MacArthur
Series Host: Hello.
系列主持人：您好。
I'm David McCullough.
我是大卫·麦卡洛。
Welcome to the American Experience.
欢迎来到美国体验。
The United States of America is a nation born of war, a bloody eight-year struggle for independence.
美利坚合众国是一个诞生于战争、八年血腥独立斗争的国家。
Our first larger-than-life hero and first president was a soldier.
我们的第一位传奇英雄和第一任总统是一名士兵。
And a long line of soldier-heroes followed — Andrew Jackson, Grant, Lee, Pershing — until the onrush of the Second World War.
随后出现了一长串士兵英雄——安德鲁·杰克逊、格兰特、李、潘兴——直到第二次世界大战爆发。
Then, miraculously, from a tiny professional army that the country had pretty much forgotten, came an array of general officers as remarkable as any in our history — Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, Stillwell, Bradley, and the most conspicuous and, some felt, the most brilliant of them all, General Douglas MacArthur.
然后，奇迹般地，从一支几乎被这个国家遗忘的小型职业军队中，出现了一批我们历史上最杰出的将军——马歇尔、艾森豪威尔、巴顿、斯蒂尔韦尔、布拉德利，以及他们中最引人注目、有人认为最聪明的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军。
What follows is a two-part film biography of MacArthur, an American life story ranging over much of the world, and that begins at a army post in New Mexico in the 1880's, far removed from the tumultuous century to come.
接下来是一部由两部分组成的麦克阿瑟电影传记，讲述了一个横跨世界大部分地区的美国人生故事，故事始于 1880 年代新墨西哥州的一个军队哨所，与即将到来的动荡世纪相去甚远。
But then MacArthur himself often seemed like a figure from another time, this man who was such a force in altogether three major wars.
但麦克阿瑟本人常常看起来像是另一个时代的人物，这个人在三场重大战争中都是如此强大的力量。
There was nothing simple about him.
他一点也不简单。
He was vain, haughty, theatrical, an incurable poser, and given to oratorical flourishes of a kind only he could have gotten away with.
他虚荣、傲慢、做作，是一个无可救药的装腔作势者，并且喜欢华丽的演讲，只有他才能逃脱惩罚。
He was also, most importantly a born leader, fearless, intensely patriotic, and highly ambitious, indeed, supremely conscious of himself as a "man of destiny." But, as Shakespeare reminds us, big wars make ambition a virtue.
最重要的是，他还是一位天生的领导者，无畏、强烈的爱国心和雄心勃勃，事实上，他非常意识到自己是一个“命运之人”。但是，正如莎士比亚提醒我们的那样，大战使野心成为一种美德。
That Douglas MacArthur was one of the most interesting and important figures of the century, there is no question.
毫无疑问，道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟是本世纪最有趣、最重要的人物之一。
Part I of MacArthur, written and produced by Austin Hoyt.
《麦克阿瑟》第一部分，由奥斯汀·霍伊特编写和制作。
NARR: In the winter of 1942 the eyes of the world were fixed on a tiny outpost in the Philippines where America's most famous general was under siege.
纳尔：1942 年冬天，全世界的目光都集中在菲律宾的一个小前哨基地，美国最著名的将军在那里遭到围攻。
His command post destroyed.
他的指挥所被摧毁。
His army near starvation.
他的军队濒临饥饿。
Reinforcements no where in sight.
增援部队不见踪影。
"The end is near," the Japanese commander taunted Gen.
“末日已近，”日本指挥官嘲笑将军。
Douglas MacArthur, "You are advised to surrender." A MacArthur, he knew, never surrendered.
道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟，“建议你投降。”他知道，麦克阿瑟永远不会投降。
He was prepared to die as a soldier.
他已经做好了作为一名士兵赴死的准备。
Ordered to abandon his army, he felt betrayed by enemies in Washington.
他被命令放弃军队，他感到自己被华盛顿的敌人出卖了。
His lonely quest to rescue his men became one of the great sagas of World War II.
他孤独地营救自己的士兵，成为第二次世界大战中最伟大的传奇故事之一。
A journey\ less lonely because of a family who shared the war years with him - a wife he married at age 57 and a son who he hoped would one day be a soldier.
这段旅程不再那么孤独，因为有一个家庭与他一起度过了战争岁月——他在 57 岁时结婚的妻子和他希望有一天能成为一名士兵的儿子。
He was welcomed home as no American had ever been - a hero as well to Australians, Filipinos, South Koreans - even the Japanese.
他受到了前所未有的美国人欢迎回家——对澳大利亚人、菲律宾人、韩国人——甚至日本人来说也是英雄。
MICHAEL SCHALLER, Historian: The sad thing for him is that those achievements were never enough.
历史学家迈克尔·夏勒：对他来说可悲的是，这些成就还远远不够。
He always felt that those above him denied him the recognition that he rightly deserved and I think nurtured lifelong grudges against almost anybody in a position superior to him.
他总是觉得他的上级剥夺了他应得的认可，而且我认为他对几乎所有地位比他高的人都怀有终生的怨恨。
VERNON A.
弗农 A.
WALTERS, U.S. Army: I regard him as probably the greatest soldier we've ever had, in all American history.
沃尔特斯，美国陆军：我认为他可能是美国历史上最伟大的士兵。
His only problem was that he didn't fully understand that in the United States, it's the president who makes national policy.
他唯一的问题是，他没有完全理解在美国，国家政策是由总统制定的。
NARR: Douglas MacArthur became so controversial that he stirred political passions Americans had not known since the Civil War.
纳尔：道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟变得如此富有争议，以至于他激起了美国人自内战以来从未有过的政治热情。
FAUBION BOWERS, Aide to MacArthur: He was like old Grecian statues, larger than life.
麦克阿瑟的助手福比恩·鲍尔斯（FAUBION BOWERS）：他就像古老的希腊雕像，比真人还要伟大。
And such absolute self-confidence.
还有这样绝对的自信。
He had such dignity, such presence.
他是如此的尊严，如此的存在。
He was a tremendously great man, with tremendously great weaknesses.
他是一个非常伟大的人，也有非常大的弱点。
He was a paranoid.
他是个偏执狂。
Everything was an arrow in his heart, and yet he was a magnetic person who could charm anyone.
一切都是他心中的箭，但他却是一个可以迷惑任何人的磁性人。
EDWIN H.
埃德温·H.
SIMMONS, Marine Historian: Wherever MacArthur was, he was the center of attention.
西蒙斯，海洋历史学家：无论麦克阿瑟在哪里，他都是人们关注的焦点。
All eyes were always riveted on MacArthur.
所有的目光都集中在麦克阿瑟身上。
He was a great actor.
他是一位伟大的演员。
When you speak of theater of war, he was the producer, the director, the star actor, in that theater and he played it to the limit.
当你谈到战争剧场时，他是那个剧院的制片人、导演、明星演员，他把它发挥到了极限。
GEOFFREY PERRET, Biographer: He is not just unlike most other men, he's unlike most soldiers.
传记作者杰弗里·佩雷特：他不仅与大多数其他人不同，而且与大多数士兵不同。
There is an element in MacArthur's temperament that is really that of the writer, the poet, the artist who has somehow ended up in uniform.
麦克阿瑟的气质中有一种元素，实际上是作家、诗人、艺术家的气质，但不知何故最终穿上了制服。
And he believed only a handful of people really counted in history.
他相信只有少数人真正能载入史册。
And his role in life was to be one of that handful of people.
他在生活中的角色就是成为那少数人中的一员。
In 1884 Douglas MacArthur, age four, trekked 300 miles to Fort Selden, New Mexico.
1884 年，四岁的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟 (Douglas MacArthur) 徒步 300 英里到达新墨西哥州塞尔登堡。
His father, in command of 46 enlisted men, had been sent to protect railroad crews and settlers from Geronimo's marauding Apaches.
他的父亲指挥着 46 名士兵，被派去保护铁路工人和定居者免遭杰罗尼莫的阿帕奇掠夺。
His earliest memory was the sound of bugles.
他最早的记忆是军号声。
Every morning he joined the soldiers at stiff attention.
每天早上，他都会全神贯注地加入士兵们的行列。
He remembered the ceremonies as a "never ending thrill." And his father was in charge.
他记得这些仪式是“永无休止的兴奋”。他的父亲负责。
Douglas saw his father at the center of the struggle to bring law and order to the American West.
道格拉斯认为他的父亲处于为美国西部带来法律和秩序的斗争的中心。
This is to be part of a great adventure.
这是一次伟大冒险的一部分。
This was the last great adventure.
这是最后一次伟大的冒险。
Once the frontier was closed, America, in a way, had been tamed.
一旦边境被关闭，美国在某种程度上就被驯服了。
MacArthur was thrilled for his whole life to feel that he, as a child, had witnessed this adventure and been a part of it.
麦克阿瑟一生都感到兴奋不已，因为他觉得自己小时候目睹了这次冒险并成为其中的一部分。
And his father plays an important role in it because it's the military that pushes the frontier back and the civilians come afterwards.
他的父亲在其中发挥了重要作用，因为是军队将边境推后，然后是平民。
And he sees the military as embodying everything that is best about the United States.
他认为军队体现了美国最好的一切。
NARR: Douglas' father Arthur had left Milwaukee to fight in the Civil War and had come back a hero.
纳尔：道格拉斯的父亲亚瑟离开密尔沃基参加内战，回来后成为英雄。
His mother, a Confederate from Norfolk, Virginia known as Pinky, valued Arthur's bravery and overlooked the color of his uniform.
他的母亲是来自弗吉尼亚州诺福克的南方邦联成员，绰号“平基”，她珍视亚瑟的勇敢，却忽视了他制服的颜色。
"We were to do what was right no matter what the personal sacrifice might be," his father impressed upon him.
“无论个人牺牲有多大，我们都要做正确的事，”他的父亲给他留下了深刻的印象。
"Our country was always to come first." In 1883 all the MacArthur children got measles.
“我们的国家永远是第一位的。” 1883年，麦克阿瑟家的所有孩子都得了麻疹。
Malcolm, Douglas' playmate, died at age four.
道格拉斯的玩伴马尔科姆四岁时去世。
Pinky believed Douglas and his oldest brother Arthur III had been spared for a reason.
平基相信道格拉斯和他的大哥亚瑟三世幸免于难是有原因的。
At bedtime, Douglas recalled, her last words would be, "You must grow up to be a great man - like your father and Robert E.
道格拉斯回忆说，睡前她的最后一句话是：“你必须成长为一个伟大的人——就像你的父亲和罗伯特·E·肯尼迪一样。
Lee." Malcolm's death intensified Pinky's desire to escape the lonely frontier.
李。”马尔科姆的死增强了平奇逃离孤独边境的愿望。
She pleaded with her husband to leave the army.
她恳求丈夫离开军队。
The captain refused.
船长拒绝了。
But when he was posted to Washington, Pinky was pleased.
但当他被派往华盛顿时，平基很高兴。
Douglas was not.
道格拉斯不是。
He missed the "color and excitement" of the soldier's frontier life.
他怀念军人边疆生活的“色彩和刺激”。
He did enjoy his grandfather, Arthur MacArthur Senior, a highly respected scholar and judge.
他确实很喜欢他的祖父老阿瑟·麦克阿瑟，一位备受尊敬的学者和法官。
As his grandfather entertained Washington's elite, Douglas got what he called "my first glimpse of politics and diplomacy, statesmanship and intrigue."
当他的祖父招待华盛顿的精英时，道格拉斯得到了他所谓的“我第一次看到政治和外交、政治才能和阴谋”。
Judge MacArthur reinforces the idea that a MacArthur is not going to be simply a military man, that a MacArthur must be a scholar, that a MacArthur must be a gentleman, and in those values were the things that a gentleman did and did not do.
麦克阿瑟法官强化了这样的观念：麦克阿瑟不仅仅是一名军人，麦克阿瑟必须是一名学者，麦克阿瑟必须是一位绅士，而这些价值观中包含了绅士所做和不做的事情。
Gentlemen did not lie.
先生们没有说谎。
Gentlemen did not cheat.
先生们没有欺骗。
Gentlemen were honorable, and if gentlemen were in war, gentlemen were brave.
君子以诚为本，君子以战，君子以勇。
NARR: He also learned they were not above self-promotion.
纳尔：他还了解到他们并不超越自我推销。
The Judge used his connections to help Douglas' father get the Medal of Honor.
法官利用他的关系帮助道格拉斯的父亲获得了荣誉勋章。
Twenty years after his feats in the Civil War at age 18.
距离他 18 岁在内战中立下战功已经过去了 20 年。
Douglas relished the story of how his father had distinguished himself at the battle of Missionary Ridge in Tennessee.
道格拉斯很喜欢讲述他的父亲如何在田纳西州传教岭战役中脱颖而出的故事。
How he had grabbed the flag from a bayoneted corporal, charged up the ridge, and then, above the roar of battle, cried, "On Wisconsin!," waving the colors where the whole regiment could see him.
他如何从一名被刺刀刺刀的下士手中夺过旗帜，冲上山脊，然后在战斗的轰鸣声中喊道：“威斯康星！”在全团都能看到的地方挥舞着旗帜。
YOUNG: There was no doubt that Col.
杨：毫无疑问，上校。
MacArthur truly believed that honor was more important than death itself, and I think Douglas always felt the need to equal, not surpass, no one could surpass the bravery of Douglas's father, certainly not in Douglas's mind, but not to disappoint his father, to try to equal that bravery.
麦克阿瑟确实相信荣誉比死亡本身更重要，而且我认为道格拉斯总是觉得需要平等，而不是超越，没有人能够超越道格拉斯父亲的勇敢，当然不是在道格拉斯的心中，但不要让他的父亲失望，试图与这种勇敢相媲美。
NARR: With the outbreak of the Spanish American war in April of 1898, Arthur MacArthur Jr., now a brigadier general, was ordered to the Philippines.
纳尔：随着 1898 年 4 月美西战争的爆发，现准将的小阿瑟·麦克阿瑟 (Arthur MacArthur Jr.) 奉命前往菲律宾。
Douglas' brother, Arthur III, a Naval Academy graduate, steamed toward Havana.
道格拉斯的弟弟、海军学院毕业生阿瑟三世正驶向哈瓦那。
At his father's bidding Douglas went to West Point.
在父亲的吩咐下，道格拉斯去了西点军校。
With nowhere else to go, Pinky joined him and lived in a hotel.
由于无处可去，平基和他一起住在一家旅馆里。
She would never be far away.
她永远不会远离。
For the next four years he would endure a Spartan life at the U.S. Military Academy.
接下来的四年里，他在美国军事学院过着斯巴达式的生活。
STEPHEN E.
斯蒂芬·E。
AMBROSE, Historian: They didn't get any Christmas vacation, no thanksgiving vacation, no Easter vacation, no vacations of any kind.
安布罗斯，历史学家：他们没有任何圣诞节假期，没有感恩节假期，没有复活节假期，没有任何形式的假期。
They were isolated from the world in a way that was almost medieval.
他们以一种近乎中世纪的方式与世隔绝。
Now it did have positive effects of bringing these kids together, an old army principle.
现在，它确实对将这些孩子聚集在一起产生了积极的影响，这是一条古老的军队原则。
You bring them together by getting them to hate the same person, and at West Point it started off with you hated the guys who were hazing you.
你通过让他们讨厌同一个人来将他们聚集在一起，而在西点军校，你开始讨厌那些欺负你的人。
NARR: As the son of a general, Douglas was a marked man.
纳尔：作为将军的儿子，道格拉斯是一位引人注目的人。
One night he was ordered to perform spread eagles, squatting and rising over broken glass - flapping his arms like wings.MacArthur remembered doing 200 before he fainted.
一天晚上，他被命令表演鹰展开，蹲下并在碎玻璃上站起来，双臂像翅膀一样拍打。麦克阿瑟记得在晕倒之前做了 200 次。
After the death of a plebe President McKinley ordered West Point to conduct an inquiry into hazing.
一名平民死亡后，麦金莱总统命令西点军校对欺凌行为进行调查。
Douglas was summoned to testify.
道格拉斯被传唤出庭作证。
To name the upper classmen who had hazed him.
说出那些欺负过他的高年级学生的名字。
He would have to choose between informing and expulsion.
他必须在举报和开除之间做出选择。
The career that he, and his father, so valued was at stake.
他和他父亲如此看重的事业岌岌可危。
To complicate matters Pinky weighed in.
Pinky 的介入让事情变得更加复杂。
With a poem.
配一首诗。
"Remember the world will be quick in its blame if shadow or shame ever darken your name.
“记住，如果阴影或耻辱让你的名字蒙上阴影，世界很快就会责怪你。
Like mother like son, is saying so true, the world will judge largely of mother by you.
有其母必有其子，说得真对，世界很大程度上会通过你来评价母亲。
PERRET: So its not just his reputation and his future that's at stake now.
佩雷特：所以现在面临危险的不仅仅是他的声誉和未来。
He has to do something that his mother can be proud of so that she can hold her head up .
他必须做一些让他的母亲感到自豪的事情，这样她才能昂首挺胸。
He has to find a way to satisfy the board and still walk out of there being able to say I'm not a snitch.
他必须找到一种方法来满足董事会的要求，同时在离开董事会时还能说我不是告密者。
And he finds a way of doing this.
他找到了一种方法来做到这一点。
He names people who have already confessed or have already been expelled, but he won't name anybody else.
他列出了已经认罪或已经被开除的人的名字，但他不会透露其他任何人的名字。
NARR: MacArthur endured his hazing ordeal, a cadet recalled, "with fortitude and dignity.
纳尔：一位学员回忆说，麦克阿瑟“以坚韧和尊严忍受了他的欺辱磨难。
He showed himself a true soldier."He passed his academic tests as well graduating first in his class, with one of the best records in the academy's history.
他展现了自己是一名真正的士兵。”他通过了学术考试，并以班上第一名的成绩毕业，成为学院历史上最好的成绩之一。
He revered the corps of cadets, the Long Gray Line that threaded through the generations to defend America.
他崇敬学员队伍，崇敬几代人保卫美国的长灰线。
Many times in the years ahead he would say "the soldier who is called upon to offer his life for his country is the noblest development of mankind." A half a world away in the Philippines, Douglas believed his father was approaching such elevated status.
在未来的岁月里，他多次说过“被号召为国家献出生命的士兵是人类最崇高的发展。”在半个地球之外的菲律宾，道格拉斯相信他的父亲正在接近如此崇高的地位。
Taking the Philippines from Spain was easy.
从西班牙手中夺取菲律宾是轻而易举的事。
Subduing Filipinos who wanted independence was not.
征服想要独立的菲律宾人却并非如此。
Arthur MacArthur was one of the heroes of the war.
阿瑟·麦克阿瑟是战争英雄之一。
After a year and a half of fighting guerrillas, he was elevated to military governor.
在与游击队作战一年半后，他被提升为军阀。
William Howard Taft, a federal judge, arrived a month later.
一个月后，联邦法官威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱抵达。
His mandate from President McKinley was to plan for civilian rule.
麦金莱总统赋予他的任务是规划文官统治。
STANLEY KARNOW, Author: And this was a terrible blow to Arthur MacArthur's ego, to have this fat 325 pound civilian from Ohio coming in there and running what he thought, Arthur MacArthur thought, was really a military situation.and so MacArthur resents him tremendously, shoves him off in a tiny room where Taft, given his girth, would have great trouble moving around.
斯坦利·卡诺，作者：这对阿瑟·麦克阿瑟的自尊心来说是一个可怕的打击，让这个来自俄亥俄州的肥胖的 325 磅平民来到那里，并管理他认为的阿瑟·麦克阿瑟认为的真正的军事局势。因此麦克阿瑟对他非常不满，把他推到一个小房间里，塔夫脱考虑到他的腰围，在里面走动会很困难。
NARR: Taft was convinced the rebellion was under control and the military should hand over power to his commission.
纳尔：塔夫脱确信叛乱已得到控制，军方应将权力移交给他的委员会。
Casualty reports convinced MacArthur it was not over - and the civilians should butt out.
伤亡报告让麦克阿瑟相信事情还没有结束，平民应该退出。
In letters to Washington, Taft said the general was "haughty" and "arrogant" and convinced President McKinley to order MacArthur home.
塔夫脱在给华盛顿的信中称这位将军“傲慢”和“傲慢”，并说服麦金莱总统命令麦克阿瑟回家。
KENNETH R.
肯尼斯·R。
YOUNG, Arthur MacArthur Biographer: He had been a highly successful military governor.
年轻的阿瑟·麦克阿瑟传记作者：他是一位非常成功的军事总督。
And what he expected when he returned home was accolades.
当他回到家时，他所期待的是荣誉。
He expected the bands to be playing.
他预计乐队会演奏。
Instead what he got was ignored, and I think that hurt him deeply.
相反，他所得到的却被忽视了，我认为这深深地伤害了他。
And from that point on, General Arthur MacArthur did not trust politicians, and I think that that experience is embedded in Douglas' mind.
从那时起，阿瑟·麦克阿瑟将军就不信任政客了，我认为这种经历已经深深地烙印在道格拉斯的脑海中。
NARR: Taft went on to become Secretary of War and denied Arthur MacArthur, then the highest ranking officer in the Army, the job he thought he deserved - chief of staff.
纳尔：塔夫脱后来成为战争部长，并剥夺了当时陆军最高级别军官阿瑟·麦克阿瑟的职位——他认为自己应得的职位——参谋长。
Douglas' father retired to Milwaukee a bitter man.
道格拉斯的父亲退休后来到了密尔沃基，他的父亲是一个充满怨恨的人。
In 1912, addressing a reunion of his Wisconsin Civil War regiment, Arthur MacArthur collapsed and died.
1912 年，阿瑟·麦克阿瑟 (Arthur MacArthur) 在威斯康星内战团的一次重聚演讲中倒地身亡。
He left orders not to be buried in his army uniform.
他留下命令，不得穿着军装下葬。
Douglas would feel the burden of upholding the high standards of being a MacArthur.
道格拉斯会感受到维护麦克阿瑟高标准的负担。
He would never forget how his father had been treated by civilian authority.
他永远不会忘记文职当局是如何对待他的父亲的。
KARNOW: He's left with this extraordinarily ambitious mother and who was driving and pushing him all the time, and in him there's this great desire to fulfill the ambition of his mother, to fulfill her dreams for him and prove to her in many ways that he is going to surpass his father.
卡诺：他和这位雄心勃勃的母亲在一起，她一直在推动和推动他，他内心深处有一种巨大的愿望，要实现他母亲的野心，实现她的梦想，并以多种方式向她证明他将超越他的父亲。
NARR: His chance would come in World War I.
纳尔：他的机会出现在第一次世界大战中。
Douglas MacArthur became chief of staff of the Army's 42nd Division - which he had created from national guard units.
道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟 (Douglas MacArthur) 成为陆军第 42 师的参谋长，该师是他在国民警卫队基础上创建的。
He said it would stretch like a rainbow across the country.
他说它将像彩虹一样延伸到全国各地。
The 42nd became known as the Rainbow Division.
第 42 师被称为彩虹师。
MacArthur served under General John Pershing who commanded from headquarters well behind the lines.
麦克阿瑟在约翰·潘兴将军手下服役，潘兴将军在战线后方的总部指挥。
He expected MacArthur, now a brigadier general, to do the same.
他预计现在准将的麦克阿瑟也会这样做。
But the only real soldier, MacArthur felt, was at the front.
但麦克阿瑟认为，唯一真正的士兵是在前线。
In September 1918 Pershing ordered a bayonet charge with minimal artillery, hoping to catch the Germans by surprise.
1918 年 9 月，潘兴下令用最少的火炮进行刺刀冲锋，希望给德军一个措手不及。
MacArthur's troops rejected this as too risky.
麦克阿瑟的部队拒绝了这一提议，认为其风险太大。
He agreed.
他同意了。
"It's sometimes the order you don't obey," he told a fellow officer, "that makes you famous." He changed the plans.
“有时候，正是你不遵守的命令，”他告诉一位军官，“才让你出名。”他改变了计划。
He also led the charge.
他也带头冲锋。
And he did it with style.
他做得很有风格。
HARRY J.
哈里·J。
MAIHAFER, Military Historian: Everyone in the Rainbow Division knew their chief of staff went over the top not wearing a gas mask, not wearing a steel helmet, wearing that long scarf that his mother had made draped around, wearing his West Point sweater, and the troops loved it.
迈哈弗，军事历史学家：彩虹师的每个人都知道，他们的参谋长做得太过分了，没有戴防毒面具，没有戴钢盔，戴着他母亲做的长围巾，穿着他的西点军校毛衣，部队很喜欢它。
And he did this quite deliberately, maybe to win glory, to stand out, but it was a doubled purpose that he had: one was to help the troops to overcome their own fear, and then there's also to make a mark for himself.
他这样做是故意的，也许是为了赢得荣耀，为了脱颖而出，但他有双重目的：一是帮助部队克服自己的恐惧，二是为自己留下印记。
And I think this was resented at higher headquarters.
我认为上级总部对此表示不满。
NARR: In the fall of 1918 Pershing prepared to storm the German defenses.
纳尔：1918 年秋天，潘兴准备进攻德国的防御。
The key was a low hill known as the Cote de Chatillon.
关键是一座被称为查蒂永山坡的低山。
It was littered with the corpses of American and French troops.
里面散落着美国和法国军队的尸体。
On October 13th, MacArthur's commander paid a visit.
10月13日，麦克阿瑟司令来访。
"Give me Chatillon, MacArthur," he said abruptly, "or a list of 5000 casualties." "All right, General," MacArthur replied, "we'll take it, or my name will head the list." His men could take some comfort knowing he would share their risks.
“给我查蒂永，麦克阿瑟，”他突然说道，“或者一份 5000 人伤亡的名单。” “好吧，将军，”麦克阿瑟回答道，“我们会接受的，否则我的名字就会名列前茅。”知道他会分担他们的风险，他的手下可以感到一些安慰。
The challenge was daunting.
挑战是艰巨的。
Embedded in the Cote de Chatillon were 230 machine gun nests - protected from artillery by pillboxes.
沙蒂隆丘 (Cote de Chatillon) 内埋藏着 230 个机枪阵地，并通过碉堡保护免受炮火袭击。
Protected from advancing troops by coils of barbed wire often 25 feet deep.
通常有 25 英尺深的一圈带刺铁丝网，可抵御前进的部队。
MacArthur organized a small patrol to probe for weak spots.
麦克阿瑟组织了一支小型巡逻队来探查薄弱环节。
"We had not gone far in the darkness," he recalled, "when the enemy opened up with everything he had."In the eerie light of bursting shells, he discovered a thin spot in the wire where men could cut through.
“我们在黑暗中没走多远，”他回忆道，“敌人就用尽一切办法打开了大门。”在炮弹爆炸的怪异光芒中，他发现铁丝网中有一个细小的地方，人们可以在这里切开。
"Then I called in muffled voice, 'Get up when I give the signal...I will lead you back to our lines.' I gave the command.
“然后我用低沉的声音喊道，‘当我发出信号时，站起来……我会带你回到我们的队伍。’我发出了命令。
No one stirred.
没有人动。
I crawled along from shell hole to shell hole.
我从一个贝壳洞爬到另一个贝壳洞。
I took hold of each man and shook him.
我抓住每个人并摇晃他。
They were all stone dead.
他们都死了。
I made my way back with God's help." PERRET: How could it be that of all the people on that patrol, he isn't even scratched.
在上帝的帮助下我回来了。” 佩雷特：怎么可能是那次巡逻队的所有人，他甚至都没有被划伤。
The others are all dead.
其他人都死了。
The only logical explanation is that God has spared him.
唯一合乎逻辑的解释是上帝饶恕了他。
Things happen in this world for reasons, and as far as MacArthur is concerned, this is the only reason that makes any sense at all.
这个世界上的事情发生都是有原因的，对麦克阿瑟来说，这是唯一有意义的原因。
It could not be blind chance.
这不可能是盲目的机会。
NARR: MacArthur planned to exploit the vulnerable flanks in the German lines.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟计划利用德军防线上的脆弱侧翼。
He wrote, "There was where I planned to strike with my Alabama cotton-growers on the left, my Iowa farmers on the right.
他写道：“我计划在那里罢工，阿拉巴马州的棉花种植者在左边，爱荷华州的农民在右边。
We moved out in the misty dawn.
我们在薄雾缭绕的黎明中搬了出去。
Death, cold and remorseless, whistled and sung its way through our ranks." MacArthur placed himself at the head of his brigade.
死亡，冷酷而无情，在我们的队伍中吹着口哨，唱着歌。”麦克阿瑟将自己置于旅长的位置。
Like his father at Missionary Ridge he would win glory, leading men in a desperate uphill assault.
就像他在传教士岭的父亲一样，他将赢得荣耀，带领人们进行绝望的上坡攻击。
PERRET: And he's in the thick of the fighting, but he's not carrying a weapon.
佩雷特：他身处战斗最激烈的地方，但他没有携带武器。
He carries a riding crop because it isn't his business to kill the Germans with his own hands.
他带着马鞭，因为亲手杀死德国人不是他的事。
It's his business to inspire in other men in the business of killing.
他的职责就是激励其他从事杀戮事业的人。
So when MacArthur went up a hill, he didn't have to look behind to see if men were following him.
因此，当麦克阿瑟上山时，他不必向后看是否有人跟踪他。
Where he led they would follow.
他领导到哪里，他们就会跟随到哪里。
He could inspire men to fight and possibly die rather than disappoint him.
他可以激励人们去战斗，甚至可能去死，而不是让他失望。
NARR: MacArthur's Rainbow Division had breached the German line.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟的彩虹师突破了德军防线。
Within weeks the war was over.
几周之内战争就结束了。
The toll was frightful.
死亡人数是可怕的。
Four thousand men, one-third of the division, had fallen.
全师三分之一的四千人阵亡。
PERRET: And although MacArthur never talked specifically about the casualties on the Cote de Chatillon the emotional impact remained with him for the rest of his life because he could never speak about what happened there without tears coming to his eyes and he would choke up and he just couldn't really talk about it.
佩雷特：虽然麦克阿瑟从未具体谈论过沙蒂隆山的伤亡情况，但他的情感影响一直伴随着他的余生，因为他永远无法在谈论那里发生的事情时不流泪，他会哽咽，无法真正谈论它。
Seeing so much human sacrifice, I think, left a scar on him till the day he died.
我认为，看到如此多的活人牺牲，给他留下了伤疤，直到他去世的那一天。
NARR: A board of officers recommended MacArthur for the Medal of Honor.
纳尔：军官委员会推荐麦克阿瑟获得荣誉勋章。
Pershing awarded him less saying he had not met that standard of heroism.
潘兴对他的奖励较少，因为他没有达到英雄主义的标准。
He had not even killed anyone.Douglas MacArthur was the most decorated officer of the war, but he came to believe that Pershing's clique was out to thwart him, armchair generals who resented a fighting officer.
