The Lie Detector
Lisa Kort-Butler, Sociologist: We've all lied at some point.
丽莎·科特-巴特勒，社会学家：我们都曾在某个时候撒过谎。
We've all tried to figure out when someone else is lying to us.
我们都曾试图弄清楚别人何时对我们撒谎。
We use these visual clues, whether it's looking for people to avert their eyes, or blushing or they shift their body weight, giving off these tells, essentially.
我们利用这些视觉线索，无论是寻找人们移开目光，还是脸红，或者他们改变体重，本质上都是在传达这些信息。
Narrator: It was an ambition as old as humanity itself.
旁白：这是一个与人类本身一样古老的野心。
In the first decades of the twentieth century, three very different researchers claimed that by monitoring the clues within our bodies, they were able to strip away the veils of deceit, detect a lie, and reveal the truth.
在二十世纪的前几十年，三位截然不同的研究人员声称，通过监测我们体内的线索，他们能够揭开欺骗的面纱，发现谎言并揭示真相。
Douglas Flowe, Historian: People would be able to receive a fair trial, be interrogated in a way that was humane.
历史学家道格拉斯·弗洛（Douglas Flowe）：人们将能够受到公平的审判，以人道的方式受到审问。
Ken Alder, Historian: You determine guilt or innocence by use of a machine that itself can't be corrupted, doesn't have prejudice, treats everything objectively.
肯·阿尔德，历史学家：你可以通过使用一台机器来确定有罪或无罪，它本身不会被破坏，没有偏见，客观地对待一切。
Narrator: But this powerful tool proved tragically prone to abuse.
旁白：但事实证明，这个强大的工具很容易被滥用。
Ken Alder, Historian: The idea is that the machine is doing the detecting, but of course, that can't be true.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：这个想法是机器正在进行检测，但当然，这不可能是真的。
It's the human operator of the machine that's doing the actual detecting.
进行实际检测的是机器的操作员。
Geoffrey C.
杰弗里·C.
Bunn, Psychologist: People thought that it was going to uncover truths which you yourself may not have even been aware of.
Bunn，心理学家：人们认为它将揭示你自己可能没有意识到的真相。
And they were frightened of it.
他们对此感到害怕。
Narrator: Over time the lie detector acquired power and reach beyond anything its creators could have imagined.
旁白：随着时间的推移，测谎仪获得了强大的力量，其影响力超出了其创造者的想象。
Millions of Americans were being tested every year, thousands of lives changed forever.
每年都有数百万美国人接受测试，数千人的生活永远改变。
Alger Hiss (Archive): I am not, and never have been a member of the Communist Party.
阿尔杰·希斯（档案）：我不是、也从来不是共产党员。
Lisa Kort-Butler, Sociologist: It becomes a tool in figuring out not just are they telling me the truth or lying, but are you really who you say you are?
社会学家丽莎·科特-巴特勒 (Lisa Kort-Butler)：它成为一种工具，不仅可以弄清楚他们告诉我的是真话还是谎言，还可以弄清楚你真的是你所说的那个人吗？
Frankie Bailey, Criminologist: They were peddling this idea of being able to use science to discover truth, that there is some objective truth that we can arrive at, with technology.
犯罪学家弗兰基·贝利（Frankie Bailey）：他们兜售的是能够利用科学发现真相的想法，即我们可以通过技术得出一些客观真相。
Narrator: The lie detector was a uniquely American phenomenon, an amalgam of crime, science, mass media, and charisma.
旁白：测谎仪是美国独有的现象，是犯罪、科学、大众媒体和魅力的结合体。
It fed on doubt; and bred the suspicion and jealousy that finally consumed the lives of its inventors.
它以怀疑为食。并滋生了怀疑和嫉妒，最终耗尽了其发明者的生命。
Ken Alder, Historian: Like Frankenstein's monster, it escaped its creators’ control.
历史学家肯·奥尔德：就像弗兰肯斯坦的怪物一样，它逃脱了创造者的控制。
Indeed, everyone's control.
确实，每个人都可以控制。
Police Training Director (Archive): Attention…hands on hips…one, two, three four, five…stick em up!
警察培训总监（档案）：注意……双手叉腰……一、二、三、四、五……站起来！
Narrator: John Larson wasn’t like the other cops.
旁白：约翰·拉尔森与其他警察不同。
The twenty-nine year old was a newcomer to California from New England.
这位二十九岁的年轻人是从新英格兰来到加利福尼亚州的新移民。
He joined the Berkeley Police in 1920, quickly proved himself the worst shot in the department, and was such a bad driver that he wrecked two squad cars in a single day.
1920 年，他加入伯克利警察局，很快就证明自己是警察局里最差的枪手，而且他的驾驶技术很差，一天之内就撞坏了两辆警车。
Worst of all, as far as the old-timers were concerned: he was the only officer in the country with a PhD.
最糟糕的是，对于老前辈来说：他是该国唯一拥有博士学位的军官。
He spent his spare hours auditing courses on criminal psychiatry, and he was writing a book on fingerprinting.
他利用业余时间旁听犯罪精神病学课程，并且正在写一本关于指纹识别的书。
Ken Alder, Historian: John Larson was a working class guy who really had a kind of righteous indignation.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：约翰·拉尔森是一个工人阶级的人，他确实有一种义愤填膺。
He isn't always that good with people, but he does have a vision of clean policing, scientific and clean policing.
他并不总是那么善于与人相处，但他确实有廉洁治安、科学廉洁治安的愿景。
Narrator: In the early 1920s policing wasn’t scientific, and it was rarely clean.
旁白：20 年代初期的治安管理并不科学，也很少是廉洁的。
Most cases were solved by confession, a terrifying number obtained by what was called “the Third Degree.”
大多数案件都是通过认罪解决的，通过所谓的“三级”获得的数字非常可怕。
Douglas Flowe, Historian: It was expected and it was accepted that officers would torture people.
历史学家道格拉斯·弗洛（Douglas Flowe）：警察会折磨人是预料之中的事情，人们也接受这一点。
You can use any means necessary, even if that means mutilating their body, to get them to confess.
你可以使用任何必要的手段，即使这意味着肢解他们的身体，让他们招供。
But a lot of the time people who are being tortured were innocent, and sometimes they would end up maybe confessing just to make the torture stop.
但很多时候，遭受酷刑的人都是无辜的，有时他们最终可能会认罪，只是为了停止酷刑。
Narrator: Fortunately for Larson, his boss - Berkeley Police Chief August Vollmer – was a pioneer of scientific, humane, and honest policing.
旁白：对拉森来说幸运的是，他的老板——伯克利警察局长奥古斯特·沃尔默——是科学、人道和诚实警务的先驱。
Ken Alder, Historian: Vollmer was the great police reformer of the early 20th century.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：沃尔默是 20 世纪初伟大的警察改革家。
His special tool for making cops themselves law abiding was to give them scientific tools, things like fingerprinting and analysis of crime scenes and categorized methods of operation.
他让警察自己守法的特殊工具是为他们提供科学工具，例如指纹识别和犯罪现场分析以及分类操作方法。
Narrator: Perhaps the most revolutionary technology on the horizon was what scientists were calling a “deception test.”
旁白：也许即将到来的最具革命性的技术就是科学家所说的“欺骗测试”。
Geoffrey C.
杰弗里·C.
Bunn, Psychologist: There was a vision at the time whereby crime was going to be solved through an instrument that could detect a person in the act of telling a lie.
Bunn，心理学家：当时有一个愿景，即通过一种可以检测一个人是否说谎的仪器来解决犯罪问题。
Frankie Bailey, Criminologist: There might not even be a need for a judge and jury because the machine would reveal to everyone whether or not this person was lying or telling the truth.
弗兰基·贝利，犯罪学家：甚至可能不需要法官和陪审团，因为机器会向每个人揭示这个人是否在撒谎或说真话。
Narrator: Vollmer knew that an effective deception test was a huge challenge but in the spring of 1921 he asked his scientist cop to build one.
旁白：沃尔默知道有效的欺骗测试是一个巨大的挑战，但在 1921 年春天，他要求他的科学家警察建造一个。
Larson was taking on a daunting scientific challenge, using borrowed equipment; his only assistant, a local high school student.
拉尔森正在利用借来的设备应对一项艰巨的科学挑战。他唯一的助手是当地的一名高中生。
Ken Alder, Historian: Vollmer brought Leonarde Keeler to study under Larson.
肯·阿尔德，历史学家：沃尔默将莱昂纳多·基勒带到拉尔森手下学习。
One is a Ph.D dissertation writer, the other one is a high school student.
一位是博士论文作者，另一位是高中生。
But they became a kind of team, an oddball team to some extent.
但他们变成了一支球队，在某种程度上是一支奇怪的球队。
Narrator: For decades, scientists in Europe and America had been looking for clues that a subject was lying.
