American Experience | America and the Holocaust (1994) | Official Site | PBS
DAVID McCULLOUGH, Host: Good evening and welcome to The American Experience.
大卫·麦卡洛（主持人）：晚上好，欢迎来到美国体验。
I'm David McCullough.
我是大卫·麦卡洛。
On November 25, 1942, more than three years after Adolf Hitler ignited World War II, The New York Times carried the first authenticated report that the Nazis had established a policy to exterminate Jews.
1942 年 11 月 25 日，即阿道夫·希特勒发动第二次世界大战三年多后，《纽约时报》刊登了第一份经过证实的报道，称纳粹制定了灭绝犹太人的政策。
The front page of The Times that day was taken up with mostly war news and such other items as a minor scandal in City Hall.
那天《泰晤士报》的头版大部分都是战争新闻和市政厅的小丑闻等其他报道。
The story of the slaughter of the Jews -- a report confirmed by the State Department that more than two million Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe had already been systematically murdered -- that appeared on page 10.
屠杀犹太人的故事——美国国务院证实的一份报告称，纳粹占领的欧洲已有超过 200 万犹太人遭到系统性谋杀——出现在第 10 页。
The President, Franklin Roosevelt, could have made much of this appalling news had he chosen to, but he said nothing; nor, in the months following, did any reporter ever ask him about it.
如果富兰克林·罗斯福总统选择的话，他本可以充分利用这一令人震惊的消息，但他什么也没说；在接下来的几个月里，也没有任何记者问过他这件事。
And though The Times and other major papers did carry further infrequent reports, such popular magazines as Time, Life, Newsweek, had little or nothing to say.
尽管《泰晤士报》和其他主要报纸确实进行了更罕见的报道，但《时代》、《生活》、《新闻周刊》等流行杂志却几乎没有什么可说的。
It was as if the country preferred not to know.
好像这个国家宁愿不知道。
But in watching tonight's program -- one of the most powerful and disturbing films to appear in this series -- it's important to understand, too, how pervasive was anti-Semitism at the time here in America.
但在观看今晚的节目时——这是该系列中最有力、最令人不安的电影之一——了解当时美国的反犹太主义有多么普遍也很重要。
Jews then were unacceptable to many employers, unwelcome at business and social clubs, vacation resorts.
当时，犹太人不被许多雇主接受，在商业和社交俱乐部、度假胜地也不受欢迎。
Jokes about "kikes" and "yids" were commonplace, and such supposed champions of American values as members of Congress -- people like Senator Bilbo, Representative Rankin -- openly spewed anti-Semitic poison in the very halls of the nation's capital.
关于“kikes”和“yids”的笑话很常见，国会议员等所谓的美国价值观捍卫者——参议员比尔博、众议员兰金——在国家首都的大厅里公开喷洒反犹太毒药。
In a public opinion poll taken in 1942 in answer to the question, "Which groups menace the country most," Jews were listed third, just behind the Germans and the Japanese.
在 1942 年针对“哪些群体对国家威胁最大”这一问题进行的民意调查中，犹太人名列第三，仅次于德国人和日本人。
That, tragically, was the atmosphere.
可悲的是，这就是气氛。
That was the outlook.
这就是前景。
"America and the Holocaust: Deceit and Indifference."
“美国与大屠杀：欺骗与冷漠。”
[reading] "We hope you got our postcard of November 12th, and our excitement has subsided somewhat since then.
[阅读]“我们希望您能收到我们 11 月 12 日的明信片，从那以后我们的兴奋感有所减弱。
We trust you can do something for us over there in the near future which would serve to calm down Mother especially.
我们相信您不久的将来可以在那里为我们做点什么，这尤其能让母亲平静下来。
We're sure you'll let us hear something about that soon.
我们确信您很快就会让我们听到有关此事的消息。
Regards to all the relatives and many to you straight from the heart.
向所有的亲戚和许多人致以衷心的问候。
Your Father."
你的父亲。”
I received this in Buffalo, New York, about a week after it happened, and it was mailed from my little home town, Waldorf, near Heidelberg, Germany.
事情发生大约一周后，我在纽约州布法罗收到了这封信，它是从我的家乡德国海德堡附近的沃尔多夫寄来的。
It was the time my parents' home was invaded by former classmates of mine who vandalized the place, smashed everything, terrorized my parents and imprisoned my father.
那一次，我父母的家被我以前的同学闯入，他们破坏了这个地方，砸碎了一切，恐吓了我的父母，还囚禁了我的父亲。
It was Kristallnacht .
那是水晶之夜。
November 9, 1938 - Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass, the night the campaign against the German Jews turned violent.
1938 年 11 月 9 日 - 水晶之夜，玻璃碎裂的夜晚，针对德国犹太人的运动变成暴力的夜晚。
Across Germany synagogues burned.
德国各地的犹太教堂都被烧毁。
Jewish businesses, homes destroyed, thousands arrested and sent off to prison camps -- the shattering climax of Nazi policies designed to force Jews out of Germany.
犹太企业、房屋被毁，数千人被捕并被送往战俘营——纳粹旨在迫使犹太人离开德国的政策达到了令人震惊的高潮。
As Jewish life crumbled, tens of thousands -- including Kurt Klein's parents, Ludwig and Alice -- would look toward America as a haven of safety, and the question becomes, "What would America do?"
随着犹太人生活的崩溃，数以万计的人——包括库尔特·克莱因的父母路德维希和爱丽丝——将把美国视为安全的避风港，问题就变成了，“美国会做什么？”
In June of 1937, more than a year before KristalInacht, Kurt Klein at age 17 had his first glimpse of America.
1937 年 6 月，也就是水晶节前一年多，17 岁的库尔特·克莱因 (Kurt Klein) 第一次看到了美国。
The first thing that I remember seeing when I got close to the American shore was a huge billboard advertising Wrigley's Chewing Gum.
当我靠近美国海岸时，我记得看到的第一件事是一个巨大的箭牌口香糖广告牌。
Somehow that seemed free and easy and seemed to typify the new country.
不知何故，这似乎是自由和轻松的，似乎是这个新国家的典型。
After that, the Statue of Liberty came into view and I had a sense that I was personally secure.
之后，自由女神像映入眼帘，我有一种个人安全的感觉。
I had done what the Nazis wanted me to do, namely, leave Germany.
我已经做了纳粹希望我做的事情，即离开德国。
Born in Waldorf, a small village near the Rhine, 13-year-old Kurt Klein celebrated his bar mitzvah in 1933, the year Franklin Roosevelt took office in America and Hitler came to power in Germany, the year the Nazis began their assault to purify German culture.
库尔特·克莱因 (Kurt Klein) 出生于莱茵河附近的一个小村庄沃尔多夫 (Waldorf)，13 岁的库尔特·克莱因 (Kurt Klein) 在 1933 年庆祝了他的成人礼，这一年富兰克林·罗斯福 (Franklin Roosevelt) 在美国上台，希特勒在德国上台，那一年纳粹开始了净化德国文化的进攻。
Each year after Hitler came to power, the situation grew worse for the Jews in Germany.
希特勒上台后，德国犹太人的处境逐年恶化。
By 1935, the Nazis passed the Nuremburg laws which effectively stripped many Jews of their jobs and their positions within schools and universities, and generally restricted our lives.
到 1935 年，纳粹通过了纽伦堡法律，实际上剥夺了许多犹太人的工作以及在学校和大学中的职位，并普遍限制了我们的生活。
The campaign to force Jews out of Germany gathered momentum.
迫使犹太人离开德国的运动势头强劲。
Jews were expelled from professions, their property and savings confiscated, Jewishbusinesses boycotted.
犹太人被驱逐出职业，他们的财产和储蓄被没收，犹太企业遭到抵制。
My family knew there was no future for us in Germany, and we began to make preparations.
我的家人知道我们在德国没有未来，我们开始做准备。
We children would leave first for the U.S. and our parents would follow.
我们孩子会先去美国，然后我们的父母会跟着去。
My sister, who was a nurse, could no longer practice her nursing because she was Jewish and was, in fact, the first one who left in 1936.
我的姐姐是一名护士，她无法再从事护理工作，因为她是犹太人，事实上，她是 1936 年第一个离开的人。
That made it possible for me also to follow her in 1937 and by 1938 my brother had also arrived in the U.S. We hoped at that point, of course, to establish ourselves to the point of where we could support our parents and also have them come over.
这使得我也有可能在 1937 年跟随她，到 1938 年，我的兄弟也到达了美国。当然，我们希望在那时能够建立自己的地位，能够养活我们的父母并让他们过来。
But the sudden violence of Kristallnacht ignited a new urgency for the Kleins, for all German Jews.
但水晶之夜突然发生的暴力事件给克莱因家族和所有德国犹太人带来了新的紧迫感。
In Washington, the response was immediate.
华盛顿立即做出了回应。
1st NEWSREEL ANNOUNCER: Reporters rushed the news to the nation and the President's statement is read by Felix Belair of The New York Times.
第一个新闻片播音员：记者们将这一消息传向全国，《纽约时报》的菲利克斯·贝莱尔宣读了总统的声明。
FELIX BELAIR, "The New York Times": [reading] "The news of the past few days from Germany has deeply shocked public opinion in the United States.
菲利克斯·贝莱尔《纽约时报》：[阅读]“德国连日来的消息深深震撼了美国舆论。
I myself could scarcely believe such things could occur in a 20th-century civilization."
我自己简直不敢相信这样的事情会发生在 20 世纪的文明中。”
Newspapers played up the story and American Jews organized large rallies.
报纸大篇幅报道了这个故事，美国犹太人组织了大型集会。
We say to the President, "You spoke alone among the world leaders.
我们对总统说：“在世界领导人中，您是唯一的发言者。
That was good."
那很好。”
It was hoped Washington would do more than condemn the Nazis.
人们希望华盛顿不仅仅谴责纳粹。
In Germany, thousands of Jews looked to America to save them.
在德国，成千上万的犹太人指望美国来拯救他们。
HERBERT KATZKI, Refugee Relief Worker: Overnight the American consulate and other consulates were inundated by people who felt, "Well, now it's time, really, we ought to do something about making plans for leaving the country."
赫伯特·卡茨基（HERBERT KATZKI），难民救济工作者：一夜之间，美国领事馆和其他领事馆挤满了人，他们觉得：“好吧，现在真的是时候了，我们应该做点什么来制定离开这个国家的计划。”
They didn't expect that they would have to leave the day after tomorrow, but certainly they wanted to have a form of insurance in their pocket so that when the time came to leave that they might be able to do so.
他们没想到后天就要离开，但他们当然希望口袋里有一份保险，这样到了离开的时候，他们就可以这样做。
In December of 1938, my father writes, "Unfortunately, things aren't moving that fast, even if you have the best of papers.
1938 年 12 月，我父亲写道：“不幸的是，即使你有最好的论文，事情进展也没有那么快。
To obtain an appointment to apply for a visa, you have to receive a waiting number.
要预约申请签证，您必须收到一个等待号码。
At present, the American consulate in Stuttgart is being besieged to such an extent that the waiting number for Mother and me indicates there are 22,344 cases ahead of us."
目前，美国驻斯图加特领事馆已被围困，我和母亲的等候人数表明我们还有22,344个病例。”
That meant that possibly two and a half years would elapse before it would be my parents' turn, unless the authorities would ease or change the immigration procedures.
这意味着除非当局放宽或改变移民程序，否则可能需要两年半的时间才能轮到我父母。
The Kleins and tens of thousands of others were now facing America's formidable system of immigration laws.
克莱因一家和数以万计的其他人现在面临着美国强大的移民法体系。
2nd NEWSREEL ANNOUNCER: The dream of almost every one of Hitler's victims is to emigrate to the United States.
第二条新闻片播音员：几乎每一位希特勒受害者的梦想都是移民到美国。
In 1938 while Americans held dear the traditional image of the nation as a haven for the oppressed, they were also secure knowing the doors would not be too widely opened.
1938 年，虽然美国人珍视国家作为受压迫者避风港的传统形象，但他们也很放心，因为他们知道大门不会敞开得太大。
U.S. immigration laws reflected blatant bias and prejudice.
美国移民法反映了公然的偏见和成见。
From 1924 on, yearly quotas allowed four times as many people from Britain and Ireland as from all of eastern and southern Europe.
从 1924 年起，每年允许来自英国和爱尔兰的人数是来自整个东欧和南欧的人数的四倍。
In the midst of the Depression, many Americans called for further restricting immigration, even to extremes.
