The Man Who Tried To Feed The World
Narrator: It was in the spring of 1966, in northeastern India, that Norman Borlaug came face-to-face with the enemy he had been fighting all his life.
旁白：1966年春天，在印度东北部，诺曼·博洛格与他一生奋斗的敌人面对面。
Borlaug was a driven man, a scientist obsessed by hunger.
博洛格是一个有进取心的人，一个对饥饿着迷的科学家。
And he was tormented by the thought that all of this could have been prevented, if only people had listened sooner.
如果人们早点倾听的话，所有这一切都可以避免，这一想法让他感到痛苦。
For years, Borlaug had traveled the globe, preaching a radically new approach to agriculture, one that he had helped develop over the course of twenty years.
多年来，博洛格周游世界，宣扬一种全新的农业方法，这种方法是他在二十年的时间里帮助开发的。
Unprecedented population growth was straining the food supply of countries around the world, raising the specter of widespread famine and social chaos.
前所未有的人口增长使世界各国的粮食供应紧张，引发了大范围饥荒和社会混乱的担忧。
Lyndon Johnson: Next to the pursuit of peace, the greatest challenge to the human family is the race between food supply and population increase.
林登·约翰逊：除了追求和平之外，人类大家庭面临的最大挑战是粮食供应与人口增长之间的竞赛。
That race tonight is being lost.
今晚的比赛即将失败。
Walter Cronkite: Dr. Norman Borlaug, an Iowa-born crop expert, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize yesterday for his work toward easing the world’s hunger problem.
沃尔特·克朗凯特：诺曼·博洛格博士是一位出生于爱荷华州的作物专家，昨天因其在缓解世界饥饿问题方面所做的工作而被授予诺贝尔和平奖。
Narrator: Within just five years Borlaug would be hailed around the world for saving countless lives through what was called “The Green Revolution.” But Borlaug’s stunning successes had also unleashed vast, turbulent forces.
旁白：在短短五年内，博洛格因通过所谓的“绿色革命”拯救了无数生命而受到全世界的欢呼。但博洛格惊人的成功也释放了巨大的、动荡的力量。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: The number of people who are hungry declined dramatically.
传记作者曼：挨饿的人数急剧下降。
But there was enormous social upheaval.
但社会发生了巨大的动荡。
There is huge environmental damage.
环境破坏巨大。
Raj Patel, Writer: Norman Borlaug was responsible for the spread of large-scale industrial agricultural production around the world.
拉杰·帕特尔（Raj Patel），作家：诺曼·博洛格（Norman Borlaug）负责大规模工业化农业生产在世界范围内的传播。
I certainly don't think that it's any credit to the Nobel Prize that Norman Borlaug got it.
我当然不认为诺曼·博洛格获得诺贝尔奖有任何功劳。
Narrator: Half a century later, Borlaug’s revolution continues to shape our world.
旁白：半个世纪后，布洛格的革命继续塑造着我们的世界。
Tore Olsson, Historian: It’s really impossible to understand the massive growth of the human population, to understand the urbanization of our species, and our tremendous, increasing ecological impact on the world, unless we understand Norman Borlaug and the Green Revolution.
托雷·奥尔森（Tore Olsson），历史学家：除非我们了解诺曼·博洛格（Norman Borlaug）和绿色革命，否则我们真的不可能了解人口的大规模增长，了解人类的城市化，以及我们对世界日益增长的巨大生态影响。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: Borlaug grew up in a small farm in northeastern Iowa that was isolated in a way that is very hard for a 21st century person to imagine.
曼恩，传记作者：博洛格在爱荷华州东北部的一个小农场长大，那里与世隔绝，对于 21 世纪的人来说是很难想象的。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: On very quiet winter nights Norm and his sisters would go out; they could hear the train whistle, which was fourteen, fifteen miles away.
Noel Vietmeyer，农艺师：在非常安静的冬夜，诺姆和他的姐妹们会出去；他们能听到十四、十五英里外的火车汽笛声。
It was the only connection they had to the rest of humanity.
这是他们与其他人类的唯一联系。
Narrator : Norman Borlaug was born in 1914, into a clan of immigrant farmers.
旁白：诺曼·博洛格 (Norman Borlaug) 1914 年出生于一个移民农民家庭。
His great-grandparents had fled Norway in 1847, driven by the same potato blight that ravaged Ireland.
1847 年，他的曾祖父母因同样肆虐爱尔兰的马铃薯疫病而逃离挪威。
As children, Norm and his two younger sisters rose before dawn and worked on the family’s hundred-acre farm until after sunset, in a manner that would have been familiar to the ancient Romans.
小时候，诺姆和他的两个妹妹黎明前就起床，在家里一百英亩的农场里干活到日落后，这种方式是古罗马人所熟悉的。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: Every year he harvested himself a quarter of a million ears of corn.
传记作家曼：每年他都会为自己收获四分之一百万穗的玉米。
He worked very, very hard, but he hated it.
他工作非常非常努力，但他讨厌这样。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: Norm had no prospects whatever.
Noel Vietmeyer，农学家：Norm 没有任何前景。
He had to stay on the farm and work.
他必须留在农场工作。
And then when his father died, he would take over.
当他父亲去世时，他将接任。
Narrator: In the late 1920s, when Norm was finishing grade school, he saw signs of a technological revolution that was transforming rural life.
旁白：20 年代末，当诺姆小学毕业时，他看到了正在改变农村生活的技术革命的迹象。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: Henry Ford produced a little tractor and that tractor did for farmers what his Model T did for the general public.
农学家诺尔·维特迈尔 (Noel Vietmeyer)：亨利·福特生产了一款小型拖拉机，该拖拉机为农民所做的事情就像他的 T 型车为公众所做的那样。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: The Fordson it's called.
传记作者曼：它的名字叫福特森。
Typically in those days about forty percent of a farm was devoted to growing the food for the oxen and the horses.
通常，在那个时代，大约百分之四十的农场专门用于种植牛和马的食物。
When you had a tractor, that land became available to grow food, and the farm’s effective size doubled.
当你拥有拖拉机时，这片土地就可以用来种植粮食，农场的有效面积就增加了一倍。
Their income doubled.
他们的收入翻了一番。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: To have the corn harvested in a couple of days in a tractor, it was an incredibly liberating experience for him.
曼恩，传记作家：用拖拉机在几天内收获玉米，这对他来说是一次令人难以置信的解放经历。
Anybody would draw a lesson from that.
任何人都会从中吸取教训。
And he certainly did that, that this kind of technology equaled freedom from toil.
他确实做到了这一点，这种技术等于免于劳作。
Narrator: “The fabled future had arrived,” Borlaug recalled, “and it was even more fabulous than anything we’d dared wish for.” Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: That's how he got some education beyond eighth grade.
旁白：“传说中的未来已经到来，”博洛格回忆道，“它比我们敢于希望的任何事情都更加美妙。” Noel Vietmeyer，农学家：这就是他接受八年级以上教育的方式。
Because of the tractor and these modern things he had confidence in technology for the rest of his days.
由于拖拉机和这些现代事物，他在余生中对技术充满信心。
Narrator: : Within a few years Borlaug’s bright hopes had been swallowed up by the Great Depression.
旁白：几年之内，博洛格的美好希望就被大萧条吞噬了。
In Iowa the rains stopped, clouds of locusts blotted out the sun, dust storms buried farms and towns alike.
在爱荷华州，雨停了，蝗虫云遮住了阳光，沙尘暴掩埋了农场和城镇。
Borlaug’s high school graduation was an eerie affair; no one mentioned the future.
博洛格的高中毕业是一件令人毛骨悚然的事情。没有人提到未来。
In the fall of 1933, with just sixty-one dollars in his pocket, he left the farm for Minneapolis.
1933 年秋天，他口袋里只剩下 61 美元，离开农场前往明尼阿波利斯。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: He hoped to get an athletic scholarship at the University of Minnesota.
