Henry Ford
Narrator: It would come to be called "Fordlandia," two and a half million acres of virgin rainforest -- the size of Connecticut -- in the heart of the Amazon.
旁白：它后来被称为“福特兰迪亚”，是一片占地二百五十万英亩的原始雨林——相当于康涅狄格州的面积——位于亚马逊河流域的中心地带。
And almost as soon as Henry Ford had wired the $125,000 that made him the sole owner of this vast tract of jungle, he began transforming it.
亨利·福特 (Henry Ford) 电汇 125,000 美元，成为这片大片丛林的唯一所有者后，他就开始改造它。
Newscaster (archival audio): The Ford Motor Company is ever seeking ways and materials to improve its products.
新闻播音员（档案音频）：福特汽车公司一直在寻找改进其产品的方法和材料。
One of the latest enterprises of the company is the development of a rubber plantation in Brazil.
该公司的最新业务之一是在巴西开发橡胶种植园。
Narrator: Rubber for tires was his stated purpose.
旁白：轮胎用橡胶是他的既定目的。
But as with many things concerning Ford, there was a grander vision.
但正如福特的许多事情一样，福特有着更宏伟的愿景。
In the primordial wilderness, he planned to build a modern utopia modeled on small town America.
他计划在原始荒野中仿照美国小镇建造一个现代乌托邦。
Steven Watts, Historian: He came to believe that he was not only an economic entrepreneur but a prophet of proper living.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：他开始相信自己不仅是一位经济企业家，而且是正确生活的先知。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: Henry says, "Simple, plain, honest, hard-working people, that's the backbone of not just the United States; it's the backbone of the world.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔：亨利说：“简单、朴素、诚实、勤奋的人民，这不仅是美国的脊梁，也是世界的脊梁。
And I know how you have to live in order to achieve that."
我知道你必须如何生活才能实现这一目标。”
Narrator: Ford practiced what he preached.
旁白：福特言行一致。
Through his own fierce determination he had risen from obscurity to become one of the most famous and powerful men in the country.
通过他自己的坚定决心，他从默默无闻成为该国最著名和最有权势的人之一。
With the Model T -- the most successful car in history -- and the groundbreaking "Five Dollar a Day" wage, Ford ushered in the modern world.
凭借历史上最成功的汽车 T 型车和开创性的“一天五美元”工资，福特开创了现代世界。
Nancy F.
南希·F.
Koehn, Historian: The Model T greatly expanded Americans' mobility, knitting America very close together at the same time that it opened American sense of what was possible.
历史学家科恩：T 型车极大地扩展了美国人的流动性，将美国紧密地联系在一起，同时也让美国人意识到了一切皆有可能。
So he liberated, at the individual level, the human spirit.
因此，他在个人层面上解放了人类的精神。
Douglas Brinkley, Historian: Henry Ford was a revolutionary.
历史学家道格拉斯·布林克利：亨利·福特是一位革命者。
He changed all of 20th-century America.
他改变了整个20世纪的美国。
We're living in Henry Ford's world right now.
我们现在生活在亨利·福特的世界里。
Narrator: But no matter his success, Ford remained restless and driven, always seeking to control what lay just beyond his grasp.
旁白：但无论福特取得了怎样的成功，他仍然焦躁不安、充满动力，总是试图控制他无法掌控的事物。
The creator of an urban, industrial age, he longed for the simpler era he had helped destroy.
作为城市工业时代的创造者，他渴望着他帮助摧毁的那个简单的时代。
One of the nation's richest men, he despised the wealthy and feared a vast conspiracy threatened to bring him down.
作为美国最富有的人之一，他鄙视富人，并担心一场巨大的阴谋可能会让他垮台。
A hero to many ordinary Americans, he battled his workers and bullied those who looked up to him -- including his only son.
他是许多普通美国人心目中的英雄，他与工人作斗争，欺负那些尊敬他的人——包括他唯一的儿子。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: What is it like to carry around so much power, that the ordinary wear and tear of reality that most of us deal with all the time, that keeps us pretty sane, is absent?
约翰·施陶登迈尔（John Staudenmaier），历史学家：手握如此大的权力，而我们大多数人一直在面对的、让我们保持清醒的现实生活中的普通磨损却消失了，这是什么感觉？
Narrator: As Henry Ford liked to tell it, his was a rags-to-riches tale.
旁白：正如亨利·福特喜欢说的那样，他的故事是白手起家。
He was a child genius who fled an oppressive father to become one of the most successful entrepreneurs the world has ever seen.
他是一位天才儿童，逃离了压迫性的父亲，成为世界上最成功的企业家之一。
It was a great story, but only the last part was true.
这是一个很棒的故事，但只有最后一部分是真实的。
Steven Watts, Historian: Since young manhood, if not childhood, Henry Ford felt a certain sense of destiny, that he was slated to do important things.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：亨利·福特从年轻时（如果不是童年）起就感受到了某种命运感，他注定要做一些重要的事情。
He liked to picture himself to others, as a kind of heroic individual who climbed to success against the odds.
他喜欢在别人面前把自己描绘成一个克服困难取得成功的英雄人物。
Narrator: In fact, Henry Ford was the eldest son of a caring successful Michigan farm couple.
旁白：事实上，亨利·福特是密歇根一对富有爱心的成功农场夫妇的长子。
His parents expected all their children to work alongside them on the land.
他的父母希望所有的孩子都能和他们一起在这片土地上工作。
But when Henry found the work tedious and began obsessing over the machines that might make farm life easier, his parents indulged him.
但当亨利发现这项工作很乏味并开始痴迷于可能使农场生活更轻松的机器时，他的父母就纵容了他。
They allowed him to neglect his chores, and set up a workbench for him in the kitchen.
他们允许他忽略杂务，并在厨房里为他设置了一个工作台。
Douglas Brinkley, Historian: Not only would he take apart wrist watches and put them back together, but he would study every machine he saw.
历史学家道格拉斯·布林克利（Douglas Brinkley）：他不仅会拆开手表并将它们重新组装起来，而且还会研究他看到的每台机器。
Narrator: Henry's father, William Ford, understood that his son longed to learn more about machinery.
旁白：亨利的父亲威廉·福特理解他的儿子渴望更多地了解机械。
When Henry turned 16, William arranged for him to stay with an aunt in Detroit, and even found Henry a job.
当亨利16岁时，威廉安排他住在底特律的一位阿姨家，甚至还给亨利找到了一份工作。
On a cold day in December 1879, Henry walked the nine miles from his family farm to the city -- there he would reinvent himself.
1879 年 12 月一个寒冷的日子，亨利从他的家庭农场步行九英里来到城市——在那里他将重塑自己。
For more than a decade, Ford worked long hours in one shop after another, forging a career as an expert machinist.
十多年来，福特在一家又一家工厂长时间工作，打造了一名专业机械师的职业生涯。
By the time he was 31, he was chief engineer at the Edison Illuminating Company, the pioneer in providing electricity to American cities.
31 岁时，他已成为爱迪生照明公司的总工程师，该公司是为美国城市提供电力的先驱。
As exciting as Edison was, Ford's passion lay elsewhere.
尽管爱迪生令人兴奋，但福特的热情却在别处。
As the years passed, however, he began to spend less time worrying about providing electricity to the citizens of Detroit and more on what had become his after-hours obsession.
然而，随着时间的流逝，他开始花更少的时间担心为底特律市民提供电力，而更多地花在他下班后痴迷的事情上。
Steven Watts, Historian: The notion of horseless carriage was in the air.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：无马运输的概念在空气中流传。
And he and all of his buddies, they just devoured magazines and newspaper articles.
他和他所有的朋友，他们只是狼吞虎咽地阅读杂志和报纸文章。
And I think that Ford just soaked that up.
我认为福特已经吸收了这一点。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: Transportation in America was terrible once you got away from the railroads.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔：一旦离开了铁路，美国的交通就变得很糟糕。
Terrible!
糟糕的！
It was an enormous burden.
这是一个巨大的负担。
I mean if you're living on the farm, getting around on land is one of the biggest problems people have.
我的意思是，如果你住在农场，在陆地上出行是人们面临的最大问题之一。
Narrator: At the dawn of the automobile industry in the 1890s most people saw the car as a luxury item for the wealthy.
旁白：20世纪90年代汽车工业刚刚兴起时，大多数人都将汽车视为富人的奢侈品。
Ford had a different vision.
福特有不同的愿景。
He never forgot his feelings of isolation living on the farm and imagined that others shared his longing for greater mobility.
他永远不会忘记生活在农场的孤独感，并想象其他人也和他一样渴望更大的流动性。
If he could build a reliable horseless carriage, Ford believed, he could change people's lives.
福特相信，如果他能制造出可靠的无马马车，他就能改变人们的生活。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: He wanted to really change the tenor of his times.
道格拉斯·布林克利，历史学家：他想真正改变他那个时代的基调。
He is going to transform the world by building a type of cheap car that everybody could have.
他将通过制造一种人人都可以拥有的廉价汽车来改变世界。
Narrator: All the late nights and long weekends, the hard-earned cash spent on sheet iron and gasoline, the false starts and wrong turns, none of it mattered, when on June 4, 1896, Ford drove his horseless carriage through the streets of Detroit for the first time.
旁白：所有的深夜和漫长的周末，辛苦赚来的钱花在铁皮和汽油上，错误的出发和错误的转弯，当1896年6月4日，福特第一次驾驶着他的无马马车穿过底特律的街道时，这一切都不再重要。
As the rickety vehicle bounced down Grand River Avenue, a friend cycled ahead to warn pedestrians out of the way.
当这辆摇摇晃晃的车辆沿着格兰德河大道颠簸时，一位朋友骑自行车在前面警告行人让道。
The quadricycle, as Ford dubbed it, had 28-inch bicycle wheels, a top speed of 20 miles per hour and no brakes.
福特将这款四轮车命名为 28 英寸自行车轮，最高时速为 20 英里，没有刹车。
It couldn't go in reverse and was prone to overheating.
它无法反转并且容易过热。
Yet wherever he went the quadricycle drew crowds of curious bystanders.
然而，无论他走到哪里，四轮车都会吸引大批好奇的旁观者。
Soon he attracted the attention of more than a dozen of Detroit's most prominent leaders, including the mayor himself, all eager to invest in Ford and his machine.
很快，他吸引了底特律十几位最著名领导人的注意，其中包括市长本人，他们都渴望投资福特及其机器。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: There's some people, when they walk into a room, you notice them.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔：有些人，当他们走进一个房间时，你会注意到他们。
He has an inner self-confidence that means the way he carries himself, you're going to notice it.
他有一种内在的自信，这意味着他的举止方式，你会注意到的。
Narrator: Within three years of the inaugural drive, Ford had quit his engineering job.
旁白：在首次驾驶后的三年内，福特辞去了他的工程工作。
In a brick building on Cass Avenue in Detroit, he assembled a team of 13.
在底特律卡斯大道的一栋砖砌建筑里，他组建了一支 13 人的团队。
The Detroit Automobile Company, incorporated on August 5, 1899, was one of the first car manufacturing firms in the city, but it wouldn't be the last.
底特律汽车公司成立于 1899 年 8 月 5 日，是该市最早的汽车制造公司之一，但它不会是最后一家。
The automobile industry was exploding.
汽车工业呈爆炸式增长。
Fifty-seven other firms were founded the same year -- within two years there would be more than 100.
同年还有 57 家公司成立——两年之内，这一数字就超过了 100 家。
Nancy F.
南希·F.
Koehn, Historian: There are all kinds of people that Henry Ford knows that are tinkering and playing and trying to produce a prototype.
科恩，历史学家：亨利·福特认识的各种各样的人都在修补、玩耍并试图生产原型。
All men, all interested in machines, but all without a big picture view of what this could become.
所有的人，都对机器感兴趣，但都没有对机器可能会变成什么样子有一个大局观。
Narrator: A company spokesman hailed Ford's first model "as near perfect," but when it went on sale it looked more like a "horse drawn delivery wagon without the horse." It was high sided, heavy, and, due to problems with the ignition and carburetor, rarely ran for more than a few minutes at a time.
旁白：公司发言人称赞福特的第一款车型“近乎完美”，但当它上市时，它看起来更像是“一辆没有马的马拉送货车”。它的侧面很高，很重，而且由于点火器和化油器的问题，每次运行很少超过几分钟。
His backers pushed for a new, luxury model that was more reliable.
他的支持者推动推出一种更可靠的新豪华车型。
But Ford stalled, determined to work out engine and design problems before building another car.
但福特却停滞不前，决心在制造另一辆汽车之前解决发动机和设计问题。
Nancy F.
南希·F.
Koehn, Historian: He would move parts around.
科恩，历史学家：他会移动零件。
And then he would test it.
然后他会测试它。
And then he would go back and move some more parts.
然后他会回去移动更多的零件。
There's a kind of both breadth of vision in that kind of activity, but there's also a kind of monomaniacal focus.
这种活动既具有广阔的视野，又具有一种偏执的专注。
No detail is too small.
任何细节都不会太小。
But the overall objective, "make the thing better," is never lost sight of.
但“让事情变得更好”这一总体目标永远不会被忽视。
Narrator: As his investors increased the pressure, Ford bought himself time by having his employees make parts for vehicles he never planned to build.
旁白：随着投资者的压力越来越大，福特通过让员工为他从未计划制造的车辆制造零件来为自己赢得时间。
Meanwhile, he continued to experiment.
与此同时，他继续进行实验。
Steven Watts, Historian: His investors want to make an expensive car to sell to wealthy people.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：他的投资者想要制造一辆昂贵的汽车卖给富人。
Ford disagrees fundamentally.
福特从根本上不同意这一观点。
He wants to create a car for the people.
他想为人们制造一辆汽车。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: He's trying to perfect an invention.
历史学家道格拉斯·布林克利：他正在努力完善一项发明。
In order to keep doing the trial runs and get it better, it's going to take a lot of capital to keep testing, keep testing.
为了继续进行试运行并使其变得更好，将需要大量资金来不断测试，不断测试。
Narrator: Finally realizing they were being duped, his backers pulled the plug.
旁白：他的支持者终于意识到自己被骗了，于是终止了合作。
In the three years that the fledgling car industry had existed in America, Henry Ford had managed to squander his chance to be part of it.
在美国刚刚起步的汽车工业存在的三年里，亨利·福特已经浪费了参与其中的机会。
And he knew exactly who to blame: his investors.
他清楚地知道该责怪谁：他的投资者。
"From here in," Ford declared, "my shop is always going to be my shop.
“从现在开始，”福特宣称，“我的店永远是我的店。
…
……
I'm not going to have a lot of rich people tell me what to do."
我不会让很多富人告诉我该怎么做。”
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: He hated the people that invested in him, loathed them.
道格拉斯·布林克利（Douglass Brinkley），历史学家：他憎恨那些投资于他的人，厌恶他们。
These were the scum of America, to Henry Ford.
对亨利·福特来说，这些人是美国的败类。
These are the people that looked down on the slang of the farm and the kinfolk of his that had worked the land for generations.
这些人瞧不起农场的俚语，也瞧不起世世代代在这片土地上劳作的亲戚。
He did not like these people.
他不喜欢这些人。
Narrator: While Ford was stalling his investors, he had also been working on a secret project -- a race car.
旁白：福特在拖延投资者的同时，他也一直在研究一个秘密项目——一辆赛车。
Intrigued by the challenge of building an engine that could achieve high speeds, he also harbored a greater ambition -- to make a name for himself and start a new car company.
他对制造能够实现高速的发动机的挑战很感兴趣，同时也怀有更大的抱负——为自己扬名并创办一家新的汽车公司。
In October 1901, Ford took on the most famous driver in America, in the first automobile race in Michigan.
1901 年 10 月，福特在密歇根州举行的第一届汽车比赛中与美国最著名的车手展开较量。
Interest in the event was intense.
人们对这次活动的兴趣非常浓厚。
Shops closed.
商店关门了。
One judge adjourned his court for the afternoon.
一名法官宣布下午休庭。
And packed streetcars ran out to the parade ground every 30 seconds.
每 30 秒就有一辆挤满人的电车开往阅兵场。
Ford had no experience driving at high speeds and no money to pay a professional.
福特没有高速驾驶经验，也没有钱聘请专业人士。
But he had faith in the superiority of his engine.
但他对他的发动机的优越性充满信心。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: The whole art of making it in America is about audacity.
道格拉斯·布林克利（Douglass Brinkley），历史学家：美国的整个制造艺术都在于大胆。
You've got to be reckless.