在大萧条期间，许多美国人呼吁进一步限制移民，甚至采取极端措施。
Our unemployment problem was transferred to the United States from foreign lands, and if we had refused admission to the 16,500,000 foreign-born in our midst, there would be no serious unemployment problem to harass us.
我们的失业问题从外国转移到了美国，如果我们拒绝接纳我们当中的1650万外国出生的人，就不会有严重的失业问题来骚扰我们了。
To gain entry, each newcomer needed an American sponsor willing to sign an affidavit of financial support promising the immigrant would not become a public charge.
为了获得入境资格，每个新移民都需要一位美国担保人愿意签署一份经济支持宣誓书，承诺该移民不会成为公共负担。
It wasn't easy to get affidavits of support for my parents because, of course, in those days we had no money.
为我的父母获得经济支持宣誓书并不容易，因为当然，在那些日子里我们没有钱。
We were willing to take any jobs, work on several jobs day or night as my sister did, and I worked as a dishwasher aside from my regular job just to be able to make some extra money that would help us with our parents.
我们愿意接受任何工作，像我姐姐一样日夜做几份工作，而我除了正常工作外还当洗碗工，只是为了能够赚一些额外的钱来帮助我们照顾父母。
"Keep refugees out, they'll take American jobs," was the argument, but often the real concerns went deeper than employment.
人们的论点是“把难民拒之门外，他们会抢走美国人的工作”，但真正的担忧往往比就业更深层。
HARVEY STOEHR, Patriotic Order Sons of America: The main thing that we thought of was not economics.
哈维·斯托尔，美国爱国会之子：我们想到的主要问题不是经济。
It's a moral responsibility, as we call it, of America to have America for Americans.
正如我们所说，为美国人创造美国是美国的道义责任。
And anything that disrupts that by having masses of immigration disrupts the whole idea of the nation.
任何因大量移民而破坏这一点的事情都会破坏国家的整体理念。
This was the threat for many Americans -- the growing number of refugees, including tens of thousands of children.
这对许多美国人来说是一个威胁——难民人数不断增加，其中包括数万名儿童。
From time to time, a handful squeezed through the quota system.
有时，少数人会挤过配额制度。
In 1939, a bill proposed special sanctuary for 20,000 children outside the quota.
1939年，一项法案提议为2万名配额外的儿童提供特别庇护。
The Wagner-Rogers Bill would become a litmus test for how Americans really felt about Jews.
瓦格纳-罗杰斯法案将成为美国人对犹太人真实感受的试金石。
VIOLA BERNARD, M.D ., Non-Sectarian Committee for Refugee Children: The need for this kind of legislation was desperately pressing.
维奥拉·伯纳德（VIOLA BERNARD）医学博士，难民儿童非宗派委员会：这种立法的必要性非常迫切。
The children being smuggled out of Austria and Germany were already separated from their parents, which was traumatic enough, and it was essential to get them into individual homes and a sense of wellbeing.
被偷运出奥地利和德国的儿童已经与父母分离，这已经够痛苦的了，因此必须让他们进入单独的家庭并获得幸福感。
But there was immediate opposition to the bill.
但该法案立即遭到反对。
The law that we had from 1924 that we thought was good.
我们认为 1924 年颁布的法律是好的。
Why don't we just support the written law and not seek for ways to circumnavigate around it and-- just to benefit certain large groups of immigrants.
为什么我们不只是支持成文法，而不是寻求绕过它的方法——只是为了让某些大批移民受益。
Dr. VIOLA BERNARD: They were afraid, for example, of the argument that Europe was trying to dump all its Jews on the United States and anti-Semitism certainly was a powerful ingredient, frequently covert instead of overt.
维奥拉·伯纳德博士：例如，他们担心欧洲正试图将所有犹太人倾销到美国，而反犹太主义无疑是一个强大的因素，而且往往是隐蔽的而不是公开的。
More than 100 patriotic societies insisted, "Charity begins at home." A cousin of the President, Laura Delano, commented, "Twenty thousand charming children would all too soon grow into 20,000 ugly adults." The President was aware that the bill was not politically popular and, pressed for his opinion, he elected to take no action.
100多个爱国社团坚持“慈善从家做起”。总统的表弟劳拉·德拉诺评论道：“两万名可爱的孩子很快就会成长为两万名丑陋的成年人。”总统意识到该法案在政治上不受欢迎，在征求他的意见的压力下，他选择不采取任何行动。
The bill eventually died in committee.
该法案最终在委员会中被否决。
A year later, legislation making it possible to admit children from war-torn England passed with enthusiasm.
一年后，一项允许来自饱受战争蹂躏的英格兰儿童入学的立法热情获得通过。
In Germany, by early 1939, Ludwig and Alice Klein were forced to abandon their home and move to one small room over a stable.
1939 年初，路德维希·克莱因 (Ludwig Klein) 和爱丽丝·克莱因 (Alice Klein) 在德国被迫放弃家园，搬到马厩上方的一间小房间。
The campaign against the 200,000 Jews waiting to exit the Reich was intensifying.
针对等待离开帝国的 20 万犹太人的运动正在愈演愈烈。
3rd NEWSREEL ANNOUNCER: Sign posts at city limits bear the legend, "Jews not wanted," "Jews keep out." Even in parks, if Jews are allowed at all, special yellow benches are set apart, labeled, "For Jews."
第三条新闻片播音员：城市边界的路标上写着“不欢迎犹太人”、“犹太人请勿入内”的字样。即使在公园里，如果允许犹太人进入，也会设置特殊的黄色长凳，并贴上“犹太人专用”的标签。
We found people generally were aware of the situation in Germany, but somehow we couldn't get the urgency across to them that something should be done immediately.
我们发现人们普遍了解德国的情况，但不知何故，我们无法让他们明白应该立即采取行动的紧迫性。
Nazism was now marching on local soil - this rally outside New York City.
纳粹主义现在正在当地的土地上游行——这次集会是在纽约市外。
ARNOLD FORSTER, Anti-Defamation League: As Hitler became important, imitators grew up here in this country, and a lunatic fringe frightened the entire American people into the possibility that [what] was happening in Europe could happen here.
阿诺德·福斯特，反诽谤联盟：随着希特勒变得重要，模仿者在这个国家成长起来，疯狂的边缘让整个美国人民害怕，欧洲发生的事情也可能在这里发生。
The German-American Bund never totaled more than 25,000 people, but it added fuel to the anti-Semitism smoldering in American society.
德美同盟的总人数从未超过25,000人，但却为美国社会郁积的反犹太主义火上浇油。
These years would see anti-Semitism reach its peak in American history.
这些年来，反犹太主义达到了美国历史上的顶峰。
4th NEWSREEL ANNOUNCER: This Los Angeles book shop of the Silver Shirts, dispensing anti-Jewish propaganda, is one of many that have recently opened all over the country.
第四条新闻片播音员：这家位于洛杉矶的银衫书店散发反犹太宣传品，是最近在全国各地开设的众多书店之一。
Note the name -- Aryan Bookstore -- and nearby a newsboy shouts his wares, the Silver Legion Ranger, a propaganda newspaper.
请注意这个名字——雅利安书店——附近有一个报童喊着他的商品——《银色军团游骑兵》，一份宣传报纸。
The Silver Ranger, late paper.
《银色游侠》，迟到的论文。
Just out, late paper.
刚刚出来，迟到的论文。
Silver Ranger, late paper - free speech stopped by Jew riot.
银游侠，迟到的报纸——言论自由被犹太人骚乱阻止了。
The anti-Semitic campaign was conducted by over 100 organizations across the country, blaming Jews for all the ills in America.
全国 100 多个组织发起了反犹太运动，将美国的一切弊病归咎于犹太人。
LEWIS WEINSTEIN, Attorney: Here in Boston, I heard anti-Semitic remarks by a speaker and I heard yelling by the group around him, "We've got to get rid of the Jews.
刘易斯·韦恩斯坦，律师：在波士顿，我听到一位演讲者的反犹太言论，我听到他周围的人群大喊：“我们必须赶走犹太人。
They don't help us, they kill us.
他们不但不帮助我们，反而杀了我们。
They kill us financially, they own everything, and we're stuck with their victims."
他们在经济上杀死我们，他们拥有一切，而我们却与他们的受害者同在。”
Father Charles Coughlin, a Roman Catholic priest, was the most influential anti-Semitic spokesman in the country.
罗马天主教神父查尔斯·考夫林 (Charles Coughlin) 是该国最有影响力的反犹太主义发言人。
His weekly radio broadcasts reached more than three million people.
他每周的广播节目覆盖超过三百万人。
Father CHARLES COUGHLIN, Roman Catholic Priest: The system of international finance which has crucified the world to the cross of depression was evolved by Jews for holding the peoples of the world under control.
查尔斯·考夫林神父，罗马天主教牧师：将世界钉在萧条十字架上的国际金融体系是犹太人为了控制世界各国人民而发展起来的。
On Sunday nights we would always listen to Father Coughlin and it brought back shades of what I had recently experienced within Germany, but there was one difference.
周日晚上，我们总是会听考夫林神父的演讲，这让我想起了我最近在德国经历的一些事情，但有一点不同。
People could and did speak out against that, and also it wasn't the official policy of our government to be anti-Semitic.
人们可以而且确实公开反对这一点，而且反犹太主义也不是我们政府的官方政策。
But during the 1920's and '30s, anti-Semitism was a way of life in much of America.
但在 20 世纪 20 年代和 30 年代，反犹太主义是美国大部分地区的一种生活方式。
Many places open to most Americans were closed to Jews.
许多对大多数美国人开放的地方却对犹太人关闭。
RUTH FEIN, American Jewish Historical Society: When I was maybe seven, eight years old, we had recently moved to Washington and on a hot day, we decided to go to the beach.
露丝·芬，美国犹太历史学会：当我大概七八岁的时候，我们最近搬到了华盛顿，在炎热的一天，我们决定去海滩。
And people told us that there was a lovely beach somewhere in Chesapeake Bay, and we drove down there.
人们告诉我们切萨皮克湾的某个地方有一个美丽的海滩，我们就开车去了那里。
And I still remember the sign, because as we drove up, we saw the sign, which said, "No Jews or dogs allowed."
我仍然记得这个标牌，因为当我们开车过去时，我们看到了标牌，上面写着：“犹太人或狗禁止入内。”
There were restrictions in job opportunities.
就业机会受到限制。
"Dear Miss Cohen, We are sorry to inform you that it is our policy not to accept students of Jewish nationality."
“亲爱的科恩小姐，我们很遗憾地通知您，我们的政策是不接受犹太国籍的学生。”
SOPHIE WEINFIELD, Secretary: I had just finished college.
秘书索菲·温菲尔德：我刚刚大学毕业。
The first position I was sent to was a one-man office and he hired me immediately.
我被派往的第一个职位是一个单人办公室，他立即雇用了我。
And then, at about 11 o'clock, he said to me, "What church do you go to?" I said, "I don't go to a church, I go to a synagogue." He said, "I wouldn't hire a Jew.
然后，大约 11 点，他对我说：“你去哪个教堂？”我说：“我不去教堂，我去犹太教堂。”他说：“我不会雇用犹太人。
You're fired." And I went back to school, crying, and Mrs. Kerwin, who was the teacher who sent us out on positions, said, "You're going to find that out a lot.
你被解雇了。”我哭着回到学校，派我们出去担任职位的老师科尔文夫人说：“你会经常发现这一点。
You might as well get used to it."
你还是习惯一下吧。”
ARTHUR HERTZBERG, Historian, Vice President, World Jewish Congress: Jews could barely get jobs in engineering.
阿瑟·赫茨伯格，历史学家、世界犹太人大会副主席：犹太人几乎找不到工程方面的工作。
The telephone company hired no Jews.
电话公司不雇用犹太人。
The insurance company, aside from insurance agents within their structure hired no Jews.
除了其内部的保险代理人外，保险公司没有雇用犹太人。
The big three auto industry hired no Jews.
三大汽车工业没有雇用犹太人。
Oh, you could become a distributor or something of the sort, but you couldn't go to work in their bureaucracy.
哦，你可以成为经销商或类似的人，但你不能去他们的官僚机构工作。
In American academic life, Jews were systematically excluded.
在美国的学术生活中，犹太人被系统地排除在外。
You could not get into the medical faculties.
你无法进入医学系。
That was part of the reason why Jewish hospitals became important in the 1930's.
