The Great War
Part 1 Part 1 Narrator: In the summer of 1917, at docks up and down the eastern seaboard, thousands of American soldiers boarded ships bound for France.
第1部分 第1部分 旁白：1917年夏天，在东海岸上下的码头上，数千名美国士兵登上了开往法国的船只。
They were the vanguard of a new American army, about to enter the most destructive war the world had ever known.
他们是美国新军队的先锋队，即将进入世界上最具破坏性的战争。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: It’s a watershed in American history.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金：这是美国历史上的一个分水岭。
The United States goes from being the country on the other side of the ocean to being the preeminent world power.
美国从大洋彼岸的国家变成了卓越的世界强国。
Narrator: For President Woodrow Wilson, the war was a crusade “to make the world safe for democracy,” a chance to transform the international order in America’s image.
旁白：对于伍德罗·威尔逊总统来说，这场战争是一场“为了民主而安全的世界”的十字军东征，也是一个改变美国形象的国际秩序的机会。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: Woodrow Wilson himself said, “it was of this that we dreamed at our birth, for which we were destined.” leading the way for the world to a new order of peace.
历史学家肯尼迪：伍德罗·威尔逊本人说过，“我们出生时就梦想着这一点，我们注定要实现这一点。”引领世界走向和平新秩序。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: This is the birth of the on-going debate over how involved America should be in the world.
历史学家基恩：关于美国应该如何参与世界事务的持续辩论由此诞生。
Narrator: The troops were drawn from every corner of the country, and reflected the teeming diversity of turn-of-the-century America.
旁白：这些军队来自全国各地，反映了世纪之交美国的丰富多样性。
Helen Zoe Veit, Historian: : In many ways World War I forced Americans to ask what are we as a country?
海伦·佐伊·法伊特（Helen Zoe Veit），历史学家：：从很多方面来说，第一次世界大战迫使美国人问我们作为一个国家是什么？
Who are we as a people?
作为一个民族，我们是谁？
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: I think it’s a war that Americans fought together which required them to meet one another, to confront one another and figure out what was holding their society together.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉（Christopher Capozzola）：我认为这是一场美国人共同战斗的战争，需要他们相互见面、面对面并找出是什么让他们的社会团结在一起。
Narrator: All across the country, communities staged elaborate celebrations to send their men off to war.
旁白：全国各地的社区都举办了精心策划的庆祝活动，送其士兵上战场。
But underneath the calls for unity, Americans were deeply divided.
但在团结的呼声背后，美国人却存在严重分歧。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: World War I showed Americans the best and worst that the country is capable of.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：第一次世界大战向美国人展示了这个国家所能做到的最好和最坏的一面。
It lays bare questions the Americans continue to ask themselves for the rest of the 20 th century.
它揭示了美国人在 20 世纪余下的时间里不断问自己的问题。
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Scott Berg, Writer: This was a period of deep paranoia in this country.
作家斯科特·伯格：这是这个国家极度偏执的时期。
It’s probably the greatest suppression of free speech the country has ever seen.
这可能是该国有史以来对言论自由最严重的压制。
Narrator: Women who refused to set aside their campaign for suffrage because of the war were set upon by mobs and carted off to prison.
旁白：由于战争而拒绝放弃争取选举权的妇女遭到暴徒袭击并被押进监狱。
African-American men joined in a war for freedom abroad, while being denied it at home.
非裔美国男子在国外参加了争取自由的战争，但在国内却遭到拒绝。
Chad Williams, Historian: The war galvanizes African Americans, not just to fight for their country, but to fight for their rights as American citizens.
历史学家查德·威廉姆斯：这场战争激励非裔美国人不仅为自己的国家而战，而且为他们作为美国公民的权利而战。
Narrator: When the ships let loose their lines and headed out to sea, the troops on board were entering a conflict of unprecedented bloodshed and suffering, one that had come to be known as The Great War.
旁白：当船只松开绳索出海时，船上的部队陷入了一场史无前例的流血和痛苦的冲突，这场冲突后来被称为“伟大的战争”。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: The First World War is the most important event most people don’t know about.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：第一次世界大战是大多数人不知道的最重要的事件。
It’s a Pandora’s box.
这是一个潘多拉魔盒。
And we’re still ironing out everything that that war unleashed.
我们仍在解决那场战争引发的一切问题。
Narrator: In the summer of 1914, a new prospect named Babe Ruth began playing for the Boston Red Sox.
旁白：1914 年夏天，一位名叫贝比·鲁斯 (Babe Ruth) 的新秀开始为波士顿红袜队 (Boston Red Sox) 效力。
Crowds were flocking to theaters to see the newest film by Charlie Chaplin.
人群涌向电影院观看查理·卓别林的最新电影。
A loaf of bread cost six cents.
一条面包要六美分。
Henry Ford’s Model T sold for $500 dollars.
亨利·福特的 T 型车售价为 500 美元。
In 1914, the nation boasted a population of almost a hundred million people.
1914年，这个国家拥有近亿人口。
A third of them were immigrants, or had parents who had been born abroad.
其中三分之一是移民，或者父母出生在国外。
And one out of three Americans lived on farms.
三分之一的美国人生活在农场。
Women could vote, but only in twelve states of the union.
妇女可以投票，但仅限于联邦十二个州。
In the South, African Americans had virtually no political rights at all.
在南方，非裔美国人几乎没有任何政治权利。
In 1914, the United States Army ranked seventeenth in the world, behind Serbia’s.
1914年，美国陆军排名世界第17位，仅次于塞尔维亚。
Europe was a one-week steamship voyage away.
欧洲距离我们只有一周的轮船航程。
The British pound was the world’s reserve currency.
英镑是世界储备货币。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: In 1914 the United States was the largest producer of steel.
历史学家肯尼迪：1914 年，美国是最大的钢铁生产国。
It had the biggest transportation network.
它拥有最大的交通网络。
It had more energy resources.
它拥有更多的能源。
It had the second biggest population in the western world saving only Russia.
它的人口在西方世界中仅次于俄罗斯位居第二。
But the American people as a whole were quite ambivalent about whether or not they actually wanted to become one of the great powers that arbitrated the destinies of the world at large.
但美国人民作为一个整体对于他们是否真的想成为仲裁整个世界命运的大国之一感到非常矛盾。
Narrator: To mark the Fourth of July in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson delivered a speech from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia.
旁白：1914 年，为了纪念 7 月 4 日，伍德罗·威尔逊 (Woodrow Wilson) 总统在费城独立厅的台阶上发表了讲话。
After paying tribute to what he called the “energy and variety and wealth” of America, he posed a question: “What are we going to do with the influence and power of this great Nation?”
在赞扬美国的“活力、多样性和财富”之后，他提出了一个问题：“我们将如何利用这个伟大国家的影响力和力量？”
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: I think that Wilson had, even in 1914 this vision of America as a moral beacon in the world, as a city upon a hill, this sense that Americans had something to give to the world.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：我认为，即使在 1914 年，威尔逊也抱有这样的愿景：美国是世界上的道德灯塔，是一座山上之城，这种感觉是美国人可以向世界奉献一些东西。
Narrator: Europe, meanwhile, was a bastion of culture and enlightenment, but beset by ancient dynasties and autocratic rulers competing to control the world’s resources.
旁白：与此同时，欧洲是文化和启蒙运动的堡垒，但却受到古代王朝和独裁统治者争夺世界资源控制权的困扰。
Germany was led by a kaiser, Russia a tsar.
德国由皇帝领导，俄罗斯由沙皇领导。
An emperor lay claim to Austria Hungary while a sultan reigned over the Turkish Ottoman Empire.
一位皇帝对奥匈帝国拥有主权，而一位苏丹则统治着土耳其奥斯曼帝国。
Great Britain and France, two democracies, jealously guarded far-flung colonial empires.
英国和法国这两个民主国家小心翼翼地守护着幅员辽阔的殖民帝国。
Only a month after Wilson’s speech, Americans struggled to make sense of news coming from the other side of the Atlantic.
威尔逊发表演讲仅一个月后，美国人就很难理解来自大西洋彼岸的新闻。
The assassination of an obscure Austro-Hungarian aristocrat by a Serbian nationalist had provided a pretext to unleash imperial rivalries that were breaking the continent apart.
一位塞尔维亚民族主义者暗杀了一位默默无闻的奥匈帝国贵族，这为发动帝国对抗提供了借口，而这些帝国对抗正在分裂欧洲大陆。
Germany and its ally, Austria Hungary, declared war on Serbia and her ally, Russia.
德国及其盟友奥匈帝国向塞尔维亚及其盟友俄罗斯宣战。
Germany then invaded France — through neutral Belgium — and Russia.
德国随后通过中立的比利时入侵法国和俄罗斯。
Britain came to the aid of, the French and the Belgians and suddenly, millions of men were fighting a war whose very purpose seemed hard to comprehend.
英国向法国和比利时提供了援助，突然间，数以百万计的人正在打一场战争，其目的似乎难以理解。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: What were they thinking?
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：他们在想什么？
They had so much going for them.
他们有很多事情要做。
Europe was the most prosperous part of the world, the most powerful part of the world.
欧洲是世界上最繁荣的地区，也是世界上最强大的地区。
It had had extraordinary progress.
它取得了非凡的进步。
It had a century of almost unbroken peace, and suddenly they blundered into this war.
它有一个世纪几乎没有被打破的和平，突然他们就陷入了这场战争。
And I think the reaction in the United States was “what on earth are they doing?” And thank goodness we’re 3,000 miles away.
我认为美国的反应是“他们到底在做什么？”谢天谢地，我们相距 3,000 英里。
Narrator: “The general conflagration has begun,” Wilson’s ambassador to England, Walter Page, observed.
旁白：“全面的大火已经开始，”威尔逊驻英国大使沃尔特·佩奇评论道。
“Ours is the only great government in the world that is not in some way entangled.” The Atlantic Ocean provided the United States with protection against the European contagion.
“我们的政府是世界上唯一没有以某种方式卷入其中的伟大政府。”大西洋为美国提供了抵御欧洲疫情蔓延的保护。
But Wilson also saw in America’s unique position a chance to influence the course of world events.
但威尔逊也从美国的独特地位中看到了影响世界事件进程的机会。
On August 4 th , he wrote to the leaders of the newly warring nations that he would “welcome an opportunity to act in the interest of European peace.”
8月4日，他写信给新交战国家的领导人，表示他“欢迎有机会为欧洲和平而采取行动”。
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Scott Berg, Writer: Almost from the outset of the war, Woodrow Wilson was trying to find diplomatic solutions.
斯科特·伯格，作家：几乎从战争一开始，伍德罗·威尔逊就试图寻找外交解决方案。
He believed if all the heads of state could sit at a table and confer, they could probably have ended this war.
他相信，如果所有国家元首都能坐在一起商讨，他们很可能就结束了这场战争。
There didn’t have to be a war here.
这里不一定有战争。
Narrator: As he faced the greatest international crisis of his presidency, Woodrow Wilson was falling apart.