他甚至没有杀过任何人。道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟是战争中获得勋章最多的军官，但他开始相信潘兴的集团是为了阻挠他，这些空想的将军憎恨一名战斗军官。
When he arrived in New York with his troops on April 25th, 1919, MacArthur expected an adoring throng "to proclaim us monarchs of all we surveyed." At the foot of the gangplank "one little urchin asked us who we were," MacArthur wrote, "and when we said 'We are the famous 42nd', he asked if we had been to France.
1919 年 4 月 25 日，当麦克阿瑟率领部队抵达纽约时，他期待着一群崇拜他的人“宣称我们是我们所调查的所有人的君主”。在跳板脚下，“一个小顽童问我们是谁，”麦克阿瑟写道，“当我们说‘我们是著名的第 42 师’时，他问我们是否去过法国。
"Amid a silence that hurt we marched off to be scattered to the four winds, a sad, gloomy end of the Rainbow."MacArthur landed one of the Army's top jobs, superintendent of West Point.
“在令人心痛的沉默中，我们四散奔向四风，这是彩虹的悲伤、阴暗的尽头。” 麦克阿瑟获得了陆军最高职位之一：西点军校院长。
Pinky became his official hostess, graciously entertaining, as a MacArthur should, presidents and kings.
平基成了他的官方女主人，像麦克阿瑟那样慷慨地款待总统和国王。
Once again, she was never far away.
再一次，她从未远离。
"West Point is 40 years behind the times," the army chief of staff told MacArthur.
“西点军校落后了时代 40 年，”陆军参谋长告诉麦克阿瑟。
"Revitalize and revamp the academy." AMBROSE: Nobody would ever think of Douglas MacArthur as a reformer and an innovator, but he came back from his experiences in the First World War determined to pull West Point into the 20th century.
“振兴和改造学院。”安布罗斯：没有人会认为道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟是一位改革者和创新者，但他从第一次世界大战的经历中回来，决心将西点军校拉入 20 世纪。
He said, we're going to have to face the fact that there's going to be another war.
他说，我们将不得不面对即将发生另一场战争的事实。
It's going to be another enormous expansion of the army when it happens, and we're going to have to have officers who can deal with these civilians and who can help turn these civilians into soldiers and then can lead these civilians into battle and they gotta know something about the civilian world if they're gonna do that.
当这种情况发生时，这将是军队的又一次大规模扩张，我们将必须拥有能够与这些平民打交道的军官，能够帮助将这些平民变成士兵，然后能够带领这些平民进入战斗，如果他们想要做到这一点，他们就必须了解平民世界。
NARR: MacArthur would try to change what he called a "provincial reformatory...based on fear" into "a cosmopolitan university" based on "self-respect and pride." He curtailed hazing and encouraged the humanities requiring cadets to write poetry.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟将试图将他所谓的“基于恐惧的省级管教所”转变为基于“自尊和自豪”的“国际化大学”。他减少了欺凌行为，并鼓励人文学科要求学员写诗。
When he sat in classes and urged discussion - not rote recitation - the faculty considered this a "dangerous innovation." AMBROSE : When they found out MacArthur was gonna give the cadets five dollars a month and let them go down to Highland Falls once in a while and spend some of that money, they were horrified.
当他坐在课堂上鼓励讨论而不是死记硬背时，教师们认为这是一种“危险的创新”。安布罗斯：当他们发现麦克阿瑟每个月会给学员五美元，并让他们偶尔去高地瀑布花一些钱时，他们感到震惊。
When they heard that first classmen were going to be allowed to go and come from the post as they wished, you'd a thought the world had come to an end almost.
当他们听说一年级学生将被允许按照自己的意愿离开岗位时，你会觉得世界末日快到了。
NARR: MacArthur was not afraid to challenge the West Point establishment.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟并不害怕挑战西点军校的建制派。
To do what he thought was right, as his father had said, no matter what the cost.
做他认为正确的事，正如他父亲所说，无论付出什么代价。
His aloof manner set him further apart.
他的冷漠态度使他更加疏远。
An aide described him as "one of the loneliest men I have ever known." That was about to change.
一名助手形容他是“我所认识的最孤独的人之一”。这种情况即将改变。
In September of 1921, MacArthur, age 41, met Louise Cromwell Brooks, a 31-year-old divorced socialite with two children - and a fortune.
1921 年 9 月，41 岁的麦克阿瑟遇到了路易丝·克伦威尔·布鲁克斯 (Louise Cromwell Brooks)，她是一位 31 岁的离婚社交名流，有两个孩子，还有一笔财富。
TANYA BROOKS, Daughter-in-law: It was absolutely love at first sight, and as I gather it was love at first sight on the part of both.
坦娅·布鲁克斯，儿媳妇：这绝对是一见钟情，据我所知，双方都是一见钟情。
She thought he was the handsomest man she'd ever seen, and because the general was a very romantic man, he wrote beautiful poetic letters that any young girl would be happy today to get but not likely to get.
她认为他是她见过的最英俊的男人，而且因为将军是一个非常浪漫的男人，他写了美丽的诗意信件，任何一个年轻女孩今天都会很高兴收到但不太可能收到。
He was a man of another world in that respect.
从这方面来说，他是另一个世界的人。
NARR: "My Darling," MacArthur wrote Louise, "Where hides the inspiration that has armed my purpose, steeled my thought?" Where the contentment, the calm I have known in this grim old fortress?
纳尔：“亲爱的，”麦克阿瑟写信给路易丝，“武装我的目标、坚定我的思想的灵感藏在哪里？”在这座严峻的古老堡垒中，我所拥有的满足感和平静在哪里？
My ears thirst for the echo of your step." He wrote she was "like an empress, but no empress breathes your melting, imperious tenderness.
我的耳朵渴望你脚步的回声。”他写道，她“就像一位皇后，但没有哪个皇后能呼吸到你那融化的、专横的温柔。
Like a goddess, but no goddess knows the blinding flashes of your eyes.
就像女神一样，但没有哪个女神知道你眼中闪烁的光芒。
How could I fail to find my word at once.
我怎么可能不立刻找到我的话呢？
Like Louise." MacArthur invited Louise to a football game.
就像路易丝一样。”麦克阿瑟邀请路易丝去看一场橄榄球比赛。
After the final whistle, he proposed marriage.
终场哨响后，他求婚了。
On Valentine's Day, he and Louise were married at her mother's mansion in Palm Beach.
情人节那天，他和路易丝在她母亲位于棕榈滩的豪宅举行了婚礼。
Pinky was too sick to attend - well enough to manage a hasty retreat from the superintendent's house.
平基病得太重，无法参加——但身体状况良好，只能从院长家里匆忙撤退。
Another who did not attend was Gen.
另一位没有出席的是将军。
Pershing.
潘兴。
Louise had had an affair with Pershing in Paris during the war.
战争期间，路易丝在巴黎与潘兴有染。
After the war, she had a fling with Pershing's aide.
战后，她与潘兴的助手发生了风流韵事。
Then she met MacArthur.
然后她遇到了麦克阿瑟。
PERRET: Pershing was extremely angry and so he cut short MacArthur's tenure as superintendent and sent him to the Philippines with Louise.
佩雷特：潘兴非常生气，所以他缩短了麦克阿瑟的警长任期，并把他和路易丝送到了菲律宾。
And of course, there is no doubt about it, MacArthur liked being superintendent.
当然，毫无疑问，麦克阿瑟喜欢当警长。
He liked the status it conferred.
他喜欢它所赋予的地位。
He liked the size of the responsibility he'd been given and now that's being taken away from him.
他喜欢自己被赋予的巨大责任，而现在这些责任却被剥夺了。
He's sent to the Philippines where there is really no job for him to do.
他被派往菲律宾，那里确实没有工作可做。
He'd been humiliated and everybody in the army has got to know it.
他受到了羞辱，军队里的每个人都知道这一点。
NARR: Before they left for Manila, Louise managed to antagonize the other army wives.
纳尔：在她们前往马尼拉之前，路易丝设法激怒了其他军嫂。
She filled the hold with so many steamer trunks and hatboxes that no one else could take more than one trunk.
她在货舱里装满了许多蒸汽船箱和帽盒，以至于其他人都只能拿走一只箱子。
This was MacArthur's second trip to the Philippines.
这是麦克阿瑟第二次访问菲律宾。
He had been sent to the islands after graduating from West Point and then joined his father on a tour of the Far East.
从西点军校毕业后，他被派往群岛，然后与父亲一起游览了远东。
It convinced him the future lay in Asia.
这让他确信未来在亚洲。
He now turned his meager job into a new mission divising a way to defend America's only colony against a hostile invasion.
现在，他将自己微薄的工作变成了一项新的使命，想办法保卫美国唯一的殖民地免受敌对入侵。
MacArthur began training Filipino and American troops.
麦克阿瑟开始训练菲律宾和美国军队。
He mapped the islands extensive terrain.
他绘制了岛屿广阔的地形图。
His idle moments he devoted to his step-children, Walter and Louise.
他把空闲的时间都花在了他的继子沃尔特和路易丝身上。
To his wife's dismay, they rarely stepped out.
令他妻子沮丧的是，他们很少出门。
BROOKS: Louise couldn't quite reconcile herself to the limitations of the Philippines.
布鲁克斯：路易丝不太能接受菲律宾的局限性。
I think she felt she was just counting the days till she could get back to civilization because she'd lived in Washington.
我想她觉得她只是在数着日子，直到她能回到文明社会，因为她住在华盛顿。
She'd lived in Paris.
她住在巴黎。
She'd been the center of attention wherever she was, and I think she missed the glamour of the rest of the world.
无论她在哪里，她都是人们关注的焦点，我认为她错过了世界其他地方的魅力。
NARR: After the death of her son Arthur from appendicitis, Pinky also lobbied for MacArthur's return to the states.
纳尔：在她的儿子阿瑟因阑尾炎去世后，平基还游说麦克阿瑟返回美国。
"Dear Old Jack, she wrote Gen.
“亲爱的老杰克，她写信给将军。
Pershing.
潘兴。
Be "real good and sweet [and] give my Boy his well earned promotion before you leave the army." When MacArthur returned to Washington in 1925, he had his second star - the army's youngest major general.
“在你离开军队之前，要表现得真正善良、可爱，并让我的儿子获得应有的晋升。” 1925年麦克阿瑟回到华盛顿时，他迎来了他的第二颗明星——陆军最年轻的少将。
Louise begged MacArthur to leave the army and to join her mother's second husband, a partner in J.
路易丝恳求麦克阿瑟离开军队，加入她母亲的第二任丈夫（J·麦克阿瑟公司的合伙人）身边。
P.
P。
Morgan.
摩根.
PERRET: But just making money and living a life of luxury and ease seemed decadent to MacArthur.
佩雷特：但对麦克阿瑟来说，仅仅赚钱并过上奢侈安逸的生活就显得颓废了。
It was the last thing he wanted.
这是他最不想要的事情。
He had destiny to fulfill.
他有命运要完成。
You don't become a great man by being a stockbroker.
成为股票经纪人并不会成为伟人。
You don't make history by selling bonds and as they argued about whether he should leave the army or not an irreparable split appeared in their marriage, and it just got wider and wider.
你不能通过出售债券来创造历史，当他们争论他是否应该离开军队时，他们的婚姻出现了不可挽回的裂痕，而且裂痕越来越大。
NARR: After seven years of marriage, Louise divorced MacArthur.
纳尔：结婚七年后，路易丝与麦克阿瑟离婚。
In his memoirs, he never mentioned her name.MacArthur's commitment to the army paid off.
在他的回忆录中，他从未提及她的名字。麦克阿瑟对军队的承诺得到了回报。
In 1930 President Herbert Hoover appointed him chief of staff, the position his father had been denied.
1930 年，赫伯特·胡佛总统任命他为幕僚长，而他的父亲曾拒绝担任这一职位。
MacARTHUR: I, Douglas MacArthur.
麦克阿瑟：我，道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟。
Having been appointed a general, chief of staff, in the regular army...
被任命为正规军将军、参谋长……
NARR: A proud Pinky touched his four stars and whispered, "If only your father could see you now!
纳尔：骄傲的小指摸着他的四颗星，低声说道：“要是你父亲现在能看到你就好了！
Douglas, you're everything he wanted to be." It is not clear what his father would have thought of "Dimples." Isabel Rosario Cooper was an actress of mixed Scottish and Filipino blood who became MacArthur's mistress during a stint in Manila after his divorce.
道格拉斯，你就是他想要成为的一切。”目前尚不清楚他的父亲对《酒窝》有何看法。伊莎贝尔·罗萨里奥·库珀是一位拥有苏格兰和菲律宾血统的女演员，麦克阿瑟离婚后在马尼拉工作期间成为他的情妇。
She was 30 years his junior.
她比他小30岁。
He signed love letters "Daddy." At a time of strict racial segregation, MacArthur took the risk of bringing Dimples to Washington.
他在情书上署名“爸爸”。在种族隔离严格的时期，麦克阿瑟冒着风险将迪普尔斯带到了华盛顿。
KARNOW: So there she is at the Chastleton apartments in what the tabloids of the day would call a love nest.
卡诺：所以她就在查斯特尔顿的公寓里，当时的小报称之为爱巢。
And there he is.
他就在那里。
He's living at the official residence of the Army chief of staff with his mother and sort of in this acrobatics, he would slip over to be with Dimples and then go back without his mother knowing what he was doing.
他和他的母亲住在陆军参谋长的官邸里，就像在表演杂技一样，他会溜过去和迪普尔斯在一起，然后在他母亲不知道他在做什么的情况下回去。
And here he is in his early fifties dreadfully afraid that his mother will discover that he's got a girlfriend.
现在他已经五十出头了，非常担心他的母亲会发现他有女朋友了。
NARR: MacArthur tried to create a sense of family in the War Department with what he called "my gang." It included a young major, Dwight Eisenhower, whom he admired even though he had never led a charge.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟试图在陆军部与他所谓的“我的帮派”建立一种家庭感。其中包括一位年轻的少校德怀特·艾森豪威尔（Dwight Eisenhower），尽管他从未领导过冲锋，但他很钦佩他。
AMBROSE: Douglas MacArthur is the man who wrote in Eisenhower's personnel report "this is the best officer in the United States Army.
安布罗斯：道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟在艾森豪威尔的人事报告中写道：“这是美国陆军中最好的军官。
When the next war comes move him right to the top." Eisenhower was a Major at that time.
当下一场战争到来时，把他推到最高层。”艾森豪威尔当时是一名少校。
MacArthur saw something in Eisenhower that others weren't seeing or at least he wasn't advancing.
麦克阿瑟在艾森豪威尔身上看到了其他人没有看到的东西，或者至少他没有前进。
NARR: Ike was impressed with MacArthur's "comprehensive" knowledge and found his memory "without parallel." But he was surprised how freely MacArthur crossed the line "between the military and the political." In his first two years as chief of staff MacArthur was alarmed at the rise of Hitler's National Socialists in Germany.
纳尔：艾克对麦克阿瑟“全面”的知识印象深刻，并发现他的记忆力“无与伦比”。但他对麦克阿瑟如此自由地跨越“军事与政治”的界限感到惊讶。在担任参谋长的头两年里，麦克阿瑟对希特勒国家社会主义者在德国的崛起感到震惊。
And in Japan at the aggressiveness of Emperor Hirohito's troops.
在日本，裕仁天皇军队的侵略性也是如此。
They invaded Manchuria.
他们入侵满洲。
Then Shanghai.
然后是上海。
He would be in no position to go to war.
他没有资格参战。
The Army over which he presided ranked 16th in the world, behind Greece and Portugal.
他所领导的陆军排名世界第16位，仅次于希腊和葡萄牙。
It had 12 modern tanks.
它有12辆现代化坦克。
He protested when his military budget was cut further.
当他的军事预算进一步削减时，他提出了抗议。
It was President Hoover's response to the Great Depression.
这是胡佛总统对大萧条的回应。
Communists tried to exploit the economic unrest.
共产党试图利用经济动荡。
The crisis MacArthur would face was at home, not abroad.
麦克阿瑟将面临的危机是在国内，而不是国外。
In 1932 unemployed veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of a bonus Congress had promised them in the future.
1932 年，失业退伍军人在华盛顿游行，要求立即支付国会向他们承诺的未来奖金。
MacArthur thought they were dominated by Communists.
麦克阿瑟认为他们是由共产党人统治的。
JOSEPH C.
约瑟夫·C.
HARSCH, Journalist: This was not a revolutionary situation.
HARSCH，记者：这不是一个革命性的情况。
This was a bunch of people in great distress wanting help.
这是一群处于极度困境中寻求帮助的人。
There may have been one or two Communists.
可能有一两个共产党员。
It wasn't communism, it had nothing to do with Communism.
这不是共产主义，它与共产主义无关。
These were simply veterans from World War I who were out of luck, out of money, and wanted to get their bonus, and they needed the money at that moment.
这些只是第一次世界大战的退伍军人，他们运气不好，没钱，想得到奖金，而他们当时需要钱。
NARR: The veterans set up camps and awaited their payments.
纳尔：退伍军人建立了营地并等待他们的付款。
MacArthur was appalled.
麦克阿瑟感到震惊。
We fought for our country, he believed, not for money.
他相信，我们是为国家而战，而不是为了金钱。
Like President Hoover, he felt the answer to the depression was hard work, not hand outs.
和胡佛总统一样，他认为解决大萧条的办法是努力工作，而不是施舍。
When a policeman shot two bonus marchers during riots, Hoover ordered the army to clear the city without delay.
当一名警察在骚乱期间射杀两名额外游行者时，胡佛命令军队立即清理这座城市。
MacArthur informed his staff he would accompany the troops.
麦克阿瑟通知他的幕僚他将随部队随行。
Eisenhower advised him not to.
艾森豪威尔建议他不要这样做。
AMBROSE: Eisenhower told MacArthur, first of all, you shouldn't get involved.
安布罗斯：艾森豪威尔告诉麦克阿瑟，首先，你不应该参与其中。
MacArthur said, "Go home and put on your uniform." Eisenhower said, "My God, that's the worst thing we could do is to go down there in our uniforms, if we're gonna do this we ought to, at least, go down in civilian clothes.
麦克阿瑟说：“回家穿上你的制服吧。”艾森豪威尔说：“天哪，我们能做的最糟糕的事情就是穿着制服去那里，如果我们要这样做，我们至少应该穿着便服去那里。
NARR: MacArthur saw "incipient revolution in the air," Eisenhower recalled, and paid "no attention to my dissent." Leading the troops had served him well in World War I.
纳尔：艾森豪威尔回忆说，麦克阿瑟看到了“空气中正在萌芽的革命”，并且“没有注意到我的异议”。在第一次世界大战中，领导部队对他大有裨益。
He expected it would in Washington.
他预计这会在华盛顿举行。
HARSCH: I was behind a line of cavalrymen, and they all drew their sabers at once.
哈施：我在一排骑兵后面，他们都立刻拔出了军刀。
And then they set their horses going ahead, a very slow walk against the line of bonus marchers and I saw a saber come down and I saw blood spurting from the ear of one of the bonus marchers.
然后他们放马向前走，非常缓慢地对抗奖金游行者的队伍，我看到一把军刀落下，我看到血从其中一个奖金游行者的耳朵里喷出来。
And I saw MacArthur in full uniform summon a sergeant.
我看到穿着全套制服的麦克阿瑟召唤了一名中士。
The sergeant then called up two or three other men, and they then wadded up newspapers inside each bonus hut and then went down the line and set fire to them.
中士随后叫来了另外两三个人，他们在每个奖金小屋内卷起报纸，然后沿线纵火焚烧。
NARR: The protesters retreated from the Capitol to their encampment across the Anacostia river.
纳尔：抗议者从国会大厦撤退到阿纳科斯蒂亚河对岸的营地。
Concerned about women and children, President Hoover twice sent orders that troops should not cross the river.
出于对妇女儿童的关心，胡佛总统两次下令军队不得渡河。
Some witnesses say MacArthur never got the orders.
一些目击者称麦克阿瑟从未收到命令。
Eisenhower recalled MacArthur did not want to be "bothered by people...pretending to bring orders." Whatever the truth, he sent his troops across the bridge to clear the camp, and the impression remained that he had challenged civilian authority.
艾森豪威尔回忆说，麦克阿瑟不想“被人们打扰……假装发号施令”。不管真相如何，他派遣部队过桥清理营地，给人留下的印象是他挑战了文职当局。
As the camp went up in flames, MacArthur became linked with scenes that shocked the nation.
当集中营起火时，麦克阿瑟与震惊全国的场景联系在一起。
What he said then made things worse.
他接下来说的话让事情变得更糟。
He ignored Eisenhower's plea that he let civilians explain the events.
他无视艾森豪威尔让平民解释事件的请求。
He told reporters, "That mob down there was a bad looking mob...animated by the essence of revolution." He concluded "beyond a shadow of a doubt" they meant to take control of the government.
他告诉记者，“下面的暴徒是一群看起来很糟糕的暴徒......被革命的本质所激励。”他得出的结论是“毫无疑问”他们打算控制政府。
MICHAEL SCHALLER, Historian: I think one of MacArthur's great shortcomings was his lack of subtlety or appreciation of irony and contradictions or any sense of humor about himself.
历史学家迈克尔·夏勒：我认为麦克阿瑟最大的缺点之一是他缺乏对讽刺和矛盾的敏锐性或鉴赏力，也缺乏对自己的幽默感。
I think he was someone who could not see that things were not black and white.
我认为他是一个看不到事物非黑即白的人。
There weren't just good and evil, and his inability to look at shades of gray, was one of his great failures.
世上不只有善与恶，而他无法看到灰色地带，这是他最大的失败之一。
It was one of the things that I think estranged him from many people in his generation.
我认为这是他与同时代许多人疏远的原因之一。
AMBROSE: For MacArthur it certainly hurt him with a broad base of the American people, but there were elements among that broad base that were applauding what MacArthur was doing, and MacArthur played to the right wing of the Republican party all of his life.
安布罗斯：对于麦克阿瑟来说，这确实伤害了他在美国人民中的广泛基础，但在这个广泛的基础中也有一些人对麦克阿瑟的所作所为表示赞赏，而且麦克阿瑟一生都在为共和党的右翼服务。
And by participating in the Bonus March in the way he did, by driving those guys out of there and all the publicity that resulted from it, MacArthur solidified his base.
通过以他的方式参加奖金游行，通过将那些家伙赶出那里以及由此产生的所有宣传，麦克阿瑟巩固了他的基础。
NARR: MacArthur's actions helped Franklin Roosevelt, campaigning against Hoover, solidify his base.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟的行动帮助富兰克林·罗斯福在竞选中反对胡佛，巩固了他的基础。
In private FDR called Douglas MacArthur one of the most dangerous men in America.
罗斯福私下里称道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟是美国最危险的人之一。
ROBERT DALLEK, Historian: He saw him as a potential man on horseback.
罗伯特·达莱克，历史学家：他认为他是一个潜在的马背上的人。
Someone who in a time of terrible economic disarray come to the fore and would try to seize power by extra constitutional means.
在严重的经济混乱时期脱颖而出并试图通过额外的宪法手段夺取权力的人。
What I want to do, Roosevelt was saying, is use Douglas MacArthur for my purposes.
罗斯福说，我想做的是利用道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟来达到我的目的。
NARR: FDR tried to keep MacArthur under his thumb by retaining him as Army Chief of Staff.
纳尔：罗斯福试图让麦克阿瑟继续担任陆军参谋长。
He wanted the Army to help administer his pet program to relieve unemployment, the Civilian Conservation Corps.
他希望陆军帮助管理他的宠物项目“平民保护团”，以缓解失业问题。
When MacArthur learned Roosevelt was cutting the army's budget to fund his New Deal programs, he demanded to see the President.
当麦克阿瑟得知罗斯福正在削减军队预算以资助他的新政计划时，他要求会见总统。
DALLEK: MacArthur said to Roosevelt, "When we lose the next war and an American boy is writhing in pain in the mud with a Japanese bayonet in his belly, I want the last words that he spits out in the form of a curse to be not against Douglas MacArthur but against Franklin Roosevelt." FDR was enraged, and he said, "Never speak to the President of the United States that way." And MacArthur offered to resign, but Roosevelt brightened and said, "No, no, Douglas, we must get together on this." NARR: As he left the White House, the general was overcome with nausea.
达莱克：麦克阿瑟对罗斯福说，“当我们输掉下一场战争，一个美国男孩肚子里插着日本刺刀，在泥浆里痛苦地翻滚时，我希望他以诅咒的形式吐出的最后一句话不是针对道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟，而是针对富兰克林·罗斯福。”罗斯福被激怒了，他说：“永远不要用这种方式对美国总统说话。”麦克阿瑟提出辞职，但罗斯福高兴起来，说道：“不，不，道格拉斯，我们必须在这件事上团结起来。”纳尔：离开白宫时，将军感到恶心。
It wasn't easy being a MacArthur.
成为麦克阿瑟并不容易。
Every year he pleaded with Congress to preserve the Army's budget.
每年他都会恳求国会保留陆军预算。
He told cadets at West Point "Nations once great that neglected their national defense are dust and ashes.
他对西点军校的学员们说：“曾经伟大的国家如果忽视了国防，就会化为灰烬。
Where are Rome and Carthage?
罗马和迦太基在哪里？
" In a tribute to those who had fallen in France, he said: "Only those are fit to live who are not afraid to die." After the Bonus March, all this was too much for liberal columnist Drew Pearson.
在向法国阵亡者致敬时，他说：“只有那些不怕死的人才有资格活下去。”在红利游行之后，这一切对自由派专栏作家德鲁·皮尔逊来说是难以承受的。
KARNOW: Pearson writes this scathing series of articles denouncing MacArthur as a potential dictator, demanding that he be cashiered and so forth.
卡诺：皮尔逊写了一系列严厉的文章，谴责麦克阿瑟是潜在的独裁者，要求将他撤职等等。
MacArthur then makes a terrible mistake.
麦克阿瑟犯了一个可怕的错误。
He sues Drew Pearson.
他起诉德鲁·皮尔逊。
Now, as part of his defense, Pearson, who had all kinds of contacts around Washington, had acquired a package of letters from Dimples.
现在，作为辩护的一部分，皮尔逊在华盛顿各地都有各种联系，他得到了迪普尔斯寄来的一包信件。
SCHALLER: By today's standards, I'm sure, people would find them barely worthy of note, rather tepid Victorian style love letters, more affectionate than kinky.
夏勒：我确信，按照今天的标准，人们会发现它们几乎不值得一提，而是不温不火的维多利亚风格情书，更多的是深情而不是古怪。
Still they were a potential source of grave embarrassment.
但它们仍然是造成严重尴尬的潜在根源。
KARNOW: Now Pearson's lawyer says Want to sue?
卡诺：现在皮尔逊的律师说想起诉吗？
Fine, we publish these letters.
好吧，我们发表这些信件。
MacArthur could have stonewalled it, but what he's really worried about is his mother will find out.
麦克阿瑟本可以阻止此事，但他真正担心的是他的母亲会发现。
So, in the end, instead of suing Drew Pearson, he pays him 15,000 dollars to get back the letters, and on top of that he pays Dimples as well to be freed of this relationship.
所以，最后，他没有起诉德鲁·皮尔森，而是付给德鲁·皮尔森 15,000 美元以取回信件，最重要的是，他还付给迪普尔斯以摆脱这段关系。
NARR: MacArthur saw his tenure as Chief of Staff as unrewarding.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟认为他担任参谋长的任期没有什么回报。
He never got the funding he felt his Army deserved.
他从未获得他认为他的军队应得的资金。
On his watch the Army reached a low in men and material.
在他的领导下，陆军的人力和物力都处于最低水平。
There were other opportunities.
还有其他机会。
The Philippines had just been granted independence to take effect in 1946.
1946年，菲律宾刚刚获得独立并生效。
With the Japanese attacks on China, President Manuel Quezon felt he needed an army.
随着日本对中国的进攻，曼努埃尔·奎松总统感到他需要一支军队。
ZENEIDA QUEZON AVANCENA, Daughter of President Quezon: There was a close friendship between the two men, and so on a trip to Washington, he asked Gen.
奎松总统的女儿泽内达·奎松·阿文塞纳：两人之间有着密切的友谊，因此在华盛顿之行时，他问科松将军。
MacArthur if he thought that the Philippines could be defended, and Gen.
麦克阿瑟如果认为菲律宾可以保卫的话，那么麦克阿瑟将军就可以。
MacArthur said, "Well, we could make it so costly for somebody to try to take it over that they might not think it was worthwhile.
麦克阿瑟说：“好吧，我们可以让那些试图接管它的人付出如此高昂的代价，以至于他们可能认为不值得。
DALLEK: Roosevelt does not want him around as a potential candidate in 1936, and so, what better way to get rid of him then to give him a job that he would love to take as the principal military advisor in the Philippines.
戴利克：罗斯福不希望他成为 1936 年的潜在候选人，因此，除了给他一份他愿意担任的菲律宾首席军事顾问的工作之外，还有什么更好的方法来除掉他呢。
Secondly, Roosevelt is intent upon sending a message to the Japanese, don't be too aggressive out there, you see, I have a first rate military man in the Philippines whose going to tend to the defense of those islands.
其次，罗斯福有意向日本人传达一个信息，不要太咄咄逼人，你看，我在菲律宾有一流的军人，他将负责保卫这些岛屿。
NARR: Quezon welcomed MacArthur, and his aide Eisenhower, to Malacañang Palace.
纳尔：奎松欢迎麦克阿瑟和他的助手艾森豪威尔来到马拉干鄢宫。
With the Army's approval, Quezon supplemented their salaries, and MacArthur became the highest paid soldier in the world.
经陆军批准，奎松补充了他们的工资，麦克阿瑟成为世界上工资最高的士兵。
The General and Ike lived in the luxurious Manila Hotel.
将军和艾克住在豪华的马尼拉酒店。
MacArthur demanded the penthouse suite.
麦克阿瑟要的是顶层套房。
It was air-conditioned.
房间里有空调。
Ike's was not.
艾克的不是。
Pinky, 84 and very ill, enjoyed the comforts of the hotel.
84 岁的 Pinky 病得很重，很享受酒店的舒适。
That wasn't all.
这还不是全部。
At an elaborate ceremony in the palace Quezon's wife gave MacArthur a gold baton and pronounced him Field Marshal of the Philippine Army.
在宫殿举行的一场精心准备的仪式上，奎松的妻子送给麦克阿瑟一根金接力棒，并宣布他为菲律宾陆军元帅。
To Eisenhower it was "ridiculous" for someone who had held the highest rank in the U.S. Army to want to be field marshal of a "virtually non-existent army." MacArthur, who felt he understood what he called "the Oriental mind," thought Filipinos would respect someone with an exalted title.
对艾森豪威尔来说，一个在美国陆军中担任最高军衔的人想要成为一支“几乎不存在的军队”的陆军元帅是“荒谬的”。麦克阿瑟自认为理解他所谓的“东方思想”，他认为菲律宾人会尊重拥有崇高头衔的人。
BETH DAY ROMULO, Manila Journalist: He had a great image of himself, and he always kind of stuck to it.