你一定要鲁莽。
You've got to take such risk that you can't be afraid to fail.
你必须承担这样的风险，不能害怕失败。
Narrator: For the first third of the 10-mile race, Ford lagged behind, struggling to control his car on the curves.
旁白：在 10 英里比赛的前三分之一中，福特落后了，在弯道上难以控制自己的赛车。
Then on the sixth lap he started to close the gap.
然后在第六圈他开始缩小差距。
After his opponent's engine overheated and the crowd erupted as Ford zoomed past his rival, winning the race by nearly a mile.
当他的对手的引擎过热并且福特超越他的对手并以近一英里的优势赢得比赛时，人群爆发了。
The aspiring automaker emerged from the victory a local hero.
这家雄心勃勃的汽车制造商从这场胜利中脱颖而出，成为当地的英雄。
"Henry Ford broke into the front ranks of American [racing]," crowed the Detroit News , "by the wonderful performance of his machine yesterday."
《底特律新闻》夸赞道：“亨利·福特昨天凭借他的赛车的出色表现跻身美国[赛车]的前列。”
Steven Watts, Historian: Even after all the failures that Henry Ford had, he was convinced that he should plunge ahead.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：即使在亨利·福特经历了所有的失败之后，他仍然坚信自己应该勇往直前。
He wasn't convinced that he had failed.
他并不确信自己失败了。
It was sort of a momentary setback.
这是暂时的挫折。
It's an absolute confidence in your own talent and an absolute confidence in your own vision of doing something important.
这是对自己才能的绝对信心，也是对自己做重要事情的愿景的绝对信心。
Narrator: Ford followed his first win with a string of highly publicized victories.
旁白：福特在第一次获胜后又取得了一系列广为人知的胜利。
Within months, he had attracted a new slate of investors.
几个月之内，他吸引了一批新的投资者。
On June 16, 1903, he incorporated the Ford Motor Company -- Ford's audacity and courage had won him another chance.
1903年6月16日，他成立了福特汽车公司——福特的大胆和勇气为他赢得了又一次机会。
Within weeks, the company's first model was unveiled -- a two-seater with a reliable eight-horsepower engine.
几周之内，该公司的第一款车型就推出了——一款配备可靠的八马力发动机的两座车型。
The first order came from a Chicago dentist.
第一份订单来自芝加哥牙医。
And much to the delight of company shareholders, the orders kept coming.
令公司股东高兴的是，订单源源不断地到来。
Within less than two years the Ford Motor Company was producing 25 vehicles a day and had sold more than 1,000 cars.
在不到两年的时间里，福特汽车公司每天生产 25 辆汽车，并销售了 1,000 多辆汽车。
But the man at the top wasn't satisfied.
但上面的人并不满足。
In early 1907, Ford walled off a corner of his factory on Piquette Avenue in downtown Detroit.
1907 年初，福特在底特律市中心皮格特大道上用围墙隔离了工厂的一角。
The room had a door wide enough for a car and a lock to keep out everyone but his top engineers and mechanics.
房间里有一扇足够宽的门，可以停一辆车，还有一把锁，除了他的顶级工程师和机械师之外，其他人都无法进入。
Then he set his team to work -- he had them experiment with innovative designs for igniting the engine and a more flexible suspension system.
然后他让他的团队开始工作——他让他们试验用于点燃发动机的创新设计和更灵活的悬架系统。
They tried new types of steel that would be lighter but tougher.
他们尝试了更轻但更坚韧的新型钢材。
"If a suggestion appealed to him," a colleague recalled, "he first showed it in a quick flash of his eyes and an approving smile …
“如果某个建议对他有吸引力，”一位同事回忆道，“他首先会通过快速的眼神和赞许的微笑来表现出来……
He never ran out of ideas …
他从来没有耗尽过想法……
and it was impossible to keep up with him …"
而且根本不可能跟上他的脚步……”
Steven Watts, Historian: He thinks nothing of plunging down onto the floor of the factory and leaping in to help do the job at hand, getting covered with oil and grease, joking with the men, working with the men.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：他毫不犹豫地跳到工厂的地板上，跳进去帮助完成手头的工作，浑身沾满油和油脂，与工人们开玩笑，与工人们一起工作。
He's very loose, very participatory.
他非常放松，非常参与。
And they love him.
他们爱他。
Greg Grandin, Historian: I think that mechanical intuition that he had created a kind of charisma that drew people to him, and drew other creative people to him.
格雷格·格兰丁（Greg Grandin），历史学家：我认为他的机械直觉创造了一种魅力，吸引人们到他身边，并吸引其他有创造力的人到他身边。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: He promoted people who had a drive, people that didn't sleep, people that wanted to work harder, people that weren't in the game because of the superficial reasons but really wanted to perfect his company.
道格拉斯·布林克利（Douglass Brinkley），历史学家：他提拔的是那些有干劲的人，那些不睡觉的人，那些想要更加努力工作的人，那些因为表面原因而没有参与其中但真正想要完善他的公司的人。
Narrator: Every few months Ford introduced a new model, making his way through the alphabet -- but the Model K was too heavy and expensive; the Model N, though lighter and cheaper, had an engine cast in four pieces rather than one block.
旁白：每隔几个月，福特就会推出一款新车型，在字母表中脱颖而出，但 Model K 太重且昂贵； Model N 虽然更轻、更便宜，但其发动机是由四块而不是一块铸成的。
Ford kept at it.
福特一直坚持下去。
"He wanted to help people and we as young men in the shop looked up to that," one worker remembered.
“他想帮助人们，而我们作为店里的年轻人也很尊重这一点，”一名工人回忆道。
"We could see that Mr. Ford's mind went to the farmer and the mechanic and to the people who lived in the hinterland."
“我们可以看到，福特先生的心思转向了农民、机械师以及居住在内陆地区的人们。”
Bob Casey, Curator: Even if you were on the factory floor assembling these cars, you knew you were part of something that was happening, something that was new, something that was changing the country.
策展人鲍勃·凯西：即使你在工厂车间组装这些汽车，你也知道你是正在发生的事情的一部分，是新的事情，是正在改变国家的事情。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: I think it was the same kind of excitement that the man-on-the-moon mission people had.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔（John Staudenmaier）：我认为这与人类登月任务的兴奋感是一样的。
There are a handful of those kinds of moments in American history where there's a dream that is so big in its potential, and you think you got it, and then you get it.
美国历史上有很多这样的时刻，其中有一个潜力如此巨大的梦想，你认为你得到了它，然后你就得到了它。
Narrator: In October of 1908, after two years of development, Henry Ford introduced the latest in his alphabet line -- the Model T.
旁白：1908 年 10 月，经过两年的开发，亨利·福特推出了他的字母系列中的最新产品——T 型车。
It had a four-cylinder, 20-horsepower engine, a vastly improved transmission, and an ingenious magnetic generator that provided power for an ignition and lights.
它有一个 20 马力的四缸发动机、一个大大改进的变速箱，以及一个为点火和照明提供动力的巧妙的磁力发电机。
With an open top and an optional cover, it came in just one color -- green at first, later black.
它具有开放式顶部和可选盖，只有一种颜色 - 首先是绿色，后来是黑色。
Weighing only 1,200 pounds, the Model T could go 40 miles per hour on a smooth straight road.
T 型车仅重 1,200 磅，在平坦笔直的道路上可行驶 40 英里/小时。
It was also remarkably durable.
它也非常耐用。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: They didn't break down a lot, compared to other vehicles, and when they did, they were very simple to repair.
历史学家道格拉斯·布林克利（Douglass Brinkley）：与其他车辆相比，它们发生故障的情况并不多，而且即使发生故障，也很容易修理。
This wasn't somebody just ginning out a product.
这不是一个刚刚推出产品的人。
This was a quality to the economical car that the world had never even imagined could be possible.
这是经济型汽车所具有的品质，这是全世界从未想象过的。
Narrator: At a time when the average car cost more than $2,000, the Model T sold for just $850 -- and the price soon would begin to drop.
旁白：当时汽车的平均价格超过 2,000 美元，T 型车的售价仅为 850 美元，而且价格很快就会开始下降。
The response was immediate, and overwhelming.
反应是立即的，而且是压倒性的。
Orders poured in from doctors, traveling salesmen, artisans, and farmers -- people who had never dreamed of becoming motorists.
医生、旅行推销员、工匠和农民的订单源源不断地涌来，这些人从来没有梦想过成为驾车者。
Greg Grandin, Historian: The Model T changed everything.
历史学家 Greg Grandin：T 型车改变了一切。
It gave people a new sense of power and authority and control over their lives.
它给了人们一种新的权力感和权威感以及对生活的控制力。
You can go wherever you wanted, and you can go by yourself.
你可以去任何你想去的地方，而且你可以自己去。
Hasia R.
哈西亚·R。
Diner, Historian: You can get in your car, and you have access now to towns, to cities, to places that were beyond your reach just a few years earlier.
餐馆、历史学家：你可以坐上你的车，现在你可以进入城镇，进入城市，进入几年前你还无法到达的地方。
Steven Watts, Historian: Ford has a sense that this is it, that he's reached some kind of culmination in his work.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：福特有一种感觉，就是这样，他的工作已经达到了某种顶峰。
And I think the sales of the car, as they begin to take off, only reinforces this notion that he's finally got to where he wants to go.
我认为，随着汽车的销售开始腾飞，只会强化这样一种观念：他终于到达了他想去的地方。
Narrator: A farm wife from Rome, Georgia, wrote Ford a letter of appreciation, one of thousands -- "Your car lifted us out of the mud.
旁白：一位来自佐治亚州罗马的农场主妇给福特写了一封感谢信，这是数千封信中的一封——“你的汽车让我们摆脱了泥沼。
It brought joy into our lives." They met at a country dance when Henry was 21.
它给我们的生活带来了欢乐。”亨利 21 岁时，他们在一场乡村舞会上相识。
He liked to tell people he knew right away that Clara Bryant was the woman for him.
他喜欢立即告诉他认识的人，克拉拉·布莱恩特就是他的女人。
After their wedding, the couple waited five years for a baby.
结婚后，这对夫妇等待了五年才迎来孩子。
Finally a son arrived.
终于有个儿子来了。
He would be their only child.
他将是他们唯一的孩子。
Steven Watts, Historian: Edsel had a very good relationship with his father as a youngster.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：埃德塞尔年轻时与父亲关系非常好。
He admired his father.
他很欣赏他的父亲。
He was interested in the automobiles his father made.
他对父亲制造的汽车很感兴趣。
He tagged along with his dad to work.
他跟着他爸爸去上班。
Narrator: Henry and Clara sent Edsel to Detroit's most prestigious all-boys school where he excelled.
旁白：亨利和克拉拉将埃德塞尔送到底特律最负盛名的男子学校，他在那里表现出色。
But Ford wasn't convinced a prep school education was what his son needed most.
但福特并不相信预科学校教育是他儿子最需要的。
Henry had barely completed eighth grade.
亨利刚刚完成八年级学业。
Success, he believed, depended on hard work.
他相信，成功取决于努力工作。
His own life proved it.
他自己的生活证明了这一点。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: Henry Ford was not very high on interior life.
道格拉斯·布林克利（Douglass Brinkley），历史学家：亨利·福特对室内生活并不是很感兴趣。
Sentiment rotted the soul.
情感腐蚀了灵魂。
You could be sentimental if you were action-oriented, but the main thing was to do .
如果你以行动为导向，你可能会很感性，但最重要的是要做。
What are you doing?
你在干什么？
Don't tell me what you know.
别告诉我你知道什么。
What are you doing?
你在干什么？
What have you done?
你做了什么？
Narrator: Ford wanted his son to spend as much time as possible in coveralls on the factory floor where he was tougher on Edsel than anyone else, frequently creating problems for him to solve.
旁白：福特希望他的儿子尽可能多地穿着工作服在工厂车间工作，在那里他对埃德塞尔比任何人都严厉，经常给他制造问题来解决。
Most of the time, the bright and eager Edsel lived up to his father's expectations.
大多数时候，聪明而热切的埃德塞尔都没有辜负父亲的期望。
"I've got a boy I can be proud of," Henry told a colleague.
“我有一个值得我骄傲的男孩，”亨利告诉一位同事。
"He's sure taking an interest in his work."
“他肯定对他的工作感兴趣。”
John Staudenmaier, Historian: When they launched the Model T, it becomes clear pretty soon that they have hit a grand slam home run and that this market is immense.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔（John Staudenmaier）：当他们推出 T 型车时，很快就可以清楚地看出他们已经打出了大满贯本垒打，而且这个市场是巨大的。
Think of a gigantic vacuum cleaner, right at the door of the plant, sucking every finished vehicle out, "Boom!" like that.
想象一下工厂门口有一个巨大的吸尘器，将每辆成品车吸出来，“轰隆隆！”像那样。
Narrator: On January 1, 1910, Ford moved his production line to a vast new factory on the outskirts of Detroit called Highland Park.
旁白：1910 年 1 月 1 日，福特将他的生产线搬到底特律郊区一座名为高地公园的大型新工厂。
He declared the company would soon achieve his ambitious goal of producing 1,000 Model Ts a day.
他宣称公司很快就会实现每天生产 1,000 辆 T 型汽车的雄心勃勃的目标。
Greg Grandin, Historian: His whole business model is to sell a cheap product.
历史学家格雷格·格兰丁（Greg Grandin）：他的整个商业模式就是销售廉价产品。
And the way that you create cheap products is by making more of them in a shorter amount of time.
创造廉价产品的方法是在更短的时间内生产更多的产品。
Narrator: While Ford was able to make the machine parts quickly, assembling the cars bogged down the process.
旁白：虽然福特能够快速制造机器零件，但组装汽车却陷入了困境。
Nancy F.
南希·F.
Koehn, Historian: A friend of Ford's once compared him to a kind of boxer, tiptoeing and dancing round the factory floor, all the time thinking about, "What could we do here?
科恩，历史学家：福特的一位朋友曾经将他比作一名拳击手，在工厂车间踮着脚尖跳舞，一直在想：“我们在这里能做什么？
What could we do there?
我们在那里能做什么？
How could we change the production process to make the car better and cheaper and bring out even more of them?"
我们如何改变生产流程，使汽车变得更好、更便宜，并生产出更多汽车？”
Bob Casey, Curator: While they're groping about for improvements, someone begins to think about the meat-packing plants where the carcass of a hog or cow is hung on a conveyor and it moves through the plant, past meat cutters who cut pieces off the animal.
馆长鲍勃·凯西：在他们摸索改进的同时，有人开始考虑肉类包装厂，猪或牛的尸体挂在传送带上，它穿过工厂，经过切肉机。
"What if we turned that around?
“如果我们扭转局面呢？
What if we put on some machine that we want to assemble, and we move it past people, and we have people put things on?"
如果我们放上一些我们想要组装的机器，然后把它移过人们身边，然后让人们把东西放上，会怎么样？”
Narrator: Ford's team tried out the idea in the flywheel magneto department, where the device that generated electricity for the ignition system was made.
旁白：福特的团队在飞轮磁电机部门尝试了这个想法，该部门制造了为点火系统发电的装置。
Rather than having one person build a coil at a time, the supervisor broke down the individual tasks into a sequence driven by a conveyor.
主管不是让一个人一次建造一个线圈，而是将各个任务分解为由传送带驱动的序列。
The new system reduced the time it took to make a magneto from 20 minutes to 13 minutes, 10 seconds.
新系统将制造磁电机的时间从 20 分钟缩短到 13 分 10 秒。
Bob Casey, Curator: And then somebody says, "Well, if it works on magnetos, what about transmissions?
鲍勃·凯西（Bob Casey），策展人：然后有人说，“好吧，如果它适用于磁电机，那么传输呢？
What about axles?
车轴呢？
Well, then, what about engines?" Productivity goes way up, time to produce a car goes down, and they realize: We're really onto something here.
那么，引擎呢？”生产力大幅提高，生产汽车的时间缩短，他们意识到：我们确实在做一些事情。
Narrator: Under the old, stationary system, the record time for assembling a car had been 12 hours and 13 minutes.
旁白：在旧的固定系统下，组装一辆汽车的记录时间是 12 小时 13 分钟。
Using the assembly line process, it took one hour and 33 minutes.
采用流水线工艺，耗时1小时33分钟。
By the fall of 1913, Ford had established the first automobile assembly line in the world and controlled nearly half the American car market.
到1913年秋，福特建立了世界上第一条汽车装配线，控制了美国近一半的汽车市场。
Henry Ford had achieved his coveted goal -- his company was now producing 1,000 cars a day.