旁白：当伍德罗·威尔逊面临总统任期内最严重的国际危机时，他正在崩溃。
In a small bedroom on the second floor of the White House, his wife Ellen lay dying.
在白宫二楼的一间小卧室里，他的妻子艾伦躺在病床上，生命垂危。
They had been married for 29 years, and she had borne him three daughters, standing by him during his dramatic rise to the White House.
他们结婚 29 年了，她为他生了三个女儿，在他戏剧性地入主白宫的过程中，她一直陪伴在他身边。
Now, she was gravely ill with Bright’s disease, a fatal inflammation of the kidneys.
现在，她患有严重的布莱特氏病，这是一种致命的肾脏炎症。
Two days after war broke out, at five in the afternoon, she died.
战争爆发两天后，下午五点，她去世了。
“I never understood before what a broken heart meant and did for a man,” Wilson wrote to a friend.
威尔逊在给朋友的信中写道：“我以前从来不明白一颗破碎的心对一个人来说意味着什么，会带来什么后果。”
“It just means that he lives by the compulsion of necessity and duty only.”
“这只是意味着他只是迫于必要和责任而生活。”
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Scott Berg, Writer: Here is the president of the United States who is so bereft he is actually contemplating giving up the office.
作家斯科特·伯格：这位美国总统非常失落，他实际上正在考虑放弃这个职位。
He does not know how he can go on without this woman, who really sacrificed everything she could for him.
他不知道如果没有这个女人，他该如何继续下去，这个女人真的为他牺牲了一切。
Narrator: “It is pathetic to see the President,” his son-in-law lamented “He hardly knows where to turn.” A devastated Wilson could barely manage Ellen’s funeral arrangements.
旁白：“见到总统真是可悲，”他的女婿感叹道，“他几乎不知道该向哪里求助。”悲痛欲绝的威尔逊几乎无法安排艾伦的葬礼。
He sat next to the casket during a sleepless train ride back to her family home in Georgia.
在返回她佐治亚州家的不眠火车上，他坐在棺材旁边。
For the first time in decades, Woodrow Wilson was facing the future alone.
几十年来，伍德罗·威尔逊第一次独自面对未来。
The son of a Scottish Presbyterian minister from Virginia, he was a bookish young man with a delicate constitution who became a successful lawyer and scholar of American government.
他是一位来自弗吉尼亚州的苏格兰长老会牧师的儿子，是一个书呆子般的年轻人，体格脆弱，后来成为一名成功的律师和美国政府学者。
Richard Rubin, Writer: He was a former professor, a former college president and the governor of New Jersey.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：他曾任教授、前大学校长和新泽西州州长。
He had a meteoric rise in politics and in an age of oratory, he was a very fine speaker.
他在政治上迅速崛起，在演讲时代，他是一位非常出色的演讲家。
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Scott Berg, Writer: Woodrow Wilson was the most religious president we ever had.
斯科特·伯格，作家：伍德罗·威尔逊是我们有史以来最虔诚的总统。
Woodrow Wilson is a man who got on his knees twice a day and prayed.
伍德罗·威尔逊是一个每天跪下祈祷两次的人。
He read scripture every night.
他每天晚上都读经文。
He said grace before every meal.
他在每顿饭前都作恩典。
His faith informed everything he ever said, everything he ever thought, everything he ever did.
他的信仰影响了他所说的一切、他所想的一切、他所做的一切。
Narrator: An idealistic Democratic crusader, Wilson had spent his first two years in office driving through Congress a historic set of progressive reforms.
旁白：威尔逊是一位理想主义的民主党斗士，他在上任的头两年里推动国会通过了一系列历史性的进步改革。
His penchant for soaring rhetoric masked a pragmatic, and often ruthless, politician.
他喜欢夸夸其谈，但实际上却是一位务实且常常冷酷无情的政客。
He was also the first Democrat from the South to be elected president since Reconstruction.
他也是自重建以来第一位当选总统的南方民主党人。
One of Wilson’s first acts was to reintroduce segregation in federal agencies in Washington.
威尔逊的首要举措之一是在华盛顿的联邦机构中重新实行种族隔离。
Almost overnight, thousands of promising civil service jobs that had been a path of upward mobility for African Americans were now open to whites only.
几乎一夜之间，数以千计有前途的公务员工作岗位（曾经是非裔美国人向上流动的途径）现在只向白人开放。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Wilson felt that forward thinking white people were really best positioned to see to the well being of African Americans.
阿德里安·伦茨·史密斯（Adriane Lentz-Smith），历史学家：威尔逊认为，具有前瞻性思维的白人确实最有能力关注非裔美国人的福祉。
And I think he felt confident that at some point African Americans would be able to be incorporated into the larger civic and democratic body in some way.
我认为他相信在某个时候非裔美国人能够以某种方式融入更大的公民和民主机构。
But they hadn’t reached the point in their evolution yet.
但他们还没有达到进化的程度。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: He makes almost no effort to bring African Americans into any role in the government and in fact takes so many steps to alienate them that many African Americans who thought he would be a progressive on race become bitterly disappointed in him.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：他几乎没有努力让非裔美国人进入政府的任何职位，事实上，他采取了如此多的措施来疏远他们，以至于许多原本认为他会成为种族进步人士的非裔美国人对他感到非常失望。
Narrator: His southern upbringing also profoundly shaped Wilson’s views about war and peace.
旁白：他在南方的成长经历也深刻地影响了威尔逊对战争与和平的看法。
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Scott Berg, Writer: Woodrow Wilson is the only United States president who was born in a country that had lost a war, the Confederate States of America.
斯科特·伯格，编剧：伍德罗·威尔逊是唯一一位出生在战败国家美利坚联盟国的美国总统。
He remembered the...the devastation, the deprivation, the degradation that comes from losing a war.
他记得……战争失败所带来的破坏、匮乏和堕落。
He carried that with him.
他随身带着那个。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: Woodrow Wilson doesn’t like war.
玛格丽特·麦克米伦，历史学家：伍德罗·威尔逊不喜欢战争。
He believes in democratic values, liberal values, he believes in peace.
他相信民主价值观、自由价值观，他相信和平。
He doesn’t want to take the United States into war.
他不想让美国陷入战争。
Narrator: On August 18 th , Wilson emerged from his grieving long enough to issue a proclamation.
旁白：8月18日，威尔逊从悲伤中走出来，发布了一份公告。
“The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name,” he declared.
“美国必须在事实上和名义上保持中立，”他宣称。
“We must be impartial in thought, as well as action.” But in the same breath, the president acknowledged that the unity he was asking of his fellow citizens was a challenge given America’s diverse population.
“我们必须在思想上和行动上保持公正。”但与此同时，总统承认，鉴于美国人口的多元化，他要求同胞们团结起来是一个挑战。
“The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly the nations now at war,” he proclaimed “some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the momentous struggle.”
他宣称：“美国人民来自许多国家，主要是目前处于战争状态的国家，一些人希望一个国家，另一些人希望在这场重大斗争中取得成功。”
Richard Rubin, Writer: America is not a monolith.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：美国不是一块铁板。
America is composed of a great many different communities.
美国由许多不同的社区组成。
Take New York City.
以纽约市为例。
You had Irish who had no desire to go over and fight for the British king.
爱尔兰人不想去为英国国王而战。
You had Russian Jews who had no desire to go over and fight for the Tsar.
俄罗斯犹太人不想去为沙皇而战。
You had German-American immigrants and Austrian-American immigrants who had no desire to go over and fight against their country.
有德裔美国移民和奥地利裔美国移民，他们不想反抗自己的国家。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: In Woodrow Wilson’s day, the United States hadn’t become the world’s policeman.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：在伍德罗·威尔逊时代，美国还没有成为世界警察。
And I don’t think the United States felt an obligation to engage in the world and as far as Europe was concerned, I mean for a lot of Americans they looked across the Atlantic and said well, they’re idiots, they’re fools, they’re probably worse, let them do it.
我不认为美国有义务参与世界事务，就欧洲而言，我的意思是，对于很多美国人来说，他们看着大西洋彼岸，说，好吧，他们是白痴，他们是傻瓜，他们可能更糟，让他们这样做吧。
He didn’t want the United States to be involved.
他不希望美国卷入其中。
Narrator: For now, Wilson believed, America must bide its time, and remain “a nation that .
旁白：威尔逊认为，目前美国必须等待时机，并保持“一个……的国家”的地位。
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keeps herself fit and free to do what is honest and disinterested and truly serviceable for the peace of the world.” But he was also keenly aware that the right to influence the chaos unfolding in Europe might require an unprecedented projection of American power.
让自己保持健康和自由，去做诚实、无私、真正为世界和平服务的事情。”但他也敏锐地意识到，影响欧洲正在发生的混乱的权利可能需要美国前所未有地投射力量。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Part of what’s driving him is a genuine commitment, trying to apply what he sees as American principles to the world for the betterment of the world.
阿德里安·伦茨·史密斯（Adriane Lentz-Smith），历史学家：推动他的部分原因是真诚的承诺，试图将他所认为的美国原则应用于世界，以改善世界。
He thinks America has something to teach everyone.
他认为美国有一些东西可以教给每个人。
Part of it is ego.
其中一部分是自我。
Wilson believes himself able to deliver these democratic practices to the global stage.
威尔逊相信自己能够将这些民主实践推向全球舞台。
He sees himself as well equipped to be this person.
他认为自己完全有能力成为这个人。
Narrator: Ambassador Page saw little chance that America could stay detached from the great conflict that was shaking the world to its foundations.
旁白：佩奇大使认为，美国不可能置身于这场从根本上动摇世界基础的巨大冲突之外。
“We shall need somehow to wake up the American public to realize that our isolation is gone,” he wrote to the president, “There simply is no end to the changes that are coming.”
“我们需要以某种方式唤醒美国公众，让他们意识到我们的孤立已经消失，”他在给总统的信中写道，“即将到来的变化根本没有结束。”
Narrator: The day war broke out, the impeccably tailored American war correspondent Richard Harding Davis settled into his first class cabin on board a ship bound for France, and enjoyed a cold glass of champagne.
旁白：战争爆发那天，穿着无可挑剔的美国战地记者理查德·哈丁·戴维斯在一艘开往法国的轮船上坐进他的头等舱，享受了一杯冰镇香槟。
Davis was perhaps the most famous journalist of his day, and the war promised to be the biggest story of his already legendary career.
戴维斯也许是他那个时代最著名的记者，而这场战争有望成为他传奇职业生涯中最重要的故事。
He had made a name for himself reporting for the newspapers owned by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, filing dispatches from war zones around the world.
他因为约瑟夫·普利策和威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特拥有的报纸报道世界各地战区的新闻报道而出名。
His vivid reports of the exploits of the Rough Riders in Cuba had helped catapult the young Theodore Roosevelt to national renown.
他对古巴粗暴骑士的功绩的生动报道帮助年轻的西奥多·罗斯福赢得了全国声誉。
Now Americans were counting on Davis to bring them news of the shocking developments in Europe.
现在美国人指望戴维斯给他们带来欧洲令人震惊的事态发展的消息。
While he was crossing the Atlantic in the first week of August, 1914, German troops continued their invasion of neutral Belgium, rushing to encircle Paris and defeat the French and the British before the huge Russian armies to the east could mobilize.