这就是犹太医院在 1930 年代变得重要的部分原因。
They offered places for Jews to practice.
他们为犹太人提供了练习的场所。
The situation was as plain as this: "You can get a job here.
情况就这么简单：“你可以在这里找到工作。
We can't pay you as much as we're paying our other associates, but you'll have a steady job here for a while, but don't count on ever becoming a partner, because we have no Jewish partners and we will not have any Jewish partners."
我们付给你的钱不能和其他同事一样多，但你会在这里有一份稳定的工作一段时间，但不要指望成为合伙人，因为我们没有犹太合伙人，也不会再有任何犹太合伙人。”
A 1939 public opinion poll showed how Americans felt.
1939 年的一项民意调查显示了美国人的感受。
In Washington, FDR's New Deal seemed to offer hope the country might be moving towards a more equitable society.
在华盛顿，罗斯福的新政似乎为该国迈向更加公平的社会带来了希望。
Many of the new government agencies had hired Jews.
许多新政府机构都雇用了犹太人。
Even some of the President's close advisors were Jewish.
甚至总统的一些亲密顾问也是犹太人。
EDWARD BERNSTEIN, U.S. Treasury Department, 1941-45: By the time that we came to the late 1930's, there were a considerable number of Jews, but not in the old-line agencies.
爱德华·伯恩斯坦，美国财政部，1941-45 年：当我们来到 1930 年代末时，已经有相当数量的犹太人，但在老式机构中并不存在。
In the old-line agencies, it had been hard to get in and the Jews had in one way or another been restricted.
在旧式机构中，犹太人很难进入，而且犹太人也受到了这样或那样的限制。
The State Department was an old-line agency.
国务院是一个老牌机构。
Staffed with career diplomats, it reflected a conservative bias forged before World War I.
它的工作人员都是职业外交官，反映出第一次世界大战前形成的保守偏见。
These crafters of U.S. foreign policy believed in the superiority of white, northern European stock.
这些美国外交政策的制定者相信北欧白人的优越性。
In the atmosphere of an exclusive gentlemen's club, they often reflected the anti-alien sentiments of American society.
在专属绅士俱乐部的氛围中，他们常常反映出美国社会的反外星人情绪。
The fate of tens of thousands of Jews, including Ludwig and Alice Klein, would be directly tied to the attitudes of these people.
包括路德维希和爱丽丝·克莱因在内的数万名犹太人的命运将与这些人的态度直接相关。
The State Department probably had a greater degree of anti-Semitism than others and particularly in the immigration section because they felt the Jews were not like them.
国务院可能比其他部门有更严重的反犹太主义，特别是在移民部门，因为他们认为犹太人与他们不同。
JOHN PEHLE, U.S. Treasury Department, 1940-44: I would hesitate to characterize the State Department as anti-Semitic.
约翰·佩勒，美国财政部，1940-44 年：我不太愿意将国务院定性为反犹太主义。
On the other hand, the State Department tended to focus on Arabs' problems and the opportunities for the United States to protect its interests in the Mideast, and the refugee problem and Jewish problems tended to be pushed to the side.
另一方面，国务院倾向于关注阿拉伯人的问题和美国保护其在中东利益的机会，而难民问题和犹太人问题往往被推到一边。
The State Department never was willing to recognize that the threat to the Jews -- the life threat to the Jews was as great as it really was.
国务院从来不愿意承认对犹太人的威胁——对犹太人的生命威胁确实如此严重。
Their attitude was, "If we're patient, we'll find that the problems of the Jews in Germany are not really life-threatening."
他们的态度是，“如果我们有耐心，我们会发现德国犹太人的问题并不真正危及生命。”
For those trying to escape Europe, piling up at embarkation ports, the State Department's attitude proved a deadly obstacle.
对于那些试图逃离欧洲、堆积在登船港口的人来说，国务院的态度被证明是一个致命的障碍。
In the field, the American consulates held the final word on visas.
在现场，美国领事馆对签证拥有最终决定权。
DAVID WYMAN, Historian: In regard to American consulates in Europe, anti-Semitism was widespread.
历史学家大卫·怀曼：就美国驻欧洲领事馆而言，反犹太主义很普遍。
There's no doubt about it.
毫无疑问。
We have clear evidence.
我们有明确的证据。
I learned, in my own research, that particularly it was seen in Zurich, in Oslo, in some consulates in Vichy France and in Lisbon.
我在自己的研究中了解到，尤其是在苏黎世、奥斯陆、法国维希和里斯本的一些领事馆中都可以看到这种情况。
In fact, the situation was so bad in Lisbon that American Jewish groups had to go to the Quakers and request that they send a non-Jew to Lisbon to try to persuade the American consulate there to stop the obstruction of Jewish immigration.
事实上，里斯本的情况非常糟糕，以至于美国犹太团体不得不去找贵格会，要求他们派遣一名非犹太人前往里斯本，试图说服驻里斯本的美国领事馆停止阻挠犹太移民。
My brother, sister and I set to work.
我和弟弟、妹妹开始工作。
Day and night, it became our preoccupation to get immigration visas for our parents so that we could get them to safety, but it was a frustrating struggle.
我们夜以继日地全神贯注地为父母办理移民签证，以便将他们带到安全的地方，但这是一场令人沮丧的斗争。
May 1939 - while the Kleins were still awaiting their visas, other German Jews were able to board a ship for Cuba.
1939 年 5 月 - 当克莱因夫妇仍在等待签证时，其他德国犹太人已经登上了前往古巴的船。
5th NEWSREEL ANNOUNCER: And so over 900 of these unfortunate people, all with visas for Cuba and many with quota numbers for the United States, leave Hamburg on the St. Louis happy in anticipation of a new life far from Germany where their experiences under the Nazi regime will only be a sad, sad dream.
第五期新闻片播音员：因此，超过 900 名不幸的人，全部持有古巴签证，许多人持有美国配额，幸福地离开圣路易斯号上的汉堡，期待着远离德国的新生活，在那里，他们在纳粹政权下的经历将只是一场悲伤、悲伤的梦。
But when the ship arrived in Havana, the Cuban government refused to honor the refugees' landing certificates.
但当该船抵达哈瓦那时，古巴政府拒绝兑现难民的登陆证书。
Friends and relatives watched as despairing passengers waited aboard ship during a week of futile negotiations.
在为期一周的徒劳谈判中，亲朋好友眼睁睁地看着绝望的乘客在船上等待。
The passengers telegraphed President Roosevelt, requesting temporary haven.
乘客们给罗斯福总统发电报，请求暂时避难。
Their plea fell on deaf ears.
他们的请求被置若罔闻。
Finally, the ship was forced back to Europe, sailing first for days along the Florida coast.
最后，这艘船被迫返回欧洲，首先沿着佛罗里达海岸航行了几天。
America would make no exception to its rigid immigration laws.
美国对其严格的移民法也不例外。
The most logical haven for Jewish refugees was now Palestine, the historic homeland of the Jews.
现在，犹太难民最合理的避难所是巴勒斯坦，犹太人的历史故乡。
Britain controlled Palestine and until the late '30s had allowed Jewish immigration.
英国控制着巴勒斯坦，直到三十年代末才允许犹太人移民。
But as German Jewish refugees increased, so did longstanding tensions between Arabs and Jews.
但随着德国犹太难民的增加，阿拉伯人和犹太人之间长期存在的紧张关系也随之加剧。
To keep peace with the Arabs, who controlled the area's vast oil reserves, in 1939 London decided to issue a white paper that strictly limited Jewish immigration: 15,000 a year for five years, then no more.
为了与控制该地区大量石油储备的阿拉伯人保持和平，伦敦于 1939 年决定发布一份严格限制犹太移民的白皮书：每年 15,000 人，持续五年，然后不再增加。
For Jews trying to escape the Reich, the door to Palestine was now virtually shut.
对于试图逃离帝国的犹太人来说，通往巴勒斯坦的大门实际上已经关闭。
With the German invasion of Poland, the situation grew ever more dangerous.
随着德国入侵波兰，局势变得更加危险。
"If Jews again drive Europe into war, the Jewish race in Europe will be destroyed." In the spring of 1940, the fate of European Jews now fell into the hands of a new Roosevelt appointee, assistant Secretary of State Breckinridge Long .
“如果犹太人再次将欧洲带入战争，欧洲的犹太种族将被毁灭。” 1940 年春天，欧洲犹太人的命运现在落入了罗斯福新任命的助理国务卿布雷金里奇·朗 (Breckinridge Long) 的手中。
Long's policies would directly control the future for the Kleins, for all those cramming into consulates across Europe.
朗的政策将直接控制克莱因家族以及所有挤进欧洲各地领事馆的人的未来。
Long endorsed the anti-alien bigotry of the times and also feared German agents might enter America, posing as refugees.
长期以来支持当时的反外星人偏见，并担心德国特工可能冒充难民进入美国。
Pres.
新闻。
FRANKLIN D.
富兰克林 D.
ROOSEVELT: Today's threat to our national security is not a matter of military weapons alone.
罗斯福：今天对我们国家安全的威胁不仅仅是军事武器的问题。
We know of new methods of attack: the Trojan horse, the Fifth Column that betrays a nation unprepared for treachery.
我们知道新的攻击方法：特洛伊木马，第五纵队背叛了一个没有做好背叛准备的国家。
Spies, saboteurs and traitors are the actors in this new strategy.
间谍、破坏分子和叛徒是这一新战略的参与者。
National security was, of course, a legitimate issue, but what Breckinridge Long did was to exaggerate the problem, then use it as a device to put into force the anti-alien policies of the State Department.
国家安全当然是一个合理的问题，但布雷金里奇·朗的做法是夸大这个问题，然后将其用作实施国务院反外国人政策的手段。
To what extent anti-Semitism was involved, we're not clear, but what we do know is that as a result immigration was sharply cut.
我们不清楚反犹太主义在多大程度上涉及其中，但我们所知道的是，移民因此大幅减少。
In 20 years of research, probably the most disgraceful document that I've ever run into is this memorandum written by Breckinridge Long in June 1940 in which he outlines the means by which consuls secretly and illegally can cut very sharply into immigration.
在 20 年的研究中，我遇到过的最丢脸的文件可能是布雷肯里奇·朗 (Breckinridge Long) 于 1940 年 6 月撰写的这份备忘录，他在其中概述了领事们可以秘密、非法地大幅削减移民的手段。
"We can delay and effectively stop, for a temporary period of indefinite length, the number of immigrants into the United States.
“我们可以在无限期的暂时时间内推迟并有效地阻止进入美国的移民数量。
We could do this by simply advising our consuls to put every obstacle in the way which would postpone and postpone and postpone the granting of the visas."
我们可以通过简单地建议我们的领事们设置一切障碍来做到这一点，从而推迟签证的发放。”
At the end of August 1940, my father wrote the following: "Dear Children, A few days ago we received the following notice from the American consulate in Stuttgart" -- and I quote.
1940 年 8 月底，我父亲写道：“亲爱的孩子们，几天前我们收到了美国驻斯图加特领事馆的以下通知”——我引用一下。
"'Due to a change of circumstances, it is now necessary to reassess those immigration applications that had already been approved as being insufficient.
“‘由于情况发生变化，现在有必要重新评估那些已经被批准的移民申请，认为这些申请不充分。
In many cases, this approval will undoubtedly have to be rescinded.
在许多情况下，这一批准无疑必须被撤销。
We are therefore advising you not to make any preparations for such a trip or, if you have already made such steamship reservations, to cancel them until you hear from this consulate again.
因此，我们建议您不要为此类旅行做任何准备，或者，如果您已经预订了此类轮船，请取消预订，直到您再次收到本领事馆的消息。
That should avoid financial losses for you or your guarantors.' American Vice Consul." End of quote.
这应该可以避免您或您的担保人的经济损失。美国副领事。”报价结束。
And my father continues: "As you can see, our emigration will not go as fast as imagined, and we regret you will be disappointed."
我父亲继续说道：“正如你所看到的，我们的移民不会像想象的那么快，我们很遗憾你会失望。”
The Kleins were now victims of calculated bureaucratic delay.
克莱因夫妇现在成了官僚主义故意拖延的受害者。
Then, for several months, Kurt Klein heard no word from his parents.
此后的几个月里，库尔特·克莱因没有听到父母的任何消息。
In October 1940, he learned they had been deported on an hour's notice without their passports to Vichy France along with all the Jewish people in their region.
