The Lobotomist
Narrator: : He was an idealistic doctor, hungry for fame, who would champion one of the century's most infamous medical procedures.
旁白：：他是一位理想主义的医生，渴望名誉，他将捍卫本世纪最臭名昭著的医疗程序之一。
Walter Freeman III, son of Walter Freeman: : He wanted to solve the problems of psychiatry, and he wanted to do it fast.
沃尔特·弗里曼三世（Walter Freeman III），沃尔特·弗里曼的儿子：他想解决精神病学问题，而且他想尽快解决。
Julius McLeod, Former Hospital Aide: : I think Dr. Freeman believed and I think the public believed this was going to be a magical cure.
朱利叶斯·麦克劳德（Julius McLeod），前医院助手：：我认为弗里曼博士相信，我认为公众也相信这将是一种神奇的治疗方法。
Walter Freeman (archival): : Here the skull is thin enough to transmit light and it can usually be perforated easily with a sharp instrument.
沃尔特·弗里曼（档案）：：这里的头骨足够薄，可以传输光线，通常可以用锋利的仪器轻松穿孔。
Narrator: : Hailed by some as an angel of mercy, he was denounced by others as a medical monster.
旁白：：有人称赞他是仁慈的天使，有人斥责他是医学怪物。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : He was an apostle, he was a crusader.
爱德华·肖特（Edward Shorter），医学历史学家：：他是一位使徒，他是一位十字军战士。
He was genuinely convinced of the effectiveness of what he was doing.
他对自己所做的事情的有效性深信不疑。
Walter Freeman (archival): : The instrument upon removal appears clear and shiny.
Walter Freeman（档案）： ：取下后的仪器显得清晰且有光泽。
Garrett Swain, M.D.: : I thought he was the nearest thing to a genius that I had ever met; I also thought he was crazy as hell.
Garrett Swain，医学博士：我认为他是我见过的最接近天才的人；我还以为他疯了。
Narrator: : Why did mainstream medicine go along with Walter Freeman?
旁白：：为什么主流医学会支持沃尔特·弗里曼？
Robert Whitaker, Writer: : The lesson here is not how a man can go off the rails, but is how science can go off the rails.
作家罗伯特·惠特克：这里的教训不是一个人如何会偏离轨道，而是科学如何会偏离轨道。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : Physicians were seen as demigods in white.
医学历史学家爱德华·肖特 (Edward Shorter)：：医生被视为白衣半神。
They were all lords of the manor.
他们都是庄园的领主。
They could all order it be done, whatever they wanted to be done.
他们都可以命令它完成，无论他们想做什么。
Narrator: : Was lobotomy a medical breakthrough or a monstrous mistake?
旁白：：脑叶白质切除术是医学上的突破还是一个巨大的错误？
Franklin Freeman, son of Walter Freeman: : You could never talk about a successful lobotomy.
富兰克林·弗里曼，沃尔特·弗里曼的儿子：：你永远无法谈论成功的脑白质切除术。
You might as well talk about a successful automobile accident.
你不妨谈论一次成功的车祸。
Elliot S.
艾略特·S。
Valenstein, Professor of Neuroscience: : Some people did show considerable improvement, and did resume some kind of normal life.
Valenstein，神经科学教授：：有些人确实表现出了相当大的改善，并且确实恢复了某种正常的生活。
Walter Freeman (archival): : He was allowed to go home again and obtain employment as a door-to-door salesman.
沃尔特·弗里曼（档案）：：他被允许再次回家并找到一份上门推销员的工作。
Janice Jones-Thomson, daughter: : My father said that doctors would operate on her brain and this would take the violence out of her -- that she would be docile after that.
珍妮丝·琼斯·汤姆森（Janice Jones-Thomson），女儿：：我父亲说医生会对她的大脑进行手术，这会消除她的暴力行为——之后她就会变得温顺。
Robert Whitaker, Writer: : Is the absence of pain what we should look for?
作家罗伯特·惠特克：：我们应该寻求的是没有痛苦吗？
Is the absence of suffering?
没有痛苦吗？
That's what this raises so much is what do we value about being human?
这就是我们所重视的人类价值是什么？
Narrator: : On a cold January day in 1946, Ellen Ionesco, a 29-year-old housewife and mother, arrived at the Washington, D.C. office of Dr. Walter J.
旁白： 1946 年 1 月一个寒冷的一天，29 岁的家庭主妇兼母亲埃伦·尤内斯科 (Ellen Ionesco) 来到沃尔特·J·沃特·J·沃特博士位于华盛顿特区的办公室。
Freeman.
弗里曼。
With her was her six-year-old daughter Angelene.
和她一起的还有她六岁的女儿安吉琳娜。
Angelene Forester, daughter of patient: : My mother always acted a little, sort of aloof.
Angelene Forester，病人的女儿：：我的母亲总是表现得有点冷漠。
And you just accepted, that's Mommy.
而你刚刚接受了，那就是妈妈。
Mommy's that way.
妈妈就是这样的。
But it got more and more.
但它变得越来越多。
And the time came when she was so depressed she would stay in bed for literally days.
有一天，她变得非常沮丧，几乎要在床上躺上好几天。
I remember her pointing up to the ceiling and saying, do you see those wires, that's what they torture me with.
我记得她指着天花板说，你看到那些电线了吗，他们就是用这些电线来折磨我的。
Then she started getting more violent and aggressive.
然后她开始变得更加暴力和具有攻击性。
And one day she tried to smother me.
有一天，她试图让我窒息。
And finally we took her to see Dr. Freeman.
最后我们带她去看弗里曼医生。
Reading from a Walter Freeman patient record: : Examined Ellen I.
阅读沃尔特·弗里曼 (Walter Freeman) 患者病历：：检查艾伦一世 (Ellen I.)
this morning.
今天早上。
She has suicidal ideas.
她有自杀念头。
She became more and more noisy, shouting, "I'm so tired, I'm so tired." I decided she was quite inaccessible and would require immediate treatment.
她越来越吵，喊着：“我好累，我好累。”我认为她很难接近，需要立即治疗。
Angelene Forester, daughter of patient: : When we went into his office the whole wall was like windows and sunlight streaming in.
Angelene Forester，病人的女儿：：当我们走进他的办公室时，整面墙就像窗户一样，阳光照进来。
It was bright and cheerful.
天气明亮而欢快。
And Dr. Freeman came out and he looked kindly and gentle, very, very gentle and I felt, we're going to be okay.
弗里曼医生走了出来，他看起来很友善，很温柔，非常非常温柔，我觉得，我们会没事的。
Narrator: : Freeman escorted Ellen to a back room and shut the door.
旁白：：弗里曼护送艾伦到后面的房间并关上门。
Angelene Forester, daughter of patient: : I had no idea what was going on behind that door.
Angelene Forester，病人的女儿：：我不知道门后发生了什么。
But she changed so radically for the better once he had seen her.
但他一见到她，她就发生了巨大的变化。
She never mentioned suicide again.
她再也没有提过自杀的事。
Narrator: : Ellen Ionesco was the first patient to undergo the procedure Dr. Freeman had perfected only weeks before.
旁白：艾伦·尤内斯库 (Ellen Ionesco) 是第一位接受弗里曼医生几周前完善的手术的患者。
He called it "transorbital lobotomy."
他称之为“经眶脑白质切除术”。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : In a transorbital lobotomy, Freeman would first have the patient rendered unconscious through the use of the electroconvulsive shock machine.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），编剧：在经眼眶脑白质切除术中，弗里曼首先通过使用电休克机使患者失去知觉。
Franklin Freeman, son of Walter Freeman: : Just before he threw the switch, we all had a laying on of hands.
沃尔特·弗里曼 (Walter Freeman) 的儿子富兰克林·弗里曼 (Franklin Freeman)：：就在他按下开关之前，我们所有人都按手了。
And we went for a little ride.
我们去兜风了。
Walter Freeman (archival): : Usually three successive convulsions are necessary but in old people a single one may be sufficient while in a sturdy young person four or even six convulsions may be administered without danger.
沃尔特·弗里曼（档案）：：通常需要连续抽搐三次，但对于老年人来说，一次可能就足够了，而对于一个强壮的年轻人来说，四次甚至六次抽搐可能没有危险。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : The patient would then enter unconsciousness for a relatively brief period but several minutes.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔（Andrew Scull）：：患者随后会进入昏迷状态，持续时间相对较短，但只有几分钟。
Walter Freeman (archival): : Now that the convulsion has subsided the nurse holds a towel over the nose and mouth of the patient.
沃尔特·弗里曼（档案）：现在抽搐已经平息，护士用毛巾捂住病人的鼻子和嘴巴。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : Freeman would peel back each eyelid, insert his ice pick and with a hammer tap through the brain, wiggle it about, sever the frontal lobes, withdraw it.
安德鲁·斯卡尔（Andrew Scull），社会学教授：弗里曼会剥开每个眼睑，插入冰锥，用锤子敲击大脑，摆动它，切断额叶，然后将其取出。
And when the patient came to, he or she would be given dark glasses to hide the black eyes they'd been given.
当病人苏醒后，他或她会戴上墨镜来遮盖他们原本的黑眼睛。
Angelene Forester, daughter of patient: : I felt like he had given me a tremendous gift to give my mother back to me.
Angelene Forester，病人的女儿：：我觉得他给了我一份巨大的礼物，让我把母亲还给我。
He gave you hope.
他给了你希望。
Everything will be better and it was.
一切都会更好，确实如此。
Narrator: : Twenty-two years earlier, in 1924, neurologist Walter Freeman arrived at St. Elizabeths in Washington D.C., one of the nation's largest hospitals for the mentally ill.
旁白：22 年前，即 1924 年，神经科医生沃尔特·弗里曼 (Walter Freeman) 来到华盛顿特区的圣伊丽莎白医院，这是美国最大的精神病医院之一。
At 28, Freeman was the youngest laboratory director in St. Elizabeths' history.