BETH DAY ROMULO，马尼拉记者：他对自己有一个很好的形象，而且他总是坚持下去。
And it was a very dramatic image, and it played well.
这是一个非常戏剧化的形象，而且效果很好。
You know, he looks like a leader, heaven knows.
你知道，他看起来像个领导者，天知道。
ALFRED X.
阿尔弗雷德·X.
BURGOS, Manila Resident: He was really pro-Filipino.
马尼拉布尔戈斯居民：他确实是亲菲律宾人。
He loved the Philippines, he loved Filipinos, and I think that's what made all the difference in the world.
他爱菲律宾，他爱菲律宾人，我认为这就是让世界变得不同的原因。
Filipinos were willing to die and fight for him.
菲律宾人愿意为他而死并战斗。
NARR: MacArthur began to create a Filipino Army.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟开始组建菲律宾军队。
In a decade, he hoped, it would be ready to defend the islands against a Japanese attack which he feared.
他希望，十年之内，它就能做好保卫这些岛屿免受他担心的日本袭击的准备。
He hounded Quezon and Washington for the necessary funds.
他向奎松和华盛顿寻求必要的资金。
That is how he spent his days.
他的日子就是这样度过的。
He spent his evenings with Jean.
他晚上和琼一起度过。
He had met Jean Faircloth coming over on the boat.
他在船上遇见了吉恩·费尔克洛特。
37.
37.
Single.
单身。
Adventurous.
喜欢冒险。
From Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
来自田纳西州默弗里斯伯勒。
Headed for Shanghai.
前往上海。
Rerouted to Manila.
改道飞往马尼拉。
To be with Douglas.
和道格拉斯在一起。
And his mother.
还有他的母亲。
Shortly after their arrival in 1935, Pinky died.
1935 年他们抵达后不久，平基就去世了。
MacArthur was desolate.
麦克阿瑟心情郁闷。
He confessed to a friend, "I find myself groping desperately, but futilely."
他向一位朋友坦言，“我发现自己拼命地摸索，但徒劳无功。”
CAROL PETILLO, Biographer: Douglas kept Pinky's body in the U.S. military morgue in the Philippines for two years after she died because he didn't want to bury her in the Philippines.
卡罗尔·佩蒂洛，传记作者：道格拉斯在平基去世后将她的尸体保存在菲律宾的美国军事停尸房两年，因为他不想将她埋葬在菲律宾。
He wanted to take her back and bury her in the United States.
他想把她带回去，埋在美国。
And he chose not to get married until mother was safely out of the picture, symbolically as well as really.
他选择在母亲安全地离开画面之前不结婚，无论是象征性的还是实际的。
NARR: In 1937 MacArthur buried his mother next to his father at Arlington National Cemetery.
纳尔：1937 年，麦克阿瑟将他的母亲安葬在阿灵顿国家公墓的父亲旁边。
Then he and Jean Faircloth were married in a civil ceremony in New York City.
随后，他和吉恩·费尔克洛思 (Jean Faircloth) 在纽约举行了民事婚礼。
She called him "Sir boss" and "My Gineral." "This," MacArthur told reporters, "is going to last a long time." In Washington he pleaded for more money for his Filipino army.
她称他为“老板先生”和“我的将军”。麦克阿瑟对记者说：“这种情况将持续很长时间。”在华盛顿，他恳求为他的菲律宾军队提供更多资金。
Before it was too late.
在为时已晚之前。
He got nothing.
他什么也没得到。
DALLEK: Roosevelt's perspective has now changed.
戴利克：罗斯福的观点现在已经改变。
MacArthur is a pain in his neck.
麦克阿瑟是个头疼的人。
He wants to focus energy and attention on the Philippines.
他希望将精力和注意力集中在菲律宾。
Roosevelt is deeply concerned about Japan.
罗斯福对日本深感忧虑。
The Japanese have renewed the war in China, and they are acting quite aggressively.
日本人在中国重新发动战争，而且他们的行为相当侵略性。
Roosevelt doesn't want to provoke them.
罗斯福不想激怒他们。
He wants to keep the Pacific quiet.
他想让太平洋保持安静。
He doesn't want a war, and he's worried that MacArthur is provocative.
他不想要战争，他担心麦克阿瑟具有挑衅性。
NARR: In August 1937 the Japanese renewed their attack on Shanghai.
纳尔：1937 年 8 月，日军再次进攻上海。
MacArthur had just returned to the Philippines empty-handed.
麦克阿瑟刚刚空手返回菲律宾。
He then got notice that Roosevelt had canceled his job as U.S. Military Advisor.
随后他接到通知，罗斯福取消了他作为美国军事顾问的职位。
Outraged, he decided to retire from the army.
愤怒之下，他决定退伍。
In December the Japanese completed what became known as the Rape of Nanking.
12 月，日本人完成了后来的南京大屠杀。
As the world headed for war, MacArthur who had devoted his career to preparing for war, left the U.S. Army.
当世界走向战争时，毕生致力于战争准备的麦克阿瑟离开了美国陆军。
He did remain as military advisor on the Philippine payroll.
他确实继续担任菲律宾工资单上的军事顾问。
Eisenhower stayed with him but soon became discouraged.
艾森豪威尔留在了他身边，但很快就灰心丧气了。
There was no money.
没有钱。
His recruits lacked modern weapons--even a common language.
他的新兵缺乏现代武器，甚至没有共同语言。
MacArthur's Philippine Army hardly existed.
麦克阿瑟的菲律宾军队几乎不存在。
PERRET: Eisenhower saw himself as the supreme realist.
佩雷特：艾森豪威尔认为自己是至高无上的现实主义者。
And here is this romantic who will not accept ordinary realities about training schedules and the price of military equipment.
这是一个浪漫的人，他不会接受关于训练时间表和军事装备价格的普通现实。
And that brought Eisenhower in direct conflict with MacArthur because Eisenhower is arguing nuts and bolts and MacArthur is arguing grand ideas and designs.
这使艾森豪威尔与麦克阿瑟发生了直接冲突，因为艾森豪威尔在争论具体细节，而麦克阿瑟则在争论宏伟的想法和设计。
NARR: MacArthur lost his most valuable aide.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟失去了他最有价值的助手。
He would later deride him, the story goes, as "the best clerk I ever had," with Eisenhower responding, "I studied dramatics under MacArthur for seven years." Quezon then gave up on MacArthur, and in 1938 headed for Tokyo to discuss neutrality.
据说，他后来嘲笑他是“我曾经拥有过的最好的职员”，艾森豪威尔回答说，“我在麦克阿瑟的指导下学习了七年戏剧。”奎松随后放弃了麦克阿瑟，并于 1938 年前往东京讨论中立问题。
MacArthur asked for an appointment and was told Quezon was busy.
麦克阿瑟要求预约，并被告知奎松很忙。
"Some day your boss is going to want to see me," MacArthur replied, "more than I want to see him." By 1940 MacArthur was isolated from power.
“有一天，你的老板会想见我，”麦克阿瑟回答道，“比我想见他还要多。”到 1940 年，麦克阿瑟被权力孤立。
And alone.
而且独自一人。
Except for Jean.
除了吉恩。
ROMULO: Jean was his best fan and best protector because she was totally devoted to him.
罗慕洛：吉恩是他最好的粉丝和最好的保护者，因为她完全忠于他。
And she was a tiny little thing, but she was protective of this big man, and she would never hear anything against him.
而她虽然是个小东西，却护着这个大男人，绝不会听到任何反对他的声音。
I mean, she would really get very emotional about it, doesn't want to hear that, you know, she really believed he was a great man .
我的意思是，她真的会对此非常激动，不想听到这个，你知道，她真的相信他是一个伟大的男人。
NARR: MacArthur also had the comfort of Arthur MacArthur IV born in 1938.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟也享有 1938 年出生的阿瑟·麦克阿瑟四世的安慰。
The proud 58-year-old father called his son "sergeant." Each morning while he shaved, he would sing to Arthur all the army barrack songs he knew.
这位骄傲的58岁父亲称儿子为“中士”。每天早上，当他刮胡子的时候，他都会给亚瑟唱他所知道的所有军营歌曲。
"The fact of the matter is," joked MacArthur, "the only person who appreciates my singing in the bathroom is Arthur." PETILLO: He was devoted to his son.
“事实是，”麦克阿瑟开玩笑说，“唯一欣赏我在浴室里唱歌的人就是阿瑟。”佩蒂洛：他非常关心他的儿子。
He was more like a grandfather than a father, both in age and devotion.
无论从年龄还是忠诚度上来说，他更像是一位祖父，而不是一位父亲。
He could not stand for Arthur to be punished for anything, or if Arthur fell and scraped his knee as little boys often do, Douglas was distraught .
他无法忍受亚瑟因为任何事情受到惩罚，或者如果亚瑟像小男孩经常做的那样摔倒并擦伤膝盖，道格拉斯就会心烦意乱。
NARR: Life in the penthouse atop the Manila Hotel was leisurely.
NARR：马尼拉酒店顶楼的生活很悠闲。
ROMULO: He had a lovely life here.
罗慕洛：他在这里过着美好的生活。
The hotel was always so proud of coming up with some dish he'd like, like lapu lapu with mango and that sort of thing.
酒店总是很自豪能推出一些他喜欢的菜肴，比如芒果拉普拉普之类的。
They were always trying to please him.
他们总是想方设法取悦他。
And he did say the years in Manila with Jean and the baby were the happiest years of his life, and I'm quite sure that they were.
他确实说过，与吉恩和孩子一起在马尼拉度过的岁月是他一生中最幸福的时光，我很确定那是。
NARR: When the Japanese grabbed bases in Indochina in July 1941, FDR could no longer ignore their aggression.
纳尔：1941 年 7 月，当日本人占领印度支那的基地时，罗斯福再也无法忽视他们的侵略。
He reactivated MacArthur, put him in charge of all U.S. forces in the Far East and cut off oil exports to Japan.
他重新启用了麦克阿瑟，让他负责远东的所有美军，并切断了对日本的石油出口。
Within months, the Japanese Navy would be out of oil.
几个月之内，日本海军就会耗尽石油。
Manila was two thousand miles from Tokyo, but just 500 miles from Japanese planes on Formosa.
马尼拉距东京 2000 英里，但距福尔摩沙的日本飞机仅 500 英里。
In the war plan, American and Filipino troops stationed on the main island of Luzon would retreat to the Bataan Peninsula and the island of Corregidor.
在战争计划中，驻扎在吕宋主岛的美国和菲律宾军队将撤退到巴丹半岛和科雷希多岛。
Corregidor guards the entrance to Manila Bay, MacArthur said, "like a cork in a bottle." From the island the Army would try to deny the Japanese access to one of the best harbors in the Far East.
麦克阿瑟说，科雷吉多岛守卫着马尼拉湾的入口，“就像瓶子里的软木塞一样”。陆军将试图从岛上阻止日本人进入远东最好的港口之一。
Beneath "the Rock," the Army had carved a command post.
在“岩石”下方，陆军开辟了一个指挥所。
The Malinta tunnel was 1400 ft long.
马林塔隧道长 1400 英尺。
Side tunnels housed everything the Army would need for a long siege.
侧隧道容纳了陆军长期围困所需的一切。
Corregidor's coastal guns would attack the Japanese Navy entering Manila Bay.
科雷吉多尔的海岸炮将攻击进入马尼拉湾的日本海军。
Two miles north of Corregidor lies the Bataan peninsula.
巴丹半岛位于科雷希多以北两英里处。
Once withdrawn to Bataan, the Army would hold on until reinforcements came.
一旦撤回巴丹，陆军将坚守直至援军到来。
Holed up in malaria infested mountain jungles.
躲藏在疟疾肆虐的山地丛林中。
Teeming with poisonous snakes.
充满毒蛇。
And fifty-six varieties of bats.
还有五十六种蝙蝠。
MacArthur knew the drill cold.
麦克阿瑟对演习了如指掌。
He had surveyed the jungles of Bataan.
他勘察过巴丹的丛林。
Helped map the defensive positions.
帮助绘制防守位置图。
But for MacArthur the plan was too defensive.
但对麦克阿瑟来说，这个计划过于防御性。
Too defeatist.
太失败主义了。
He convinced his new boss, Army Chief of staff George Marshall, to accept a bolder plan.
他说服他的新任上司、陆军参谋长乔治·马歇尔接受一项更大胆的计划。
He wanted to use American and Filipino troops to defend the beaches.
他想利用美国和菲律宾军队来保卫海滩。
To protect not just Manila Bay but all the Philippines.
不仅要保护马尼拉湾，还要保护整个菲律宾。
Marshall in turn encouraged MacArthur to have faith in B-17 Flying Fortresses which he began rushing to the Philippines.
马歇尔反过来鼓励麦克阿瑟对 B-17 飞行堡垒抱有信心，并开始将其赶往菲律宾。
B-17s could set Japan's paper cities aflame, he said.
他说，B-17 可能会点燃日本的纸城市。
Bomb invasion fleets at the beaches.
海滩上的炸弹入侵舰队。
MARK STOLER, Marshall Biographer: In retrospect this is one of the most bizarre and harebrained ideas in American military history, the thought that a few bombers was going to make that much of a difference.
马克·斯托勒，马歇尔传记作者：回想起来，这是美国军事史上最奇怪、最轻率的想法之一，认为几架轰炸机就能产生如此大的影响。
It probably came from desperation, the thought we cannot simply leave American troops out there, we have got to do something.
这可能来自绝望，我们不能简单地将美国军队留在那里，我们必须做点什么。
And out of desperation comes the idea, by God, we can actually save them.
出于绝望，我们想到了，上帝啊，我们实际上可以拯救他们。
KARNOW: You have to look at it this way.
卡诺：你必须这样看。
MacArthur is not going to say, no, it can't be done.
麦克阿瑟不会说，不，这是不可能的。
He's not a defeatist.
他不是失败主义者。
He's got a great stake in the Philippines, he's got to be optimistic, he's got to be rosy about it.
他在菲律宾拥有巨大的利益，他必须保持乐观，他必须对此感到乐观。
Generals who say you can't do it don't get promoted, don't go anywhere, right?
说你做不到的将军不会升迁，也不会去任何地方，对吗？
So he's got to say it can be done, and, of course, I will do it.
所以他必须说这是可以做到的，当然，我会这么做。
NARR: In the evenings MacArthur paced his balcony sensing his moment of greatness was near.
纳尔：晚上，麦克阿瑟在阳台上踱步，感觉他的伟大时刻即将到来。
Washington had promised enough planes and troops.
华盛顿承诺提供足够的飞机和军队。
He expected to be ready by April 1942.
他预计到 1942 年 4 月就能准备好。
As they watched the sun set over Manila Bay, he had told reporter Theodore White "It was destiny that brought us here, White, destiny!
当他们看着马尼拉湾的日落时，他告诉记者西奥多·怀特“是命运把我们带到了这里，怀特，命运！
By God it is destiny that brings me here now." QUEZON AVANCENA: This was Monday, December 8.
上帝啊，命运把我带到了这里。” QUEZON AVANCENA： 这是 12 月 8 日星期一。
My father said, Nini, pray very hard for your country.
我父亲说，妮妮，为你的国家努力祈祷。
We are at war.
我们正处于战争之中。
The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor.
日本人轰炸了珍珠港。
And I'm ashamed to say, I had no idea where Pearl Harbor was.
我很惭愧地说，我不知道珍珠港在哪里。
RAMSEY: I went to the Officer's Club and had a drink with the Chief of Intelligence for General Wainwright.
拉姆齐：我去了军官俱乐部，与温赖特将军的情报总监喝了一杯。
And he said Lieutenant, are you religious.
他说中尉，你有宗教信仰吗？
And, I said, no sir, not particularly, why.
而且，我说，不，先生，不是特别是为什么。
And, he said, well, I think you better give your soul to God, because your ass belongs to the Japanese.
而且，他说，好吧，我认为你最好把你的灵魂交给上帝，因为你的屁股属于日本人。
QUEZON AVANCENA: We all went out and looked at these planes flying in formation.
QUEZON AVANCENA：我们都出去观看这些飞机编队飞行。
And then we went back to breakfast and then suddenly we heard bombs exploding.
然后我们回去吃早餐，突然我们听到炸弹爆炸的声音。
NARR: On December 8th, 1941 MacArthur's air force near Manila was destroyed on the ground.
纳尔：1941 年 12 月 8 日，麦克阿瑟的空军在马尼拉附近被地面摧毁。
His B-17s had scrambled to avoid the expected attack but landed to refuel.
他的 B-17 飞机紧急紧急起飞以避免预期的攻击，但随后降落加油。
The commanders caught unprepared at Pearl Harbor were cashiered.
珍珠港事件中措手不及的指挥官被撤职。
MacArthur was not.
麦克阿瑟不是。
AMBROSE: Why in the hell didn't Franklin Roosevelt fire him?
安布罗斯：富兰克林·罗斯福到底为什么不解雇他？
Well the answer to me is clear because the Republican Party would have been up in arms.
好吧，对我来说答案很明确，因为共和党会奋起反抗。
MacArthur was their President - was their General.
麦克阿瑟是他们的总统 - 是他们的将军。
NARR: The Philippine Army in which MacArthur had placed such faith could not hold at the beaches.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟寄予厚望的菲律宾军队无法坚守海滩。
It folded in two days.
两天就折叠了。
The Japanese headed for Manila.
日本人前往马尼拉。
MacArthur ordered a retreat to Bataan.
麦克阿瑟下令撤退至巴丹。
Too late to re-deploy the food he had dispersed to defend the beaches.
重新部署他分散的食物来保卫海滩已经太晚了。
To spare Manila, he declared it an open city.
为了免遭马尼拉的袭击，他宣布它为开放城市。
The Japanese continued to bomb.
日军继续轰炸。
On Christmas Eve, the harbor aflame, the MacArthurs retreated with the Quezons to Corregidor.
平安夜，港口着火，麦克阿瑟家族与奎松家族撤退到科雷希多。
Jean had managed to grab MacArthur's medals, not much else.
吉恩只获得了麦克阿瑟的奖章，仅此而已。
The Japanese commander would soon be in their penthouse.
日本指挥官很快就会来到他们的顶层公寓。
Malinta tunnel would become a refuge for five thousand troops.
马林塔隧道将成为五千名士兵的避难所。
The Quezons lived there.
奎松一家住在那里。
MacArthur refused.
麦克阿瑟拒绝了。
ROMULO: MacArthur said he would have none of that, that they could always get back to the tunnel if the sirens went off and they were being bombed.
罗慕洛：麦克阿瑟说他不会接受这些，如果警报响起并且他们遭到轰炸，他们总是可以回到隧道。
And during the day, when there would be an air raid signal, Jean says she'd grab the baby, and the Amah would come, and they'd get in the car and scoot down to the tunnel.
白天，当空袭信号响起时，吉恩说她会抱起孩子，阿玛就会来，他们会钻进车里，快速驶向隧道。
Sometimes they just made it and the bombs started falling.
有时他们刚刚成功，炸弹就开始落下。
NARR: From the tunnel, MacArthur directed the most difficult of military maneuvers--a fighting retreat.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟在隧道中指挥了最困难的军事演习——战斗撤退。
HARSCH: It was brilliant.
哈施：太棒了。
He has been described to me as standing there with his, the telephone in one hand and a pencil in the other, on a map of the Philippines, directing the movement of individual units of troops.
据我描述，他站在菲律宾地图上，一手拿着电话，一手拿着铅笔，指挥着各个部队的行动。
But, once he got them into the Bataan Peninsula, there wasn't enough food.
但是，当他把他们带到巴丹半岛时，却没有足够的食物。
NARR: The plan had been to evacuate civilians from Bataan.
纳尔：计划是从巴丹撤离平民。
Instead 20,000 civilians followed 80,000 soldiers into Bataan.
相反，20,000 名平民跟随 80,000 名士兵进入巴丹。
MacArthur faced a food crisis from the start.
麦克阿瑟从一开始就面临粮食危机。
LEON BECK, U.S. Army: We immediately were placed on half rations, two meals a day - one before daylight and one after dark.
莱昂·贝克（LEON BECK），美国陆军：我们立即得到了一半的口粮，每天两顿饭——一顿在天亮前，一顿在天黑后。
That told you a quick story there that we weren't going to get any help.
这告诉你一个简单的故事，我们不会得到任何帮助。
NARR: MacArthur got what he thought were encouraging cables from Army Chief of Staff George Marshall.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟从陆军参谋长乔治·马歇尔那里收到了他认为令人鼓舞的电报。
Marshall is not going to come out and say in a telegram to a besieged commander, we can give you nothing.
马歇尔不会出来在电报中给被围困的指挥官说，我们什么也不能给你。
What he is going to say is, we are giving you everything we possibly can.
他要说的是，我们正在为您提供我们所能提供的一切。
In that sense he is misleading MacArthur, or MacArthur is allowing himself to be mislead by interpreting those documents to mean I'm going to get tons and tons of supplies and everything is going to be fine.
从这个意义上说，他误导了麦克阿瑟，或者说麦克阿瑟允许自己被误导，因为他将这些文件解释为我将获得大量的物资，一切都会好起来的。
NARR: On Jan.
纳尔：一月。
10, MacArthur visited Gen.
10日，麦克阿瑟拜访了将军。
Jonathan Wainwright on Bataan.
乔纳森·温赖特在巴丹。
He passed along good news.
他传递了好消息。
RICHARD M.
理查德·M。
GORDON, U.S. Army: And basically the message was from MacArthur that help was on its way.
戈登，美国陆军：基本上，麦克阿瑟传达的信息是，援助即将到来。
And we were to hold fast.
我们要坚持下去。
Planes would be coming, men would be coming, and what we needed would be there.
飞机会来，人会来，我们需要的东西就会在那里。
Just hold tight.
只要抓紧。
NARR: On Bataan his men held tight.
纳尔：在巴丹，他的部下紧紧抓住。
Probing the jungle for advancing Japanese.
探索丛林，寻找前进的日本人。
Searching the tree tops for snipers.
在树顶搜寻狙击手。
For 11 days in January the Japanese tried to destroy MacArthur's army.
一月份的 11 天里，日本人试图摧毁麦克阿瑟的军队。
His troops were forced to retreat.
他的部队被迫撤退。
Then once again hold tight.
然后再一次握紧。
By late February many were so weak from malnutrition they could hardly crawl from their foxholes.
到了二月底，许多人因营养不良而虚弱不堪，几乎无法从散兵坑里爬出来。
There would be no reinforcements.
不会有援军。
America's priority was the war against Hitler.
美国的首要任务是反对希特勒的战争。
SCHALLER: MacArthur refused to acknowledge that reality, and instead attributed the lack of reinforcement to betrayal by jealous rivals in the war department starting with Army Chief of Staff George Marshall and radiating downward to Dwight Eisenhower, his former aide in the Philippines and to others who he believed were literally starving him and his forces to death to get their professional revenge against him.
夏勒：麦克阿瑟拒绝承认这一现实，而是将缺乏增援归咎于战争部门嫉妒对手的背叛，从陆军参谋长乔治·马歇尔开始，向下辐射到他在菲律宾的前助手德怀特·艾森豪威尔，以及其他他相信的人，他们实际上是在饿死他和他的部队，以对他进行职业报复。
Nothing could have been further from the truth.
事实并非如此。
NARR: For two weeks the Japanese bombed Corregidor.
纳尔：日本轰炸了科雷吉多岛两周。
The headquarters on top of the island was destroyed the first day.
岛上的总部在第一天就被摧毁了。
They haven't yet made the bomb with my name on it, MacArthur said.
“他们还没有制造出印有我名字的炸弹，”麦克阿瑟说。
He refused to take cover and watched the attack.
他拒绝躲藏并观看了袭击。
The wounded flowed into the hospital wards in the tunnel.
伤员通过隧道流入医院病房。
The humid air became thick with the putrid smell of gangrene.
潮湿的空气变得粘稠，充满了坏疽的腐臭味。
The Secretary of War wrote in his diary, "There are times when men must die." In a simple ceremony by the tunnel, Manuel Quezon was sworn in for a second term as president.
战争部长在日记中写道：“有些时候，人必须死。”在隧道旁举行的简单仪式上，曼努埃尔·奎松宣誓就任总统，开始第二个任期。
MacArthur spoke: "From the grim shadow of the Valley of Death, oh merciful God, preserve this noble race!" QUEZON AVANCENA: His eyes were misty.
麦克阿瑟说道：“从死亡谷的阴暗阴影中，仁慈的上帝啊，保佑这个高贵的种族吧！”奎松·阿文塞纳：他的眼睛雾蒙蒙的。
And General MacArthur was a man who was very controlled and not emotional, not obviously emotional, anyway, from what I saw of him, but that time it was obvious that he was very moved.
麦克阿瑟将军是一个非常克制的人，不情绪化，无论如何，从我对他的观察来看，没有明显的情绪化，但那一次很明显他很感动。
NARR: George Marshall wanted the Quezons to leave and to take Jean and Arthur with them.
纳尔：乔治·马歇尔希望奎松一家离开，并带走吉恩和亚瑟。
"This might be the last opportunity for sure deliverance of the two human beings dearest to me," MacArthur wrote.
麦克阿瑟写道：“这可能是拯救我最亲爱的两个人的最后机会。”
"It was one of the desperate moments of my life." Let me take Jean to safety, Quezon urged him.
“这是我一生中最绝望的时刻之一。”让我带吉恩到安全的地方，奎松催促他。
"My wife married a soldier," MacArthur replied.
“我的妻子嫁给了一名士兵，”麦克阿瑟回答道。
"At least let me take your son." "My son is the son of a soldier," MacArthur answered.
“至少让我带走你的儿子吧。” “我的儿子是一名士兵的儿子，”麦克阿瑟回答道。
The General wired Marshall, "I and my family will share the fate of the garrison." Before he left, Manuel Quezon gave MacArthur 500,000 dollars in gold, what he would have made had he completed his term as military adviser.
将军给马歇尔发电报说：“我和我的家人将与驻军同呼吸共命运。”离开之前，曼努埃尔·奎松送给麦克阿瑟 50 万美元的黄金，这是他在完成军事顾问任期后所能赚到的钱。
This remained a secret for 37 years.
这个秘密持续了 37 年。
He also gave MacArthur his ring.
他还将戒指送给了麦克阿瑟。
"When they find your body," he said, "I want them to know you fought for my country."
“当他们找到你的尸体时，”他说，“我想让他们知道你为我的国家而战。”
MERRILL PASCO, Aide to Marshall: Marshall was just terrified that the Japanese would get a hold of MacArthur.
马歇尔的助手梅里尔·帕斯科：马歇尔只是害怕日本人会抓住麦克阿瑟。
It would be a great thing if they parade him through the streets of Tokyo.
如果他们带着他在东京街头游行，那将是一件很棒的事情。
And, they knew they were going to have a hard time getting MacArthur to leave.
而且，他们知道他们将很难让麦克阿瑟离开。
And he refused on several occasions and said he was not going to leave.
他多次拒绝并表示他不会离开。
And, finally General Marshall went to Mr. Roosevelt and got him to sign a personal message to him, ordering him as Commander in Chief to go to Australia.
最后，马歇尔将军找到罗斯福先生，让他签署了一份给他的个人信息，命令他作为总司令前往澳大利亚。
DALLEK: MacArthur of course kept protesting that he did not want to leave the Philippines, that for him to have gone to Australia would be seen as a retreat, as even cowardly, as abandoning his men, but Roosevelt was insistent on it.
达莱克：麦克阿瑟当然一直抗议说他不想离开菲律宾，对他来说去澳大利亚会被视为撤退，甚至被视为懦弱，被视为抛弃了他的部下，但罗斯福坚持这样做。
NARR: MacArthur told Jean "This is an order I must disobey." But his staff convinced him to leave and return with vast reinforcements they heard were bound for Australia.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟告诉吉恩“这是我必须遵守的命令。”但他的幕僚说服他离开，并带着大量援军返回，他们听说他们将前往澳大利亚。
His men had followed him in battle in World War I.
在第一次世界大战中，他的部下跟随他参加了战斗。
Now he was leaving them behind.
现在他要把他们抛在身后了。
They began to call him "Dugout Doug," and it stung him.
他们开始叫他“Dugout Doug”，这让他很刺痛。
He was leaving with the knowledge he had failed them.
他离开时知道自己让他们失望了。
He had put them on half rations in January.
一月份他给他们提供了一半的口粮。
In early March, he cut them further.
三月初，他进一步削减了产量。
GORDON: We ate the horses of the 26th cavalry.
戈登：我们吃了第 26 骑兵团的马。
We ate the mules of the 24th field artillery.
我们吃的是24野战炮兵的骡子。
We ate any kind of animal that came along the road.
我们吃路边出现的任何动物。
If chickens crossed the highway, they were food in the pot.
如果鸡穿过高速公路，它们就是锅里的食物。
We ate iguanas.
我们吃了鬣蜥。
We ate monkeys.
我们吃猴子。
RAMSEY: Monkey is a very, very strong tasting animal.
拉姆齐：猴子是一种味道非常非常强烈的动物。
Snake, that's not bad.
蛇，这还不错。
There just wasn't enough of them, especially the larger ones.
它们的数量还不够，尤其是较大的。
NARR: MacArthur never went back to Bataan to see his men.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟从未回到巴丹看望他的部下。
PERRET: It was too painful.
佩雷特：太痛苦了。
Going to Bataan, looking into the faces of men who were doomed to, to surrender, captivity and death was just too hard.
前往巴丹，看着那些注定要投降、被囚禁和死亡的人们的面孔实在是太困难了。
NARR: Japanese artillery joined the bombers in blasting Corregidor.
纳尔：日本炮兵与轰炸机一起轰炸科雷希多岛。
"The end is near," the Japanese commander living in MacArthur's penthouse taunted him.
“末日已近，”住在麦克阿瑟阁楼的日本指挥官嘲笑他。
"You are advised to surrender." An army sergeant gave him one chance in five of escaping.
“建议你投降。”一名陆军中士给了他五分之一的逃跑机会。
"Jean," MacArthur said, "it is time to go." As darkness fell on March 11, 1942 the MacArthurs boarded a PT boat and headed south for the Philippine Island of Mindanao.
“吉恩，”麦克阿瑟说，“是时候走了。” 1942 年 3 月 11 日夜幕降临，麦克阿瑟夫妇登上一艘 PT 船，向南前往菲律宾棉兰老岛。
MacArthur lifted his cap in salute to his men.
麦克阿瑟举起帽子向他的部下致敬。
They called themselves the "battling bastards of Bataan.
他们称自己为“巴丹的战斗混蛋”。
No Mama.
没有妈妈。
No Papa.
没有爸爸。
No Uncle Sam." "I could feel my face go white," MacArthur recalled.
没有山姆大叔。” “我能感觉到我的脸变白了，”麦克阿瑟回忆道。
"Feel a sudden, convulsive twitch in the muscles of my face." At night he rambled bitterly on his futile struggle to save the islands.