旁白：几十年来，欧洲和美国的科学家一直在寻找受试者撒谎的线索。
They’d measured the rate and depth of a subject’s breathing, their blood pressure, or the time it took to answer a question.
他们测量了受试者的呼吸频率和深度、血压或回答问题所需的时间。
They claimed varying degrees of success, but no single measurement could reliably detect a lie.
他们声称取得了不同程度的成功，但没有任何一种单一的测量方法能够可靠地检测出谎言。
So Larson decided to combine several different monitors in the same device.
因此，拉尔森决定将多个不同的显示器组合在同一设备中。
Ken Quattro, Writer: He built a cumbersome machine that allowed him to take continuous blood pressure readings, and he also put a tube around the person's chest so he can notice the variations in the respiration.
Ken Quattro，作家：他建造了一台笨重的机器，使他能够连续读取血压读数，他还在人的胸部放置了一根管子，这样他就可以注意到呼吸的变化。
Ken Alder, Historian: The way that the machine registered the results gave a permanent graphical record, which would ideally be introduced as evidence in court.
Ken Alder，历史学家：机器记录结果的方式提供了永久的图形记录，理想情况下可以作为法庭上的证据。
Geoffrey C.
杰弗里·C.
Bunn, Psychologist: It was a genuine attempt, a well-meaning attempt to try to solve crimes without using violence.
心理学家邦恩：这是一次真正的尝试，一次善意的尝试，试图在不使用暴力的情况下解决犯罪问题。
The truth would come out through science.
真相将通过科学揭晓。
Narrator: In the spring of 1921, Larson’s device was ready for a trial run.
旁白：1921 年春天，拉尔森的设备已准备好进行试运行。
Vollmer sent him to investigate a series of thefts at College Hall, a women’s dorm on the University of California Berkeley campus.
沃尔默派他去调查加州大学伯克利分校校园女生宿舍 College Hall 发生的一系列盗窃案。
The case was trivial - someone at the dorm was stealing money, jewelry, and clothing from her house-mates - but if Larson was able to solve it, the implications would be profound.
这个案子很微不足道——宿舍里有人偷了室友的钱、珠宝和衣服——但如果拉尔森能够解决这个问题，其影响将是深远的。
He started by running tests on each of the women in turn.
他首先对每位女性依次进行测试。
After the first round of interviews, Larson thought he had his culprit.
第一轮采访结束后，拉尔森认为他找到了罪魁祸首。
Sudden changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing: Helen Graham was hiding something.
血压、心率和呼吸的突然变化：海伦·格雷厄姆隐瞒了一些事情。
Graham was grilled repeatedly, until she confessed, quit college, and left town.
格雷厄姆多次受到盘问，直到她认罪、退学并离开小镇。
Larson called his device the cardio-pneumo-psychograph, but reporters came up with a catchier name.
拉尔森把他的设备称为“心肺心理描记器”，但记者想出了一个更朗朗上口的名字。
The press treated the College Hall case as a triumph, proof of the lie detector’s revolutionary potential.
媒体将大学礼堂案视为一次胜利，证明了测谎仪的革命潜力。
But for Larson, doubts began creeping in when the College
但对于拉尔森来说，当学院成立时，疑虑开始蔓延。
Hall thefts resumed after Graham’s departure.
格雷厄姆离开后，大厅盗窃案再次发生。
She wrote him from her exile, to explain her confession.
她在流亡期间写信给他，解释她的忏悔。
Graham had indeed been hiding something, but it had nothing to do with the College Hall case.
格雷厄姆确实隐瞒了一些事情，但这与大学堂案无关。
Matthew Barry Johnson, Psychologist: This young woman actually had a really troubled history.
马修·巴里·约翰逊，心理学家：这位年轻女子实际上有一段非常麻烦的历史。
She'd been sexually abused early in life, and in her fear that this machine was going to uncover her secrets, she made admissions to try to forestall the questioning.
她早年曾遭受过性虐待，由于担心这台机器会揭露她的秘密，她承认了这一点，试图阻止审问。
J.
J。
Patrick O’Burke, Polygraph Examiner: A polygraph’s a very blunt instrument.
帕特里克·奥伯克（Patrick O’Burke），测谎仪检查员：测谎仪是一种非常钝的工具。
Human emotions and other extraneous variables cause, you know, physiological arousals.
你知道，人类的情绪和其他无关变量会引起生理唤醒。
That was part of the problem in the College Hall case.
这是大学礼堂案中问题的一部分。
Ken Alder, Historian: Larson was never really able to be sure that Helen Graham committed the crime.
历史学家肯·奥尔德：拉尔森始终无法真正确定海伦·格雷厄姆犯下了罪行。
It's the first big case and right from the beginning, all the ambiguities are there.
这是第一个大案，从一开始，所有的含糊之处就在那里。
Narrator: Larson would spend the rest of his life with a permanent and vivid reminder of College Hall.
旁白：拉尔森将在他的余生中度过对大学礼堂的永久而生动的回忆。
Over the course of the investigation, he had interrogated the victim, Margaret Taylor, several times.
在调查过程中，他多次审问了受害人玛格丽特·泰勒。
Ken Alder, Historian: He found out that she had feelings for him and he had feelings for her.
肯·奥尔德，历史学家：他发现她对他有感情，他也对她有感情。
And they got married.
他们结婚了。
The newspapers, as you can imagine, loved this.
正如你可以想象的那样，报纸很喜欢这个。
Narrator: In the wake of the College Hall case, Larson and his bride left Berkeley for Chicago.
旁白：学院礼堂案发生后，拉尔森和他的新娘离开伯克利前往芝加哥。
He planned to study psychiatry there, while exploring new applications for the lie detector at the Institute for Juvenile Research.
他计划在那里学习精神病学，同时在青少年研究所探索测谎仪的新应用。
Larson would continue to refine his lie detector, but for the time being he was wary of using it for criminal investigations; the stakes were too high.
拉尔森将继续改进他的测谎仪，但目前他对将其用于刑事调查持谨慎态度。赌注太高了。
“There is no test in its present state,” he wrote, “suitable for the positive identification of deception.” But not everyone shared Larson’s scruples.
他写道：“目前还没有任何测试适合对欺骗进行积极识别。”但并非所有人都和拉尔森一样有顾虑。
Narrator: In the fall of 1922 Larson received a letter from William Marston, twenty-nine-year-old lawyer, head of the psychology department at American University in Washington DC, and inventor of what he called The Marston Deception Test.
旁白：1922 年秋天，拉尔森收到了一封来自威廉·马斯顿 (William Marston) 的信。威廉·马斯顿是一名二十九岁的律师，也是华盛顿特区美利坚大学心理学系主任，也是他所谓的“马斯顿欺骗测试”的发明者。
Ken Quattro, Writer: It was just a matter of him putting a blood pressure cuff on a person, pumping it up, and then anytime it went above a certain range it indicated to him that the person was telling a lie.
Ken Quattro，作家：这只是他给一个人戴上血压袖带，给它打气，然后每当血压超过一定范围时，他就表明这个人在撒谎。
It was very crude in comparison to Larson’s machine.
与拉尔森的机器相比，它非常粗糙。
Narrator: According to its inventor, the Marston Deception Test was practically infallible.
旁白：据其发明者称，马斯顿欺骗测试实际上是万无一失的。
Geoffrey C.
杰弗里·C.
Bunn, Psychologist: Marston’s a very gregarious, extroverted character, he made expansive claims for the instrument.
Bunn，心理学家：马斯顿是一个非常合群、外向的人，他对这个工具提出了广泛的要求。
And Larson was just the opposite.
而拉尔森则恰恰相反。
He was scientifically minded, and far more modest.
他具有科学头脑，而且更加谦虚。
Narrator: In 1922, Marston was trying to get his Deception Test introduced in court.
旁白：1922 年，马斯顿试图将他的欺骗测试引入法庭。
So as soon as he read about Larson’s work in the newspapers, he sent a letter asking for details.
因此，当他在报纸上读到拉尔森的作品时，他立即写信询问详情。
Larson gently warned the headstrong inventor that his Deception Test was unreliable.
拉尔森温和地警告这位任性的发明家，他的欺骗测试并不可靠。
Too late:
太晚了：
already, Marston had wrangled himself and his test to the center of a high-profile murder case.
马斯顿已经将自己和他的测试卷入了一起备受瞩目的谋杀案的中心。
According to the police, James Frye had confessed to killing a prominent Black doctor.
据警方称，詹姆斯·弗莱承认杀害了一名著名的黑人医生。
Frye said he’d been tricked into confessing.
弗莱说他是被骗招供的。
Matthew Barry Johnson, Psychologist: Marston comes in and examines Frye and reports to the defense attorney, that the confession was false, and that Frye is innocent.