28 岁的弗里曼是圣伊丽莎白历史上最年轻的实验室主任。
But he confronted an institution in crisis.
但他面对的是一个陷入危机的机构。
Like many other state hospitals, St. Elizabeths had seen years of decline.
与许多其他州立医院一样，圣伊丽莎白医院也经历了多年的衰落。
It had become a dumping ground for patients suffering from agitated depression, dementia and psychosis.
它已成为患有躁动抑郁症、痴呆症和精神病患者的垃圾场。
Walter Freeman III, son of Walter Freeman: : It was clear in those days when you were committed to a mental hospital, this was not a voluntary affair, there was no way out.
沃尔特·弗里曼三世，沃尔特·弗里曼之子：：很明显，当你被送进精神病院时，这不是自愿的，没有出路。
There would be no treatment because there's nothing seriously that anyone could do.
不会有治疗方法，因为任何人都无能为力。
These were warehouses for people that society wanted to forget.
这些是社会想要忘记的人的仓库。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : You have this enormous population of patients smearing their excrement on the walls, tearing off their clothes, sitting befuddled on the floor, day after endless day.
医学历史学家爱德华·肖特（Edward Shorter）：：有这么多的病人把他们的排泄物涂在墙上，撕掉他们的衣服，迷惑地坐在地板上，日复一日。
You say, "How could people live like this?
你说：“人们怎么能这样生活呢？
How could they be forced to live like this?"
他们怎么能被迫过这样的生活呢？”
Narrator: : As he wandered St. Elizabeths vast patient wards, Freeman later wrote, he was filled with a "weird mixture of fear, disgust and shame."
旁白：弗里曼后来写道，当他在圣伊丽莎白巨大的病房里漫步时，他心中充满了“恐惧、厌恶和羞耻的奇怪混合物”。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : He was repelled by what he saw.
杰克·艾尔-海（Jack El-Hai），作家：：他对所看到的感到厌恶。
He was almost nauseated by what he saw.
他看到的一切几乎让他感到恶心。
He saw 5,000 people whose lives were going nowhere, would go nowhere.
他看到 5,000 个人的生活毫无进展，也不会再有任何进展。
And he wanted, I think, right away to try and do something about it.
我想，他想立即尝试对此采取行动。
Walter Freeman III, son of Walter: Freeman : He saw the nature of illness not as something that required sympathy but as something that required action.
沃尔特·弗里曼三世，沃尔特之子：弗里曼：他认为疾病的本质不是需要同情，而是需要采取行动。
Do something.
做点什么。
He wanted to solve the problems of psychiatry, and he wanted to do it fast.
他想解决精神病学问题，而且他想尽快解决。
Narrator: : Like most neurologists, Freeman believed that physical defects in the brain caused mental illness.
旁白：：像大多数神经学家一样，弗里曼认为大脑的身体缺陷会导致精神疾病。
Scientists had already shown that the brain was made up of distinct regions, each controlling different physical, behavioral and emotional reactions.
科学家们已经证明，大脑由不同的区域组成，每个区域控制着不同的身体、行为和情绪反应。
But they had still not found the locus of mental illness, and were nearly powerless to treat it.
但他们仍然没有找到精神疾病的根源，对治疗也几乎无能为力。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : They would try to treat symptoms.
医学历史学家爱德华·肖特 (Edward Shorter)：：他们会尝试治疗症状。
And they couldn't treat all the symptoms.
他们无法治疗所有症状。
If you were on the verge of suicide, there was nothing that they could do except watch you until you finally recovered spontaneously from your melancholia.
如果你处于自杀的边缘，他们除了看着你，直到你最终从忧郁症中自然恢复过来，没有什么办法。
And an episode of melancholia could go on for seven or eight months.
一次忧郁症可能会持续七八个月。
And that is seven or eight months of hell.
那是七八个月的地狱。
Narrator: : In the 1930s, researchers began experimenting with a number of so-called "shock therapies" meant to reroute the circuitry in the diseased brain.
旁白：：20 世纪 30 年代，研究人员开始尝试多种所谓的“休克疗法”，旨在改变患病大脑中的回路。
Patients were brought to the edge of death through an intentional overdose of the hormone insulin.
由于故意过量服用胰岛素，患者被带到了死亡的边缘。
Others were given Metrazol which triggered seizures so violent they often fractured vertebrae.
其他人则服用了四甲唑，这种药物引发了剧烈的癫痫发作，常常导致椎骨骨折。
Robert Whitaker, Writer: : If you look at the patient writings after this, they talked about, "Doctor, why are you torturing me?
作家罗伯特·惠特克：如果你看看这之后病人的著作，他们会说：“医生，你为什么要折磨我？
Are you going to kill me?
你要杀了我吗？
Please," they would beg, "don't do this to me again." But after people left that table they were quieter, they were more subdued, and they would often go back to their wards and not be bothersome for a period of time.
求求你，”他们会恳求，“不要再这样对我了。”但离开那张桌子后，人就安静多了，性格也柔和了，往往会回到自己的病房，一段时间内不再打扰。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : These shock therapies often worked by the standards that they were operating on at that time, not a cure for the disease, not making someone completely better, but reducing some of the symptoms.
杰克·埃尔-海（Jack El-Hai），作家：这些休克疗法通常按照当时的标准发挥作用，不是治愈疾病，也不是使某人完全好转，而是减轻一些症状。
And yes, the shock therapies achieved that at a cost.
是的，休克疗法是有代价的。
Narrator: : For Freeman, shock therapies proved that mental illness resulted from a defect somewhere in the brain, and he wanted to be the one to find it.
旁白：：对于弗里曼来说，休克疗法证明精神疾病是由大脑某处缺陷引起的，他想成为发现这一缺陷的人。
The scion of a prominent medical family from Philadelphia, Walter Freeman had always believed he was destined for great things.
沃尔特·弗里曼 (Walter Freeman) 出身于费城一个著名医学世家的后裔，他一直相信自己注定会成就伟大的事业。
His grandfather William Keen was, for a time, America's most famous surgeon, the first to successfully remove a brain tumor from a living patient.
他的祖父威廉·基恩（William Keen）一度是美国最著名的外科医生，是第一个成功切除活体患者脑肿瘤的人。
Keen was a showman who loved to perform his complex operations in front of large and admiring audiences.
基恩是一位表演者，喜欢在大批钦佩的观众面前表演复杂的操作。
Franklin Freeman, son of Walter Freeman: : He was just one of these men who had just boundless energy and enthusiasm, a pioneer brain surgeon, at one time, a president of the American Medical Association.
富兰克林·弗里曼，沃尔特·弗里曼的儿子：：他只是这些拥有无限能量和热情的人之一，一位先驱脑外科医生，曾任美国医学会主席。
As a young man my father was determined to be as successful as his grandfather.
作为一个年轻人，我的父亲决心要像他的祖父一样成功。
Narrator: : After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania medical school in 1920, Freeman married Marjorie Franklin, an economist.
旁白： 1920年从宾夕法尼亚大学医学院毕业后，弗里曼与经济学家玛乔丽·富兰克林结婚。
The couple moved to Washington, DC, where they had four children in as many years.
这对夫妇搬到了华盛顿特区，多年来他们在那里生了四个孩子。
But Freeman was increasingly obsessed with a search for an effective treatment for mental illness.
但弗里曼越来越痴迷于寻找治疗精神疾病的有效方法。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : He wanted to be a great figure in American medicine.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔：：他想成为美国医学界的一位伟大人物。
So this is a man who is convinced that he's born to medical greatness, desperate to achieve it, looking for a route forward.
所以，这个人坚信自己生来就拥有伟大的医学成就，渴望实现这一目标，并寻找前进的道路。
Narrator: : Leaving his growing family behind, Freeman spent long days and nights in St. Elizabeths' basement morgue measuring and photographing the brains of mental patients.
旁白：弗里曼离开了日益壮大的家庭，在圣伊丽莎白医院的地下室太平间里度过了漫长的日日夜夜，测量和拍摄精神病人的大脑。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : If you take your deceased patients and do an autopsy on their brains, the hope was that you'd be able to see the physical lesion that is causing that illness and that that then would guide you to an effective intervention.
医学史学家爱德华·肖特（Edward Shorter）：如果你对已故的病人进行脑部尸检，希望你能够看到导致这种疾病的身体损伤，然后指导你采取有效的干预措施。
Narrator: : But, for all his efforts, Freeman came up empty.
旁白：：但是，尽管弗里曼付出了一切努力，但还是一无所获。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : Throughout all these studies of brains and bodies and nerves and blood, he never found anything that differentiated seriously mentally ill patients from other people.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），作家：在所有这些对大脑、身体、神经和血液的研究中，他从未发现任何可以将严重精神病患者与其他人区分开来的东西。
Narrator: : "I recognized that I'd done nothing important," Freeman recalled, "in either explaining mental disorder or treating it."
旁白：“我认识到我没有做任何重要的事情，”弗里曼回忆道，“无论是解释精神障碍还是治疗它。”
Robert Whitaker, Writer: : He's a man who wants to make his mark, clearly driven with ambition, but he's reached a point where, in essence, he's disappointed.
罗伯特·惠特克，作家：他是一个想要留下自己的印记的人，显然是被野心所驱动，但他已经到了本质上感到失望的地步。
His research hasn't panned out.
他的研究尚未取得成果。
Narrator: : Then, in the spring of 1936, Freeman made a discovery that would change everything.
旁白：：然后，1936 年春天，弗里曼有了一个改变一切的发现。
Just as his own work seemed to reach a dead-end, he picked up an obscure monograph written by a Portuguese neurologist named Egas Moniz.
正当他自己的工作似乎走进了死胡同时，他拿起一本由葡萄牙神经学家埃加斯·莫尼兹（Egas Moniz）撰写的晦涩专着。
Moniz detailed the results of a radical new operation he had performed on a group of 20 mental patients.