1940 年 10 月，他得知他们在提前一小时通知的情况下被驱逐出境，没有前往维希法国的护照，以及该地区的所有犹太人。
In Marseilles, they would have to take up their case with the American consulate all over again.
在马赛，他们将不得不再次向美国领事馆处理案件。
They were now being held in a detention camp called Gurs .
他们现在被关押在一个名为古尔斯的拘留营中。
Gurs was a terrible place.
古尔斯是一个可怕的地方。
In walking through the streets -- there weren't streets, they were roads -- mud literally up to your ankles.
走在街道上——那不是街道，而是马路——泥浆几乎没到你的脚踝。
The people, they lived in hutments.
人们，他们住在棚屋里。
Blankets were in short supply, food was in short supply.
毯子供应短缺，食物供应短缺。
The French had this kind of an arrangement: the director of the camp received a per-capita amount in order to feed the people.
法国人有这样的安排：集中营的负责人按人头领取一笔钱，以养活人民。
Well, if he didn't spend all the money on the food, it remained in his pocket, and you could be sure that he didn't spend all the money that he got in order to feed the people.
好吧，如果他没有把所有的钱都花在食物上，那么这些钱就留在了他的口袋里，你可以肯定他没有把所有的钱都花在养活人民上。
My father writes, "Our daily rations consist of the following.
我父亲写道：“我们每天的口粮包括以下内容。
In the mornings, there's some black, so-called coffee, at noon a thin soup mostly of cabbage, carrots or turnips.
早上，有一些所谓的黑咖啡，中午有一份主要由卷心菜、胡萝卜或芜菁组成的稀汤。
In the evening again coffee or tea along with 260 grams of bread which has to last the entire next day.
晚上再喝咖啡或茶，再加上 260 克面包，可以吃一整天。
On that alone nobody can subsist."
仅凭这一点，没有人能够生存。”
It was a technical nightmare to get out of France.
离开法国是一场技术上的噩梦。
You had to have a French visa to sortie - that's an exit visa from France.
您必须持有法国签证才能出境 - 这是法国的出境签证。
You had to get a Spanish transit visa, you had to get a Portuguese transit visa.
你必须获得西班牙过境签证，你必须获得葡萄牙过境签证。
You had to have your American visa either promised or stamped into your passport, and you had to have a boat ticket or onward transportation.
您必须承诺获得美国签证或在护照上盖章，并且必须有船票或继续交通。
All of these things had to happen within a four-month period.
所有这些事情都必须在四个月的时间内发生。
If any of it fell by the wayside, you had to start over again in order to get everything lined up.
如果有任何一个半途而废，你就必须重新开始才能让一切都井然有序。
By the end of 1940, Long's "postpone and postpone" directive was having its full impact.
到 1940 年底，朗的“推迟再推迟”指令产生了全面的影响。
During the year that followed his order, immigration was cut in half.
在他下令后的一年里，移民人数减少了一半。
When we ran up against these new obstacles, we became so desperate that I decided to go to Washington, trying to see someone at the State Department.
当我们遇到这些新的障碍时，我们变得非常绝望，以至于我决定去华盛顿，试图见国务院的某个人。
I was young, of course, and inexperienced and didn't know what to do, so I got as far as someone's secretary who promised to take up the matter with her superior and later came back and brushed me off with the usual platitudes.
当然，我还年轻，缺乏经验，不知道该怎么办，所以我找到了某人的秘书，她答应与她的上司讨论这件事，但后来又用通常的陈词滥调驳回了我。
Kurt Klein had now entered a deadly maze.
库尔特·克莱恩现在已经进入了一个致命的迷宫。
For many American Jews, it was a familiar experience.
对于许多美国犹太人来说，这是一种熟悉的经历。
American Jews had very little influence in the United States in those years, and they hadn't yet established themselves.
当年美国犹太人在美国的影响力很小，而且还没有站稳脚跟。
They had no infrastructure, they had no tensile strength as an organized group.
他们没有基础设施，没有作为一个有组织的群体的抗拉强度。
They were disparate people trying to learn to make a living in a community that was by a way of life opposed to their intrusion.
他们是不同的人，试图学习在一个反对他们入侵的生活方式的社区中谋生。
They didn't want Jews living alongside them, eating alongside them, going to school with them, living in their houses.
他们不希望犹太人和他们一起生活，和他们一起吃饭，和他们一起上学，和他们一起住在他们的房子里。
These were people who were on the outside and they were not really of major concern.
这些人都是局外人，并不是真正值得关注的人。
So a weak Jewish community, a non-caring non- Jewish community is a formula for disaster, and that's what we had.
因此，一个软弱的犹太社区、一个不关心他人的非犹太社区是灾难的根源，而这正是我们所面临的。
For years, in spite of their politically weak position, Jewish leaders had organized rallies to protest Nazi persecutions.
多年来，尽管犹太领袖在政治上处于弱势，但他们仍组织集会抗议纳粹的迫害。
Many were sponsored by a friend of the President, who would later become one of the first Americans to learn the full extent of Hitler's horrors - prominent rabbi Stephen S.
其中许多是由总统的一位朋友赞助的，这位朋友后来成为第一批了解希特勒的恐怖全部的美国人之一——著名的拉比斯蒂芬·S·特朗普。
Wise .
明智的。
Rabbi STEPHEN S.
拉比斯蒂芬·S.
WISE: I would say that the conscience of America rejects Hitler's power.
怀斯：我想说，美国的良心拒绝接受希特勒的权力。
Wise and his followers were ardent Roosevelt supporters, but in the anti-Semitic atmosphere of the times, many Jews were frightened and reluctant to press the administration too hard.
怀斯和他的追随者是罗斯福的热心支持者，但在当时的反犹太气氛中，许多犹太人感到害怕，不愿向政府施加太大压力。
I remember a sermon, a bitter sermon of my father's.
我记得父亲的一次布道，一次痛苦的布道。
The year was 1940.
那一年是 1940 年。
It was Yom Kippur of 1940, the Day of Atonement in the fall of 1940.
那是 1940 年的赎罪日，也就是 1940 年秋天的赎罪日。
He got up in the synagogue and he said, "Our brothers are being killed in Europe by the Nazis." The murders had already begun on a small scale.
他在犹太教堂里站起来说：“我们的兄弟在欧洲被纳粹杀害。”谋杀案已经开始小规模进行。
He said, "If we had any Jewish dignity, we would, at the end of this fast, get into our cars and go from Baltimore" -- where we lived -- "to Washington.
他说，“如果我们还有犹太人的尊严，我们就会在禁食结束时，钻进汽车，从我们居住的巴尔的摩”前往华盛顿。
We would picket the White House and we would demand of the President that he use his influence on the Nazis, as the great neutral power, to stop the killings." And then he added, "And the reason why you hesitate to do this is that sons and daughters of yours have jobs in the New Deal agencies which are now open to Jews, and you are afraid that you are going to rock the boat."
我们会在白宫设置纠察线，我们会要求总统利用他作为伟大中立力量对纳粹的影响力来制止杀戮。”然后他补充道，“你之所以犹豫不决，是因为你的儿子和女儿在新政机构中有工作，这些机构现在向犹太人开放，你担心你会搅局。”
That night, within an hour after the end of the fast, my father got a note from the board of this little synagogue firing him for his disrespect for the President.
那天晚上，斋戒结束后不到一个小时，我父亲就收到了这座小犹太教堂董事会的一张便条，因为他不尊重总统而解雇了他。
During the presidential campaign of 1940, Roosevelt never promised help for refugees.
1940 年总统竞选期间，罗斯福从未承诺为难民提供帮助。
Still, he received 90 percent of the Jewish vote.
尽管如此，他还是获得了 90% 的犹太人选票。
The results now conclusive: Roosevelt wins.
结果现已确定：罗斯福获胜。
Early in Roosevelt's third term in 1941, the refugees in Europe still held hopes of coming to the United States.
1941年罗斯福第三任期初期，欧洲难民仍抱有来到美国的希望。
They had the illusion that they might perhaps find safety here.
他们有一种错觉，也许他们可以在这里找到安全。
But at the same time, Long and the State Department once again were devising even higher barriers: more regulations, more documentation, more paper walls that meant the difference between life and death.
但与此同时，朗和国务院再次设计了更高的障碍：更多的法规、更多的文件、更多的纸墙，这些都意味着生与死的区别。
In the summer of 1941, using the exaggerated issue regarding subversion among the refugees, the State Department set up yet another group of regulations.
1941年夏天，国务院利用难民中的颠覆问题，又制定了另一组规定。
Among these, all immigration decisions were centralized in Washington, processed through an impossibly complex system of review committees.
其中，所有移民决定都集中在华盛顿，通过极其复杂的审查委员会系统进行处理。
In a matter of months, immigration was so severely curtailed that it was virtually shut down.
在短短几个月内，移民受到严重限制，以至于几乎被关闭。
I love America.
我爱美国。
I've always loved America, and even during the time when we were so desperately trying to get our parents here, that didn't interfere with that love at all.
我一直很爱美国，即使在我们拼命想把父母带到这里的时候，这也丝毫没有影响我的爱。
But it did make it very difficult to understand why this country, which had been so good to my sister, to my brother and to me, couldn't also permit them to get here and join us.
但这确实让人很难理解为什么这个对我姐姐、我兄弟和我都那么好的国家却不能允许他们来到这里并加入我们。
In the middle of July of '41, I received this letter from my mother.
41年7月中旬，我收到了妈妈的这封信。
"You'll have to start anew with respect to our immigration.
“关于我们的移民问题，你必须重新开始。
We were enlightened today about the new decrees and, regretfully, everything has now become invalid and we are back to square one.
今天我们对新法令有所了解，遗憾的是，现在一切都变得无效，我们又回到了原点。
And the worst thing is that Father and I are compelled to be separated for such long periods of time.
最糟糕的是我和父亲被迫分开这么长时间。
Much of what I was able initially to be enthusiastic about is no longer of any consequence to me."
我最初能够热衷的大部分事情对我来说已经不再有任何意义了。”
Summer 1941 - the Nazis invaded Russia.
1941 年夏天 - 纳粹入侵俄罗斯。
In newly-conquered areas, a secret policy was put into action.
在新征服的地区，一项秘密政策开始实施。
Political enemies, undesirables and all Jews were rounded up by special forces, Einsatzgruppen .
政敌、不良分子和所有犹太人都被特种部队特别行动队围捕。
This rare footage filmed secretly by Germans documents the physical start of the genocide of the Jews, the Holocaust.
这段由德国人秘密拍摄的罕见镜头记录了犹太人种族灭绝（大屠杀）的实际开始。
By the end of 1941, more than half a million Jews would be murdered.
到 1941 年底，超过 50 万犹太人被杀害。
In October of 1941, once again everything seemed in readiness for my parents to be able to leave France.
1941 年 10 月，我的父母似乎再次一切准备就绪，可以离开法国了。
Passage had been booked on a Portuguese ship that would leave Lisbon the day after Christmas.
一艘葡萄牙轮船已预订，该轮船将在圣诞节后的第二天离开里斯本。
The only thing we were still waiting for was approval of the American consul in Marseilles to grant their visa.
我们唯一还在等待的是美国驻马赛领事批准他们的签证。
A few weeks later from Gurs, Ludwig Klein wrote again.
几周后，路德维希·克莱因从古尔斯那里再次写信。
[reading] "December 6, 1941.
[阅读]“1941 年 12 月 6 日。
My dear children, we were at the American consulate on December 3rd, at which time our visas were supposed to have been issued.
亲爱的孩子们，12月3日我们在美国领事馆，当时我们的签证应该已经签发了。
Although everything was in readiness, they could not be handed over to us because no more German quota numbers were available.
尽管一切都已准备就绪，但由于没有更多的德国配额数量，它们无法移交给我们。
However, they ought to be available again within a few days."
不过，它们应该会在几天内再次可用。”
But at home in Buffalo, New York, Kurt Klein, reading about the attack on Pearl Harbor, realized America's entry into the war could further hamper his parents' escape.
但在纽约布法罗的家中，库尔特·克莱因读到有关珍珠港袭击的报道，意识到美国参战可能会进一步阻碍他父母的逃跑。
Two days before they were set to sail, Kurt Klein received this cable: "Passage uncertain.
在启航前两天，库尔特·克莱因收到了这份电报：“航道不确定。
Try to find out other lines."
尝试找出其他线路。”
Once more everything fell apart.