马修·巴里·约翰逊，心理学家：马斯顿进来检查弗莱并向辩护律师报告，供词是假的，弗莱是无辜的。
Ken Quattro, Writer: Well, the judge threw it out after about five minutes.
Ken Quattro，作家：嗯，大约五分钟后法官就将其驳回。
Narrator: Perhaps a time might come, the judge concluded, when lie detectors would determine which witnesses were telling the truth.
旁白：法官总结道，也许有一天测谎仪会确定哪些证人说的是真话。
But not yet.
但还没有。
For now, he said, “That is what the jury is for.” A few months later, an appeals court validated Larson’s warning to Marston: his lie detector hadn’t been recognized by the scientific community, so it had no place in court.
他说，现在，“这就是陪审团的职责。”几个月后，上诉法院证实了拉森对马斯顿的警告：他的测谎仪尚未得到科学界的认可，因此在法庭上没有地位。
Ken Alder, Historian: It's on that basis that - with a few minor exceptions - the lie detector has been excluded ever since from being used as evidence in criminal trials.
历史学家肯·阿尔德（Ken Alder）：正是在这个基础上，除了少数例外，测谎仪从那时起就被排除在刑事审判中用作证据。
Narrator: James Frye spent the next eighteen years in prison; his life collateral damage to Marston’s ambitions.
旁白：詹姆斯·弗莱在监狱里度过了接下来的十八年。他的生活对马斯顿的野心造成了附带损害。
Matthew Barry Johnson, Psychologist: Frye maintained his innocence throughout his life.
马修·巴里·约翰逊，心理学家：弗莱一生都保持着自己的清白。
He believed that his defense was lost in all of the uproar about the lie detector.
他相信他的辩护在关于测谎仪的所有喧嚣中消失了。
The lie detector and Marston became the big story, and his legal defense became secondary.
测谎仪和马斯顿成了大新闻，他的法律辩护成了次要的。
Narrator: The dream of revolutionizing the courtroom was dead.
旁白：彻底改变法庭的梦想破灭了。
The lie detector seemed headed for obscurity.
测谎仪似乎正走向默默无闻。
In fact, the device, and its creators, were just getting started.
事实上，该设备及其创造者才刚刚开始。
Archive Narrator: It’s January 31st 1928.
档案旁白：现在是 1928 年 1 月 31 日。
Dr. William Marston tests his latest invention: the Love Meter.
威廉·马斯顿博士测试了他的最新发明：爱情测量仪。
He’s going to find out whether blondes or brunettes react more to love.
他要找出金发女郎还是黑发女郎对爱情的反应更强烈。
Narrator: In 1928, Marston introduced the world to a very different take on his Deception Test: the Love Meter.
旁白：1928 年，马斯顿向世界介绍了他的欺骗测试的一种截然不同的方式：爱情测量仪。
Archive Narrator: When results are interpreted, Dr. Marston declares gentlemen may prefer blondes, but brunettes prefer love scenes.
档案解说员：当结果被解释时，马斯顿博士宣称绅士可能更喜欢金发女郎，但黑发女郎更喜欢爱情场景。
Narrator: The road to Marston’s re-invention had been a long one.
旁白：马斯顿的重塑之路是漫长的。
In the aftermath of the Frye disaster he gave up on the lie detector, stopped practicing law, and lost his chairmanship at American University.
弗莱灾难发生后，他放弃了测谎仪，停止了律师执业，并失去了美利坚大学主席的职位。
He got a teaching job at Tufts University, but it was a big step down the academic ladder.
他在塔夫茨大学找到了一份教职，但这是在学术阶梯上迈出的一大步。
A more timid soul might have been chastened, but Marston kept right on courting trouble.
胆怯的人可能会受到惩罚，但马斯顿却继续自找麻烦。
Ken Quattro, Writer: He became involved with Olive Byrne, who was one of his students.
肯·夸特罗（Ken Quattro），作家：他与奥利弗·伯恩（Olive Byrne）交往，奥利弗·伯恩是他的学生之一。
He went home to his wife, Elizabeth, and he basically told her, “I want her to move in with us.”
他回到妻子伊丽莎白身边，基本上告诉她：“我希望她搬来和我们一起住。”
Narrator: Marston’s wife Elizabeth was his equal in every sense - she was an accomplished lawyer, and had played a crucial role in designing the original Marston Deception Test.
旁白：马斯顿的妻子伊丽莎白在各个方面都与他平等 - 她是一位出色的律师，并且在设计最初的马斯顿欺骗测试中发挥了至关重要的作用。
They also shared abundant and unconventional appetites.
他们还有着丰富且非传统的胃口。
For some time the couple had been involved with a polyamorous clique of like-minded friends in Boston.
一段时间以来，这对夫妇一直与波士顿志同道合的朋友组成的多角恋集团有联系。
So Marston’s proposal wasn’t as outlandish as it might have seemed.
因此，马斯顿的提议并不像看上去那么古怪。
Elizabeth accepted, and Olive moved in.
伊丽莎白接受了，奥利弗搬了进去。
Neighbors were told that she was their widowed housekeeper, but still, rumors spread.
邻居们被告知她是他们丧偶的女管家，但谣言仍在传播。
Marston was fired from Tufts.
马斯顿被塔夫茨大学解雇。
With his academic career in tatters, Marston revisited his Deception Test - or as he now called it, the Love Meter.
随着他的学术生涯支离破碎，马斯顿重新审视了他的欺骗测试——或者他现在称之为爱情测量仪。
Like Larson, he became interested in using it to track emotions.
和拉尔森一样，他开始对用它来追踪情绪感兴趣。
But where Larson’s path led to a juvenile reform facility in Chicago, Marston’s landed him in Hollywood.
但拉尔森的道路通向了芝加哥的少年管教所，而马斯顿的道路则把他带到了好莱坞。
Archive Narrator: Carl Laemmle celebrated his 30th year in movies.
档案解说员：卡尔·莱姆勒 (Carl Laemmle) 庆祝了他从影 30 周年。
The entire industry turned out to pay tribute as…
整个行业都向……表示敬意。
Narrator: In 1928 Marston’s hair color tests caught the eye of Carl Laemmle, the head of Universal Studios.
旁白：1928 年，马斯顿的头发颜色测试引起了环球影城负责人卡尔·莱姆勒的注意。
Laemmle was looking for a new way to measure audience response to his movies.
莱姆勒正在寻找一种新方法来衡量观众对其电影的反应。
Archive: Man falling down stairs from The Invisible Man (1933)
档案：《隐形人》中的男人从楼梯上摔下来 (1933)
Lisa Kort-Butler, Sociologist: Marston was in fact using his device to hook up people and gauge audience reactions for these films that were being screened.
丽莎·科特-巴特勒，社会学家：马斯顿实际上是在使用他的设备来吸引人们并评估观众对正在放映的这些电影的反应。
There's not a lot of detail but we do know that there were edits made to some scenes that were deemed too emotional or too scary or too violent.
虽然细节不多，但我们确实知道对一些被认为过于情绪化、过于恐怖或过于暴力的场景进行了编辑。
Narrator: But instead of building on his success, Marston managed once again to wear out his welcome.
旁白：但是马斯顿并没有再接再厉，反而再次让他的受欢迎程度消失殆尽。
At the end of 1929, Marston was released by Universal, and the job he had invented was handed over to an ambitious young upstart.
1929年底，马斯顿被环球公司解雇，他发明的工作被交给了一位雄心勃勃的年轻新贵。
Leonarde Keeler had come a long way since his days as John Larson’s teenage apprentice at the Berkeley Police Department.
自从在伯克利警察局担任约翰·拉尔森的青少年学徒以来，莱昂纳多·基勒已经取得了长足的进步。
Back in 1923, when Larson left for Chicago, Keeler followed August Vollmer to Los Angeles, where the chief had been hired to clean up the LAPD.
1923 年，当拉森前往芝加哥时，基勒跟随奥古斯特·沃尔默前往洛杉矶，并聘请了这位局长来清理洛杉矶警察局。
There, Keeler set about redesigning the prototype that Larson had left behind.
在那里，基勒开始重新设计拉尔森留下的原型。
Where Larson had obsessed over the device’s limitations and worried about injustice, Keeler dove right in, taking on real cases and racking up “wins”, as he called them.
拉尔森一直痴迷于该设备的局限性并担心不公正，而基勒则立即投入其中，接手了真实的案件并取得了他所说的“胜利”。
J.
J。
Patrick O’Burke, Polygraph Examiner: Larson was much more guarded and thoughtful about the science, whereas I believe that Keeler thought this is a lot more marketable.
帕特里克·奥伯克（Patrick O’Burke），测谎仪检查员：拉尔森对科学更加谨慎和深思熟虑，而我相信基勒认为这更有市场。
The press fawned over the young inventor and his futuristic machine.