曼恩，传记作者：他希望获得明尼苏达大学的体育奖学金。
He didn't think he was very smart.
他不认为自己很聪明。
He didn't think he was well educated or anything like that and he hoped this was his way into a better life.
他不认为自己受过良好的教育或类似的东西，他希望这是他通往更好生活的方式。
Narrator: Not only was there no sports scholarship, it took an entire term and three separate applications before the University of Minnesota opened its doors.
旁白：明尼苏达大学不仅没有体育奖学金，而且还花了一个学期和三份单独的申请才开学。
He chose to study forestry, then something of a campus cult, representing both a rebellion against capitalism, and an escape from its collapse.
他选择学习林业，后来成为校园邪教，代表着对资本主义的反抗，以及对资本主义崩溃的逃避。
Food and shelter were a constant struggle, but there were consolations: Borlaug was moonlighting as a waiter when he met Margaret Gibson.
食物和住所是一场持续的斗争，但也有一些安慰：博洛格在遇见玛格丽特·吉布森时兼职做服务员。
Jeanie Borlaug, Daughter: My mother was waiting tables to pay for her education.
珍妮·博洛格（Jeanie Borlaug），女儿：我母亲在餐馆当服务员，以支付她的学费。
I think she thought he was very serious.
我想她认为他很认真。
My mother was not real serious but she had a great personality.
我的母亲并不严肃，但她很有个性。
Narrator: In the fall of 1937, with graduation around the corner and a job waiting at the Forestry Service, Norm married Margaret in a quiet ceremony at her brother’s home.
旁白：1937 年秋天，毕业在即，林业局也找到了一份工作，诺姆在玛格丽特哥哥家里举行了一场安静的婚礼。
But their tidy future vanished just three months later, when Norm’s forestry job fell victim to budget cuts.
但仅仅三个月后，当诺姆的林业工作成为预算削减的牺牲品时，他们整洁的未来就消失了。
Suddenly at loose ends, he went back to school for graduate studies in plant pathology.
突然，他无所事事，回到学校攻读植物病理学研究生。
But the most indelible lesson of his college years took place in the streets of Minneapolis.
但他大学时期最难忘的一课发生在明尼阿波利斯的街道上。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: He walked around a corner and there was a milk plant and Norm could see behind a big fence a bunch of corporate goons with batons.
农艺师诺埃尔·维特迈耶 (Noel Vietmeyer)：他绕过一个拐角处，看到了一家牛奶厂，诺姆可以看到大栅栏后面有一群拿着警棍的企业暴徒。
Narrator: Across the Midwest, desperate farmers were trying to shore up commodity prices by cutting off the supply of food to the cities.
旁白：在整个中西部，绝望的农民试图通过切断城市的粮食供应来支撑商品价格。
“We’ll eat our wheat and ham and eggs,” they chanted, “and let them eat their gold.” Charles C.
“我们会吃掉我们的小麦、火腿和鸡蛋，”他们高呼，“让他们吃掉他们的黄金。”查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: Dairy farmers were going to dump the milk because they couldn't sell it for enough to make a living.
传记作者曼：奶农们打算倒掉牛奶，因为他们卖不出足够的钱来维持生计。
Hungry people descended on these trucks and demanded the milk.
饥饿的人们涌上这些卡车索要牛奶。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: And all of a sudden they charged.
Noel Vietmeyer，农艺师：突然间，他们冲了过来。
And Norm was trapped by the crowd, and these batons were coming right towards him swinging and hitting people over the head.
诺姆被人群困住了，这些警棍正朝他挥过来，打在人们的头上。
Narrator: “Bodies and blood were scattered and spattered all over the street,” Borlaug wrote.
旁白：“尸体和鲜血散落在街道上，”博洛格写道。
“I took off running, trembling, frightened.
“我拔腿就跑，浑身发抖，很害怕。
I’d seen how fast violence springs to life when hunger, misery, and desperation infect the public mind.” Charles C.
我亲眼目睹了当饥饿、痛苦和绝望感染公众思想时，暴力就会多么迅速地滋生。”查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: It was terrifying to him and he saw how hunger can just turn, you know, as he sort of put it, men into beasts.
曼恩，传记作家：这对他来说很可怕，他看到饥饿如何将人变成野兽，你知道，正如他所说的那样。
Narrator: Scenes like the one in Minneapolis were all too common in the 1930s: hunger and deprivation were fueling political instability around the world, dragging humanity into a brutish struggle for resources.
旁白：明尼阿波利斯这样的场景在 20 世纪 30 年代司空见惯：饥饿和贫困加剧了世界各地的政治不稳定，将人类拖入残酷的资源争夺之中。
Tore Olsson, Historian : The Second World War in many ways is a struggle about food.
历史学家托雷·奥尔森：第二次世界大战在很多方面都是一场关于食物的斗争。
Hitler and the Nazis looked eastward at Poland and Russia as sort of settling ground for prosperous Aryan farmers who would then produce for the larger German nation.
希特勒和纳粹向东把波兰和俄罗斯视为富裕的雅利安农民的定居点，他们随后将为更大的德国国家生产。
Japan, as well, saw China as a potential feeding ground for the Japanese nation.
日本也将中国视为日本民族的潜在供养地。
But these big dreams are dependent upon the subjugation if not murder of millions of people.
但这些伟大的梦想依赖于对数百万人的镇压（如果不是谋杀的话）。
Narrator: By 1940 Japan had invaded Manchuria, and Germany occupied much of Europe.
旁白：到了 1940 年，日本入侵满洲，德国占领了欧洲大部分地区。
As the Roosevelt administration braced for what was quickly becoming a Second World War, it looked nervously to its southern border.
当罗斯福政府为即将爆发的第二次世界大战做好准备时，它紧张地注视着南部边境。
The Mexican government was working to liberate the country’s citizens from grinding poverty, but prosperity and stability remained elusive.
墨西哥政府正在努力将该国公民从赤贫中解放出来，但繁荣和稳定仍然遥不可及。
Nick Cullather, Historian: Mexico was coming out of years of revolution, civil war.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：墨西哥刚刚摆脱了多年的革命和内战。
Rural Mexicans had at best a kind of a loose and sometimes hostile relationship with the central government.
墨西哥农村人与中央政府的关系至多是一种松散甚至有时是敌对的关系。
It began to look as if social unrest south of the border would be a vulnerability for the United States.
边境以南的社会动荡似乎开始成为美国的一个弱点。
Narrator: The Roosevelt administration and the Mexican government both wanted peace in the countryside.
旁白：罗斯福政府和墨西哥政府都希望乡村能有和平。
The Rockefeller Foundation, a wealthy philanthropy with White House connections, offered to help.
与白宫有联系的富有的慈善机构洛克菲勒基金会主动提供了帮助。
Tore Olsson, Historian: The Rockefeller Foundation had been involved in teaching poor black and white cotton farmers in the U.S. South.
托雷·奥尔森（Tore Olsson），历史学家：洛克菲勒基金会一直参与教育美国南部贫困的黑人和白人棉农。
And this gave them a sort of proven formula for how they could attack questions of poverty and backwardness as they saw it.
这为他们提供了一种行之有效的公式，可以解决他们所看到的贫困和落后问题。
Narrator: By 1942 the Rockefeller Foundation and the Mexican government had negotiated a carefully targeted plan.
旁白：到 1942 年，洛克菲勒基金会和墨西哥政府已经商定了一项精心设计的目标计划。
Tore Olsson, Historian: They wanted to raise the economic standard of living among the impoverished farmers who tended to live in the densely-settled plateau around Mexico City.
历史学家托雷·奥尔森：他们希望提高贫困农民的经济生活水平，这些农民往往生活在墨西哥城周围人口稠密的高原上。
Nick Cullather, Historian: The United States is anxious to stabilize Mexico, and the Mexican government was eager for this.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：美国急于稳定墨西哥，墨西哥政府对此也很渴望。
This was a kind of counterinsurgency effort, to improve the livelihoods of people in the villages and also to connect those villages more closely to the national government.