莫尼兹详细介绍了他对 20 名精神病患者进行的一项全新手术的结果。
By taking small corings of their brains, Moniz asserted, it had been possible to rid a third of these patients of their symptoms.
莫尼兹断言，通过取出他们的大脑小核，有可能消除这些患者中三分之一的症状。
Elliot S.
艾略特·S。
Valenstein, Professor of Neuroscience: : Moniz never really had a good theory of why this operation should work.
瓦伦斯坦（Valenstein），神经科学教授：：莫尼兹从来没有真正有一个很好的理论来解释为什么这种手术应该有效。
He simply had a crude notion that people who are mentally ill are sort of obsessed, he called them fixed ideas.
他只是有一个粗略的想法，认为患有精神疾病的人有点痴迷，他称之为固定观念。
And that these fixed ideas probably resided in some way in the frontal lobes.
这些固定的想法可能以某种方式存在于额叶中。
Narrator: : For years, researchers looking for the origins of mental illnesses had suspected the frontal lobes, which, when injured by accident or in battle, had made men calmer, less prone to anxiety or depression.
旁白：多年来，寻找精神疾病根源的研究人员一直怀疑额叶，当意外或战斗中受伤时，额叶会让男人更加平静，不易焦虑或抑郁。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : It was apparent that one could damage the frontal lobes and the patients didn't die, but they changed.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔（Andrew Scull）：很明显，如果损伤额叶，患者并没有死亡，但他们发生了变化。
And the question was what to make of these changes.
问题是如何利用这些变化。
Narrator: : Until Moniz, few had thought to surgically alter the frontal lobes.
旁白：：在莫尼兹之前，很少有人想到通过手术改变额叶。
For most of mainstream medicine the idea was abhorrent.
对于大多数主流医学界来说，这个想法是令人厌恶的。
But not for Walter Freeman.
但沃尔特·弗里曼则不然。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : Freeman almost went wild with excitement.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），编剧：弗里曼兴奋得几乎发狂。
He thought, 'This may be it.' He saw a vision of the future unfold, not only a future in the treatment of the mentally ill, but his own personal future.
他想：“也许就是这样了。”他看到了未来的愿景，不仅是治疗精神病患者的未来，也是他个人的未来。
Narrator: : As Freeman set about to be the first neurologist in the United States to attempt Moniz' procedure, he faced few obstacles.
旁白：：当弗里曼准备成为美国第一位尝试莫尼兹手术的神经科医生时，他几乎没有遇到任何障碍。
Neither the government, nor the medical profession, nor patients themselves were likely to stand in his way.
无论是政府、医学界还是患者本身都不太可能阻止他。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : Patients accepted treatments completely uncritically.
医学历史学家爱德华·肖特 (Edward Shorter)：：患者完全不加批判地接受治疗。
There was no question of signing permission forms, for example, in those days.
例如，当时不存在签署许可表格的问题。
The whole concept of informed consent didn't exist.
知情同意的整个概念并不存在。
Physicians were kings of their wards, able to do anything they wanted.
医生是病房的国王，可以做任何他们想做的事情。
Narrator: : Lacking a license to perform surgery himself, Freeman hired a willing young neurosurgeon named James Watts.
旁白：：由于没有自己进行手术的执照，弗里曼聘请了一位自愿的年轻神经外科医生，名叫詹姆斯·瓦茨。
Within months, the pair were ready to attempt their first procedure on a living patient.
几个月之内，两人就准备好对一名活着的病人进行第一次手术。
They chose 63-year old Alice Hammatt who had wrestled for years with insomnia, anxiety and depression.
他们选择了 63 岁的艾丽丝·哈马特 (Alice Hammatt)，她多年来一直与失眠、焦虑和抑郁作斗争。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : Her husband had grown very concerned about her so he brought her in to see Freeman.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），作家：：她的丈夫非常关心她，所以带她去看弗里曼。
She was really facing institutionalization.
她确实面临着收容所。
But Freeman had been looking for a patient who had symptoms similar to the most successful of Moniz' outcomes.
但弗里曼一直在寻找一位患者，其症状与莫尼兹最成功的结果相似。
And so he saw Mrs. Hammatt as that possibility.
所以他认为哈马特夫人就是那个可能性。
Narrator: : On a September day in 1936, Freeman and Watts prepared Hammatt for surgery.
旁白：1936 年 9 月的一天，弗里曼和瓦茨为哈马特做手术准备。
Harry Merliss, MD, former student: : I remember the patient was on the operating table, everything was aseptic, and Dr. Watts made an incision along the side of the head, and drilled some holes, and put in an instrument like a spatula, approximately a quarter of an inch wide.
Harry Merliss，医学博士，前学生：：我记得病人在手术台上，一切都是无菌的，Watts 医生沿着头部侧面做了一个切口，钻了一些孔，然后放入了一个类似抹刀的器械，大约四分之一英寸宽。
And Dr. Freeman was sitting on a stool about six feet back and going this way or that way.
弗里曼博士坐在向后约六英尺的凳子上，向这边或那边走去。
Narrator: : While conducting Watts' every action, Freeman pushed beyond Moniz' operation.
旁白：：在指挥瓦茨的每一个动作时，弗里曼超越了莫尼兹的操作。
Rather than take corings from the brain, as Moniz had, Freeman ordered Watts to cut the strands of nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the thalamus, a small structure deep inside the brain.
弗里曼没有像莫尼兹那样从大脑中取出核心，而是命令瓦茨切断连接额叶和丘脑（大脑深处的一个小结构）的神经束。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : He believed that the thalamus was the seat of human emotion and that the symptoms we see as signs of mental illness, the hallucinations, the feelings of depression, the suicidal feelings, anxiety, all of those were the result of overly strong emotional impulses reaching the frontal lobes from the thalamus.
杰克·艾尔海，作家：他相信丘脑是人类情感的所在地，我们所看到的精神疾病的症状、幻觉、抑郁情绪、自杀情绪、焦虑，所有这些都是从丘脑到达额叶的过于强烈的情绪冲动的结果。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : If they could break those chains of connection those pathological thought patterns maybe these patients could reestablish a more sane reaction to their environment.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔：：如果他们能够打破那些病态思维模式的联系链，也许这些患者可以重新建立对环境的更理智的反应。
Narrator: : Four hours later, Alice Hammatt, the first patient to receive a lobotomy in the United States, opened her eyes.
旁白：：四个小时后，美国第一位接受脑叶白质切除术的患者爱丽丝·哈马特睁开了眼睛。
"Her face presented a placid expression," Freeman noted, "By evening she was quite alert, manifested no anxiety or apprehension." Excited by their results, Freeman and Watts began to do more lobotomies, acquiring patients from Freeman's private practice.
“她的脸上呈现出平静的表情，”弗里曼指出，“到了晚上，她变得非常警觉，没有表现出焦虑或忧虑。”弗里曼和瓦茨对他们的结果感到兴奋，开始进行更多的脑白质切除术，从弗里曼的私人诊所招募患者。
Elliot S.
艾略特·S。
Valenstein, Professor of Neuroscience: : Freeman and Watts did six or seven other operations and reported good results.
瓦伦斯坦，神经科学教授：：弗里曼和瓦茨做了六到七次其他手术，并报告了良好的结果。
But it wasn't too much long after that, maybe only three or four months that these patients began to relapse.
但没过多久，可能只有三四个月，这些患者就开始复发。
What looked like a cure, or a significant alleviation of their symptoms, seemed to disappear.
看似治愈或症状显着缓解的东西似乎消失了。
So they did a second operation, sometimes even a third.
所以他们做了第二次手术，有时甚至是第三次。
Narrator: : Realizing that they had to refine their procedure, Freeman and Watts began operating on conscious patients, taking cues from their reactions.
旁白：：弗里曼和瓦茨意识到他们必须改进手术程序，开始对意识清醒的患者进行手术，从他们的反应中获取线索。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : Freeman sometimes ask them to do mental tasks as they were being lobotomized, like count backwards from a hundred by sevens, or recite the names of the presidents, or sing a song, or sometimes he would even ask them, I think very unwisely, to recite The Lord's Prayer .
Jack El-Hai，作家：：弗里曼有时会要求他们在接受脑叶白质切除术时做一些心理任务，比如从一百乘七倒数，或者背诵总统的名字，或者唱一首歌，有时他甚至会要求他们背诵主祷文，我认为这是非常不明智的。
Narrator: : By the time he'd operated on a dozen patients, Freeman was ready to pronounce lobotomy a success.
旁白：：当弗里曼为十几名患者进行手术时，他已经准备好宣布脑白质切除术取得了成功。
But he had to admit that even those with the most favorable outcomes had troubling side effects.
但他不得不承认，即使是那些最有利的结果也有令人不安的副作用。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : Freeman's definition of success is that the patients are no longer agitated.
医学历史学家爱德华·肖特 (Edward Shorter)：弗里曼对成功的定义是患者不再焦躁不安。
That doesn't mean that you're cured, that means they could be discharged from the asylum, but they were incapable of carrying on normal social life.
这并不意味着你已经痊愈，这意味着他们可以出院，但他们无法进行正常的社交生活。
They were usually demobilized and lacking in energy.
他们通常已经复员并且缺乏精力。
And they were that on a permanent basis.
他们是永久的。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : After lobotomy they would behave in a very child-like manner.
Jack El-Hai，作家：：脑白质切除术后，他们的行为举止非常像孩子。
They had to be re-taught how to use the toilet, how to walk.
他们必须重新学习如何使用厕所、如何走路。
Many lobotomy patients were very uninhibited.
许多脑叶白质切除术患者非常不拘束。
Many had problems with over-eating.
许多人都有暴饮暴食的问题。
And so they were definitely not the same person who had received the operation.