媒体对这位年轻的发明家和他的未来机器趋之若鹜。
So when Universal tired of Marston, Leonarde Keeler was a natural choice.
因此，当环球影业厌倦了马斯顿时，莱昂纳多·基勒是一个自然的选择。
But Keeler’s stay in Hollywood was short.
但基勒在好莱坞的停留时间很短。
As far as he was concerned, the movies were a distraction from the main event.
就他而言，电影分散了他对主要活动的注意力。
Keeler and his lie detector were headed for the capital of American crime.
基勒和他的测谎仪正前往美国犯罪之都。
Ken Quattro, Writer: Throughout the 1920s, because of Prohibition, organized crime really took hold in Chicago.
Ken Quattro，作家：整个 20 年代，由于禁酒令，有组织犯罪在芝加哥真正猖獗。
Guys like Al Capone became public figures.
像阿尔·卡彭这样的人成为公众人物。
February 14th, 1929 was the famous St. Valentine's Day massacre where Capone's men just machine-gunned a bunch of guys in a garage.
1929 年 2 月 14 日是著名的情人节大屠杀，卡彭的手下用机枪扫射了车库里的一群人。
Narrator: By the time Leonarde Keeler arrived in Chicago at the beginning of 1930, gangland killings had become routine: five hundred since Prohibition, and not a single conviction.
旁白：1930 年初莱昂纳多·基勒抵达芝加哥时，黑帮杀戮已成为家常便饭：自禁酒令以来已有 500 起，但没有一起定罪。
But even in Chicago the St Valentine’s Day Massacre stood out.
但即使在芝加哥，情人节大屠杀也很引人注目。
The public outrage inspired a new approach to fighting crime.
公众的愤怒激发了打击犯罪的新方法。
Geoffrey C.
杰弗里·C.
Bunn, Psychologist: A group of businessmen in Chicago got together and said we need to stop the gangsterism in our city.
邦恩，心理学家：芝加哥的一群商人聚集在一起，说我们需要制止我们城市的黑帮行为。
We need to put some money into scientific crime detection, and create a national institution for solving crimes.
我们需要投入一些资金用于科学犯罪侦查，并建立一个解决犯罪的国家机构。
Narrator: The Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory was established at Chicago’s Northwestern University in the fall of 1929.
旁白：科学犯罪侦查实验室于 1929 年秋天在芝加哥西北大学成立。
It featured specialists in fingerprinting, ballistics, crime scene photography, handwriting analysis, and toxicology.
它由指纹识别、弹道学、犯罪现场摄影、笔迹分析和毒理学方面的专家组成。
Leonarde Keeler became the Lab’s expert in lie detection - with a new machine of his own design.
莱昂纳多·基勒 (Leonarde Keeler) 凭借自己设计的新机器成为了实验室测谎专家。
Ken Alder, Historian: The goal for Keeler was to turn this delicate scientific apparatus that Larson had created into a robust box that could be easily transported and was simple enough to use that even a cop - not some Ph.D. cop but just an ordinary cop - could use the device.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：基勒的目标是将拉尔森创造的这种精密的科学仪器变成一个坚固的盒子，可以轻松运输，并且足够简单，即使是警察（而不是一些博士）也可以使用。警察，但只是一名普通警察 - 可以使用该设备。
Narrator: Keeler’s design added a new feature: a pair of electrodes that attached to a subject’s hands.
旁白：基勒的设计增加了一个新功能：一对连接到受试者手上的电极。
Geoffrey C.
杰弗里·C.
Bunn, Psychologist: You measure the electrical conductivity of the skin, on the theory that as a person is telling a lie, they get nervous.
Bunn，心理学家：你测量皮肤的电导率，其理论是当一个人说谎时，他们会感到紧张。
If they get nervous, they start to sweat more, and the skin can conduct electricity better.
如果他们感到紧张，就会开始出更多汗，皮肤就能更好地导电。
Narrator: Keeler named his new device the “polygraph;” the word for any device that recorded several symptoms.
旁白：基勒将他的新设备命名为“测谎仪”；该词指的是记录多种症状的任何设备。
But Keeler patented the machine and made the name his own: for most people “polygraph” soon became just another word for “lie detector.” Even as Keeler began marketing his machines to police and investigators, he was building up a promising, and lucrative new application.
但基勒为这台机器申请了专利，并用自己的名字命名了：对于大多数人来说，“测谎仪”很快就变成了“测谎仪”的另一个词。就在基勒开始向警察和调查人员推销他的机器时，他正在开发一个有前景、利润丰厚的新应用程序。
Ken Alder, Historian: Keeler's brought in to solve a number of crimes at banks and one of the things he discovers is that many different employees of the bank have been committing petty crimes, pocketing cash on occasion.
肯·奥尔德，历史学家：基勒受命侦破银行的一系列犯罪案件，他发现的一件事是，银行的许多不同员工都犯有轻微犯罪，有时甚至将现金装进自己的口袋。
Keeler said “I will come back and retest these people regularly every six months and you will be amazed that these will become your most honest employees.” And this began to spread really widely.
基勒说：“我会每六个月定期回来重新测试这些人，你会惊讶地发现他们将成为你最诚实的员工。”这开始广泛传播。
Narrator: Where a criminal investigation often involved a single interrogation, Keeler tested over a thousand bank tellers and department store clerks during his first two years in Chicago.
旁白：刑事调查通常只涉及一次审讯，基勒在芝加哥的头两年里测试了一千多名银行出纳员和百货商店职员。
He split those fees with the Crime Lab; this side work soon became his main source of income.
他与犯罪实验室分摊了这些费用；这份副业很快就成为他的主要收入来源。
Keeler introduced his Polygraph just as the practice of interrogation was about to undergo a profound change.
正当审讯实践即将发生深刻变化时，基勒推出了他的测谎仪。
It started in 1931, when the government released a study of lawlessness in policing.
它始于 1931 年，当时政府发布了一份关于治安违法行为的研究报告。
Americans had been hearing about the Third Degree for years, but still, they were shocked by the horrors chronicled in the Wickersham Report.
美国人多年来一直听说第三度，但他们仍然对威克沙姆报告中记录的恐怖感到震惊。
Douglas Flowe, Historian: This sort of treatment is not isolated to some of the large cities.
历史学家道格拉斯·弗洛（Douglas Flowe）：这种待遇并不是某些大城市独有的。
But it's also happening in small towns.
但这种情况也发生在小镇上。
It's happening in the South, it's happening in the West, and it's happening in the states of the heartland.
它发生在南方，它发生在西部，它发生在中心地带的各州。
Narrator: In the wake of the Wickersham Report, the Supreme Court finally banned confessions obtained through violence.
旁白：《威克沙姆报告》发布后，最高法院最终禁止了通过暴力获取的供词。
Matthew Barry Johnson, Psychologist: We know that there continued to be physical abuse in interrogation, but it put a demand on law enforcement to come up with less brutal methods.
心理学家马修·巴里·约翰逊（Matthew Barry Johnson）：我们知道审讯过程中仍然存在身体虐待的情况，但这要求执法部门采取不那么残酷的方法。
Narrator: For ten years, very few police departments had shown any interest in the lie detector; as New York Mayor Jimmy Walker put it, “the old-fashioned night-stick is far more effective than new scientific ideas.” But now that brutality had been ostensibly banished from the interrogation room, law enforcement started giving the polygraph a second look.
旁白：十年来，很少有警察部门对测谎仪表现出兴趣；正如纽约市长吉米·沃克所说，“老式的警棍比新的科学理念更有效。”但现在审讯室表面上已经消除了残暴行为，执法部门开始重新审视测谎仪。
Ken Alder, Historian: It wasn't banned from police investigations.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：警方并没有禁止它进行调查。
If you confess during a police investigation, even if it's oral, even if it's one time, as long as there's a witness, you know, it'll count.
如果你在警方调查的时候认罪，哪怕是口头的，哪怕是一次，只要有目击者，你知道，就算数。
Text Onscreen: Leonarde Keeler, Chicago Crime Lab.
屏幕上的文字：Leonarde Keeler，芝加哥犯罪实验室。
Coroner: Have a seat Joe.
验尸官：乔，请坐。
Right here.
就在这里。
Sit down there, Joe.
坐在那里，乔。
Keeler: We're going to take a little test on you Joe.
基勒：我们要对你做一个小测试，乔。
And ah want you to sit perfectly quiet.
啊希望你安静地坐着。
This won’t hurt you in any way.
这不会以任何方式伤害你。
We’re going to ask you a few questions while you’re connected to this apparatus.
当您连接到该设备时，我们将询问您几个问题。
Narrator: “The success of this device,” Keeler explained, “is attributed in large measure to the psychological effect it has in bringing about confessions.”
旁白：“这个装置的成功，”基勒解释道，“在很大程度上归功于它在招供方面所产生的心理效应。”
J.