“感觉我脸上的肌肉突然抽搐。”晚上，他痛苦地絮絮叨叨地讲述着他为拯救岛屿所做的徒劳的斗争。
His voice choked up as he talked about being ordered to leave his men.
当他谈到被命令离开他的部下时，他的声音哽咽了。
After 500 miles of rough mine-infested seas, the MacArthurs arrived safely on Mindanao.
经过 500 英里波涛汹涌、布满水雷的海域后，麦克阿瑟夫妇安全抵达棉兰老岛。
Arthur, age four, had been told all he could take with him was one stuffed animal which he called "old friend." Jean went ashore with her lipstick, comb and compact wrapped in a handkerchief.
四岁的亚瑟被告知他只能随身携带一只毛绒动物，他称之为“老朋友”。琼拿着口红、梳子和用手帕包着的粉盒上岸了。
MacArthur would get her a watch engraved "My bravest." "You have taken me out of the jaws of death," the general told his PT boat commander.
麦克阿瑟会给她一块刻有“我最勇敢的人”的手表。 “你把我从死亡之口救了出来，”将军告诉他的鱼雷艇指挥官。
But he had left his men facing the jaws of death.
但他却让他的部下面临死亡之口。
He had discussed what he could say to them with a Filipino aide, Major Carlos Romulo.
他已经与菲律宾助手卡洛斯·罗慕洛少校讨论了他可以对他们说些什么。
ROMULO: And General MacArthur suggested one of those stiff, formal things like, "MacArthur will not let you down.
罗慕洛：麦克阿瑟将军提出了一些僵硬、正式的建议，比如“麦克阿瑟不会让你失望的。
" And Romy said that's not going to float, that isn't going to make it, you've got to have some thing that has gut value, that's very personal and direct.
“罗米说，这不会漂浮，也不会成功，你必须拥有一些具有内在价值的东西，这是非常个人化和直接的。
And he composed, "I shall return." And MacArthur, who many people have criticized for being arrogant and saying, "I shall return," said isn't that a bit much, you know, "I, I shall return,"--you know, this is an army that is going to return.
他写道：“我会回来的。”麦克阿瑟被许多人批评为傲慢，说“我会回来”，他说的是不是有点过分了，你知道，“我，我会回来”——你知道，这是一支即将回归的军队。
And Romy said but they know you and they believe you, and if you say "I shall return," then they'll look for you to come back.
罗密说，但他们认识你，他们相信你，如果你说“我会回来”，那么他们就会寻找你回来。
They really will believe it.
他们真的会相信。
NARR: By mid-March the MacArthurs were in Australia.
纳尔：三月中旬，麦克阿瑟夫妇抵达澳大利亚。
HARSCH: Oh yes, I was there when he got off the train in Melbourne and said, "I shall return".
哈施：哦，是的，当他在墨尔本下火车时我就在场并说，“我会回来的”。
It was a very dramatic moment.
这是一个非常戏剧性的时刻。
NARR: The War Department wired, "Can't you say we?" MacArthur refused.
纳尔：陆军部发来电报，“你不能说我们吗？”麦克阿瑟拒绝了。
To some still fighting on Bataan it became a joke: "I have gone to the latrine.
对于一些仍在巴丹战斗的人来说，这成了一个笑话：“我去了厕所。
I shall return." To MacArthur it would be an all-consuming passion.
我会回来的。”对于麦克阿瑟来说，这将是一种全身心投入的热情。
PERRET : MacArthur saw his return to the Philippines as a way of redeeming American national pride and honor.
佩雷特：麦克阿瑟将返回菲律宾视为挽回美国民族自豪感和荣誉的一种方式。
And his own pride and honor.
还有他自己的骄傲和荣誉。
PETILLO: His determination to return to the Philippines is driven by this sense of guilt perhaps, or shame, very great sadness, at what happened there.
佩蒂洛：他决定返回菲律宾可能是因为对那里发生的事情感到内疚，或者羞愧，非常悲伤。
NARR: The Japanese derided him as a coward who had deserted his men under fire.
纳尔：日本人嘲笑他是一个在炮火下抛弃部下的懦夫。
A commander he left behind would condemn him as "an arch deceiver, traitor and criminal" who was now enjoying "steak and eggs." At 62, his hands trembled.
他留下的一名指挥官会谴责他是“大骗子、叛徒和罪犯”，而他现在正在享受“牛排和鸡蛋”。 62岁的他，双手都在颤抖。
He had lost 25 pounds.
他减掉了 25 磅。
The general, Jean recalled, was a "lonely, angry man" who needed her "as never before."
吉恩回忆说，将军是一个“孤独、愤怒的人”，他“前所未有”地需要她。
He expects to have all these forces waiting for him that he believed were being built up in Australia, and he gets to Australia and there's nothing there.
他预计所有这些他相信正在澳大利亚建立的力量都在等着他，而他到达澳大利亚时却什么也没有。
PERRET: There was virtually nothing except for some anti-aircraft artillery troops and some Army Air Force units.
佩雷特：除了一些高射炮兵部队和一些陆军航空兵部队外，几乎什么都没有。
And he was not only disappointed, I would say he was depressed.
他不仅感到失望，我想说他很沮丧。
NARR: At the lowest moment of his life, MacArthur became a hero.
纳尔：在人生最低谷的时刻，麦克阿瑟成为了英雄。
He was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.
他被授予国会荣誉勋章。
What he had wanted for his inspiring charge in World War I, he got for prolonging a lost cause, holed up in a tunnel.
他在第一次世界大战中因鼓舞人心的冲锋而想要得到的东西，却因为在隧道里延长了失败的事业而得到了。
SCHALLER: By the Spring of 1942, the American military situation seemed so dismal, that as George Marshall, the Army Chief of Staff said, we're looking for heroes.
夏勒：到了 1942 年春天，美国的军事形势显得如此惨淡，正如陆军参谋长乔治·马歇尔所说，我们正在寻找英雄。
His forces had fallen back, but they had kept up resistance, they hadn't surrendered, they hadn't rolled over like British forces had in Hong Kong and Singapore and other places.
他的军队虽然撤退了，但仍然坚持抵抗，没有投降，没有像英军在香港、新加坡等地那样翻滚。
And MacArthur was about as close to a hero as you came.
麦克阿瑟几乎就是一位英雄。
NEWSREEL NARR: MacArthur, civilization's champion, symbol of the stout heart, the dauntless spirit, the unflagging courage of America on the march.
新闻短片纳尔：麦克阿瑟，文明的捍卫者，象征着美国坚定的心、无畏的精神和前进中不屈不挠的勇气。
NARR: A MacArthur mania swept over a hero hungry America.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟狂热席卷了渴望英雄的美国。
A parade that spring was dedicated to MacArthur.
那年春天的一次阅兵式是献给麦克阿瑟的。
NEWSREEL NARR: Every man, women and child will ever remember his immortal words "only those are fit to live who are not afraid to die." NARR: He became "America's First Soldier," the focus of the war effort.
新闻短片纳尔：每个男人、女人和孩子都会记住他的不朽名言“只有不怕死的人才适合生活”。纳尔：他成为“美国第一士兵”，战争的焦点。
STOLER: I don't think Marshall was troubled about building up MacArthur.
斯托勒：我认为马歇尔并不为培养麦克阿瑟而烦恼。
I'm not so sure about Franklin Roosevelt, but I think both men at that point realized that this was the appropriate thing to do.
我不太确定富兰克林·罗斯福的看法，但我认为当时两人都意识到这是正确的做法。
I don't think Marshall was aware of the trouble he would be creating for himself later on.
我认为马歇尔并没有意识到他后来会给自己带来麻烦。
NARR: In April 1942 after four months, the Army on Bataan fell - the largest army in American history to surrender.
纳尔：四个月后的 1942 年 4 月，巴丹陆军陷落——这是美国历史上投降规模最大的军队。
Corregidor fell in May.
科雷吉多于五月陷落。
MacArthur's redemption would be the rescue of the men he left behind.
麦克阿瑟的救赎就是拯救他留下的人。
The route of his redemption would lie through 3,000 miles of oceans that the Japanese navy roamed unchallenged, if he had the ships.
如果他拥有船只，他的救赎之路将穿过日本海军畅行无阻的 3,000 英里海洋。
Across endless jungles, if he had the planes.
穿越无尽的丛林，如果他有飞机的话。
Through the jungles, if he had to walk.
穿过丛林，如果他必须步行的话。
If the Joint Chiefs authorized his return.
如果参谋长联席会议批准他返回。
And they had not.
但他们没有。
MacArthur's goal was to liberate the Philippines en route to Japan.
麦克阿瑟的目标是在前往日本的途中解放菲律宾。
This was not what Admiral Ernest J.
这并不是欧内斯特·J·海军上将所想的。
King, Chief of Naval Operations, had in mind.
海军作战部长金想到了这一点。
A war against Japan had always been the Navy's job.
对日战争一直是海军的职责。
King was "the most even tempered man in the Navy," his daughter said.
金的女儿说，他是“海军中脾气最温和的人”。
"He was always in a rage."
“他总是处于愤怒之中。”
He took over the Navy at its lowest moment--the destruction of much of the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.
他在海军处于最低谷的时候接管了海军——珍珠港太平洋舰队的大部分被摧毁。
Redemption of the Navy's pride rested with Admiral Ernest J.
海军上将欧内斯特·J. 拯救了海军的骄傲。
King.
国王。
While MacArthur struggled on Corregidor, King outlined his plans to an old Navy hand in Washington--and gained Roosevelt's complete confidence.
当麦克阿瑟在科雷吉多岛问题上苦苦挣扎时，金向华盛顿的一位老海军官员概述了他的计划，并获得了罗斯福的完全信任。
King had foreseen the importance of naval aviation.
金预见到了海军航空兵的重要性。
The aircraft carrier, he felt, was the key to victory in the Pacific.
他认为，航空母舰是太平洋胜利的关键。
Admiral King was not going to play second fiddle to Douglas MacArthur.
金海军上将不会充当道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟的副手。
As his colleague on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, George Marshall, soon learned.
正如他在参谋长联席会议上的同事乔治·马歇尔很快了解到的那样。
ROBERT W.
罗伯特·W.
LOVE, King Biographer: Throughout the war General Marshall and Admiral King engaged in a playlet.
《爱，金》传记作者：在整个战争期间，马歇尔将军和金海军上将正在创作一部小剧。
General Marshall would propose that General MacArthur be given overall supreme command in the Pacific.
马歇尔将军将提议授予麦克阿瑟将军太平洋地区的全面最高指挥权。
Admiral King would object.
金海军上将会反对。
The Pacific is a Navy theater, he would argue.
他认为，太平洋是一个海军战区。
There's more water than land.
水比土地还多。
Admiral King would then propose because the Pacific was an ocean area, that Admiral Nimitz be in command of everything, including General MacArthur.
金海军上将随后提议，因为太平洋是一个海域，所以由尼米兹海军上将指挥一切，包括麦克阿瑟将军。
NARR: Chester Nimitz, the commander of King's Pacific fleet, based at Pearl Harbor, was too junior to oversee MacArthur.
纳尔：切斯特·尼米兹是驻珍珠港的国王太平洋舰队司令，他的资历太浅，无法监督麦克阿瑟。
Unable to decide, the Joint Chiefs divided the command.
由于无法做出决定，参谋长联席会议将指挥权分开。
Nimitz got the North, Central and South Pacific.
尼米兹获得了北太平洋、中太平洋和南太平洋。
MacArthur got the Southwest Pacific but few ships.
麦克阿瑟获得了西南太平洋，但船只很少。
His first task was to defend Australia.
他的首要任务是保卫澳大利亚。
The Japanese soon threatened by attacking Australia's colony in New Guinea.
日本人很快就威胁要攻击澳大利亚在新几内亚的殖民地。
They headed over the mountain jungles toward its capital Port Moresby.
他们翻越山林，前往首都莫尔兹比港。
MacArthur sent Australian troops into the breech.
麦克阿瑟派澳大利亚军队进入后位。
They were pushed back.
他们被推了回来。
"Modify the Germany First strategy and send planes, ships and guns to avert disaster," MacArthur cabled Marshall.
麦克阿瑟给马歇尔发电报说：“修改‘德国优先’战略，派遣飞机、舰艇和枪支来避免灾难。”
"I beg of you ...have this momentous question reviewed by the President and the chiefs of staff, lest it become too late." HARSCH: When I was about to leave Australia to come back to the States, I was summoned to the presence, seated in a sofa, and then for an hour he paced, in a stately slow pace, up and down, in front of me.
“我请求你们……让总统和参谋长们审查这个重大问题，以免为时已晚。”哈施：当我正要离开澳大利亚返回美国时，我被叫到了现场，坐在沙发上，然后他在我面前以庄严缓慢的步伐上下踱步了一个小时。
And, he said, I must persuade the people in authority, that they should be, put the Pacific War first and the European War second.
他说，我必须说服当权者，他们应该把太平洋战争放在第一位，欧洲战争放在第二位。
PERRET: And he became overly emotional, and was sending all kinds of hysterical messages to the War Department.
佩雷特：他变得过于情绪化，并向陆军部发送各种歇斯底里的信息。
Totally ignoring the fact that there was a global war to be fought.
完全忽视了全球战争即将打响的事实。
He's only interested in one war and that's, that's the war where he is.
他只对一场战争感兴趣，那就是他所在的战争。
NARR: In private FDR complained about MacArthur's demands.
纳尔：罗斯福私下抱怨麦克阿瑟的要求。
He "seems to have forgotten," Roosevelt told an aide, that his record in Manila resembled that of [those] who faced "court-martial on charges of laxity at Pearl Harbor." MacArthur had survived the loss of the Philippines.
罗斯福对一名助手说，他“似乎忘记了”，他在马尼拉的记录与“那些在珍珠港因疏忽大意而面临军事法庭审判的人”相似。麦克阿瑟在失去菲律宾后幸存下来。
He could not survive a defeat in New Guinea.
他无法在新几内亚的失败中幸存。
He flew his troops over the mountains to assault the Japanese base camps.
他率领部队翻山越岭，攻击日军大本营。
Some supplies came by sea--with whatever shipping he could muster.
有些物资是通过海路运来的——无论他能召集多少船队。
One target was a missionary outpost called Buna.
其中一个目标是一个名为布纳的传教士前哨基地。
The Japanese were entrenched in camouflaged bunkers described in the official Army history as "a masterpiece".
日本人盘踞在伪装掩体中，官方陆军历史将其描述为“杰作”。
He lacked the fire power to blast them out.
他缺乏火力来消灭他们。
Desperate for a victory, MacArthur put Gen.
麦克阿瑟迫切希望取得胜利，于是派了将军。
Robert Eichelberger in charge.
罗伯特·艾切尔伯格负责。
"Bob," he told him, "If you don't take Buna, I want to hear that you are buried there." Eichelberger went on the offensive.
“鲍勃，”他告诉他，“如果你不带走布纳，我想听听你被埋在那里的消息。”艾切尔伯格继续进攻。
He discovered how skilled the Japanese were at jungle warfare.
他发现日本人在丛林战争中是多么熟练。
One assault took 25 percent casualties.
一次袭击造成 25% 的人员伤亡。
By December 1942, nine months after he arrived in Australia, MacArthur finally had what he needed to root out the Japanese.
1942 年 12 月，即抵达澳大利亚九个月后，麦克阿瑟终于获得了铲除日本人所需的一切。
"Time is working desperately against us," he told Eichelberger.
“时间正在拼命地对我们不利，”他告诉艾切尔伯格。
"This battle must be engaged."
“这场战斗必须打下去。”
On January 2, 1943 Gen.
1943 年 1 月 2 日，将军
Eichelberger captured Buna.
艾切尔伯格占领了布纳。
MacArthur had his first victory in World War II.
麦克阿瑟在第二次世界大战中取得了第一次胜利。
"The dead of Bataan will rest easier tonight," he told the press.
他对媒体说：“今晚，巴丹的死者会安息得更轻松。”
He seemed confident again.
他看起来又充满信心了。
At 63, one reporter wrote, "the youngest looking man for his age I had ever seen." But his victory had been costly.
一位 63 岁的记者写道，“他是我见过的同龄人中看起来最年轻的人。”但他的胜利代价高昂。
MacArthur's forces suffered nearly two casualties for every one they inflicted on the Japanese.
麦克阿瑟的部队每对日军造成一人伤亡，就造成近两人伤亡。
No one would know this from what he told the press.
没有人会从他对媒体所说的话中得知这一点。
"Our losses in the Buna campaign are low," MacArthur's communiqué read..."There was no necessity to hurry the attack." Reinforcements, he reasoned, would flow faster if his losses were low.
“我们在布纳战役中的损失很低，”麦克阿瑟的公报写道……“没有必要仓促进攻。”他推断，如果他的损失较小，增援部队就会更快流动。
When Eichelberger was lionized in the national press, MacArthur was furious.
当艾切尔伯格受到全国媒体的推崇时，麦克阿瑟非常愤怒。
"Do you realize I could reduce you to the grade of colonel tomorrow?" he bellowed.
“你知道明天我会把你降为上校吗？”他吼道。
Eichelberger wrote a friend in the War Department "I would rather have you slip a rattlesnake in my pocket than to have you give me any publicity." PERRET: There was only one person who was supposed to talk to press in MacArthur's theater and that was MacArthur.
艾切尔伯格给陆军部的一位朋友写信说：“我宁愿让你在我口袋里塞一条响尾蛇，也不愿让你给我做任何宣传。”佩雷特：只有一个人应该在麦克阿瑟的剧院里向媒体发表讲话，那就是麦克阿瑟。
If his photograph is on the front of LIFE magazine, this means that he's on track, he is on track to be a great man.
如果他的照片出现在《生活》杂志的封面上，这意味着他正在走上正轨，他正在成为一个伟大的人。
He is a man of destiny.
他是一个命运的人。
His parents were right.
他的父母是对的。
This is his role in life.
这就是他在生活中的角色。
He has an historic mission to be a truly great and historic figure.
他肩负着成为真正伟大的历史人物的历史使命。
NARR: After Buna, MacArthur made sure that his publicity would give the impression that he alone was winning the Pacific war.
纳尔：布纳之后，麦克阿瑟确保他的宣传会给人留下他独自赢得太平洋战争的印象。
The matrons of Brisbane besieged the MacArthurs with invitations.
布里斯班的贵妇们向麦克阿瑟夫妇发出了邀请。
The general refused them all.
将军全都拒绝了。
Jean did her best to be gracious.
吉恩竭尽全力表现得和蔼可亲。
Arthur turned five that first winter in Australia.
在澳大利亚的第一个冬天，亚瑟就五岁了。
He seldom saw his father during the day.
白天他很少见到父亲。
He did see his father in the morning.
早上他确实见到了他的父亲。
PERRET: And they would march around the living room, swinging their arms, stamping their feet, going boom, boom.
佩雷特：他们会绕着客厅走来走去，挥舞着手臂，跺着脚，发出“砰”、“砰”的声音。
And MacArthur would hide presents under the cushions and the child would--you know, the boy would then start looking under the cushions for presents and so on.
麦克阿瑟会把礼物藏在垫子下面，孩子会——你知道，然后男孩会开始在垫子下面寻找礼物等等。
And he had breakfast with his parents, then MacArthur would leave.
他和父母一起吃早餐，然后麦克阿瑟就离开了。
And that would--that would be it until the next morning.
就这样——直到第二天早上。
MacArthur only really saw his son at breakfast.
麦克阿瑟只是在早餐时才真正见到了他的儿子。
NARR : MacArthur wrote a prayer for Arthur: "Build me a son, O Lord, who will be strong enough to know when he is weak, and brave enough to face himself when he is afraid; one who will be proud and unbending in honest defeat, and humble and gentle in victory." Twenty years later he would use almost the same language at West Point to describe the attributes of a soldier.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟为亚瑟写了一篇祈祷文：“主啊，请为我造一个儿子，他将足够坚强，知道自己何时软弱，并勇敢地面对自己，当他害怕时；一个在诚实的失败中骄傲、不屈不挠的人，在胜利时谦虚和温柔的人。”二十年后，他在西点军校用几乎相同的语言来描述士兵的特质。
MacArthur's Air Commander, George Kenney, had masterminded the troop movements to Buna.
麦克阿瑟的空军指挥官乔治·肯尼策划了向布纳的部队调动。
In February 1943 he began to move up the New Guinea coast.
1943 年 2 月，他开始向新几内亚海岸移动。
The Navy would not risk aircraft carriers in the shoals off New Guinea.
海军不会在新几内亚附近的浅滩上冒险使用航空母舰。
MacArthur had to rely on his Army Air Force.
麦克阿瑟不得不依靠他的陆军空军。
STEPHEN TAAFFE, Historian: Initially, MacArthur does not think much of air power, because of the bad experience he'd had in the Philippines, where his Air Force was wiped out within twenty-four hours of the war beginning.
史蒂芬·塔夫，历史学家：最初，麦克阿瑟并不太重视空中力量，因为他在菲律宾有过糟糕的经历，他的空军在战争开始后二十四小时内就被消灭了。
But Kenney really converts MacArthur into an air power enthusiast.
但肯尼确实将麦克阿瑟变成了一名空中力量爱好者。
Kenny's so successful, he's so confident, he knows how to use his air forces so well, that MacArthur becomes enamored with air power.
肯尼如此成功，他如此自信，他知道如何很好地使用他的空军，以至于麦克阿瑟迷上了空中力量。
NARR: At age 63 he was learning a new way to fight a war.
纳尔：63 岁时，他正在学习一种新的战争方式。
His air force destroyed Japanese convoys carrying reinforcements to New Guinea.
他的空军摧毁了向新几内亚运送增援部队的日本车队。
Without them, the Japanese offensive in New Guinea was doomed.
没有他们，日军在新几内亚的攻势就注定失败。
By March 1943 the Japanese were on the defensive.
到 1943 年 3 月，日本已处于守势。
They dug in waiting for MacArthur to attack.
他们埋伏等待麦克阿瑟进攻。
Instead, as he was fond of saying, he would "Hit 'em where they ain't." Fly over them.
相反，正如他喜欢说的那样，他会“打击他们不攻击的地方”。飞过他们。
Bypass their strongholds.
绕过他们的据点。
MacArthur went along on one early mission.
麦克阿瑟参加了一项早期任务。
"They're my kids, too," he told Kenney.
“他们也是我的孩子，”他告诉肯尼。
He was less worried about getting shot than getting sick: "I'd hate to get sick and disgrace myself in front of the kids." In MacArthur's first airborne assault, his "kids" captured a Japanese airfield.
他更担心的是生病，而不是中枪：“我不想生病，也不想在孩子们面前丢脸。”在麦克阿瑟的第一次空降攻击中，他的“孩子们”占领了日本的一个机场。
That set the pattern for his New Guinea offensive.
这为他的新几内亚攻势奠定了基础。
Securing one airfield after another.
保卫一个又一个机场。
TAAFFE: MacArthur's offensive across New Guinea is a march of the airfields.
塔夫：麦克阿瑟在新几内亚的攻势是机场的行军。
Remember, Nimitz and King will not let MacArthur have any aircraft carriers, so he has to find his own close air support.
请记住，尼米兹和金不会让麦克阿瑟拥有任何航母，所以他必须找到自己的近距离空中支援。
The only way to do that is to move inland from the beach, seize an airfield or build an airfield, and then use that position to destroy enemy air power down the coast some more, and repeat the same operation.
唯一的方法就是从海滩向内陆移动，夺取机场或建造机场，然后利用该阵地进一步摧毁沿海的敌方空中力量，并重复同样的行动。
And that's what the New Guinea offensive is.
这就是新几内亚攻势的内容。
NARR: He was driving slowly toward the Philippines.
纳尔：他正缓慢地驶向菲律宾。
What he learned that summer of 1943 would drive him harder.
1943 年夏天的经历让他更加努力。
From soldiers smuggled out by submarine, he learned what happened to the army he left behind.
从乘潜艇偷运出去的士兵那里，他了解到了他留下的军队的下场。
How they were marched more than 60 miles to prisoner of war camps.
他们如何被行军 60 多英里到达战俘营。
He learned of the Bataan Death March.
他了解到巴丹死亡行军。
GORDON: As I was marched down that road, where they captured me, I passed my battalion commander, Major James Ivy, and he had been tied to a tree and he was stripped to the waist and he was just covered with bayonet holes.
戈登：当我沿着那条路行进时，他们抓住了我，我经过了我的营长詹姆斯·艾维少校，他被绑在一棵树上，他的上身被剥光，身上布满了刺刀孔。
BURGOS: Oh, they bayoneted people, they shoot people, and if they think that you were delaying the march, you're dead.
布尔戈斯：哦，他们用刺刀刺人，他们向人开枪，如果他们认为你拖延了行军，你就死定了。
BECK: You'd hear a shot fired.
贝克：你会听到一声枪响。
And you'd look back and there lays a body behind you, but you, they wouldn't let you go back and take care of him.
你回头一看，你身后躺着一具尸体，但你，他们不让你回去照顾他。
BURGOS: If you tried to get food which was thrown by the civilians, that not only endangered you, but the one who was giving the food or throwing the food to you.
布尔戈斯：如果你试图拿到平民扔掉的食物，那不仅会危及你，还会危及给你食物或向你扔食物的人。
GORDON: They provided food one time in those nine days.
戈登：在那九天内他们提供了一次食物。
It was in a horrible place that was just jammed with humanity.
那是一个充满人类的可怕地方。
The disease and the smell of the place was sickening.
这个地方的疾病和气味令人作呕。
You couldn't get out, you couldn't lie down, there was no room.
你无法出去，你无法躺下，没有空间。
And men went mad in the place overnight.
一夜之间，人们在这个地方变得疯狂。
NARR: Some made their way out of Bataan to join the resistance as guerrillas.
纳尔：有些人离开巴丹，以游击队的身份加入抵抗组织。
And to wait for MacArthur's return.
并等待麦克阿瑟归来。
RAMSEY : I leave, but I shall return.
拉姆齐：我离开了，但我会回来的。
Well, those of us who admired him, always believed he would return.
好吧，我们这些崇拜他的人一直相信他会回来。
BECK: I never lost hope.
贝克：我从未失去希望。
If I had, I'd probably surrendered, like all the rest of them did.
如果我这样做了，我可能会投降，就像其他人一样。
I always thought enough of America that some day our army would be, be back there to get us.
我一直对美国有足够的想法，有一天我们的军队会回到那里来对付我们。
NARR: MacArthur said he would return.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟说他会回来。
The Joint Chiefs never did.
参谋长联席会议从来没有这样做过。
In the fall of 1943 they began to favor Admiral King's Navy which had launched new fast carriers.
1943 年秋，他们开始青睐金海军上将海军，该海军已经下水了新型快速航母。
PERRET: The Navy was surprised, but delighted.
佩雷特：海军很惊讶，但也很高兴。
MacArthur was surprised and appalled.
麦克阿瑟感到惊讶和震惊。
Because it looked for a while in 19-- By the end of 1943 that the Navy was going to get to Japan before MacArthur could get to the Philippines.
因为在 19 年，到 1943 年底，海军似乎将在麦克阿瑟到达菲律宾之前到达日本。
NARR: MacArthur worried that he might be forced to end the war as the conqueror of New Guinea.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟担心他可能会被迫作为新几内亚的征服者结束战争。
Not the Liberator of Luzon.
不是吕宋岛的解放者。
When he got a new B-17 that fall, he told the pilot who picked it up "I want the plane named Bataan, and the artist is to paint a map of the Philippines on the side...That's an order." He made certain that everyone knew where he was headed.
那年秋天，当他收到一架新的 B-17 时，他告诉接机的飞行员“我想要这架飞机名为巴丹 (Bataan)，艺术家要在侧面画一张菲律宾地图……这是命令。”他确保每个人都知道他要去哪里。
The Navy's drive to Japan began in November 1943 with a Marine assault on a tiny island named Tarawa.
1943 年 11 月，海军陆战队对一个名叫塔拉瓦的小岛发动进攻，开始向日本进军。
Landing craft stuck at low tide were sitting ducks for Japanese gunners.
退潮时被困的登陆艇对日本炮手来说是易受攻击的目标。
One thousand marines were killed, two thousand injured to take an atoll less than three square miles.
一千名海军陆战队员被杀，两千人受伤，占领了一个不到三平方英里的环礁。
At this time, the war plan was being set for 1944.
此时，1944年的战争计划正在制定中。
To MacArthur's horror, it continued to favor the people who had planned Tarawa.
令麦克阿瑟感到恐惧的是，它继续对塔拉瓦计划的制定者有利。
In December 1943 the big powers agreed on a second front in Europe; Eisenhower would lead it.
1943 年 12 月，大国就欧洲第二战场达成一致。艾森豪威尔将领导它。
The British opposed America's Pacific offensive as diverting shipping away from Eisenhower.
英国反对美国的太平洋攻势，因为它会转移航运路线，远离艾森豪威尔。
George Marshall fought the British to preserve the Pacific war but had to tell MacArthur that the Navy was still going to lead it.
乔治·马歇尔与英国作战以维持太平洋战争，但不得不告诉麦克阿瑟海军仍将领导这场战争。
LOVE: MacArthur received this with a lack of grace that's really stunning.
爱：麦克阿瑟以一种缺乏优雅的方式接受了这一点，这真是令人震惊。
On the other hand, he was heart-broken.
另一方面，他又心痛不已。
He had, after all, been shorted his shipping, to a degree that's virtually unmanageable.
毕竟，他的运费已经短缺到几乎无法管理的程度。
He had conducted an offensive on a shoestring.
他是用小本钱发动进攻的。
He had done marvelous work with limited air and with only a handful of divisions.
他在有限的空军和少数几个师的帮助下完成了出色的工作。
And now he was being told, in effect, that despite a series of stunning victories, he was going to have a competitor in the north for shipping.
现在他实际上被告知，尽管取得了一系列惊人的胜利，但他在北方的航运领域将面临一个竞争对手。
And shipping was a big problem in the Pacific.
航运是太平洋地区的一个大问题。
NARR: MacArthur claimed the Chiefs had shortchanged him because of Admiral King's animosity toward him.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟声称，由于金海军上将对他怀有敌意，酋长们欺骗了他。
STOLER : My guess is, that Marshall didn't phrase it in those terms, but that MacArthur interpreted it in those terms.
斯托勒：我的猜测是，马歇尔没有用这些术语来表达它，但麦克阿瑟用这些术语解释了它。
MacArthur personalized issues.
麦克阿瑟个性化问题。
And, my belief is that Marshall said you've got to understand that the Navy is also out here.
而且，我相信马歇尔说你必须明白海军也在这里。
And he said, ah huh, they're trying to, to stop me.
他说，啊哈，他们试图阻止我。
NARR: Admiral Nimitz assaulted the Japanese in the Marshall Islands two months ahead of schedule.
纳尔：尼米兹海军上将提前两个月袭击了马绍尔群岛的日本人。
MacArthur was shocked.
麦克阿瑟大吃一惊。
To keep up with the Navy, he had to do something dramatic.