这是一种平叛行动，旨在改善村庄人民的生计，并使这些村庄与国家政府建立更紧密的联系。
Narrator: On the 7th of December 1941, Norman and Margaret Borlaug were driving east from Minneapolis to Wilmington Delaware, where Norman was due to start his first job at DuPont Chemical.
旁白：1941 年 12 月 7 日，诺曼和玛格丽特·博洛格从明尼阿波利斯向东驱车前往特拉华州威尔明顿，诺曼将在那里开始他在杜邦化学公司的第一份工作。
So it wasn’t until the following day that they heard about Pearl Harbor.
所以直到第二天他们才听说珍珠港事件。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: Borlaug graduated from Minnesota into the Second World War.
曼恩，传记作者：博洛格毕业于明尼苏达州，参加过第二次世界大战。
And he wanted to do something that mattered.
他想做一些重要的事情。
He wanted to make a contribution.
他想做出贡献。
Narrator: For two and a half years Borlaug put his PhD in plant pathology to use, waging a quiet war on the microbes that were ravaging soldiers and materials in the jungles of the South Pacific.
旁白：在两年半的时间里，博洛格运用他的植物病理学博士学位，对南太平洋丛林中肆虐士兵和物资的微生物发动了一场悄悄的战争。
But he’d never meant to spend his life in a laboratory, so when the Rockefeller Foundation contacted him about an exotic job in Mexico, Borlaug took the plunge.
但他从来没有想过要在实验室里度过一生，所以当洛克菲勒基金会联系他，邀请他在墨西哥从事一份异国情调的工作时，博洛格冒险了。
On the 11th of September 1944 he loaded up the family’s old Pontiac and headed south, leaving behind a very pregnant Margaret and their young daughter, Jeanie.
1944 年 9 月 11 日，他装载了家里的旧庞蒂亚克，向南出发，留下了怀孕的玛格丽特和他们年幼的女儿珍妮。
Borlaug had only a vague sense of what lay ahead when he joined three other American scientists at a research station near Chapingo, twenty-five miles east of Mexico City.
当博洛格与另外三名美国科学家一起来到墨西哥城以东二十五英里查平戈附近的一个研究站时，他对未来的情况只有一个模糊的认识。
Still, he was surprised when he was given a side project: while everyone else worked on the staples of the Mexican diet – corn and beans – Borlaug was to focus on wheat.
尽管如此，当他得到一个副业项目时，他还是感到惊讶：当其他人都致力于墨西哥饮食的主食——玉米和豆类时，博洛格则专注于小麦。
As the junior member of the team, he had no choice but to take on a fiendishly difficult challenge.
作为队伍中的后辈，他别无选择，只能接受极其艰难的挑战。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: He was to look at a kind of fungus called stem rust, which is one of the oldest enemies of the human race.
曼恩，传记作者：他要观察一种叫做茎锈病的真菌，它是人类最古老的敌人之一。
The Romans had a god of stem rust that they would sacrifice, propitiate, to keep it away.
罗马人有一位茎锈之神，他们会祭祀他，安抚他，以驱除它。
Narrator: Stem rust had driven Borlaug’s family out of the wheat business back in 1878.
旁白：早在 1878 年，茎锈病就迫使博洛格家族退出了小麦生意。
Now, it was killing half of Mexico’s small wheat crop, year after year.
现在，它年复一年地杀死了墨西哥一半的小小麦作物。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: Stem rust migrates.
Noel Vietmeyer，农艺师：茎锈病迁移。
These are trillions and trillions of spores that are sailing on the wind.
这些是数以万亿计的孢子，随风飘扬。
And when they find wheat plants of the right maturity it just destroys them.
当他们发现成熟度合适的小麦植株时，就会将其摧毁。
Nick Cullather, Historian: His background was actually in forestry, so he didn't have a lot of training in the breeding of wheat.
尼克·卡拉瑟（Nick Cullather），历史学家：他的背景实际上是林业，所以他没有接受过很多小麦育种方面的培训。
Narrator: Borlaug was already reeling when a telegram arrived at the end of November 1944: Margaret had given birth to a boy with spina bifida.
旁白：1944 年 11 月底收到一封电报时，博洛格已经感到头晕目眩：玛格丽特生下了一个患有脊柱裂的男孩。
For three agonizing days Norm waited for a flight back to Wilmington.
在痛苦的三天里，诺姆等待着返回威尔明顿的航班。
He found Margaret at the hospital with an awful predicament: Scotty was in an isolation ward; they couldn’t touch or comfort him.
他在医院发现玛格丽特陷入了可怕的困境：斯科蒂在隔离病房；他们无法触摸或安慰他。
His affliction was essentially a death sentence.
他的痛苦本质上是被判了死刑。
Norm announced that he was taking back his old job at Dupont so they could all be together.
诺姆宣布他将收回在杜邦公司的旧工作，这样他们就可以在一起了。
“My husband has a future,” Margaret insisted; “my baby has none.
“我丈夫有未来，”玛格丽特坚持说。 “我的宝宝没有。
You go back; I’ll come when I can.” A few weeks later Margaret and Jeanie followed Norm to Mexico City.
你回去吧；当我可以的时候我会来。”几周后，玛格丽特和珍妮跟随诺姆来到墨西哥城。
Narrator: Back in Mexico, tormented by guilt and unsure how to proceed, Borlaug drove around in the station’s green pickup, gathering thousands of different varieties of local wheat.
旁白：回到墨西哥后，博洛格饱受愧疚感和不知道如何继续下去的折磨，开着车站的绿色皮卡四处走动，采集了数千种不同品种的当地小麦。
He was joined by Pepe Rodriguez and Jose Guevara, young Mexican agronomists hired out of college by the Rockefeller Foundation.
佩佩·罗德里格斯（Pepe Rodriguez）和何塞·格瓦拉（Jose Guevara）加入了他的行列，他们是洛克菲勒基金会从大学毕业后聘请的年轻墨西哥农学家。
In that spring of 1945 the three young men planted out one hundred and ten thousand of the seeds Borlaug had collected.
1945 年春天，三个年轻人种下了博洛格收集的 11 万颗种子。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: Borlaug was just hoping like hell that some of those wheats can withstand the trillions of spores that are going to be landing.
农艺师诺埃尔·维特梅尔（Noel Vietmeyer）：博洛格只是希望其中一些小麦能够承受即将降落的数万亿个孢子。
Narrator: Through the summer they trudged through the rows, weeding out every seedling that showed the telltale pustules.
旁白：整个夏天，他们艰难地穿过一排排的树苗，除掉每一棵露出脓包的幼苗。
Of the one hundred and ten thousand plants, just four were still alive at harvest time.
十一万株植物中，只有四株在收获时还活着。
Already Borlaug was haunted by the malnutrition he’d seen in Mexico, and now the cause seemed abundantly clear.
博洛格已经被他在墨西哥看到的营养不良所困扰，现在原因似乎已经非常清楚了。
“Can you imagine trying to feed a family?” he wrote Margaret.
“你能想象要养活一个家庭吗？”他写信给玛格丽特。
“We’ve got to do something.” He had found his life’s work.
“我们必须做点什么。”他找到了自己一生的工作。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: When he settled on the goal of trying to feed more people it was like he snapped into focus.
曼恩，传记作者：当他确定了努力养活更多人的目标时，他就像突然集中了注意力。
And he worked phenomenally hard.
他工作非常努力。
That perseverance, that intense, laser-like focus, is the thing that I think most distinguished him in his life.
我认为这种毅力、那种强烈的、激光般的专注是他一生中最与众不同的地方。
He was sort like a spotlight.
他有点像聚光灯。
Spotlights cast certain things in very bright light, but also cast very deep shadows.
聚光灯会在非常明亮的光线下投射某些物体，但也会投射非常深的阴影。
Narrator: Driven by a new sense of mission, Borlaug devised a plan to speed up the breeding process.