J。
Patrick O’Burke, Polygraph Examiner: Most people don't understand how powerful a psychological wedge is in the interview process.
帕特里克·奥伯克（Patrick O’Burke），测谎仪检查员：大多数人不明白心理楔子在面试过程中有多么强大。
People will see this instrument and it causes them to just crater and go ahead and confess.
人们会看到这个器皿，它会让他们陷入困境并继续忏悔。
Coroner: Joe - did you kill George Evans?
验尸官：乔——你杀了乔治·埃文斯吗？
Frankie Bailey, Criminologist: We want to believe something is certain when, in fact, if we're looking at a polygraph test, it's based on the skill and the biases of the technician.
Frankie Bailey，犯罪学家：我们希望相信某些事情是确定的，但实际上，如果我们查看测谎仪测试，它是基于技术人员的技能和偏见。
It's open to interpretation.
它可以解释。
Douglas Flowe, Historian: The lie detector doesn't really play the role that it's supposed to play in sanitizing the interrogation room.
历史学家道格拉斯·弗洛（Douglas Flowe）：测谎仪在净化审讯室方面并没有真正发挥其应有的作用。
It doesn't perform that function.
它不执行该功能。
Ken Alder, Historian: What Keeler did was show that the lie detector could get leads and confessions.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：基勒所做的是表明测谎仪可以获取线索和供词。
And to the extent he made the lie detector a more aggressive form of interrogation technique, the more it appealed to police officers.
他使测谎仪成为一种更具侵略性的审讯技术，对警察的吸引力就越大。
Narrator: When Keeler started at the Crime Lab, he was one of the only operators in the country, and his department almost an afterthought.
旁白：当基勒开始在犯罪实验室工作时，他是该国唯一的操作员之一，他的部门几乎是事后才想到的。
Within two years, he was doing more business than all other departments combined.
两年之内，他处理的业务比所有其他部门的总和还多。
In 1933, he was given an award for the most outstanding civic contribution to Chicago.
1933年，他被授予芝加哥最杰出公民贡献奖。
Cops came from around the country to study with him at the Crime Lab; they spread the word back home.
来自全国各地的警察来到犯罪实验室和他一起学习；他们把这个消息传回了家里。
Keeler was becoming a media darling, in no small part because of a woman he’d met back in California.
基勒正在成为媒体宠儿，这在很大程度上是因为他在加利福尼亚州遇到的一位女士。
He and Katherine Applegate first crossed paths while he was entertaining friends with his lie detector.
他和凯瑟琳·阿普尔盖特第一次相遇是在他用测谎仪招待朋友时。
They married shortly after he moved to Chicago.
他搬到芝加哥后不久他们就结婚了。
Ken Alder, Historian: Kay was looking for an identity of her own as a crime fighter, so she trained up in handwriting analysis.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：凯正在寻找自己作为犯罪斗士的身份，因此她接受了笔迹分析方面的培训。
They really were living a high life.
他们确实过着奢侈的生活。
They liked to drink and then solved cases in their spare time.
他们闲暇时喜欢喝酒，然后破案。
They have a kind of career as a crime fighting duo.
他们的职业是打击犯罪二人组。
Narrator: Not everyone was impressed.
旁白：并不是每个人都印象深刻。
John Larson worked just a few miles away from Keeler, but they inhabited different worlds.
约翰·拉尔森 (John Larson) 的工作地点距离基勒只有几英里，但他们生活在不同的世界。
Ken Alder, Historian: Larson goes to the Institute for Juvenile Research to see if he can work with children to get at what they're really feeling, and resolve the issues underneath their sort of turn to criminality.
肯·奥尔德，历史学家：拉尔森前往青少年研究所，看看他是否可以与孩子们合作，了解他们的真实感受，并解决他们走向犯罪的背后的问题。
Narrator: As Keeler’s fame grew, so did Larson’s resentment.
旁白：随着基勒的名气越来越大，拉尔森的怨恨也越来越大。
Lisa Kort-Butler, Sociologist: In some of Larson's commentary, you see this sort of disdain he has for what Keeler in particular, has done, sort of misusing the science from his point of view.
丽莎·科特-巴特勒，社会学家：在拉尔森的一些评论中，你可以看到他对基勒所做的事情特别的蔑视，从他的角度来看，有点滥用科学。
Ken Alder, Historian: Larson really felt that Keeler had betrayed him, had betrayed the lie detector, and turned it into this kind of tool of intimidation.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：拉尔森确实觉得基勒背叛了他，背叛了测谎仪，并将其变成了这种恐吓工具。
And he really began to despise Keeler.
他真的开始鄙视基勒了。
Narration: John Larson had an unlikely ally in his quiet war with Keeler.
旁白：约翰·拉尔森在与基勒的秘密战争中拥有了一个意想不到的盟友。
By the late 1930s William Marston had walked away from careers in academia, law, and movie production.
到 20 世纪 30 年代末，威廉·马斯顿 (William Marston) 放弃了学术界、法律界和电影制作界的职业生涯。
He had two children with Elizabeth, and two more with Olive; they all lived together in the suburbs north of New York City.
他与伊丽莎白育有两个孩子，与奥利弗又育有两个孩子。他们都住在纽约市北部的郊区。
Ken Quattro, Writer: Olive’s children thought their father was a man who had died.
肯·夸特罗（Ken Quattro），作家：奥利弗的孩子们认为他们的父亲已经死了。
They were never allowed to ask questions about him.
他们从来不被允许询问有关他的问题。
Narrator: Marstons’ life was a web of lies, but he had a knack for marketing himself as a purveyor of truth.
旁白：马斯顿的生活充满了谎言，但他善于将自己推销为真理的传播者。
The lie detector suited him perfectly: sensational, enigmatic, and endlessly adaptable.
测谎仪非常适合他：耸人听闻、神秘莫测、适应性强。
He couldn’t stand by and watch Leonarde Keeler become the face of lie detection.
他无法袖手旁观，看着莱昂纳多·基勒成为测谎的代言人。
Ken Quattro, Writer: In 1938 Marston wrote basically an entire book talking about how he invented the lie detector.
Ken Quattro，作家：1938 年，马斯顿基本上写了一整本书，讲述他如何发明测谎仪。
And he especially attacked Leonard Keeler.
他特别攻击了伦纳德·基勒。
Narrator: Even though the book contradicted almost everything Larson believed about the lie detector, he agreed to write an introduction endorsing its author.
旁白：尽管这本书几乎与拉尔森关于测谎仪的所有观点相矛盾，但他还是同意写一篇简介来支持其作者。
Their shared dislike of Leonarde Keeler overrode any misgivings.
他们对莱昂纳多·基勒的共同厌恶压倒了任何疑虑。
But not for long.
但不会持续太久。
Ken Alder, Historian: Marston goes to Madison Avenue, and said he could offer his services to investigate people's emotional responses to products.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：马斯顿去了麦迪逊大道，并表示他可以提供服务来调查人们对产品的情绪反应。
Ken Quattro, Writer: He would hook up his lie detector to a bunch of men to get their reactions after they used the Gillette Razor Blades.
Ken Quattro，作家：他会将测谎仪连接到一群男人身上，以了解他们在使用吉列剃须刀片后的反应。
And unsurprisingly, they all loved the Gillette Razor Blades.
毫不奇怪，他们都喜欢吉列剃须刀刀片。
Ken Alder, Historian: Gillette was happy to print some of these ads, but they wanted to check with other experts before they pursued this ad campaign further.
历史学家肯·奥尔德：吉列很高兴印刷其中一些广告，但他们想在进一步开展此广告活动之前咨询其他专家。
And they went and approached John Larson.
他们走近约翰·拉尔森。
And he actually conducted real experiments and measured their responses.
他实际上进行了真实的实验并测量了他们的反应。
And found no difference with Gillette and rival brands.
并发现与吉列和竞争对手品牌没有差异。
Ken Quattro, Writer: Marston contacted John Larson, and he said, “If you will validate what you know I've said in these ads, I'll give you $30,000.”
Ken Quattro，作家：Marston 联系了 John Larson，他说：“如果你能证实我在这些广告中所说的话，我将给你 30,000 美元。”
Narrator: The marriage of convenience between Marston and Larson was over.
旁白：马斯顿和拉森之间的权宜婚姻结束了。
Not only did Larson refuse the bribe, he reported Marston to the FBI.
拉尔森不仅拒绝了贿赂，还向联邦调查局举报了马斯顿。
Marston managed to avoid criminal charges, but he’d burned another bridge.
马斯顿设法避免了刑事指控，但他又毁了另一座桥梁。
Geoffrey C.
杰弗里·C.
Bunn, Psychologist: The whiff of scandal followed him everywhere.
心理学家邦恩：丑闻的气息无处不在。
But he had the last laugh, of course.