为了跟上海军的步伐，他必须做一些戏剧性的事情。
He decided to seize the largest island in a chain called the Admiralties.
他决定夺取海军部岛链中最大的岛屿。
It would protect his right flank for the march across New Guinea toward the Philippines.
它将保护他穿过新几内亚向菲律宾进军的右翼。
TAAFFE: If he doesn't take the Admiralties as quickly as possible, if he adheres to the original strategic timetable, it might be too late to influence the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
塔夫：如果他不尽快拿下海军部，如果他坚持原来的战略时间表，那么影响参谋长联席会议可能就太晚了。
So even if he would take the Admiralties behind schedule, it wouldn't matter, he would be frozen out of the Pacific war.
因此，即使他将海军部的行动推迟，也没关系，他将被排除在太平洋战争之外。
So MacArthur thinks it's well worth the risk.
因此麦克阿瑟认为冒这个险是值得的。
NARR: He would attack quickly with a mere 1,000 men discarding the plan for an assault a month later with many thousands more.
纳尔：他会以区区 1,000 人的兵力快速发起进攻，而放弃了一个月后率领数千人发起进攻的计划。
"The place is lousy with Japs," a scouting party reported.
“这个地方到处都是日本人，情况很糟糕，”一支侦察队报告道。
MacArthur did not back down.
麦克阿瑟没有退缩。
"He was restless.
“他焦躁不安。
Too excited to sleep," his doctor recalled.
太兴奋了，睡不着，”他的医生回忆道。
"It was almost as if battle 'fed' his system." As the assault began he learned the Navy wanted the island's harbor to support its Central Pacific drive.
“就好像战斗‘喂养’了他的系统。”随着攻击开始，他了解到海军希望该岛的港口支持其在中太平洋的进攻。
He wired Marshall requesting an audience with the president.
他给马歇尔发电报，请求会见总统。
PERRET: There is an implied threat that if he doesn't get his way, he'll have a showdown with the President.
佩雷特：有一个隐含的威胁，如果他不按自己的意愿行事，他将与总统摊牌。
He will remain in the United States.
他将留在美国。
He will be out of the war.
他将退出战争。
He does not want to be squeezed out and watch the Navy in the last year of the war fighting all of the battles and getting all of the glory.
他不想被排挤，看着海军在战争的最后一年打完所有的仗，获得所有的荣耀。
NARR: If he went ashore, MacArthur reasoned, how could the Joint Chiefs order him to give the Navy what he had risked his life to seize?
纳尔：麦克阿瑟推断，如果他上岸，参谋长联席会议怎么能命令他将他冒着生命危险夺取的东西交给海军呢？
Refusing a helmet, he sported his Philippine Field Marshal's cap.
他拒绝戴头盔，而是戴着菲律宾陆军元帅的帽子。
"Sir, we killed a Jap sniper in there just a few minutes ago," an officer warned him.
“长官，几分钟前我们在那里杀死了一名日本狙击手，”一名军官警告他。
"Fine," MacArthur replied.
“好吧，”麦克阿瑟回答道。
"That's the best thing to do with them." To keep up with the Navy MacArthur had gambled and won.
“这是与他们一起做的最好的事情。”为了跟上海军的步伐，麦克阿瑟赌博并赢了。
"He saw opportunities," an Army historian noted, "where other men saw problems." Even crusty Admiral King, who compromised on the harbor, admitted the invasion was "a brilliant maneuver." Two weeks later, in March 1944, the Joint Chiefs authorized MacArthur to advance to Mindanao in the Southern Philippines.
一位陆军历史学家指出：“他在其他人看到问题的地方看到了机会。”就连在港口问题上妥协的顽固的金海军上将也承认这次入侵是“一次绝妙的策略”。两周后，即 1944 年 3 月，参谋长联席会议授权麦克阿瑟向菲律宾南部的棉兰老岛挺进。
He seized this as his chance for redemption.
他抓住了这次救赎的机会。
His chance to rescue the men he had left behind.
他有机会拯救他留下的人。
BURGOS : The situation at that time was the Japanese were already too cruel, and we needed help right here in our country.
布尔戈斯：当时的情况是日本人已经太残酷了，我们国家需要帮助。
And that's why it made a lot of difference for MacArthur to think of coming back to the Philippines and liberate the Philippines before going to Japan.
这就是为什么麦克阿瑟在去日本之前考虑回到菲律宾并解放菲律宾的原因有很大的不同。
NARR: But the chiefs had only guaranteed MacArthur a return to the Southern Philippines.
纳尔：但酋长们只保证麦克阿瑟返回菲律宾南部。
Only a token return.
仅返回一个令牌。
The possibility of a triumphal return as the Liberator of Luzon -where his men were - was remote.
作为吕宋岛解放者凯旋而归的可能性——他的部下所在的地方——是微乎其微的。
His chance to be a man of destiny was fading.
他成为命运之人的机会正在消失。
MACARTHUR: "Two years ago, I said to the people of the Philippines whence I came --'I shall return.' Tonight I repeat those words.
麦克阿瑟：“两年前，我对我来自的菲律宾人民说——‘我会回来的。’”今晚我重复这些话。
I shall return." NARR: MacArthur's vow at a state dinner in Australia came five days after he had received word he would probably not return.
我会回来的。”纳尔：麦克阿瑟在澳大利亚国宴上宣誓的五天前，他收到了他可能不会回来的消息。
It was his message to the Joint Chiefs that the debate was far from over.
他向参谋长联席会议传达的信息是，辩论远未结束。
David McCullough, Series Host: Hello.
系列主持人大卫·麦卡洛：您好。
I'm David McCullough.
我是大卫·麦卡洛。
Welcome to the American Experience.
欢迎来到美国体验。
We present now the second and concluding part of "MacArthur." On Thursday, April 19, 1951, in the midst of the Korean War, a 71-year-old, five star American general, drawing to the conclusion of a powerful address to Congress, quoted lines from an old barracks ballad: " 'Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.' And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away -- an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty." And then he said, "Good-bye." It was a moment like no other, the famous curtain line for one of the longest most dramatic military careers in our history.
我们现在介绍《麦克阿瑟》的第二部分和结论部分。 1951 年 4 月 19 日星期四，朝鲜战争期间，一位 71 岁的五星级美国将军在向国会发表强有力的演讲时引用了一首古老的军营民谣中的台词：“‘老士兵永远不会死，他们只是逐渐消失。’”就像那首民谣中的老士兵一样，我现在结束了我的军事生涯并逐渐消失——一名老士兵试图履行自己的职责，因为上帝给了他亮光让他看到了这一职责。”然后他说：“再见。”这是一个与众不同的时刻，也是我们历史上最长、最具戏剧性的军事生涯之一著名的谢幕时刻。
Fired for insubordination by President Harry Truman, General Douglas MacArthur had flown home from Japan to a triumphant hero's welcome.
道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军因不服从总统哈里·杜鲁门的命令而被解雇，他从日本飞回国内，受到胜利的英雄般的欢迎。
Some likened it to the return of Caesar.
有人将其比作凯撒归来。
As we saw in Part One, MacArthur was not a man to evoke indifference.
正如我们在第一部分中看到的，麦克阿瑟不是一个会引起冷漠的人。
He was idolized and ardently disliked.
他受到人们的崇拜和强烈的厌恶。
He was thought an awful ham- and the most admirable American of the age.
他被认为是一个糟糕的火腿，也是那个时代最令人钦佩的美国人。
Interestingly, he knew little of American life.
有趣的是，他对美国生活知之甚少。
When he flew home that spring of 1951, to address Congress, he hadn't set foot in the United States for fourteen years.
1951 年春天，当他飞回家向国会发表演讲时，他已经有十四年没有踏足美国了。
In half a century in the service of his country, MacArthur had seen more of war than any American.
在为国家服务的半个世纪中，麦克阿瑟经历的战争比任何美国人都多。
And watching this film, one is reminded again of how many wars there were and the horror and terrible cost of them.
观看这部电影，人们会再次想起有多少场战争以及战争的恐怖和可怕的代价。
To anyone interested in the complexities of human nature, MacArthur is an infinitely fascinating figure, and a vivid example of how often events turn on the personality of a leader.
对于任何对人性的复杂性感兴趣的人来说，麦克阿瑟是一个无限迷人的人物，也是一个生动的例子，说明事件如何经常影响领导人的个性。
HAL LAMAR, Aide to Admiral Nimitz: General MacArthur arrived at the dock where the cruiser "Baltimore" was tied up, in an open car which everybody knew belonged to the madam of the biggest whorehouse in Honolulu.
哈尔·拉马尔，尼米兹海军上将的助手：麦克阿瑟将军乘坐一辆敞篷汽车抵达停泊着“巴尔的摩”号巡洋舰的码头，这辆汽车所有人都知道属于檀香山最大妓院的夫人。
DONALD SHOWERS, Aide to Admiral Nimitz: And then he very casually and, but smartly, started walking aboard ship, up the president's gangway, up this red carpeted gangway, which no one else had used up to that point.
唐纳德·淋浴，尼米兹海军上将的助手：然后他非常随意地、但很聪明地开始登上船，走上总统的舷梯，走上这条铺着红地毯的舷梯，到目前为止还没有其他人使用过。
LAMAR: General MacArthur went up the gangway, stopped halfway, turned and waved to the crowd.
拉马尔：麦克阿瑟将军走上舷梯，中途停下来，转身向人群挥手。
SHOWER: As though he had all the time in the world and no one was, was waiting for him.
淋浴：就好像他拥有世界上所有的时间，却没有人在等他。
And then when the cheer died down, he continued on up the gangplank and boarded the ship.
当欢呼声平息下来后，他继续走上跳板，登上了船。
NARR: "I guess you know what this conference is for," FDR said, annoyed MacArthur had kept him waiting for an hour.
纳尔：“我猜你知道这次会议的目的，”罗斯福说道，他对麦克阿瑟让他等了一个小时感到恼火。
"No," MacArthur replied.
“不，”麦克阿瑟回答道。
"I am completely unprepared." ROBERT DALLEK, Historian: What a lot of nonsense.
“我完全没有准备好。”罗伯特·达莱克（ROBERT DALLEK），历史学家：废话太多了。
MacArthur wasn't prepared?
麦克阿瑟没准备好？
He knew exactly what this was about.
他很清楚这是怎么回事。
And he was all loaded for bear.
他已经做好了准备。
NARR: For three days MacArthur and Roosevelt played politics.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟和罗斯福玩了三天政治。
FDR's agenda came first.
罗斯福的议程是第一位的。
He toured military installations with Admiral of the Pacific Fleet Chester Nimitz and America's favorite general -- a prominent Republican.
他与太平洋舰队海军上将切斯特·尼米兹和美国最喜爱的将军——一位著名的共和党人一起参观了军事设施。
DALLEK: There's nobody in the Navy who shares MacArthur's prestige.
戴利克：海军中没有人能享有麦克阿瑟的威望。
I mean yes, Nimitz is important and Admiral King is important and Admiral Halsey is important, but no one has the prestige and standing that Douglas MacArthur does, and Roosevelt identifies himself with MacArthur again.
我的意思是，是的，尼米兹很重要，金上将很重要，哈尔西上将也很重要，但没有人拥有道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟那样的威望和地位，而罗斯福再次将自己与麦克阿瑟等同起来。
He's taming him.
他正在驯服他。
He's using him.
他在利用他。
He's going to disarm conservative mood and attitude and feeling in the United States.
他将消除美国保守的情绪、态度和感觉。
NARR: MacArthur's turn came after supper when they discussed the next step in the war against Japan.
纳尔：晚饭后，当他们讨论对日战争的下一步时，麦克阿瑟轮到了。
Admiral Nimitz made the case for attacking Formosa.
尼米兹海军上将提出了攻击福尔摩沙的理由。
MacArthur stressed America's moral obligation to liberate the Philippines.
麦克阿瑟强调美国有解放菲律宾的道德义务。
LAMAR: Well, MacArthur, the Admiral said, kept repeating, "I have promised the people of the Philippines, that I will return -- I have to keep my word, I cannot break the word." He said, "The United States would hate me, if I didn't keep my word." PERRET: The next day after lunch, he managed to get ten minutes alone with Roosevelt.
拉马尔：嗯，麦克阿瑟，海军上将不断重复说，“我已经向菲律宾人民承诺，我会回来——我必须信守诺言，我不能食言。”他说：“如果我不遵守诺言，美国会恨我。”佩雷特：第二天午餐后，他设法与罗斯福单独相处了十分钟。
And he made his strongest case, which was essentially a political pitch.
他提出了他最有力的论点，这本质上是一个政治主张。
He said, "Mr. President, you hope to be re-elected President.
他说：“总统先生，您希望再次当选总统。
But the country would never forgive you if you left 17 million Christian American subjects to wither under the conqueror's heel until there is a peace treaty.
但如果你让 1700 万美国基督徒臣民在征服者的脚下枯萎，直到达成和平条约，这个国家永远不会原谅你。
Politically, it would ruin you." DALLEK: He was leaving no question in Roosevelt's mind that if you bypass the Philippines, I am going to present a challenge to you politically, not necessarily to run for the Presidency against you, but to undermine your political standing with massive numbers of Americans who will see the betrayal that you're, "the betrayal" that you're committing." NARR: Douglas MacArthur and Franklin Roosevelt may well have struck a deal.
从政治上来说，这会毁了你。”戴莱克：他毫无疑问地在罗斯福心里留下了这样的印象：如果你绕过菲律宾，我将在政治上向你提出挑战，不一定是为了反对你竞选总统，而是为了削弱你在大量美国人中的政治地位，他们会看到你的背叛，你正在犯下的“背叛”。”纳尔：道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟和富兰克林·罗斯福很可能已经达成协议。
SCHALLER: Both men came away convinced that MacArthur would not do anything politically disruptive before the Presidential election and Roosevelt would weigh in on the side of a plan to have a large scale liberation of at least part of the Philippines, if not all.
夏勒：两人离开时都相信，麦克阿瑟不会在总统选举前做出任何政治破坏性的事情，而罗斯福也会参与大规模解放菲律宾至少部分地区（如果不是全部）的计划。
NARR: Roosevelt wrote MacArthur saying he would "push on that plan." There is no evidence he ever did.
纳尔：罗斯福写信给麦克阿瑟说他将“推动该计划”。没有证据表明他曾经这样做过。
At the end of July within days of their meeting, MacArthur's forces were at the western tip of New Guinea.
七月底，在他们会面几天后，麦克阿瑟的部队就到达了新几内亚的西端。
ZENEIDA QUEZON AVANCENA, Daughter od President Quezon: On August 1, 1944, my father had the radio turned on to listen to the news.
奎松总统的女儿泽内达·奎松·阿文塞纳：1944 年 8 月 1 日，我父亲打开收音机听新闻。
And the news came that the Americans had landed in an island 800 miles from the Philippines.
消息传来，美国人已经在距菲律宾 800 英里的一座岛屿上登陆。
And my father said, "Only 800 miles." NARR: Manuel Quezon would never follow MacArthur's bayonets back to the Philippines.
我父亲说：“只有 800 英里。”纳尔：曼努埃尔·奎松永远不会跟随麦克阿瑟的刺刀回到菲律宾。
He died an hour later.
一小时后他去世了。
On September 8, the Joint Chiefs informed MacArthur he could advance to the island of Leyte in the central Philippines.
9月8日，参谋长联席会议通知麦克阿瑟，他可以挺进菲律宾中部的莱特岛。
They made no decision on what lay next -- Luzon or Formosa.
他们还没有决定接下来要做什么——吕宋岛还是福尔摩沙。
A week later he landed on an island north of New Guinea, only 300 miles from the Southern Philippines.
一周后，他降落在新几内亚北部的一个岛屿上，距离菲律宾南部仅 300 英里。
He gazed out to sea, an aide recalled, as though he could glimpse through the clouds, the rugged mountains of Bataan and the charred spine of Corregidor.
一位助手回忆道，他凝视着大海，仿佛可以透过云层瞥见巴丹崎岖的山脉和科雷吉多岛烧焦的脊椎。
"They are waiting for me there," he said.
“他们在那里等我，”他说。
"It has been a long time." Just days before, planes from Navy carriers had bombed the Southern Philippines, then Leyte further north.
“已经很久了。”就在几天前，海军航空母舰的飞机轰炸了菲律宾南部，然后轰炸了更北的莱特岛。
They met little resistance.
他们几乎没有遇到阻力。
Admiral Halsey wired Admiral Nimitz in Honolulu recommending an earlier landing at Leyte.
哈尔西海军上将致电檀香山的尼米兹海军上将，建议尽早登陆莱特岛。
Nimitz forwarded the cable to the Joint Chiefs offering MacArthur the Navy's support.
尼米兹将电报转发给参谋长联席会议，向麦克阿瑟提供海军支持。
The Joint Chiefs advanced the date of the Leyte landing.
参谋长联席会议提前了莱特岛登陆的日期。
Then decided the issue MacArthur felt so strongly about.
然后决定麦克阿瑟强烈关注的问题。
The Luzon-Formosa question was resolved not on the basis of institutional loyalties.
吕宋-福尔摩沙问题的解决不是基于机构忠诚。
Not on the morality of bypassing tortured prisoners, but on logistics.
不是关于绕过遭受酷刑的囚犯的道德问题，而是关于后勤工作。
TAAFFE: One of the problems with invading Formosa is that it's logistically difficult.
塔夫：入侵福尔摩沙的问题之一是后勤方面的困难。
The Navy has moved across the central Pacific rather rapidly, and in order to accumulate the men and material to invade Formosa would take too long, it would mean the Pacific war would have to stagnate for a couple of months, and no American military planner wants that.
海军已经相当迅速地穿越了太平洋中部，而为了积累入侵台湾的人员和物资需要太长时间，这意味着太平洋战争将不得不停滞几个月，而没有一个美国军事策划者希望这样。
They want to keep the ball rolling, they want to continue to advance on Japan.
他们想要继续前进，他们想要继续向日本前进。
NARR: The Navy's success in the bitter rivalry helped to assure MacArthur's redemption.
纳尔：海军在激烈竞争中的成功有助于确保麦克阿瑟的救赎。
The Leyte invasion would mark the beginning of his liberation of The Philippines.
莱特岛的入侵标志着他解放菲律宾的开始。
He had long complained about a lack of shipping.
他长期以来一直抱怨缺乏运输。
No longer.
不再了。
"Tell Arthur," he wrote his wife Jean from the cruiser Nashville, "that we have more than 600 ships and that as far as I can see in all directions there are nothing but ships...With all love...to you both.
“告诉亚瑟，”他在纳什维尔号巡洋舰上写信给他的妻子吉恩，“我们有 600 多艘船，而就我所见，四面八方除了船只什么都没有……致以全部的爱……对你们俩。
I'll be thinking of you tomorrow when I go in." On October 20, MacArthur went ashore, the last four star general to exercise command at the front.
明天我进去的时候就会想起你。” 10 月 20 日，麦克阿瑟上岸，成为最后一位在前线指挥的四星将军。
His two and one half year quest was over.
他两年半的探索结束了。
MacARTHUR: People of the Philippines, I have returned.
麦克阿瑟：菲律宾人民，我回来了。
Rally to me.
集会到我身边。
Let the indomitable spirit of Bataan and Corregidor lead on.
让巴丹和科雷吉多的不屈不挠的精神继续前行。
Rise and strike!
奋起罢工！
For future generations of your sons and daughters, strike!
为了你们的子孙后代，罢工吧！
In the name of your sacred dead, strike!
以你们神圣死者的名义，出击！
Let no heart be faint.
不要让任何一颗心都灰心。
Let every arm be steeled...
让每一条手臂都成为钢铁...
NARR: Ten days after the landing, a MacArthur communiqué said Leyte was secure.
纳尔：登陆十天后，麦克阿瑟公报称莱特岛安全了。
But the fighting, journalists noted, had hardly begun.
但记者指出，战斗才刚刚开始。
"The elections are coming up in a few days," a press officer explained.
“选举将在几天后进行，”一位新闻官员解释道。
If MacArthur had made a deal to give FDR good news before the election, he delivered on that day.
如果麦克阿瑟在选举前达成协议，向罗斯福传达好消息，他就会在选举当天兑现承诺。
FDR: Speaking of the glorious operations in the Philippines -- I wonder whatever became of the suggestion made a few weeks ago that I had failed for political reasons to send enough forces or supplies to General MacArthur?
罗斯福：谈到在菲律宾的光荣行动——我想知道几周前提出的关于我因政治原因未能向麦克阿瑟将军派遣足够的部队或物资的建议怎么样了？
NARR: In December, Roosevelt promoted MacArthur and his other top generals and admirals to five star rank.
纳尔：12 月，罗斯福将麦克阿瑟和他的其他高级将军和海军上将晋升为五星级。
Within days, Admiral Nimitz paid a visit.
几天之内，尼米兹海军上将来访。
LAMAR: MacArthur was there t o greet us at the bottom of the gang plank, and when he saw the five stars, you could see this frown come in his face.
拉马尔：麦克阿瑟在跳板底部迎接我们，当他看到五颗星时，你可以看到他脸上皱起眉头。
And, later on, I understood from his aide that he was furious that the Admiral had out-shown him, by having five stars on.
后来，我从他的助手那里了解到，他对海军上将因佩戴五颗星而胜过他感到愤怒。
And General MacArthur had his staff stay up all night, filing down Philippine ten cent pieces to make five stars.
麦克阿瑟将军让他的工作人员彻夜不眠，将菲律宾的十美分硬币归档为五颗星。
The next morning at breakfast, he appeared with five stars.
第二天早餐时，他带着五颗星出现。
The General appeared with five stars.
将军带着五颗星出现。
NARR: In early January, 1945, MacArthur headed for Luzon.
纳尔：1945 年 1 月初，麦克阿瑟前往吕宋岛。
As he passed Corregidor and Bataan he remembered "that black night three years gone, when I churned through these same waters with only the determination to return...I felt an indescribable sense of sorrow, of loneliness and of solemn consecration." He headed for Manila, the city where his mother had died, where he had courted his wife, where his son had been born.
当他经过科雷希多岛和巴丹岛时，他回忆起“三年前的那个黑夜，当我在同样的水域中翻腾时，只有返回的决心……我感到一种难以形容的悲伤、孤独和庄严的奉献感。”他前往马尼拉，他的母亲在那里去世，他在那里向妻子求爱，他的儿子也在那里出生。
In liberating the city he loved, he would help to destroy it.
在解放他所热爱的城市的同时，他也将帮助摧毁它。
MacARTHUR: "More than three years have elapsed -- years of bitterness, struggle and sacrifice -- since I withdrew our forces and installations from this beautiful city that...its churches and cultural centers might be spared the violence of military ravage.
麦克阿瑟：“自从我从这座美丽的城市撤走我们的部队和设施以来，已经过去了三年多了——多年的痛苦、斗争和牺牲，以便……它的教堂和文化中心可以免受军事破坏的暴力。
The enemy would not have it so...By these ashes he has wantonly fixed the future pattern of his own doom.
敌人不甘心，所以……他用这些灰烬，肆意地定下了自己未来的厄运模式。
NARR: MacArthur could not finish this speech.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟无法完成这次演讲。
He broke down and recited the Lord's prayer.
他崩溃了，背诵了主祷文。
QUEZON AVANCENA : If my father could have seen what happened in the Philippines, and if he could have known the atrocities that had been committed by the Japanese, it certainly would have broken his heart, as it did ours when we first came home.
奎松·阿文切纳：如果我父亲能够看到菲律宾发生的事情，如果他能够知道日本人犯下的暴行，他肯定会心碎，就像我们第一次回家时一样。
Manila was destroyed.
马尼拉被毁。
There was nothing, nothing at all.
什么都没有，什么都没有。
NARR: Only one-third of the men MacArthur left behind had survived the war.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟留下的人中只有三分之一在战争中幸存下来。
There were burial details every day.
每天都有埋葬细节。
"Here was all that was left of my men of Bataan and Corregidor," he wrote.
“这是我的巴丹和科雷希多部下仅存的一切，”他写道。
I looked down the lines of men ...with suffering and torture written on their gaunt faces.
我俯视着人们……他们憔悴的脸上写满了痛苦和折磨。
"Each man barely speaking above a whisper said, 'You're back,' or 'You made it,' or 'God bless you.' I could only reply, 'I'm a little late, but we finally came.'" MacArthur had not seen his family for more than four months.
“每个人都压低声音说，‘你回来了’，或者‘你成功了’，或者‘上帝保佑你’。我只能回答：‘我来晚了一点，但我们终于来了。’”麦克阿瑟已经四个多月没有见到家人了。
On his 65th birthday in January, Jean wrote: "I send all my love to you and may it help to form a mantle of protection for you.
在一月的 65 岁生日上，让写道：“我向你致以我全部的爱，愿它能帮助你为你披上一层保护的外衣。
I love you more than you will ever know.
我比你想象的更爱你。
May we be able to share in peace many more of your birthdays together.
愿我们能够和平地一起度过更多的生日。
God bless you.
上帝保佑你。
Jeannie." In May, the Joint Chiefs put MacArthur in command of the invasion of Japan.
珍妮。”五月，参谋长联席会议任命麦克阿瑟指挥入侵日本。
His planning had barely begun when the war ended abruptly in August.
当战争于八月突然结束时，他的计划才刚刚开始。
The atomic bomb was developed by the Army, carried to a Pacific island by the Navy, dropped on Japan by the Air Force.
原子弹由陆军研制，由海军运往太平洋岛屿，由空军投放到日本。
MacArthur had nothing to do with it.
麦克阿瑟与此无关。
He was indignant when he learned that General Eisenhower had known of the bomb before he was told.
当他得知艾森豪威尔将军在被告知之前就知道了这枚炸弹时，他感到非常愤怒。
To reporter Theodore White he said: "White, do you know what this means?...Men like me are obsolete...There will be no more wars, White.
他对记者西奥多·怀特说：“怀特，你知道这意味着什么吗？……像我这样的人已经过时了……不会再有战争了，怀特。
No more wars." With World War II over, America's new president Harry Truman had to decide who would take the surrender and preside over the occupation of Japan.
不再有战争。”第二次世界大战结束后，美国新任总统哈里·杜鲁门必须决定谁将投降并主持对日本的占领。
In his diary he derided MacArthur as "Dugout Doug", "a stuffed shift", "Mr. Prima Donna, Brass Hat, Five Star MacArthur.
他在日记中嘲笑麦克阿瑟是“独裁者道格”、“一个无聊的轮班”、“麦克阿瑟先生”。首席唐娜、黄铜帽、五星级麦克阿瑟。
" But he needed him.
“但他需要他。
SCHALLER: MacArthur was considered the Republican General in the Pacific and he, Truman, had to appease Republican sentiment by appointing him and Tokyo was far away.
夏勒：麦克阿瑟被认为是太平洋地区的共和党将军，他，杜鲁门，必须任命他来安抚共和党的情绪，而东京距离很远。
It was as far away from Washington as you could get and that had certain political advantages.
它距离华盛顿尽可能远，并且具有一定的政治优势。
NARR: MacArthur informed Truman he would take the surrender at the American Embassy in Tokyo.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟通知杜鲁门，他将在美国驻东京大使馆接受投降。
Truman informed MacArthur he was sending the battleship Missouri.
杜鲁门通知麦克阿瑟，他将派遣战列舰密苏里号。
On the morning of September 2, 1945, nearly 260 war ships lay at anchor in Tokyo Bay.
1945年9月2日上午，近260艘军舰停泊在东京湾。
FRANK TREMAINE, Journalist: American ships, ships of the British Fleet and a few other ships from other nations were there as far as the eye could see except for our aircraft carriers.
弗兰克·特里梅恩（记者）：除了我们的航空母舰外，美国舰艇、英国舰队舰艇和其他一些国家的舰艇都在目力所及之处。
They were offshore with destroyer screen, and our patrol planes were overhead.
他们在近海，有驱逐舰屏幕，我们的巡逻机在头顶。
We weren't taking any chances.
我们没有冒险。
VERONA A.
维罗纳 A.
WALTERS, U.S. Army: When I studied Japanese as a kid, one of the phrases in the school book was, "We, nation of 19 million, never once in battle defeated, ruled over by a dynasty seated upon the throne since before the beginning of the memory of men." There was no defeat in Japanese history.
沃尔特斯，美国陆军：当我小时候学习日语时，教科书中的一句话是，“我们，1900万人口的国家，从未在战斗中被击败过，自人类有记忆以来就被一个坐拥王位的王朝所统治。”日本历史上没有失败过。
He wanted to make sure the Japanese knew.
他想确保日本人知道。
PERRET: When the Germans surrendered to Eisenhower, the thing was done in the middle of the night.
佩雷特：当德国人向艾森豪威尔投降时，事情是在半夜完成的。
It was done more or less in private.
这或多或少是私下进行的。
MacArthur was not going to have anything like that.
麦克阿瑟不会有这样的事情。
It will be a public ceremony.
这将是一个公开仪式。
It would not be an exercise in triumphalism.
这不会是一种必胜主义的表现。
It will be a quasi-religious experience, bringing the slaughter to an end.
这将是一种准宗教的体验，结束了屠杀。
ROBERT W.
罗伯特·W.
LOVE, Naval Historian: He held that surrender off until the 2nd of September, so that the Chinese, the British, the Russians, the Filipinos and other occupied peoples could appear in full uniform and participate.
洛夫，海军历史学家：他将投降推迟到 9 月 2 日，以便中国、英国、俄罗斯、菲律宾和其他被占领的人民能够穿着全套制服参加。
He understood the political importance of a grand ceremony.
他了解盛大仪式的政治重要性。
He also understood the political importance of announcing that peace would be generous.
他还了解宣布慷慨的和平的政治重要性。
MacARTHUR: We are gathered here, representatives of the major warring powers, to conclude a solemn agreement whereby peace may be restored.
麦克阿瑟：我们作为主要交战大国的代表聚集在这里，缔结一项庄严协议，以恢复和平。
LOVE: If you look at the line-up of Generals and Admirals on the deck of the Missouri, these are men who had personal losses at the hands of the Japanese.
洛夫：如果你看看密苏里号甲板上的将军和海军上将的阵容，你会发现这些人都曾在日本人手中遭受过个人损失。
What MacArthur did was to create a ceremony of victory to show these men that they had achieved this marvelous success, but also to show them that there was a transition, a new peacetime period, when their behavior and their view of Japan was going to have to become quite different.
麦克阿瑟所做的就是举办一个胜利仪式，向这些人表明他们已经取得了惊人的成功，同时也向他们表明存在一个过渡，一个新的和平时期，届时他们的行为和对日本的看法将不得不变得完全不同。
MacARTHUR: It is my earnest hope, and indeed the hope of all mankind that from this solemn occasion a better world shall emerge out of the blood and carnage of the past, a world founded upon faith and understanding.