旁白：在新的使命感的驱使下，博洛格制定了一项加快育种进程的计划。
After the fall harvest at Chapingo, he would head north with his most promising seeds and plant them in Sonora, where wheat is grown during the winter.
查平戈秋收后，他会带着最有希望的种子前往北方，将它们种植在索诺拉州，那里冬季种植小麦。
When spring came he would harvest that generation, rush back to Chapingo with the new winners, and start the process over again.
当春天到来时，他会收获这一代人，带着新的胜利者赶回查平戈，然后重新开始这个过程。
By growing two generations every year Borlaug could solve Mexico’s wheat problem - and ease malnutrition - in half the time.
通过每年种植两代，博洛格可以在一半的时间内解决墨西哥的小麦问题并缓解营养不良。
“Shuttle breeding,” he called it.
他称之为“航天飞机育种”。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: What Borlaug didn't know was that all the textbooks - literally the textbooks - said you can't do this.
曼恩，传记作者：博洛格不知道的是，所有教科书——字面上的教科书——都说你不能这样做。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: Wheat breeders believed that you had to breed the wheat for the place where it was going to be grown, and nowhere else you know.
农艺师诺埃尔·维特梅尔 (Noel Vietmeyer)：小麦育种者相信，你必须在小麦将要生长的地方培育小麦，而在你不知道的其他地方。
Narrator: Borlaug’s boss, George Harrar, hated the idea.
旁白：布洛格的老板乔治·哈勒 (George Harrar) 讨厌这个主意。
Not only did shuttle breeding ignore conventional wisdom, but Harrar worried that Borlaug’s wheat would end up benefitting the well-heeled farmers of Sonora, rather than the campesinos of central Mexico.
穿梭育种不仅忽视了传统观念，而且哈拉尔担心博洛格的小麦最终将使索诺拉州富有的农民受益，而不是墨西哥中部的农民。
Tore Olsson, Historian: Farmers in Sonora were not peasant farmers.
托雷·奥尔森（Tore Olsson），历史学家：索诺拉州的农民不是农民。
They tended to be larger in terms of their land holdings.
他们拥有的土地往往更大。
They tended to be commercially-oriented, growing wheat for exports.
他们往往以商业为导向，种植小麦用于出口。
Narrator: Harrar told Borlaug to drop it, several times, but the younger man wouldn’t let up.
旁白：哈拉尔多次让博洛格放弃它，但年轻人不肯罢休。
Borlaug finally got grudging permission to go to Sonora, but there was to be no budget, no support, no machinery, accommodations, or vehicle.
博洛格最终勉强获得了前往索诺拉的许可，但那里没有预算、没有支持、没有机械、住宿或车辆。
No matter: at the beginning of November 1945, Norman Borlaug packed up the seeds from the four plants that survived the summer epidemic, and headed north.
不管怎样：1945 年 11 月初，诺曼·博洛格 (Norman Borlaug) 收拾好了在夏季流行病中幸存下来的四种植物的种子，向北进发。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: He went up to Sonora and he squatted in a derelict old research station that had been abandoned.
农艺师诺埃尔·维特梅尔（Noel Vietmeyer）：他去了索诺拉州，蹲在一个废弃的旧研究站里。
It had no running water.
它没有自来水。
The windows had been broken out and there were rats everywhere.
窗户被打破了，到处都是老鼠。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: He didn’t have a tractor.
传记作者曼：他没有拖拉机。
He didn't have a horse, so he was actually taking a harness that normally was attached a draft animal, to a horse or an oxen or whatever, strapping it around his chest and arms, and plowing himself.
他没有马，所以他实际上拿着通常绑在役畜上的挽具，比如马、牛或其他什么东西，把它绑在胸前和手臂上，然后自己犁地。
Narrator: There was in fact a method to Borlaug’s madness.
旁白：布洛格的疯狂其实是有办法的。
By cross-breeding his four survivors with other successful varieties, he hoped to produce the perfect wheat.
通过将他的四个幸存者与其他成功品种杂交，他希望生产出完美的小麦。
The critical moment arrived when the wheat began to flower.
当小麦开始开花时，关键时刻到了。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: Wheat is self-pollinating, so to make a cross pollination you have to cut the female floret when it's just at the right point, and remove all of its pollen so that it can't pollinate itself; you've got to get every last one.
农艺师Noel Vietmeyer：小麦是自花授粉的，因此要进行异花授粉，您必须在雌花正好处于正确位置时将其剪掉，并除去所有花粉，使其无法自行授粉；你必须得到最后的每一个。
And then you have to cover it with paper to stop any foreign pollen blowing in on the wind.
然后你必须用纸盖住它，以阻止任何外来花粉随风吹进来。
Four days later, when the male is producing pollen then you bring that one over and pour its pollen down so you've got a cross pollinated plant.
四天后，当雄性产生花粉时，您将其带过来并将其花粉倒下来，这样您就得到了异花授粉植物。
It's very, very complicated, and Norm had to teach himself.
这非常非常复杂，诺姆必须自学。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: This is something that plant breeders have been doing for, you know, a very, very long time at this point.
传记作者曼恩：这是植物育种者长期以来一直在做的事情。
What they haven't done is to do it on a massive scale.
他们还没有做的是大规模地这样做。
It's such a phenomenal amount of work that nobody in their right mind would think of doing it.
这是一项巨大的工作量，任何一个头脑清醒的人都不会想到这样做。
Narrator: At night, as Borlaug lay on the floor with rats scampering over his bedroll, the ghosts crowded in.
旁白：晚上，当博洛格躺在地板上，老鼠在他的铺盖卷上爬来爬去时，鬼魂就蜂拥而至。
“I was certain,” he wrote, “that I had made a dreadful mistake.”
“我确信，”他写道，“我犯了一个可怕的错误。”
Narrator: Over the next years, Borlaug’s doubts slowly gave way to the realization that he was on to something big.
旁白：在接下来的几年里，博洛格的疑虑慢慢消失，他意识到自己正在做一件大事。
By 1948 he had wheat that resisted stem rust, grew anywhere, in any season, and delivered huge quantities of high-quality grain.
到 1948 年，他种植的小麦能够抵抗茎锈病，可以在任何地方、任何季节生长，并产出大量优质谷物。
But that remarkable achievement came with one, big, catch.
但这一非凡成就带来了一个重大收获。
In order to deliver those yields, his wheat needed unprecedented levels of chemical fertilizer and lots of water.
为了实现这些产量，他的小麦需要前所未有的化肥和大量的水。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: Fertilizer was the key to getting the absolute greatest productivity out of these plants – ten times what the average wheat farmer was getting.
农学家 Noel Vietmeyer：肥料是从这些植物中获得绝对最大生产力的关键 - 是普通小麦农民获得的十倍。
Narrator: Borlaug wanted to fight hunger by producing lots of food.
旁白：博洛格想通过生产大量食物来对抗饥饿。
But his wheat relied on a costly recipe; only farmers who could afford that fertilizer and had access to irrigation water stood to benefit.
但他的小麦依赖于昂贵的配方。只有买得起肥料并获得灌溉用水的农民才能受益。
Poor farmers - the ones the Rockefeller Foundation had come to help - would be largely left behind.
贫困农民——洛克菲勒基金会前来帮助的农民——将在很大程度上被抛在后面。
Tore Olsson, Historian: Borlaug is coming to challenge in many ways the established direction of the program, which was trying to help small scale poor farmers in central Mexico.
托雷·奥尔森（Tore Olsson），历史学家：博洛格正在以多种方式挑战该计划的既定方向，该计划试图帮助墨西哥中部的小规模贫困农民。
And George Harrar, who is Borlaug’s boss, basically tells him, “you've got to stop this.