1914 年 8 月的第一周，当他横渡大西洋时，德国军队继续入侵中立的比利时，急于包围巴黎，并在东部庞大的俄罗斯军队调动之前击败法国和英国。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: The German war plans called for them to defeat France first, within a short period of time, and then turn those armies on the Russians.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：德国的战争计划要求他们首先在短时间内击败法国，然后将这些军队转向俄罗斯。
The attitude was if they didn’t do it quickly enough the Russian steamroller would come tumbling into the eastern German territories on the way to Berlin.
人们的态度是，如果他们做得不够快，俄罗斯的压路机就会在前往柏林的途中滚入德国东部领土。
Jay Winter, Historian: The German army was well aware that its task was to arrive in Paris 42 days…not 43 days…42 days exactly after the invasion of Belgium.
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：德国军队很清楚，他们的任务是在入侵比利时后 42 天……而不是 43 天……42 天抵达巴黎。
And the population in Belgium and northern France was not going to stand in the way.
比利时和法国北部的人口也不会成为阻碍。
Narrator: By August 17th, as hundreds of thousands of Belgian refugees were streaming away from the advancing German army, Davis had commandeered a motorcar and was headed in the opposite direction.
旁白：8月17日，当数十万比利时难民逃离前进的德国军队时，戴维斯征用了一辆汽车，朝相反的方向驶去。
He managed to find his way to Brussels to witness German forces entering the Belgian capital.
他设法前往布鲁塞尔，亲眼目睹德国军队进入比利时首都。
Voice: Richard Harding Davis: The entrance of the German army into Brussels has lost all human quality.
配音：理查德·哈丁·戴维斯：德国军队进入布鲁塞尔已经失去了所有的人性品质。
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No longer was it regiments of men marching but something uncanny, inhuman, a force of nature.
行进的不再是一群人，而是某种不可思议的、非人性的、自然的力量。
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This was a machine, endless, tireless, with the delicate organization of a watch and the brute power of a steam roller.
这是一台永无休止、不知疲倦的机器，拥有手表般的精致结构和蒸汽压路机的强大力量。
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For three days and three nights the column of gray, with 50,000 thousand bayonets and 50,000 lances, with gray transport wagons, …
三天三夜，灰色的纵队，带着五千万刺刀和五万支长矛，带着灰色的运输车，……
gray cannon, like a river of steel, cut Brussels in two.
灰色的大炮，像一条钢铁河流，将布鲁塞尔切成两半。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: He described the columns going on for days marching in perfect step with each other.
丹·卡林（Dan Carlin），播客制作人：他描述了连续几天的专栏彼此步调一致。
And I think it was jaw-dropping.
我认为这令人瞠目结舌。
Many Americans are getting their first look at this through Richard Harding Davis’s writings.
许多美国人第一次看到这一点是通过理查德·哈丁·戴维斯的著作。
Narrator: Davis arrived in the war zone mindful that his employers at the Wheeler News Syndicate expected him to hew closely to America’s strict policy of neutrality.
旁白：戴维斯到达战区时，注意到惠勒新闻辛迪加的雇主希望他严格遵守美国严格的中立政策。
But the news from Belgium turned more disturbing with each passing day.
但来自比利时的消息一天天变得更加令人不安。
Racing to keep to their invasion timetable, the Germans ruthlessly put down any resistance.
德国人竞相遵守入侵时间表，无情地镇压了任何抵抗。
Civilians were mowed down with machine guns; 14,000 buildings were deliberately destroyed.
平民被机枪扫射； 14,000 座建筑物被故意摧毁。
Fifteen days into the invasion, German soldiers arrived at the Belgian city of Louvain, a center of culture for centuries.
入侵十五天后，德国士兵抵达比利时城市鲁汶，这里是几个世纪以来的文化中心。
Then, they burned it to the ground.
然后，他们把它烧毁了。
Voice: Richard Harding Davis: At Louvain it was war upon the defenceless, war upon churches, colleges, shops of milliners and lace-makers: war brought to the bedside and the fireside; against women harvesting in the fields, against children in wooden shoes playing in the streets.
配音：理查德·哈丁·戴维斯：在鲁汶，这是一场针对手无寸铁的人的战争，针对教堂、大学、女帽店和花边制造商的战争：战争被带到了床边和炉边；战争被带到了床边和炉边。反对在田里收割的妇女，反对穿着木鞋在街上玩耍的儿童。
At Louvain that night the Germans were like men after an orgy.
那天晚上在鲁汶，德国人就像狂欢过后的人一样。
Narrator: Davis’ dispatches were hugely influential and they shocked Americans.
旁白：戴维斯的报道影响巨大，震惊了美国人。
They also crossed a line for his editors.
他们也越过了他的编辑们的底线。
“Wheeler cabled that the papers wanted me to be ‘neutral’ and not write against the Germans,” he wrote to his wife.
“惠勒电报说报纸希望我保持‘中立’，不要写反对德国人的文章，”他写信给妻子。
“Fancy anyone being neutral in this war!”
“想象一下有人在这场战争中保持中立吧！”
Jay Winter, Historian: Six thousand Belgian civilians were killed.
历史学家杰·温特：六千名比利时平民被杀。
The Belgians would say murdered, in the course of the war, not one of them was a combatant.
比利时人会说在战争过程中被谋杀，其中没有一个人是战斗人员。
That was the price the German high command knew that they had to pay in order to get to Paris in forty-two days.
德国最高统帅部知道，为了在四十二天内到达巴黎，他们必须付出这个代价。
Narrator: In just a few short weeks, Richard Harding Davis had abandoned any pretense to neutrality.
旁白：在短短几周内，理查德·哈丁·戴维斯就放弃了任何中立的借口。
What his editors wouldn’t publish, he added to the preface of his book, which quickly became a best-seller.
他在自己的书的序言中添加了编辑们不愿发表的内容，该书很快成为畅销书。
Voice: Richard Harding Davis: Were the conflict in Europe a fair fight, the duty of every American would be to keep on the side-lines and preserve an open mind.
配音：理查德·哈丁·戴维斯：如果欧洲的冲突是一场公平的战斗，那么每个美国人的责任就是保持观望并保持开放的心态。
But it is not a fair fight .
但这不是一场公平的战斗。
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[Germany] is defying the rules of war and the rules of humanity.
[德国]正在藐视战争规则和人道规则。
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When a mad dog runs amuck in a village it is the duty of every farmer to get his gun and destroy it, not…lock himself indoors and toward the dog and the men who face him preserve a neutral mind.
当一只疯狗在村庄里横行时，每个农民都有责任拿起枪并摧毁它，而不是……把自己锁在室内，对着狗，而面对他的人保持中立的心态。
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A man who would now be neutral would be a coward.
一个现在保持中立的人将是一个懦夫。
Narrator: On August 25 th , 1914, a hastily organized group of American volunteers set off through the streets of Paris for the train station.
旁白：1914年8月25日，一群仓促组织起来的美国志愿者穿过巴黎街道前往火车站。
The men had just enlisted in the French army.
这些人刚刚入伍加入法国军队。
Still wearing their rumpled street clothes, they hardly looked like soldiers.
他们仍然穿着皱巴巴的便服，看上去根本不像士兵。
That didn’t bother the crowds whose cheers seemed to carry them along.
这并没有打扰到人群，他们的欢呼声似乎带动了他们。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: There is a generation of Americans, particularly elite Americans who believed that with this elite status came the obligation to take risks for humanity.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：有一代美国人，尤其是美国精英，他们相信，随着这种精英地位的出现，就有义务为人类承担风险。
Now this was a totally romantic notion, but it inspired thousands of Americans to drop out of college, to quit their jobs.
现在，这是一个完全浪漫的想法，但它激励了成千上万的美国人从大学退学，辞去工作。
They felt a personal responsibility to address what was the largest human crisis of their times.
他们感到自己有责任解决他们那个时代最大的人类危机。
Narrator: Most of the well-heeled men were from elite colleges.
旁白：这些有钱人大多是名牌大学的。
Many of them had been drifting around Europe when the war broke out.
战争爆发时，他们中的许多人正在欧洲各地漂流。
There were painters and professors, medical students and mining engineers, a big-game hunter, a chef and a race-car driver.
其中有画家和教授、医学院学生和采矿工程师、大型猎物猎人、厨师和赛车手。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: There are those Americans who believe that we should make an impact on the battlefield and with the government reluctant to do so, individuals decide to do so.
历史学家基恩：有些美国人认为我们应该在战场上产生影响，政府不愿意这样做，但个人决定这样做。
We have a river of people crossing the Atlantic to join the allied army, to serve as ambulance drivers as aid workers, as nurses, as doctors.
我们有一大群人横渡大西洋加入盟军，担任救护车司机、援助人员、护士、医生。
Andrew Carroll, Writer: A lot of them truly loved France and they felt this was a war of civilization.
安德鲁·卡罗尔，作家：他们中的很多人真正热爱法国，他们认为这是一场文明之战。
They were after a kind of glory, even immortality.
他们追求的是一种荣耀，甚至是不朽。
A real sense of wanting to sacrifice yourself for a greater cause.
真正想要为了更伟大的事业牺牲自己的感觉。
Narrator: The French government was stunned by the wave of volunteers — more than 35,000, from 49 different nations.
旁白：法国政府对来自 49 个不同国家的 35,000 多名志愿者的浪潮感到震惊。
The newspaper Le Figaro called it “a moving homage, to which each people wish to contribute its part of courage and of blood.” Reinforcements were arriving in France just in time: the military situation was increasingly dire.
《费加罗报》称其为“一种动人的致敬，每个人都希望为此贡献自己的勇气和热血”。增援部队及时抵达法国：军事形势日益严峻。
The German army had swept through Belgium and was driving towards Paris.
德军已横扫比利时，正向巴黎挺进。
Every able-bodied man who could handle a rifle had been rushed to the front, including 5,000 French reservists who arrived in taxi cabs.
所有能拿枪的身体健全的人都被赶到了前线，其中包括乘坐出租车抵达的 5,000 名法国预备役军人。
The Americans’ parade was a response to France in her hour of need.
美国的阅兵式是在法国需要帮助的时候做出的回应。
At its head was a 26-year old Harvard graduate and aspiring poet named Alan Seeger, who had been living in Paris when war was declared.
该组织的领导人是一位 26 岁的哈佛大学毕业生、有抱负的诗人艾伦·西格 (Alan Seeger)，宣战时他一直住在巴黎。
Jay Winter, Historian: The notion of military service as a kind of a test of character, a test of...of courage...is a very deep American phenomenon, to test your mettle against the harshest steel in the world was something very hard to resist for people like Alan Seeger.
杰伊·温特（Jay Winter），历史学家：服兵役是一种对性格的考验，对……勇气的考验……是一种非常深刻的美国现象，用世界上最坚硬的钢铁来测试你的勇气，对于像艾伦·西格这样的人来说是很难抗拒的。
And I think he was characteristic of a larger group of individuals who felt that this war was one that could lead them to experience things that other human beings won’t ever know.