麦克阿瑟：我真诚地希望，实际上也是全人类的希望，从这个庄严的时刻起，一个更美好的世界将从过去的鲜血和屠杀中诞生，一个建立在信仰和理解之上的世界。
TREMAINE: MacArthur conducted that ceremony with extreme dignity, with carefully chosen words, but at no point said anything that could be interpreted as gloating, interpreted as baiting a beaten enemy.
特里梅因：麦克阿瑟极其庄重地主持了这个仪式，措辞也经过精心挑选，但没有说过任何可能被解读为幸灾乐祸、被解读为引诱被击败的敌人的话。
I thought it was the most dramatic, most moving ceremony I've ever witnessed.
我认为这是我见过的最戏剧性、最感人的仪式。
NARR: "For me who expected the worst humiliation," diplomat Toshikazu Kase remembered, "this was a complete surprise...For the living heroes and dead martyrs of the war, this speech was a wreath of undying flowers...This narrow quarter-deck was now transformed into an altar of peace." NARR: On September 8, 1945, MacArthur arrived at the U.S. embassy in Tokyo with a new title -- SCAP -- Supreme Commander Allied Powers.
纳尔：“对我来说，预计会遭受最严重的羞辱，”外交官加濑俊和回忆道，“这完全是一个意外……对于战争中活着的英雄和死去的烈士来说，这篇演讲是一个不朽的花环……这个狭窄的尾甲板现在变成了和平的祭坛。”纳尔：1945 年 9 月 8 日，麦克阿瑟抵达美国驻东京大使馆，他的新头衔是 SCAP——盟军最高指挥官。
And a new challenge -- rehabilitating and democratizing a country of 70 million people.
还有一个新的挑战——使一个拥有 7000 万人口的国家恢复正常并实现民主化。
FRANK J.
弗兰克·J。
SACKTON, Aide to MacArthur: He had an enormous intellect and he threw himself physically and emotionally into every problem no matter now small it was.
萨克顿，麦克阿瑟的助手：他拥有巨大的智慧，他全身心投入到每一个问题上，无论问题现在多么小。
And he always sought perfection in everything.
而且他凡事都追求完美。
NARR: "I tried to remember the lessons my own father had taught me...as military governor of the Philippines," MacArthur recalled.
纳尔：“我试图记住我父亲在担任菲律宾军事总督时教给我的教训，”麦克阿瑟回忆道。
Arthur MacArthur, a successful reformer, had been removed after a bitter quarrel with Washington.
阿瑟·麦克阿瑟是一位成功的改革家，在与华盛顿发生激烈争吵后被免职。
The new Supreme Commander faced his tasks, "assailed," he wrote, "by the gravest misgivings." Jean's concerns were less complicated.
新任最高统帅面临着他的任务，他写道，“受到最严重的疑虑的袭击”。吉恩的担忧没那么复杂。
She wanted Arthur to have a normal life in Tokyo.
她希望亚瑟在东京过上正常的生活。
"Sergeant," as his father called him, was eight on his first birthday in Japan but had no one to play with.
他的父亲称他为“中士”，他八岁那年在日本过第一个生日，但没有人可以一起玩。
Except middle aged generals.
除了中年将军。
They let him win at musical chairs.
他们让他在抢椅子游戏中获胜。
Life improved when Charles Canada Junior arrived, the son of the General's new physician.
当将军新任医生的儿子查尔斯·卡纳达·朱尼尔到来后，生活得到了改善。
CHARLES CANADA, JR. Friend of Arthur: He was very much a regular kid, but he had a kind of presence about him that his father had.
小查尔斯·加拿大亚瑟的朋友：他是一个非常普通的孩子，但他有一种他父亲所拥有的风度。
The kind of presence where you don't have to give a verbal command or demand attention He would be able to mold the way things were going simply by being who he was.
在这种存在中，你不需要发出口头命令或要求注意，他只需做他自己就能够塑造事情的发展方式。
NARR: The Embassy was an oasis.
纳尔：大使馆是一片绿洲。
Beyond its walls Tokyo lay in ruins.
城墙之外的东京已是一片废墟。
DANIEL FINN, U.S. Army: You could literally see almost all the way across the city from the fire bombs.
丹尼尔·芬（DANIEL FINN），美国陆军：从火焰炸弹中你几乎可以看到整个城市。
I mean it was an empty city, a deserted city.
我的意思是，那是一座空城，一座荒废的城市。
And it was not an unusual case to have 40 or 50 people going through the trash trying to get whatever food had been thrown away by the American troops.
40 或 50 个人在垃圾堆里翻找美军扔掉的食物，这种情况并不罕见。
They were hungry.
他们很饿。
NARR: The starvation concerned MacArthur.
纳尔：饥饿与麦克阿瑟有关。
He rounded up millions of tons of food set aside for the invasion of Japan and began to feed the Japanese.
他收集了数百万吨为入侵日本而准备的食物，开始养活日本人。
When Congress balked, he said he would not treat the Japanese as they had his men on Bataan.
当国会犹豫不决时，他说他不会像日本人在巴丹岛上那样对待日本人。
Besides he feared riots.
此外，他还担心发生骚乱。
"Give me bread," he cabled, "or give me bullets." American soldiers who had braced themselves for a harsh occupation were relieved that the Japanese cooperated.
“给我面包，”他电报道，“或者给我子弹。”日本人的合作让那些做好了严酷占领准备的美国士兵松了口气。
FINN, D.: They accepted the decision of the Emperor that we were not to be harmed, and I never had one incident in which I felt apprehensive.
FINN, D.：他们接受了皇帝的决定，即我们不会受到伤害，而且我从来没有遇到过让我感到担忧的事件。
Now we carried arms to be sure, and in the first four or five months when there was no lights in the city at all, it was somewhat apprehensive in terms of touring the city.
现在我们肯定带着武器，前四五个月，城里根本没有灯光，游览城里多少有些忐忑。
But I never had an incident and I always attributed that to the fact that, at that time, the reverence for the Emperor was so intense that they would not violate it.
但我从来没有发生过这样的事情，我总是把这归因于当时对皇帝的尊敬是如此强烈，以至于他们不会违背它。
NARR: MacArthur wanted to harness this loyalty to ensure a smooth occupation.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟希望利用这种忠诚度来确保占领的顺利进行。
To use Hirohito, the god emperor in whose name the Japanese had waged war, for his own ends.
利用裕仁这个日本人以他的名义发动战争的神皇来达到自己的目的。
JOHN DOWER, Hitsorian: The concept which was very explicit in the intelligence reports MacArthur was reading was, drive a wedge between the Emperor and the militarists and, we must say, the militarists betrayed the Emperor, you people now should throw allegiance to the Emperor and we can persuade him to be a leader of democracy.
约翰·道尔（Hitsorian）：麦克阿瑟正在阅读的情报报告中非常明确的概念是，离间皇帝和军国主义者，我们必须说，军国主义者背叛了皇帝，你们人民现在应该效忠皇帝，我们可以说服他成为民主领袖。
NARR: But MacArthur feared his hands would be tied by America's allies who wanted to try the emperor as a war criminal.
纳尔：但麦克阿瑟担心他的手脚会被美国的盟友束缚，因为他们想把皇帝作为战犯来审判。
Washington also had not ruled that out.
华盛顿也没有排除这种可能性。
The Japanese feared for their Emperor and began to sanitize the record.
日本人担心他们的天皇并开始清理记录。
YOSHIDA YUTAKA, Historian (VO translator): It was the beginning of the occupation.
历史学家吉田丰（画外音翻译）：那是占领的开始。
During that two weeks, the Japanese government and military had concentrated on destroying and hiding all important official records from MacArthur's headquarters that might cause the Emperor to be implicated in war crimes.
在那两周里，日本政府和军方集中精力销毁和隐藏麦克阿瑟总部的所有重要官方记录，这些记录可能导致天皇卷入战争罪行。
NARR: As he approached the Embassy to meet MacArthur, Hirohito did not know how much the General knew of his involvement in the war.
纳尔：当裕仁前往大使馆会见麦克阿瑟时，他不知道将军对他参与战争的情况了解多少。
How after the bloody conquest of China, he had rewarded his military commanders.
血腥征服中国后，他如何奖励他的军事指挥官。
How he had known in detail of the plan to attack Pearl Harbor and not moved to stop it.
他如何详细了解袭击珍珠港的计划却没有采取行动阻止它。
He did not know if MacArthur knew that he could have prevented the execution of captured American pilots.He did not know if MacArthur knew that he had been informed of every Kamikaze attack on American ships and had praised the pilots.
他不知道麦克阿瑟是否知道他本可以阻止处决被俘的美国飞行员。他不知道麦克阿瑟是否知道他已获悉神风特攻队对美国船只的每一次袭击，并赞扬了飞行员。
The god emperor had no inkling of his fate or that of his throne as he made the unprecedented move to call upon his conqueror.
当神帝做出史无前例的举动来召唤他的征服者时，他对自己的命运和王位一无所知。
FAUBIAN BOWERS, Aide to MacArthur: MacArthur came toward to the emperor and said, "Your Majesty, you are very welcome." And swept towards him and shook his hand and the Emperor's hand was shaking.
麦克阿瑟的助手福边·鲍尔斯：麦克阿瑟走向皇帝说：“陛下，非常欢迎您。”并扫向他，与他握手，皇帝的手都在颤抖。
And then MacArthur said, tell him that we're going to take one photograph.
然后麦克阿瑟说，告诉他我们要拍一张照片。
CAROL GLUCK: That was a very shocking picture.
卡罗尔·格鲁克：那是一幅非常令人震惊的画面。
There is MacArthur in an open shirt, as the Japanese press always says, "no necktie".
麦克阿瑟穿着敞开的衬衫，正如日本媒体总是说的“不打领带”。
There is, there is MacArthur with no necktie and towering over this little man, who is the larger, allegedly larger than life symbol of the Japanese Empire and the descendant of the Sun Goddess looking meek and small.
麦克阿瑟没有打领带，身材高大，比这个小个子男人还要高大，据说这个小个子男人是大日本帝国的象征，也是太阳女神的后裔，看上去温顺而渺小。
DOWER: So, on one side, this is the great symbol for the Japanese that the Emperor is no longer the supreme power in the land.
道尔：因此，一方面，这对日本人来说是一个伟大的象征，即天皇不再是这片土地上的最高权力。
But, the other side of the picture is much more interesting.
但是，图片的另一面更有趣。
And that is I'm standing by the Emperor.
那就是我站在皇帝一边。
This is the symbol that I will stand by you and that I will indeed welcome your presence.
这是我将支持你的象征，并且我确实欢迎你的到来。
NARR: The two men then met alone -- with the Emperor's interpreter.
纳尔：随后两人单独会面——与皇帝的翻译会面。
MacArthur wrote that the emperor said, "I come to you...to bear sole responsibility for every action taken by my people in the conduct of the war."
麦克阿瑟写道，皇帝说：“我来找你......对我的人民在战争中采取的每一个行动承担全部责任。”
RICHARD FINN, Historian: I: would not want to say that five star General of the Army Douglas MacArthur told a prevarication.
历史学家理查德·芬恩：我：不想说五星级陆军将军道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟搪塞了。
Maybe we could say he elaborated on the truth.
也许我们可以说他阐述了真相。
I don't think the Emperor said that I'm responsible and I accept the full blame for all that happened.
我不认为皇帝说我有责任，我对所发生的一切承担全部责任。
I think MacArthur felt it was a nice, it would have been nice if the Emperor did say it, and it would be very nice for the outside world to think that he said it.
我认为麦克阿瑟觉得这很好，如果皇帝真的说了这句话那就太好了，而且让外界认为他说过这句话也很好。
And so MacArthur put those words into his mouth.
于是麦克阿瑟就把这句话放进了嘴里。
DOWER: In fact, years later it was discovered that the Emperor's own interpreter had kept his account of the interview, and MacArthur does all the talking, and tells him how he knows how he's fought for peace, and how war is a terrible thing, and how you know, he respects the Emperor.
道尔：事实上，几年后人们发现皇帝自己的翻译保留了他的采访记录，麦克阿瑟负责所有的谈话，告诉他他如何知道他如何为和平而战，战争是多么可怕的事情，以及你如何知道他尊重皇帝。
And, the Emperor never makes any grand statement about accepting responsibility.
而且，皇帝从来没有发表过任何关于承担责任的宏大声明。
NARR: When the emperor departed, he was visibly more relaxed and said he hoped to see MacArthur many more times.
纳尔：当皇帝离开时，他明显更加放松，并说他希望能多次见到麦克阿瑟。
Imperial censors then moved to prevent publication of the photograph.
随后，帝国审查机构采取行动阻止这张照片的发表。
MacArthur overruled them.
麦克阿瑟否决了他们的决定。
"As nothing else could" a Japanese observer noted, this convinced a shocked nation "that Japan was truly beaten." MacArthur then announced a program of sweeping reforms -- implementing policies from Washington, initiating others, taking credit for them all.
一位日本观察家指出，“没有其他办法可以做到这一点”，这让震惊的全国人民相信“日本确实被打败了”。麦克阿瑟随后宣布了一项全面改革计划——执行华盛顿的政策，发起其他政策，并为所有这些政策赢得荣誉。
He abolished the secret police and insisted the press be free -- but not to criticize him.
他废除了秘密警察，并坚持新闻自由，但不是为了批评他。
He emancipated Japanese women, and liberalized education demanding the study of democracy.
他解放了日本妇女，并开放了要求学习民主的教育。
He turned over land to the peasants who farmed it, and encouraged laborers to unionize.
他将土地交给耕种土地的农民，并鼓励工人成立工会。
He purged war time leaders and released political prisoners including hundreds of communists.
他清洗了战时领导人并释放了包括数百名共产党人在内的政治犯。
MacArthur felt he was imposing America's Bill of Rights in a carefully controlled revolution.
麦克阿瑟觉得他正在一场精心控制的革命中强加美国的权利法案。
Japan's conservative government complained he was turning the country red.
日本保守派政府抱怨他正在让这个国家变得红色。
The Supreme Commander was in control -- but not as much as he thought.
最高指挥官掌控一切——但并不像他想象的那么严重。
DOWER: What happens a few months after this is an extraordinarily subtle choreography in which the imperial court begins to invite SCAP officials -- top military and civilian people in the Occupation Command-- to the Imperial grounds to partake in Imperial activities.
道尔：几个月后发生的事情是一个极其微妙的安排，帝国朝廷开始邀请 SCAP 官员——占领司令部的高级军事人员和文职人员——到帝国境内参加帝国活动。
And the one that the military men, the American military men, are so fascinated by is the Imperial duck hunt.
而让军人、美国军人如此着迷的一项活动就是皇家猎鸭活动。
CANADA: I was handed this huge net that was bigger than I was and I was lead over to a water filled channel where ducks were swimming, and I was told that I should reach in and scoop them up and that was the whole idea of the game.
加拿大：有人递给我这张比我还大的网，我被带到一个充满水的通道，那里有鸭子在游泳，我被告知我应该伸手把它们捞起来，这就是游戏的全部想法。
So I thought that was wonderful.
所以我觉得那太好了。
I had never heard of anything like this before, and it was absolutely grand to be able to do it.
我以前从未听说过这样的事情，能够做到这一点绝对是伟大的。
DOWER: So there are all these top brass are running around waving their butterfly nets and getting Imperial ducks, and there's no greater royalists in Japan than the Americans.
道尔：所有这些高层官员都在挥舞着他们的蝴蝶网，四处寻找皇家鸭子，而在日本，没有比美国人更伟大的保皇派了。
They love this proximity to the throne.
他们喜欢这种与王位的接近。
And in this way they're kind of brought in to this, this wonderful, gentle tradition.
通过这种方式，他们就融入了这个美妙而温和的传统。
And it's brilliant, it's absolutely brilliant on the part of the Japanese side, to say, here's what we are, here's the court and here's what we really are -- a gentle people.
日本方面说，这就是我们，这就是法庭，这就是我们真正的样子——温柔的人民，这真是太棒了，这绝对是太棒了。
It's like the chrysanthemum and the sword, we're really the chrysanthemum.
就像菊花和剑一样，我们确实是菊花。
The sword, that wasn't part of us.
剑，那不是我们的一部分。
NARR: While the palace courted MacArthur's entourage, he was working to ensure the emperor's survival before the formation of an allied commission that might urge his indictment as a war criminal.
纳尔：虽然皇宫向麦克阿瑟的随从们示好，但麦克阿瑟正在努力确保皇帝的生存，然后组建一个盟军委员会，该委员会可能会敦促将他作为战犯起诉。
In January, 1946, he wired Eisenhower, then Army Chief of Staff, that after "as complete a research as was possible." He could find no evidence the emperor was responsible for the war.
1946 年 1 月，他给时任陆军参谋长艾森豪威尔发电报，表示经过“尽可能完整的研究”。他找不到任何证据表明皇帝对这场战争负有责任。
YOSHIDA (VO translator): The cable said the material which could prove the Emperor's responsibility for the war could not be found and included the warning that if the Emperor was to be indicted, the country will be in chaos.
吉田（旁白翻译）：电报说，无法找到能够证明天皇对战争负有责任的材料，并警告称，如果天皇被起诉，国家将陷入混乱。
Except, there are absolutely no records of MacArthur seriously searching for or gathering any material relating to the Emperor and his war responsibilities.
除此之外，绝对没有麦克阿瑟认真寻找或收集任何与皇帝及其战争责任有关的材料的记录。
NARR: MacArthur ordered his staff to draft a constitution in one week.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟命令他的工作人员在一周内起草一部宪法。
He wanted to present the allies with a new document protecting the civil liberties he had introduced and preserving an emperor stripped of power.
他想向盟友提交一份新文件，保护他提出的公民自由，并维护被剥夺权力的皇帝。
When it was presented to foreign minister Yoshida Shigeru and the cabinet, they were stunned to discover the Emperor had less power than a British monarch.
当它被提交给外交部长吉田茂和内阁时，他们惊讶地发现天皇的权力比英国君主还要小。
BEATE SIROTA-GORDON, Constitution Drafter: The Japanese of course wanted just the opposite.
宪法起草者贝特·西罗塔-戈登：日本人当然想要相反的结果。
They wanted the emperor to be as strong as possible.
他们希望皇帝尽可能强大。
And this is what caused so many hours of debate.
这就是引起这么多小时争论的原因。
Because they looked at it from completely different points of view.
因为他们从完全不同的角度看待这件事。
And so they started arguing about every word.
于是他们开始争论每一个字。
Where we wanted symbol of the state, which is a weak word, they wanted head of state.
我们想要国家的象征，这是一个弱词，他们想要国家元首。
GLUCK: One of them said to one of the Japanese government officials, now you know, General MacArthur actually would like to keep the Emperor from being tried as a war criminal.
格鲁克：其中一人对一位日本政府官员说，现在你知道了，麦克阿瑟将军实际上希望阻止天皇作为战犯受到审判。
It would help him a lot if you accepted the basic principles of this constitutional draft.
如果你接受这个宪法草案的基本原则，对他会有很大帮助。
NARR: MacArthur presented another shocker.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟又提出了一个令人震惊的问题。
One of his earliest acts as Supreme Commander had been to disarm Japan.
作为最高统帅，他最早采取的行动之一就是解除日本的武装。
He now demanded a clause in the constitution that would prevent Japan from ever waging war again.
他现在要求在宪法中加入一项条款，防止日本再次发动战争。
DOWER: Without MacArthur, there would never have been a line in the constitution that says Japan you know, outlaws war and the rights of belligerency of the state.
道尔：如果没有麦克阿瑟，宪法中就不会出现这样一行字：日本禁止战争和国家交战权。
These kind of things came from him and it's a quite a remarkable grand accomplishment because here is a man who has given his life to war, who comes in and says to them war is horrendous, we cannot do it anymore and you Japanese have the opportunity to be a pacifist state.
这些事情都来自他，这是一个相当了不起的伟大成就，因为这是一个将自己的生命献给战争的人，他进来对他们说战争是可怕的，我们不能再这样做了，你们日本人有机会成为一个和平主义国家。
NARR: The government was terrified about what the emperor would think of MacArthur's constitution.
纳尔：政府担心皇帝对麦克阿瑟宪法的看法。
Reluctantly, they presented it to the palace.
无奈之下，他们将其献给了皇宫。
HERBERT BIX, Historian: He's not happy with being an emperor stripped of all political power, but he accepts the Constitution because this guarantees that, whatever happens to him, the Imperial House has been preserved.
赫伯特·比克斯，历史学家：他对成为一个被剥夺所有政治权力的皇帝并不满意，但他接受宪法，因为这保证了无论他发生什么，皇室都被保留。
NARR: Hirohito urged legislators to accept MacArthur's constitution placing power in the hands of the people.
纳尔：裕仁敦促立法者接受麦克阿瑟的宪法，将权力交到人民手中。
He would now present himself, as MacArthur wanted to see him, as Japan's first democrat.
正如麦克阿瑟希望看到的那样，他现在将把自己表现为日本第一位民主党人。
Conservative leaders felt the document had been rammed down their throats.
保守党领导人觉得这份文件被强行塞进了他们的喉咙。
SIROTA-GORDON: Of course, the Japanese government was horrified because this was, to them, unbelievably revolutionary.
SIROTA-GORDON：当然，日本政府感到震惊，因为这对他们来说是难以置信的革命性。
But that was the government.
但那是政府。
That was not the people.
那不是人民。
The people were very happy.
人们非常高兴。
They immediately rallied to protect the constitution in every way.
他们立即团结起来，以各种方式捍卫宪法。
NARR: "No longer is the future to be settled by the few," MacArthur told the Japanese people as he urged them to vote for a new government.
纳尔：“未来不再由少数人决定，”麦克阿瑟在敦促日本人民投票选出新政府时告诉他们。
On April 10, 1946, 3 out of 4 Japanese did vote — including 14 million women for the first time.
1946 年 4 月 10 日，四分之三的日本人参加了投票，其中包括 1,400 万女性，这是首次投票。
A vast majority of those they voted for were committed to the new constitution.
他们投票的绝大多数人都致力于新宪法。
Only six were wartime leaders.
只有六人是战时领导人。
Five were communists and "best of all", MacArthur said, there were 38 women.
麦克阿瑟说，其中有 5 名共产党员，“最重要的是”，其中有 38 名女性。
He had checkmated the Allies.
他将死了盟军。
They could not now undo reforms validated by popular vote.
他们现在无法撤销经民众投票验证的改革。
The Japanese knew they had a new ruler and that the center of power had shifted.
日本人知道他们有了新的统治者，权力中心已经转移。
Each day they watched MacArthur come and go with reverent silence.
每天，他们都带着虔诚的沉默看着麦克阿瑟来来去去。
"You have a feeling," a reporter wrote," that people almost bow when they mention General MacArthur's name." MacArthur wanted to show that the Japanese people accepted their new democratic emperor.
一位记者写道：“你有一种感觉，当人们提到麦克阿瑟将军的名字时，他们几乎要鞠躬。”麦克阿瑟想表明日本人民接受了他们的新民主主义天皇。
DOWER: They begin to have the Emperor travel to different places in Japan and meet the people.
道尔：他们开始让天皇前往日本不同的地方并会见人民。
The Emperor has never mixed with the people.
皇帝从来不与百姓混在一起。
NEWSREEL NARR: On this precedent shattering occasion, Hirohito conversed with many of his subjects; very different from the days when his people were even forbidden to look upon the sacred presence.
新闻片纳尔：在这个史无前例的粉碎性场合，裕仁与他的许多臣民进行了交谈。与他的人民甚至被禁止观看神圣存在的日子截然不同。
DOWER: There was a wonderful line in the Japanese press.
道尔：日本媒体上有一句精彩的台词。
It says, "The Emperor came and talked, he didn't have much to say, he looked like someone who had just come out of a box." And, his awkwardness often took the form of him saying Ah-so.which means, "oh is that so?" And, this was the way he responded and it became kind of a joke.
上面写着：“皇帝来说话了，没什么好说的，就像是刚从盒子里出来的人。”而且，他的尴尬常常表现为他说“啊所以”，意思是“哦，是这样吗？”而且，这就是他的回应方式，这成了一个笑话。
EMPEROR: Aso, Aso DOWER: And he's so sincere and awkward, it really conveys an image that he was indeed a man, innocent of any war responsibility.
皇帝：麻生太郎，麻生太郎道尔：他是如此真诚和尴尬，这确实传达了这样一种形象：他确实是一个男人，没有任何战争责任。
And when you come to the year 1947, the touring Emperor's encounters with his people are more choreographed, and they become great events, with tens and tens of thousands of people lining the streets, and people waving the flag.
当你来到1947年时，巡游的天皇与他的人民的会面更加精心设计，它们变成了伟大的事件，成千上万的人排列在街道上，人们挥舞着旗帜。
And Americans watch this, foreigners watch this, and they say, they have become victory tours.
美国人看这个，外国人看这个，他们说，他们已经成为胜利之旅。
NARR: The palace had once again parlayed a MacArthur initiative to its own advantage.
纳尔：王室再次充分利用了麦克阿瑟的倡议，为自己谋取利益。
It had turned the promotion of a democratic emperor into traditional emperor worship.
它把推崇民主皇帝变成了传统的皇帝崇拜。
MacArthur ordered the tours discontinued.
麦克阿瑟下令停止旅行。
In contrast to the Emperor, the Supreme Commander's remoteness was becoming legendary.
与天皇相反，最高统帅的冷漠正在成为传奇。
He vowed he would never break bread with the Japanese and, with an overwhelming workload, seldom socialized with anyone.
他发誓永远不会与日本人一起吃饭，而且由于工作量巨大，他很少与任何人交往。
SACKTON: He would entertain at lunch, if he would entertain at all.
萨克顿：如果他愿意招待的话，他会在午餐时招待客人。
He would be back at work at 5:00 p.m.
他将于下午 5:00 回到工作岗位。
and then the real work day started and we would be there until maybe 9:00, 9:30 p.m., if we were lucky.
然后真正的工作日开始了，如果幸运的话，我们可能会一直工作到晚上 9:00、9:30。
If there was a problem to be solved, he would want to solve it before he quit.
如果有什么问题需要解决，他会想在退出之前解决它。
This occurred seven days a week.
这种情况每周发生 7 天。
Christmas, New Year's, anniversary dates were not considered.
圣诞节、新年、周年纪念日不被考虑。
NARR: In five years, MacArthur saw nothing of the country he was trying to reform.
纳尔：五年来，麦克阿瑟看不到他试图改革的国家。
Instead he encouraged Jean to act as his eyes and ears.
相反，他鼓励让充当他的眼睛和耳朵。
She traveled on the Imperial train.
她乘坐帝国列车旅行。
CANADA: And when we'd get to a stop they would roll out the red carpet.
加拿大：当我们停下来时，他们会铺上红地毯。
And the officials of the town would be there to greet us and we would be treated literally like royalty.
镇上的官员会在那里迎接我们，我们会受到皇室般的待遇。
Every place we went we, they tried to entertain us and amuse us so there was never a dull moment.
我们去的每一个地方，他们都试图让我们开心，让我们开心，所以从来没有一个沉闷的时刻。
NARR: For Charles and Arthur, the most exciting trip was to Mikimoto's pearl farm.
NARR：对于查尔斯和亚瑟来说，最令人兴奋的旅行是御木本的珍珠养殖场。
CANADA: They took us out in boats and we saw these young women diving for the oysters and bringing them up in their, in their baskets and then they had a special surprise when the meal was served.
加拿大：他们带我们乘船出去，我们看到这些年轻女性潜水寻找牡蛎，并将它们放在篮子里，然后当饭菜上桌时，她们有一个特别的惊喜。
We opened the oysters and were getting ready to eat them, but instead of the normal, what you'd expect to find inside an oyster there would be these beautiful big pearls.
我们打开牡蛎并准备吃它们，但与普通牡蛎不同的是，您期望在牡蛎内找到这些美丽的大珍珠。
And Arthur and I fell to taking the pearls and playing marbles with them.
亚瑟和我开始拿珍珠玩弹珠。
Well it took a few minutes for Mrs. MacArthur and my mother to realize what was going on and they swooped down scooped up the pearls and took them away from us.
过了几分钟，麦克阿瑟夫人和我母亲才意识到发生了什么事，他们俯冲下来，舀起珍珠，把它们从我们身边带走。
Mrs. MacArthur said, "You're living through a very special time of your life.
麦克阿瑟夫人说：“你正在经历人生中非常特殊的时期。
You must savor it because in a certain number of years we'll go back to being ordinary mortals once we leave the occupation." NARR: Despite MacArthur's protection, the emperor watched nervously as the Tokyo war crimes trials unfolded.
你必须细细品味它，因为在一定的年限内，一旦我们离开占领区，我们就会回到普通凡人的境地。”纳尔：尽管有麦克阿瑟的保护，天皇还是紧张地注视着东京战争罪审判的展开。
MacArthur had encouraged the palace to finger the military leaders as the guilty ones.
麦克阿瑟鼓励皇室将军事领导人归为有罪者。
This tactic almost backfired.
这一策略几乎适得其反。
Twenty-eight war leaders were indicted.
二十八名战争领导人被起诉。
General Tojo topped the list.
东条将军名列榜首。
The palace had accused Tojo of abusing his power as prime minister to authorize the attack on Pearl Harbor.
皇宫指责东条滥用首相权力，授权袭击珍珠港。
DOWER: At one moment, Tojo just frankly said, there's no way that we would have done anything against the Emperor's wishes.
道尔：有一次，东条直言，我们不可能做任何违背天皇意愿的事情。
And, the prosecution and MacArthur's headquarters were so alarmed that they actually sent people in, to Tojo, to tell him to make sure he corrected that statement.
而且，检方和麦克阿瑟的总部非常震惊，他们实际上派人到东条，告诉他确保他纠正这一说法。
NARR: In a staged cross examination, Tojo swore the emperor had always been a man of peace and never wanted war.
纳尔：在一次阶段性的盘问中，东条发誓天皇一直是一个爱好和平的人，从来不想战争。
The emperor survived.
皇帝幸存下来。
Tojo and six other loyal subjects were hanged.
东条和其他六名忠诚的臣民被绞死。
As the trials ended in 1948, members of the Imperial Court, knowing the throne was secure, wanted Hirohito to accept his responsibility for the war by abdicating.
1948 年审判结束时，宫廷成员知道王位已经稳固，希望裕仁通过退位来承担他对战争的责任。
DOWER: MacArthur said, "No, don't abdicate." And, as a result of this, from the Japanese perspective, you have a man who becomes America's symbol of democracy, who is totally sanitized by the Americans and by MacArthur, in particular, from not even expressing real responsibility for decisions, but moral responsibility for the horrors that took place in his name.
道尔：麦克阿瑟说：“不，不要退位。”因此，从日本人的角度来看，这个人成为了美国民主的象征，他被美国人、特别是麦克阿瑟彻底净化了，因为他甚至没有表达对决策的真正责任，而是对以他的名义发生的恐怖事件承担道德责任。
And, I think that that poisoned the thinking about responsibility in general, in Japan, to the present day.
而且，我认为这毒害了日本迄今为止对责任的普遍思考。
BOWERS: He didn't care about the Emperor personally except as a tool for his own magnification.