博洛格的老板乔治·哈拉尔基本上告诉他，“你必须阻止这一切。
It is a fundamental distraction from what we're trying to accomplish.” Borlaug throws down the towel and says, “I'm quitting.” John Perkins, Environmental Historian: Borlaug had very definite thoughts about the way that agriculture should develop: you make it possible for very few people to raise vast amounts of food.
这从根本上干扰了我们努力实现的目标。”博洛格扔下毛巾说：“我要辞职了。”环境历史学家约翰·帕金斯：博洛格对于农业的发展方式有着非常明确的想法：让极少数人能够种植大量粮食。
And the surplus labor - which is what most people in rural areas became - they were going to be city people.
而剩余劳动力——大多数农村地区的人都变成了这样——他们将成为城市人。
Narrator: Borlaug marched out of Harrar’s office and began making plans to leave the country, but the next day he was unexpectedly summoned back.
旁白：博洛格走出哈拉尔的办公室，开始计划离开这个国家，但第二天他意外地被召回。
“Forget what I said,” Harrar told an astonished Borlaug.
“忘了我说的话吧，”哈拉尔对惊讶的博洛格说道。
“Go on working in Sonora.” Borlaug couldn’t know it, but a political earthquake on the other side of the globe was upending the Rockefeller program.
“继续在索诺拉工作。”博洛格可能不知道，地球另一端的一场政治地震正在颠覆洛克菲勒计划。
Nick Cullather, Historian: Chinese Communist troops march south singing about rice and beans.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：中国共产党军队高歌大米、豆类南下。
Americans interpreted the Chinese Civil War as a conflict that was based on resources, and particularly on food.
美国人将中国内战视为一场基于资源，特别是食物的冲突。
Narrator: By that summer of 1948, Mao Zedong’s Communists were sweeping across China.
旁白：1948年的那个夏天，毛泽东的共产党正在席卷中国。
In Washington, alarm bells were ringing.
华盛顿敲响了警钟。
Tore Olsson, Historian: There was a growing sense that the Cold War was spiraling out of Americans’ control.
历史学家托雷·奥尔森：人们越来越感觉到冷战正在脱离美国人的控制。
The fear especially that what was going to tilt the Cold War in the Soviets’ favor was discontented peasants around the world.
人们尤其担心世界各地不满的农民会让冷战向有利于苏联的方向倾斜。
Narrator: This new threat gave American policymakers an urgent priority.
旁白：这一新威胁给美国决策者带来了紧迫的优先考虑。
Tore Olsson, Historian: There was a rather simple idea that “no one becomes a Communist on a full belly,” that we can tilt the scales in favor of the free capitalist democratic world, if we can just produce enough food.
托雷·奥尔森（Tore Olsson），历史学家：有一个相当简单的想法，“没有人能在吃饱的情况下成为共产主义者”，如果我们能够生产足够的食物，我们就可以让天平向自由资本主义民主世界倾斜。
Narrator: Borlaug’s miracle wheat might not help peasant farmers in Mexico, but it could win hearts and minds in the struggle against Josef Stalin and Mao Zedong.
旁白：博洛格的神奇小麦可能无法帮助墨西哥的农民，但它可以在反对约瑟夫·斯大林和毛泽东的斗争中赢得人心。
Tore Olsson, Historian: The Rockefeller Foundation bosses in New York, who are working quite collaboratively with the State Department, come to realize that Borlaug is actually doing something that might be valuable for the global Cold War: a universal program to feed a hungry world.
托雷·奥尔森（Tore Olsson），历史学家：纽约洛克菲勒基金会的老板们正在与国务院密切合作，他们逐渐意识到博洛格实际上正在做一些对全球冷战可能有价值的事情：一项为饥饿的世界提供食物的普遍计划。
Narrator: The Rockefeller Foundation began recasting the Mexico program.
旁白：洛克菲勒基金会开始重新制定墨西哥计划。
Not only was Borlaug given a free hand in Sonora, but his agenda began to eclipse the original mission.
博洛格不仅在索诺拉获得了自由支配的权力，而且他的议程也开始超越最初的使命。
Over the next few years a large staff of Mexican and American scientists and administrators was assigned to Borlaug’s wheat project, and a bright new facility built.
在接下来的几年里，大批墨西哥和美国科学家和管理人员被分配到博洛格的小麦项目，并建造了一座明亮的新设施。
He would soon need all of those resources, and more.
他很快就会需要所有这些资源，甚至更多。
The problem appeared in the early 1950s, as Borlaug was achieving unprecedented yields.
这个问题出现在 20 世纪 50 年代初，当时博洛格取得了前所未有的产量。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: He was getting plants with so much grain up there that the five foot long stem just couldn't hold it up.
农艺师 Noel Vietmeyer：他在那里种植含有大量谷物的植物，以至于五英尺长的茎根本无法支撑它。
Towards the end of the season, winds would blow whole fields over.
季节快结束时，大风会吹倒整片田地。
He had to find some way to strengthen the stems.
他必须找到某种方法来强化茎。
And the only way he could see to do that was to shrink the plant.
他认为实现这一目标的唯一方法就是缩小工厂规模。
Narrator: Borlaug began crossing his top lines with what was called a “dwarf” wheat, descended from varieties developed in Japan a century before.
旁白：博洛格开始用一种所谓的“矮化”小麦来杂交他的顶系，这种小麦是一个世纪前在日本开发的品种的后代。
This time there were no shortcuts, no lucky breaks, just thousands and thousands of crosses, and years of frustration.
这一次，没有捷径，没有侥幸，只有千千万万的十字架，以及多年的挫败。
Finally, in 1962, after seven years and 8156 crosses, the dwarf wheat program came through.
终于，在 1962 年，经过七年时间和 8156 次杂交，矮化小麦计划得以实现。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: He has developed what you can think of as the complete wheat – you know, wheat that would yield like crazy with fertilizer and water, that’s shorter so all the extra growth will go into the grain, will grow anywhere, and is as resistant to stem rust as you can possibly be.
曼恩，传记作者：他开发了你可以认为的完整小麦——你知道，小麦在肥料和水的帮助下会疯狂地产量，它更短，所以所有额外的生长都会进入谷物，可以在任何地方生长，并且尽可能地抵抗茎锈病。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: It was this amazing development.
Noel Vietmeyer，农学家：这是一个惊人的发展。
And Norm patented nothing - nothing.
诺姆没有申请任何专利——没有。
Narrator: Borlaug’s new wheat transformed the program’s potential.
旁白：博洛格的新小麦改变了该计划的潜力。
Nick Cullather, Historian: The Rockefeller Foundation began to see places in the world where the techniques Borlaug developed in Mexico might be practically used.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：洛克菲勒基金会开始寻找世界上可以实际使用博洛格在墨西哥开发的技术的地方。
They started out in a particular place, with a particular set of political goals.
他们从一个特定的地方出发，有着一套特定的政治目标。
But increasingly they began to see it as a program for the salvation of the world.
但他们逐渐开始将其视为拯救世界的计划。
Narrator: In January of 1963, just a few months after Borlaug’s masterstroke, an invitation from an Indian agricultural scientist landed on his desk.
旁白：1963 年 1 月，就在博洛格的杰作几个月后，一位印度农业科学家的邀请函落在了他的办公桌上。
Within weeks Borlaug was on his way to New Delhi.
几周之内，博洛格就踏上了前往新德里的旅程。
One of the most far-reaching enterprises of the 20th century had begun.
20 世纪影响最深远的事业之一已经开始。
Howard K.
霍华德·K.
Smith: India's problem is easily stated.
史密斯：印度的问题很容易说出来。
India is one third the size of the United States, but it has a population greater than that of all North America and South America together: some 400 million people.
印度面积只有美国的三分之一，但其人口却比整个北美洲和南美洲的总和还要多：约 4 亿人。
In the next twenty-five years, if nothing happens, that huge population will double to 800 million.
未来25年，如果不出意外，这个庞大的人口将翻一番，达到8亿。
If India has trouble feeding 400 millions now, how can she feed twice that number within a generation?