所以他们绝对不是同一个人接受手术的。
Walter Freeman: : This is a boy of nineteen.
沃尔特·弗里曼：：这是一个十九岁的男孩。
Here he is shown days before lobotomy.
这是他在脑叶白质切除术前几天的照片。
Walter Freeman III, son: : My father was very keenly aware not just of these side effects but of the path ahead that would be faced by these individuals and the descent into madness and he was helping them.
沃尔特·弗里曼三世，儿子：：我的父亲不仅非常敏锐地意识到这些副作用，而且还清楚地意识到这些人将面临的未来道路以及陷入疯狂的境地，他正在帮助他们。
He wanted to prevent this march of disintegration.
他想阻止这种瓦解的进程。
Narrator: : As their patient load climbed, Freeman and Watts appeared before a medical conference in Baltimore to report the results of their new operation.
旁白：随着病人数量的增加，弗里曼和瓦茨出现在巴尔的摩的一次医学会议上，报告他们新手术的结果。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : Freeman got up to announce that they had a new cure for mental illness.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔：：弗里曼起身宣布他们有了治疗精神疾病的新方法。
This was a very dramatic and highly charged occasion.
这是一个非常戏剧性和高度紧张的时刻。
There were angry interjections from the audience.
观众们发出愤怒的感叹声。
There were questions.
有人提出疑问。
There were attempts to even shout him down.
有人甚至试图喊他下来。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : Some of them were simply astonished that he would even try such a thing, and a few were outraged that he would try an untested procedure like this.
Jack El-Hai，作家：：他们中的一些人对他竟然会尝试这样的事情感到惊讶，还有一些人对他会尝试这样未经测试的程序感到愤怒。
Narrator: : Freeman begged his audience for time.
旁白：：弗里曼请求观众给予时间。
It would take months, even years, he argued, to properly evaluate the progress of lobotomy patients.
他认为，正确评估脑白质切除术患者的进展需要数月甚至数年的时间。
Meanwhile, he promised, lobotomy would remain 'an operation of last resort.' But Freeman knew that ultimately it didn't matter how much other doctors might oppose him; their disapproval would never reach the outside world.
与此同时，他承诺，脑白质切除术仍将是“最后手段”。但弗里曼知道，最终，其他医生有多少反对他并不重要；重要的是，他必须这样做。他们的反对意见永远不会传到外界。
Elliot S.
艾略特·S。
Valenstein, Professor of Neuroscience: : At that time, it was considered unethical to publicly criticize another physician.
Valenstein，神经科学教授：：当时，公开批评另一位医生被认为是不道德的。
So people didn't write critical articles, they may have talked among themselves, they may even have raised critical questions at a meeting.
所以人们并没有写批评性的文章，他们可能会互相交谈，甚至可能在会议上提出批评性的问题。
But they did not write anything that would stop him from continuing his work.
但他们没有写任何会阻止他继续工作的东西。
Narrator: : Aware of the power of public relations, Freeman aggressively courted the press.
旁白：弗里曼意识到公共关系的力量，积极向媒体示好。
Soon he was receiving glowing reviews in major publications.
很快，他就在主要出版物上收到了热烈的评论。
The Washington Star called lobotomy "One of the greatest surgical innovations of this generation." The New York Times called it "surgery of the soul," and declared it "history making."
《华盛顿星报》称脑白质切除术是“这一代最伟大的外科创新之一”。 《纽约时报》称其为“灵魂手术”，并宣称这是“创造历史”。
Robert Whitaker, Writer: : We think of science as having this sober sort of process, something is introduced, it goes to a medical journal, it's peer-reviewed there.
罗伯特·惠特克（Robert Whitaker），作家：我们认为科学有这样一个清醒的过程，一些东西被引入，它进入医学期刊，在那里接受同行评审。
Freeman sort of bypassed that process because he in fact knew he was going to get a lot of resistance and he brings the press into it right from the beginning.
弗里曼有点绕过了这个过程，因为他实际上知道自己会遇到很多阻力，而且他从一开始就让媒体介入。
And the press -- they're always eager for miracle surgery, it sells papers and so, next thing you know, you start having this story out there, not of damaging the brain, but of plucking madness from the brain, and it's such a story of progress.
还有媒体——他们总是渴望奇迹般的手术，它能卖论文，所以，接下来你知道的，你开始发表这个故事，不是损害大脑，而是从大脑中剔除疯狂，这是一个进步的故事。
Narrator: : In 1941, Freeman received an unexpected call.
旁白： 1941 年，弗里曼接到一个意外的电话。
Joseph P.
约瑟夫·P。
Kennedy, the wealthy ambassador to England, had become concerned about his eldest daughter Rosemary.
富有的驻英国大使肯尼迪开始担心他的大女儿罗斯玛丽。
Slow from birth, she had begun acting erratically, throwing fits and running away from the convent where she lived.
她从出生起就开始表现得很不稳定，经常发脾气并逃离她居住的修道院。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : He was getting worried about Rosemary's behavior, worried that she would become pregnant or contract a venereal disease of some kind that would discredit the family and her brothers' political careers.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），作家：：他开始担心罗斯玛丽的行为，担心她会怀孕或感染某种性病，这会损害家庭和她兄弟的政治生涯。
Elliot S.
艾略特·S。
Valenstein, Professor of Neuroscience: : Joseph Kennedy sought the best medical advice in the New England area.
瓦伦斯坦，神经科学教授：约瑟夫·肯尼迪寻求新英格兰地区最好的医疗建议。
And the advice they gave was that she ought to have a lobotomy.
他们给出的建议是她应该接受脑白质切除术。
Narrator: : That September, at the age of 23, Rosemary Kennedy became Freeman's 66th lobotomy patient.
旁白： ：那年 9 月，23 岁的罗斯玛丽·肯尼迪成为弗里曼的第 66 位脑叶白质切除术患者。
The results were disastrous.
结果是灾难性的。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : Before her operation, Miss Kennedy was able to live somewhat independently.
杰克·艾尔-海（Jack El-Hai），作家：：在手术之前，肯尼迪小姐能够在一定程度上独立生活。
But after the operation she was very seriously disabled.
但手术后她的残疾非常严重。
And she had to live under almost full-time care for all of her remaining days
在她余下的日子里，她必须几乎全天照顾
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : One of the characteristics of an enthusiast, and Walter Freeman was certainly that, is that they are able to overlook everything that contradicts their enthusiasm.
安德鲁·斯卡尔（Andrew Scull），社会学教授：：狂热者的特征之一，沃尔特·弗里曼当然就是这样，就是他们能够忽略一切与他们的热情相矛盾的事情。
And they concentrate on all the things they see that show they're on the right path.
他们专注于他们所看到的一切表明他们走在正确道路上的事情。
So over and over again, we can see Freeman managing to dismiss the casualties of his surgical interventions.
因此，我们一次又一次地看到弗里曼设法忽视他的外科手术造成的伤亡。
Film footage from "Let There Be Light": : The guns are quiet now and the oceans of the earth are filled with ships coming home.
《要有光》的电影片段：：枪声现在安静了，地球的海洋里充满了回家的船只。
In far away places men dreamed of this moment, but for some men, the moment is very different from the dream.
在遥远的地方，人们都梦想着这一刻，但对于一些人来说，这一刻与梦想有很大不同。
Narrator: : With the end of World War II, traumatized veterans returned home and soon overwhelmed already crowded state hospitals.
旁白：随着第二次世界大战的结束，饱受创伤的退伍军人返回家园，很快就挤满了已经拥挤不堪的公立医院。
Film footage from "Let There Be Light": : Every man has his breaking point, and these were forced beyond the limit of human endurance.
《要有光》影片片段：：每个人都有他的极限，而这些都被逼到了人类忍耐的极限之外。
Narrator: : In 1946, Life magazine published "Bedlam," an expose of two state hospitals: Pennsylvania's Byberry and Ohio's Cleveland State.
旁白： 1946 年，《生活》杂志发表了《疯人院》，揭露了两家州立医院：宾夕法尼亚州的拜伯里医院和俄亥俄州的克利夫兰州立医院。
To a country shaken by recent revelations of Nazi atrocities, the pictures were deeply affecting.
对于最近被纳粹暴行曝光而震惊的国家来说，这些照片产生了深远的影响。
Robert Whitaker, Writer: : All of a sudden America sees these photos that look like concentration camp photos.
作家罗伯特·惠特克：突然之间，美国人看到了这些看起来像集中营照片的照片。
You see people huddled naked along walls, strapped to benches, and it really is this descent into this shameful moment and the country did say we have to do something about this.
你看到人们赤身裸体地挤在墙上，绑在长凳上，这确实是陷入了这个可耻的时刻，国家确实说我们必须对此采取行动。
Narrator: : To Freeman, the crisis in state mental hospitals evoked the scenes of misery he had encountered years earlier at St. Elizabeth's.
旁白：对弗里曼来说，州立精神病院的危机让他想起了多年前他在圣伊丽莎白医院遭遇的痛苦场景。
But now, Freeman felt he had a treatment with which to end the suffering and cement his reputation.
但现在，弗里曼觉得他有一种治疗方法可以结束痛苦并巩固他的声誉。
Before lobotomy could be used on a mass scale, however, it had to be radically simplified.
然而，在大规模使用脑白质切除术之前，必须对其进行彻底简化。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : It was expensive, it required the services of a neurosurgeon, of an anesthesiologist, an operating room.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），作家：：这很昂贵，需要神经外科医生、麻醉师和手术室的服务。
And these state institutions, even though they were hospitals in name, they didn't have any of those things available.
而这些国家机构，虽然名义上是医院，但这些东西他们都没有。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : He needs a version of the operation which can become a kind of production line lobotomy.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔：：他需要一种可以成为生产线脑白质切除术的手术版本。
Narrator: : After months of trial and error, Freeman believed he had found a simpler route to the brain.