鲍尔斯：他并不关心皇帝个人，只是将其视为他个人扩张的工具。
MacArthur wanted the occupation to be his last shining, glorious hour.
麦克阿瑟希望这次占领成为他最后的辉煌时刻。
NARR: In March, 1947, MacArthur looked at Japan and was pleased.
纳尔：1947 年 3 月，麦克阿瑟看着日本，感到很高兴。
His land reform had ended what he called a "system of virtual slavery" and put 90% of the land in the hands of the farmers.
他的土地改革结束了他所说的“虚拟奴隶制”，并将90%的土地交到了农民手中。
Public health programs had saved millions of lives.
公共卫生计划挽救了数百万人的生命。
The progress he had made transforming Japan in America's image was there for the world to see.
他在改变日本在美国形象方面所取得的进展是有目共睹的。
NEWSREEL NARR: Children of occupation families and Japanese youngsters alike ride in the event.
新闻短片 NARR：职业家庭的孩子和日本年轻人都参加了这项活动。
Young Arthur MacArthur uses the trick jumps to get some trick shots.
年轻的阿瑟·麦克阿瑟利用特技跳跃来获得一些特技投篮。
The horses don't kick over the traces, but the Emperor's children do.
马不会踢过痕迹，但皇帝的孩子们会。
Hot dogs for their Highnesses yet.
给殿下准备热狗了。
Next thing they'll be wearing Bobbie socks.
接下来他们会穿上鲍比袜。
SCHALLER: I think for MacArthur, establishing a record of positive, liberal reformist achievement in Japan was an important part of his political resurrection in the United States.
夏勒：我认为对于麦克阿瑟来说，在日本建立积极的、自由主义改良主义成就的记录是他在美国政治复兴的重要组成部分。
It would make up for the lapses of the Bonus March.
这将弥补红利行军的缺陷。
It would show people that he wasn't just a commander.
这会向人们表明他不仅仅是一名指挥官。
He wasn't just a great general but he was someone who could take a defeated nation, democratize it, make it better than it was along an American model.
他不仅是一位伟大的将军，而且是一个能够带领战败国家实现民主化、使其比美国模式更好的人。
NARR: MacArthur feared a prolonged occupation could foster resentment.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟担心长期占领会滋生怨恨。
It was time he said to bring the troops home and sign a peace treaty.
他说是时候让军队回家并签署和平条约了。
He planned to run for President in 1948 on his achievement in Japan.
他计划凭借在日本取得的成就于 1948 年竞选总统。
SCHALLER: He announces that everything is fine in Japan.
夏勒：他宣布日本一切都很好。
The only thing that's wrong is the occupation is going on too long.
唯一的问题是占领持续的时间太长了。
The Americans can just go home.
美国人可以回家了。
Peace has been achieved.
和平已经实现。
NARR: The General's announcement shocked Truman.
纳尔：将军的声明震惊了杜鲁门。
In 1947, he looked at Japan and saw trouble.
1947年，他看到了日本的麻烦。
The post war economy was in shambles.
战后经济一片混乱。
Business leaders who prospered during the war now had little incentive to rebuild; his own policy had been to purge them and dismantle their monopolies.
在战争期间繁荣的商界领袖现在几乎没有重建的动力；他自己的政策是清洗他们并废除他们的垄断。
Labor leaders, including communists, emboldened by MacArthur's reforms, threatened to shut the country down.
包括共产党人在内的工党领袖在麦克阿瑟改革的鼓舞下，威胁要关闭国家。
Truman saw Japan weakened, at a time when the Soviet Union was extending its power over Eastern Europe.
当苏联将其势力扩展到东欧时，杜鲁门看到日本被削弱。
And Mao Tse-tung's communists were sweeping across China.
毛泽东的共产主义正在席卷中国。
It was no time, Truman felt, to bring the troops home.
杜鲁门认为，现在还不是让军队回家的时候。
SCHALLER: With the Cold War heating up, the Truman Administration announced that the fundamental American security policy would be the containment of the Soviet Union through the rebuilding of what they called the two great workshops of Europe and Asia, Germany and Japan.
夏勒：随着冷战的升温，杜鲁门政府宣布，美国的基本安全政策是通过重建他们所谓的欧洲和亚洲两大工厂——德国和日本来遏制苏联。
That had dire implications for Douglas MacArthur and his occupation policy.
这对道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟和他的占领政策产生了可怕的影响。
It meant, first of all, there wouldn't be any quick end to the occupation because the American policy would now be to continue the occupation until economic stability had been achieved.
首先，这意味着占领不会很快结束，因为美国现在的政策是继续占领，直到实现经济稳定。
The other thing it implied was that MacArthur had done something wrong.
它暗示的另一件事是麦克阿瑟做错了事。
NARR: Having taken credit for Washington's policies, he now took the blame.
纳尔：他曾将华盛顿的政策归功于自己，现在却承担了责任。
He was accused of making Japan vulnerable to communism.
他被指控使日本容易受到共产主义的影响。
MacArthur felt he could control the communists.
麦克阿瑟觉得他可以控制共产党。
He also knew he had neither the time nor the money to rebuild the economy before the elections.
他还知道他既没有时间也没有金钱在选举前重建经济。
NEWSREEL NARR: From his Tokyo headquarters, General Douglas MacArthur announces that he will accept the presidency if called by the American people.
新闻短片纳尔：道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军在东京总部宣布，如果美国人民呼吁，他将接受总统职位。
The 68-year-old pacific supreme commander adds, however, that he will not actively seek nomination.
不过，这位 68 岁的太平洋最高指挥官补充说，他不会积极寻求提名。
NARR: "The New York Times" predicted a MacArthur victory in the Wisconsin primary.
纳尔：《纽约时报》预测麦克阿瑟将在威斯康星州初选中获胜。
One who worked with him wondered why.
一位与他共事的人想知道为什么。
BOWERS : He was 19th century.
鲍尔斯：他是 19 世纪的人。
He wasn't 20th century.
他不是20世纪。
And he used such colorful words when he said, "Were I not to run for the Presidency I would be recreant to my duty." Who uses the word recreant?
当他说“如果我不竞选总统，我就会对自己的职责感到畏缩”时，他用了如此丰富多彩的词语。谁用“胆怯”这个词？
And everyone ran and looked it up in the dictionary.
大家都跑去查字典。
NARR: In March, 1948, on the eve of the Republican primaries, Truman dispatched Under Secretary of the Army William Draper to convince the General to follow Washington's new plans.
纳尔：1948 年 3 月，共和党初选前夕，杜鲁门派陆军副部长威廉·德雷珀说服将军遵循华盛顿的新计划。
MacArthur ignored him.
麦克阿瑟没有理睬他。
FINN, R.: And MacArthur's view was, until he got an order from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to do this, he wasn't going to pay any attention to it.
芬恩，R.：麦克阿瑟的观点是，在他收到参谋长联席会议的命令之前，他不会对此给予任何关注。
People in Washington could think this was a good idea but he would only do what he thought was right to carry out the policies he previously had.
华盛顿的人们可能会认为这是一个好主意，但他只会做他认为正确的事情来执行他以前的政策。
ROGER DINGMAN, Military Historian: From his perspective, Washington's decision to reverse the policies that Washington had ordered him to implement -- I think any human being would be resentful of that.
军事历史学家罗杰·丁曼：从他的角度来看，华盛顿决定扭转华盛顿命令他实施的政策——我认为任何人都会对此感到不满。
But, I do also think that his memory of his father's difficulties, his father's slighting at the hands of army bureaucrats and politicians in Washington, is a crucial factor in shaping his attitude NARR: MacArthur had many admirers in Tokyo.
但是，我也确实认为，他对父亲的困难的记忆，以及他父亲在华盛顿军队官僚和政客手中的轻视，是塑造他态度的关键因素。 NARR：麦克阿瑟在东京有很多崇拜者。
Unfortunately for him, their votes did not count.
对他来说不幸的是，他们的选票不算数。
His dismal showing in Wisconsin where he was considered a native son effectively ended his campaign.
他在威斯康星州的惨淡表现实际上结束了他的竞选，在那里他被认为是土生土长的儿子。
After his defeat, an aide remarked, "The General is as low as a rug." With MacArthur no longer a political threat, Truman sent a Detroit banker, Joseph Dodge, to Tokyo with a title of Ambassador Extraordinary so MacArthur could not ignore him.
战败后，一名幕僚评价道：“将军的地位低得像地毯”。由于麦克阿瑟不再是政治威胁，杜鲁门派底特律银行家约瑟夫·道奇以特命大使的头衔前往东京，这样麦克阿瑟就不能忽视他了。
Dodge began to rebuild, not reform, Japan's economy and helped the old monopolies regroup.
道奇开始重建而不是改革日本经济，并帮助旧的垄断企业重组。
Japan's conservative leaders rejoiced.
日本保守派领导人欢欣鼓舞。
The Emperor was also losing confidence in MacArthur.
皇帝对麦克阿瑟也失去了信心。
Because of the General's pacifist constitution, Hirohito feared for Japan's security and wanted U.S. troops to remain.
由于将军的和平宪法，裕仁担心日本的安全并希望美军留下来。
He began to bypass MacArthur and develop direct access to Washington.
他开始绕开麦克阿瑟，开发直接通往华盛顿的通道。
In the late 1940s in Tokyo, General Douglas MacArthur found himself, as he had in the late 1930s in Manila, isolated from power.
20 世纪 40 年代末的东京，道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军发现自己与 1930 年代末的马尼拉一样，与权力隔绝。
He was rescued once again by war.
他再次被战争所拯救。
On June 25, 1950, communist North Korean troops attacked South Korea across the 38th parallel.
1950 年 6 月 25 日，朝鲜共产党军队越过北纬 38 度线攻击韩国。
The Korean War was underway.
朝鲜战争正在进行。
Truman committed U.S. forces.
杜鲁门派遣了美军。
MacArthur would command them.
麦克阿瑟将指挥他们。
When the United Nations joined the war, he became UN commander.
当联合国参战时，他成为联合国指挥官。
DAVID MCCULLOUGH, Truman Biographer: Harry Truman didn't like the kind of general MacArthur was.
大卫·麦卡洛，杜鲁门传记作者：哈里·杜鲁门不喜欢麦克阿瑟这样的将军。
He saw him as a show-off.
他把他视为一个炫耀者。
He didn't like the bravado, the theatrical kind of general that MacArthur was.
他不喜欢麦克阿瑟那种虚张声势、戏剧化的将军风格。
But he certainly recognized MacArthur's ability.
但他当然认可麦克阿瑟的能力。
NARR: At age 70, Douglas MacArthur was in a major war for the third time in his life.
纳尔：70 岁时，道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟 (Douglas MacArthur) 一生中第三次陷入重大战争。
He rushed to the front all that he had -- ill equipped and out of shape occupation forces.
他倾尽全力冲到前线——装备简陋、形状各异的占领军。
They were no match for Soviet built tanks and well trained North Korean troops.
他们无法与苏联制造的坦克和训练有素的朝鲜军队相比。
Within a month, the U.S. Eighth Army had retreated to a defensible line around the port of Pusan.
一个月之内，美军第八集团军撤退至釜山港周围的防御线。
HARRY J.
哈里·J。
MAIHAFER, U.S. Army: We were under-strength, we were under-equipped.
迈哈弗，美国陆军：我们兵力不足，装备不足。
We were really struggling to hang on for our lives.
我们真的很努力地维持着我们的生活。
But we just had this feeling that MacArthur, back in Tokyo, he knows what's happening and somehow he's going to do something to help.
但我们只是有这样的感觉，麦克阿瑟回到东京，他知道正在发生什么，并且会以某种方式提供帮助。
NARR: Before MacArthur could rescue his entrapped army, he got embroiled in an argument with Truman that almost cost him his job.
纳尔：在麦克阿瑟能够拯救被困的军队之前，他卷入了与杜鲁门的争吵，这几乎让他丢了饭碗。
When Chinese Nationalists, America's World War II allies, lost the civil war, they fled to the island of Formosa, later called Taiwan.
当美国的二战盟友中国国民党在内战失败后，他们逃到福尔摩沙岛（后来称为台湾）。
MacArthur was dismayed when Truman said the U.S. would not defend Formosa.
当杜鲁门表示美国不会保卫台湾时，麦克阿瑟感到沮丧。
When the Korean war broke out, Truman wanted to defend Formosa -- but without provoking the communists.
朝鲜战争爆发时，杜鲁门想要保卫台湾，但又不想激怒共产党人。
He sent veteran diplomat Averell Harriman to Tokyo to make sure MacArthur understood.
他派遣资深外交官艾夫里尔·哈里曼前往东京，以确保麦克阿瑟理解这一点。
MacArthur did, Harriman told Truman, "but without full conviction." He told a diplomat in Tokyo that "one of these days he intended to blast [Truman's State Department] wide open." WALTERS: He regarded the people in Washington as very timorous and very unable to reach decisions.
哈里曼告诉杜鲁门，麦克阿瑟确实这么做了，“但没有完全相信”。他告诉东京的一位外交官，“有一天他打算公开抨击[杜鲁门的国务院]。”沃尔特斯：他认为华盛顿的人们非常胆怯，非常无法做出决定。
And he felt that Washington needed decision and he knew no one better than he who could provide better decisions than MacArthur.
他认为华盛顿需要做出决定，而他最了解的人莫过于他能提供比麦克阿瑟更好的决定。
This is MacArthur.
这是麦克阿瑟。
NARR: MacArthur tried to nudge Truman toward an aggressive defense of Formosa in a letter to a veterans group.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟在给退伍军人团体的一封信中试图推动杜鲁门积极保卫台湾。
Truman was livid at MacArthur's meddling in policy and considered firing him.
杜鲁门对麦克阿瑟干预政策感到愤怒，并考虑解雇他。
But he backed off.
但他退缩了。
It was a critical moment in the war.
那是战争的关键时刻。
MacArthur was about to embark on a bold plan to free his beleaguered army.
麦克阿瑟即将开始一项大胆的计划，以解放他陷入困境的军队。
He would land behind enemy lines at the Port of Inchon and cut North Korea's supply lines.
他将在仁川港敌后登陆并切断朝鲜的补给线。
The Eighth Army could then break out of its enclave around Pusan.
然后第八集团军就可以突破釜山周围的飞地。
When Harriman was in Tokyo, MacArthur had asked him for the forces he would need.
当哈里曼在东京时，麦克阿瑟曾向他询问所需的部队。
WALTERS: MacArthur said to Harriman, "I cannot believe that a great nation like the United States cannot give me these few paltry reinforcements for which I ask.
沃尔特斯：麦克阿瑟对哈里曼说：“我不敢相信像美国这样的伟大国家不能向我提供我所要求的微不足道的增援。
Tell the President that if he gives them to me, I will land at Inchon on the rising tide at daybreak on the 15th of September.
告诉总统，如果他把它们给我，我将在 9 月 15 日黎明时分在涨潮时登陆仁川。
And between the hammer of this landing and the anvil of the Eighth army, I will shatter and destroy the armies of North Korea." NARR: The Joint Chiefs were nervous about the plan.
在这次登陆的铁锤和第八集团军的铁砧之间，我将粉碎并摧毁朝鲜的军队。”纳尔：参谋长联席会议对该计划感到紧张。
They flew to Tokyo to express their concerns.
他们飞往东京表达他们的担忧。
ALEXANDER M.
亚历山大·M。
HAIG, Aide to MacArthur: The Chiefs all had their say.
麦克阿瑟的助手黑格：酋长们都有自己的发言权。
And at the end MacArthur took that corn-cob pipe out of his mouth and clanked it into the ashtray, stood up and he said, "Gentlemen, I will be landing in Inchon this September or you will have another commander." NARR: On the same day, August 23, China's Chairman Mao studied a military assessment of MacArthur.
最后，麦克阿瑟从嘴里拿出玉米棒子烟斗，叮当作响地放进烟灰缸，站起来说：“先生们，我将于今年九月登陆仁川，否则你们将有另一位指挥官。”纳尔：8月23日同一天，中国毛主席研究了对麦克阿瑟的军事评估。
It stressed his genius -- and his arrogance.
它强调了他的天才——以及他的傲慢。
Mao say, okay.
毛说，好吧。
Was he arrogant, stubborn?
他是不是傲慢、固执？
That is fine.
那很好。
The more arrogant, the more stubborn he is the better because an arrogant and stubborn enemy is easy to defeat.
越狂妄、越顽固越好，因为狂妄、顽固的敌人很容易被打败。
NARR: On September 13, 1950, MacArthur's armada headed for the Port of Inchon.
纳尔：1950 年 9 月 13 日，麦克阿瑟的舰队向仁川港进发。
With its narrow channel and mud.
其河道狭窄且泥泞。
That is what worried the Joint Chiefs.
这正是参谋长联席会议所担心的。
At low tide, the harbor is a mud flat.
退潮时，港口是一片泥滩。
Three miles of mud flat.
三英里的泥滩。
A landing force would be stranded for almost 12 hours until the next high tide.
登陆部队将滞留近 12 个小时，直至下一次涨潮。
It was a risky -- but unlikely place for a landing.
这是一个危险但不太可能着陆的地方。
As in World War II, he would "hit 'em where they ain't." Despite his confidence, he confessed to an aide the plan was a tremendous gamble.
就像在第二次世界大战中一样，他会“打击他们不攻击的地方”。尽管他充满信心，但他向助手承认，这个计划是一场巨大的赌博。
He headed for shore, a destroyer captain observed, "in a Napoleonic pose." He was nauseous when he got there.
一位驱逐舰船长观察到，他“摆出拿破仑式的姿势”朝岸边走去。当他到达那里时，他感到恶心。
MAIHAFER: And, we thought, how in the world did he manage to gather together a force and it was a real lifting of our spirits down south and, of course, that broke the pressure and we were able then to start driving north.
迈哈弗：而且，我们想，他到底是如何设法聚集一支力量的，这确实让我们南下的士气大振，当然，这打破了压力，然后我们就能够开始向北行驶。
And, it was just the greatest feeling that suddenly the tide had turned and when we had been, just days before, fighting for our lives.
而且，就在几天前，当我们还在为自己的生命而战时，潮流突然发生了逆转，这真是最棒的感觉。
NARR: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Omar Bradley called the landing a "dazzling victory." MacArthur's forces recaptured South Korea's capital, Seoul, within days.
纳尔：参谋长联席会议主席奥马尔·布拉德利称这次登陆是一次“耀眼的胜利”。麦克阿瑟的部队在几天内收复了韩国首都首尔。
Then headed north for the 38th parallel.
然后向北前往北纬 38 度线。
The UN's original mandate was to restore South Korea.
联合国最初的任务是光复韩国。
Now it became reunify Korea -- provided there was no major Soviet or Chinese intervention.
现在它变成了统一朝鲜——前提是没有苏联或中国的重大干预。
MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel.
麦克阿瑟越过北纬 38 度线。
MCCULLOUGH: And Truman supported it.
麦卡洛：杜鲁门支持它。
They were, as we would say, pumped up.
正如我们所说，他们很兴奋。
They were excited.
他们很兴奋。
Victory was very close.
胜利已经非常接近了。
It was standard military doctrine that you, you chase and destroy the enemy's army, and that's what they were going to do when they crossed that parallel.
标准的军事学说是，你，你追击并摧毁敌人的军队，这就是他们在越过平行线时要做的事情。
NARR: MacArthur was told that only South Korean troops could approach the Yalu River, the border with China.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟被告知，只有韩国军队才能接近与中国接壤的鸭绿江。
He bridled at such interference from Washington.
他对华盛顿的这种干涉感到愤怒。
MacArthur "spat blood" at Secretary of State Dean Acheson, a British diplomat, wired London.
麦克阿瑟向伦敦的英国外交官国务卿迪恩·艾奇逊“吐血”。
CHEN JIAN: Not only they cross the 38th parallel they were marching toward the Chinese-Korean border.
陈健：他们不仅跨越了北纬38度线，而且还在向中朝边境进发。
Who should believe, who can believe that they would stop at the Chinese-Korean border?
谁应该相信、谁能相信他们会停在中朝边境？
NARR: The day after UN forces crossed into North Korea Truman requested a meeting with MacArthur.
纳尔：联合国部队进入朝鲜的第二天，杜鲁门要求与麦克阿瑟会面。
WALTERS: MacArthur said, "It's very important, it's a very crucial stage of the war and I don't want to go that far away." So Truman offered to go halfway and someone brought up Wake Island, which is much more than halfway.
沃尔特斯：麦克阿瑟说，“这非常重要，这是战争的一个非常关键的阶段，我不想走那么远。”因此，杜鲁门提出要走一半，有人提出了威克岛，这比一半还要多。
It's about two-thirds of the way.
大约已经走了三分之二了。
MCCULLOUGH: Truman, I think, surely knew that MacArthur looked down at him.
麦卡洛：我想，杜鲁门肯定知道麦克阿瑟瞧不起他。
MacArthur looked down at just about everybody, but particularly Harry Truman who he saw as this reserve captain from World War I and a little small time politician.
麦克阿瑟瞧不起几乎所有人，尤其是哈里·杜鲁门，他认为他是第一次世界大战的后备上尉和一个小小政治家。
What did he know?
他知道什么？
NARR: "I've a whale of a job before me," Truman wrote from the plane.
纳尔：“我面前有一份巨大的工作，”杜鲁门在飞机上写道。
"Have to talk to God's right-hand man tomorrow." In 1944, FDR had met the hero of the Pacific several months before Presidential elections.
“明天得跟上帝的得力助手谈谈。” 1944 年，罗斯福在总统选举前几个月会见了这位太平洋英雄。
Truman would meet the hero of Inchon -- just weeks before Congressional elections.
杜鲁门将在国会选举前几周会见仁川的英雄。
JOSEPH C.
约瑟夫·C.
HARSH, Journalist: MacArthur was at the foot of the ramp, waiting for Truman, when he came down.
严厉，记者：当杜鲁门下来时，麦克阿瑟正在坡道底部等待他。
WALTERS: And when Mr. Truman stepped on the ground, MacArthur shook hands with him, very effusively, as did Truman.
沃尔特斯：当杜鲁门先生踏上地面时，麦克阿瑟非常热情地与他握手，杜鲁门也是如此。
I did notice that he had not saluted him which struck me as somewhat odd.
我确实注意到他没有向他行礼，这让我觉得有点奇怪。
HARSCH: But he didn't do it.
哈施：但他没有这么做。
No, he didn't salute his Commander in Chief, and Harry Truman noticed that.
不，他没有向他的总司令致敬，哈里·杜鲁门注意到了这一点。
WALTERS: I don't think it was intended as disrespectful.
沃尔特斯：我不认为这是不尊重的。
I think he never saluted first.
我认为他从来没有先行敬礼。
Everybody always saluted him, so he returned the salute.
大家总是向他行礼，他也回礼。
But he was not in the habit of saluting first.
但他没有先行礼的习惯。
There was nobody to salute, not the Emperor, not anybody.
没有人向他致敬，没有皇帝，没有任何人。
And then they got into the car.
然后他们就上了车。
NARR: One Secret Service agent remembered the two chatted without rancor.
纳尔：一名特勤局特工记得两人聊天时没有任何怨恨。
Another claimed Truman bawled out MacArthur -- I'm the Commander-in-chief, you're just a general.
另一位声称杜鲁门大声斥责麦克阿瑟——我是总司令，你只是一名将军。
Remember that.
请记住这一点。
Why do you insist on going into China?
为什么执意要来中国？
We don't want to do that.
我们不想这样做。
The general session took place in a communications shack.
全体会议在通讯小屋举行。
WALTERS: And President Truman said, "General MacArthur, I'm very concerned with the Chinese massing troops along the border.
沃尔特斯：杜鲁门总统说：“麦克阿瑟将军，我非常担心中国在边境集结军队。
Do you think they will intervene?" To which the reply was, "Mr. President, this is not the hour of our weakness.
你认为他们会介入吗？”对此的答复是：“总统先生，现在不是我们软弱的时刻。
This is the hour of our strength.
这是我们力量的时刻。
If the Chinese cross the Yalu, I will make of them the greatest slaughter in the history of warfare.
如果中国人渡过鸭绿江，我将对他们进行战争史上最大的屠杀。
They have no means for giving ground ...
他们没有办法让步......
air support to the ground troops.
对地面部队的空中支援。
And they cannot do it and I do not believe they will." LOVE: MacArthur had a reasonable estimation that a Chinese army crossing the Yalu might be poorly commanded -- although skilled in guerrilla warfare --would not be skilled against American air, against American heavy artillery concentrations, against American armor and against American tactical infantry.
他们做不到，我也不相信他们会这么做。”洛夫：麦克阿瑟有一个合理的估计，即一支渡过鸭绿江的中国军队可能指挥不善——尽管擅长游击战——但不会擅长对抗美国的空中力量、美国的重型火炮集结、美国的装甲部队和美国的战术步兵。
DINGMAN: And, of course, one has to remember, the psychology of it, he's a victorious general.
丁曼：当然，人们必须记住，他是一位常胜将军。
He's just reversed the tide of the war.
他刚刚扭转了战局。
The force is with him, in a way, and he believed that it would continue, if only you persisted just a little bit longer.
在某种程度上，这种力量就在他身边，他相信，只要你再坚持一会儿，这种力量就会继续下去。
WALTERS: President Truman asked General MacArthur when he thought the war would be over.
沃尔特斯：杜鲁门总统问麦克阿瑟将军，他认为战争何时会结束。
General MacArthur replied that he didn't know but he thought it would be over by Christmas and that he would be able to give two divisions for NATO in Europe in the new ...
麦克阿瑟将军回答说，他不知道，但他认为这将在圣诞节之前结束，并且他将能够在新的……中为北约在欧洲提供两个师。
by the beginning of the new year.
到新年伊始。
MCCULLOUGH: Truman, very understandable, accepts that, believes it, why shouldn't he?
麦卡洛：杜鲁门非常理解这一点，他接受这一点，相信这一点，为什么不呢？
And MacArthur believed it.
麦克阿瑟相信了这一点。
It wasn't that MacArthur was trying to pull something over the President's head or to speak irresponsibly.
麦克阿瑟并不是想把什么事情瞒过总统，或者说一些不负责任的话。
CHEN JIAN: The Chinese troops, which crossed the Yalu in October, were the best units of the Peoples Liberation Army, but they were under the name of the Chinese Peoples Volunteers.
陈健：10月渡过鸭绿江的中国军队是中国人民解放军最优秀的部队，但他们的名字是中国人民志愿军。
Mao believed that this would reduce the possibility of a formal war between China and the United States.
毛泽东认为，这将减少中美之间爆发正式战争的可能性。
NARR: On October 24, 1950, MacArthur ordered his commanders "to drive forward with all speed" for the Yalu River.
纳尔：1950 年 10 月 24 日，麦克阿瑟命令他的指挥官“全速前进”，驶向鸭绿江。
HAIG: As we were moving north, towards the Yalu, we began to confront organized units of regular Chinese Forces, and we would immediately report that back to Tokyo and we would be reassured that no, this was not that at all.
黑格：当我们向北向鸭绿江方向移动时，我们开始遇到有组织的中国正规部队，我们会立即向东京报告这一情况，我们会放心，不，根本不是那样的。
These were volunteers and they were token volunteers and they shouldn't ah disconcert us too much.
这些是志愿者，他们是象征性的志愿者，他们不应该让我们太不安。
NARR: MacArthur ordered an air campaign to "lay waste" the Korean side of the Yalu River.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟下令发动空袭，“摧毁”鸭绿江朝鲜一侧。
The Chinese, it seemed, were a threat.
中国人似乎是一种威胁。
Fearing a wider war, Truman began to reign in his commander.
由于担心爆发更广泛的战争，杜鲁门开始指挥他的指挥官。
He prohibited air strikes within five miles of the border unless MacArthur's forces were in immediate danger.
他禁止对边境五英里范围内的空袭，除非麦克阿瑟的部队面临直接危险。
The hero of Inchon said they were in danger.
仁川的英雄说他们处于危险之中。
On the eve of the Congressional elections, he threatened to hold Truman responsible for "American blood" that would flow from "every hour" of delay.
在国会选举前夕，他威胁要让杜鲁门对“每一个小时”的延误所流淌的“美国血液”负责。
Washington relented.
华盛顿态度软化了。
The Air Force began to encounter Soviet MIG fighters based in China.
空军开始遭遇驻扎在中国的苏联米格战斗机。
MacArthur wanted to chase them into China and destroy their bases.
麦克阿瑟想把他们追到中国并摧毁他们的基地。
Truman again said no and considered stopping UN troops well short of the Yalu River.
杜鲁门再次表示不，并考虑在鸭绿江附近阻止联合国部队。
MacArthur had successfully badgered Washington in World War II.
麦克阿瑟在第二次世界大战中成功地纠缠了华盛顿。
"I recommend with all the earnestness I possess," his cable now read, "that we press on to complete victory." Once again, MacArthur got his way.
他的电报现在写道：“我以我所拥有的全部诚意建议，我们继续努力以取得彻底的胜利。”麦克阿瑟再次如愿以偿。
After two weeks, the Chinese attacks suddenly stopped.
两周后，中国的攻击突然停止。
The lull in the battle was reassuring.
战斗的平静令人安心。
VOICE OF ALAN JACKSON, CBS Radio: "This Thanksgiving Day was sparkled with rumors of possible peace in Korea.
哥伦比亚广播公司电台艾伦·杰克逊的声音：“这个感恩节充满了朝鲜可能实现和平的谣言。
There are a certain number of facts behind the rumors.
谣言背后有一定的事实依据。
There has been the unexplained withdrawal of the Chinese troops.
中国军队莫名其妙地撤军。
UN forces advanced anywhere (fade under) from one to five...
联合国部队在任何地方前进（逐渐消失），从一到五……
NARR: The Eighth Army headed for the Yalu.
纳尔：第八军向鸭绿江进发。
On the other side of what MacArthur thought were impenetrable mountains, the Marines headed for a reservoir they called frozen Chosin.
在麦克阿瑟认为难以穿越的山脉的另一边，海军陆战队前往一个他们称之为冰冻长津的水库。
CHEN JIAN: At this point, the Chinese were playing with MacArthur's arrogance by creating a kind of image that the UN forces under MacArthur's command was winning a military victory, Actually the Chinese troops were preparing some deadly traps for MacArthur's forces.
陈健：此时，中国人是在玩弄麦克阿瑟的傲慢，制造一种麦克阿瑟指挥下的联合国军正在取得军事胜利的形象，实际上中国军队正在为麦克阿瑟的部队准备一些致命的陷阱。
NARR: MacArthur flew to the front to witness the final offensive.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟飞到前线见证了最后的进攻。
His communiqué that day read: "This should for all practical purposes end the war." On November 26th more than 300,000 Chinese and North Korean troops streamed out of the mountains and fell upon the UN forces.
他当天的公报写道：“出于所有实际目的，这应该结束战争。” 11月26日，超过30万中国和朝鲜军队从山里涌出，向联合国军发起进攻。
SUMNER : We got to the Yalu River sure enough.