我认为他是一大群人的特征，他们认为这场战争可能会让他们经历其他人永远不会知道的事情。
Narrator: From their home in New York, Seeger’s parents did their best to reconcile themselves to the perilous path their son had chosen.
旁白：在纽约的家中，西格的父母尽最大努力让自己接受儿子选择的危险道路。
Voice: Alan Seeger: [Dear Mother:] I hope you see the thing as I do and think that I have done well .
声音：Alan Seeger：[亲爱的母亲：]我希望您能像我一样看待这件事，并认为我做得很好。
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doing my share for the side that I think right .
为我认为正确的一方尽自己的一份力量。
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I am happy and full of excitement over the wonderful days that are ahead.
我对未来美好的日子感到高兴和兴奋。
It was such a comfort to receive your letter and know that you approved of my action.
收到你的来信并知道你认可我的行动真是令人欣慰。
Be sure that I shall play the part well for I was never in better health nor felt my manhood more keenly.
请确保我会很好地扮演这个角色，因为我的健康状况从未如此好，也从未如此强烈地感受到我的男子气概。
[Love to all, Alan.]
[爱所有人，艾伦。]
Narrator: Seeger joined the French Foreign Legion, a brigade famous for its ferocity and for taking in anyone willing to fight, and die, for France.
旁白：西格加入了法国外籍军团，这是一支以凶猛而闻名的旅，并以接纳任何愿意为法国战斗和牺牲的人而闻名。
In its ranks he met men like Victor Chapman, a fellow Harvard graduate who had given up his architectural studies in Paris to volunteer, and Eugene Bullard, who had escaped the brutal racism of Georgia by stowing away for Europe when he was seventeen.
在这个队伍中，他遇到了像哈佛大学毕业生维克多·查普曼（Victor Chapman）和尤金·布拉德（Eugene Bullard）这样的人，维克多·查普曼是一位哈佛大学毕业生，他放弃了在巴黎的建筑研究，成为一名志愿者；而尤金·布拉德则在十七岁时偷渡到欧洲，逃离了佐治亚州残酷的种族主义。
Once on the continent Bullard had worked as a panhandler, an actor in a traveling comedy troupe, and a boxer.
到达非洲大陆后，布拉德曾当过乞丐、巡回喜剧团的演员和拳击手。
The Legion put the Americans through a crash course in basic training, and they joined a war that now numbered millions of combatants on both sides.
军团为美国人提供了基础训练速成班，他们参加了一场双方都有数百万战斗人员的战争。
Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, who called themselves the Central Powers, were squared off against France, Britain and Russia, known as the Allies.
自称为同盟国的德国、奥匈帝国和奥斯曼帝国，与被称为同盟国的法国、英国和俄罗斯展开了对峙。
Just as the American volunteers were learning how to be soldiers, the nature of the war shifted.
就在美国志愿者学习如何当兵时，战争的性质发生了变化。
After smashing their way through Belgium, the Germans were approaching the outskirts of Paris when their over-extended army gave out.
在攻破比利时之后，德军正在逼近巴黎郊区，这时他们的过度扩张的军队已经筋疲力尽了。
Allied counter-attacks drove them back beyond the Marne river east of Paris.
盟军的反击将他们赶回了巴黎以东的马恩河之外。
Both sides dug in for protection, and kept trying to outflank one another.
双方都在防守，并不断试图包抄对方。
Within weeks, an improvised network of trenches extended for more than 500 miles from the English Channel to the Swiss border.
几周之内，临时搭建的战壕网络从英吉利海峡延伸到瑞士边境，绵长超过 500 英里。
The war that all sides assumed would be over in a matter of weeks, now stretched on with no end in sight.
各方都认为这场战争将在几周内结束，但现在这场战争却毫无结束的迹象。
John Horne, Historian: The Germans realized that if they dig trenches and install their machine guns and artillery, the French and the British can't get much further forward.
历史学家约翰·霍恩：德国人意识到，如果他们挖战壕并安装机枪和大炮，法国人和英国人就无法取得进一步的进展。
[But] each side is trying to get the advantage.
[但是]双方都在努力获得优势。
And in that process, which goes on for two months, what they're really doing is learning that once they’ve dug trenches, once they’ve got defensive positions, they’ve invented a new industrialized form of siege warfare.
在这个持续两个月的过程中，他们真正要做的是了解到，一旦他们挖了战壕，一旦他们建立了防御阵地，他们就发明了一种新的工业化攻城战形式。
And it's stalemate.
而且还陷入僵局。
Narrator: The “Western Front”, as it was called, consisted of deep gashes in the mud, dug in a zig-zag pattern to protect against enemy attacks.
旁白：所谓的“西线”，是由泥浆中的深深的伤口组成的，这些伤口呈之字形，以防御敌人的攻击。
The lines were separated by a blasted landscape of shell holes, barbed wire, and decaying corpses known as No Man’s Land.
这些防线被被炮弹弹孔、铁丝网和腐烂尸体所组成的被称为“无人区”的爆炸景观隔开。
The new fortifications provided protection from the murderous carnage of open warfare.
新的防御工事提供了保护，使其免受公开战争的残酷屠杀。
But efforts to break out of the stand-off still sent hundreds of thousands of casualties flooding into hospitals just behind the lines.
但打破僵局的努力仍然导致数十万伤员涌入前线后方的医院。
One of the nurses that struggled to cope with the onslaught was an American heiress from Chicago named Mary Borden.
来自芝加哥的美国女继承人玛丽·博登（Mary Borden）是奋力应对这场袭击的护士之一。
Voice: Mary Borden: .
声音：玛丽·博登：。
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the hospital looks like an American lumber town, a city of huts, and the guns beyond this hill sound like the waves of the sea, pounding — pounding — and the sky is a-whirr with aeroplanes, and, sometimes, we are bombarded, and all the time troops and troops and more troops stream past.
医院看起来像一个美国的木材小镇，一座棚屋城市，山那边的炮声像海浪一样，轰隆隆地轰隆隆地响着，天空中飞机呼啸而过，有时我们会遭到轰炸，部队不断地涌过。
All day and often all night I am at work over dying and mutilated men.
我整天甚至整夜都在为垂死和残缺不全的人工作。
There is such a tremendous inflow of wounded that I can’t often sit down from 7 a.m.
伤员大量涌入，我常常从早上 7 点就无法坐下来。
to midnight.
到午夜。
Impossible to tear one’s self away from the men who are crying for a drink, whose blood is dripping in pools on the floor
无法将自己从那些哭着要喝水、血滴在地板上的人身上移开。
Narrator: Despite its horrors, Alan Seeger and his fellow volunteers could not get to the front fast enough.
旁白：尽管恐怖，艾伦·西格和他的志愿者同伴还是无法足够快地到达前线。
Voice: Alan Seeger: Dear Mother: we are actually going at last to the firing line.
配音：艾伦·西格：亲爱的母亲：我们实际上终于要去前线了。
By the time you receive this we shall already perhaps have had our baptism of fire .
当你收到这封信时，我们也许已经接受了火的洗礼。
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How thrilling it will be tomorrow and the following days, marching toward the front with the noise of battle growing continually louder before us.
明天和接下来的日子，在前方的战斗声越来越响亮的情况下，向前线进军，是多么激动人心的事情啊。
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The whole regiment is going .
全团都在出发。
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about 4,000 men.
大约4,000人。
You have no idea how beautiful it is to see the troops undulating along the road .
你不知道军队沿路起伏是多么美丽。
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as far as the eye can see.
一望无际。
Song: I didn't raise my boy to be a soldier, I brought him up to be my pride and joy.
宋：我没有把我的孩子培养成一名军人，我把他培养成我的骄傲和快乐。
Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder, To shoot some other mother's darling boy?
谁敢把步枪扛在肩上，射杀别人母亲的宝贝儿子？
Narrator: The most popular song in America in the spring of 1915 was “I Didn’t Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier.” 700,000 copies — on 78 r.p.m.
旁白：1915 年春天，美国最流行的歌曲是《我没有把我的儿子培养成一名士兵》。 700,000 份 — 78 转
records, and as sheet music — flew out of stores.
唱片和乐谱——从商店里飞出去。
It was sung in bars and dance-halls, in concerts, schools, and in homes all across the country.
它在全国各地的酒吧、舞厅、音乐会、学校和家庭中被传唱。
Richard Rubin, Writer: This was a time remember when in a city like New York, there were a great many daily newspapers being published.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：那是在纽约这样的城市里，有大量日报出版的时代。
But an awful lot of the population didn’t read or didn’t read English.
但很多人不读或不读英语。
And they got their news from songs.
他们从歌曲中获取消息。
You would go to your local saloon after work and there’d be somebody there playing a piano, singing a song about something that had just happened in the news.
下班后你会去当地的酒吧，那里有人弹钢琴，唱一首关于新闻中刚刚发生的事情的歌曲。
Songwriters would pick up a few newspapers on their way into the office in the morning.
歌曲作者早上去办公室时会拿起几份报纸。
They would read stories and they would sit down and write a couple of songs about them before lunch.
他们会读故事，然后在午餐前坐下来写几首关于故事的歌曲。
They’d be published by the end of the day and for sale on the street.
它们将在当天结束时出版并在街上出售。
Song: Ten million soldiers to the war have gone, Who may never return again.
歌：千万将士已去，谁也不再回来。
Ten million mothers' hearts must break, For the ones who died in vain.
千万母亲的心必须破碎， 为了那些白白死去的人。
Narrator: America’s songwriting Mecca was a short stretch of West 28 th Street in Manhattan.
旁白：美国的歌曲创作圣地是曼哈顿西 28 街的一小段。
Known as Tin Pan Alley, it was home to one of the biggest industries in the country.
它被称为“锡盘巷”，是该国最大的工业之一。
Sitting around their upright pianos, songwriting duos were acutely conscious of the national mood.
歌曲创作二人组坐在立式钢琴周围，敏锐地意识到民族情绪。
Richard Rubin, Writer: “I Didn’t Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier” was a mother’s plea for neutrality, it wasn’t just a catchy tune, it was what people were feeling.
作家理查德·鲁宾：《我没有把我的儿子培养成一名士兵》是一位母亲对中立的恳求，这不仅仅是一首朗朗上口的曲调，更是人们的感受。
Song: There'd be no war today, if mothers all would say, “I didn't raise my boy to be a soldier.”
宋：如果母亲们都说：“我没有把我的儿子培养成一名士兵”，那么今天就不会有战争了。
Narrator: Tin Pan Alley’s love affair with anti-war songs reflected the growing force and popularity of the American peace movement.
旁白：锡盘巷对反战歌曲的热爱反映了美国和平运动日益增长的力量和受欢迎程度。
In August of 1914, thousands of women, both black and white, had gathered together and marched down Fifth Avenue in silence.
1914 年 8 月，数千名黑人和白人妇女聚集在一起，沿着第五大道默默游行。
The Evening World reported that: “Every woman in the slow-moving line wore some badge of mourning, either a .
《世界晚报》报道称：“缓慢移动的队列中的每个女性都佩戴着某种哀悼徽章，要么是.