但当然，他笑到了最后。
Narrator: In 1941 Marston tried on another career, pitching a new comic book character to Detective Comics, better known as DC.
旁白：1941 年，马斯顿尝试了另一项职业，向侦探漫画公司（即更为人所知的 DC）推销一个新的漫画人物。
Ken Quattro, Writer: The character he came up with was totally innovative, and extremely popular.
肯·夸特罗（Ken Quattro），编剧：他想出的这个角色非常有创意，而且非常受欢迎。
Comic books by 1940 were selling hundreds of millions of copies.
到 1940 年，漫画书销量已达数亿册。
By late 1941, 1942, Marston is on top of the world.
到 1941 年底、1942 年，马斯顿已经登上了世界之巅。
Narrator: Wonder Woman’s most powerful weapon was familiar to anyone who had followed Marston’s career: a golden lasso that could compel anyone to tell the truth.
旁白：神奇女侠最强大的武器对于任何关注马斯顿职业生涯的人来说都是熟悉的：一根可以迫使任何人说出真相的金色套索。
Lisa Kort-Butler, Sociologist: Marston’s showmanship is important as the work that Keeler does, as they contribute to the lie detector becoming ingrained in the American consciousness.
丽莎·科特-巴特勒，社会学家：马斯顿的表演技巧和基勒所做的工作一样重要，因为它们有助于测谎仪在美国人的意识中根深蒂固。
Narrator: But Marston had just a few short years to enjoy the phenomenal success of Wonder Woman.
旁白：但是马斯顿只用了短短几年的时间就享受到了神奇女侠的巨大成功。
He contracted polio in 1944, was diagnosed with cancer the following year, and died in the spring of 1947.
1944年，他患上了小儿麻痹症，次年被诊断出患有癌症，并于1947年春天去世。
William Marston went out rich, famous, and widely heralded as the inventor of the lie detector.
威廉·马斯顿变得富有、出名，并被广泛誉为测谎仪的发明者。
Narrator: Even as Americans were still celebrating the end of the Second World War, a new struggle was taking shape, against a new kind of enemy.
旁白：正当美国人还在庆祝第二次世界大战的结束时，一场针对新敌人的新斗争正在形成。
J.
J。
Patrick O’Burke, Polygraph Examiner: The fear is that Russian agents can penetrate us, that Russian agents can steal our technology, that they can infiltrate our government.
帕特里克·奥伯克（Patrick O’Burke），测谎仪检查员：担心俄罗斯特工可以渗透我们，俄罗斯特工可以窃取我们的技术，他们可以渗透我们的政府。
The threat was terrifying.
威胁是可怕的。
And so what can we use that will make us feel better?
那么我们可以用什么来让我们感觉更好呢？
And polygraph was really the only thing that filled that niche.
测谎仪确实是唯一能填补这个空白的东西。
Narrator: Six months after America’s nuclear program was revealed to the world at Hiroshima, Leonarde Keeler was summoned to the government’s top secret uranium plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
旁白：美国广岛核计划向全世界披露六个月后，莱昂纳多·基勒被传唤到政府位于田纳西州橡树岭的绝密铀工厂。
Keeler’s orders: to determine “the loyalty, integrity, reliability, mental stability, and suitability" of the plant’s employees.
基勒的命令：确定工厂员工的“忠诚度、正直性、可靠性、精神稳定性和适宜性”。
The program started by focusing on select workers, but soon everyone at Oak Ridge - five thousand people - was being tested on the lie detector every six months.
该计划一开始主要针对选定的员工，但很快橡树岭的每个人（五千人）每六个月都要接受一次测谎仪测试。
Fear and suspicion were seeping into the national psyche; the lie detector’s moment was at hand.
恐惧和怀疑正在渗透到国民心里。测谎仪的时刻即将到来。
So was Leonarde Keeler’s: in the summer of 1948, he was drawn into the first big show trial of the Cold War.
莱昂纳多·基勒 (Leonarde Keeler) 的情况也是如此：1948 年夏天，他卷入了冷战时期的第一次大型审判。
Archival Narrator: Alger Hiss, former high state departmental official, is branded a Communist spy…His accuser, Whittaker Chambers, self-confessed former Communist, testified before the Un-American Affairs Committee…
档案旁白：阿尔杰·希斯，前国务院高级官员，被贴上共产党间谍的标签……他的原告惠特克·钱伯斯自认是前共产党员，在非美事务委员会作证……
Whittaker Chambers, Archival: Mr. Hiss represents the concealed enemy…
惠特克·钱伯斯，档案：希斯先生代表了隐藏的敌人……
Narrator: The House Un-American Activities Committee had taken up Whittaker Chambers’ accusations against Alger Hiss half-heartedly.
旁白：众议院非美活动委员会漫不经心地接受了惠特克·钱伯斯对阿尔杰·希斯的指控。
There was one conspicuous exception: freshman Representative Richard Nixon despised Hiss and was working around the clock to bring him down.
有一个明显的例外：新任众议员理查德·尼克松鄙视希斯，并夜以继日地工作以推翻他。
Alger Hiss, Archival: I am not, and never have been, a member of the Communist Party.
阿尔杰·希斯（Alger Hiss），《档案》：我现在不是，也从来不是共产党员。
Narrator: The case boiled down to one question: which one of these two men was lying?
旁白：这个案子归结为一个问题：这两个人中哪一个在撒谎？
Few Americans agreed with Nixon; they trusted Alger Hiss as President Roosevelt had trusted him, and President Truman.
很少有美国人同意尼克松的观点。他们信任阿尔杰·希斯，就像罗斯福总统信任他和杜鲁门总统一样。
But on the 16 of August 1948, as the hearing was wrapping up, Hiss walked straight into Nixon’s carefully-laid trap.
但 1948 年 8 月 16 日，听证会即将结束时，希斯径直走进了尼克松精心布下的陷阱。
“The committee has a difficult problem here,” he told Hiss, “I wonder if under the circumstances you would be willing to take a lie-detector test?”
“委员会遇到了一个难题，”他告诉希斯，“我想知道在这种情况下你是否愿意接受测谎仪测试？”
Lisa Kort-Butler, Sociologist: As the government becomes interested in figuring out who may be spying on behalf of the Soviets, threatening people with lie detector tests becomes a tool of discerning who those people might be.
社会学家丽莎·科特-巴特勒：随着政府开始有兴趣找出谁可能代表苏联进行间谍活动，用测谎仪测试威胁人们成为辨别这些人可能是谁的工具。
Narrator: Nixon assured Hiss that the test would be conducted by Leonarde Keeler himself.
旁白：尼克松向希斯保证，测试将由莱昂纳多·基勒亲自进行。
Hiss understood the law.
希斯了解法律。
His objections and evasions covered two pages of transcript; the test never happened.
他的反对和回避占据了两页的笔录；测试从未发生过。
But Nixon understood political theater: the test was never the point.
但尼克松了解政治戏剧：测试从来都不是重点。
Hiss’s credibility had been irreparably damaged.
希斯的信誉受到了不可挽回的损害。
"I don’t know anything about polygraphs,” Nixon later declared, “but I know they’ll scare the hell out of people." When a grand jury decided that Nixon had been right all along about Alger Hiss, millions of Americans drew an ominous lesson.
“我对测谎仪一无所知，”尼克松后来宣称，“但我知道它们会吓坏人们。”当大陪审团裁定尼克松对阿尔杰·希斯的看法始终正确时，数百万美国人吸取了不祥的教训。
Ken Alder, Historian: We needed to have this constant vigilance against enemies within.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：我们需要对内部的敌人保持持续的警惕。
And that's what lie detectors did.
这就是测谎仪所做的。
Jim McNeil: Mr. Keeler’s all ready for you, Frank.
吉姆·麦克尼尔：弗兰克，基勒先生已经为您做好了准备。
Keeler: Sit down Frank, just take it easy, relax.
基勒：弗兰克坐下，放松点。
Narrator: Around the same time that Keeler was being drawn into the Alger Hiss affair, he played himself in a major Hollywood feature, opposite one of the biggest stars in the business.
旁白：大约在基勒被卷入阿尔杰·希斯事件的同时，他在一部好莱坞大片中扮演自己，与业内最知名的明星之一演对手戏。
Keeler: Now just face forward, don’t watch the machine.
Keeler：现在只需面向前方，不要看机器。
Narrator: Call Northside 777 recounted a recent case in which Keeler had helped free a man wrongfully convicted of murder.
旁白：拨打 Northside 777 讲述了最近发生的一起案件，在这起案件中，基勒帮助释放了一名被误判谋杀罪的男子。
Keeler: You’re six feet tall, aren’t you?
基勒：你有六英尺高，不是吗？
Keeler: Just a minute now.
基勒：请稍等。
Just Yes or No all the way through.