旁白：经过几个月的反复试验，弗里曼相信他找到了一条更简单的通往大脑的途径。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : The eyes are in the orbital cavity okay.
医学历史学家爱德华·肖特 (Edward Shorter)：：眼睛在眼眶内，没问题。
I'm putting my fingers now on the, on the bony roof of the orbital cavity.
我现在把手指放在眼眶的骨顶上。
And if you punch up through the roof of the orbital cavity you'll punch up into the pre-frontal lobe.
如果你击穿眼眶顶部，你就会击中前额叶。
Walter Freeman (archival): : Here the skull is thin enough to transmit light, and it can usually be perforated easily with a sharp instrument.
沃尔特·弗里曼（档案）：：这里的头骨足够薄，可以传输光线，通常可以用锋利的仪器轻松穿孔。
Franklin Freeman: : In our home on Connecticut Avenue, we didn't have a refrigerator, we had an icebox.
富兰克林·弗里曼：：在我们位于康涅狄格大道的家中，我们没有冰箱，只有一个冰箱。
The first ice pick came right out of our kitchen drawer and it worked like a charm.
第一个冰镐就从我们厨房的抽屉里拿出来，它的作用就像一个魅力。
Walter Freeman: : Turning now to the operation itself, very little preparation is necessary for transorbital lobotomy.
沃尔特·弗里曼（Walter Freeman）：现在谈谈手术本身，经眼眶脑白质切除术几乎不需要做任何准备。
Garrett Swain, MD: : The instrument was put in above the eyeball and in the plain of the nose.
Garrett Swain，医学博士：：该仪器被放置在眼球上方和鼻子的平坦处。
You could feel it hit the roof of the orbit and then with a tap of a hammer you could knock it through.
你可以感觉到它撞到了轨道的顶部，然后用锤子敲一下你就可以把它敲碎。
Harry Merliss, MD, former student: : In that way it was located in the prefrontal area, and he went back and forth like a windshield wiper.
Harry Merliss，医学博士，前学生：：通过这种方式，它位于前额叶区域，他像挡风玻璃雨刷器一样来回移动。
Julius McLeod, Former Hospital Aide: : I don't remember exactly you'd cross it then you'd pull it back like a champagne, and it popped.
朱利叶斯·麦克劳德（Julius McLeod），前医院助手：：我不记得你到底是怎么穿过它的，然后你像倒香槟一样把它拉回来，然后它就爆了。
Garrett Swain, MD: : And then it would be returned to where it was.
Garrett Swain，医学博士：：然后它就会回到原来的位置。
You would hold gauze over the eyeball and withdraw the instrument.
您将纱布放在眼球上并取出仪器。
The whole thing would take three or four minutes.
整个过程需要三四分钟。
Walter Freeman: : This patient came to the hospital this morning after breakfast and she will leave tomorrow afternoon.
Walter Freeman：：这位患者今天早上早餐后来到医院，明天下午就会离开。
Narrator: : One day, in March of 1946, surgeon James Watts stumbled upon Freeman performing his new procedure in their shared office.
旁白：1946 年 3 月的一天，外科医生詹姆斯·沃茨 (James Watts) 偶然发现弗里曼在他们共用的办公室里进行新手术。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : What he saw was his partner Freeman standing there with ice picks sticking out of both eyes of a patient.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），作家：：他看到的是他的搭档弗里曼站在那里，冰镐从病人的双眼中伸出。
And Freeman saw Watts enter and said, quite casually, Jim can you come here and hold the picks while I take a photo?
弗里曼看到瓦茨进来，很随意地说，吉姆，你能到这里来，在我拍照时拿着镐吗？
Garrett Swain, MD: : Dr. Watts didn't say anything, he simply turned around and walked out.
Garrett Swain，医学博士：：Watts 医生没有说什么，他只是转身走了出去。
He felt that it was a major surgical procedure to enter the brain.
他觉得这是一次进入大脑的大手术。
He felt it should be done in an operating room by a surgeon.
他认为这应该由外科医生在手术室完成。
And he felt that it should not be done lightly.
而且他觉得这件事不应该轻易做。
The next day Dr. Watts and Dr. Freeman didn't share an office any longer.
第二天，瓦茨博士和弗里曼博士不再共用一间办公室。
Walter Freeman (archival): : This photograph shows the leucotomy at a depth of seven centimeters from the upper eyelid.
沃尔特·弗里曼（档案）：：这张照片显示了距离上眼睑七厘米深处的白细胞切除术。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : Freeman forged ahead.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔：：弗里曼不断前进。
He was convinced this was an operation which could be replicated very easily.
他确信这是一项可以很容易复制的操作。
As he put it, "Any damned fool, even a hospital psychiatrist could learn it within an afternoon."
正如他所说，“任何该死的傻瓜，即使是医院的精神科医生也可以在一个下午之内学会它。”
Narrator: : Eager to train others in his new technique, Freeman barnstormed the nation's state hospitals in the mid-1940's.
旁白：：弗里曼渴望培训他人掌握他的新技术，他在 1940 年代中期走访了全国的州立医院。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : Typically, Freeman would arrive to great fanfare.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），编剧：通常，弗里曼会大张旗鼓地到来。
And then, often with the press and photographers around, he would perform his operations, sometimes one right after the other.
然后，经常有媒体和摄影师在场，他就会执行他的操作，有时是一个接着一个。
Elliot S.
艾略特·S。
Valenstein, Professor of Neuroscience: : He had a kind of a perverse need to shock people.
瓦伦斯坦，神经科学教授：：他有一种反常的需要去震惊人们。
Sometimes he'd use a carpenter's hammer rather than something that looked like a surgical device.
有时他会使用木匠的锤子，而不是看起来像手术器械的东西。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : He would get bored doing things right-handed so he would switch off in mid-operation and start doing things left-handed.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔（Andrew Scull）：：他会对用右手做事感到无聊，因此他会在操作中途关闭并开始用左手做事。
There are reports which he proudly writes down in his diary about fellow professionals fainting as he proceeds in this or vomiting.
他自豪地在日记中写下一些报告，称其他专业人士在他进行这项工作时晕倒或呕吐。
Julius McLeod, Former Hospital Aide: : When I walked in that room the first time, and to see this thing, I really wanted to run.
朱利叶斯·麦克劳德（Julius McLeod），前医院助手：：当我第一次走进那个房间并看到这个东西时，我真的很想跑。
I did not want to be there.
我不想去那里。
To see somebody nailing, what I call a nail, through somebody's skull.
看到有人用钉子，我称之为钉子，穿过某人的头骨。
I just could not see at eighteen years old how that made any sense.
十八岁的我就是不明白这有什么意义。
Narrator: : To hundreds of beleaguered asylum doctors and administrators, though, Freeman's new procedure seemed a godsend.
旁白：不过，对于数百名陷入困境的庇护所医生和管理人员来说，弗里曼的新手术似乎是天赐之物。
"I felt somehow that we were in the presence of one of the milestones of modern medicine," gushed one physician.
一位医生滔滔不绝地说：“不知怎么的，我感觉我们正面临着现代医学的里程碑之一。”
"I've seldom been more stirred."
“我很少如此激动。”
Jack El-Hai, Writer: :Freeman had succeeded in coming up with a new kind of lobotomy that was portable, quick, cheap, easy and could be used on an outpatient basis.
Jack El-Hai，作家：弗里曼成功地提出了一种新型脑叶白质切除术，它便携、快速、便宜、简单，并且可以在门诊使用。
Franklin Freeman, son: : He did twenty-five transorbitals in one day.
富兰克林·弗里曼，儿子：：他一天内进行了二十五次跨轨道飞行。
He also trained a psychiatrist in Rusk, Texas; that man did seventy-five lobotomies in one day.
他还在德克萨斯州腊斯克培训了一名精神科医生。那个人一天内做了七十五次脑白质切除术。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : His daughter Lorne once teasingly called him the Henry Ford of lobotomy and he loved it.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），编剧：他的女儿洛恩（Lorne）曾经戏谑地称他为脑白质切除术界的亨利·福特（Henry Ford），他很喜欢这个称呼。
Narrator: : Spurred on by Freeman, the number of lobotomies performed annually soared from 150 in 1945 to over 5,000 in 1949.
旁白：在弗里曼的推动下，每年进行的脑白质切除术数量从 1945 年的 150 例猛增到 1949 年的 5,000 例。
Despite the known side effects, there seemed to be an endless supply of willing patients.
尽管存在已知的副作用，但愿意接受治疗的患者似乎源源不断。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : This was an era in which the doctors and patients and their families were interested in making tradeoffs.
杰克·艾尔海（Jack El-Hai），作家：这是一个医生、患者及其家人热衷于做出权衡的时代。
They had to because the option of staying in a hospital for twenty, thirty, forty years wasn't an acceptable option.
他们不得不这样做，因为在医院呆二十年、三十年、四十年的选择不是一个可接受的选择。
Elliot S.
艾略特·S。
Valenstein, Professor of Neuroscience: : If this was your mother and you had to choose between someone who was in a state of terror, and that's the way they were all the time, and the alternative was that they would be calm and look calmer, even if they were not maybe as they once were, you might choose that.
瓦伦斯坦，神经科学教授：如果这是你的母亲，你必须在一个处于恐惧状态的人之间做出选择，而他们一直都是这样，另一种选择是他们会很平静，看起来更平静，即使他们可能不像以前那样，你可能会选择那样。
Leslie Jones McPartland, daughter: : My first memory is going out to Pilgrim State and standing outside on the lawn and looking up to the top floor, it was two floors, and there were bars on the windows, and I asked my father why Mommy was in jail.
莱斯利·琼斯·麦克帕特兰，女儿：：我的第一个记忆是去朝圣州，站在外面的草坪上，抬头看顶楼，有两层楼，窗户上有铁栏，我问父亲为什么妈妈在监狱里。
And he said 'she's not in jail, she's in the hospital and the doctors are going to make her better.'