萨姆纳：我们果然到了鸭绿江边。
We found, like Custer, where did all these Chinese come from?
我们发现，像卡斯特一样，所有这些中国人都来自哪里？
The hills were black with these people.
这些人把山峦染成了黑色。
I've never seen so many people in all of my life.
我这辈子从来没有见过这么多人。
It was a very frightening experience.
这是一次非常可怕的经历。
NARR: The entire UN front was in disarray.
纳尔：整个联合国战线一片混乱。
Douglas MacArthur faced his biggest defeat since his forces surrendered on Bataan almost nine years before.
道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟面临着自他的军队九年前在巴丹投降以来最大的失败。
Once again he felt it personally.
他再一次亲身感受到了。
HAIG: MacArthur had a very keen feeling for the West Point graduates.
黑格：麦克阿瑟对西点军校的毕业生有着非常强烈的感情。
Their attrition rate was astonishing.
他们的流失率是惊人的。
About a third of the class, I think of 1950, was killed in that conflict.
我记得 1950 年，班级里大约有三分之一的人在那场冲突中丧生。
He would always ask me what about Trant, what about Tom Lombardo.
他总是问我特兰特怎么样，汤姆·隆巴多怎么样。
These were company commanders and platoon leaders that were great Army football players at West Point.
这些连长和排长都是西点军校伟大的陆军橄榄球运动员。
And I knew when I'd have to tell him, well Tom was killed today.
我知道什么时候我必须告诉他，汤姆今天被杀了。
He would get tears in his eyes and have to go back to his office and then resume the briefing later.
他会热泪盈眶，不得不回到办公室，稍后再继续简报。
NARR: Arthur was almost 13 that Christmas of 1950.
纳尔：1950 年的圣诞节，亚瑟快满 13 岁了。
He would have known how much his father revered West Point, how much his father looked forward to his being sworn in as a cadet.
他会知道他的父亲是多么尊敬西点军校，他的父亲是多么期待他宣誓成为一名学员。
He would have known that he had been named for a grandfather who had been the highest ranking officer in the U.S. Army.
他应该知道他是以祖父的名字命名的，祖父曾是美国陆军最高级别的军官。
His father had encouraged him in riding lessons, his mother in music lessons -- which he preferred.
他的父亲鼓励他上骑马课，他的母亲鼓励他上音乐课——他更喜欢音乐课。
That Christmas, he gave one of his concerts which included compositions of his own.
那年圣诞节，他举办了一场音乐会，其中包括他自己的作品。
As usual the embassy staff and their families attended, as did his father.
像往常一样，大使馆工作人员及其家人和他的父亲都出席了。
CANADA: I never thought about the fact that the General had all these incredible demands on his time, but he never missed one.
加拿大： 我从未想过将军对他的时间有这么多令人难以置信的要求，但他从未错过过任何一个。
He would make time, no matter how late it was at night he would come in and tuck us in and talk to us about how our day had gone and I think those visits in the evening, even though it might be late, made up for a lot.
他会抽出时间，无论晚上多晚，他都会进来给我们盖被子，和我们谈论这一天过得如何，我认为晚上的那些拜访，即使可能很晚，也弥补了很多。
We'd tell him these trivial things that we had done and whether we had a cub scout meeting, whether we'd play cowboys and Indians.
我们会告诉他我们做过的这些琐碎的事情，我们是否召开童子军会议，我们是否扮演牛仔和印第安人。
It didn't make any difference how inconsequential it would be in the grand scheme of things, he wanted to hear it.
无论这件事在宏伟的计划中多么无关紧要，他都想听听。
NARR: MacArthur spared Arthur the strains he was under.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟使阿瑟免于承受压力。
But not Jean.
但不是让。
"I feel as if the walls are closing in on me," she confided to a friend.
“我感觉墙壁正在向我逼近，”她向一位朋友吐露道。
"It seemed that she was likely to collapse," her friend wrote.
“看来她快要崩溃了，”她的朋友写道。
"She lost weight.
“她体重减轻了。
She couldn't sleep.
她无法入睡。
She picked at her food." She suffered for her husband.
她挑食。”她为她的丈夫受苦。
He was flying to Korea more often and working longer hours.
他更频繁地飞往韩国，工作时间也更长。
As 1951 began, Douglas MacArthur, almost 71, was fighting the battle of his life.
1951 年伊始，年近 71 岁的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟 (Douglas MacArthur) 正在进行他一生的战斗。
After the Chinese offensive in late November, his forces began a 300 mile retreat -- the longest in U.S. military history.
11月底中国发动攻势后，他的部队开始了300英里的撤退——这是美国军事史上最长的一次撤退。
He asked Washington for reinforcements.
他请求华盛顿增援。
He wanted to use Chinese troops from Formosa in Korea and on the Chinese mainland.
他想在朝鲜和中国大陆使用来自台湾的中国军队。
He wanted to blockade China's ports and bomb its industrial base.
他想封锁中国的港口并轰炸其工业基地。
Truman refused all of this.
杜鲁门拒绝了这一切。
He decided not to expand the war.
他决定不再扩大战争。
MCCULLOUGH: I think it was one of the most important decisions of the whole Truman second term.
麦卡洛：我认为这是整个杜鲁门第二任期最重要的决定之一。
They decided what was going to be the policy from then on, a limited war.
他们决定了从那时起的政策：一场有限的战争。
Because they're deathly afraid understandably and rightly, of this flaring up into a world war.
因为他们非常害怕这场战争演变成一场世界大战，这是可以理解和正确的。
And by then of course, the Soviet Union had the atomic bomb.
当然，那时苏联已经拥有了原子弹。
NARR: MacArthur told the press the restrictions on him were a "handicap without precedent in military history." "General MacArthur as usual has been shooting off his mouth," Truman wrote in his diary.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟告诉媒体，对他的限制是“军事史上前所未有的障碍”。 “麦克阿瑟将军一如既往地喋喋不休，”杜鲁门在日记中写道。
DINGMAN: The more people that President Truman sent out from Washington to talk to General MacArthur, the more General MacArthur became convinced that Washington didn't have an end plan, an end game, that its sense of how to end the war, simply wasn't clear enough, to provide the direction a military man needed to conduct the war.
丁曼：杜鲁门总统从华盛顿派出的人越多，与麦克阿瑟将军交谈，麦克阿瑟将军就越相信华盛顿没有最终计划、最终游戏，它对如何结束战争的认识还不够明确，无法为军人提供进行战争所需的方向。
NARR: MacArthur threatened Washington with a dire choice: his forces, which had retreated below the 38th parallel, faced annihilation or evacuation to Japan unless he could expand the war.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟以一个可怕的选择威胁华盛顿：他的军队已经撤退到北纬 38 度线以下，否则将面临被歼灭或撤离到日本的危险，除非他能够扩大战争规模。
He had a new field commander in 1951, General Matthew Ridgway.
1951 年，他有了一位新的战地指挥官，马修·里奇微 (Matthew Ridgway) 将军。
Ridgway was more optimistic.
李奇微则更为乐观。
He accepted Washington's restrictions, rallied the troops and headed north.
他接受了华盛顿的限制，集结部队向北进发。
EDWIN H.
埃德温·H.
SIMMONS, Marine Historian: Ridgway took hold of the Eighth Army, grabbed it by the throat, gave it a good shake, and straightened it out.
西蒙斯，海军陆战队历史学家：李奇微抓住了第八集团军，掐住了它的喉咙，狠狠地摇了摇，然后把它理顺了。
He reformed a line across the peninsula from one coast to the other, and then he began a deliberate, buttoned-up offensive a step at a time: good artillery support, good air support, identify your objectives and take them.
他重新划定了一条横跨半岛的防线，从一个海岸到另一个海岸，然后他开始了一次有计划的、按部就班的攻势：良好的炮兵支援，良好的空中支援，确定你的目标并占领它们。
NARR: Ridgway exposed as false MacArthur's choice of annihilation or evacuation.
纳尔：李奇微揭露了麦克阿瑟选择歼灭或撤离的错误。
The Pentagon began to look to him for military assessments, to regard MacArthur as a "prima donna figurehead who had to be tolerated." In February, Ridgway ordered a big offensive toward Seoul.
五角大楼开始向他寻求军事评估，将麦克阿瑟视为“必须容忍的表面上的傀儡”。二月，李奇微下令对首尔发动大规模进攻。
MacArthur told reporters he had ordered the offensive.
麦克阿瑟告诉记者，他已下令发动进攻。
Ridgway saw this as "an unwelcome reminder" of MacArthur's need "to keep his public image always glowing." In March, the Eighth Army, under Ridgway, recaptured Seoul.
李奇微认为这是“一个不受欢迎的提醒”，提醒人们麦克阿瑟需要“保持他的公众形象始终光彩照人”。 3月，李奇微率领的第八集团军收复汉城。
Then headed for the 38th parallel.
然后前往北纬38度线。
For Truman and the allies, that was enough.
对于杜鲁门和盟友来说，这就足够了。
They would go no farther north.
他们不会再向北走。
They settled for the UN's original mandate, restoring South Korea.
他们接受了联合国最初的任务，恢复韩国。
Truman prepared to make a cease fire offer to China.
杜鲁门准备向中国提出停火提议。
DINGMAN: General MacArthur faced the prospect politicians have decided to end the war in a position where militarily we are not necessarily where we would like to be.
丁曼：麦克阿瑟将军面临着这样的前景：政客们决定结束战争，而我们在军事上却不一定达到我们想要的水平。
How is this going to happen?
这将如何发生？
What should we do?
我们应该做什么？
PERRET: Just recapturing Seoul and moving back, getting back to the 38th parallel, does not remove the military threat to South Korea.
佩雷特：仅仅夺回首尔并后退，回到北纬 38 度线，并不能消除对韩国的军事威胁。
NARR: In Tokyo, one observer found MacArthur "tired and depressed." In Korea another thought he was "exhausted...a beaten man." He had been humiliated by the Chinese, proved wrong by Ridgway, marginalized by the Pentagon.
纳尔：在东京，一位观察家发现麦克阿瑟“疲惫且沮丧”。在韩国，另一个人认为他“筋疲力尽……一个被打败的人”。他曾被中国人羞辱，被李奇微证明是错误的，被五角大楼边缘化。
And now Truman wanted to sue for peace, to thwart an expanded war with China which he, MacArthur, would direct from Tokyo.
现在，杜鲁门想寻求和平，阻止他麦克阿瑟从东京指挥的对华战争的扩大。
"Perhaps this realization," General Bradley wrote, "snapped his brilliant but brittle mind." Others felt he responded not with a cracked but a calculating mind.
布拉德利将军写道：“也许这种认识摧毁了他聪明但脆弱的头脑。”其他人则认为，他的反应并不是心智崩溃，而是精于算计。
One was a longtime aide, General Courtney Whitney.
其中一位是长期助手考特尼·惠特尼将军。
SACKTON: It is the assessment of General Whitney that General MacArthur felt this was the time to leave the service because he felt so strongly about the issue.
萨克顿：根据惠特尼将军的评估，麦克阿瑟将军认为现在是退役的时候了，因为他对这个问题的感受非常强烈。
And, what was the issue?
还有，问题出在哪里？
The issue was winning the war.
问题是赢得战争。
SUMNER: MacArthur went public, and he forced, practically forced Truman to relieve him.
萨姆纳：麦克阿瑟公开了此事，他强迫、几乎是强迫杜鲁门来接替他。
NARR: MacArthur went public with his own peace proposal.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟公开提出了他自己的和平建议。
He threatened China with "imminent" destruction then envisioned a peace that suggested a settlement at the Yalu.
他威胁中国“迫在眉睫”的破坏，然后设想和平，建议在鸭绿江上解决问题。
But not by diplomats.
但不是由外交官提出的。
MacArthur himself would meet the Chinese commander in the field, as great men did in centuries past.
麦克阿瑟本人将在战场上会见中国指挥官，就像过去几个世纪的伟人所做的那样。
Truman viewed MacArthur's statement as "premeditated sabotage" and decided to fire him when the time was right.
杜鲁门认为麦克阿瑟的声明是“有预谋的破坏”，并决定在适当的时候解雇他。
He would not have to wait long.
他不需要等太久。
Two weeks later, House Minority Leader, Joseph Martin, made public a letter from MacArthur endorsing Martin's desire to use troops from Formosa.
两周后，众议院少数党领袖约瑟夫·马丁公开了麦克阿瑟的一封信，支持马丁使用台湾军队的愿望。
"There is," MacArthur warned, "no substitute for victory." He wanted to win as he had won in two world wars.
麦克阿瑟警告说：“胜利是无可替代的。”他想要获胜，就像他在两次世界大战中获胜一样。
He worried that fighting at an indefensible line could be endless.
他担心，在不设防的战线上，战斗可能会无休无止。
What he feared is what happened.
他担心的就是发生的事情。
The war, then nine months old, would continue as a stalemate for more than two years.
战争持续了九个月，僵局持续了两年多。
America would suffer another 50,000 casualties.
美国将再遭受5万人伤亡。
MacArthur's quarrel with Truman was about more than the goals of the war.
麦克阿瑟与杜鲁门的争吵不仅仅是为了战争目标。
It was about who should be in charge.
这是关于谁应该负责的问题。
His father had told him he must do what was right for his country, no matter what the personal sacrifice might be.
他的父亲告诉他，无论个人牺牲有多大，他都必须为他的国家做正确的事情。
HAIG: Blind loyalty to a commander of a unit or even a President must be overwhelmed by one's subjective perception of the best interest of the people.
黑格：对部队指挥官甚至总统的盲目忠诚必须被一个人对人民最大利益的主观看法所压倒。
And I think MacArthur was driven by that.
我认为麦克阿瑟是受此驱动的。
I happen to think it's the right solution.
我碰巧认为这是正确的解决方案。
It can be very costly to an individual.
对于个人来说，这可能是非常昂贵的。
MCCULLOUGH: He was forgetting what he had learned at West Point, that the Commander in Chief is the supreme commander.
麦卡洛：他忘记了他在西点军校学到的东西，即总司令是最高指挥官。
And he told Samuel Eliot Morrison, the historian, that he didn't agree with that.
他告诉历史学家塞缪尔·艾略特·莫里森，他不同意这一点。
He thought that in the field the general should decide, that only he knew the situation.
他认为在战场上应该由将军来决定，只有他知道情况。
And when Morrison seemed a little surprised he said it a second time just to be sure that Morrison knew that he wasn't being misquoted.
当莫里森显得有点惊讶时，他又说了一遍，只是为了确保莫里森知道他没有被错误引用。
NARR: For Truman, the letter to Congressman Martin was "the last straw".
纳尔：对于杜鲁门来说，给国会议员马丁的信是“最后一根稻草”。
When he got word MacArthur might resign, he was heard to say, "The son of a bitch isn't going to resign on me.
当他得知麦克阿瑟可能辞职时，有人听到他说：“这个王八蛋不会因为我而辞职。
He's going to be fired." PRESIDENT TRUMAN, April 11, 1951 : I considered it essential to relieve General MacArthur so that there would be no doubt or confusion as to the real purpose and aim of our policy.
他将被解雇。” 杜鲁门总统，1951 年 4 月 11 日：我认为有必要解除麦克阿瑟将军的职务，这样我们政策的真正目的和目标就不会出现任何疑问或混乱。
CANADA: A group of us were sitting around the embassy and the announcement came.
加拿大：我们一群人坐在大使馆周围，宣布了这一消息。
All our lives as we know it had just ended, and the overall atmosphere was one of stunned silence for the longest period of time, and I think the General must have summoned up every bit of stoicism that he possessed because his, he didn't react at all.
正如我们所知，我们所有的生活都刚刚结束，整体气氛是最长一段时间的震惊沉默，我想将军一定已经唤起了他所拥有的每一点坚忍，因为他根本没有反应。
NARR: Jean had often told Arthur, "Their privileged life would some day end, and they would be mortals once again." As MacArthur lost his supreme command, his former aide Dwight Eisenhower assumed one -- at NATO.
纳尔：吉恩经常告诉亚瑟，“他们特权的生活有一天会结束，他们将再次成为凡人。”当麦克阿瑟失去最高指挥权后，他的前助手德怀特·艾森豪威尔接任了北约的最高指挥权。
Vernon Walters was with him in Germany when a reporter broke the news.
当一名记者透露这一消息时，弗农·沃尔特斯正和他一起在德国。
WALTERS: He said, "General Eisenhower, the President has just fired General MacArthur for insubordination.
沃尔特斯：他说：“艾森豪威尔将军，总统刚刚因麦克阿瑟将军不服从命令而解雇了他。
Do you have any comment?" And Eisenhower smiled a strange smile, and then he said, "Well, you know, when you put on a uniform, you impose certain restrictions on yourself as to what you can do and say." NARR: In Tokyo, the Emperor called upon MacArthur one last time.
你有什么意见吗？”艾森豪威尔露出了一个奇怪的微笑，然后他说：“好吧，你知道，当你穿上制服时，你就对自己的言行施加了一定的限制。” 纳尔：在东京，天皇最后一次拜访了麦克阿瑟。
He overruled his advisors who said an emperor never visits a person without rank, as MacArthur now was.
他驳回了顾问们的说法，即皇帝永远不会像现在的麦克阿瑟那样拜访没有等级的人。
For the first time MacArthur walked the emperor to his car.
麦克阿瑟第一次送皇帝到他的车前。
Ordinary Japanese were in shock.
日本普通民众震惊不已。
"We feel as if we have lost a kind and loving father," a Tokyo paper wrote.
东京的一家报纸写道：“我们感觉好像失去了一位善良慈爱的父亲。”
TREMAINE: He had become I wouldn't say beloved perhaps, but highly respected by the Japanese and they were sorry to see him go.
TREMAINE：我不会说他受到日本人的喜爱，但他已经受到日本人的高度尊重，他们对他的离开感到遗憾。
And the streets were lined with people, five or six deep.
街道两旁站满了五六人深的人。
NARR: The Japanese did not believe anyone was in a position to fire MacArthur.
纳尔：日本人不相信有人能够解雇麦克阿瑟。
"His dismissal," a Japanese scholar argued, "was the best lesson in democracy Japan ever had." TREMAINE: General MacArthur was wearing that same old Philippine Army Field Marshal's cap.
一位日本学者认为，“他的被解职是日本民主史上最好的一课。”特雷梅恩：麦克阿瑟将军戴着那顶菲律宾陆军元帅的旧帽子。
When he got to the top of the stairs, he turned and you'd think he was a conquering hero.
当他到达楼梯顶端时，他转身，你会认为他是一个征服的英雄。
Not at all a demeanor of a man who'd just been fired.
完全不像一个刚被解雇的人的举止。
And he entered the airplane with this farewell.
他带着这样的告别走进了飞机。
NARR: MacArthur had planned a leisurely trip home by boat until Republicans urged him to rush back and address a joint session of Congress.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟原本计划乘船悠闲地回家，直到共和党人敦促他赶回来并在国会联席会议上发表讲话。
MACARTHUR: I have just left your fighting sons in Korea.
麦克阿瑟：我刚刚把你战斗的儿子们留在了韩国。
It was my constant effort to preserve them and end this savage conflict honorably and with the least loss of time and a minimum sacrifice of life.
我不断努力保护它们，并以最少的时间损失和最少的生命牺牲，光荣地结束这场野蛮的冲突。
Its growing bloodshed has caused me the deepest anguish and anxiety.
越来越多的流血事件给我带来了最深的痛苦和焦虑。
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always.
这些英勇的人将经常留在我的脑海中并永远留在我的祈祷中。
NARR: MacArthur's reception in Manhattan the next day was the greatest in U.S. history.
纳尔：第二天，麦克阿瑟在曼哈顿受到了美国历史上最盛大的招待会。
It far surpassed Eisenhower's in 1945.
它远远超过了1945年的艾森豪威尔。
Mail that flooded Congress was overwhelmingly against Truman.
充斥国会的邮件绝大多数都是反对杜鲁门的。
"Nothing," historians have noted, "had so stirred the political passions of the country since the Civil War." MacArthur testified for three days in Senate hearings.
历史学家指出，“自内战以来，没有什么比这更能激起这个国家的政治热情了。”麦克阿瑟在参议院听证会上作了三天的证言。
He belittled the risks of a wider war.
他贬低了更广泛战争的风险。
Had one occurred, he said the responsibility would have rested with Washington not with him.
他说，如果发生这种情况，责任将由华盛顿承担，而不是由他承担。
"He seemed," a Senator noted, "to be making Truman's case." He told Congress that George Marshall and the Joint Chiefs supported his strategy.
一位参议员指出，“他似乎是在阐述杜鲁门的观点。”他告诉国会，乔治·马歇尔和参谋长联席会议支持他的战略。
When they denied this, support for the old soldier in Congress began to fade.
当他们否认这一点时，国会对这位老战士的支持开始减弱。
For a year he toured the country giving speeches.
一年来，他在全国各地发表演讲。
MACARTHUR : The policies of appeasement on which we are now embarked carry within themselves the very incitation to war against us...Never before has a soldier been called to a rostrum such as this.
麦克阿瑟：我们现在采取的绥靖政策本身就煽动对我们发动战争……以前从来没有一个士兵被召集到这样的讲台上。
NARR: By the time he got to the 1952 Republican convention, popular support for his risky win the war program had faded.
纳尔：当他参加 1952 年共和党全国代表大会时，民众对他冒险赢得战争计划的支持已经消退。
Another five star general was the main event.
另一场五星上将才是重头戏。
PERRET: MacArthur's reaction to Eisenhower's, nomination was one of complete contempt.
佩雷特：麦克阿瑟对艾森豪威尔提名的反应是完全蔑视。
He did not believe for a moment that someone who had once been his subordinate could possibly discharge a responsibility that he, himself, had been denied.
他一刻也不相信，一个曾经是他下属的人能够承担起他自己所拒绝的责任。
NARR: Shortly after he returned, the General took Arthur to West Point.
纳尔：回来后不久，将军就带着亚瑟去了西点军校。
The uniform did not appear to fit.
制服看起来不合身。
"As a youngster," MacArthur wrote the football coach, Arthur "saw more of war and death than many soldiers.
麦克阿瑟在给足球教练的信中写道：“作为一个年轻人，阿瑟比许多士兵看到了更多的战争和死亡。
I have wondered whether it has left a scar on him." After he graduated from school in New York, Arthur went to Columbia and studied literature, opera and the theater.
我想知道这是否给他留下了伤疤。”从纽约的学校毕业后，阿瑟去了哥伦比亚大学学习文学、歌剧和戏剧。
BETH DAY ROMULO, Friend of Jean MacArthur: He didn't care anything about shooting and war and didn't want any part of it.
贝斯·戴·罗慕洛，吉恩·麦克阿瑟的朋友：他对射击和战争一点也不关心，也不想参与其中。
He didn't want to be a hero.
他不想成为英雄。
He wanted to play the piano, possibly act.
他想弹钢琴，也可能想演戏。
Those were the things that interested him.
这些才是他感兴趣的事情。
NARR: His father had spent a lifetime seeking publicity.
纳尔：他的父亲一生都在寻求公众关注。
Arthur has sought to avoid it.
亚瑟试图避免它。
The MacArthurs moved into the Waldorf Towers in New York and became a magnet for world leaders.
麦克阿瑟家族搬入纽约华尔道夫大厦，成为吸引世界领导人的磁石。
When she was on her own, Jean continued to keep the General's flame alive.
当她独自一人时，琼继续保持着将军的火焰。
She stopped seeing visitors in 1997 — at age 98.
1997 年，98 岁的她不再接见访客。
MAIHAFER: It was only a couple of years before his death.
MAIHAFER：距离他去世只有几年。
It was at a New York hotel and I happened to be invited to this luncheon.
那是在纽约的一家酒店，我碰巧被邀请参加这次午餐会。
And suddenly I looked down the corridor, and I saw, here came General MacArthur, and he looked at me and I guess he noticed the Combat Infantry Badge and the Purple Heart and the Silver Star, and certainly he noticed the Korean Service Medal.
突然我朝走廊望去，我看到麦克阿瑟将军来了，他看着我，我猜他注意到了步兵战斗徽章、紫心勋章和银星勋章，当然他也注意到了朝鲜服役奖章。
And, instead of just walking on past, he put out his hands and took hold of my shoulders and just shook them.
而且，他并没有直接走过去，而是伸出双手，抓住我的肩膀，摇晃着。
And, God even today I get chills when I think of that.
而且，上帝啊，即使在今天，当我想到这一点时我也会感到发冷。
And, that's the magic of MacArthur.
这就是麦克阿瑟的魔力。
MacARTHUR: Today marks my final roll call with you.
麦克阿瑟：今天是我最后一次点名。
But I want you to know my last conscious thought will be the corps, and the corps and the corps.
但我想让你知道我最后的有意识的想法将是军团，军团和军团。
NARR: MacArthur died at age 84, two years after his last visit to his beloved West Point.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟去世，享年 84 岁，距他最后一次访问他心爱的西点军校已有两年了。
For five days tens of thousands of mourners paid tribute.
五天来，数以万计的哀悼者悼念。
Eisenhower and Truman were not among them.
艾森豪威尔和杜鲁门不在其中。
Prime Minister Yoshida of Japan was.
日本首相吉田。
LOVE: Four great people in Asia consider him an immense national hero.
爱：亚洲的四位伟人认为他是伟大的民族英雄。
That's an extraordinary thing for an American.
对于美国人来说，这是一件非同寻常的事情。
It was a life enormously well led.
那是一种非常美好的生活。
He got up in the morning trying to do good for his country.
他早上起床，努力为他的国家做点好事。
He took the notions of honor and duty seriously.
他认真对待荣誉和责任的概念。
SCHALLER: One colleague during the Pacific War described him as someone who combined a sense of courage, vanity, ego, insight, but his greatest fault, he said, was some one who mistook his emotions and ambitions for principles, and he could never distinguish between the two.
夏勒：太平洋战争期间的一位同事形容他是一个集勇气、虚荣、自我和洞察力于一体的人，但他说，他最大的错误是把自己的情感和野心误认为是原则，而他永远无法区分两者。
NARR: MacArthur had had time to think about where he would be buried.
纳尔：麦克阿瑟有时间考虑他将被埋在哪里。
West Point was special to him.
西点军校对他来说很特别。
He would be there, in time, at the edge of the Plain.
他会及时赶到平原边缘的。
Across from the best clerk he ever had, Ike, who never led a charge.
对面是他曾经拥有过的最好的职员艾克，但他从来没有领导过任何工作。
Pleased no doubt that he occupied more real estate than Eisenhower.
毫无疑问，他比艾森豪威尔拥有更多的房地产，这让他感到高兴。
Acknowledging, perhaps, the prominence accorded Washington.
也许是承认华盛顿所享有的显赫地位。
There was room at West Point -- next to the son of President Ulysses S.
西点军校有一个房间——旁边是尤利西斯·S·肯尼迪总统的儿子。
Grant.
格兰特.
But for Douglas MacArthur sons of Presidents was not Presidential enough.
但对道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟来说，总统之子还不够有总统气质。
He accepted a site that gave him the equivalent of a Presidential library.
他接受了一个相当于总统图书馆的网站。
With a museum, an archive, a gift shop, and a splendid place to rest.
这里有博物馆、档案馆、礼品店和绝佳的休息场所。
With room for Jean beside him.
他旁边有空间给让。
Douglas MacArthur was buried as he was born -- to the sound of bugles.
道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟出生时就被埋葬了——在号角声中。
His funeral was replete with all the ceremony that he had come to cherish as a boy at the army post at Ft.
他的葬礼充满了他小时候在英国堡陆军哨所所珍视的所有仪式。
Selden, New Mexico.
新墨西哥州塞尔登。
Unlike his father, he was buried in his army uniform.
与他的父亲不同的是，他下葬时穿着军装。
On April 11, 1964, one of the greatest soldiers in the history of the United States Army was buried in Norfolk, Virginia.
1964 年 4 月 11 日，美国陆军历史上最伟大的士兵之一被埋葬在弗吉尼亚州诺福克。
A Navy town.
海军小镇。
One of the most dashing men ever to wear the uniform, John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was the most accomplished and celebrated American soldier of the early 20th century.
约翰·约瑟夫·“黑杰克”·潘兴是有史以来最英俊潇洒的军人之一，也是 20 世纪初最有成就和最著名的美国士兵。
Determined to win the war before the Americans could bring their fresh troops to bear, the Germans launched a series of all-out offensives in the winter and spring of 1918.
德国人决心在美国人派出生力军之前赢得战争，因此在 1918 年冬春发动了一系列全面进攻。
On April 25, 1951, the Senate unanimously approved a resolution calling for its Foreign Relations and Armed Services committees to "conduct an inquiry into the military situation in the Far East and the facts surrounding the relief" of General MacArthur.
1951 年 4 月 25 日，参议院一致通过一项决议，要求其外交关系和军事委员会“对远东的军事局势以及有关麦克阿瑟将军救援的事实进行调查”。
One of the most controversial moments in the controversial life of Douglas MacArthur came in early 1942, when he received $500,000 from the Philippine government.
道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟充满争议的一生中最具争议的时刻之一是 1942 年初，当时他从菲律宾政府收到了 50 万美元。
The Tokyo trials began on May 3, 1946, and lasted two and a half years.
东京审判于1946年5月3日开始，历时两年半。
Although the occupation was nominally an allied enterprise — General MacArthur's title was Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
尽管占领名义上是盟军的事业，但麦克阿瑟将军的头衔是盟军最高指挥官
Calling themselves the "Bonus Expeditionary Forces," they demanded early payment of a bonus Congress had promised them for their service in World War I.
他们自称为“奖金远征军”，要求提前支付国会向他们在第一次世界大战中服役所承诺的奖金。
Congress approved President McKinley's request for a declaration of war on April 25, 1898; yet the Spanish-American War was the culmination of decades of pressure toward U.S. expansionism.
1898年4月25日，国会批准了麦金莱总统的宣战请求；然而，美西战争是几十年来美国扩张主义压力的顶峰。
General MacArthur had known and thought highly of Ridgway since the early 1920s, when he placed the young captain in charge of physical education at West Point.
麦克阿瑟将军自 20 年代初起就认识并高度评价李奇微，当时他任命这位年轻的上尉负责西点军校的体育教育。
The friendship between Quezon and MacArthur deepened in Manila in the late 1920s, when MacArthur commanded the Philippine Department.
1920 年代末，麦克阿瑟指挥菲律宾部，奎松和麦克阿瑟之间的友谊在马尼拉加深。
President Roosevelt signing the Declaration of war against Japan in December 1941.
1941 年 12 月，罗斯福总统签署对日宣战书。
Growing up in Fredricksburg on the arid plains of central Texas, Chester Nimitz hardly seemed destined to become one of America's great naval heroes.
切斯特·尼米兹在德克萨斯州中部干旱平原的弗雷德里克斯堡长大，他似乎注定不会成为美国伟大的海军英雄之一。