亨利·福特实现了他梦寐以求的目标——他的公司现在每天生产 1,000 辆汽车。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: Efficiency becomes a religion to Ford.
历史学家道格拉斯·布林克利：效率成为福特的一种信仰。
Time is a product; you get the maximum you can out of every hour.
时间是一种产品；你可以从每一个小时中获得最大的收益。
Beverly Gage, Historian: Rather than being a craftsman, rather than having a variety of tasks and creating a single product, you were going to stand in one place all day long and do the same repetitive task over and over and over again.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇（Beverly Gage）：你不是成为一名工匠，不是承担多种任务并创造单一产品，而是整天站在一个地方，一遍又一遍地做同样的重复性任务。
Nelson Lichtenstein, Historian: Ford had a tremendous faith that with the principle of assembly line production, anyone could do it.
纳尔逊·利希滕斯坦（Nelson Lichtenstein），历史学家：福特坚信，按照装配线生产的原则，任何人都可以做到。
So he didn't require skill.
所以他不需要技巧。
Skill was actually engineered out of it.
技能实际上是从中设计出来的。
Greg Grandin, Historian: People describe him as being less emotional than he was mechanical.
格雷格·格兰丁（Greg Grandin），历史学家：人们形容他比较机械，而不是感情用事。
He once said that it took 7,882 distinct motions to make a Model T.
他曾经说过，制造一辆 T 型车需要 7,882 个不同的动作。
And then he goes on even further, to break that down into how many can be done by able-bodied men, how many can be done by one-armed men.
然后他更进一步，将其分解为有多少事情可以由健全的人完成，有多少事情可以由独臂的人完成。
So there's a certain kind of imagining human motion in very rote, mechanical, and dehumanizing ways.
因此，有一种以非常死记硬背、机械和非人性化的方式想象人类运动的方式。
Narrator: "Fancy a jungle of wheels and belts …
旁白：“想象一下车轮和皮带的丛林……
of men, machinery and movement …" one journalist noted.
人、机器和运动……”一位记者指出。
"Add to it every kind of sound you can imagine: the sound of …
“添加你能想象到的各种声音：......的声音
a million monkeys quarreling, a million lions roaring …
一百万只猴子在争吵，一百万只狮子在咆哮……
a million sinners groaning as they are dragged to hell …" Many workers found the assembly line so alien, so monotonous and physically exhausting, they quit after just a few days.
百万罪人呻吟着被拖入地狱……”许多工人觉得这条流水线很陌生、很单调、很累人，几天后就辞职了。
Company managers calculated that every time they wanted to add 100 men to the rolls, they had to hire nearly 1,000.
公司经理计算出，每次他们想要增加 100 名员工，就必须雇用近 1,000 名员工。
Nancy F.
南希·F.
Koehn, Historian: Now, think about what it cost to find and train and bring workers up to speed in a factory, and get them productive and efficient and not making many mistakes.
历史学家科恩：现在，想一想寻找、培训和提高工厂工人的工作效率，并让他们提高生产力和效率，并且不犯太多错误的成本是多少。
He desperately wanted to reduce turnover.
他迫切希望减少营业额。
That just made good strategic and economic sense.
这具有良好的战略和经济意义。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: You cannot sustain the speed of a line if you have to invest so much of your resources in training people, even minimally, to do the work.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔（John Staudenmaier）：如果您必须投入大量资源（即使是最低限度）来培训人员来完成这项工作，那么您就无法维持生产线的速度。
So they have a huge crisis.
所以他们面临着巨大的危机。
Narrator: With his company's future on the line, Ford would propose an unprecedented strategy -- one that would astonish his workforce, confound his competitors, and lead observers to predict the imminent ruin of the Ford Motor Company.
旁白：在公司的未来岌岌可危的情况下，福特提出了一项史无前例的战略——这一战略将使他的员工感到惊讶，让他的竞争对手感到困惑，并让观察家预测福特汽车公司即将破产。
In the early days of 1914, Henry Ford convened a top-secret meeting with his senior managers.
1914 年初，亨利·福特与他的高级管理人员召开了一次绝密会议。
He spent the first few minutes scribbling numbers on a blackboard.
最初的几分钟他在黑板上写下了数字。
In one column, he wrote $26 million -- the company's profits for the previous year.
在一篇专栏中，他写下了 2600 万美元——公司上一年的利润。
As his colleagues looked on baffled, Ford jotted down another number, $2.34 -- the daily wage of an assembly line worker.
当他的同事们一脸困惑时，福特记下了另一个数字：2.34 美元——装配线工人的日工资。
Then he wrote three dollars a day, four, four dollars and 50 cents, and finally five dollars a day.
然后他每天写三块钱，四块钱，四块钱五十美分，最后每天写五块钱。
One member of Ford's team vehemently protested, while another fumed silently.
福特团队的一名成员强烈抗议，而另一名成员则默默地愤怒。
Ford stood his ground.
福特坚持自己的立场。
A wage of five dollars a day, he insisted, would not simply reduce worker turnover, it would increase business.
他坚称，每天五美元的工资不仅会减少工人流动，还会增加业务。
Nancy Koehn, Historian: For most of American history, America was a producer society.
南希·科恩，历史学家：在美国历史的大部分时间里，美国都是一个生产者社会。
The values of production, primarily agricultural production, were the dominant ones.
生产价值，主要是农业生产，占据主导地位。
And those values really give way very, very quickly, beginning around the turn of the 19th, into the 20th century, into a set of values around consumption.
从 19 世纪之交开始，到 20 世纪，这些价值观确实很快就让位于一套围绕消费的价值观。
And it's all about: What do I own?
这一切都是关于：我拥有什么？
How do I get and then spend?
我如何获得然后花费？
Steven Watts, Historian: Ford put forward the notion that raising wages would allow workers to be consumers.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：福特提出了提高工资可以让工人成为消费者的观点。
And whatever you may have lost on the front end, you would get many times over on the back end.
无论你在前端失去了什么，你都会在后端得到很多倍。
And that, he knew, was where the central action was economically in the modern world.
他知道，这就是现代世界经济上的核心行动所在。
Narrator: As far as Ford was concerned, the thousands of Model Ts hurtling off his assembly line offered much more than affordable transportation.
旁白：对于福特来说，从装配线上飞驰而下的数千辆 T 型车提供的不仅仅是负担得起的交通。
They promised leisure, abundance and a shared prosperity.
他们承诺休闲、富裕和共同繁荣。
Someday, he imagined, every worker would be able to buy a new Ford car.
他想象有一天，每个工人都能够购买一辆新的福特汽车。
On January 5, 1914, Ford went public with his audacious plan.
1914 年 1 月 5 日，福特公开了他的大胆计划。
"At one stroke [we] will reduce the hours of labor from nine to eight," he told the press, "and add to every man's pay a share of the profits of the house." His fellow automakers were appalled by Ford's announcement, certain that higher wages would devastate the industry.
他对媒体说：“（我们）一下子就把劳动时间从九小时减少到八小时，并在每个人的工资中增加一份房子的利润。”他的汽车制造商同行对福特的声明感到震惊，他们确信更高的工资会摧毁这个行业。
One business leader dismissed the idea as "the most foolish thing ever attempted in the industrial world." But the real verdict came next morning when 10,000 men showed up at his factory gates eager for a job at the Ford Motor Company.
一位商界领袖驳斥了这一想法，称其为“工业界有史以来最愚蠢的尝试”。但真正的判决是在第二天早上做出的，当时一万名工人出现在他的工厂门口，渴望在福特汽车公司找到一份工作。
Bob Casey, Curator: Same work, just as boring, just as repetitive, just as hard.
策展人鲍勃·凯西（Bob Casey）：同样的工作，同样无聊，同样重复，同样辛苦。
But you got people who never dreamed they could make this much money.
但有些人从未梦想过自己能赚这么多钱。
Narrator: Ford's five-dollar day did more than solve his turnover problem.
旁白：福特每天五美元的收入不仅仅解决了他的营业额问题。
It transformed him into a national sensation.
这使他成为全国轰动的人物。
The story was picked up by papers across the country and around the world.
这个故事被全国和世界各地的报纸报道。
Thousands of newspapers published biographies -- The New York Times alone ran 35 stories -- and nearly two dozen national magazines wrote features.
数以千计的报纸发表了传记——仅《纽约时报》就刊登了 35 个故事——近两打全国性杂志撰写了专题报道。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: He has created the Model T, the people's car, he's brought the first modern, moving assembly line, and he's revolutionized how workers get paid.
道格拉斯·布林克利（Douglass Brinkley），历史学家：他创造了 T 型车，人民的汽车，他带来了第一条现代化的移动装配线，他彻底改变了工人的工资方式。
People are saying, "What's next for this guy?"
人们都在问：“这个人接下来会做什么？”
Nancy Koehn, Historian: Lots and lots of people in America and outside of America are fascinated by Henry Ford.
南希·科恩，历史学家：美国和美国以外的很多人都对亨利·福特着迷。
And he, seemingly uninterested in money, is very interested in being in the public spotlight.
而他，看似对金钱不感兴趣，却对成为公众关注的焦点非常感兴趣。
A few months after his five-dollar day announcement, Ford established his own "moving picture" department.
在宣布五美元日的几个月后，福特成立了自己的“电影”部门。
Narrator: Its first production, How Henry Ford Makes One Thousand Cars a Day , was released that summer in movie theaters across the country.
旁白：第一部作品《亨利·福特如何一天生产一千辆汽车》于当年夏天在全国各地的电影院上映。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: Henry Ford was not bashful about self-promotion.
历史学家道格拉斯·布林克利：亨利·福特在自我推销方面并不害羞。
I mean, in many ways he's the king of it.
我的意思是，从很多方面来说，他都是国王。
And film was another way to promote himself.
电影是宣传自己的另一种方式。
Narrator: Journalists fell for the carefully crafted message.
旁白：记者们被精心设计的信息所迷惑。
Henry Ford was one of the richest men in the world, the press reported, but money had not changed him.
据媒体报道，亨利·福特是世界上最富有的人之一，但金钱并没有改变他。
He still loved nothing more than a home cooked meal and an afternoon working on his farm.
他仍然最喜欢吃一顿家常饭菜和在农场工作一个下午。
He was a genius inventor with simple tastes despite his dramatic success.
他是一位天才发明家，尽管取得了巨大的成功，但品味却很简单。
"There is not much outward difference between Ford and his workmen," a reporter for the Evening World wrote.
《世界晚报》的一位记者写道：“福特和他的工人之间没有太大的外表差异。”
"He is just the hard working, mechanical genius that he was 10 or 20 years ago." Cameras captured him with movie stars, politicians, and celebrities like aviator Charles Lindbergh and Helen Keller.
“他就像 10 或 20 年前那样，是一个勤奋的机械天才。”镜头捕捉到他与电影明星、政客以及飞行员查尔斯·林德伯格和海伦·凯勒等名人的合影。
His idol, the inventor Thomas Edison, embraced Ford as a friend and fellow visionary.
他的偶像、发明家托马斯·爱迪生将福特视为朋友和有远见的人。
Bob Casey, Curator: Ford recognizes that he himself is being transformed from a big-time player in the automobile industry to just a big-time player.
鲍勃·凯西（Bob Casey），策展人：福特认识到他自己正在从汽车行业的巨头转变为普通的巨头。
Steven Watts, Historian: He begins to believe the headlines: Henry Ford the great man, Henry Ford the folk hero, Henry Ford changing the world.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：他开始相信头条新闻：亨利·福特是伟人，亨利·福特是民间英雄，亨利·福特改变了世界。
He soaks all of that in, this farm boy from Dearborn, Michigan, and he begins to believe that stuff.
他把这一切都融入了这个来自密歇根州迪尔伯恩的农场男孩身上，他开始相信这些东西。
Narrator: Many of the men who worked for Ford were well aware of their boss's growing ego and one story in particular served as a warning to anyone who might challenge him.
旁白：许多为福特工作的人都清楚地意识到他们的老板日益增长的自我意识，其中一个故事对任何可能挑战他的人来说都是一个警告。
During a summer when Ford was in Europe, his team had built a prototype for a new car -- a successor to the Model T they believed, was long overdue.
福特在欧洲的一个夏天，他的团队制造了一辆新车的原型车——他们认为这款车是 T 型车的后继车型，他们认为这款车早就该上市了。
Steven Watts, Historian: Ford comes in unannounced.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：福特突然出现。
He walks around the car several times, opens the door on the passenger side and literally rips it off the hinges.
他绕着车走了好几圈，打开乘客侧的车门，然后把它从铰链上扯了下来。
He walks around to the other side, rips the door off the driver's side.
他走到另一边，把驾驶座一侧的车门撕下来。
And he proceeded to demolish the car by hand.
然后他开始用手拆毁汽车。
Narrator: The message was clear -- Henry Ford, and no one else, was in charge.
旁白：信息很明确——亨利·福特，而不是其他人，是负责人。
"The impression had somehow got around that Henry Ford is in the automobile business," observed a close associate.
“不知何故，亨利·福特从事汽车行业的印象已经流传开来，”一位亲密的同事评论道。
"It isn't true …
“这不是真的……
Cars are the by-products of his real business, which is the making of men." Ford's five-dollar day wasn't guaranteed; he called it an incentive wage and it came with strings attached.
汽车是他真正事业的副产品，而他的事业就是造就人类。”福特的一天五美元收入并没有得到保证；他称之为激励工资，并且附带条件。
Ford required his immigrant workers, who represented as many as 53 nationalities and spoke more than 100 different languages, attend the company's English Language School.
福特要求他的来自 53 个国家、讲 100 多种不同语言的移民工人必须参加公司的英语语言学校。
The school's curriculum relied heavily on mass recitation and included practical lessons based on daily life and routines.
学校的课程在很大程度上依赖于集体背诵，并包括基于日常生活和惯例的实践课程。
After six months of study, graduating workers participated in a ceremony called "The Pageant of the Ford Melting Pot."
经过六个月的学习，即将毕业的工人参加了一个名为“福特大熔炉盛会”的仪式。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: There's a great big pot.
约翰·施陶登迈尔（John Staudenmaier），历史学家：有一个很大的锅。
The graduates, all dressed in native costumes, climbed a ladder up and jumped into the pot and disappeared.
毕业生们都穿着土著服装，爬上梯子，跳进锅里，消失了。
And then the teachers came out behind on a catwalk at the back side of the bucket, with big long spoons, and stuck them in the pot, and walked back and forth, a little choreography, stirring the pot, then the workers come out of the same pot, one by one, wearing a suit, a straw hat, and waving a little American flag.
然后老师们从水桶后面的走道上出来，拿着又大又长的勺子，把它们插在锅里，来回走动，稍微编排一下，搅动锅，然后工人们从同一个锅里出来，一个接一个，穿着西装，戴着草帽，挥舞着一面小美国国旗。
Narrator: But Ford didn't limit his reforms to the classroom.
旁白：但是福特并没有将他的改革局限于课堂。
He was determined to change how his workers lived.
他决心改变工人的生活方式。
In the months following the five-dollar day announcement, neatly dressed men prowled Detroit's working class neighborhoods seeking out the family, friends, and landlords of Ford employees.
在五美元日宣布后的几个月里，衣着整齐的人们在底特律的工人阶级社区里徘徊，寻找福特员工的家人、朋友和房东。
They were inspectors from the new Ford Sociological Department, sent to probe into the most intimate corners of workers' lives.
他们是新成立的福特社会学部的视察员，被派去调查工人生活中最私密的角落。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: How clean was the house?
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔：房子有多干净？
Did they have drinking problems evident?
他们有明显的饮酒问题吗？
Did they send money back to the Old Country?
他们把钱寄回祖国了吗？
Not to be done.
不该做的事。
Were they legitimately married?
他们合法结婚了吗？
Were they keeping boarders in the house?
他们把寄宿生留在房子里吗？
Bad idea.
坏主意。
There was a laundry list of what I'd call social engineering.
有一份我称之为社会工程的清单。
That was Henry saying, "These peasants have got to become Americans.
亨利说：“这些农民必须成为美国人。
So we're going to use the five-dollar day to also Americanize them."
所以我们将利用五美元日来让它们美国化。”
Narrator: If a worker failed inspection he was given time to amend his ways and his additional wages were held for him.
旁白：如果工人检查不合格，他会得到时间改正，额外的工资也会被扣留。
If he failed a second time, he was fired.