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band around her sleeve or a bit of crepe fluttering at her breast,” “as a token of the black death which is hovering over the European battlefields.”
她的袖子上缠着带子，或者胸前飘扬着一点绉纱，”“作为盘旋在欧洲战场上空的黑死病的象征。”
Michael Kazin, Historian: The march is very silent, very somber.
历史学家迈克尔·卡辛：游行非常安静、非常阴沉。
It’s sort of like a funeral march because they are mourning the young men who are dying in increasing numbers, after less than a month of war.
这有点像葬礼进行曲，因为他们哀悼在不到一个月的战争后越来越多的年轻人死去。
The women’s march in 1914 really is the outgrowth of a very large women’s movement in America.
1914 年的妇女游行确实是美国一场大规模妇女运动的产物。
And this is really a sign that women are going to be in the forefront of opposition to the war.
这确实是一个迹象，表明女性将站在反对战争的最前线。
Jay Winter, Historian: Pacifism on the part of men was harder because it suggested cowardice.
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：和平主义对人类来说更困难，因为它暗示着怯懦。
So women could say things and act politically in a way that men couldn’t.
因此，女性可以以男性无法做到的方式发表政治言论并采取政治行动。
Nancy K.
南希·K.
Bristow, Historian: We could be the arbiter of wars.
历史学家布里斯托：我们可以成为战争的仲裁者。
We could be those that would stop the killing.
我们可以成为那些阻止杀戮的人。
We could be those that would help find the peace.
我们可以成为那些帮助找到和平的人。
Narrator: Woodrow Wilson’s own Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, was a committed pacifist, as was Eugene Debs, the leader of the American socialist party, who maintained that “the war in Europe is a crime against civilization.” The industrialist Henry Ford argued that only “two classes benefit by war – the militarists and the money lenders.” Meanwhile, the struggle kept offering up an appalling testament to the peace movement’s mission.
旁白：伍德罗·威尔逊的国务卿威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩是一位坚定的和平主义者，美国社会党领袖尤金·德布斯也是如此，他坚持认为“欧洲的战争是对文明的犯罪”。实业家亨利·福特认为，“只有两个阶级从战争中受益——军国主义者和放债人”。与此同时，这场斗争不断为和平运动的使命提供了令人震惊的证明。
In the first five months of the war, more than 300,000 Frenchmen were killed, 30,000 British soldiers, almost 150,000 Germans.
在战争的前五个月里，超过 30 万法国人、3 万英国士兵和近 15 万德国人被杀。
Horrified by what the war had become, in April of 1915, a group of delegates from the Woman’s Peace Party set off for the International Congress of Women, in The Hague.
1915 年 4 月，妇女和平党的一群代表对战争的后果感到震惊，出发前往海牙参加国际妇女大会。
The WPP numbered more than 40,000 women nationwide, and their goal was the creation of an internationally sanctioned framework for an end to the war.
WPP 在全国有超过 40,000 名妇女，她们的目标是建立一个国际认可的结束战争的框架。
The president was Jane Addams.
总统是简·亚当斯。
Helen Zoe Veit, Historian: : Jane Addams was in some ways the preeminent progressive.
海伦·佐伊·法伊特（Helen Zoe Veit），历史学家：简·亚当斯在某些方面是杰出的进步主义者。
She founded a settlement house in Chicago called Hull House that was a place where immigrants and poor people could go to get help, to get education.
她在芝加哥建立了一个名为赫尔之家的安置所，移民和穷人可以在那里寻求帮助、接受教育。
She toured the country as a lecturer, in the name of peace.
她以和平的名义以讲师的身份周游全国。
She was one of the most visible women in America at this time.
她是当时美国最引人注目的女性之一。
Narrator: “We do not think that by raising our hands we can make the armies cease slaughter.” Addams admitted, “[But] we do think it is fitting that women should meet and take counsel to see what may be done.” One of the peace movement’s harshest critics, former president, Theodore Roosevelt, lashed out at Addams and her fellow pacifists.
旁白：“我们不认为举手就能让军队停止屠杀。”亚当斯承认，“[但]我们确实认为女性应该会面并寻求建议，看看可以采取什么措施。”和平运动最严厉的批评者之一、前总统西奥多·罗斯福猛烈抨击亚当斯和她的和平主义者同胞。
“It is base and evil to clamor for peace in the abstract,” he thundered, “when silence is kept about concrete and hideous wrongs done to humanity at this very moment.” The women were undeterred.
他怒吼道：“在此时此刻，我们对人类所遭受的具体而可怕的错误保持沉默，却高呼抽象的和平，这是卑鄙和邪恶的。”妇女们并没有被吓倒。
Roosevelt was a “barbarian”, they responded, “out of his element” and “half a century out of date.
他们回应道，罗斯福是一个“野蛮人”，“不合时宜”，“已经过时了半个世纪”。
More than a thousand women, from 12 different nations, attended the conference, including representatives from Germany and Austria-Hungary.
来自 12 个不同国家的 1000 多名女性出席了会议，其中包括来自德国和奥匈帝国的代表。
Kimberly Jensen, Historian: Addams and women from many nations gathered to say war must end, and we must not engage in this conflict.
历史学家金伯利·詹森：亚当斯和来自许多国家的妇女聚集在一起表示战争必须结束，我们不能卷入这场冲突。
The world has come too far to allow a barbarous war like this to happen and to really destroy what we have built.
世界已经走得太远，不允许发生这样的野蛮战争，也不能真正摧毁我们所建立的一切。
She saw alliances among women across national boundaries to be a very important pathway to peace.
她认为跨国界妇女之间的联盟是实现和平的非常重要的途径。
Michael Kazin, Historian: The reason why Jane Addams and other pacifist feminists go to The Hague is to put pressure on Wilson to get involved in really backing up with actions what he’s been saying all along which is that it is the role of the United States to help mediate the war.
历史学家迈克尔·卡辛：简·亚当斯和其他和平主义女权主义者前往海牙的原因是向威尔逊施加压力，要求他以行动真正支持他一直以来所说的，即帮助调解战争是美国的角色。
And so in a sense this is a citizen’s peace initiative which is trying to nudge Wilson to do the right thing.
因此，从某种意义上说，这是一项公民的和平倡议，试图推动威尔逊做正确的事情。
Narrator: On her return to America, Jane Addams met with Wilson six times.
旁白：简·亚当斯回到美国后，与威尔逊会面了六次。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: He hears from her about what she’s seen in Europe.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉（Christopher Capozzola）：他从她那里听到了她在欧洲所见所闻。
And I think it clearly influences him by making him think that his instinct that America should have a leadership role in settling the peace is a correct one.
我认为这显然对他产生了影响，让他认为美国应该在解决和平问题上发挥领导作用的直觉是正确的。
Narrator: “The time has come for intervention, and it is only by intervention that the war will be ended,” Addams argued.
旁白：“干预的时候到了，只有通过干预才能结束战争，”亚当斯说。
“Left to themselves, the warring nations will fight on and on.
“如果放任不管，交战国家将继续战斗。
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[and] every day that peace negotiations are delayed will make terms of peace just that much harder.”
[而且]和平谈判每拖延一天，和平条件就会变得更加困难。”
Narrator: On the first of May, 1915, an advertisement in New York newspapers announced the sailing for Liverpool of the British Cunard Line’s celebrated steamship, the Lusitania.
旁白：1915 年 5 月 1 日，纽约报纸上刊登了一则广告，宣布英国丘纳德航运公司的著名轮船卢西塔尼亚号将启航前往利物浦。
Directly below the ad was a notice placed by the German Embassy.
广告正下方是德国大使馆张贴的通知。
“Vessels flying the flag of Great Britain” it read, “or .
“悬挂英国国旗的船只”上面写道，“或者……”
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any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters [adjacent to the British Isles] .
她的任何盟友都可能在这些水域（邻近不列颠群岛）遭到毁灭。
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Travellers sailing in the war zone do so at their own risk.” The recent sinking of both cargo and passenger ships bound for England was evidence of the deadly seriousness of the German warning.
在战区航行的旅客需自行承担风险。”最近开往英国的货船和客船的沉没证明了德国警告的严重性。
Still, American tourists, prominent aristocrats, and English and Irish maids on the Lusitania decided to set sail.
尽管如此，卢西塔尼亚号上的美国游客、显赫贵族以及英国和爱尔兰女仆还是决定启航。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: They were getting on the grandest ship of its day.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：他们登上了当时最宏伟的船。
The cruise ship from the era of the Titanic.
泰坦尼克号时代的游轮。
And they thought no civilized nation would attack such a ship.
他们认为没有文明国家会攻击这样的船。
Narrator: What no one on board realized was how enmeshed in the war the Lusitania really was.
旁白：船上没有人意识到卢西塔尼亚号实际上是如何卷入战争的。
The Germans saw the ship as part of a critical supply line supporting the British war effort.
德国人将这艘船视为支持英国战争努力的关键补给线的一部分。
Like most of the freighters steaming toward England, the Lusitania’s hold was filled to capacity with American goods and raw materials.
与大多数驶向英国的货轮一样，卢西塔尼亚号的货舱里装满了美国货物和原材料。
Richard Rubin, Writer: Part of American neutrality from the very beginning was that American companies were free to do business with any of the combatants, on paper.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：美国从一开始就保持中立，美国公司在纸面上可以自由地与任何战斗方开展业务。
But Britain had the world’s strongest navy and they used it to tremendous effect against Germany, instituting a massive blockade, which meant that all American armaments that were sold overseas were sold to the allies.
但英国拥有世界上最强大的海军，他们利用它对德国产生了巨大的影响，实行了大规模封锁，这意味着所有销往海外的美国武器都卖给了盟国。
Jay Winter, Historian: Neutrality is almost always a fiction.
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：中立几乎总是虚构的。
In this case, the fiction was that the United States was neutral in word and deed.
在这种情况下，虚构的是美国在言行上保持中立。
Nonsense.
废话。
The United States tilted towards the allies from the very beginning.
美国从一开始就向盟友倾斜。
Narrator: When war broke out, the U.S. economy was in the midst of a recession and Americans lost no time selling everything they could to the Allies.
旁白：战争爆发时，美国经济正处于衰退之中，美国人不失时机地向盟国出售一切能卖的东西。
A typical British division of 18,000 soldiers required a staggering nine million pounds of ammunition, fodder and food each month.
一个典型的由 18,000 名士兵组成的英国师每月需要惊人的 900 万磅弹药、饲料和食物。
There was a seemingly bottomless market for barrels of beef, tons of iron and steel, bushels of oats and wheat.
成桶的牛肉、成吨的钢铁、成蒲式耳的燕麦和小麦的市场似乎是无底的。
American companies also sold Britain and France massive quantities of bullets, artillery shells, and high explosives.
美国公司还向英国和法国出售大量子弹、炮弹和烈性炸药。
The Germans desperately wanted to sink ships transporting these supplies.
德国人迫切希望击沉运输这些物资的船只。
But since their Navy was no match for the British on the high seas, their only solution was to attack from under the surface.