一切再次崩溃。
Aside from all the red tape, the tragedy of Pearl Harbor got in the way.
除了所有的繁文缛节之外，珍珠港的悲剧也成为了障碍。
Even though we continued our attempts to get our parents out because we knew that they were in the unoccupied part of France which was still not totally under German control, everything we attempted to do for them turned into nothing.
尽管我们继续尝试将父母救出，因为我们知道他们身处法国未被占领的地区，该地区尚未完全受德国控制，但我们为他们所做的一切都化为泡影。
By spring 1942, rumors moved through western Europe: entire villages, cities being emptied of Jews, massive deportations somewhere to the east.
到了 1942 年春天，谣言传遍了西欧：整个村庄、城市里的犹太人都被清空，犹太人被大规模驱逐到东部的某个地方。
While the Nazis kept the final destination a well-guarded secret, the transports themselves were impossible to hide.
虽然纳粹对最终目的地严加保密，但运输工具本身却无法隐藏。
They were noted as far away as Washington by Eleanor Roosevelt in her weekly radio broadcast.
远在华盛顿的埃莉诺·罗斯福在她的每周广播中也提到了他们。
ELEANOR ROOSEVELT, First Lady: How utterly without mercy or regard for human life is the German fuhrer.
埃莉诺·罗斯福，第一夫人：德国元首对人的生命毫无怜悯和尊重。
How otherwise can we explain the reports of sending numberless Jewish people from Berlin and other cities at an hour's notice, packed like cattle into trains with their destination either Poland or some part of occupied Russia?
否则，我们如何解释有关在一小时通知后从柏林和其他城市派遣无数犹太人像牛一样挤进火车的报道，他们的目的地要么是波兰，要么是被占领的俄罗斯部分地区？
That the trains were heading to killing centers fully operating by spring of '42 was still a well-guarded secret, but that summer in Switzerland, the Nazi plan to exterminate all the Jews of Europe were leaked by an anti-Nazi German industrialist.
火车将前往 42 年春天全面投入运营的屠杀中心，这仍然是一个严格保守的秘密，但那年夏天在瑞士，纳粹灭绝欧洲所有犹太人的计划被一位反纳粹的德国实业家泄露了。
His information was passed to Gerhart Riegner , the representative of a Jewish organization in Geneva.
他的信息被传递给日内瓦犹太组织的代表格哈特·里格纳。
Horrified, Riegner relayed it to the State Department, requesting they alert Rabbi Stephen Wise in New York.
里格纳惊恐万状，将此事转发给国务院，要求他们向纽约的拉比斯蒂芬·怀斯发出警报。
But skeptical State Department personnel dismissed the report as a wild rumor inspired by Jewish fears and suppressed the information.
但持怀疑态度的国务院人员驳斥了该报告，称其为受犹太人恐惧启发的疯狂谣言，并压制了该信息。
Two weeks later, Wise received the same information through an independent source in London and approached the State Department.
两周后，怀斯通过伦敦的独立消息来源收到了同样的信息，并联系了国务院。
He was asked to remain silent until the department verified the reports that millions were slated for death.
他被要求保持沉默，直到该部门核实数百万人将死亡的报道。
Months went by without any progress whatsoever until in September of '42 some of the letters we had sent to our parents were returned to us stamped "Return to sender, moved, left no forwarding address." We feared the worst, but of course didn't know the details.
几个月过去了，没有任何进展，直到 42 年 9 月，我们寄给父母的一些信件被退回，盖上“退回发件人，已搬家，没有留下转发地址”的印章。我们担心最坏的情况，但当然不知道细节。
By November, the horrifying puzzle was pieced together by the State Department from press accounts, refugee workers, the Red Cross, the Polish government in exile, the Vatican: 60,000 Jews deported from the Netherlands; 3,600 Jews from France sent eastward, exact destination unknown; 16,000 arrested in Paris.
到了 11 月，美国国务院根据媒体报道、难民工作者、红十字会、波兰流亡政府、梵蒂冈拼凑出了这个可怕的谜团：60,000 名犹太人被驱逐出荷兰； 3,600 名法国犹太人被送往东方，具体目的地未知； 16,000 人在巴黎被捕。
Two trainloads of Jews departed toward their doom without anything further heard from them.
两车犹太人驶向灭亡，再也没有任何消息。
"Evacuated whole Warsaw ghetto , murdered 100,000 Jews.
“疏散了整个华沙隔都，杀害了 10 万犹太人。
Mass execution of Jews continues, killed by poison gas in chambers.
对犹太人的大规模处决仍在继续，他们在密室中被毒气杀害。
Convoys of Jews led to their death, seen everywhere." The State Department had finally confirmed the systematic annihilation of European Jews.
犹太人的车队导致他们死亡，随处可见。”美国国务院最终证实了对欧洲犹太人的系统性屠杀。
November 24, 1942 - Stephen Wise, after three months, was released from his pledge of silence.
1942 年 11 月 24 日 - 三个月后，斯蒂芬·怀斯不再保持沉默。
At a press conference, Wise revealed the Nazi plan to exterminate all the Jews of Europe.
在新闻发布会上，怀斯透露了纳粹消灭欧洲所有犹太人的计划。
The news was carried by major newspapers, but not prominently.
各大报纸都报道了这一消息，但并不显眼。
Over two million people were already dead.
超过两百万人已经死亡。
I'll never forget November of 1942.
我永远不会忘记 1942 年 11 月。
It was the time when I was drafted into the American Army, which gave me a measure of pride to be serving the country that was fighting this evil.
那是我被征召入伍的时候，这让我为能够为这个与邪恶作斗争的国家服务而感到自豪。
It was also good to know that I was finally doing something concrete - however small that might be - that would help in that effort.
很高兴知道我终于在做一些具体的事情——无论多么小——这将有助于这一努力。
But November '42 was also a time when we received a letter from the State Department.
但 42 年 11 月我们也收到了国务院的一封信。
"With reference to your interest in the visa case of Mr. Ludwig Klein and his wife Alice, I take pleasure in informing you that after further consideration of the case in the light of existing conditions, the department has given renewed advisory approval to the appropriate American officer at Marseilles for the issuance of immigration visas to the applicants.
“鉴于您对路德维希·克莱因先生和他的妻子爱丽丝的签证案件感兴趣，我很高兴地通知您，在根据现有情况进一步考虑该案件后，该部门已向马赛的相应美国官员重新提供咨询批准，以向申请人签发移民签证。
Very truly yours, H.K.
非常真诚地属于您，H.K.
Travers, Chief, Visa Division."
特拉弗斯，签证部主管。”
The tragedy was that this letter came two and a half months after my parents' deportation to an unknown destination in eastern Europe.
悲剧的是，这封信是在我父母被驱逐到东欧一个未知目的地两个半月后发出的。
Serving with the American Army in Europe, it would be three more years before Kurt Klein would discover the fate of his parents.
科特·克莱因在欧洲的美国陆军服役，又过了三年，他才发现了父母的命运。
Near the end of 1942, with four million Jews still alive in Europe, Stephen Wise and other Jewish leaders presented a document to President Roosevelt detailing the Nazi plan for extermination.
1942 年底，欧洲仍有 400 万犹太人活着，史蒂芬·怀斯和其他犹太领导人向罗斯福总统提交了一份文件，详细介绍了纳粹的灭绝计划。
The President acknowledged he was well aware of what was happening to the Jews.
总统承认他很清楚犹太人所遭遇的事情。
His response was a statement threatening the Nazis with accountability for war crimes.
他的回应是发表声明，威胁纳粹要对战争罪行负责。
Spotlighting the tragedy for the public remained the burden of American Jews.
让公众关注这一悲剧仍然是美国犹太人的负担。
Rabbi STEPHEN S.
拉比斯蒂芬·S.
WISE: In Hitler Europe within this year the number of Jews slain in one or another inhuman way stands between two and three million.
怀斯：今年在希特勒欧洲，以一种或另一种非人道方式杀害的犹太人人数在两到三百万之间。
Wise's American Jewish Congress and other major Jewish organizations challenged the government's position that nothing could be done short of winning the war.
怀斯的美国犹太人大会和其他主要犹太组织对政府的立场提出了挑战，即除了赢得战争之外别无他法。
Rabbi STEPHEN S.
拉比斯蒂芬·S.
WISE: We may move our country and the United Nations to act now.
怀斯：我们可能会促使我们的国家和联合国立即采取行动。
They called for revised immigration procedures and actions at an international level.
他们呼吁在国际层面修改移民程序和行动。
In coming weeks, 40 rallies were mounted across the country by Wise and allied organizations.
在接下来的几周内，怀斯及其联盟组织在全国各地举办了 40 场集会。
In early 1943, reports on the ongoing extermination of the Jews continued to arrive at the State Department to be passed on to American Jewish leaders, but in February, the department ordered its Swiss legation not to accept any further reports intended for private citizens.
1943 年初，有关持续灭绝犹太人的报告不断到达国务院，并转交给美国犹太领导人，但在 2 月，国务院命令其瑞士公使馆不得接受任何针对普通公民的进一步报告。
Vital information about the death of tens of thousands was cut off for 11 critical weeks.
有关数万人死亡的重要信息在关键的 11 周内被切断。
The State Department was actively blocking information about the genocide.
美国国务院正在积极封锁有关种族灭绝的信息。
Roosevelt refused to focus on the issue.
罗斯福拒绝关注这个问题。
The American churches were largely silent, a fact that particularly pains me as a Christian, and the press had little to say and buried that little on the inner pages.
美国教会基本上保持沉默，这一事实让作为基督徒的我特别痛苦，而媒体也没什么可说的，并将其埋藏在内页上。
So it fell to Jewish activists to bring the information to the American public.
因此，犹太活动家有责任将这些信息传达给美国公众。
One of those activists, a person not connected with the mainline Jewish organizations, who would later come into sharp conflict with them, was a newcomer to America from Palestine, Peter Bergson .
其中一位活动家是从巴勒斯坦来到美国的新移民彼得·伯格森，他与主流犹太组织没有联系，但后来与他们发生了激烈的冲突。
Bergson had arrived in America in 1940.
柏格森于 1940 年抵达美国。
He was a member of the Irgun, the underground organization in Palestine willing to use violence there to press for a Jewish state.
他是巴勒斯坦地下组织伊尔贡（Irgun）的成员，该组织愿意在当地使用暴力来推动建立犹太国家。
On what Bergson would call the most traumatic day of his life, he read Stephen Wise's November announcement on page six of The Washington Post.
在柏格森称之为一生中最痛苦的一天，他在《华盛顿邮报》第六版上读到了斯蒂芬·怀斯 (Stephen Wise) 11 月的声明。
Immediately he embraced a new commitment -- to move the story from the back pages to the front page of public awareness.
他立即接受了一项新的承诺——将这个故事从封底搬到公众意识的头版。
WILL ROGERS, Jr., U.S. Congressman (D-CA), 1943-44: When I first met Peter Bergson, my impression was that the Jews were being kicked around in Europe and the United States should do something about it, and the other people should do something about it, whether they were Jews or Cherokees or whatever it was.
小威尔·罗杰斯，美国国会议员 (D-CA)，1943-44 年：当我第一次见到彼得·柏格森时，我的印象是，犹太人在欧洲受到排挤，美国应该对此采取行动，其他人也应该采取行动，无论他们是犹太人、切罗基人还是其他什么人。
And it was on a Jewish basis at all, whatever the -- I was either approached by Peter Bergson or agreed to go along in the Bergson group.
无论如何，这完全是在犹太人的基础上——我要么是彼得·柏格森接触过我，要么同意加入柏格森小组。
Will Rogers, Jr., was one of the politicians, actors, authors, journalists Bergson and his colleagues enlisted for a campaign of public awareness.
小威尔·罗杰斯是柏格森及其同事参与公众意识运动的政治家、演员、作家、记者之一。
MAX LERNER, Journalist and Historian: There was a touch of genius about Bergson, but a touch of genius, I think, lay in his being a master of publicity orwhat we later came to call the art of public relations.
马克斯·勒纳，记者兼历史学家：柏格森身上有一种天才的气质，但我认为，他的天才之处在于他是一位宣传大师，或者我们后来称之为公共关系艺术的大师。
He seemed to have grown up with this capacity, perhaps with his mother's milk, I don't know, but he was so good at it.
他似乎是带着这种能力长大的，也许是靠着他的母乳，我不知道，但他非常擅长。
WILL ROGERS, Jr.: I think the most effective thing that we of the Bergson group did was our advertising and our ads.