如果他第二次失败，他就会被解雇。
Beverly Gage, Historian: It's a level of invasion of privacy that is, I think, almost unthinkable in our world now.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：我认为，这种程度的隐私侵犯在我们现在的世界中几乎是不可想象的。
But Henry Ford expected his workers to behave in certain ways, and he was going to enforce that behavior.
但亨利·福特希望他的员工以某种方式行事，并且他将强制执行这种行为。
And there were almost no laws or institutions that stood in his way of exerting that kind of control.
而且几乎没有任何法律或机构可以阻止他行使这种控制权。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: Part of Henry is an idealist.
约翰·施陶登迈尔，历史学家：亨利的一部分是一个理想主义者。
And part of him also thinks that he has the insight to teach other people how to live.
他的一部分也认为他有洞察力来教导其他人如何生活。
Narrator: In 1915, Henry and Clara moved into a new home.
旁白：1915年，亨利和克拉拉搬进了新家。
A fenced and guarded 1,300-acre estate named Fair Lane.
占地 1,300 英亩、有围栏和看守的庄园，名为 Fair Lane。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: The level of fame and celebrity that swoops down on him, almost without warning.
约翰·施陶登迈尔（John Staudenmaier），历史学家：他的名气和名气几乎毫无征兆地降临到他身上。
He was not ready for that at all.
他根本没有准备好。
There are no neighbors where he lives.
他住的地方没有邻居。
Fair Lane is an island, and a protected one.
费尔莱恩是一座岛屿，而且是一个受保护的岛屿。
Narrator: The Fords had chosen to construct their 31,000-square-foot home in the farming community of Dearborn where they had both grown up, rather than the elite suburb of Grosse Point, where most wealthy Detroiters lived.
旁白：福特夫妇选择在他们长大的迪尔伯恩农业社区建造他们 31,000 平方英尺的住宅，而不是最富有的底特律人居住的精英郊区格罗斯波因特。
They kept to themselves, rarely entertaining -- Henry preferred boxing with the men who kept Fair Lane's power plant running or helping his neighbors with their harvest.
他们独来独往，很少娱乐——亨利更喜欢和那些维持费尔莱恩发电厂运转或帮助邻居收割庄稼的人打拳击。
Beverly Gage, Historian: Henry Ford remains really an outsider in some very fundamental ways.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：在一些非常基本的方面，亨利·福特实际上仍然是一个局外人。
Though he is one of the richest men in the United States and in many ways in the world at this point, he thinks of himself as a virtuous producer.
尽管他目前是美国乃至世界上最富有的人之一，但他认为自己是一位有道德的生产者。
He is not like those kind of parasitic, in some ways rarified elite, out of touch, bankers and lawyers.
他不像那些寄生的、在某些方面稀有的精英、脱离现实的银行家和律师。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: He never wanted to be part of the social elite.
历史学家道格拉斯·布林克利：他从来不想成为社会精英的一部分。
He didn't want to interact with Biff and Buff and know the Rockefellers.
他不想与比夫和巴夫交往，也不想认识洛克菲勒家族。
He did not care an iota for those people.
对于那些人，他根本不关心。
What he cared about were the fellow people who could talk machinery with him.
他关心的是那些能和他谈论机械的人。
Narrator: Even though he had hated working on the farm when he was young, Ford embraced it now -- cutting hay and threshing wheat.
旁白：尽管福特年轻时讨厌在农场工作，但他现在却接受了它——割草、打粒小麦。
He foraged through the woods chopping down trees and looking for wildlife.
他在树林里砍伐树木寻找野生动物。
He imported 600 pairs of songbirds from England so that he and Clara could watch them together.
他从英国进口了 600 对鸣禽，以便他和克拉拉可以一起观看它们。
But the nuthatches, finches, and linnets flew away, never to be seen again.
但五子雀、雀类和红雀都飞走了，再也没有出现过。
Ford didn't have much better luck controlling his son.
福特控制他儿子的运气也好不到哪儿去。
He had built Fair Lane with his family in mind -- three large greenhouses for Clara and her roses and a bowling alley and indoor swimming pool for Edsel.
他在建造费尔巷时考虑到了他的家人——为克拉拉和她的玫瑰建造了三个大温室，为埃德塞尔建造了一个保龄球馆和室内游泳池。
But Edsel was almost never home, preferring to socialize on the other side of the city with the sons and daughters of Detroit's aristocracy.
但埃德塞尔几乎从不在家，他更喜欢在城市的另一边与底特律贵族的儿女们交往。
He married into one of the city's elite families when he wed Eleanor Clay, the niece of the founder of Hudson's, Detroit's premiere department store.
当他与底特律首屈一指的百货公司哈德逊百货公司创始人的侄女埃莉诺·克莱结婚时，他就嫁给了该市的一个精英家庭。
Steven Watts, Historian: By the time Edsel was in his early 20s, there's a definite class difference between Edsel and Henry.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：当埃德塞尔 20 岁出头时，埃德塞尔和亨利之间存在明显的阶级差异。
Henry was, in many ways, a farmer's son.
从很多方面来说，亨利都是农民的儿子。
He was very old-fashioned.
他很守旧。
He was barely educated.
他几乎没有受过教育。
Edsel Ford is a very kind-hearted, genteel, quiet young man.
埃德塞尔·福特是一个非常善良、文雅、安静的年轻人。
He hasn't come up through the ranks in a kind of rough-and-tumble fashion, as his father did.
他并没有像他父亲那样以一种混乱的方式晋升。
Henry Ford wants to make Edsel into a carbon copy of himself.
亨利·福特想让埃德塞尔成为他自己的翻版。
Narrator: Ford insisted that self-discipline had been critical to his success.
旁白：福特坚称自律对他的成功至关重要。
He rose at dawn and exercised every day; he didn't smoke, never drank and did not allow alcohol in his house.
他每天黎明就起床锻炼身体。他不抽烟，从不喝酒，也不允许在家里喝酒。
And he expected the same from everyone around him, starting with his son.
他对周围的每个人都有同样的期望，从他的儿子开始。
During the spring and summer of 1915, Henry Ford began secretly buying up hundreds of acres of farmland along the River Rouge just a mile from his home.
1915 年春夏期间，亨利·福特开始秘密购买距离他家仅一英里的鲁日河沿岸数百英亩的农田。
Though few knew of it, he had another bold plan in mind.
尽管很少有人知道，但他心里还有另一个大胆的计划。
Steven Watts, Historian: Ford foresaw a factory the scope of which, the size of which, the extent of which had simply never been done before.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：福特预见到了一家工厂，其范围、规模、程度都是前所未有的。
Narrator: With tens of millions of dollars in profits a year, Ford had plenty of cash to fund his new endeavor.
旁白：凭借每年数千万美元的利润，福特有足够的现金来资助他的新事业。
But once again he ran into trouble with his investors.
但他再次遇到了投资者的麻烦。
On November 2, 1916, Ford received an injunction forbidding him from using company funds to build the new plant.
1916 年 11 月 2 日，福特收到一项禁令，禁止他使用公司资金建造新工厂。
Two of Ford's original backers, Horace and John Dodge, were behind the suit.
福特最初的两位支持者霍勒斯和约翰·道奇是这起诉讼的幕后黑手。
The Dodges complained that Ford was defrauding his investors by not paying out dividends that reflected huge profits.
道奇家族抱怨福特不支付反映巨额利润的股息，从而欺骗了投资者。
Steven Watts, Historian: The Dodge brothers had a very traditional understanding of a corporation, and that is, it is to make a profit for the investors.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：道奇兄弟对公司有着非常传统的理解，那就是为投资者创造利润。
Ford thought differently.
福特的想法不同。
He often described investors as parasites.
他经常将投资者描述为寄生虫。
They put some money in, but they didn't really do anything to make the company grow.
他们投入了一些钱，但并没有真正做任何事情来让公司成长。
Narrator: Henry was particularly galled by the fact the Dodge brothers were planning on using their dividends to expand their own rival car company.
旁白：亨利对道奇兄弟计划利用股息来扩大自己的竞争对手汽车公司这一事实感到特别恼火。
After two years of legal wrangling, the judge ruled in the Dodges' favor, forcing Ford to pay $20 million plus interest to each of the seven stockholders who retained minority control in his company.
经过两年的法律纠纷，法官做出了对道奇家族有利的裁决，迫使福特向保留公司少数股权的七名股东每人支付 2000 万美元以及利息。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: Henry Ford believes everybody should worship at the shrine that he has created.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔：亨利·福特认为每个人都应该在他创建的神殿里礼拜。
Anybody that's been part of his operation is either a worshiper or a traitor.
任何参与过他行动的人要么是崇拜者，要么是叛徒。
They turned traitors.
他们变成了叛徒。
Narrator: Early in his career as a car maker, Ford had vowed to rid himself of meddling investors.
旁白：在汽车制造商的职业生涯早期，福特发誓要摆脱投资者的干预。
Now he would make good on that promise.
现在他要兑现这个诺言了。
The announcement began with characteristic grandiosity.
这一宣布以特有的宏大开始。
"I am very much interested in the future …
“我对未来非常感兴趣……
of the whole world," Henry Ford declared in late 1918.
全世界的”，亨利·福特在 1918 年底宣称。
But then came the bombshell.
但随后重磅炸弹来了。
The 55-year-old automaker was quitting the Ford Motor Company to pursue other interests.
这家拥有 55 年历史的汽车制造商正退出福特汽车公司以追求其他利益。
His son Edsel would take over the company.
他的儿子埃德塞尔将接管公司。
The thought of a 25-year-old heading up a $250 million dollar business with 45,000 employees rattled Ford's stockholders.
一个 25 岁的年轻人将领导一家价值 2.5 亿美元、拥有 45,000 名员工的企业，这让福特的股东感到不安。
Two months later, the elder Ford delivered a stinging second punch: he was starting a rival company.
两个月后，老福特又发出了刺痛的第二拳：他正在创办一家竞争对手的公司。
The new company, he declared, would produce a car stripped down to its essentials and priced at $300, less than the cost of a Model T.
他宣称，这家新公司将生产一款精简至基本要素的汽车，售价为 300 美元，低于 T 型车的成本。
The automaker said he planned on building factories across the country and hiring 200,000 employees.
该汽车制造商表示，计划在全国各地建设工厂并雇用 20 万名员工。
As rumors swirled around Detroit, Ford Motor's investors grew increasingly frantic.
随着底特律的谣言四起，福特汽车的投资者变得越来越疯狂。
Steven Watts, Historian: By this time, he's sort of the master of manipulating the press, so of course this goes all over the country.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：此时，他已经是操纵媒体的大师了，所以这当然会影响到全国。
What he was doing here was trying to frighten the stockholders of the Ford Motor Company.
他在这里所做的就是试图吓唬福特汽车公司的股东。
So this is all a very elaborate ploy to gain control of the stock in the original company.
所以这都是一个非常精心设计的策略，目的是获得对原公司股票的控制权。
Narrator: Acting on his father's orders, Edsel secretly hired a Boston banking firm to approach investors.
旁白：埃德塞尔遵照父亲的命令，秘密聘请了一家波士顿银行公司来接洽投资者。
One by one, as speculation about Ford Motor's future intensified, the investors sold their stock.
随着对福特汽车未来的猜测加剧，投资者纷纷抛售股票。
The takeover cost Ford $106 million.
福特此次收购花费了 1.06 亿美元。
But for the first time in 16 years, he, Edsel, and Clara controlled every last share in his company.
但 16 年来，他、埃德塞尔和克拉拉第一次控制了公司的所有股份。
When told his scheme had worked, Ford danced a jig around the room.
当得知他的计划成功后，福特在房间里跳起了吉格舞。
Steven Watts, Historian: Edsel Ford, when he was appointed head of Ford Motor Company by his father, he was ecstatic.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：埃德塞尔·福特（Edsel Ford），当他被父亲任命为福特汽车公司的负责人时，他欣喜若狂。
Bob Casey, Curator: Edsel knew his father was a pretty controlling guy.
鲍勃·凯西（Bob Casey），策展人：埃德塞尔知道他的父亲是一个控制欲很强的人。
But Henry had enough money that he could do pretty much anything he wanted to do.
但亨利有足够的钱，他几乎可以做任何他想做的事情。
Edsel may well have thought, "Well, Father's going to go off and let me run the company."
埃德塞尔很可能想：“好吧，父亲要走了，让我来管理公司。”
Narrator: By rights, Edsel should have been at the center of the plans to develop the massive River Rouge complex taking shape in Dearborn.
旁白：按理说，埃德塞尔应该是迪尔伯恩正在形成的大型红河综合体开发计划的中心人物。
In reality, his father directed every major move.
事实上，他的每一个重大举动都是由他的父亲指导的。
Henry oversaw the digging of the foundation for the Rouge's massive power plant and the dredging of the river to allow ships to load and unload.
亨利监督了红河大型发电厂地基的挖掘工作以及河流的疏浚工作，以便船舶装卸。
He reviewed plans for every street and railroad line that was laid and directed the construction of blast furnaces and a foundry.
他审查了每条街道和铁路线的规划，并指导了高炉和铸造厂的建设。
If any aspect of the project did not meet his expectations, the elder Ford intervened.
如果项目的任何方面没有达到他的期望，老福特就会介入。
When an engineer admitted that a 35-foot high coke oven wall was half an inch out of line from the original plans, Ford demanded it be demolished.
当一名工程师承认 35 英尺高的焦炉墙与原计划不符半英寸时，福特要求将其拆除。
Edsel was left at Highland Park to shoulder the day-to-day duties of Model T production and sales.
埃德塞尔留在高地公园，负责 T 型车生产和销售的日常职责。
Soon after taking over as president, Edsel decided to relieve overcrowding in the administration building by constructing a new wing.
就任总统后不久，埃德塞尔决定建造一座新翼楼，以缓解行政大楼的拥挤状况。
When Henry saw the hole for the foundation, he confronted Edsel.
当亨利看到地基上的洞时，他与埃德塞尔对质。
He told his son the new building was unnecessary.
他告诉儿子，新大楼是不必要的。
Edsel promised to fill in the hole.
埃德塞尔答应填补这个漏洞。
"No," his father replied, "don't do that.
“不，”他的父亲回答道，“不要那样做。
Just leave it that way." Every day on his way to work, Edsel had to walk by the hole.
就这样吧。”每天上班的路上，埃德塞尔都必须经过这个洞。
A dejected Edsel confided in a close friend, "I don't know what kick father gets out of humiliating me this way."
沮丧的埃德塞尔向一位密友吐露，“我不知道父亲这样羞辱我会受到什么惩罚。”
Steven Watts, Historian: This was a display of Henry Ford's power.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：这是亨利·福特权力的展示。
He was the guy that was running the show, and there was no doubt about it.
他是掌控全局的人，这是毫无疑问的。
If you didn't accept that, you looked at that big hole out in the ground there and it became abundantly clear to you.
如果你不接受这一点，你看着地面上的那个大洞，你就会变得非常清楚。
Narrator: Since forcing out his investors, Ford had consolidated his power at the company.
旁白：自从赶走了投资者之后，福特巩固了他在公司的权力。
Over the course of 12 months, he fired several high-level, loyal employees who had been critical to the success of the Model T.
在 12 个月的时间里，他解雇了几名对 T 型车的成功至关重要的忠诚的高层员工。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: Many people thought, "I perfected this transmission and now that it's perfect, you're throwing me out to the wolves?" And Henry Ford would say, "Yes." Go make your way somewhere else.
道格拉斯·布林克利（Douglass Brinkley），历史学家：很多人认为，“我完善了这种传输，现在它已经完美了，你要把我扔到狼群里吗？”亨利·福特会说：“是的。”去别的地方吧。
Don't be a tick sucking the blood out of me.
别像蜱虫一样吸我的血。
Nelson Lichtenstein, Historian: Ford himself never directly fired anyone.
纳尔逊·利希滕斯坦，历史学家：福特本人从未直接解雇过任何人。
He let others do it and sometimes this was done in a particularly brutal fashion.
他让其他人这样做，有时甚至以一种特别残酷的方式进行。
Someone would show up at their office and their desk would be gone.
有人会出现在他们的办公室，但他们的办公桌就会消失。
Or a whole department in one case showed up, and the room was bare.
或者在一个案例中，整个部门都出现了，而房间里却空无一人。
Steven Watts, Historian: Ford had a massive ego.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：福特非常自负。
He begins to put into practice this compulsion to grab center stage, to be out there in the limelight, to get publicity, to give no one else credit.