一直都是“是”或“否”。
Narrator: He was as well-known as almost any lawman in the country.
旁白：他和这个国家几乎所有的执法者一样出名。
Ken Alder, Historian: To the extent that Keeler made the lie detector more coercive, he became kind of poster boy for lie detection interrogation gone wrong.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：基勒使测谎仪变得更具强制力，他成为测谎仪审讯出错的典型代表。
Ken Alder, Historian: But then after the war, Keeler gets involved in what today we would call an innocence project.
肯·阿尔德（Ken Alder），历史学家：但战后，基勒参与了今天我们所说的“无罪计划”。
Keeler begins to sell the lie detector not just as something that will find the people are guilty, but to use it to exonerate them.
基勒开始出售测谎仪，不仅是为了发现人们有罪，而且是为了用它来为人们开脱。
Narrator: But Keeler’s conversion from jailer to liberator had hardly begun before it was interrupted by his own multiplying problems.
旁白：但是基勒从狱卒到解放者的转变还没开始，就被他自己不断增加的问题打断了。
His marriage was coming apart.
他的婚姻正在破裂。
Leonarde hired a private detective to follow his wife.
莱昂纳多聘请了一名私家侦探来追踪他的妻子。
Ken Alder, Historian: Kay had been cheating on him.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：凯一直在欺骗他。
It's clear that the fault was as much his as hers - he'd been drinking very hard and he was often a mess.
很明显，他的错和她的错一样多——他酗酒得很厉害，而且经常一团糟。
Narrator: Marital troubles, alcoholism, and paranoia were all common afflictions in the profession.
旁白：婚姻问题、酗酒、偏执等都是职场上常见的烦恼。
J.
J。
Patrick O’Burke, Polygraph Examiner: You're sitting there for hours and hours and hours doing mental combat with someone who may be the worst criminal you've ever seen or someone who's absolutely innocent.
帕特里克·奥伯克（Patrick O’Burke），测谎仪检查员：你坐在那里几个小时，与一个可能是你见过的最严重的罪犯或绝对无辜的人进行精神斗争。
If I wrongly accuse you, your life is over with.
如果我错怪你了，你的人生就完了。
If I say you’re innocent and you're guilty and I let you go, you're going to walk out to go out and commit more crimes.
如果我说你是无辜的，你是有罪的，然后我放了你，你就会走出去，犯下更多的罪行。
That stress is just palpable to most examiners.
对于大多数考官来说，这种压力是显而易见的。
Narrator: At the end of 1948 Leonarde Keeler, the man who’d made the lie detector a feature of American life, suffered a major stroke.
旁白：1948 年底，让测谎仪成为美国人生活特色的莱昂纳多·基勒 (Leonarde Keeler) 遭遇了严重中风。
He died on September 20, 1949, at the age of forty-five.
1949年9月20日去世，享年四十五岁。
Narrator: John Larson had watched Keeler’s downward spiral from Logansport, Indiana, where he was medical director of the state’s psychiatric hospital.
旁白：约翰·拉尔森在印第安纳州洛根斯波特担任该州精神病医院的医疗主任，亲眼见证了基勒的每况愈下。
Larson was widely admired for improving the lives of his patients, but his attempts to use the lie detector in therapy had met with limited success.
拉尔森因改善患者的生活而受到广泛赞誉，但他在治疗中使用测谎仪的尝试却取得了有限的成功。
Ken Alder, Historian: Larson held out hope always for the device as just a way to get people to sort of open up and perhaps even resolve underlying complexes within them.
肯·阿尔德，历史学家：拉尔森始终对这种设备抱有希望，希望它只是一种让人们敞开心扉、甚至解决内心潜在情结的一种方式。
Whether this is a successful strategy is a different story.
这是否是一个成功的策略则是另一回事。
Narrator: But this earnest, quiet man was consumed by jealousy for his dead rival.
旁白：但是这个认真、安静的人却被对死去的对手的嫉妒所吞噬。
Larson obsessively gathered news clippings, letters, and reports for a book that, he believed, would finally expose Keeler’s fraudulence.
拉尔森痴迷于收集新闻剪报、信件和报告，写成一本书，他相信这本书最终会揭露基勒的欺诈行为。
“Unmasking the Lie Detector,” it was called; Larson hoped it would drive a stake through the heart of his own creation.
它被称为“揭露测谎仪”；拉尔森希望这能将一根木桩刺入他自己创作的核心。
Frankie Bailey, Criminologist: The machine had gotten out of his hands.
弗兰基·贝利，犯罪学家：机器已经脱离了他的控制。
He starts out with this machine, he's going to use the scientific method, he has controlled experiments.
他从这台机器开始，他将使用科学方法，他进行了对照实验。
Now you have this psychological interrogation and people are telling you their secrets because they believe that the lie detector is actually working.
现在你进行心理审讯，人们告诉你他们的秘密，因为他们相信测谎仪确实在起作用。
Ken Alder, Historian: The lie detector is used first at Oak Ridge, but then it expands.
历史学家肯·阿尔德（Ken Alder）：测谎仪首先在橡树岭使用，但后来扩大了。
It's used by the CIA.
它被中央情报局使用。
It's used at nuclear facilities.
它用于核设施。
And it's used on police officers and the army to quite a heavy extent, often just as a kind of prophylactic, just as a kind of constant testing to make sure that people have a sense that they're being watched.
它在很大程度上用于警察和军队，通常只是作为一种预防措施，就像一种持续的测试，以确保人们有一种他们正在被监视的感觉。
And businesses were catching on.
企业也开始流行起来。
From banks to fast-food chains, thousands and then millions of applicants and employees were screened with lie detector tests.
从银行到快餐连锁店，成千上万的申请人和员工接受了测谎仪测试。
J.
J。
Patrick O’Burke, Polygraph Examiner: The Cold War caused this explosive growth in America.
帕特里克·奥伯克（Patrick O’Burke），测谎仪检查员：冷战导致了美国的爆炸性增长。
It was largely ignored anywhere else in the world, but it was explosive in terms of how quickly it spread in the United States.
它在世界其他地方基本上被忽视了，但它在美国传播的速度却是爆炸性的。
Archival/Text On Screen: “I Married Joan,” NBC 1953
档案/屏幕上的文字：“我嫁给了琼”，NBC 1953
Narrator: More and more Americans were encountering lie detectors in problematic situations.
旁白：越来越多的美国人在有问题的情况下遇到测谎仪。
But on television, in movies, and comics, it was never wrong.
但在电视、电影和漫画中，这从来都没有错。
Tom: See that Jedd?
汤姆：看到杰德了吗？
Needles are all moving evenly.
针都在均匀地移动。
That’s because she told the truth.
那是因为她说的是实话。
Douglas Flowe, Historian: In popular culture, we've come to see lie detectors as entirely accurate.
历史学家道格拉斯·弗洛（Douglas Flowe）：在流行文化中，我们已经认为测谎仪是完全准确的。
And that in itself is probably the most powerful aspect of a polygraph test.
这本身可能是测谎仪测试最强大的方面。
Joan: I confess!
琼：我承认！
I did it, I did it.
我做到了，我做到了。
I confess.
我承认。
I’m sorry I did it.
我很抱歉我这么做了。
But I did it.
但我做到了。
It’s done and I did it.
它完成了，我做到了。
I confess.
我承认。
I did it, I did it, I did it…
我做到了，我做到了，我做到了……
Ken Alder, Historian: From the era of the big headlines, to the era of the comic strip, and to the movies…
历史学家肯·阿尔德：从头条新闻时代，到漫画时代，再到电影时代……
Archival Movie Man: What’s it tell you now?
档案电影人：它现在告诉你什么？
Ken Alder, Historian: …the lie detector in a sense, lived in the media.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：……从某种意义上说，测谎仪存在于媒体中。
Jack Webb: You got 16 positive reactions?
Jack Webb：你有 16 个积极反应？
Frankie Bailey, Criminologist: Most of us do not have direct experience with serious crime.
犯罪学家弗兰基·贝利（Frankie Bailey）：我们大多数人都没有严重犯罪的直接经验。
And so much of what we think we know about about policing, about prisons, lie detection, polygraphs, most of that is coming from exposure to popular culture in mass media.
我们自以为了解的关于警务、监狱、测谎、测谎仪的很多知识，大部分都来自于大众媒体中流行文化的接触。
Archival: You feel that thing around your fingers, Bill?
档案：比尔，你感觉到你手指上有那个东西吗？
And this thing over here on your arm?
你手臂上的这个东西？
You’re hooked up to a lie detector!
你已经连接上了测谎仪！
Lisa Kort-Butler, Sociologist: The media and the movie industry propelled this instrument into this place in pop culture that we have yet to escape.