小威尔·罗杰斯：我认为我们柏格森集团所做的最有效的事情就是我们的广告和我们的广告。
These were written by Ben Hecht.
这些是本·赫克特写的。
They were full-page ads.
它们是整版广告。
They appeared in The New York Times and they were extremely shocking.
他们出现在《纽约时报》上，非常令人震惊。
One of them, I recall, was "70,000 Jews for sale."
我记得其中之一是“出售 70,000 名犹太人”。
The ad drew attention to an American press account that Romania might release 70,000 captive Jews.
该广告引起了人们对美国媒体报道的关注，称罗马尼亚可能会释放 70,000 名被俘犹太人。
Ben Hecht, its author, was an eminent screenwriter and Broadway playwright.
该书的作者本·赫克特是一位著名的编剧和百老汇剧作家。
WILL ROGERS, Jr.: He wrote simple, direct, declarative sentences that went straight to the point.
小威尔·罗杰斯：他写的句子简单、直接、陈述性，开门见山。
The Ben Hecht ads did more than any other single event to stimulate the Americans that wanted to save Jews to saving Jews.
本·赫克特的广告比任何其他单一事件都更能刺激那些想要拯救犹太人的美国人去拯救犹太人。
And by some merciful gift of history, his talents became available for a cause like ours.
由于历史的某种仁慈的礼物，他的才能可以用于像我们这样的事业。
In March, Hecht's theatrical talents were put to use as the campaign moved beyond the papers.
三月，随着竞选活动超越报纸，赫克特的戏剧才华得到了发挥。
6th NEWSREEL ANNOUNCER: The pageant, We Will Never Die, is New York's Jewish protest against Nazi massacre.
第六期新闻片播音员：这场名为“我们永不死”的选美活动是纽约犹太人对纳粹屠杀的抗议活动。
Forty thousand attended the spectacle staged by some of the finest talents in the American theater.
四万人观看了由美国剧院一些最优秀的人才上演的表演。
LEONA ZARSKY, Physician: I remember going to New York to see the pageant.
LEONA ZARSKY，医生：我记得去纽约观看选美比赛。
I just remember my own sense of being so overwhelmed and feeling an enormous link with everybody on the stage.
我只记得我自己的那种不知所措的感觉，感觉与舞台上的每个人都有着巨大的联系。
["We Shall Never Die"] Here the Germans turned machine guns on us and killed us all.
[“我们永不死”]在这里，德国人用机枪对着我们，把我们都杀了。
Remember us.
记住我们。
Dr. LEONA ZARSKY: I wept all through it.
LEONA ZARSKY 博士：整个过程我都在哭。
My father wept with me.
我的父亲和我一起哭泣。
It was very moving.
这非常令人感动。
But again, I was never sure that non-Jews saw it as anything but a wonderful theatrical spectacle.
但同样，我不确定非犹太人是否认为这只是一场精彩的戏剧奇观。
["We Shall Never Die "] There are four million Jews surviving in Europe.
[《我们将永远不死》] 欧洲有四百万犹太人幸存。
The Germans have promised to deliver to the world, by the end of the year, a Christmas package of four million dead Jews, and this is not a Jewish problem.
德国人承诺在今年年底前向世界交付一包包含四百万死去犹太人的圣诞包裹，而这不是犹太人的问题。
It is a problem that belongs to humanity and it is a challenge to the soul of man.
这是属于人类的问题，是对人灵魂的挑战。
In following weeks, the Bergsons intensified their campaign to awaken America.
在接下来的几周里，柏格森家族加强了他们唤醒美国的运动。
The pageant toured five different cities, playing to more than 100,000 people.
选美比赛巡演了五个不同的城市，吸引了超过 100,000 名观众。
At the same time, other Jewish organizations held rallies around the country.
与此同时，其他犹太组织也在全国各地举行集会。
The government attempted to quell the Jewish outcry by announcing a joint British-American rescue conference.
政府试图通过宣布召开英美联合救援会议来平息犹太人的抗议。
And we Jews became very excited that finally two great governments were meeting to solve the problem, if indeed it could be solved.
我们犹太人感到非常兴奋，因为两个伟大的政府终于会面来解决这个问题，如果这个问题确实能够得到解决的话。
The closed-door conference met in a remote Bermuda hotel.
这次闭门会议在百慕大一家偏远的酒店举行。
The American delegation arrived with secret directives from the State Department.
美国代表团带着国务院的秘密指示抵达。
The Bermuda conference was a conference set up to not accomplish anything, and the people who represented the United States there were given those instructions.
百慕大会议是一个没有任何成果的会议，而代表美国出席会议的人却收到了这些指示。
The Bermuda conference was a failure because the real result was that they decided, the two powers, that first the war had to be won and then Jews could be taken care of.
百慕大会议是失败的，因为真正的结果是，两个强国决定，首先必须赢得战争，然后才能照顾犹太人。
I must tell you it discouraged the American Jewish community.
我必须告诉你，这让美国犹太社区感到沮丧。
It broke the hearts of the leaders who had been involved in trying to make it happen.
这让那些努力实现这一目标的领导人心碎了。
It made us feel once and for all that all was lost.
这让我们一劳永逸地感到一切都失去了。
Jewish leaders, after the hoax at Bermuda, were plunged into despair.
百慕大骗局发生后，犹太领导人陷入了绝望。
They now recognized that America and Britain -- the two great western democracies, Hitler's enemies -- were deeply committed to a policy of not rescuing Jews.
他们现在认识到，美国和英国——两个伟大的西方民主国家，希特勒的敌人——坚定地致力于不拯救犹太人的政策。
I was summoned to the White House by President Roosevelt on July 28, in 1943.
1943 年 7 月 28 日，罗斯福总统将我召唤到白宫。
He kept me approximately one hour 20 minutes.
他给我留了大约一小时二十分钟。
Jan Karski was an agent for the Polish government in exile.
扬·卡尔斯基是波兰流亡政府的特工。
A Christian, he brought information in and out of Poland.
作为一名基督徒，他将信息带入和带出波兰。
One secret assignment: to witness the death camp in Belzec.
一项秘密任务：目睹贝尔热茨死亡集中营。
I made him my opening report.
我向他做了开场报告。
"I saw what was happening to the Jews in the Warsaw ghetto.
“我看到了华沙隔都的犹太人所发生的事情。
I was -- saw concentration camp in Belzec.
我看到了贝尔热茨集中营。
I saw terrible things." He listened.
我看到了可怕的事情。”他听着。
The conclusion of that part of the report was his statement.
报告该部分的结论是他的陈述。
I was supposed to go back to Poland at that time.
那时我本来应该回波兰的。
"You will tell your leaders that we shall win this war.
“你们将告诉你们的领导人，我们将赢得这场战争。
You will tell them that the guilty ones will be punished for their crimes.
你会告诉他们，有罪的人会因为他们的罪行而受到惩罚。
You will tell them that Poland has a friend in this house." And he tendered his hand.
你会告诉他们，波兰在这所房子里有一个朋友。”他伸出了手。
I was impressed with this -- "Poland has a friend in the White House," President Roosevelt.
我对此印象深刻——“波兰在白宫有一位朋友，”罗斯福总统。
Only, if you are interested, when the ambassador took me to the limousine by the side door, he whispered on the street, "Well, the President did not say much," because these were generalities.
只是，如果你感兴趣的话，当大使把我带到侧门的豪华轿车时，他在街上低声说：“嗯，总统没有说太多，”因为这些都是笼统的说法。
In the second half of 1943, the government's longstanding policy of not rescuing European Jews was challenged simultaneously on two fronts, the first in a branch of government normally not involved with refugees, the Treasury Department.
1943 年下半年，政府不拯救欧洲犹太人的长期政策同时在两个方面受到挑战，第一个挑战来自通常不涉及难民的政府部门，即财政部。
Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau , a Jew, had a 30-year working relationship with Franklin Roosevelt and was a close personal friend.
财政部长亨利·摩根索是一名犹太人，与富兰克林·罗斯福有着长达 30 年的工作关系，也是亲密的私人朋友。
It would be Henry Morgenthau and some non-Jewish Treasury Department staff members who would eventually uncover the State Department's deliberate obstruction of rescue.
最终揭露国务院蓄意阻挠救援的将是亨利·摩根索和一些非犹太裔财政部工作人员。
It began when Stephen Wise came to Washington with a plan for the U.S. Jewish community to put up funds to rescue 70,000 Romanian Jews.
一切始于斯蒂芬·怀斯 (Stephen Wise) 来到华盛顿，计划为美国犹太社区提供资金，拯救 70,000 名罗马尼亚犹太人。
To prevent funds from falling into enemy hands, Washington required a special wartime license to be approved by both State and Treasury.
为了防止资金落入敌人手中，华盛顿需要获得国务院和财政部批准的特殊战时许可证。
The State Department stalled the license for 11 weeks, but when the request finally reached the Treasury Department, it was approved within 24 hours.
国务院将许可证拖延了 11 周，但当请求最终到达财政部时，它在 24 小时内获得了批准。
Henry Morgenthau and his Treasury Staff assumed that the first meager steps toward saving European Jews were under way.
亨利·摩根索和他的财政部工作人员认为，拯救欧洲犹太人的第一步微不足道的步骤正在进行中。
At the same time, the persistent Bergson group launched an all-out campaign calling for the establishment of a government rescue agency.
与此同时，执着的柏格森派发起了全面运动，呼吁成立政府救援机构。
In October they held an unprecedented demonstration in Washington.
十月，他们在华盛顿举行了前所未有的示威活动。
Four hundred orthodox rabbis arrived from around the nation, two days before the most holy day in the Jewish year, to present a petition to the President.
在犹太年最神圣的日子前两天，四百名东正教拉比从全国各地赶来，向总统提交请愿书。
We pray and appeal to the Lord, blessed be he, that our most gracious president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, consider and recognize this momentous hour of history, that he may save the remnant of the people of the Book, the people of Israel.
我们祈祷并祈求上帝保佑，让我们最仁慈的总统富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福考虑并认识到这一历史性的重要时刻，以便他可以拯救圣书人民的残余，即以色列人民。
The petition called for the establishment of a special government rescue agency.
请愿书呼吁成立一个专门的政府救援机构。
The rabbis expected to meet with the President, but Jewish leaders opposed to the Bergson group advised Roosevelt against it.
拉比们预计会见总统，但反对柏格森团体的犹太领导人建议罗斯福不要这样做。
Vice President Wallace received the petition.
副总统华莱士收到了请愿书。
White House spokesmen claimed the President was too busy, but a look at his appointment calendar reveals he was free that afternoon.
白宫发言人声称总统太忙了，但查看他的约会日历发现他那天下午有空。
A few weeks later, the campaign for a rescue agency intensified.
几周后，建立救援机构的活动愈演愈烈。
Legislation designed by the Bergson group, was introduced jointly into Congress by Senator Guy Gillette , and Representative Will Rogers, Jr.
柏格森小组设计的立法由参议员盖伊·吉列和众议员小威尔·罗杰斯联合提交国会。
WILL ROGERS, Jr.: I just did what anybody would have done.
小威尔·罗杰斯：我只是做了任何人都会做的事情。
I was not concerned with the outcome so much as I was with making a statement and that somebody makes a statement and that my country makes a statement.
我并不关心结果，而是关心发表声明，有人发表声明，我的国家也发表声明。
I did very much want the United States -- as a country and as a nation -- to protest and to stand for the rescue of these people when it could be done.
我确实非常希望美国——作为一个国家和一个民族——能够抗议并支持拯救这些人。
Back at the Treasury Department, Morgenthau's inner staff -- the general counsel to the Treasury, Randolph Paul, his assistant Josiah DuBois , and the head of foreign funds control, John Pehle -- discovered shocking information about the license they'd issued five months earlier to rescue the Romanian Jews.
回到财政部，摩根索的内部工作人员——财政部总法律顾问伦道夫·保罗、他的助手乔赛亚·杜波依斯和外国资金控制主管约翰·佩勒——发现了有关他们五个月前颁发的营救罗马尼亚犹太人许可证的令人震惊的信息。
When we issued the license and gave it to the State Department to transmit it, we assumed that it would be carried out.
当我们颁发许可证并将其交给国务院转发时，我们假设它会被执行。
And when we heard from the Jewish agencies that were involved the license had never been received, and when we discovered they had been held up, we of course made inquiries and they were told they were consulting with the British.