他开始将这种占据舞台中心、成为众人瞩目的焦点、获得公众关注、不给予任何人信任的冲动付诸实践。
Bob Casey, Curator: The power that he accumulated really did change him.
鲍勃·凯西（Bob Casey），策展人：他积累的力量确实改变了他。
When he got the ability to exercise this absolute power over people, he embraced it and exercised it.
当他有能力对人们行使这种绝对权力时，他欣然接受并运用了它。
Narrator: In early summer 1919, Henry Ford arrived at the courthouse in Mt. Clemens, Michigan, a small town north of Detroit.
旁白：1919 年初夏，亨利·福特来到底特律北部小镇密歇根州克莱门斯山的法院。
Ford had sued the Chicago Tribune for libel after the paper called him an "ignorant idealist …
福特起诉《芝加哥论坛报》诽谤，因为该报称他是“无知的理想主义者……
and an anarchist enemy of the nation." Now, he would take the stand.
和国家的无政府主义敌人。”现在，他要出庭作证。
To disprove the allegation of libel, the Tribune set out to prove Ford's ignorance.
为了反驳诽谤指控，《论坛报》着手证明福特的无知。
"Do you know anything about the Revolution, Mr. Ford?" the Tribune 's lawyer asked.
“福特先生，你对革命了解吗？” 《论坛报》的律师问道。
"Yes, sir," Ford replied.
“是的，先生，”福特回答道。
"What revolution did you have in mind, Mr. Ford?" "In 1812," Ford answered to the amazement of the people in the courtroom.
“福特先生，您想到的革命是什么？” “1812年，”福特的回答令法庭上的人们感到惊讶。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: They basically asked him, you might say, high school questions.
约翰·施陶登迈尔（John Staudenmaier），历史学家：你可能会说，他们基本上问了他高中问题。
And he was revealed to be pathetically inarticulate and ill informed.
人们发现他极其不善言辞，而且见多识广。
The stuff he didn't know was amazing to people.
他不知道的东西对人们来说是惊人的。
Narrator: "Don't you know there was not any revolution in 1812?" the lawyer persisted.
旁白：“你不知道1812年没有发生任何革命吗？”律师坚持说。
"Don't you know that this country was born out of a revolution in 1776?
“你难道不知道这个国家是在1776年的一场革命中诞生的吗？
Did you forget that?" "I guess I did," Ford answered.
你忘记了吗？” “我想我做到了，”福特回答道。
Greg Grandin, Historian: The defense attorneys want to paint him as someone who is semi-literate.
格雷格·格兰丁，历史学家：辩护律师想把他描绘成一个半文盲的人。
They ask him to read passages, and he refuses.
他们要求他读一些段落，但他拒绝了。
The first day, he says that he forgot his glasses.
第一天，他说他忘记戴眼镜了。
The next day, he said that he can't read because his eyes are watery.
第二天，他说他无法读书，因为他的眼睛流泪了。
He comes across as being out of his depth.
他给人的印象是超出了他的能力范围。
Narrator: Newspapers from across the country covered the trial in breathless detail, as Ford was subjected to eight days of questioning.
旁白：全国各地的报纸对审判进行了令人窒息的详细报道，福特接受了八天的审讯。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: He hates lawyers, just as he hates Wall Street.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔：他讨厌律师，就像他讨厌华尔街一样。
And he can't get off the stand.
而且他无法离开看台。
He can't just get up and say, "I don't have to take this.
他不能站起来说：“我不必接受这个。
I'm Henry Ford." "No, sir.
我是亨利·福特。” “不，先生。
You are under oath."
你已经宣誓了。”
Narrator: When the trial finally concluded, the jury, made up mostly of farmers, found that Ford had indeed been libeled -- he may have been ignorant, but he was no anarchist.
旁白：当审判最终结束时，主要由农民组成的陪审团发现福特确实受到了诽谤——他可能很无知，但他不是无政府主义者。
But despite the victory, Ford was deeply wounded by the experience.
尽管取得了胜利，福特却因这次经历而深受伤害。
The press, in particular, heaped ridicule on the automaker for his embarrassing performance.
尤其是媒体对这家汽车制造商的尴尬表现进行了嘲笑。
Steven Watts, Historian: For everyone who was there, particularly newspaper reporters, what this seemed to clinch was their suspicion that Henry Ford was a rural rube, who had stumbled into his success, a stupid man representing stupid ideas and stupid people.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：对于在场的每个人，尤其是报纸记者来说，这似乎让他们更加怀疑亨利·福特是一个乡下人，他偶然获得了成功，是一个代表愚蠢思想和愚蠢人民的愚蠢人。
Narrator: "Mr. Ford," wrote the New York Times , " has been submitted to a severe examination of his intellectual qualities.
旁白：“福特先生”，《纽约时报》写道，“他的智力素质已经接受了严格的检验。
He has not received a pass." The New York Post put it even more harshly, "The man is a joke." A few weeks after the libel trial ended, Ford escaped to upstate New York to recover from his ordeal.
他还没有收到通行证。” 《纽约邮报》更严厉地说，“这个人就是个笑话。”诽谤案审判结束几周后，福特逃到纽约州北部以从痛苦中恢复过来。
His forays into America's wilderness with friends Thomas Edison and Harvey Firestone, the tire magnate, were an annual tradition.
他与朋友托马斯·爱迪生（Thomas Edison）和轮胎大亨哈维·费尔斯通（Harvey Firestone）一起探索美国荒野是一年一度的传统。
This year the trip was particularly healing as Ford learned that letters to him were pouring in from across the country.
今年，当福特得知全国各地写给他的信源源不断地涌来时，这次旅行尤其治愈人心。
Upset by the coverage of the trial, farmers, shopkeepers, village leaders and small-town editors now rushed to Ford's defense.
农民、店主、村庄领导和小镇编辑对审判的报道感到不安，现在纷纷为福特辩护。
Ministers offered prayers to deliver Henry Ford from his elitist persecutors.
部长们祈祷将亨利·福特从精英迫害者手中解救出来。
Tens of thousands of ordinary people sent him heartfelt words of support.
数以万计的普通民众向他发来衷心支持的话语。
"…
“……
You are my ideal of a self-made man …" wrote one admirer.
你是我理想中的白手起家的人……”一位崇拜者写道。
"…
“……
You are loved by thousands of people all over the world," gushed another.
你受到全世界成千上万人的喜爱，”另一位人士滔滔不绝地说。
"You have done more good and accomplished more for the people than any man living …
“你为人民做的好事、取得的成就比任何活着的人都多......
Do not let them discourage you." To the bewilderment of some, the trial made Henry Ford even more of a folk hero than he had been before.
不要让他们让你灰心。”令一些人感到困惑的是，这次审判使亨利·福特比以前更像一位民间英雄。
Steven Watts, Historian: There was a kind of divide between common people in the country and the intelligentsia on the other hand, who really loathed Ford in a lot of ways.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：另一方面，这个国家的普通民众和知识分子之间存在着某种分歧，他们在很多方面都讨厌福特。
And to his way of thinking, he stood exactly where he wanted to stand.
按照他的思维方式，他就站在他想站的地方。
Narrator: Over the years, Ford worked to reinforce his everyman image.
旁白：多年来，福特努力强化自己的普通人形象。
This year was no different.
今年也不例外。
As he embraced outdoor living, Ford made sure that journalists, photographers and his own camera crew were on hand to cover his every exploit.
当福特拥抱户外生活时，他确保记者、摄影师和他自己的摄制组随时准备报道他的每一次冒险。
"The well equipped excursions," wrote a colleague, "were as private and secluded as a Hollywood opening." Movies of the trips would later be shown in theaters across the country.
一位同事写道：“装备精良的短途旅行就像好莱坞的开幕式一样私密而隐蔽。”这些旅行的电影随后将在全国各地的剧院上映。
Steven Watts, Historian: He loves to camp, he loves to be out in the wilderness, he loves rural America, but there's also an opportunity there.
历史学家史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts）：他喜欢露营，喜欢在荒野中玩耍，喜欢美国乡村，但那里也有机会。
You have Henry Ford the manipulator of the media; Henry Ford the shrewd operator who understands how the modern world works.
亨利·福特是媒体的操纵者；亨利·福特是一位精明的经营者，他了解现代世界的运作方式。
Greg Grandin, Historian: Ford had a lot of ideas.
历史学家格雷格·格兰丁：福特有很多想法。
He had a lot of ideas how to organize society, about the best way to live, about proper roles of men and women.
他对如何组织社会、关于最佳生活方式、关于男人和女人的正确角色有很多想法。
He had ideas about diet.
他对饮食有自己的想法。
He had ideas about smoking.
他对吸烟有想法。
He had ideas about exercise.
他对锻炼有自己的想法。
And he also had ideas about Jews.
他对犹太人也有想法。
Narrator: In May 1920, Ford began publishing a series of articles in his hometown weekly, the Dearborn Independent , which he had purchased a year and a half earlier.
旁白：1920 年 5 月，福特开始在他一年半前购买的家乡《迪尔伯恩独立报》周刊上发表一系列文章。
"If there is one quality that attracts Jews, it is power," Ford wrote.
“如果有一种品质能够吸引犹太人，那就是权力，”福特写道。
"It is not merely that there are a few Jews among international financial controllers; it is that these world-controllers are exclusively Jews …"
“不仅仅是国际金融控制者中有少数犹太人；而是这些世界控制者都是犹太人……”
Greg Grandin, Historian: He linked Jews to Wall Street.
历史学家格雷格·格兰丁（Greg Grandin）：他将犹太人与华尔街联系起来。
He linked them to banks.
他将它们与银行联系起来。
And he blamed them for war.
他将战争归咎于他们。
He basically began to blame Jews for all of the problems of the modern world.
他基本上开始将现代世界的所有问题归咎于犹太人。
Hasia R.
哈西亚·R。
Diner, Historian: He lived in a culture, in which all sorts of attributions were made to "the Jews." The Jews are profiteers.
晚餐者、历史学家：他生活在一种文化中，在这种文化中，各种归属都被归咎于“犹太人”。犹太人是奸商。
The Jews cheat you in business.
犹太人在生意上欺骗你。
The Jews became the symbol of a world that was being manipulated and controlled.
犹太人成为一个被操纵和控制的世界的象征。
Narrator: Ford ensured that his anti-Semitic message would be read in households across the nation.
旁白：福特确保他的反犹太主义信息将在全国各地的家庭中宣读。
In addition to subscriptions, he distributed the Dearborn Independent through his more than 7,000 car dealerships.
除了订阅之外，他还通过 7,000 多家汽车经销商发行《迪尔伯恩独立报》。
By 1926, circulation had reached 900,000.
到1926年，发行量已达到90万份。
Hasia R.
哈西亚·R。
Diner, Historian: There are lots of small town newspapers that publish scurrilous anti-Semitic material, so it wasn't unusual in that way.
餐馆、历史学家：有很多小镇报纸都刊登粗俗的反犹太主义材料，所以这并不罕见。
But what's notable about the Dearborn Independent is that there'd be stacks of them in a dealership in California, a dealership in Massachusetts, a dealership in Iowa.
但《迪尔伯恩独立报》值得注意的是，在加利福尼亚州的一家经销店、马萨诸塞州的一家经销店、爱荷华州的一家经销店里都会有成堆的此类产品。
Narrator: The American Jewish Committee, the Federal Council of Churches, and over 100 prominent leaders, including President Woodrow Wilson, condemned Ford's attacks.
旁白：美国犹太委员会、联邦教会理事会以及包括伍德罗·威尔逊总统在内的 100 多位知名领导人谴责了福特的袭击。
But he was undeterred.
但他并没有被吓倒。
"The Jews are the scavengers of the world," Ford declared.
“犹太人是世界的拾荒者，”福特宣称。
"Wherever there's anything wrong with a country, you'll find the Jews on the job there." Ford even reprinted the notorious Protocols of the Elders of Zion .
“只要一个国家出了问题，你就会发现犹太人在那里工作。”福特甚至重印了臭名昭著的《锡安长老议定书》。
Greg Grandin, Historian: The czars in Russia created this total fictional account of Jews conspiring to take over the world.
格雷格·格兰丁（Greg Grandin），历史学家：俄罗斯沙皇编造了这部关于犹太人密谋占领世界的完全虚构的故事。
And it's Ford that publishes it in America.
福特在美国出版了这本书。
Beverly Gage, Historian: What really matters about Henry Ford is that just he had so much power and so much cultural authority.
贝弗利·盖奇，历史学家：亨利·福特真正重要的是他拥有如此多的权力和如此多的文化权威。
And when a figure like Henry Ford sanctions this kind of thing, it has -- you know, it legitimizes these ideas.
当像亨利·福特这样的人物批准这种事情时，它就——你知道，它使这些想法合法化。
Narrator: A defamation suit by a Jewish lawyer forced Henry Ford to issue a public apology.
旁白：一位犹太律师提起的诽谤诉讼迫使亨利·福特公开道歉。
After eight years of publishing the Dearborn Independent , he shut the paper down.
《迪尔伯恩独立报》出版八年后，他关闭了该报。
Many Jewish organizations accepted Ford's apology as sincere.
许多犹太组织认为福特的道歉是真诚的。
But those who knew him best did not.
但那些最了解他的人却不这么认为。
Behind closed doors, Ford remained convinced that Jews were at the heart of what he deemed the degeneration of American society.
私下里，福特仍然坚信犹太人是他认为的美国社会堕落的核心。
In 1920s America, change was everywhere: new forms of music and dance, new government prohibitions, new expectations for women.
20 年代的美国，变革无处不在：新形式的音乐和舞蹈、新的政府禁令、对女性的新期望。
Nowhere was change more evident, however, than on the nation's roadways.
然而，没有什么地方的变化比国家的道路更明显了。
The automobile boom had fueled the expansion of the oil, rubber and steel industries, spurred road construction, stimulated real estate development, and created new businesses like gas stations, roadside motels, and restaurants.
汽车的繁荣推动了石油、橡胶和钢铁工业的扩张，刺激了道路建设，刺激了房地产开发，并创造了加油站、路边汽车旅馆和餐馆等新业务。
Streets were no longer littered with horse manure, but clogged with cars.
街道上不再散落着马粪，而是挤满了汽车。
Bob Casey, Curator: People who can buy cars, do.
鲍勃·凯西（Bob Casey），策展人：有能力购买汽车的人就会购买汽车。
People who can't buy cars want to.
买不起车的人想买车。
Narrator: "The automobile," wrote one essayist, "changed our dress, manners …
旁白：“汽车，”一位散文家写道，“改变了我们的着装、举止......
vacation habits, the shape of our cities, …
度假习惯、我们城市的形状……
and positions in intercourse."
以及交往中的姿势。”
Beverly Gage, Historian: The emphasis on leisure time, the emphasis on just going out for a drive in your car to nowhere, to wherever.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇（Beverly Gage）：强调休闲时间，强调开车出去开车去任何地方、任何地方。
I mean, these were new ideas, and this was a really new experience for Americans.
我的意思是，这些都是新想法，这对美国人来说是一次真正的新体验。
Narrator: Many of the changes didn't sit well with Henry Ford.
旁白：许多变化令亨利·福特不太满意。
Nancy F.
南希·F.
Koehn, Historian: Once people have bought one car, right, and have learned to use it and learned to drive it, a different set of related wants would set in.
历史学家科恩：一旦人们购买了一辆车，对吧，并学会使用它并学会驾驶它，一系列不同的相关需求就会出现。
What if a car had different kind of fenders and different kind of upholstery and different kind of headlamps?
如果一辆车有不同类型的挡泥板、不同类型的内饰和不同类型的前照灯怎么办？
Markets evolve as more and more people buy products.
随着越来越多的人购买产品，市场也在不断发展。
This is true of clothes; this is true of computers; this is true of smart phones today.
衣服也是如此。计算机也是如此；如今的智能手机也是如此。
It was no less true of the car.
对于汽车来说也是如此。
Greg Grandin, Historian: It's the roaring 20s.
历史学家 Greg Grandin：这是咆哮的 20 年代。
People want style.
人们想要风格。
They want speed.
他们想要速度。
They want flash.
他们想要闪光。
Bob Casey, Curator: Ford looked around and he saw people buying these luxurious vehicles, and he seemed to think, "That's not the way to spend your money." Ford is uncomfortable in this new consumer world, that he's had a huge part in creating.
鲍勃·凯西（Bob Casey），馆长：福特环顾四周，他看到人们购买这些豪华车辆，他似乎在想，“这不是花钱的方式。”福特在这个新的消费世界中感到不舒服，因为他在创造这个世界方面发挥了巨大作用。
Narrator: "I sometimes wonder if we have …
旁白：“我有时想知道我们是否有……
fallen under the spell of salesmanship," Ford complained.