丽莎·科特-巴特勒，社会学家：媒体和电影业将这种工具推向了流行文化中我们尚未逃脱的地位。
Narrator: This aura of infallibility was helping to fuel the phenomenal spread of the lie detector.
旁白：这种绝对正确的光环有助于推动测谎仪的惊人传播。
In fact, it was a temperamental instrument, easily misinterpreted.
事实上，它是一种喜怒无常的乐器，很容易被误解。
Only a small percentage of operators had any professional training.
只有一小部分操作员接受过专业培训。
Abuses were everywhere.
虐待行为随处可见。
Ken Alder, Historian: In practice, there weren't that many Communist spies in the United States.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：实际上，美国并没有那么多共产党间谍。
But what there were, were people with secrets to hide - secrets that might make them vulnerable.
但有些人有秘密需要隐藏——这些秘密可能会让他们变得脆弱。
And one of the sort of saddest parts of the lie detector story happens in this period where in fact, the lie detector is used to out people as homosexuals, particularly at the State Department.
测谎仪故事中最悲伤的部分之一发生在这个时期，事实上，测谎仪被用来识别同性恋者，特别是在国务院。
Narrator: “The purge of the perverts,” it was called; The Lavender Scare.
旁白：这被称为“清除变态者”；薰衣草恐慌。
Through the 1950s, anti-Communist witch hunts made more headlines, but gay Americans made far easier targets.
整个 20 世纪 50 年代，反共产主义政治迫害成为了更多的头条新闻，但美国同性恋更容易成为目标。
The accused were offered a chance to clear their names with a lie detector test, but the odds of success were vanishingly small.
被告有机会通过测谎仪测试洗清自己的罪名，但成功的几率微乎其微。
In the State Department alone, one thousand employees lost their jobs, and suffered the social consequences of being labelled homosexuals.
仅在国务院就有一千名员工失业，并遭受了被贴上同性恋标签的社会后果。
Douglas Flowe, Historian: Ultimately, while the lie detector was supposed to circumvent the need for coercion, it ended up being a part of the list of options that the state could use to coerce and manipulate someone.
历史学家道格拉斯·弗洛（Douglas Flowe）：最终，虽然测谎仪本应规避强制的需要，但它最终成为国家可以用来强制和操纵某人的选项列表的一部分。
Narrator: Larson could only watch as his invention was used in ways he could never have imagined in those hopeful days back in Berkeley.
旁白：拉尔森只能眼睁睁地看着他的发明被以他在伯克利那些充满希望的日子里从未想象过的方式使用。
"Beyond my expectation," he wrote, "through uncontrollable factors, this scientific investigation became for practical purposes a Frankenstein’s monster, which I have spent over forty years in combatting." His book - his only weapon - had grown to nine thousand pages.
“出乎我的意料，”他写道，“由于不可控的因素，这项科学研究实际上变成了一个弗兰肯斯坦的怪物，我花了四十多年的时间与之斗争。”他的书——他唯一的武器——已经增长到九千页。
He died of a heart attack in September 1965 at the age of seventy-four, sorting through the pages of his manuscript.
1965 年 9 月，他在整理手稿时因心脏病去世，享年 74 岁。
Commercial: You get what you want when you want it at 7-11…
广告：只要你想要，在 7-11 就能买到你想要的东西……
Ken Quattro, Writer: In the mid-1970s I was dating a girl who was a schoolteacher.
Ken Quattro，作家：20 世纪 70 年代中期，我正在和一位学校老师的女孩约会。
Well, during the summer, she went to 7-Eleven to get a job.
嗯，暑假期间，她去7-11找工作。
She comes out after about an hour and her face is all red and everything, and I go “What happened?” And she goes, “I flunked the lie detector test.”
大约一个小时后她出来了，她的脸全红了，我问：“发生了什么事？”她说：“我没通过测谎仪测试。”
Interrogator: Have you stolen anything from an employer?
询问者：你从雇主那里偷过东西吗？
Interrogator: Have you ever used illegal drugs?
审讯员：你曾经使用过违禁药物吗？
Interrogator: Have you been convicted of a felony?
审讯者：您是否曾被判犯有重罪？
Narrator: In the decades since Keeler introduced the lie detector to banks and department stores, it had spread throughout the American economy.
旁白：自从基勒将测谎仪引入银行和百货商店以来的几十年里，它已经传播到整个美国经济。
By the 1980s, half the retail businesses in the United States were polygraphing their employees.
到 20 世纪 80 年代，美国一半的零售企业都对员工进行测谎。
There were no guardrails on the lie detector’s exponential growth.
测谎仪的指数级增长没有任何防护栏。
Things finally came to a head when President Reagan ordered a dramatic increase in the testing of government employees.
当里根总统下令大幅增加对政府雇员的检测时，事情终于达到了紧要关头。
The public response was overwhelming.
公众反应热烈。
Senator Orrin Hatch: …three hundred thousand honest Americans are branded as liars every year.
参议员奥林·哈奇：……每年有三十万诚实的美国人被贴上骗子的标签。
Narrator: Reagan backed down, and in 1988 Congress responded to the outrage by passing the Polygraph Protection Act, which effectively banned the lie detector from the business world.
旁白：里根做出了让步，1988 年，国会通过了《测谎仪保护法案》来回应人们的愤怒，该法案实际上禁止了测谎仪进入商界。
Overnight, usage plummeted by ninety percent.
一夜之间，使用率骤降百分之九十。
But despite all the controversies, the lie detector was too useful to discard entirely: the new law did nothing to limit its use by government, law enforcement, or national security agencies.
但尽管存在诸多争议，测谎仪还是太有用了，不能完全丢弃：新法律没有采取任何措施限制政府、执法部门或国家安全机构使用测谎仪。
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Patrick O’Burke, Polygraph Examiner: To go to the heart of the question the polygraph probably works better than what a lot of people want to admit, but sometimes it doesn't work as good as what we're hoping it does.
帕特里克·奥伯克（Patrick O’Burke），测谎仪检查员：说到问题的核心，测谎仪的效果可能比很多人愿意承认的要好，但有时它的效果并不像我们希望的那么好。
Douglas Flowe, Historian: The lie detector persists even though we understand that it's not necessarily accurate.
历史学家道格拉斯·弗洛（Douglas Flowe）：测谎仪仍然存在，尽管我们知道它不一定准确。
It's about this uniquely American confidence in technology.
这是关于美国人对技术的独特信心。
Narrator: For over a century, the lie detector has remained an American phenomenon, largely ignored by the rest of the world.
旁白：一个多世纪以来，测谎仪一直是美国的一种现象，很大程度上被世界其他国家所忽视。
Ken Alder, Historian: It does speak to a particular way that the United States went about solving really contentious social issues, turning over judgments not to fallible human beings but to machines.
历史学家肯·阿尔德：这确实说明了美国解决真正有争议的社会问题的一种特殊方式，即把判断力交给机器而不是容易犯错的人类。
Frankie Bailey, Criminologist: Americans want to believe that somehow there is this one truth, this truth that represents who we are, and we have the ability to reach in and use this technology and determine what it is.
弗兰基·贝利（Frankie Bailey），犯罪学家：美国人希望相信，以某种方式存在这样一个事实，这个事实代表了我们是谁，我们有能力接触并使用这项技术并确定它是什么。
Douglas Flowe, Historian: The lie detector takes a problem that can’t be controlled and turns it into something that, at least in your imagination, can be controlled.
道格拉斯·弗（Douglas Flowe），历史学家：测谎仪将无法控制的问题转化为可以控制的问题，至少在你的想象中是这样。
There can be a sense of certainty.
可能会有一种确定感。
And Americans are looking for certainty.
美国人正在寻找确定性。
Discover the story of the polygraph, the controversial device that transformed modern justice.
探索测谎仪的故事，这是一种改变现代司法的有争议的设备。
Leonarde Keeler, the inventor of the Keeler Polygraph, spent most of his life trying to tell if people were telling the truth.
莱昂纳德·基勒 (Leonarde Keeler) 是基勒测谎仪的发明者，他一生的大部分时间都在试图辨别人们是否说真话。
It turned out to be trickier than hooking them up to a machine.
事实证明，这比将它们连接到机器上更棘手。
William Marston falsely claimed to have invented the lie detector test.
威廉·马斯顿谎称自己发明了测谎仪。
The truth about his life was a whole lot wilder than that—and it led to the invention of the most famous female comic book character ever.
他生活的真相比这要狂野得多——这导致了有史以来最著名的女性漫画人物的诞生。
Some etymologists trace the phrase "The Third Degree" back to Freemasonry, but by the early 20th century, the term had become firmly associated with something entirely different: harsh police interrogation, or more accurately, torture.
一些词源学家将“第三级”一词追溯到共济会，但到了 20 世纪初，这个词已经与完全不同的事物紧密联系在一起：严厉的警察审讯，或更准确地说，酷刑。