他说，“她没有在监狱里，她在医院里，医生会让她好起来。”
Narrator: : Some time in the late 1940s, Beulah Jones, a young mother from Long Island, began to hear voices and to claim that she was the lost queen of Scotland.
旁白： 20 世纪 40 年代末的某个时候，来自长岛的年轻母亲比尤拉·琼斯 (Beulah Jones) 开始听到声音，并声称自己是失踪的苏格兰女王。
Her husband Herbert committed Beulah to Pilgrim State Hospital where her behavior became unruly.
她的丈夫赫伯特将比尤拉送往朝圣州立医院，在那里她的行为变得不守规矩。
Doctors advised that she undergo a lobotomy.
医生建议她接受脑叶白质切除术。
Herbert went along.
赫伯特也跟着去了。
Janice Jones-Thomson, daughter: : He sat us down one day and said that she was going to have a lobotomy, that he had sat down before this board of doctors, and they had told him that this was the best thing to do, and he was desperate, he didn't know what else to do so he agreed to it.
珍妮丝·琼斯·汤姆森（Janice Jones-Thomson），女儿：：有一天，他让我们坐下来，说她要进行脑叶白质切除术，他在这个医生委员会面前坐下来，他们告诉他这是最好的办法，他很绝望，他不知道还能做什么，所以他同意了。
Narrator: : Beulah's operation was one of 12 lobotomies performed at Pilgrim State that day.
旁白：：Beulah 的手术是当天在朝圣州进行的 12 例脑白质切除术之一。
Janice Jones-Thomson, daughter: : My father said that doctors would operate on her brain and this would take the violence out of her, that she would be docile after that.
珍妮丝·琼斯·汤姆森（Janice Jones-Thomson），女儿：：我父亲说医生会对她的大脑进行手术，这样可以消除她的暴力，之后她就会变得温顺。
Well, my recollection was there was no change in her behavior other than she lost her higher intellect.
嗯，我的记忆是，除了失去了更高的智力之外，她的行为没有任何变化。
She could not sit down and read anymore.
她无法再坐下来读书了。
She could barely write.
她几乎无法写作。
She had no long-term memory.
她没有长期记忆。
It was like everything was right here in this minute.
就好像这一刻一切都在这儿。
Christine Johnson, granddaughter: : They observed my grandmother for about six months and she was as delusional afterwards as she had been before hand.
孙女克里斯汀·约翰逊：他们观察了我的祖母大约六个月，之后她就和之前一样产生了妄想。
Once they determined the lobotomy didn't work, they sent her to a ward which was known for the untreatable cases and no one ever bothered with her again.
一旦他们确定脑白质切除术不起作用，他们就把她送到一个以无法治愈的病例而闻名的病房，再也没有人来打扰她。
Narrator: : Such failures were barely noticed.
旁白： ：这样的失败几乎没有被注意到。
By decade's end lobotomy had won the acceptance of mainstream medicine.
到了十年末，脑白质切除术已经赢得了主流医学的认可。
Lobotomies were being performed at Johns Hopkins, Mass General Hospital, the Mayo Clinic, and other elite medical institutions.
约翰·霍普金斯大学、麻省总医院、梅奥诊所和其他精英医疗机构都在进行脑叶白质切除术。
And in 1949 lobotomy received its highest endorsement when Egas Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize.
1949 年，埃加斯·莫尼兹 (Egas Moniz) 荣获诺贝尔奖，脑白质切除术得到了最高的认可。
Robert Whitaker, Writer: : That's mainstream medicine saying 'this is a great thing.
罗伯特·惠特克（Robert Whitaker），作家：主流医学说“这是一件伟大的事情”。
This is an incredible advance.' I think it's Mental Hygiene News adopts as its logo, a light shining into darkness and the light is lobotomy and the past is the darkness.
这是一个令人难以置信的进步。我认为《精神卫生新闻》采用了它的标志，一盏灯照进黑暗，光是脑白质切除术，过去是黑暗。
So when you look back and you say, 'How is this monster going around you know introducing this to asylum medicine?
所以当你回首往事时，你会说，‘你知道这个怪物是如何将其引入庇护医学的？
He's not that.
他不是那样的人。
He's going to places that have been exposed as sort of snake pits and he's bringing this light.
他要去那些像蛇坑一样暴露的地方，他会带来这种光。
Garrett Swain, MD: : I remember one Saturday afternoon, there was a man who had barricaded himself in the bedroom with a hatchet and was going to kill his wife.
加勒特·斯温（Garrett Swain）医学博士：我记得一个星期六下午，有一个男人拿着斧头把自己关在卧室里，准备杀死他的妻子。
And someone remembered that Dr. Freeman was this man's psychiatrist.
有人记得弗里曼医生是这个人的精神科医生。
So they called him up at home.
于是他们打电话给他家里。
He dressed and came out, pounded on the bedroom door and said 'this is Dr. Freeman, John, come out'.
他穿好衣服出来，敲着卧室的门说：“我是弗里曼医生，约翰，出来吧”。
And he said to the policemen that were there, 'Hold him down.' And he proceeded to do a bilateral transorbital lobotomy on him.
他对那里的警察说：“按住他。”然后他开始对他进行双侧经眼眶脑白质切除术。
Narrator: : In his early days, Freeman had called lobotomy 'an operation of last resort.' By the early 1950s, it was an operation he would perform anytime, anywhere.
旁白：：弗里曼早年曾将脑白质切除术称为“最后手段的手术”。到了 20 世纪 50 年代初，这已成为他随时随地进行的手术。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : Freeman could go into a mental hospital and say, line up your chronic psychosis patients and they'd be lined up there on a series of beds.
爱德华·肖特（Edward Shorter），医学史学家：弗里曼可以走进一家精神病院并说，将慢性精神病患者排成一排，他们就会排在一系列病床上。
And he would intervene in them one after another.
而他也会一一的介入其中。
There was no question of asking the patients or their families for permission, no question of consulting the nursing staff.
没有征求患者或其家属许可的问题，也没有咨询护理人员的问题。
He was literally a little god.
他简直就是一个小神。
Narrator: : At Cherokee state hospital in Iowa, three of freeman's patients died on the operating table, one after freeman's ice pick slipped while he was taking a photograph.
旁白：在爱荷华州的切罗基州立医院，弗里曼的三名患者死在手术台上，其中一名是在弗里曼拍照时冰镐滑落后死亡的。
Without pausing, he packed up and left for his next demonstration.
他没有停下来，收拾好行李，准备进行下一次演示。
Edward Shorter, Medical Historian: : It wasn't that he pulled the wool over anybody's eyes.
医学史学家爱德华·肖特 (Edward Shorter)：：这并不是说他蒙蔽了任何人。
He was an apostle; he was a crusader.
他是一位使徒；他是一名十字军战士。
What he believed was genuinely effective.
他所相信的确实有效。
Increasingly, Freeman's crusade was aimed at lifers, the poorest and most vulnerable mental patients, abandoned by their families and living for years as wards of the state.
弗里曼的十字军东征越来越多地将目标瞄准终身受益者、最贫穷和最脆弱的精神病人，他们被家人抛弃，并在国家的监护下生活多年。
In 1952, Freeman embarked on what he called his "West Virginia Lobotomy Project." Over a 30-day period, in one of the nation's poorest states, he would operate on 238 patients, an average of almost eight per day.
1952 年，弗里曼开始了他所谓的“西弗吉尼亚脑叶切除术项目”。在 30 天的时间里，他在美国最贫穷的州之一为 238 名患者进行了手术，平均每天近 8 名患者。
One of Freeman's favorite stops in West Virginia was the small town of Lakin -- home to the hospital for the colored insane.
弗里曼在西弗吉尼亚州最喜欢的一站是拉金小镇——收治有色人种疯子的医院所在地。
Julius McLeod, Former Hospital Aide: : Budget was a real problem, supplies were a problem -- didn't have towels for patients, didn't have clothing for patients.
朱利叶斯·麦克劳德（Julius McLeod），前医院助手：：预算是一个真正的问题，供应也是一个问题——没有给病人提供毛巾，没有给病人提供衣服。
We did not have sheets to cover, to give every person a sheet.
我们没有床单可以盖，给每个人一张床单。
Poor folks are the ones end up in most of the mental institutions.
大多数精神病院都是穷人。
If you can afford other kinds of treatments, you don't end up there.
如果你能负担得起其他类型的治疗，你就不会到那里。
Narrator: : Unable to pay for its committed patients, West Virginia was threatening to close down Lakin and hospitals like it.
旁白：：西弗吉尼亚州无法支付其忠诚患者的费用，威胁要关闭莱金和类似的医院。
Dr. Freeman offered a cost-effective solution.
弗里曼博士提供了一个具有成本效益的解决方案。
"Lobotomy," he promised, "gets them home."
“脑白质切除术，”他承诺道，“让他们回家。”
Walter Freeman III, son: : Here he moved off the ground, where he was on very solid grounds for relieving the mental distress of the individual to relieving the state of the burden of the financial and medical care.
沃尔特·弗里曼三世（Walter Freeman III），儿子：：在这里，他离开了地面，在那里他有非常坚实的基础来减轻个人的精神痛苦，减轻经济和医疗负担的状态。
That I think for very good reasons was the wrong thing to do.
我认为出于充分的理由，这是错误的做法。
Julius McLeod, Former Hospital Aide: : I think Dr. Freeman believed and I think the public believed that this was going to be a magical cure.
朱利叶斯·麦克劳德（Julius McLeod），前医院助手：：我认为弗里曼博士相信，我认为公众也相信这将是一种神奇的治疗方法。
But when you shoot in the dark, you don't know what you're doing, you just shoot.
但当你在黑暗中拍摄时，你不知道自己在做什么，你只是拍摄。
Hoping it'll come out right some kind of way.