被推销术迷住了，”福特抱怨道。
"The American of a generation ago was a shrewd buyer.
“一代人之前的美国人是精明的买家。
But nowadays the American people seem to listen and be sold." Where Ford saw decadence, the president of rival General Motors saw opportunity.
但现在美国人民似乎在倾听并被说服。”福特看到了颓废，而竞争对手通用汽车的总裁则看到了机遇。
Bob Casey, Curator: Alfred P.
鲍勃·凯西 (Bob Casey)，策展人：阿尔弗雷德·P.
Sloan seemed to see what the future of the automobile industry was, beyond the Model T.
斯隆似乎看到了 T 型车之外的汽车工业的未来。
He realized that once the market was fairly well saturated, you're going to have to give people an excuse to keep buying new cars and get rid of a perfectly good two- or three-year-old car.
他意识到，一旦市场相当饱和，你就必须给人们一个继续购买新车的借口，并扔掉一辆已经用了两三年的完好汽车。
Narrator: Sloan initiated the yearly model change and developed a wide range of vehicles from the modest to the extravagant: Chevrolets, Oldsmobiles, Buicks, and Cadillacs -- cars "for every purse and purpose." For the first time, the Ford Motor Company faced real competition.
旁白：斯隆发起了每年的车型更新，并开发了从普通到奢华的各种车辆：雪佛兰、奥兹莫比尔、别克和凯迪拉克——“适合各种钱包和用途”的汽车。福特汽车公司第一次面临真正的竞争。
Though the Model T had outsold its nearest competitors by six-to-one in 1924, as the 10 millionth rolled off the assembly line, sales were distinctly beginning to slip.
尽管 1924 年 T 型车的销量以六比一的比例超越了最接近的竞争对手，但随着第 1000 万辆下线，销量明显开始下滑。
Within the year Ford's market share had dipped below 50 percent and was continuing in free fall.
一年之内，福特的市场份额跌破 50%，并且还在持续下滑。
Meanwhile, sales of General Motor's jaunty Chevrolet -- available in practically any color, except black -- had more than tripled.
与此同时，通用汽车公司活泼的雪佛兰汽车——几乎有除黑色以外的任何颜色可供选择——的销量增长了两倍多。
Henry Ford refused to even entertain the idea of a new automobile.
亨利·福特甚至拒绝考虑一辆新车的想法。
"The Model T," he proclaimed, "is the most perfect car in the world."
“T 型车，”他宣称，“是世界上最完美的汽车。”
Nancy F.
南希·F.
Koehn, Historian: He was so maniacally committed to his vision.
科恩，历史学家：他如此疯狂地致力于他的愿景。
The same thing that makes him successful now begins to create great vulnerability for him.
使他成功的同一件事现在开始给他带来巨大的脆弱性。
Narrator: Ford dealers were exasperated.
旁白：福特经销商被激怒了。
Some jumped ship to Dodge or General Motors.
有些人跳槽到道奇或通用汽车公司。
"The Model T," one complained, "has run its course." On January 20, 1926, a six-page memo landed on Henry Ford's desk.
“T 型车，”一位人士抱怨道，“已经走到了尽头。” 1926 年 1 月 20 日，一份六页的备忘录落在亨利·福特的办公桌上。
Its author, Ernest Kanzler, a vice-president at Ford Motor and Edsel's brother-in-law, had fretted over the document for weeks, worrying that if he didn't send it, the company might collapse, anxious that if he did, the note might end his career.
它的作者欧内斯特·坎兹勒 (Ernest Kanzler) 是福特汽车公司的副总裁，也是埃德塞尔的妹夫，他几周来一直在为这份文件烦恼，担心如果他不寄出这份文件，公司可能会倒闭，担心如果他寄出，这张纸条可能会结束他的职业生涯。
"Our Ford customers," Kanzler wrote, "are going to other manufacturers.
坎兹勒写道：“我们的福特客户正在转向其他制造商。
…With every additional car our competitors sell, they get stronger and we get weaker.
……我们的竞争对手每多销售一辆车，他们就会变得更强，而我们就会变得更弱。
…
……
A new product is necessary.
需要一种新产品。
…
……
Practically every man in your organization to whom you have entrusted the greatest responsibility holds this same opinion."
实际上，你组织中每一个被你赋予最大责任的人都持有同样的观点。”
Nelson Lichtenstein, Historian: Ford had surrounded himself with "yes" men.
纳尔逊·利希滕斯坦，历史学家：福特身边都是“唯唯诺诺”的人。
And so when he did encounter opposition, he reacted in a kind of aggressive fashion.
因此，当他确实遇到反对时，他会以一种咄咄逼人的方式做出反应。
Narrator: Ford humiliated Kanzler at every opportunity, forcing him out of the company within months.
旁白：福特利用一切机会羞辱坎兹勒，几个月后就迫使他离开公司。
"The only problem with the Ford car," Henry insisted, "is that we can't produce it fast enough." No one else in the company agreed, least of all his son.
“福特汽车的唯一问题，”亨利坚持说，“是我们生产速度不够快。”公司里没有其他人同意，尤其是他的儿子。
For once, Edsel refused to back down.
这一次，埃德塞尔拒绝让步。
Steven Watts, Historian: Edsel Ford did not like conflict.
历史学家史蒂文·瓦茨：埃德塞尔·福特不喜欢冲突。
He did not like tension with his father.
他不喜欢与父亲关系紧张。
He did not like butting heads.
他不喜欢互相冲突。
But Edsel, became convinced that times had changed, consumers had become more sophisticated, and you simply needed to put a new model out there.
但埃德塞尔坚信，时代已经改变，消费者变得更加成熟，你只需要推出一种新的模式。
Narrator: The fight went on for more than a year.
旁白：这场战斗持续了一年多。
Time and again, Edsel would show up in his father's office with plans under his arm for a new car; each time his father would send him away.
埃德塞尔一次又一次地出现在他父亲的办公室，腋下夹着一辆新车的计划。每次他父亲都会送他走。
After one exchange, Henry demanded that a colleague tell Edsel to take a trip to California.
一次交流后，亨利要求一位同事告诉埃德塞尔去加利福尼亚州旅行。
"Make it a long stay," he said.
“让它长久停留，”他说。
"I'll send for him when I want to see him again." "It was the old man's belief that he knew best what was good for [the public]," a colleague recalled.
“当我想再次见到他时，我会派人去叫他。” “老人相信他最了解什么对公众有利，”一位同事回忆道。
"Edsel, on the other hand, would try to give the public what they wanted." On May 26, 1927, father and son appeared in public together to celebrate the 15-millionth Model T as it rolled off the Ford assembly line.
“另一方面，埃德塞尔会尽力向公众提供他们想要的东西。” 1927 年 5 月 26 日，父子俩一起出现在公共场合，庆祝第 1500 万辆 T 型车从福特装配线上下线。
As they posed for the cameras, an announcement went out to the press.
当他们在镜头前摆好姿势时，向媒体发布了一条公告。
The Ford Motor Company would discontinue the Model T and introduce an "entirely new Ford car."
福特汽车公司将停产 T 型车并推出一款“全新的福特汽车”。
Steven Watts, Historian: It's impossible to pinpoint a specific moment or a meeting where Henry Ford decided to put the Model T in mothballs.
史蒂文·沃茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：不可能准确指出亨利·福特决定将 T 型车封存的具体时刻或会议。
Henry Ford sort of throws in the towel.
亨利·福特有点认输了。
And he reluctantly agreed to put a team together to start developing a new model.
他不情愿地同意组建一个团队来开始开发新模型。
Narrator: After shutting down production for six months to re-tool, the new Ford car was finally ready in December 1927.
旁白：停产六个月重新组装后，新款福特汽车终于在 1927 年 12 月准备就绪。
Anticipation was intense.
期待非常强烈。
The company counted more than 100,000 orders before anyone had even seen a prototype.
在人们看到原型之前，该公司已经收到了超过 100,000 份订单。
When it was unveiled, the sleek Model A received rave reviews.
时尚的 Model A 一经推出，就获得了好评如潮。
Produced in a range of colors, it had a powerful four-cylinder engine, an electrical system with a self-starter and a shatterproof windshield.
它有多种颜色可供选择，配备强大的四缸发动机、带自动启动器的电气系统和防碎挡风玻璃。
Fast, reliable, safe, yet still affordable, it was available on an installment plan.
快速、可靠、安全，而且价格实惠，可以分期付款。
Everyone who worked at Ford Motor knew that it was Edsel who was responsible for its style and design.
每个在福特汽车工作过的人都知道，是埃德塞尔负责其风格和设计。
To Edsel's dismay, his father took all the credit.
令埃德塞尔沮丧的是，他的父亲占据了所有的功劳。
Steven Watts, Historian: Henry Ford, shamelessly moves into the limelight and manipulates the press, as he had done for years, and emerges as the great hero in this story, the man bringing a new car to the people.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：亨利·福特无耻地进入聚光灯下并操纵媒体，就像他多年来所做的那样，并成为这个故事中的伟大英雄，为人们带来一辆新车的人。
Narrator: The Model A did revive the Ford Motor Company's fortunes, with sales of 700,000 cars in the first year.
旁白：Model A确实让福特汽车公司重振旗鼓，第一年就销售了70万辆。
Despite the success, Ford never forgave his son.
尽管取得了成功，福特从未原谅他的儿子。
Steven Watts, Historian: Henry Ford loved the Model T more than anything in his entire life.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：亨利·福特（Henry Ford）一生中最喜欢的就是 T 型车。
It was central to his identity.
这是他身份的核心。
Getting rid of the Model T, in essence, was sort of cutting out part of himself.
从本质上讲，摆脱 T 型车就等于割掉了他自己的一部分。
Bob Casey, Curator: It's almost like giving up a child.
鲍勃·凯西（Bob Casey），策展人：这几乎就像放弃一个孩子一样。
He didn't want to admit that this wonderful design that was so much part of him, that that design was now obsolete.
他不想承认这个美妙的设计是他的一部分，但现在这个设计已经过时了。
Narrator: By the winter of 1928, after more than 10 years of construction, Ford's massive factory complex at the River Rouge was fully operative.
旁白：1928年冬天，经过十多年的建设，福特位于鲁日河畔的大型工厂综合体全面投入运营。
Henry envisioned making 10,000 cars a day there.
亨利设想在那里每天生产 10,000 辆汽车。
Nancy F.
南希·F.
Koehn, Historian: Ford's factories were in many ways like mirrors into his ambition and his drive.
历史学家科恩：福特的工厂在很多方面就像一面镜子，反映了他的野心和动力。
We see a little of this at Highland Park, but we see it much more clearly at River Rouge.
我们在高地公园看到了一些这样的情况，但我们在红河看到得更清楚。
This is an empire a large industrial empire that uses millions of dollars' worth of raw materials and ends with cars literally rolling off a moving assembly line.
这是一个帝国，一个庞大的工业帝国，使用价值数百万美元的原材料，最终以汽车从移动的装配线上滚下。
So Ford has created a factory that is completely under his own control and leadership.
所以福特创建了一个完全在他自己控制和领导之下的工厂。
Narrator: The Rouge included 15 miles of roadways and housed 120 miles of conveyors within 93 buildings.
旁白：Rouge 包括 15 英里的道路和 93 栋建筑物内的 120 英里的输送机。
Water pumped from the Detroit River supplied the complex with 700 million gallons a day -- as much as consumed by Detroit, Cincinnati, and New Orleans combined.
从底特律河抽取的水每天为该综合体供应 7 亿加仑——相当于底特律、辛辛那提和新奥尔良消耗量的总和。
Bob Casey, Curator: They had 100 miles of railroad track within the plant, just to move things around within the plant.
Bob Casey，馆长：他们在工厂内有 100 英里的铁轨，只是为了在工厂内移动东西。
It had its own water system.
它有自己的供水系统。
It had its own power system.
它有自己的动力系统。
They had their own security department.
他们有自己的安全部门。
They had their own fire department.
他们有自己的消防队。
It was, in essence, a city where you made automobiles.
从本质上讲，它是一座制造汽车的城市。
Narrator: Operating around the clock in eight-hour shifts, Ford Motor employed more than 75,000 people at the Rouge.
旁白：福特汽车公司在 Rouge 雇用了超过 75,000 名员工，全天候运营，每班 8 小时。
Nelson Lichtenstein, Historian: Here was the real guts and the heart of industrial civilization.
纳尔逊·利希滕斯坦，历史学家：这里是工业文明的真正胆量和核心。
This was the vanguard, this was the most advanced, the most sophisticated manufacturing facility in the country.
这是先锋队，这是全国最先进、最精密的制造设施。
It really was a Mecca.
这确实是一个麦加。
Narrator: Any lingering notions that the Ford Motor Company was interested in human development and progressive reform were a thing of the past.
旁白：福特汽车公司对人类发展和渐进式改革感兴趣的任何挥之不去的观念都已成为过去。
There were competitors to beat, and ever-higher production levels to reach.
我们需要击败竞争对手，并达到更高的生产水平。
"Time loves to be wasted," Ford wrote.
“时间喜欢被浪费，”福特写道。
"From time wasted there can be no salvage."
“时间被浪费了，就无法挽回了。”
Steven Watts, Historian: Any hint of camaraderie, teamwork, cooperation, common purpose, even the Sociological Department, all of that's gone from the Rouge.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：任何友情、团队合作、合作、共同目标的暗示，甚至社会学系，所有这些都从红色中消失了。
Its sole function was to have thousands of men working to churn out, as efficiently as possible, as many automobiles as they could.
它的唯一功能是让数千名工人尽可能高效地生产尽可能多的汽车。
Narrator: Although Henry Ford had carefully supervised every aspect of the Rouge's design, no sooner was it complete than he began to hate it.
旁白：虽然亨利·福特仔细监督了胭脂设计的各个方面，但刚一完成，他就开始讨厌它。
Steven Watts, Historian: Henry Ford created this monster.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：亨利·福特创造了这个怪物。
The River Rouge plant was so big, it was so heartless.
胭脂河工厂那么大，那么无情。
It was so removed from everything that he had experienced earlier, what you find is that as the Rouge is up and firing, Henry Ford spends very little time there.
它与他之前经历过的一切相去甚远，你会发现，当“胭脂”号启动并开火时，亨利·福特在那里呆的时间很少。
Narrator: By the late 1920s, manufacturing was fast surpassing agriculture as the nation's economic driver.
旁白：到 20 年代末，制造业迅速超越农业，成为国家经济的驱动力。
Dearborn itself, which had been dotted with barns and pastures, was now a sprawling industrial center, home to not just Ford Motor but Michigan Bell Telephone, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and Detroit Edison.
迪尔伯恩本身曾经遍布谷仓和牧场，现在是一个庞大的工业中心，不仅是福特汽车公司的所在地，而且是密歇根贝尔电话公司、宾夕法尼亚铁路公司和底特律爱迪生公司的所在地。
More Americans now lived in cities than on farms: the rural, small town America of Henry Ford's childhood was rapidly disappearing.
现在，居住在城市的美国人多于住在农场的人：亨利·福特童年时代的美国乡村小镇正在迅速消失。
He felt increasingly at sea.
他越来越感到茫然。
Greg Grandin, Historian: He begins to condemn large, sprawling, crime-ridden cities and large concentrations of people.
格雷格·格兰丁（Greg Grandin），历史学家：他开始谴责大城市、蔓延的、犯罪猖獗的城市和大量人口聚集的地方。
But he, more than anybody else, has concentrated industrial workers in large numbers, with his factory system.
但他比任何人都更通过他的工厂制度集中了大量产业工人。
He's realizing that he can't control the forces in some ways that he has helped unleash.
他意识到他无法以某些方式控制他帮助释放的力量。
Narrator: It was his tranquil antidote to the never-ending clamor and pollution of the Rouge.
旁白：这是他对胭脂河永无休止的喧嚣和污染的平静解药。
One writer dubbed it, "Henry Ford's Village of Yesterday." The automaker himself named it Greenfield Village, after his wife's hometown.
一位作家将其称为“亨利·福特的昨天的村庄”。这位汽车制造商自己将其命名为格林菲尔德村，以他妻子的家乡命名。
The project had begun years earlier with a loving restoration of Ford's boyhood home.
该项目几年前就开始了，对福特儿时的家进行了精心修复。
When workmen recovered broken bits of his mother's dishes, Ford had her china reproduced and placed on the shelves just as it had been when he was growing up.