但由于他们的海军在公海上不是英国人的对手，他们唯一的解决办法就是从水面下攻击。
Richard Rubin, Writer: The submarine was really a novelty before World War I.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：第一次世界大战之前，潜艇确实是一个新奇事物。
And all of a sudden this war comes along and it’s more than just a novelty, it’s an essential weapon.
突然之间，这场战争爆发了，它不仅仅是一种新奇事物，更是一种必不可少的武器。
Western navies were unprepared to deal with it.
西方海军没有做好应对的准备。
They had no idea how to counter submarine warfare.
他们不知道如何对抗潜艇战。
It was unknown, it was unseen.
它是未知的，它是看不见的。
You never knew where an attack was going to come from.
你永远不知道攻击会来自哪里。
And it terrified people.
这让人们感到害怕。
Narrator: German submarines were technological wonders that were transforming the nature of warfare.
旁白：德国潜艇是正在改变战争性质的技术奇迹。
Three months before the Lusitania set sail, the German High Command had launched a full-scale attack on ships entering the war zone around Great Britain, beginning a campaign that would send hundreds of ships to the bottom, including vessels flying the American flag.
在卢西塔尼亚号启航前三个月，德国最高统帅部对进入英国周边战区的船只发起了全面攻击，开始了一场将数百艘船只打入海底的战役，其中包括悬挂美国国旗的船只。
The captain and crew of the Lusitania dismissed fears of submarines, and encouraged passengers to enjoy the elegant amenities on board the 787-foot luxury liner.
卢西塔尼亚号的船长和船员打消了对潜艇的恐惧，并鼓励乘客享受这艘 787 英尺长的豪华客轮上的优雅设施。
Vacationing couples on the lower decks enjoyed shuffleboard, while the wealthy travelers in first class were served high tea in the Verandah Café.
下层甲板上的度假情侣可以享受沙狐球运动，而头等舱的富有旅客则可以在 Verandah 咖啡厅享用下午茶。
From intercepted communications, the British knew the German submarine U-20 was lurking in the path of the Lusitania.
从截获的通讯中，英国人知道德国潜艇 U-20 潜伏在卢西塔尼亚号的航道上。
Yet they chose not to send destroyers out to meet the ship and escort it into Liverpool.
然而他们选择不派驱逐舰去迎接这艘船并护送它进入利物浦。
Within the halls of the British Admiralty, some argued that if the Lusitania was lost, it might precipitate American entry into the war.
在英国海军部的大厅里，一些人认为，如果卢西塔尼亚号失利，可能会促使美国加入战争。
Edward A.
爱德华·A.
Gutiérrez, Historian: The British are definitely trying to get America involved in this war.
历史学家古铁雷斯：英国人肯定试图让美国卷入这场战争。
Right from the beginning there is a sense of, we need you here.
从一开始就有一种感觉，我们需要你。
Your shipping is [not] going to be enough, we are your brethren, you must support us.
你们的运费不够，我们是你们的弟兄，你们必须支持我们。
Narrator: On Friday, May 7th, as passengers excitedly scanned the horizon for their first sight of land, a torpedo hit the ship’s side.
旁白：5 月 7 日星期五，当乘客们兴奋地扫视地平线，等待第一眼看到陆地时，一枚鱼雷击中了船舷。
The explosion ripped a huge gash in the Lusitania.
爆炸在卢西塔尼亚号上留下了一道巨大的伤口。
It took only 18 minutes for the leviathan to slide beneath the waves.
这只利维坦只用了18分钟就滑入了海浪之下。
For months after the Lusitania went down, dead bodies washed ashore.
卢西塔尼亚号沉没后的几个月里，尸体被冲上岸。
Hundreds of others were pulled lifeless from the Irish Sea, their corpses stacked on the docks.
另有数百人被从爱尔兰海救起，尸体堆放在码头上。
Many of the casualties could not be identified, and were buried in mass graves.
许多伤亡者身份无法辨认，被埋在万人坑中。
In all, 1,198 men, women, and children were lost.
总共有 1,198 名男性、女性和儿童丧生。
128 of them were Americans.
其中 128 人是美国人。
The New York Sun called the sinking “premeditated and dastardly” and the Herald denounced it as “wholesale murder .
《纽约太阳报》称这起沉船事件是“有预谋且卑鄙的”，而《先驱报》则谴责这是“大规模谋杀”。
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on the high seas.”
在公海。”
John M.
约翰·M。
Cooper, Historian: What the Lusitania did was to bring the war home to Americans.
历史学家库珀：卢西塔尼亚号所做的就是让美国人了解战争。
Up to that time it was this awful thing that was happening to other people far away.
直到那时，这种可怕的事情才发生在远方的其他人身上。
Now the war had reached out and touched us.
现在战争已经蔓延到我们身边。
But what it did really was I think redouble an awful lot of people’s determination to stay out of it.
但我认为它真正的作用是让很多人更加坚定不介入其中的决心。
The American media had been covering the war for months and months now.
美国媒体几个月来一直在报道这场战争。
We knew what it was like.
我们知道那是什么样子。
Americans had been imagining their sons at the battlefront.
美国人一直想象着他们的儿子在前线。
We don’t want to buy into that.
我们不想相信这一点。
And here is this act of barbarism that’s threatening to bring us in.
这种野蛮行径正威胁着我们。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Wrtier: Much of America is now beginning to discuss what should America’s role be in this war, now that we are losing lives?
斯科特·伯格（Wrtier）：既然我们正在失去生命，美国的许多人现在开始讨论美国在这场战争中应该扮演什么角色？
How do we maintain a position of neutrality?
我们如何保持中立立场？
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: The Lusitania sinking creates a crisis within the Wilson administration, in part because it reveals that this public and official face of neutrality was actually no such thing.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：卢西塔尼亚号沉没在威尔逊政府内部造成了一场危机，部分原因是它揭示了这种公开和官方的中立实际上并非如此。
Narrator: Germany argued that the speed with which the Lusitania was sent to the bottom was proof that it was loaded with tons of ammunition for the Allies.
旁白：德国辩称，卢西塔尼亚号沉入海底的速度证明它为盟军装载了成吨的弹药。
Richard Rubin, Writer: It was suggested that the torpedo struck the boiler but a boiler wouldn’t blow up with that kind of force to sink a liner of that size in 18 minutes.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：有人认为鱼雷击中了锅炉，但锅炉不会以这种力量在 18 分钟内炸沉这么大的内衬。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: The Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, who was a great pacifist, he said the one thing I want to know is, were there in fact arms on that ship?
斯科特·伯格，作家：国务卿威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩是一位伟大的和平主义者，他说我想知道的一件事是，那艘船上实际上有武器吗？
And the truth of the matter is, there were arms on that ship.
事实是，那艘船上有武器。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Actually from the German side, not an irrational or indefensible act.
历史学家阿德里亚娜·伦茨-史密斯：实际上是德国方面的行为，这并不是一种非理性或站不住脚的行为。
In some ways you have these two visions of what is a legitimate act of violence, just sort of colliding and not being able to reconcile themselves.
在某些方面，你对什么是合法的暴力行为有两种看法，只是相互冲突，无法调和。
Jay Winter, Historian: How far can you tolerate the deaths of American citizens is a very legitimate question today, as it was a hundred years ago.
历史学家杰·温特：今天，你能容忍美国公民的死亡到什么程度，这是一个非常合理的问题，就像一百年前一样。
And I think being the man who protects American lives on the one hand and on the other hand protecting American lives by not going into war, presented [Wilson] with a very difficult high wire act.
我认为，作为一个一方面保护美国人生命，另一方面通过不卷入战争来保护美国人生命的人，给[威尔逊]带来了非常困难的走钢丝行为。
And I think he understood that that meant the Lusitania wasn’t going to be the last.
我认为他明白这意味着卢西塔尼亚号不会是最后一艘。
Narrator: Wilson responded to Germany’s provocations with a series of diplomatic messages to Berlin, warning that if aggression continued, America would consider it an act of war.
旁白：威尔逊针对德国的挑衅，向柏林发出了一系列外交信息，警告说，如果侵略继续下去，美国将认为这是一种战争行为。
In protest, William Jennings Bryan resigned.
为了抗议，威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩辞职了。
But the president’s threats worked.
但总统的威胁奏效了。
The German government pledged to put limits on their submarine warfare.
德国政府承诺限制潜艇战。
Alan Axelrod, Writer: For those who were strong advocates of neutrality it was too stern and for others such as Teddy Roosevelt, it was an ignominious, cowardly kind of weasely way out of avoiding a fight.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德，作家：对于那些强烈主张中立的人来说，这太严厉了，而对于泰迪·罗斯福等其他人来说，这是一种可耻、懦弱的避免战斗的狡猾方式。
Michael Neiberg, Historian: The Lusitania forces the American people to recognize that just having two oceans protecting you doesn’t mean you’re protected from danger.
历史学家迈克尔·内伯格：卢西塔尼亚号迫使美国人民认识到，仅仅有两个海洋保护你并不意味着你就免受危险。
Doesn’t mean you can go on with business as usual.
并不意味着您可以照常进行业务。
And the Lusitania opens up that debate.
卢西塔尼亚号开启了这场辩论。
What should we do about this?
对此我们该怎么办？
Narrator: Three days after the Lusitania was sunk, in front of a crowd of 15,000 people in Philadelphia, Woodrow Wilson tried to reaffirm America’s neutral role in the conflict.
旁白：卢西塔尼亚号沉没三天后，伍德罗·威尔逊在费城面对着 15,000 名群众，试图重申美国在这场冲突中的中立角色。
“The example of America must be the example not merely of peace because it will not fight, but of peace because peace is the healing and elevating influence of the world .
“美国的榜样不仅是和平的榜样，因为它不会打仗，而且是和平的榜样，因为和平可以治愈世界并提升世界的影响力。
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.” he declared.
”。他宣称。
“There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight.
“有这样一种事情，那就是一个人太骄傲而不愿战斗。
There is such a thing as a nation being so right that it does not need to convince others by force that it is right.”
一个国家是如此正确，以至于它不需要通过武力让别人相信它是正确的。”
Voice: Edith Wharton: Since leaving Paris yesterday we have passed through streets and streets of such murdered houses, through town after town spread out in its last writhings .
声音：伊迪丝·沃顿：自从昨天离开巴黎以来，我们走过了一条又一条充满了被谋杀的房屋的街道，穿过了一个又一个在最后的扭动中蔓延的城镇。
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deliberately erased from the earth.
故意从地球上抹去。
At worst they are like stone-yards, at best like Pompeii.
最坏的情况下它们就像石场，最好的情况下就像庞贝古城。
But Ypres has been bombarded to death, and the outer walls of its houses are still standing, so that it presents the distant semblance of a living city, while near by it seems to be a disemboweled corpse.
但伊普尔已经被炸死了，房屋的外墙依然矗立，远看就像是一座活生生的城市，近看则像是一具被开膛破肚的尸体。
Every window-pane is smashed, nearly every building unroofed, and some house-fronts are sliced clean off, with the different stories exposed, as if for the stage-setting of a farce .