希望它能以某种方式出现。
Narrator: : By the mid-1950s, the first long-term clinical studies of lobotomy had begun to appear in medical journals.
旁白： 到 20 世纪 50 年代中期，第一个脑白质切除术的长期临床研究开始出现在医学期刊上。
Now, the medical community could assess lobotomy's true impact.
现在，医学界可以评估脑白质切除术的真正影响。
Robert Whitaker, Writer: : Some people can't leave the institutions, and they're almost in a vegetative state.
作家罗伯特·惠特克：有些人无法离开机构，他们几乎处于植物人状态。
Some people go home, but they're just sort of like children around the home.
有些人回家了，但他们就像家里的孩子一样。
And at best we could see some people that have jobs, but so often they're not motivated really to go to the jobs.
我们充其量只能看到一些人有工作，但他们往往并没有真正去工作的动力。
So now we have a longer term, we're ten years, twelve years and it's really starting to harder to justify this as a miracle surgery, just 'cause we see these long-term results.
所以现在我们有一个更长的期限，我们有十年，十二年，而且真的开始更难证明这是一次奇迹般的手术，只是因为我们看到了这些长期结果。
Narrator: : Many who had once supported lobotomy began to disavow it.
旁白：：许多曾经支持脑白质切除术的人开始否认它。
"It is inconceivable," reported the American Medical Association, "that any procedure that effectively destroys the brain could possibly restore the patient to a normal state." Lobotomy, one former supporter declared, was really no more subtle than a gunshot to the head.
美国医学会报告说：“令人难以置信的是，任何有效破坏大脑的手术都有可能使患者恢复正常状态。”一位前支持者宣称，脑白质切除术实际上并不比头部中枪更微妙。
Especially vehement were Freudian psychoanalysts, who condemned lobotomy as a brutal assault on the brain.
弗洛伊德精神分析学家尤其激烈，他们谴责脑白质切除术是对大脑的残酷攻击。
But Walter Freeman had little patience for his critics.
但沃尔特·弗里曼对他的批评者缺乏耐心。
Elliot S.
艾略特·S。
Valenstein, Professor of Neuroscience: : Psychoanalysts did not take schizophrenic patients.
瓦伦斯坦，神经科学教授：：精神分析师没有接受精神分裂症患者。
They couldn't have talking sessions with someone who thought voices were coming out of the toilet bowl.
他们无法与那些认为声音是从马桶里出来的人进行交谈。
So that if anyone wanted to criticize Freeman at a meeting, he'd say, 'what can you do for a patient like this?
因此，如果有人想在会议上批评弗里曼，他会说，‘你能为这样的病人做什么？
What can you do for them?' And they could do nothing.
你能为他们做什么？而他们却无能为力。
Walter Freeman III, son: : They have no conception of what it's like to be suffering the demons of mental illness.
沃尔特·弗里曼三世（Walter Freeman III），儿子：：他们根本不知道遭受精神疾病的折磨是什么感觉。
And he was trying to cure them of that, and the fact that they might turn into, let's say, fat slobs afterwards was a small price to pay for the relief from this intense mental anguish.
他正试图治愈他们的这种病，而事实上，他们可能会变成，比方说，胖懒汉，这是为了摆脱这种强烈的精神痛苦而付出的一个小小的代价。
He pointed out repeatedly a very high rate of suicide of these individuals that they can't stand this mental pain and he was helping them.
他一再指出这些人的自杀率非常高，他们无法忍受这种精神上的痛苦，而他正在帮助他们。
Narrator: : Many of Freeman's patients and their families felt that they had been helped.
旁白： ：弗里曼的许多患者及其家人都感到自己得到了帮助。
Once, during a speech in front of an audience of psychiatrists, Freeman was heckled.
有一次，在面对一群精神病学家发表演讲时，弗里曼遭到质问。
Franklin Freeman, son: : He reached under the podium, big box of over 500 Christmas cards that he received that Christmas, dumped them on the table and said how many Christmas cards did you get from your patients.
富兰克林·弗里曼（Franklin Freeman），儿子：：他把手伸到讲台下面，那个大盒子里装着他那年圣诞节收到的 500 多张圣诞贺卡，把它们扔到桌子上，然后说你从病人那里收到了多少张圣诞贺卡。
Reading, relative of former patient: : Of course you know what my wife went through.
阅读，前病人的亲属：：你当然知道我妻子经历了什么。
She never will be herself fully again.
她永远不会再完全成为她自己了。
But if she had not got the operation you gave her she probably would not be in shape to enjoy life as she is today.
但如果她没有接受您给她做的手术，她可能不会像今天这样享受生活。
Reading, relative of former patient two: : I want to tell you Dr. Freeman that my brother Abe is still with me just as happy and carefree as a child.
阅读，前患者二号的亲属：：我想告诉您弗里曼医生，我的兄弟阿贝仍然和我在一起，就像一个孩子一样快乐和无忧无虑。
May God bless you and yours always for your kind interest in me and my brother.
愿上帝永远保佑您和您的家人对我和我兄弟的关心。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : If you've agreed to allow this sort of procedure on somebody near and dear to you, you want to believe that you've made the best possible decision for that person, and what you would have a very hard time living with I suggest is the notion that you've inflicted rather than a cure on somebody you care for, permanent damage.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔（Andrew Scull）：如果你同意允许对你亲近的人进行这种手术，你就会相信你已经为那个人做出了最好的决定，而我建议你很难忍受这样的观念：你对你所关心的人造成了永久性的伤害，而不是治愈它。
Narrator: : The question of whether lobotomy was a valuable therapy or a medical travesty could not be decided by science alone.
旁白：：脑叶白质切除术是一种有价值的疗法还是一种医学嘲讽的问题不能仅由科学来决定。
Robert Whitaker, Writer: : Is the absence of pain what we should look for?
作家罗伯特·惠特克：：我们应该寻求的是没有痛苦吗？
Is the absence of suffering?
没有痛苦吗？
Is the absence of caring?
是缺乏关怀吗？
The absence of anxiety, is that a good thing or is that what makes us human?
没有焦虑，这是一件好事，还是我们之所以为人的原因？
That, that's really what the core of this is, what do we value about the human mind?
这就是核心所在，我们看重人类心灵的什么？
He chose not to value certain things.
他选择不重视某些事情。
But that's what this raises so much: what do we value about being human?
但这正是这引发了如此大的关注：作为人类，我们珍视什么？
Narrator: : Ultimately, the fate of lobotomy would be settled by a pill.
旁白：：最终，脑叶白质切除术的命运将由一颗药丸决定。
In 1954, a new drug called Thorazine began to sweep through state mental hospitals.
1954年，一种名为Thorazine的新药开始风靡州立精神病院。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : Thorazine was initially marketed as a chemical lobotomy.
Jack El-Hai，作家： 氯嗪嗪最初作为化学脑叶白质切除术销售。
This was seen as a selling point, that it produced results similar to lobotomy but without, of course, all the risks of the surgery.
这被视为一个卖点，它产生类似于脑白质切除术的结果，但当然没有手术的所有风险。
Narrator: : With a viable alternative now in hand, the medical community turned decisively against lobotomy.
旁白：：有了可行的替代方案，医学界果断地反对脑白质切除术。
Robert Lichtenstein, MD: : There were people parading at neurosurgical meetings that this was something atrocious.
罗伯特·利希滕斯坦（Robert Lichtenstein）医学博士：：有人在神经外科会议上炫耀这是一件残暴的事情。
And that nobody should have their brain operated on for the ideas or thoughts or behavior that they're demonstrating.
任何人都不应该因为他们所表现出的想法、想法或行为而对他们的大脑进行手术。
Narrator: : Overnight, Freeman's opportunities to perform lobotomy began to disappear.
旁白： ：一夜之间，弗里曼进行脑白质切除术的机会开始消失。
Walter Freeman III, son: : His office in George Washington University was closed, his teaching assignments were cancelled, his hospital practices at D.C. General were forfeit.
沃尔特·弗里曼三世（Walter Freeman III），儿子：：他在乔治华盛顿大学的办公室被关闭，他的教学任务被取消，他在华盛顿特区总医院的实习被取消。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : At this point Freeman couldn't give up lobotomy because to give up lobotomy, I think, meant giving up being Walter Freeman.
Jack El-Hai，编剧：：此时弗里曼无法放弃脑白质切除术，因为我认为放弃脑白质切除术就意味着放弃成为沃尔特·弗里曼。
He saw himself so strongly as the lobotomist, the man who could salvage patients from the dead.
他强烈地认为自己是一名脑叶白质切除医生，一个能够把病人从死里救活的人。
To cast that aside, regardless of the arguments for casting it aside, was just too much for him.
不管有什么理由把它抛在一边，对他来说都太过分了。
Narrator: : Freeman decided to move to Los Altos, California to resurrect his career.
旁白：：弗里曼决定搬到加利福尼亚州洛斯阿尔托斯以复兴他的职业生涯。
Far from the reproachful Eastern medical establishment, he could try to bring lobotomy to new categories of patients.
远离令人责备的东方医疗机构，他可以尝试将脑白质切除术带给新类别的患者。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : If housewives found their early 1950s existence too depressing for words, why Freeman had a solution that would get them through their day happy as little clams.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔 (Andrew Scull)：如果家庭主妇发现 20 世纪 50 年代初的生活令人沮丧得难以言喻，那么为什么弗里曼有一个解决方案，可以让她们像小蛤蜊一样快乐地度过每一天。
If children were misbehaving, conditions we might now see being called hyperactivity disorder, why they might need a lobotomy.
如果孩子行为不端，我们现在可能会看到这种情况被称为多动症，这就是为什么他们可能需要进行脑白质切除术。
Narrator: : Howard Dully was 12 years old when he was brought to see the famous doctor.