当工人们回收了他母亲的餐具碎片时，福特将她母亲的瓷器复制出来并放在架子上，就像他小时候一样。
He built a replica of the workbench where he had repaired watches as a boy, scoured antique shops to find furniture he remembered from his youth, and filled dresser drawers with shawls like those his mother had worn.
他复制了小时候修理手表的工作台，在古董店寻找他年轻时记忆中的家具，并在梳妆台抽屉里装满了他母亲穿过的披肩。
Then he bought 245 acres a mile from the Rouge.
然后他买下了距离鲁日一英里的 245 英亩土地。
He purchased historic buildings, had them dismantled and sent to Dearborn for reassembly: the Wright Brothers' bicycle shop, Thomas Edison's Menlo Park laboratory, and the garage where Ford had built his quadricycle.
他购买了历史建筑，将它们拆除并送往迪尔伯恩重新组装：莱特兄弟的自行车店、托马斯·爱迪生的门洛帕克实验室，以及福特制造四轮摩托车的车库。
Steven Watts, Historian: Greenfield Village, in a certain way, becomes a monument not only to the American past, but to his past as well.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：格林菲尔德村在某种程度上不仅成为美国过去的纪念碑，也成为他的过去的纪念碑。
He seemed to be yearning to somehow recapture the kind of society and culture that the automobile and the River Rouge had essentially destroyed.
他似乎渴望以某种方式重新获得汽车和胭脂河基本上摧毁的社会和文化。
Greg Grandin, Historian: You have him raising River Rouge, which is this enormous cathedral to industry and in the shadows of the River Rouge, he's building this 19th-century testament to a receding America.
格雷格·格兰丁（Greg Grandin），历史学家：你让他建造了红河，这是一座巨大的工业大教堂，在红河的阴影下，他正在建造这座 19 世纪的美国衰落的见证。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: He lives nostalgia in excruciating detail.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔（John Staudenmaier）：他在令人痛苦的细节中生活着怀旧之情。
Nobody else had a billion dollars in the 1920s and said, "I'm going to create an alternative world.
在 20 年代，没有人拥有 10 亿美元并说：“我要创造一个替代世界。
I can do it.
我能做到。
And it's all mine." The whole thing is so he didn't have to live in the world that was around him.
这都是我的。”整件事是为了让他不必生活在他周围的世界中。
Narrator: Ford's vision of the past included a deep reverence for technology.
旁白：福特过去的愿景包括对技术的深深敬畏。
He built a sawmill, restored a 17th-century forge and collected steam engines.
他建造了一家锯木厂，修复了一座 17 世纪的锻造厂，并收集了蒸汽机。
He banned one invention, however: the telephone.
然而，他禁止了一项发明：电话。
When his manager protested, suggesting his boss might miss important communications from the factory, Ford replied, "Oh, forget that stuff.
当他的经理提出抗议，暗示他的老板可能会错过工厂的重要通讯时，福特回答说：“哦，忘了那些东西吧。
I come down here to get away from that gang."
我来这里就是为了远离那帮人。”
John Staudenmaier, Historian: This is an immense investment of Henry's interest as well as his money.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔：这是亨利的兴趣和金钱的巨大投资。
It clearly is increasingly where he wants to be and what he wants to do.
显然，这越来越成为他想去的地方和他想做的事情。
Steven Watts, Historian: He hates the Rouge.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：他讨厌胭脂红。
He loves Greenfield Village.
他喜欢格林菲尔德村。
That's where his heart is.
那就是他的心所在。
He begins to pull away, even perhaps without realizing it, from the world he created.
他开始脱离他创造的世界，甚至可能没有意识到。
Narrator: In Ford's hometown, the Depression that followed the stock market crash in 1929 hit harder than almost anywhere else in the country.
旁白：在福特的家乡，1929 年股市崩盘之后的大萧条对美国几乎任何其他地方造成的打击都最为严重。
The centerpiece of Detroit's economy was the manufacture of automobiles.
底特律经济的核心是汽车制造。
During the booming 1920s, the city's population had grown by more than 50 percent.
在繁荣的 20 年代，该市的人口增长了 50% 以上。
Now, the financial crisis devastated the industry.
现在，金融危机对这个行业造成了重创。
Beverly Gage, Historian: In the course of four years, the stock market loses 90 percent of its value.
历史学家贝弗利·盖奇：在四年的时间里，股市损失了 90% 的价值。
And that in turn comes hand-in-hand with a real bottoming out of this kind of frothy consumer economy.
反过来，这种泡沫消费经济也随之真正触底。
In a city like Detroit, you've had this-this boom, and then all of a sudden your customers are gone.
在像底特律这样的城市，你经历了这种繁荣，然后突然你的顾客就消失了。
And they're really gone.
他们真的走了。
Narrator: Ford defiantly protected jobs, announcing instead that he would raise wages to seven dollars a day.
旁白：福特公然保护工作岗位，并宣布将工资提高到每天 7 美元。
But within months of the crash, Model A sales stalled and Ford was forced to lay off workers.
但事故发生后的几个月内，A 型车的销售陷入停滞，福特被迫裁员。
Men who had flocked to Detroit when Ford announced the pay raise, were suddenly out of work and destitute.
当福特宣布加薪时，涌入底特律的人们突然失业并陷入贫困。
The mayor estimated that a third of the 200,000 people standing in breadlines had been laid off from Ford's factories.
市长估计，排队领取救济金的 20 万人中，有三分之一是福特工厂下岗的。
"Declining sales have changed Mr. Ford," noted Fortune magazine, "from one of the greatest U.S. money-makers to one of the greatest money losers."
《财富》杂志指出，“销量下降已经改变了福特先生，从美国最赚钱的人之一变成了最赚钱的人之一。”
Steven Watts, Historian: The Ford Motor Company was staggering on its feet.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：福特汽车公司步履蹒跚。
Among the Big Three, it had moved into third place behind Chrysler, far behind General Motors.
在三巨头中，它已升至第三位，落后于克莱斯勒，远远落后于通用汽车。
Narrator: Three years into the Great Depression, with profits down by 50 percent, the Ford Motor Company was in trouble.
旁白：大萧条三年后，福特汽车公司的利润下降了 50%，陷入了困境。
Ford responded to the pressure by coming to rely more and more on one man at his company.
福特为了应对压力，开始越来越依赖公司的一名员工。
Harry Bennett was a former amateur boxer who had first joined Ford's company in the motion picture department before rising to become security chief at the Rouge.
哈里·贝内特 (Harry Bennett) 曾是一名业余拳击手，最初加入福特公司的电影部门，后来晋升为 Rouge 的安全主管。
Steven Watts, Historian: Harry Bennett had a background very different from any of the other Ford managers.
历史学家史蒂文·瓦茨：哈里·贝内特的背景与其他福特经理截然不同。
He was a kind of streetwise, tough, roustabout, uneducated basically, a kind of tough guy, packing a pistol literally.
他是一个街头聪明人，强硬，吵闹，基本上没有受过教育，是一个硬汉，实际上带着一把手枪。
Narrator: Bennett surrounded himself with a group of street fighters, athletes, ex-convicts, and underworld figures.
旁白：贝内特周围都是一群街头霸王、运动员、刑满释放人员和黑社会人物。
With their weapons often prominently displayed, his men roamed the factory enforcing strict workplace rules.
他的手下经常在显眼的地方展示武器，在工厂里巡逻，执行严格的工作场所规则。
Workers were not allowed to talk or even sit down while on the clock.
工人们在上班期间不准说话，甚至不准坐下。
Nelson Lichtenstein, Historian: Workers described it as an internal Gestapo, a kind of police force inside the factory.
纳尔逊·利希滕斯坦（Nelson Lichtenstein），历史学家：工人们将其描述为内部盖世太保，一种工厂内部的警察部队。
Terror and fear was pervasive in the organization.
恐怖和恐惧在组织中普遍存在。
Greg Grandin, Historian: Harry Bennett ruled the River Rouge factory floor with an iron grip.
格雷格·格兰丁（Greg Grandin），历史学家：哈利·贝内特（Harry Bennett）以铁腕统治着红河工厂车间。
He enforced discipline.
他执行纪律。
He controlled almost every aspect of workers' lives.
他几乎控制了工人生活的方方面面。
The old vision of Ford as the paternalist by this point had given way to a vision of extreme conformity and discipline.
此时，福特作为家长式作风的旧观念已经让位于极端顺从和纪律的观念。
Narrator: Bennett derived his power from his close relationship with his boss.
旁白：贝内特的权力来自于他与老板的密切关系。
Ford often drove his security chief to work in the mornings and had a standing call with Bennett at 9:30 every night.
福特经常早上开车送他的安全主管去上班，并在每晚 9:30 与贝内特进行长期通话。
Steven Watts, Historian: Ford always stayed behind the curtain as the wizard of Oz, pulling the levers and manipulating the wires, making the big decisions.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：福特总是像绿野仙踪一样留在幕后，拉动杠杆，操纵电线，做出重大决定。
He can't relinquish control because that's what Henry Ford is all about.
他不能放弃控制权，因为这就是亨利·福特的全部意义。
Narrator: "If Mr. Ford told me to blacken out the sun tomorrow," Bennett once said, "I might have trouble fixing it.
旁白：“如果福特先生让我明天把太阳晒黑，”贝内特曾经说过，“我可能很难解决它。
But you'd see a hundred thousand sons-of-bitches coming through the Rouge gates in the morning all wearing dark glasses." As he drew closer to Bennett, Ford's relationship with Edsel grew increasingly strained.
但早上你会看到十万个王八蛋戴着墨镜从胭脂门进来。”随着福特与贝内特的关系越来越密切，他与埃德塞尔的关系也变得越来越紧张。
Even newsreels couldn't hide the growing tension between father and son.
即使是新闻片也无法掩盖父子之间日益紧张的关系。
Edsel Ford (archival): The United States, even when it is running in low, is a pretty big business proposition.
埃德塞尔·福特（档案）：美国，即使在经济低迷的时候，也是一个相当大的商业主张。
But I believe that the country is getting ready to make a very decided step forward next year and we are doing all that we can to help it along.
但我相信，这个国家正准备在明年迈出非常决定性的一步，我们正在尽一切努力来帮助它前进。
What do you think of that father?
你觉得这位父亲怎么样？
Henry Ford (archival): Well I think everybody has decided they've got to go to work and I think from now on there's no one that can stop this country from going ahead, full blast.
亨利·福特（档案）：嗯，我认为每个人都决定他们必须去工作，我认为从现在开始，没有人可以阻止这个国家全力前进。
Narrator: Over the years, Henry had grown frustrated with Edsel's management of the company.
旁白：多年来，亨利对埃德塞尔对公司的管理越来越感到沮丧。
Where others saw Edsel as a progressive, collaborative leader, his father saw only restraint and indecision.
在其他人看来，埃德塞尔是一位进步、协作的领导者，而他的父亲则只看到他的克制和优柔寡断。
"Mr. Ford," observed one employee, "didn't think Edsel was tough enough."
“福特先生，”一位员工评论道，“认为埃德塞尔不够强硬。”
Steven Watts, Historian: People who worked for Edsel loved him because he didn't order people around, he didn't throw temper tantrums, he didn't act like a tyrant.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：为埃德塞尔工作的人都喜欢他，因为他不发号施令，不发脾气，也不表现得像个暴君。
It was very much a kind of modern style of management, but his father hated it, and he thought it was another sign of his son's softness.
这在很大程度上是一种现代的管理方式，但他的父亲讨厌它，他认为这是儿子软弱的另一个表现。
Narrator: Edsel's personal life was a constant source of irritation to his father as well.
旁白：埃德塞尔的个人生活也一直困扰着他的父亲。
Everything about the way Edsel lived -- his 60-room mansion, his art collection, his extravagant parties, his wealthy friends, the fact that he drank alcohol -- confirmed Henry's suspicions that his son was weak.
埃德塞尔生活方式的一切——他有 60 个房间的豪宅、他的艺术收藏、他奢华的派对、他富有的朋友、他酗酒的事实——证实了亨利对他儿子软弱的怀疑。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: Edsel says, "I am one of the wealthy and powerful." And that's just intolerable for Henry.
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔：埃德塞尔说，“我是富有和有权势的人之一。”这对亨利来说是无法忍受的。
He couldn't imagine living like that, himself.
他无法想象自己会这样生活。
He just can't imagine it.
他简直无法想象。
Narrator: Henry finally had enough and ordered Bennett to spy on his son.
旁白：亨利终于受够了，命令本内特监视他的儿子。
Douglass Brinkley, Historian: He was a compulsive person, Henry Ford, and he wanted his son not to have any vices when Edsel left town.
道格拉斯·布林克利（Douglass Brinkley），历史学家：亨利·福特（Henry Ford）是一个有强迫症的人，他希望他的儿子在埃德塞尔离开小镇时不要有任何恶习。
Henry Ford would break into Edsel's house and smash with a cane all of the liquor bottles.
亨利·福特闯入埃德塞尔的家，用拐杖砸碎所有的酒瓶。
Steven Watts, Historian: Putting spies on his son and accusing him of being an alcoholic and all of these crazy things, it was all in Henry Ford's mind.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：给他的儿子安插间谍，指控他是个酒鬼，以及所有这些疯狂的事情，这全都是亨利·福特的想法。
Narrator: As his family life deteriorated and his company's fortunes declined, Ford turned his attention to a new threat.
旁白：随着家庭生活的恶化和公司财富的下滑，福特将注意力转向了新的威胁。
Union organizers had set their sites on the auto industry.
工会组织者已将自己的网站定在汽车行业。
The passage of the 1935 Wagner Act, which guaranteed workers the right to organize and bargain collectively, emboldened the United Auto Workers.
1935 年《瓦格纳法案》的通过保障了工人组织和集体谈判的权利，这给汽车工人联合会壮了胆。
Following a six-week strike, General Motors recognized the union.
经过六周的罢工后，通用汽车公司承认了工会。
Chrysler capitulated three months later.
三个月后克莱斯勒投降了。
Henry Ford resolved to fight.
亨利·福特决心战斗。
Greg Grandin, Historian: Ford imagined himself as elevating the living conditions of the working class.
格雷格·格兰丁（Greg Grandin），历史学家：福特想象自己改善了工人阶级的生活条件。
But he hated unions with a passion, viscerally.
但他发自内心地讨厌工会。
He disliked them in principle.
他原则上不喜欢他们。
They were a challenge to his power, a challenge to the notion that the River Rouge was his.
它们是对他权力的挑战，是对红河属于他的观念的挑战。
Narrator: Ford decreed that no one at Ford Motor was to meet with union officials, or discuss labor matters with anyone.
旁白：福特颁布法令，福特汽车公司的任何人都不得与工会官员会面，或与任何人讨论劳工问题。
Except Harry Bennett.
除了哈利·贝内特。
In April of 1937, Ford authorized his head of security to "handle" the United Auto Workers.
1937 年 4 月，福特授权他的安全主管“处理”美国汽车工人联合会。
Bennett promptly declared that the UAW "was irresponsible, un-American, and no goddamn good." On May 26, 1937, union organizers arrived at the Rouge and began handing out leaflets entitled "Unionism not Fordism."
贝内特立即宣称美国汽车工人联合会“是不负责任的、非美国式的、一点也不好”。 1937 年 5 月 26 日，工会组织者抵达红街并开始散发题为“工会主义而非福特主义”的传单。
Nelson Lichtenstein, Historian: They knew that in order for the union to be secure in the industry, they had to organize Ford.
纳尔逊·利希滕斯坦，历史学家：他们知道，为了使工会在行业中保持安全，他们必须组织福特。
And they had invited photographers.
他们还邀请了摄影师。
They wanted photographers to come.
他们希望摄影师来。
They wanted to show the country that leaflets were being distributed and workers were being recruited at the Ford Motor Company to join the United Automobile Workers.
他们想向全国展示福特汽车公司正在散发传单，并且正在招募工人加入汽车工人联合会。
Narrator: Bennett's thugs were ready.
旁白：本尼特的暴徒已经准备好了。
The Ford security force grabbed most of the cameras, but a few photographers got away.
福特安全部队抢走了大部分相机，但有一些摄影师逃脱了。
Pictures of the company's brutality were published in newspapers across the country.
全国各地的报纸都刊登了该公司残暴行为的照片。
Through it all, the aging carmaker remained resolute, determined to keep the union out of his company.