如果印度现在难以养活 4 亿人口，那么她如何能在一代人之内养活两倍于这个数字的人口呢？
Reporter: The man whose ambition is to turn India into a food exporting country is Dr Swaminathan.
记者：斯瓦米纳坦博士的志向是将印度变成食品出口国。
Nick Cullather, Historian: Swaminathan had begun to do his own research on wheat.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：斯瓦米纳坦开始对小麦进行自己的研究。
He came across some research materials about the dwarf wheat varieties and he conceives of the idea of inviting Norman Borlaug.
他偶然发现了一些有关矮化小麦品种的研究资料，并萌生了邀请诺曼·博洛格的想法。
Narrator: Over the course of a three-week road trip through India’s wheat country, the bull-headed American and the cultured Brahmin discovered a bond of common purpose.
旁白：在穿越印度小麦之乡的三周公路旅行中，顽固的美国人和有教养的婆罗门发现了共同目标的纽带。
Ms Swaminathan, Agronomist: We had the same ideas, we had the same rules in life.
农学家斯瓦米纳坦女士：我们有相同的想法，我们有相同的生活规则。
And I liked his approach.
我喜欢他的方法。
George Varughese, Agronomist: Dr. Swaminathan is an excellent politician.
农学家 George Varughese：斯瓦米纳坦博士是一位出色的政治家。
He is so quiet, slow operator.
他是一个非常安静、缓慢的操作员。
Dr. Borlaug is not that way.
博洛格博士不是这样的。
He will start very polite, but if at one stage he finds things are not going very well, you cannot hold him back.
他一开始会非常有礼貌，但如果在某个阶段他发现事情进展得不太顺利，你就无法阻止他。
Nick Cullather, Historian: Borlaug is playing a very different role than the role he played in Mexico.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：博洛格扮演的角色与他在墨西哥扮演的角色截然不同。
In Mexico Borlaug is working largely as a scientist.
博洛格在墨西哥主要从事科学家的工作。
When he gets to India he's working with Swaminathan, reaching out as a salesman to a skeptical population and government.
当他到达印度时，他与斯瓦米纳坦一起工作，以推销员的身份接触持怀疑态度的民众和政府。
Narrator: The political challenge was enormous.
旁白：政治挑战是巨大的。
The wholesale adoption of high yield wheat entailed massive investments.
大规模采用高产小麦需要大量投资。
Fertilizer would have to be imported until a domestic industry could meet the demand, and irrigation built up across thousands of square miles.
化肥必须进口，直到国内工业能够满足需求，并在数千平方英里的范围内建立灌溉系统。
The government would also have to guarantee a minimum price to farmers, so they could afford to adapt to the new practices.
政府还必须向农民保证最低价格，以便他们有能力适应新的做法。
Prakash Kumar, Historian: There were all kinds of suspicions.
历史学家普拉卡什·库马尔：有各种各样的怀疑。
Is this opening the floodgates to American corporations to sell their seeds, chemicals and other things?
这是否为美国公司出售种子、化学品和其他产品打开了大门？
And there was this huge question whether this model of farming is applicable to India.
这种农业模式是否适用于印度存在一个巨大的问题。
Narrator: After returning to Mexico, Borlaug loaded seven hundred and fifty pounds of seed into the cargo hold of a Pan Am jet, and sent it to Swaminathan for field trials.
旁白：回到墨西哥后，博洛格将七百五十磅种子装入泛美航空喷气式飞机的货舱中，并将其送往斯瓦米纳坦进行田间试验。
By harvest time he was in India again, in time to savor the result: where the plants had been fed and watered as directed, they had delivered almost incredible yields.
到了收获季节，他再次来到印度，及时品尝了结果：按照指示给植物施肥和浇水，它们获得了几乎令人难以置信的产量。
But Borlaug was outraged to discover that scientists at several sites had used traditional methods.
但博洛格发现多个地点的科学家都使用了传统方法，这让他感到愤怒。
With no fertilizer, chemicals, or extra water, the plants fared poorly.
由于没有肥料、化学品或额外的水，这些植物的生长状况很差。
This, they insisted, was how wheat was grown in South Asia.
他们坚称，这就是南亚小麦的种植方式。
Prakash Kumar, Historian: Most of Indian farming was for subsistence.
历史学家普拉卡什·库马尔：印度农业大部分是为了维持生计。
Gandhian ideology talks in terms of restraint in use.
甘地意识形态谈论的是使用的限制。
It talks in terms of less greed, less acquisition.
它谈论的是减少贪婪，减少收购。
It was the brute capitalism of the Norman Borlaug model that was irreconcilable with Gandhian thought.
诺曼·博洛格模式的野蛮资本主义与甘地思想是不可调和的。
Narrator: As far as Borlaug was concerned, India was in danger of widespread famine, and it was almost criminal to object to a solution.
旁白：在博洛格看来，印度正面临大范围饥荒的危险，反对解决方案几乎是犯罪行为。
“This was utter folly,” he noted, “and we ignored it.” But folly or not, Borlaug and Swaminathan couldn’t bring the authorities around: it was going to take more than a few field tests to shake up the world’s largest democracy.
“这完全是愚蠢的，”他指出，“我们忽视了它。”但无论愚蠢与否，博洛格和斯瓦米纳坦都无法让当局改变立场：要撼动世界上最大的民主国家，需要进行多次现场测试。
Prakash Kumar, Historian: There was a real fear in the American State Department that hunger would lead to Communist takeover.
历史学家普拉卡什·库马尔：美国国务院确实担心饥饿会导致共产党掌权。
So they came up with this solution: using food aid as a tool of foreign policy.
于是他们想出了这个解决方案：利用粮食援助作为外交政策的工具。
Narrator: In the mid-1950s, the United States began sending its surplus grain to countries like India, under a program called “Food For Peace.” It was a powerful strategy, but unsustainable.
旁白：20 世纪 50 年代中期，美国开始根据一项名为“和平粮食”的计划向印度等国家运送剩余粮食。这是一个强有力的战略，但不可持续。
In 1965 India consumed one fifth of America’s wheat crop; by 1970 it was projected to need one half.
1965年，印度消耗了美国五分之一的小麦产量；到 1970 年，预计需要一半。
Howard K.
霍华德·K.
Smith: Two thirds of the world goes to bed hungry every night.
史密斯：世界上三分之二的人每晚都饿着肚子睡觉。
Most children eat less than two meals a day.
大多数孩子每天吃的饭少于两顿。
The population problem has clearly graduated to the point where it has to be faced and discussed openly and in deadly seriousness.
人口问题显然已经发展到必须公开、极其严肃地面对和讨论的地步。
Nick Cullather, Historian: The idea that population growth had gone out of control became a major political concern.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：人口增长失控的想法成为一个主要的政治问题。
The United Nations began holding sessions on the question of population.
联合国开始召开关于人口问题的会议。
The US Congress began wondering whether the food supply would keep up with global population growth.
美国国会开始怀疑粮食供应能否跟上全球人口的增长。
Narrator: If present trends continued, mankind would run out of arable land, and the food supply would fall short.
旁白：如果按照目前的趋势发展下去，人类将耗尽耕地，粮食供应将短缺。
Famine and social chaos seemed inevitable.
饥荒和社会混乱似乎不可避免。
John Perkins, Environmental Historian: Most of the good acres are already in cultivation.
环境历史学家约翰·帕金斯：大部分良田已经开始耕种。
So you have to get more food from every acre you harvest.
所以你必须从你收获的每一英亩土地中获得更多的食物。
Narrator: American policymakers began pushing strategies to grow larger yields, in an effort to contain the looming crisis.
旁白：美国政策制定者开始推行提高收益率的战略，以遏制迫在眉睫的危机。
For many people, India was the bellwether.
对于许多人来说，印度是领头羊。
“The future of mankind is now being ground out there,” a witness told Congress.
一位目击者告诉国会：“人类的未来正在那里被磨砺。”
“If no solution is found, all the world will live as India does now.” In 1966, that was a terrifying prospect.
