的代价 埋在地下 地球母亲将吞噬你 放下你的身体

Find the cost of freedom Buried in the ground Mother Earth will swallow you Lay your body down

找到自由的代价 埋在地下 地球母亲会吞噬你 放下你的身体

Stephen Sills : “We love you!

斯蒂芬·希尔斯：“我们爱你！

Right on!” (applause)

就在！” （掌声）

Robert MacNeil, New York Public Television : And so it went off, the largest political demonstration in American history.

纽约公共电视台的罗伯特·麦克尼尔：美国历史上最大规模的政治示威就这样爆发了。

Almost without violence.

几乎没有暴力。

Late in the afternoon, several thousand demonstrators led by a hardcore of militants clashed with police outside the Justice Department.

下午晚些时候，由铁杆武装分子领导的数千名示威者在司法部外与警察发生冲突。

They were driven off with tear gas.

他们被催泪瓦斯驱散。

Voice of Sam Brown, Moratorium Organizer: A group of people did go attack the Justice Department, but it was isolated.

暂停组织者萨姆·布朗的声音：确实有一群人去攻击司法部，但这是孤立的。

Voice of Rev.

牧师之声

Dick Fernandez, Mobilization Steering Committee : This was not a Sunday school picnic.

迪克·费尔南德斯（Dick Fernandez），动员指导委员会：这不是主日学校野餐。

People were upset and angry.

人们感到不安和愤怒。

We were part of a long train of people that try to make things right.

我们是一长串努力纠正错误的人中的一员。

I thought it was a terrific day for American democracy.

我认为这对美国民主来说是了不起的一天。

Song, Thunderclap Newman, “Something in the Air” And you know that it’s right We have got to get it together We have got to get it together, now

歌曲，Thunderclap Newman，“Something in the Air” 你知道这是对的 我们必须把它放在一起 我们必须把它放在一起，现在

Voice of Susan Miller, March Against Death co-coordinator : We had brought 500,000 people to Washington, which at that time, and for quite a long time to come was the largest demonstration that had ever been organized.

反死亡游行联合协调员苏珊·米勒的声音：我们将 50 万人带到了华盛顿，这在当时以及未来相当长的一段时间内是有史以来最大规模的示威活动。

Song Ends: And you know that it’s right We have got to get it together We have got to get it together, now

歌曲结束：你知道这是对的我们必须把它放在一起我们必须把它放在一起，现在

Walter Cronkite, CBS Evening News, Nov.

沃尔特·克朗凯特，哥伦比亚广播公司晚间新闻，11 月

17, 1969 : The White House acknowledged that the latest protests generally were peaceful, but stressed again that President Nixon does not intend to let policy be made in the streets.

1969 年 12 月 17 日：白宫承认最近的抗议活动总体上是和平的，但再次强调尼克松总统不打算让政策在街头制定。

Voice of Frank Joyce, Anti-War Activist: It quickly set in that the war raged on.

反战活动家弗兰克·乔伊斯的声音：战争很快就开始肆虐。

That, however proud of ourselves, we might have been, we obviously, at that point, hadn't stopped the war.

无论我们多么为自己感到骄傲，我们显然在那时还没有停止战争。

Voice of Daniel Ellsberg, Pentagon Papers: The demonstrations in October and November of 1969 did not have the appearance of changing anything because the war went on as before.

丹尼尔·埃尔斯伯格的声音，《五角大楼文件》：1969 年 10 月和 11 月的示威活动看起来并没有改变任何事情，因为战争一如既往地继续着。

And none of the people who participated knew that the war had been within days or weeks of erupting enormously and becoming much bigger.

参与其中的人都不知道战争在几天或几周内就会爆发并变得更加严重。

The bottom line is I believe we would have had the first nuclear attacks since Nagasaki in 1969 had it not been for the October 15th demonstrations and the demonstrations in November.

最重要的是，我相信，如果没有 10 月 15 日的示威活动和 11 月的示威活动，我们可能会遭遇 1969 年长崎事件以来的首次核袭击。

Voice of David Hawk, Moratorium and Mobilization national committee : At the time we had no idea, it was only decades later when the archives were released that we realized what, in fact, we had accomplished!

暂停和动员国家委员会大卫·霍克的声音：当时我们不知道，直到几十年后，当档案被公开时，我们才意识到我们实际上已经取得了成就！

Voice of Dick Fernandez, Mobilization Steering Committee : We now know we had a big impact on Nixon and Kissinger, what they thought they'd could get away with in November, namely blowing to bits Vietnam, and maybe even using nuclear weapons.