每一块窗玻璃都被打碎，几乎每栋楼房的屋顶都被掀翻，有的房屋正面被削得干干净净，不同的故事暴露在外，仿佛是一场闹剧的布景。
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and with a little church so stripped and wounded and dishonoured that it lies there by the roadside like a human victim.
一座小教堂被剥光、受伤、名誉扫地，像受害者一样躺在路边。
Narrator: In the spring of 1915, one of America’s most famous novelists embarked on a tour of the Western front.
旁白：1915年春天，美国最著名的小说家之一踏上了西线之旅。
Edith Wharton had come on her own initiative to deliver medical supplies, take photographs and write letters and articles for publication back home about what she called the “dreadful realities of war.” For seven months, Wharton followed the track of the German invasion, describing the “huge tiger scratches that the [German] Beast flung over the land.” She stopped to visit French troops, who wrote “Vive L’Amérique!” in chalk on her car, and got close enough to the front lines to peer out at a dead German soldier sprawled across No Man’s Land.
伊迪丝·沃顿主动前来运送医疗用品、拍照、写信和文章以供回国发表，讲述她所说的“可怕的战争现实”。七个月来，沃顿跟踪德国入侵的轨迹，描述了“[德国]野兽在这片土地上留下的巨大老虎抓痕”。她停下来参观了法国军队，他们写下了“美国万岁！”她在车上涂了粉笔，离前线足够近，可以看到一名躺在无人区的死去的德国士兵。
“I had the sense of an all-pervading, invisible power of evil,” she remembered, “a saturation of the whole landscape with some hidden vitriol of hate.”
“我有一种无处不在、看不见的邪恶力量的感觉，”她回忆道，“整个景观都充满了一些隐藏的尖酸刻薄的仇恨。”
Michael Neiberg, Historian: Edith Wharton is symbolic of a lot of Americans who are living in France, already had a deep passion and interest in France, a deep love of France.
历史学家迈克尔·内伯格：伊迪丝·沃顿是许多生活在法国的美国人的象征，他们对法国已经产生了深厚的热情和兴趣，对法国有着深深的热爱。
They’re able to make clear exactly what’s happening.
他们能够准确地弄清楚发生了什么。
And the important thing about this is it’s coming from an American voice.
重要的是它来自美国的声音。
Narrator: At the outset of the war, Wharton had organized a series of American hostels to shelter the wave of dislocated families pouring into Paris.
旁白：战争开始时，沃顿商学院组织了一系列美国旅馆，为涌入巴黎的流离失所的家庭提供庇护。
In little more than a year, her relief organization had provided clothing and jobs for more than 9,000 refugees and served nearly a quarter of a million meals.
在一年多一点的时间里，她的救援组织为 9,000 多名难民提供了衣物和就业机会，并提供了近 25 万份餐食。
She also begged Americans at home to help finance her efforts.
她还恳求国内的美国人帮助资助她的努力。
“For heaven's sake .
“看在老天的份上。”
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.” she wrote to a friend, “proclaim everywhere, and as publicly as possible .
”。她写信给一位朋友，“尽可能公开地到处宣传……”
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.what it will mean to all that we Americans cherish if England and France go under.” In June, Wharton arrived in Dunkirk immediately after the town had been shelled by the Germans.
……如果英国和法国垮台，这对我们美国人所珍惜的一切意味着什么。”六月，沃顿在敦刻尔克镇遭到德军炮击后立即抵达。
The “freshness of the havoc seemed to accentuate its cruelty,” she wrote.
她写道，“这场浩劫的新鲜度似乎加剧了其残酷性”。
The hospitals in Dunkirk were struggling to absorb the casualties from artillery, but they were also confronting the effects of a shocking new weapon that had just been introduced.
敦刻尔克的医院正在努力吸收炮火造成的伤亡，但他们也面临着刚刚引进的令人震惊的新武器的影响。
A month before Wharton had arrived, not far from Dunkirk, French and Canadian troops had looked across No Man’s Land and seen a greenish haze drifting towards them.
沃顿商学院到达前一个月，距离敦刻尔克不远，法国和加拿大军队眺望无人区，看到一股绿色的薄雾向他们飘来。
Soon the unsuspecting men were writhing in agony, choking to death as chlorine gas burned their throat and lungs.
很快，毫无戒心的人们就痛苦地翻滚，氯气烧伤了他们的喉咙和肺部，最终窒息而死。
In a panic, the survivors abandoned their positions.
幸存者们惊慌失措，纷纷放弃了自己的阵地。
More than a thousand soldiers were killed, most of them slowly drowning as their lungs filled with fluid.
一千多名士兵被杀，其中大多数人因肺部充满液体而慢慢溺水。
Helen Zoe Veit, Historian: : World War I used a combination of really traditional fighting techniques with all these brand new technologies that turned traditional battle into slaughter or things like poisonous gas which seemed like this insidious and unpredictable new weapon that just killed indiscriminately, that had nothing to do with individuals fighting each other and that was really just about mass death.
海伦·佐伊·法伊特，历史学家：第一次世界大战结合了真正的传统战斗技术和所有这些全新的技术，将传统的战斗变成了屠杀或毒气之类的东西，这似乎是一种阴险且不可预测的新武器，它只是不分青红皂白地杀人，与个人之间的战斗无关，实际上只是大规模死亡。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: Gas was something that was a new horror.
Dan Carlin，播客制作人：天然气是一种新的恐怖。
And for people that already thought that the Germans were evil personified, it just played in to those sorts of attitudes.
对于那些已经认为德国人是邪恶化身的人来说，这只是助长了这种态度。
Richard Rubin, Writer: Gas in a way was as terrifying to people as the submarine.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：在某种程度上，天然气对人们来说就像潜艇一样可怕。
Gas could blind you, very quickly.
气体很快就会让你失明。
It could make you cough up blood very quickly.
它可能会让你很快咳血。
It could break down your lungs very quickly.
它会很快损坏你的肺部。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: Eventually both sides would use gas.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：最终双方都会使用天然气。
It would just be part of something that was a descent into 20th Century warfare.
这只是20世纪战争的一部分。
And so gruesome.
又如此可怕。
And truthfully to take things to a level that had never been seen before.
并真实地将事情提升到前所未有的水平。
Narrator: Edith Wharton wasn’t shy about telling the world what she thought of the German army’s tactics.
旁白：伊迪丝·沃顿毫不羞于向世界讲述她对德国军队战术的看法。
“The ‘atrocities’ one hears of are true,” she wrote in a letter “I know of many, alas, too well authenticated.
“人们听到的‘暴行’是真实的，”她在一封信中写道，“我知道很多，唉，都经过了充分的证实。
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It should be known that it is to America’s interest to help stem this hideous flood of savagery by opinion if it may not be by action.
应该知道，如果不采取行动，通过舆论来帮助阻止这种可怕的野蛮行为符合美国的利益。
No civilized race can remain neutral in feeling now.”
现在没有一个文明种族能够在感情上保持中立。”
Andrew Carroll, Writer: Edith Wharton really wanted to create kind of a sympathetic character in the French people and in France itself and she was even accused by some of her fellow authors of being a propagandist.
安德鲁·卡罗尔，作家：伊迪丝·沃顿确实想在法国人民和法国本身中塑造一种富有同情心的性格，她甚至被一些同行作家指责为宣传员。
But she was writing in a way that I think she knew would have as powerful an effect as possible.
但我认为她知道她的写作方式会产生尽可能强大的影响。
I think she was changing the tide of how people viewed the war and whether America should at long last get involved.
我认为她正在改变人们对战争的看法以及美国是否应该最终介入的趋势。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: The way that German atrocities were played up in the media helped create a good guy-bad guy scenario.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：媒体渲染德国暴行的方式帮助创造了一个好人与坏人的场景。
This is the idea of the Germans as Huns, as destroyers, as barbarians.
这就是德国人作为匈奴人、驱逐者、野蛮人的想法。
Jay Winter, Historian: The moral depravity of German soldiers suggested a moral cause.
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：德国士兵道德败坏表明了道德原因。
It made it about the sons of light against the sons of darkness.
它讲述了光明之子对抗黑暗之子的故事。
It became a sacred bill of indictment against them for behavior of a kind that no one could justify.
它成为对他们的一种神圣的起诉书，因为他们的行为无人能辩解。
Narrator: On the morning of July 3 rd , 1915, an intruder holding two pistols barged into the Long Island mansion of America’s most powerful banker, J.P.
旁白：1915年7月3日早上，一名手持两把手枪的入侵者闯入美国最有权势的银行家J.P. 的长岛豪宅。
Morgan, Jr. In the ensuing struggle, the attacker was subdued, but not until he wounded Morgan twice in the thigh.
小摩根在随后的搏斗中，袭击者被制服，但直到他的大腿两次受伤。
The gunman turned out to be a former German teacher at Harvard, who had set off a bomb at the U.S. Capitol the day before.
枪手原来是哈佛前德语教师，前一天在美国国会大厦引爆炸弹。
Although no direct link to the German government was proven, the attack on Morgan appeared to be part of a larger effort by Germany to stop American support for the allies.
尽管没有证明与德国政府有直接联系，但对摩根的袭击似乎是德国阻止美国支持盟国的更大努力的一部分。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: If you sympathized with Germany then Morgan was your ultimate enemy.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：如果你同情德国，那么摩根就是你的终极敌人。
And because he was so powerful as an individual, it was actually possible to believe that assassinating him could actually stop the war.
而且因为他作为一个个体是如此强大，所以实际上有可能相信刺杀他实际上可以阻止战争。
Narrator: As the conflict dragged on, the French and British had required larger and larger loans to keep themselves afloat.
旁白：随着冲突的拖延，法国和英国需要越来越多的贷款来维持生计。
Morgan, a committed Anglophile, had been more than happy to oblige.
摩根是一位坚定的亲英派，他非常乐意效劳。
He also served as a purchasing agent, helping to procure the millions of pounds of food and armaments the Allies required every month.
他还担任采购代理，帮助采购盟军每月所需的数百万磅食物和武器。
President Wilson turned a blind eye to this financial lifeline to the Allies.
威尔逊总统对盟军的这条财政生命线视而不见。
Morgan would eventually secure a $500 million dollar line of credit for the French and British — the biggest foreign loan in Wall Street history.
摩根最终为法国和英国获得了 5 亿美元的信贷额度——这是华尔街历史上最大的外国贷款。
Jay Winter, Historian: The war turned the United States into a creditor power, not a debtor power, for the first time in its history.
历史学家杰伊·温特：这场战争使美国历史上第一次变成债权国，而不是债务国。
That’s a big argument.
这是一个很大的争论。
We’re in the war and we have an economic interest to make sure that the allies win it.
我们身处战争之中，我们有经济利益来确保盟国赢得战争。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: It’s not just the fact that the U.S. is loaning money to the allies, but that they’re spending it in the U.S. for stuff so all of a sudden hiring picks up, manufacturing picks up.
播客制作人丹·卡林：这不仅是美国向盟国借钱，而且是他们在美国花钱买东西，所以突然间招聘增加，制造业增加。
Americans were working again, and nobody wanted to cut that off.