当我们从参与其中的犹太机构那里得知，许可证从未获得，当我们发现他们被搁置时，我们当然进行了询问，他们被告知他们正在与英国人协商。
With 70,000 lives at stake, the Treasury began to investigate the delay.
由于 70,000 人的生命受到威胁，财政部开始调查这一延误。
At the same time on Capitol Hill pressure was building against the administration's inaction.
与此同时，国会山对政府无所作为的压力也越来越大。
WILL ROGERS, Jr.: I find it very hard to try and explain why the administration had not moved more rapidly toward saving Jews in Europe, especially when situations developed that they knew they could get some of these people out, and they knew they could do something.
小威尔·罗杰斯：我发现很难解释为什么政府没有更快地采取行动拯救欧洲的犹太人，特别是当情况发展到他们知道他们可以把其中一些人救出来，并且他们知道他们可以做一些事情时。
The only excuse that I can give -- and it's a pretty weak one -- is that they were tangled up with oil, with the Arabs, with the British, with the mandate, with Palestine and with everything else, and they were trying to look down the road.
我能给出的唯一借口——这是一个相当站不住脚的借口——是他们与石油、阿拉伯人、英国人、托管地、巴勒斯坦以及其他一切问题纠缠在一起，他们试图展望未来。
Meanwhile these people are being killed back here and they're looking at 50 years or 25 years in the future.
与此同时，这些人在这里被杀害，他们展望的是 50 年或 25 年的未来。
The rescue resolution sponsored by the Bergson group received unusual bipartisan support in the Senate, but there were problems in the House.
柏格森团体发起的救援决议在参议院获得了不同寻常的两党支持，但在众议院却出现了问题。
In the House hearings, the worst problems occurred when Breckinridge Long appeared and gave closed-door testimony.
在众议院听证会上，当布雷肯里奇·朗出庭并作闭门证词时，出现了最严重的问题。
Long's grossly misleading statements made it look like the State Department was doing an outstanding job, bringing 580,000 Jewish refugees to America since the start of the Hitler years.
朗的严重误导性言论让国务院看起来做得非常出色，自希特勒执政初期以来，已经将 58 万犹太难民带到了美国。
Long impressed the House committee and called into question the need for a separate rescue agency, but his statements were false.
朗给众议院委员会留下了深刻的印象，并质疑是否需要设立一个单独的救援机构，但他的声明是错误的。
The truth was that well under half the people he claimed had entered America and many of them were not Jewish.
事实是，他声称的进入美国的人远低于一半，其中许多人不是犹太人。
His testimony stalled the legislation.
他的证词使立法陷入停滞。
Jewish groups refuted Long, and the State Department's policies began to unravel.
犹太团体反驳了朗，国务院的政策开始瓦解。
The staff at Treasury uncovered the smoking gun when they pressed the State Department and the British to explain the license delay.
财政部工作人员在向国务院和英国政府施压，要求他们解释许可证延期的原因时，发现了确凿的证据。
And the American embassy went to the British authorities and received a letter saying the reason the British were opposed to issuance of the license was of the difficulty of disposing of any considerable number of the refugees should they be rescued.
美国大使馆找到英国当局，收到一封信，称英国反对发放许可证的原因是，如果获救，将很难处置相当数量的难民。
"The Foreign Office is concerned with the difficulties of disposing of any considerable number of Jews should they be rescued from enemy-occupied territory." The words were characterized by Morgenthau as "a satanic combination of British chill and diplomatic doubletalk -- cold and correct and adding up to a sentence of death." The State Department's attitude was equally horrifying.
“外交部担心，如果从敌占领土上救出大量犹太人，处置起来会很困难。”摩根索将这些话描述为“英国的冷漠和外交上的双重谈话的邪恶结合——冷酷而正确，加起来就等于宣判了死刑”。国务院的态度同样令人震惊。
There was always the danger that the German government might agree to turn over to the United States and to Great Britain a large number of Jewish refugees.
德国政府可能同意向美国和英国移交大量犹太难民的危险始终存在。
Finally it was out in the open, the real reason the British and the State Department were obstructing rescue -- the fear that large numbers of Jews might actually be released.
最终，这件事被公开，这是英国和国务院阻碍救援的真正原因——担心大量犹太人实际上可能被释放。
Then the Treasury investigators uncovered a copy of the State Department's cable ordering its legation in Switzerland not to pass along extermination reports.
随后，财政部调查人员发现了一份国务院电报副本，该电报命令其驻瑞士公使馆不得传递灭绝报告。
We were advised by our friends in the State Department that the State Department not only was not interested in the refugee problem, but that they were actively suppressing information about the extent of the Holocaust by sending instructions to their legation in Switzerland not to permit private Jewish agencies to transmit any such stories.
国务院的朋友告诉我们，国务院不仅对难民问题不感兴趣，而且还积极压制有关大屠杀严重程度的信息，向他们驻瑞士的使馆发出指示，不允许私人犹太机构传播任何此类故事。
Suppress information?
压制信息？
The government then becomes an accomplice to what the Nazis were doing by hiding information from the American public.
然后，政府通过向美国公众隐瞒信息，成为纳粹行为的帮凶。
The Treasury investigators next discovered a State Department attempt to cover up this cable.
财政部调查人员接下来发现国务院试图掩盖这条电报。
When we discovered that not only had the State Department suppressed information of the extent of the Holocaust but had tried to cover it up, we then felt that this should be brought to the President's attention.
当我们发现国务院不仅隐瞒了有关大屠杀规模的信息，而且还试图掩盖它时，我们认为应该提请总统注意这一点。
What was so shocking had to be remedied.
如此令人震惊的事情必须得到补救。
Outraged by their discovery, the staff at Treasury immediately wrote a report to Secretary Morgenthau.
财政部工作人员对他们的发现感到愤怒，立即向摩根索部长写了一份报告。
They chronicled the State Department obstructionism and urged their boss to go to the President.
他们记录了国务院的阻挠行为，并敦促他们的老板去见总统。
Josiah DuBois spent Christmas Day 1943 drafting "Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of this Government in the Murder of the Jews."
乔赛亚·杜波依斯 (Josiah DuBois) 于 1943 年圣诞节起草了《向国务卿提交的关于本届政府默许屠杀犹太人的报告》。
Secretary Morgenthau, who valued above all else his relationship with the President, nevertheless felt that he had to put himself on the line and be the spokesman on this issue.
摩根索国务卿最看重与总统的关系，但他认为自己必须冒着风险，成为这个问题的发言人。
January 16, 1944 - the Treasury Report indicting the State Department was presented at an unusual Sunday meeting in the White House.
1944 年 1 月 16 日 - 在白宫举行的一次不同寻常的周日会议上提交了起诉国务院的财政部报告。
We met with President Roosevelt in the Oval Office, Secretary Morgenthau, Randolph Paul and I.
我们在椭圆形办公室会见了罗斯福总统、摩根索国务卿、伦道夫·保罗和我。
The President didn't read the report, but Morgenthau asked me to outline why we were there and why we felt that a separate agency outside the State Department was essential.
总统没有阅读该报告，但摩根索让我概述一下我们为何在那里，以及为什么我们认为国务院之外的一个独立机构是必要的。
And at the end of the meeting, the President said, "We'll do it."
会议结束时，总统说：“我们会做到的。”
Six days later, FDR officially reversed the government's policy of obstruction.
六天后，罗斯福正式推翻了政府的阻挠政策。
He signed Executive Order 9417, creating the War Refugee Board , which was instructed to take all measures to rescue victims of enemy oppression in imminent danger of death.
他签署了第 9417 号行政命令，成立了战争难民委员会，指示该委员会采取一切措施营救遭受敌人压迫、面临死亡危险的受害者。
The real reason Roosevelt established the board was not because of a sudden moral awakening -- after all, he'd been aware of the basic facts all along -- it was a political decision.
罗斯福设立董事会的真正原因并不是道德的突然觉醒——毕竟他一直都了解基本事实——这是一个政治决定。
Finally, the forces on two different paths -- the developments in the Treasury Department and the Bergson-led rescue resolution in Congress -- came together.
最后，两条不同道路上的力量——财政部的事态发展和柏格森领导的国会救援决议——走到了一起。
What Roosevelt realized was that he was confronted not only with the revelations in the Treasury, but also that it was only a matter of days before the rescue resolution would come to the floor of the Senate for debate, and when that discussion occurred, it was almost certain that some of the shocking revelations that he'd seen in the Treasury Department were going to come to the forefront and be brought clearly to public attention.
罗斯福意识到，他不仅面临着财政部的爆料，而且几天后救援决议就会提交参议院进行辩论，而当讨论发生时，几乎可以肯定的是，他在财政部看到的一些令人震惊的爆料将成为人们关注的焦点，并明确引起公众的注意。
Confronted with this nasty scandal, Roosevelt made the move, established the War Refugee Board and thereby cut off further discussion in Congress.
面对这一令人讨厌的丑闻，罗斯福采取了行动，成立了战争难民委员会，从而切断了国会的进一步讨论。
Morgenthau, along with Secretary of State Hull and Secretary of War Stimson , became the nominal heads of the War Refugee Board, and at Morgenthau's recommendation, John Pehle took charge as acting director.
摩根索与国务卿赫尔和战争部长史汀生一起成为战时难民委员会名义上的负责人，在摩根索的推荐下，约翰·佩勒担任代理主任。
I remember the day the executive order was signed.
我记得签署行政命令的那天。
And I came home and the telephone rang and there was a woman on the phone who identified herself as the wife of a prominent physician in Washington.
我回到家，电话响了，电话里有一位女士，自称是华盛顿一位著名医生的妻子。
And she said, "Are you Jewish?" And I said no. And she said, "Why are you doing this?" And I tried to explain to her what we were doing, but here was somebody calling on the telephone and saying why did I agree to be head of the War Refugee Board?
她说：“你是犹太人吗？”我说不。她说：“你为什么要这样做？”我试图向她解释我们在做什么，但有人打电话来问我为什么同意担任战争难民委员会主席？
Well, it's a sampling of some anti-Semitism.
嗯，这是一些反犹太主义的一个例子。
Pehle and the board faced a difficult road.
佩勒和董事会面临着一条艰难的道路。
Government funding was meager.
政府资金微薄。
Most costs were paid by private Jewish organizations.
大部分费用由私人犹太组织支付。
Other government agencies refused to cooperate, as in late 1944.
其他政府机构拒绝合作，就像 1944 年末一样。
The board endorsed a proposal from American Jewish leaders to bomb the gas chambers at Auschwitz , but the proposal was sabotaged.
委员会批准了美国犹太领导人炸毁奥斯威辛毒气室的提议，但该提议遭到破坏。
The Jewish agencies themselves weren't sure that they wanted us to arrange this.
犹太机构本身并不确定他们是否希望我们安排这件事。
Bombing railroad lines is not very effective 'cause they can be rebuilt overnight, so it involved wiping out the extermination facility.
轰炸铁路线并不是很有效，因为它们可以在一夜之间重建，因此需要摧毁消灭设施。
And finally after much soul-searching, we recommended this to the War Department.
最后，经过深思熟虑，我们向陆军部推荐了这个。
Auschwitz was located in a strategic oil-refining district in Poland.
奥斯威辛集中营位于波兰战略炼油区。
The refineries were no farther than 45 miles from these crematoria.
炼油厂距离这些火葬场不超过 45 英里。
After we recommended to the War Department that the extermination facilities at Auschwitz be bombed, we were told that this was not possible.
当我们向陆军部建议轰炸奥斯维辛集中营的灭绝设施后，我们被告知这是不可能的。
When we pursued this further, we were told that this would involve bombers being sent from England and that jet fighters could not escort bombers that far, and therefore it was not possible to do this.
当我们进一步追查时，我们被告知这将涉及从英国派遣轰炸机，而喷气式战斗机无法护送轰炸机那么远，因此不可能这样做。
Later, perhaps after the war, we discovered that at the very time we were recommending this, bombing all around Auschwitz was going on from Italy, and we had been misled.
后来，也许在战争结束后，我们发现就在我们建议这样做的时候，意大利正在对奥斯维辛集中营周围进行轰炸，我们被误导了。
Some 2,800 bombers targeted the oil refineries during the months when 150,000 Jews were being gassed.
在 150,000 名犹太人被毒气杀害的几个月里，约有 2,800 架轰炸机袭击了炼油厂。
On two occasions, fleets of heavy bombers actually flew past the gas chambers, aiming for the I.G.