尽管经历了这一切，这家年迈的汽车制造商仍然坚定不移，决心将工会排除在他的公司之外。
Steven Watts, Historian: While his emotions are pulling him into the past, there's this almost primal urge in his character to keep control of what he created.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：虽然他的情绪把他拉进了过去，但他的性格中有一种近乎原始的冲动，想要控制他所创造的东西。
The Ford Motor Company is his baby.
福特汽车公司是他的孩子。
He built it, and he's going to hold onto it.
他建造了它，他将坚持下去。
John Staudenmaier, Historian: Why would he create such a violent world of spies and thugs?
历史学家约翰·施陶登迈尔：为什么他要创造一个充满间谍和暴徒的暴力世界？
Why do that?
为什么要这么做？
Well, because he was lashing out against the world that had spun out of control, as far as he was concerned.
好吧，因为就他而言，他正在猛烈抨击这个已经失控的世界。
Narrator: As the years went by, Henry Ford began spending more and more time at Greenfield Village.
旁白：随着岁月的流逝，亨利·福特开始在格林菲尔德村度过越来越多的时间。
He checked in on the children who attended his one-room schoolhouse, dropped by the farm where he was experimenting with soybeans, and enjoyed old-time dancing at Lovett Hall where he had a full-time instructor on staff.
他检查了在他的单间校舍上学的孩子们，顺便参观了他正在试验大豆的农场，并在洛维特大厅享受了老式舞蹈，在那里他有一位全职教练。
When he turned 75 in July 1938, Henry watched as performers re-enacted scenes from his life.
1938 年 7 月，亨利 75 岁生日，他看着表演者重演他生活中的场景。
But he kept slipping away from his party to check on his projects at the Village, preferring to be there than with the thousands of well-wishers.
但他总是从聚会中溜走，去检查他在村里的项目，他宁愿呆在那里，也不愿和成千上万的祝福者在一起。
It was clear to everyone he had slowed down.
每个人都清楚他放慢了速度。
Few knew, however, that he'd also suffered a mild stroke.
然而，很少有人知道他还患有轻度中风。
His father's mental state was what troubled Edsel.
他父亲的精神状态让埃德塞尔感到困扰。
Instead of mellowing with age, Henry was growing more controlling and paranoid.
亨利并没有随着年龄的增长而变得成熟，反而变得越来越控制欲和偏执。
He lashed out at employees, accused longtime associates of disloyalty or worse, didn't recognize them, and insisted that Jews were persecuting him.
他猛烈抨击员工，指责长期合作者不忠诚或更糟，不承认他们，并坚称犹太人在迫害他。
And he became convinced there was only one man in the company he could trust, "my Harry."
他开始相信公司里只有一个人他可以信任，“我的哈利”。
Steven Watts, Historian: Harry Bennett represented all of the qualities that Henry had been trying to push Edsel toward for years.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：哈里·贝内特代表了亨利多年来一直试图推动埃德塞尔实现的所有品质。
Bennett became a kind of surrogate son for Henry Ford, a kind of idealized son that he always wanted Edsel to be, and Edsel could never become.
贝内特成为亨利·福特的代理儿子，他一直希望埃德塞尔成为他理想化的儿子，但埃德塞尔永远无法成为。
Narrator: In the spring of 1941, with war raging in Europe, Ford Motor secured several government contracts, including a $480 million order for B-24 bombers.
旁白：1941 年春天，欧洲战事如火如荼，福特汽车公司获得了几份政府合同，其中包括价值 4.8 亿美元的 B-24 轰炸机订单。
The infusion of cash put the company back on track.
现金的注入使公司重回正轨。
But for the 90,000 workers inside the Rouge plant, the threats, violence, intimidation and terror continued unabated.
但对于胭脂工厂内的 9 万名工人来说，威胁、暴力、恐吓和恐怖依然有增无减。
Men discovered talking in groups were suspected of union activities and promptly fired, often after a severe beating.
男性发现集体谈话被怀疑参与工会活动，并立即被解雇，通常是在遭到严厉殴打之后。
With large defense contracts at stake, union officials were in a stronger position to push for fair treatment.
由于大型国防合同岌岌可危，工会官员在推动公平待遇方面处于更有利的地位。
They called for higher wages, overtime pay, and job security.
他们呼吁提高工资、加班费和工作保障。
Steven Watts, Historian: Edsel counsels his father, "Let's work this out.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：埃德塞尔劝告他的父亲，“让我们解决这个问题。
Let's talk to the unions.
我们去跟工会谈谈吧。
Let's do what we need to do." Henry will have none of it.
让我们做我们需要做的事情吧。”亨利不会有这些。
Narrator: When Ford refused to meet his workers' demands, thousands walked out and went on strike.
旁白：当福特拒绝满足工人的要求时，数千人举行罢工。
Edsel stepped in without his father's permission, meeting with union officials and hammering out an agreement.
埃德塞尔未经父亲许可介入，与工会官员会面并敲定了一项协议。
When the formal contract between the union and Ford Motor was completed, Henry Ford refused to sign it.
当工会与福特汽车公司之间的正式合同完成后，亨利·福特拒绝签署。
He raged at Edsel, saying he'd rather shut down his factories than give in to the union.
他对埃德塞尔大发雷霆，称他宁愿关闭工厂也不愿向工会屈服。
It was an empty threat.
这只是一句空洞的威胁。
The elder Ford knew he'd lost.
老福特知道他输了。
Nelson Lichtenstein, Historian: Henry Ford gives in to the union because he had no choice.
纳尔逊·利希滕斯坦，历史学家：亨利·福特向工会屈服，因为他别无选择。
If the strike had continued, if chaos had reigned on the factory floor, the government would have unquestionably come in.
如果罢工继续下去，如果工厂车间一片混乱，政府毫无疑问会介入。
And he was told this, even by Harry Bennett.
甚至哈利·贝内特也告诉了他这一点。
Narrator: The following day, Ford Motor gave the UAW everything it wanted and more: a union shop, wages equal to the highest in the industry, and union dues deducted from workers' paychecks.
旁白：第二天，福特汽车公司给了美国汽车工人联合会它想要的一切，甚至更多：一家工会商店、相当于行业最高工资的工资，以及从工人工资中扣除的工会会费。
When asked later why he had suddenly changed course, Henry would say that Clara had threatened to leave him if he didn't.
当后来被问到为什么他突然改变路线时，亨利会说克拉拉威胁说如果他不改变就会离开他。
Soon after the strike, Edsel checked into the hospital.
罢工后不久，埃德塞尔住进了医院。
Like many of the executives at Ford, he had suffered for years from ulcers, which doctors believed were brought on by stress.
和福特的许多高管一样，他多年来一直患有溃疡，医生认为这是由压力引起的。
They recommended that Ford's son have part of his stomach removed.
他们建议福特的儿子切除部分胃。
But surgery didn't help.
但手术没有帮助。
"If there is anything the matter with Edsel's health," his father told associates, "he can correct it himself…Edsel must mend his ways." What Henry didn't know was that his son had terminal stomach cancer.
“如果埃德塞尔的健康有任何问题，”他的父亲告诉同事，“他可以自己纠正……埃德塞尔必须改正自己的方式。”亨利不知道的是，他的儿子患有晚期胃癌。
Edsel returned to work, telling no one but his wife Eleanor.
埃德塞尔回到工作岗位，除了妻子埃莉诺之外没有告诉任何人。
Bob Casey, Curator: When Edsel's physical condition began to deteriorate, Henry just took it as another sign of weakness.
鲍勃·凯西（Bob Casey），策展人：当埃德塞尔的身体状况开始恶化时，亨利只是将其视为另一个软弱的迹象。
"If he'd just eat right, if he wouldn't drink any wine, if he'd stop hanging out with those good-for-nothing rich friends of his, he'd fix himself."
“如果他吃得好，如果他不喝酒，如果他不再和那些一无是处的有钱朋友一起出去玩，他就能解决自己的问题。”
Narrator: Matters came to a head in the spring of 1943 when Henry ordered a close associate to demand that Edsel reform his attitude and behavior or else.
旁白：1943 年春天，事情达到了紧要关头，亨利命令一位亲密伙伴要求埃德塞尔改变他的态度和行为，否则就采取其他措施。
When he heard his father's long list of grievances against him, Edsel broke down in tears.
当听到父亲对他一长串的委屈时，埃德塞尔泪流满面。
A few weeks later, he collapsed.
几周后，他崩溃了。
Eleanor revealed to Henry what she had known for months: Edsel was dying.
埃莉诺向亨利透露了她几个月来所知道的事情：埃德塞尔快要死了。
As his son lay bedridden at home in Grosse Point, Henry refused to believe it.
当儿子躺在格罗斯角的家中卧床不起时，亨利拒绝相信这一点。
He frantically contacted Edsel's doctors demanding that they restore his son's health.
他疯狂地联系了埃德塞尔的医生，要求他们恢复儿子的健康。
On May 26, 1943, Edsel Ford died at the age of 49.
1943 年 5 月 26 日，埃德塞尔·福特去世，享年 49 岁。
Henry Ford was shattered.
亨利·福特崩溃了。
For months afterwards he wandered the grounds of Greenfield Village at night by himself.
此后的几个月里，他晚上独自在格林菲尔德村闲逛。
Steven Watts, Historian: Ford knew in his heart that his actions and his unfair treatment of Edsel in some way had been responsible for his death.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：福特心里知道，他的行为以及他对埃德塞尔的不公平对待在某种程度上导致了他的死亡。
And emotionally, mentally, physically, he was just never the same.
在情感上、精神上、身体上，他都不再一样了。
Narrator: "Harry," he asked one day, "do you think I was ever cruel to Edsel?" "Not cruel, but unfair," Bennett replied.
旁白：“哈利，”有一天他问，“你认为我对埃德塞尔残忍过吗？” “不残忍，但不公平，”贝内特回答道。
"If it had been me, I would have got mad." "That's what I wanted him to do," said Ford, "get mad." After Edsel's death, Henry Ford once again took over the presidency of Ford Motor.
“如果是我，我一定会生气。” “这就是我想让他做的，”福特说，“生气。”埃德塞尔去世后，亨利·福特再次接任福特汽车总裁一职。
But after multiple strokes, he was in no shape to run the company.
但多次中风后，他已经无法再管理公司了。
Steven Watts, Historian: It was a period of absolute chaos.
史蒂文·瓦茨（Steven Watts），历史学家：那是一段绝对混乱的时期。
One observer described it as "the years of the Mad Hatter," because Ford would give directives and then contradict them the next day.
一位观察家将其描述为“疯帽匠的年代”，因为福特会发出指令，然后在第二天反驳它们。
He would call people back in who hadn't worked at the company for 30 years.
他会把30年没有在公司工作过的人召回来。
Narrator: "We have to go back to the old days, the Model T days," Ford would say.
旁白：“我们必须回到过去，T 型车时代，”福特会说。
"We've got to build only one car …
“我们只能制造一辆汽车......
just the one Ford." Officials in the government worried that with Henry at the helm, Ford Motor could not fulfill its war contracts.
就只有那一辆福特。”政府官员担心亨利掌舵后，福特汽车无法履行其战争合同。
In 1945, Ford suffered another major stroke.
1945年，福特再次遭遇严重中风。
Increasingly, he failed to recognize friends, avoided going out in public, and was afraid to let Clara out of his sight.
他越来越不认识朋友，避免外出，也不敢让克拉拉离开他的视线。
On April 7, 1947, Henry Ford died in the middle of the night, his head rested on his wife's shoulder.
1947年4月7日，亨利·福特在半夜去世，他的头靠在妻子的肩膀上。
He was 83.
他83岁了。
Two days later, 100,000 people waited patiently in a line a mile long to view his body.
两天后，十万人耐心地排着一英里长的队伍，等待瞻仰他的遗体。
They came to pay their respects, not to the author of the International Jew , the initiator of oppressive labor practices, or the father who bullied his only son, but to the most influential industrialist of his time, the man who, more than any other, had ushered in the 20th century.
他们前来表达敬意的不是《国际犹太人》的作者、压迫性劳动行为的发起者，也不是欺负唯一儿子的父亲，而是向那个时代最有影响力的实业家，这个人比任何人都更开创了20世纪。
Steven Watts, Historian: Henry Ford, despite all of his great success and his great wealth, had the soul of a common person, the soul of a common man.
史蒂文·瓦茨，历史学家：亨利·福特尽管取得了巨大的成功和巨大的财富，但他却拥有一个普通人的灵魂，一个普通人的灵魂。
And I think people understood that instinctively.
我认为人们本能地理解这一点。
Somehow Ford was one of them.
不知何故，福特就是其中之一。
His automobile represented this modern notion that happiness lay not in self-denial, not in self-restraint, not in scarcity, but it lay in self-fulfillment.
他的汽车代表了这样一种现代观念：幸福不在于自我否定，不在于自我克制，不在于匮乏，而在于自我实现。
Nancy F.
南希·F.
Koehn, Historian: What Ford saw and what he committed himself to in terms of producing a durable, affordable, effective automobile changed American life, changed American business, and changed Americans one by one, as it continues to affect us today.
历史学家科恩：福特所看到的以及他在生产耐用、价格实惠、高效的汽车方面所做的承诺改变了美国人的生活，改变了美国的商业，也改变了一个又一个美国人，因为它今天仍然影响着我们。
Narrator: For the rest of the century, the Ford Motor Company remained one of the three dominant American car companies, though it never again controlled the market as it had in Henry Ford's heyday.
旁白：在本世纪剩下的时间里，福特汽车公司仍然是美国三大汽车公司之一，尽管它再也没有像亨利·福特全盛时期那样控制市场。
Shortly after Ford's death, the company's new president, Edsel's oldest son Henry, oversaw the first public offering of company shares on the New York Stock Exchange.
福特去世后不久，公司的新任总裁、埃德塞尔的长子亨利监督了公司股票在纽约证券交易所的首次公开发行。
In addition to ending the Ford family's control of Ford Motor, Henry II also put an end to his grandfather's experiments in social engineering.
除了结束福特家族对福特汽车的控制之外，亨利二世还结束了祖父的社会工程实验。
By then, Ford's planned utopia in the rainforest had become a lawless outpost where rubber had never been successfully produced.
那时，福特计划中的雨林乌托邦已经成为一个无法无天的前哨基地，那里从未成功生产过橡胶。
In one of his first acts as president, Henry Ford II sold the land back to the Brazilian government for a fraction of its value.
亨利·福特二世就任总统后的第一件事就是将土地以其价值的一小部分卖回给巴西政府。
All too soon, Fordlandia was reclaimed by the jungle.
很快，福特兰迪亚就被丛林夺回了。
Henry Ford is born on a farm to William and Mary Ford in Springwells Township, Michigan in 1863.
亨利·福特 1863 年出生于密歇根州斯普林韦尔斯镇的威廉·福特和玛丽·福特的一个农场。
Explore a timeline of his life.
探索他的人生时间表。
Ford lent authority to the anti-Semitic fears and assumptions of many Americans.
福特为许多美国人的反犹太恐惧和假设提供了权威。
To reduce costs and increase production, Henry Ford borrowed a tactic from the meatpacking industry – the assembly line.
为了降低成本并提高产量，亨利·福特借鉴了肉类加工行业的一种策略——装配线。
Employees share stories, ranging from the factory floor to the hiring office, that illuminate the Henry Ford years in Detroit, Michigan.
员工们分享从工厂车间到招聘办公室的故事，讲述亨利·福特在密歇根州底特律的岁月。
Filmmaker Sarah Colt discusses the challenges of producing a biography on Henry Ford.
电影制片人莎拉·柯尔特讨论了制作亨利·福特传记的挑战。
For many years, Henry Ford took annual camping trips with his close friends Thomas Edison, Harvey Firestone, and John Burroughs.
多年来，亨利·福特每年都会与他的密友托马斯·爱迪生、哈维·费尔斯通和约翰·巴勒斯一起露营旅行。
Henry Ford hosted dance lessons in Dearborn twice a week to teach what he believed was the correct way of dancing.
亨利·福特每周在迪尔伯恩举办两次舞蹈课程，教授他认为正确的舞蹈方式。
Despite being hard on his only son Edsel, Henry Ford doted upon his grandchildren.
尽管亨利·福特对他唯一的儿子埃德塞尔很严厉，但他却很宠爱他的孙子们。
The two inventors remained friends their whole lives.
这两位发明家一生都是朋友。
The biography of a farm boy who rose from obscurity to become the most influential American innovator of the 20th century.
这是一个农场男孩从默默无闻成长为 20 世纪最有影响力的美国创新者的传记。