旁白：：霍华德杜利被带去见这位名医时才12岁。
Howard had become disrespectful, his stepmother told Freeman, and occasionally violent at home.
继母告诉弗里曼，霍华德变得不尊重人，有时还会在家里施暴。
Howard Dully, former patient: : My problem with her was that I felt she was trying to replace my mom, and I resented that, which I would feel to be a natural reaction for a kid whose mom died.
霍华德杜利（Howard Dully），前病人：：我对她的问题是，我觉得她试图取代我的母亲，我对此感到不满，我觉得这对于一个母亲去世的孩子来说是自然的反应。
So acting up is the only way I could show my resentment.
所以表现出来是我表达怨恨的唯一方式。
Narrator: : Howard's stepmother visited Freeman's office almost a dozen times to have him evaluated, sessions Freeman summarized in case notes.
旁白：霍华德的继母来弗里曼的办公室近十几次，对他进行评估，弗里曼在案例笔记中总结了这些评估。
Howard Dully, former patient: : October 26th, 1960.
Howard Dully，前病人：1960 年 10 月 26 日。
Howard is rather evasive about talking about things that go on in the home.
霍华德对于谈论家里发生的事情相当回避。
Howard seems to have poor muscular control.
霍华德的肌肉控制力似乎很差。
He objects to going to bed, but then sleeps well.
他拒绝睡觉，但后来睡得很好。
He does a good deal of daydreaming.
他经常做白日梦。
He turns the room lights on when there's broad sunlight outside.
当外面有充足的阳光时，他会打开房间的灯。
He hates to wash.
他讨厌洗澡。
He puts on a sweater on the hottest days and goes without an undershirt on chilly ones.
在最热的日子里，他会穿上毛衣，而在寒冷的日子里，他就会不穿汗衫。
I think it would be pretty much of a shame to wish Howard on anybody.
我认为希望霍华德对任何人来说都是一种耻辱。
I explained to Mrs. Dully that Howard was unapproachable by psychotherapy and that the family should consider the possibility of changing Howard's personality by means of transorbital lobotomy.
我向杜利夫人解释说，心理治疗无法接近霍华德，家人应该考虑通过眶额叶白质切除术改变霍华德性格的可能性。
Mrs. Dully said it was up to her husband.
杜利夫人说这取决于她丈夫。
I would have to talk to him and make it stick.
我必须和他谈谈并坚持下去。
Narrator: : Ten weeks later, Walter Freeman lobotomized Howard Dully, former patient.
旁白：十周后，沃尔特·弗里曼对前病人霍华德·杜利进行了脑叶白质切除术。
Howard Dully, former patient: : I didn't know it was going to be done.
霍华德·杜利 (Howard Dully)，前患者：：我不知道会这样做。
I didn't know it was done until three weeks afterwards when I was told by Freeman.
直到三周后，弗里曼告诉我，我才知道事情已经完成。
I didn't want to know any more about it because I was concerned that there was might have been some reason that I did deserve this.
我不想再了解更多，因为我担心可能有某种原因是我应得的。
That's what I was afraid of.
这就是我所害怕的。
What had I had done that I don't know about that one would deserve this?
我做了什么我不知道的事情会导致这样的后果？
Narrator: : In all, Freeman lobotomized 19 children under the age of 18, including a four year-old.
旁白：：弗里曼总共对 19 名 18 岁以下的儿童进行了脑叶白质切除术，其中包括一名 4 岁的儿童。
Howard Dully, former patient: : I've always felt that something was taken from me, that there was a piece missing because my life has never gone well.
霍华德杜利（Howard Dully），前病人：：我总觉得有什么东西被从我身上夺走了，缺少了一块，因为我的生活从来都不顺利。
Some of my judgment is not good.
我的一些判断不太好。
I don't have the drive that a normal person has.
我没有正常人的动力。
I've had trouble almost all my life in almost anything I did: work, relationships, money.
我一生几乎在所做的任何事情上都遇到了麻烦：工作、人际关系、金钱。
I wasted my whole life on this one issue, my whole life.
我在这个问题上浪费了我的一生，我的一生。
Narrator: : By 1967, Dr. Freeman had personally performed more than 2900 lobotomies.
旁白： ： 到 1967 年，弗里曼医生已亲自实施了 2900 多次脑白质切除术。
In February, at Herrick Memorial Hospital in Berkeley, he performed his last when a patient died of a brain hemorrhage.
今年二月，在伯克利的赫里克纪念医院，一名患者因脑溢血死亡，他进行了最后一次手术。
Freeman was stripped of his hospital privileges and soon retired from his medical practice.
弗里曼被剥夺了医院的特权，并很快从他的医疗实践中退休。
Angelene Forester, daughter of patient: : I've heard some things about how he changed into a monster.
安吉琳·福雷斯特，病人的女儿：：我听说过一些关于他如何变成怪物的事情。
There were things that I hear he has done that I was incredulous.
我听说他做了一些让我难以置信的事情。
But I think, by and large he really, sincerely wanted to do something in a time when nobody was doing anything but virtually incarcerating these people.
但我认为，总的来说，他真的、真诚地想在一个除了监禁这些人之外没有人做任何事情的时代做点什么。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : I began by thinking that he must have been a monster, or a criminal because, after all, look what he did.
Jack El-Hai，作家：：我一开始认为他一定是一个怪物，或者一个罪犯，因为毕竟看看他做了什么。
But I've come to think of Walter Freeman as more of a tragic figure, blind, not so much to the consequences of lobotomy, but to the consequences of his own faults and failings.
但我开始认为沃尔特·弗里曼更像是一个悲剧人物，他对脑叶白质切除术的后果视而不见，但对他自己的错误和失败的后果视而不见。
Walter Freeman III, son: : To see this excess, this failure of judgment.
沃尔特·弗里曼三世，儿子：：看到这种过度、这种判断失误。
The excess of ambition, personal ambition, I think tarnished him and that does distress me still.
我认为过度的野心、个人的野心玷污了他，这仍然让我感到困扰。
Dr. Freeman: : This is Walter Freeman, MD., PhD.
Freeman 博士： 我是 Walter Freeman，医学博士、哲学博士。
March 9, 1968.
1968 年 3 月 9 日。
I'm 72 years old now and traveling around the country.
我现在72岁了，正在全国各地旅行。
Narrator: : In his last years, Walter Freeman embarked on one more journey.
旁白：：在生命的最后几年，沃尔特·弗里曼又踏上了另一段旅程。
Andrew Scull, Professor of Sociology: : He's started obsessively criss-crossing the country, searching out his former patients, trying to speak with them, trying to prove to the world that lobotomy hadn't been the great medical catastrophe it increasingly was seen as being.
社会学教授安德鲁·斯卡尔（Andrew Scull）：他开始痴迷地走遍全国，寻找他以前的病人，试图与他们交谈，试图向世界证明脑白质切除术并不是人们越来越多地认为的一场巨大的医疗灾难。
Walter Freeman (archival): : In the past four weeks I've come 7,000 miles chasing up patients that I've operated on and seeing how they are getting along now anywhere from two to 30 years after their operations.
沃尔特·弗里曼（档案）：在过去的四个星期里，我走了 7,000 英里来追踪我做过手术的患者，看看他们在手术后 2 到 30 年后的情况如何。
Jack El-Hai, Writer: : I think Walter Freeman wanted to feel good about what Walter Freeman had done, and hoping to find, I think, his redemption in what they told him.
Jack El-Hai，作家：我认为沃尔特·弗里曼想要对沃尔特·弗里曼所做的事情感到满意，并希望在他们告诉他的事情中找到他的救赎。
So, isn't it funny that Walter Freeman is seeking treatment from his patients, the ones he had treated before.
那么，沃尔特·弗里曼正在向他以前治疗过的病人寻求治疗，这不是很有趣吗？
Walter Freeman: : I'm pretty much like any other hunter that gets on the trail of something, he loses sense of time and distance.
沃尔特·弗里曼：我就像任何其他追踪某物的猎人一样，他失去了时间和距离感。
It's such an absorbing preoccupation that mere physical matters don't particularly halt a person in his pursuit.
这是一种如此引人入胜的关注，以至于单纯的身体问题并不能特别阻止一个人的追求。
Slate: : Lobotomy, in a modified form, is still done in rare cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder at hospitals around the world.
Slate：：世界各地的医院仍在对罕见的强迫症病例进行改良形式的脑白质切除术。
In the 1940s Dr. Walter Freeman gained fame for perfecting the lobotomy, then hailed as a miracle cure for the severely mentally ill.
20 世纪 40 年代，沃尔特·弗里曼 (Walter Freeman) 医生因完善脑白质切除术而闻名，随后被誉为治疗严重精神疾病的奇迹。
Janice Jones-Thomson looks back on the lobotomy done to her mother, Beulah Jones.
贾尼丝·琼斯-汤姆森回顾了她母亲比尤拉·琼斯接受的脑叶白质切除术。
Angelene Forester remembers Walter Freeman's first patient — her mother Ellen Ionesco.
安吉琳·福雷斯特还记得沃尔特·弗里曼的第一位病人——她的母亲埃伦·尤内斯库。
Howard Dully discusses the lobotomy that Walter Freeman performed on him when he was 12.
霍华德·杜利 (Howard Dully) 讨论沃尔特·弗里曼 (Walter Freeman) 在他 12 岁时对他进行的脑白质切除术。
Read Dr. David Brendel's comments about patients profiled in The Lobotomist and treatment options today.
阅读 David Brendel 博士对 The Lobotomist 中介绍的患者的评论以及今天的治疗方案。
Read the 1946 Life exposé "Bedlam 1946," examining two state hospitals: Pennsylvania's Byberry and Ohio's Cleveland State.
阅读 1946 年的《生活》杂志“Bedlam 1946”，其中检查了两家州立医院：宾夕法尼亚州的拜伯里医院和俄亥俄州的克利夫兰州立医院。