“如果找不到解决方案，全世界都将像印度现在一样生活。” 1966 年，这是一个可怕的前景。
Announcer: Even in good years, millions of Indians suffer from malnutrition.
播音员：即使在丰年，数百万印度人也遭受营养不良。
This year, seventy million lives may be in peril, in the worst drought in India’s history as an independent nation.
今年，印度作为一个独立国家经历了历史上最严重的干旱，七千万人的生命可能处于危险之中。
Announcer: One third of Bihar has been declared as famine area.
播音员：比哈尔邦三分之一的地区已被宣布为饥荒地区。
Water is a major problem.
水是一个大问题。
Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi: Indira Gandhi: All of us must come together to alleviate the agony of millions of our stricken people.
英迪拉·甘地总理夫人： 英迪拉·甘地：我们所有人必须团结起来，减轻数百万受灾人民的痛苦。
Prakash Kumar, Historian: I was born in 1966 in the state of Bihar, when my state was passing through this famine.
Prakash Kumar，历史学家：我 1966 年出生在比哈尔邦，当时我的邦正在经历这场饥荒。
That famine was real and it led to death.
那场饥荒是真实存在的，它导致了死亡。
Narrator: “During those terrible days,” Borlaug wrote, “I saw miserable homeless kids pleading for scraps of bread.
旁白：“在那段可怕的日子里，”博洛格写道，“我看到悲惨的无家可归的孩子乞讨面包屑。
Each morning trucks circled the streets, picking up corpses.
每天早晨，卡车在街道上盘旋，运走尸体。
That’s when my patience ran out.” Borlaug’s frustration boiled over in a meeting with one of their leading Indian opponents.
那时我的耐心就耗尽了。”在与印度主要对手之一的会面中，博洛格的挫败感达到了顶峰。
George Varughese, Agronomist: Ashok Mehta, the head of the Planning Commission, determines the priorities, where to allocate the money, how the policies are set.
农学家 George Varughese：阿肖克·梅塔 (Ashok Mehta) 是规划委员会主席，负责确定优先事项、资金分配到哪里以及如何制定政策。
He was person who was holding back.
他是一个有所保留的人。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: Borlaug barges into the guy's office and explodes.
曼恩，传记作者：博洛格闯入那家伙的办公室并爆炸了。
Narrator: “Unless the policy is changed soon,” Borlaug shouted, “farmers will riot and social and political disorder will spread across the countryside…and you personally will be to blame!” Charles C.
旁白：“除非政策尽快改变，”博洛格喊道，“农民将会骚乱，社会和政治混乱将会蔓延到整个乡村……而你个人将受到谴责！”查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer: He's red-faced, he's slamming the table, yelling and screaming at a high Indian government official who has never met him before.
曼恩，传记作者：他红着脸，拍着桌子，对着一位以前从未见过他的印度政府高级官员大喊大叫。
Narrator: Borlaug’s tirade went hand-in-hand with a harsh new American policy.
旁白：博洛格的长篇大论与美国严厉的新政策齐头并进。
By the summer of 1966 the United States’ wheat surplus was dwindling.
到 1966 年夏天，美国的小麦盈余逐渐减少。
President Lyndon Johnson, anxious to force the pace of agricultural reform in India, shut down the food pipeline at the height of the drought.
林登·约翰逊总统急于推动印度农业改革的步伐，在干旱最严重的时候关闭了粮食供应管道。
“He was toying with people’s lives,” Borlaug wrote.
“他在玩弄人们的生命，”博洛格写道。
“But,” he added, “what he was attempting was just what was needed.” Few Indians saw it that way.
“但是，”他补充道，“他所尝试的正是我们所需要的。”很少有印度人这么看。
Raj Patel, Writer: That moment of understanding that your food supply in your country was hostage to whether you did what the United States wanted to do or not was a moment of indelible national shame.
作家拉吉·帕特尔：当你意识到你的国家的粮食供应取决于你是否做了美国想做的事时，那一刻是不可磨灭的国家耻辱的时刻。
Narrator: Indians resolved to throw off this new colonialism.
旁白：印度人决心摆脱这种新殖民主义。
There were to be no more grain imports, the government declared, even if it meant that Indians would starve.
政府宣布不再进口粮食，即使这意味着印度人会挨饿。
In these new circumstances, Borlaug’s program took on a different aspect.
在这些新情况下，博洛格的计划呈现出不同的一面。
It offered a path to Indian self-sufficiency and independence, a goal that now outweighed worries about ecology and social equity.
它为印度实现自给自足和独立提供了一条道路，这一目标现在超越了对生态和社会公平的担忧。
Not long after Borlaug’s showdown with Mehta, India announced a fundamental change in its agricultural policy.
博洛格与梅塔摊牌后不久，印度就宣布农业政策发生根本性改变。
Fertilizer imports and factories, irrigation, price supports: everything was in place now.
化肥进口、工厂、灌溉、价格支持：现在一切都已就位。
For years Borlaug had promised that he could save India.
博洛格多年来一直承诺他可以拯救印度。
Now it was time to prove it.
现在是证明这一点的时候了。
Nick Cullather, Historian: Fertilizer had been distributed around the country.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：化肥已分发到全国各地。
The test plots had been stretched out to almost a million acres.
试验田已延伸至近一百万英亩。
And the rains cooperated.
雨水也配合了。
Narrator: By the time Borlaug and Swaminathan headed into the countryside in the spring of 1968, the atmosphere was electric.
旁白：1968 年春天，当博洛格和斯瓦米纳坦前往乡村时，气氛十分激动。
Nick Cullather, Historian: Reports began to arrive in New Delhi of grain silos that were being overwhelmed.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：新德里开始收到有关粮仓不堪重负的报道。
Railroad depots were stacking grain on the tracks because there was no place else to put it.
火车站把谷物堆放在铁轨上，因为没有其他地方可以放。
Noel Vietmeyer, Agronomist: They closed the schools and filled the school rooms with the sacks of grain.
农艺师诺埃尔·维特梅尔（Noel Vietmeyer）：他们关闭了学校，并在教室里装满了麻袋谷物。
There was food everywhere.
到处都是食物。
There was grain everywhere.
到处都是谷物。
Narrator: “Punjabi towns were buried in wheat,” Borlaug wrote, “There weren’t bags to hold the grain, carts to haul away the bags, bullocks to pull the carts, or trucks and trains to haul it all away.” When it was all done and counted, the 1968 harvest was almost one and a half times larger than the previous record.
旁白：“旁遮普的城镇被小麦埋没了，”博洛格写道，“没有袋子来装谷物，没有推车来拉走袋子，没有公牛来拉车，也没有卡车和火车来把谷物全部拉走。”当这一切完成并统计后，1968 年的收成几乎比之前的记录增加了一倍半。
It marked the beginning of a movement that would change the face of the world.
它标志着一场改变世界面貌的运动的开始。
Soon afterward, an American diplomat gave that movement a name, and an ideology.
不久之后，一位美国外交官给这场运动起了一个名字，并赋予了它一种意识形态。
Nick Cullather, Historian: The term Green Revolution was meant to contrast this program, which was now seen as a tremendous global success, with the Red Revolution which was at that time sweeping the world and particularly in Asia.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟：“绿色革命”一词旨在将这一计划与当时席卷世界，特别是亚洲的红色革命进行对比，该计划现在被视为在全球取得了巨大的成功。
Prakash Kumar, Historian: At the end of the day the Green Revolution was ideological in nature.
历史学家普拉卡什·库马尔：归根结底，绿色革命本质上是意识形态的。
Borlaug represented American faith in agricultural capitalism.
博洛格代表了美国对农业资本主义的信仰。
Narrator: By 1970 the impact of Borlaug’s work was being felt around the world.
旁白：到 1970 年，布洛格作品的影响力已传遍全世界。
Variants of his wheat produced record-breaking harvests in Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and elsewhere.