有两次，重型轰炸机编队实际上飞过毒气室，瞄准了 I.G.
Farben fuel factory less than five miles away.
法本燃料工厂距离酒店不到五英里。
A few bombs accidentally hit Auschwitz itself, killing 85 prisoners, civilians and SS guards.
几枚炸弹意外击中了奥斯威辛集中营，造成 85 名囚犯、平民和党卫军警卫死亡。
This photograph makes clear the War Department refused to consider the destruction of Auschwitz as part of its mission.
这张照片清楚地表明陆军部拒绝将摧毁奥斯威辛集中营视为其任务的一部分。
These bombs flying toward I.G.
这些炸弹飞向 I.G.
Farben were targeted for the fuel factory, not the death camp immediately below.
法本的目标是燃料工厂，而不是紧邻下面的死亡营。
With almost no cooperation from other government agencies, the board still managed to truck critically-needed supplies to a few camps behind enemy lines; helped evacuate 15,000 Jews from Axis countries to safety, many in rickety boats across war-torn seas; rescued 48,000 Jews in Romania by threatening its government with post-war punishments; and saved tens of thousands of Budapest's Jews through the efforts of its agent, Raoul Wallenberg ; and in America, established just one refugee camp at Fort Ontario, an abandoned Army base.
在几乎没有其他政府机构合作的情况下，该委员会仍然设法将急需的物资运送到敌后的几个营地；帮助 15,000 名犹太人从轴心国撤离到安全地带，其中许多人乘坐摇摇晃晃的小船穿越饱受战争蹂躏的海域；通过以战后惩罚威胁罗马尼亚政府，解救了罗马尼亚的 48,000 名犹太人；并通过其代理人拉乌尔·瓦伦贝格的努力拯救了数以万计的布达佩斯犹太人；在美国，仅在安大略堡（一个废弃的陆军基地）建立了一个难民营。
We felt that since we were urging other countries to take in refugees, we had to do something ourselves, and therefore we did establish a camp in Oswego, New York, but it was largely a symbolic gesture.
我们觉得既然我们在敦促其他国家接收难民，我们自己就必须做点什么，因此我们确实在纽约奥斯威戈建立了一个难民营，但这主要是一个象征性的姿态。
Nine hundred eighty-two refugees arrived in August 1944.
1944 年 8 月，九百八十二名难民抵达。
The administration painted a magnanimous picture -- 55,000 quota places for that year alone went unused.
政府描绘了一幅宏伟的图景——仅当年就有 55,000 个配额名额未使用。
In the end, the War Refugee Board played a vital role in saving the lives of 200,000 Jews, a very valuable contribution, to be sure, but the number is terribly small, compared to the total of six million killed.
最终，战争难民委员会在拯救 20 万犹太人的生命方面发挥了至关重要的作用，这无疑是一项非常宝贵的贡献，但与 600 万人被杀的总数相比，这个数字实在是太少了。
The board did prove that a few good people -- Christians and Jews -- could finally break through the walls of indifference.
该委员会确实证明了一些好人——基督徒和犹太人——最终能够冲破冷漠的围墙。
The great shame is that if Roosevelt had created the board a year earlier and if it had been truly empowered, the War Refugee Board could have saved tens of thousands -- even hundreds of thousands more and, in the process, have rescued the conscience of the nation.
最大的耻辱是，如果罗斯福早一年创建该委员会，并且真正获得授权，那么战争难民委员会本可以拯救数万人，甚至数十万人，并在此过程中拯救国家的良心。
In the final days of the war, in a small town in Czechoslovakia, Kurt Klein, with American liberating forces, freed 120 young Jewish women who were abandoned by their SS guards to die in an old factory.
战争的最后几天，在捷克斯洛伐克的一个小镇，库尔特·克莱因 (Kurt Klein) 与美国解放力量一起解救了 120 名被党卫军看守遗弃并死在一家旧工厂里的年轻犹太妇女。
They were the last of 4,000 who for years had moved from labor to concentration camps and, at the end, were on a five-month death march.
他们是多年来从劳改营转移到集中营的 4,000 人中的最后一批，最后踏上了长达五个月的死亡行军。
Most had died along the way.
大多数人都死在路上了。
As I entered the factory courtyard, I saw what I can only describe as walking skeletons going about their pathetic task of pumping water at a hand pump in the center of the courtyard.
当我进入工厂庭院时，我看到了我只能形容为行走的骷髅正在庭院中央用手动泵进行抽水的可怜任务。
Over on the far side, I saw a girl leaning against the entrance to the factory.
在远处，我看到一个女孩靠在工厂门口。
I walked over to her and I noticed that she seemed in slightly better physical condition than the rest of them.
我走到她身边，发现她的身体状况似乎比其他人要好一些。
I asked about her companions, and she said, "Come, let me show you," and we went inside.
我问起她的同伴，她说：“来吧，我带你去看看。”然后我们就进去了。
What greeted me inside was a scene of utter devastation.
进入里面迎接我的是一片彻底毁灭的景象。
Girls were lying all around the floor on scraps of straw, some of them obviously quite close to death.
女孩们躺在地板上的稻草碎片上，其中一些显然已经濒临死亡。
An extraordinary thing happened at that moment.
就在那一刻发生了一件非同寻常的事情。
My guide made a sweeping gesture and said some words that are indelible in my mind -- "Noble be man, merciful and good" -- and I recognized that as a line from a poem by the German poet Goethe.
我的导游做了一个扫地的手势，说了一些在我脑海中难以磨灭的话——“人要高贵，仁慈，善良”——我认出这是德国诗人歌德一首诗中的诗句。
And to me, this was a devastating indictment of all that the Nazis had perpetrated on these women.
对我来说，这是对纳粹对这些妇女所犯下的一切的毁灭性控诉。
Of course, we immediately set to work to help the girls get to the hospital where I found that the girl who had been my guide had fallen desperately ill and was listed in critical condition.
当然，我们立即着手帮助女孩们前往医院，在那里我发现曾经担任我导游的女孩已经病得很重，并且被列为危急状态。
Nevertheless, when I approached her bunk, she seemed quite lucid and we had a lengthy chat.
尽管如此，当我走近她的床位时，她似乎很清醒，我们聊了很长时间。
When I was getting ready to leave, she wordlessly handed me a few sheets of paper which were her reflections on recent events.
当我准备离开时，她无言地递给我几张纸，上面是她对最近发生的事情的感想。
[reading] "Freedom -- I welcome it in the rays of the golden sun, and I salute you, brave American soldiers.
[阅读]“自由——我在金色的阳光下欢迎它，我向你们致敬，勇敢的美国士兵。
You ask what we have suffered, what we have lived through.
你问我们受过什么苦，经历过什么。
Your sympathy is great, but we cannot speak the unspeakable, and you might not understand our language."
你的同情心很大，但我们无法说出难以言喻的事情，你可能听不懂我们的语言。”
[reading] "You are people of freedom and we, are we human still or again?
[阅读]“你们是自由的人，而我们，我们还是人类吗？还是又是人类？
Yes, they have tried to drag us to the lowest level of human existence, demeaned us and treated us worse than animals, yet something seems to have remained alive within us, for it stirs anew.
是的，他们试图把我们拖到人类存在的最低水平，贬低我们，对待我们比动物还糟糕，但我们内心似乎仍然存在着某种东西，因为它重新活跃起来。
It is a soul which is sensitive to the beauty of the blossoming spring, the heart which beats in our breast and pulses with being.
它是一个对盛开的春天的美丽敏感的灵魂，是在我们胸中跳动并随着存在而跳动的心脏。
Pain surges through this new heart.
疼痛在这颗新心脏中涌动。
Slowly, the petrified shell into which cruel barbarians have cut deep wounds is mending, leaving a vulnerable, feeling heart.
慢慢地，被残忍的野蛮人深深割伤的石化外壳正在愈合，留下一颗脆弱而有感情的心。
I must tell you, good Americans, my dying friends' words of farewell were whispered from bloodless lips -- 'Welcome them.
我必须告诉你们，善良的美国人，我临终的朋友们的告别之言是从毫无血色的嘴唇中低声说出的——‘欢迎他们。
Welcome our liberators."'
欢迎我们的解放者。”
[reading] ...
[阅读]...
I know they are near.
我知道他们就在附近。
I shall not see them anymore, so greet them for me, they who liberate you."'
我再也见不到他们了，所以请代我向他们致意，他们解放了你们。”
The girl who penned those eloquent words was Gerda Weissmann, who has been my wife for the past 46 years.
写下这些雄辩文字的女孩是格尔达·魏斯曼 (Gerda Weissmann)，她在过去 46 年里一直是我的妻子。
Following the war, Kurt Klein received a message in answer to inquiries about his parents.
战后，库尔特·克莱因收到一条回复有关他父母的询问的消息。
"In reply to your letter, we regret to inform you that Ludwig and Alice Klein were deported on August 19, 1942, in the direction of Auschwitz and, to date, do not appear among our files of repatriates.
“在回复您的来信时，我们遗憾地通知您，路德维希和爱丽丝·克莱因于 1942 年 8 月 19 日被驱逐出境，前往奥斯威辛集中营，迄今为止，并未出现在我们的遣返档案中。
When the Bermuda Conference finally wrapped up its 12 days of secret deliberations very little had been achieved.
当百慕大会议最终结束为期 12 天的秘密审议时，几乎没有取得什么成果。
Kurt Klein emigrated to the U.S. in 1937 and exchanged hundreds of letters with his parents who were deported to Auschwitz.
库尔特·克莱因 (Kurt Klein) 于 1937 年移居美国，与被驱逐到奥斯威辛的父母交换了数百封信件。
Read excerpts from these letters.
阅读这些信件的摘录。
One of the first public figures to make effective use of the airwaves, Charles E.
查尔斯·E·查尔斯 (Charles E.
Coughlin, was for a time one of the most influential personalities on American radio.
考夫林一度是美国广播电台最有影响力的人物之一。
The following maps describe a few instances of Allied inaction and show just a small selection of the atrocities being committed in one area of Eastern Europe.
以下地图描述了盟军不作为的一些例子，并仅显示了东欧某个地区所犯下的一小部分暴行。
A timeline of America's reaction to the Holocaust.
美国对大屠杀反应的时间表。
As Hitler's Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Goebbels masterminded the Nazi propaganda machine and executed its murderous agenda.
作为希特勒的公共启蒙和宣传部长，戈培尔策划了纳粹宣传机器并执行了其凶残的议程。
And no one believed his message more than Goebbels himself.
没有人比戈培尔本人更相信他的信息。
Perhaps the most notorious figure of the 20th century, Adolf Hitler was the head of the National Socialist German Workers Party, the Nazi Party, and became dictator of Germany from the early 1930s until his suicide in 1945.
阿道夫·希特勒也许是 20 世纪最臭名昭著的人物，他是德国国家社会主义工人党（即纳粹党）的领导人，并从 1930 年代初成为德国独裁者，直至 1945 年自杀。
In Poland, the Nazis moved to liquidate the Warsaw ghetto.
在波兰，纳粹开始清理华沙隔都。
In a desperate last stand, the remaining Jewish inhabitants began a hopeless month-long battle against them.
在绝望的最后一搏中，剩下的犹太居民开始了与他们长达一个月的无望的战斗。
In 1944, more than 17 months after news of Hitler's plan to annihilate Europe's Jews reached the U.S., President Roosevelt issued an executive order that established the War Refugee Board.
1944 年，在希特勒计划消灭欧洲犹太人的消息传到美国 17 个多月后，罗斯福总统发布了一项行政命令，成立了战争难民委员会。
Will Rogers, Jr. was one of the most active agitators on Capitol Hill in favor of U.S. efforts to rescue the Jews in Europe.
小威尔·罗杰斯是国会山最积极支持美国营救欧洲犹太人的鼓动者之一。
And what he achieved really made a difference
他所取得的成就确实带来了改变
On November 9, 1938, the sounds of breaking glass filled the air throughout Germany and parts of Austria while fires devoured synagogues and Jewish institutions.
1938 年 11 月 9 日，德国和奥地利部分地区的空气中弥漫着玻璃破碎的声音，大火吞噬了犹太教堂和犹太机构。
On a stage in Madison Square Garden, a rabbi opened a performance dedicated to the murdered Jews of Europe.
在麦迪逊广场花园的舞台上，一位拉比为欧洲被谋杀的犹太人举办了一场表演。