动员指导委员会迪克·费尔南德斯的声音：我们现在知道我们对尼克松和基辛格产生了很大的影响，他们认为他们可以在 11 月逃脱惩罚，即炸毁越南，甚至可能使用核武器。

They had to take it off the table.

他们不得不把它从桌面上拿下来。

There were too many of us who were saying no now.

现在我们中有太多人拒绝了。

Voice of Mary Posner, Anti-War Activist : And when I heard that news, I just cannot express what that meant to me.

反战活动家玛丽·波斯纳的声音：当我听到这个消息时，我无法表达这对我意味着什么。

That after all these years, I finally knew that what we did had made such a significant difference.

这么多年过去了，我终于知道我们所做的事情产生了如此重大的影响。

Voice of Susan Miller, March Against Death Co-Coordinator : Nobody understood at the time that we had prevented an escalation of the war and actually saved people's lives.

反对死亡游行联合协调员苏珊·米勒的声音：当时没有人明白我们阻止了战争升级并实际上拯救了人们的生命。

It tells me that this was the most amazing and most important thing I'd ever done in my life.

它告诉我，这是我一生中做过的最令人惊奇和最重要的事情。

Voice of Don Riegle, former U.S. Congressman and Senator : The people stopped the war and made the Congress stop the war.

美国前国会议员、参议员唐·里格尔的声音：人民停止了战争，也让国会停止了战争。

And that's what finally brought the war to the end.

这就是最终结束战争的原因。

They thought they could strong arm and bomb North Vietnam into submission, and that didn't work.

他们认为他们可以用武力轰炸北越，迫使其屈服，但这并没有奏效。

And what we found was the limits of US power when you're trying to do the wrong thing in the wrong place.

我们发现，当你试图在错误的地方做错误的事情时，美国的力量是有限的。

Voice of Roger Morris, Former Aide to Kissinger : And the absolutely torturous, haunting reality hanging over all of this are the casualties.

基辛格前助手罗杰·莫里斯的声音：笼罩在这一切之上的绝对折磨人、令人难以忘怀的现实就是伤亡。

We must remember that when Nixon is inaugurated and Henry Kissinger hired, the names on that long black Wall in Washington were only half as long as they ended up being.

我们必须记住，当尼克松就职、亨利·基辛格受聘时，华盛顿那堵长长的黑墙上的名字只有最终长度的一半。

And absolutely agonizing the mounting casualties on the Vietnamese side.

越南方面不断增加的伤亡绝对让他们感到痛苦。

And the price of Nixon’s “peace with honor” would be enormous.

尼克松“荣誉和平”的代价将是巨大的。

And I think in the end unforgivable.

我认为最终是不可原谅的。

Voice of Frank Joyce, Anti-War Activist : When I talk to young activists today, one of the points I make is you will not know in the moment the real impact of what you are doing, and you may not know it in a week.

反战活动家弗兰克·乔伊斯的声音：当我今天与年轻的活动家交谈时，我提出的观点之一是，你此刻不会知道你所做的事情的真正影响，而且一周后你可能不会知道。

You may not know it in a month.

一个月后你可能还不知道。

You may not know it in a decade, but you are having an impact.

十年后你可能不知道，但你正在产生影响。

It does matter.

这确实很重要。

Voice of Cora Weiss, Anti-War Activist : Never give up.

反战活动家 Cora Weiss 的声音：永不放弃。

It's very important.

这非常重要。

It's easy to get tired, it's easy to get discouraged.

很容易感到疲倦，很容易灰心丧气。

But we can't afford that.

但我们负担不起。

So don't give up.

所以不要放弃。

We didn't give up until it was over.

直到结束我们都没有放弃。

Song: Judy Collins: “Carry It On” There’s a man by my side walking There’s a voice within me talking There’s a word that needs saying Carry it on, carry it on Carry it on, carry it on

歌曲：朱迪·柯林斯：“继续前进” 有一个男人在我身边行走 我内心有一个声音在说话 有一句话需要说 继续前进，继续前进 继续前进，继续前进

Watch a preview of The Movement and the "Madman".

观看运动和“狂人”的预览。

Political scientist Yu Ouyang and professor Jeremi Suri speak with Kelly McBride, Senior Vice President at The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, about how politicians and the press compete for public attention.

政治学家欧阳宇和杰里米·苏里教授与波因特媒体研究所高级副院长凯莉·麦克布莱德就政客和媒体如何争夺公众注意力进行了交谈。