他的小麦变种在土耳其、突尼斯、摩洛哥、阿富汗、巴基斯坦和其他地方创造了破纪录的收成。
With the help of the State Department and the World Bank, Green Revolution techniques were spreading around the world.
在国务院和世界银行的帮助下，绿色革命技术正在世界各地传播。
Borlaug’s research had inspired programs that developed high yield rice, maize and other crops.
博洛格的研究启发了开发高产水稻、玉米和其他作物的项目。
Those higher yields had largely banished the specter of global famine.
更高的产量在很大程度上消除了全球饥荒的幽灵。
After years of apocalyptic forecasts, it seemed almost miraculous, and Borlaug had been at the center of it.
经过多年的世界末日预测，这看起来几乎是奇迹，而博洛格一直处于其中的中心。
Still, he had no idea what to expect when strangers started showing up at work one morning.
不过，有一天早上，当陌生人开始出现在工作场所时，他不知道会发生什么。
Reporter: Doctor, a few hours ago you were informed that you had won the Nobel Peace Prize.
记者：博士，几个小时前您获悉您获得了诺贝尔和平奖。
Why do you think you won it?
你为什么认为你赢了？
Norman Borlaug: Well Mr. White, I suppose it had something to do with the Green Revolution…
诺曼·博洛格：嗯，怀特先生，我想这与绿色革命有关……
Walter Cronkite: The 1970 Nobel Peace prize was awarded today to Doctor Norman Ernest Borlaug...
沃尔特·克朗凯特：1970 年诺贝尔和平奖今天授予诺曼·欧内斯特·博洛格博士……
Anchor: His efforts are credited with saving millions of persons from malnutrition and starvation.
主持人：他的努力被认为使数百万人免于营养不良和饥饿。
Narrator: Overnight, Borlaug’s life became a whirlwind.
旁白：一夜之间，博洛格的生活掀起了旋风。
Everywhere he was revered for having saved the world from disaster.
他因拯救世界免遭灾难而受到各地的尊敬。
But Borlaug remained deeply apprehensive, sure that he had only delayed mankind’s reckoning.
但博洛格仍然深感忧虑，确信他只是推迟了人类的清算。
Norman Borlaug: We are making progress at the present time.
Norman Borlaug：我们目前正在取得进展。
We can't relax.
我们不能放松。
We must continue.
我们必须继续。
Norman Borlaug: The Green Revolution has bought twenty to twenty-five years.
诺曼·博洛格：绿色革命已经赢得了二十到二十五年的时间。
The world can support so many individuals, at a certain population level.
在一定的人口水平上，世界可以养活如此多的人。
Norman Borlaug: I think we might be able to cope and buy twenty to thirty years of time.
诺曼·博洛格：我认为我们也许能够应对并购买二十到三十年的时间。
Nick Cullather, Historian : He believed he had bought time for the world to deal with the population problem and to bring it under control.
历史学家尼克·卡拉瑟（Nick Cullather）：他相信自己为世界解决人口问题并使其得到控制赢得了时间。
Narrator: Borlaug had warned that the Green Revolution was just a delaying action, a fix that bought twenty or thirty years.
旁白：博洛格曾警告说，绿色革命只是一种拖延行动，一种拖延了二十年或三十年的解决办法。
But by the turn of the century those decades had passed, the population was still growing, and the Green Revolution was deeply entrenched around the world.
但到了世纪之交，几十年过去了，人口仍在增长，绿色革命在世界各地根深蒂固。
John Perkins, Environmental Historian: The revolution happened and the revolution became the standard operating procedure.
约翰·帕金斯，环境历史学家：革命发生了，革命成为标准操作程序。
It really doesn't matter which country you're in.
你在哪个国家其实并不重要。
And it would be very hard to feed the human population at seven billion and still growing without Green Revolution technology.
如果没有绿色革命技术，要养活 70 亿且仍在增长的人口将是非常困难的。
Narrator: Borlaug was still lionized, but the legacy of the Green Revolution was becoming ever more troubled.
旁白：博洛格仍然受到人们的推崇，但绿色革命的遗产却变得越来越麻烦。
Charles C.
查尔斯·C.
Mann, Biographer : What the Green Revolution did was increase the global food supply, by a lot.
传记作者曼：绿色革命所做的是大幅增加全球粮食供应。
But that was accomplished in tremendous social and environmental costs.
但这是以巨大的社会和环境成本为代价的。
Prakash Kumar, Historian: There is no doubt that the Green Revolution resolved the question of food scarcity in India.
历史学家普拉卡什·库马尔：毫无疑问，绿色革命解决了印度的粮食短缺问题。
But in parts of India the impact can be seen in the degradation of soil, in the reduction of water table, a broken agrarian community, a broken society.
但在印度部分地区，其影响体现在土壤退化、地下水位下降、农业社区破碎、社会破碎等方面。
John Perkins, Environmental Historian: After the Green Revolution most people ended up living in cities.
环境历史学家约翰·帕金斯：绿色革命之后，大多数人最终生活在城市中。
People were not needed in the rural areas.
农村地区不需要人。
There was nothing for them to do.
他们无事可做。
Tore Olson, Historian: Not only does much of Mexico come to be soaked in toxic chemicals, we see this massive outmigration of Mexican farmers out of the countryside and into cities.
历史学家托雷·奥尔森：不仅墨西哥大部分地区都被有毒化学物质浸泡，我们还看到墨西哥农民大规模从农村迁往城市。
Millions of Mexicans who've chosen to emigrate to the United States in the last thirty, forty years or so are former campesino farmers.
在过去三十、四十年左右选择移民到美国的数百万墨西哥人曾经是农民。
Narrator: Most disturbing of all, no matter how much food the Green Revolution created, hunger remained.
旁白：最令人不安的是，无论绿色革命创造了多少食物，饥饿仍然存在。
Norman Borlaug: It's particularly frustrating to me that there are still 700 million people approximately who are short of food.
Norman Borlaug：令我特别沮丧的是，仍有大约 7 亿人面临食物短缺。
We have at least two different aspects of these this food problem.
对于这个食品问题，我们至少有两个不同的方面。
One is to produce enough and the second is the problem of poverty and lack of purchasing power for a large part of the world's population.
一是生产足够的产品，二是解决世界上很大一部分人口的贫困和购买力不足的问题。
Tore Olsson, Historian: The problem is not a lack of food.
历史学家托雷·奥尔森：问题不在于缺乏食物。
It is about inequality and class and poverty.
它涉及不平等、阶级和贫困。
Narrator: Norman Borlaug died in the fall of 2009.
旁白：诺曼·博洛格 (Norman Borlaug) 于 2009 年秋天去世。
To the end he remained outspoken, stubborn, selfless, and obsessed by his war on hunger.
直到最后，他仍然直言不讳、固执、无私，并痴迷于与饥饿的斗争。
Over the course of his life, he rarely reflected on his place in history.
在他的一生中，他很少反思自己在历史上的地位。
But once, not long after he won the Nobel Prize, Borlaug visited his ancestral homestead in Norway, where he wandered alone, contemplating his role in what he called “the great sweep of human events.” “Lurking in the edges of my consciousness,” he recalled, “I could see the point at which an over-burgeoning humanity becomes too much for Mother Earth to bear.” In fact, Borlaug allowed the earth to feed far more people than had been thought possible.
但有一次，在获得诺贝尔奖后不久，博洛格回到了他在挪威的祖宅，在那里他独自漫步，思考着自己在他所谓的“人类大事件”中所扮演的角色。 “潜伏在我意识的边缘，”他回忆道，“我可以看到过度发展的人类已经变得让地球母亲无法承受的地步。”事实上，博洛格让地球养活的人口远远超出了人们的想象。
But there would be no final victory in his war on hunger; it endures as a consequence not of want, but of human nature.
但他与饥饿的战争不会取得最后的胜利；它的存在不是因为匮乏，而是人性的结果。