美国人又开始工作了，没有人愿意中断这种工作。
Richard Rubin, Writer: Our economic support for the allies started out at the very beginning of the war and quickly became a vicious cycle.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：我们对盟国的经济支持从战争一开始就开始了，很快就形成了恶性循环。
Because we could only sell to the allies, they became our main market.
因为我们只能卖给盟友，所以他们就成了我们的主要市场。
Because the allies could only buy from us, they quickly became indebted to us.
由于盟友只能从我们这里购买，他们很快就欠了我们的债。
And so it was in our best interest to send them more armaments so that they could win the war.
因此，向他们提供更多军备，以便他们能够赢得战争，符合我们的最大利益。
Great Britain during the war spent fully half of its war budget in the United States of America.
战争期间，英国将其战争预算的一半花在了美国。
Narrator: The attack on J.P.
旁白：对 J.P. 的袭击
Morgan drew attention to the nation’s largest ethnic group, German Americans.
摩根提请人们关注美国最大的族群——德裔美国人。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: German cultural life was everywhere.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：德国文化生活无处不在。
There were German churches, German language newspapers.
有德国教堂、德语报纸。
German was the most commonly studied foreign language in American high schools.
德语是美国高中最常学习的外语。
What we now call classical music was German music, Bach, Beethoven and Brahms played by symphonies, sung by ordinary people in choirs and in churches.
我们现在所说的古典音乐是德国音乐，巴赫、贝多芬和勃拉姆斯的交响乐，由普通人在唱诗班和教堂里演唱。
They were particularly visible in certain parts of the country, particularly the Midwest, [and] they wielded enormous political power in some cities like St. Louis, Cincinnati, Milwaukee.
他们在美国的某些地区尤其明显，尤其是中西部，他们在圣路易斯、辛辛那提、密尔沃基等一些城市拥有巨大的政治权力。
Narrator: In response to what they saw as a hypocritical and blatantly one-sided neutrality policy, the National German-American Alliance — which boasted more than 2 million members and chapters in 44 states — held mass demonstrations calling for an arms embargo.
旁白：为了回应他们所认为的虚伪和公然片面的中立政策，拥有超过 200 万会员并在 44 个州设有分会的德美全国联盟举行了大规模示威活动，要求实施武器禁运。
Former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was their featured speaker.
前国务卿威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩是他们的特色演讲者。
The American Women’s League for Strict Neutrality collected over one million signatures — written on a scroll more than 15 miles long — endorsing an “embargo on the things which kill.” While many of the nation’s leading magazines and newspapers clearly sided with the Allied cause, the German-American magazine The Fatherland promoted what it called “fair play for Germany and Austria-Hungary.” But the paper was fighting an uphill battle.
美国严格中立妇女联盟收集了超过 100 万个签名——写在超过 15 英里长的卷轴上——支持“对杀人的东西实施禁运”。尽管该国许多主要杂志和报纸都明确支持盟军事业，但德美杂志《祖国》却宣扬所谓的“德国和奥匈帝国的公平竞争”。但该报正在进行一场艰苦的战斗。
In the first days of the war, the British had cut the transatlantic cables connecting America to the European continent.
在战争的最初几天，英国人切断了连接美国和欧洲大陆的跨大西洋电缆。
The only remaining cable was from London.
唯一剩下的电缆来自伦敦。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Now this may not sound like much, but what it means is that all the news that Americans get about the European war is coming through Britain over British cables which means from the very beginning they’re getting one side of the story and so if there is one single event that the British do to guarantee that the Americans will not be really neutral, it’s that action.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：这听起来可能不多，但这意味着美国人获得的有关欧洲战争的所有消息都是通过英国电报通过英国传来的，这意味着他们从一开始就得到了故事的一边，所以如果说英国人做了一件事情来保证美国人不会真正保持中立，那就是这一行动。
Narrator: Increasingly frustrated by the one-sidedness of American neutrality, the German government began to fight back.
旁白：德国政府对美国的片面中立感到越来越沮丧，开始反击。
Only a month after Morgan’s close call, in New York, a German diplomat’s briefcase fell into the hands of American officials.
摩根千钧一发后仅一个月，在纽约，一名德国外交官的公文包落入美国官员手中。
They were shocked at what they found inside.
他们对里面的发现感到震惊。
The Germans were secretly supporting newspapers sympathetic to their side, paying corrupt union leaders to stage strikes, and setting up shadow companies to disrupt the munitions trade.
德国人秘密支持同情他们一方的报纸，付钱给腐败的工会领导人以发动罢工，并建立影子公司来扰乱军火贸易。
They had even planned a coup in Mexico that would bring a pro-German strong-man to power.
他们甚至计划在墨西哥发动政变，让亲德强人上台。
The raft of incriminating evidence revealed that Germany was willing to risk almost anything to undermine America’s support for the Allies.
大量的罪证表明，德国愿意冒着几乎一切风险来削弱美国对盟国的支持。
Sensational exposés in the American press fanned hysteria about German subversives.
美国媒体的耸人听闻的揭露煽动了人们对德国颠覆活动的歇斯底里。
Soon, almost any accident or strange occurrence was attributed to Berlin.
很快，几乎所有的事故或奇怪的事件都被归咎于柏林。
The mounting paranoia began to implicate German-Americans as well.
日益严重的偏执也开始牵涉到德裔美国人。
Even the president took up the theme.
就连总统也谈到了这个主题。
In a speech to Congress in December 1915, Wilson warned that, “There are citizens of the United States .
1915 年 12 月，威尔逊在国会演讲中警告说：“有美国公民……。
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born under other flags .
出生在其他旗帜下。
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who have poured the poison of disloyalty into the very arteries of our national life.
他们将不忠的毒药注入了我们国家生活的动脉。
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Such creatures of passion, disloyalty, and anarchy must be crushed out.
这种充满激情、不忠诚和无政府主义的生物必须被消灭。
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They are infinitely malignant, and the hand of our power should close over them at once.”
他们是无限恶毒的，我们的权力之手应该立即关闭他们。”
Michael Neiberg, Historian: What Wilson is really trying to do is say, look, if you’re German, if you stand with us, you’re okay.
历史学家迈克尔·尼伯格：威尔逊真正想做的是说，看，如果你是德国人，如果你和我们站在一起，那就没问题。
But if your loyalties are on the side of the Europeans, then we have a problem.
但如果你们的忠诚度站在欧洲人一边，那么我们就有问题了。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: This is a criticism of political radicals, anarchists and others.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：这是对政治激进分子、无政府主义者和其他人的批评。
But he frames it not as a political opposition, but an ethnic one, that these are ethnic outsiders, they’re immigrants, they’re not Americans.
但他并不将其视为政治反对派，而是种族反对派，即这些人是族裔外人，他们是移民，他们不是美国人。
And by doing this he’s making it possible for Americans to see their immigrant neighbors as threats to national security.
通过这样做，他使美国人有可能将他们的移民邻居视为对国家安全的威胁。
Narrator: Eight months after Wilson’s speech, two fires broke out on the small island of Black Tom in New York Harbor.
旁白：威尔逊演讲八个月后，纽约港的黑汤姆小岛发生了两起火灾。
The island was a railroad yard and munitions depot where two million pounds of armaments, bound for the Allies, were being stored.
该岛是一个铁路站场和军火库，存放着运往盟军的 200 万磅军备。
The detonation shattered windows in downtown Manhattan, lodged shrapnel in the Statue of Liberty, and was heard as far away as Philadelphia.
爆炸震碎了曼哈顿市中心的窗户，弹片落在自由女神像上，远至费城都能听到爆炸声。
If it had been an earthquake, the blast would have measured 5.5 on the Richter scale.
如果这是一场地震，爆炸的震级将达到里氏 5.5 级。
“I am sure .
“我确定。”
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the country is honeycombed with German intrigue and infested with German spies,” Wilson wrote to one of his advisors, “the evidence of these things [is] multiplying every day."
这个国家充满了德国的阴谋，并充斥着德国间谍，”威尔逊在给他的一位顾问的信中写道，“这些事情的证据每天都在成倍增加。”
Voice: Victor Chapman: Dear Uncle: The state of filth I live in here is unbelievable, and the barest necessities are luxuries.
声音：维克多·查普曼：亲爱的叔叔：我住在这里的肮脏状况令人难以置信，最基本的必需品都是奢侈品。
I get down to the depot and kitchen about every two days for a face wash.
我大约每两天去一次仓库和厨房洗脸。
Our heads get crusted with mud, — eyes and hair literally gluey with it.
我们的头上沾满了泥，眼睛和头发都被泥粘住了。
Narrator: After enlisting in the Foreign Legion, Victor Chapman had spent twelve months at the front.
旁白：加入外籍军团后，维克多·查普曼在前线度过了十二个月。
It was a long way from architecture school in Paris.
距离巴黎的建筑学校很远。
Sanitation in the trenches was crude or non-existent.
战壕里的卫生设施简陋或根本不存在。
When it rained, the trenches became rivers of mud.
下雨的时候，战壕就变成了泥泞的河流。
Soldiers were tormented by lice, which the British called “Cooties,” and an infection known as “trench foot.” To escape the rain of high-explosive shells, soldiers constructed dugouts as far underground as possible.
士兵们饱受虱子（英国人称之为“虱子”）和一种被称为“战壕足”的感染的折磨。为了躲避高爆炮弹的袭击，士兵们在尽可能深的地下建造了防空洞。
The men yearned to test themselves in open battle — anything to interrupt the tedium, and the random visitation of death.
这些人渴望在公开的战斗中检验自己——任何可以打破单调乏味和随机降临的死亡的事情。
All up and down the lines in the spring of 1916, the great struggle that soldiers talked about was at Verdun.
1916 年春天，士兵们谈论的伟大斗争发生在凡尔登。
At that ancient fortress town the French had made a stand against a massive German offensive.
在那个古老的要塞城镇，法国人坚守阵地，抵御德军的大规模进攻。
The contest had descended into a sickening battle of attrition, grinding on, month after month, with no end in sight.
这场竞争已经演变成一场令人作呕的消耗战，一月又一月地持续下去，看不到结束的迹象。
“I hope you got my letters .
“我希望你收到我的信。
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about my not being at Verdun,” Alan Seeger wrote home, “This ought to have been a comfort to you.
关于我不在凡尔登的事，”艾伦·西格写信给家里，“这对你来说应该是一种安慰。
Of course, to me it is a matter of great regret and I take it as a piece of hard luck.” Meanwhile, Eugene Bullard longed to be anywhere but Verdun.
当然，对我来说这是一件非常遗憾的事情，我认为这是一种不幸。”与此同时，尤金·布拉德渴望去凡尔登以外的任何地方。
Bullard had been transferred to a new French unit that had seen heavy fighting, but he had never experienced anything like this.
布拉德被调到一支新的法国部队，经历过激烈的战斗，但他从未经历过这样的事情。
Voice: Eugene Bullard: Neither side knew where the lines were and there were no more trenches and everything was guesswork.
配音：尤金·布拉德：双方都不知道战线在哪里，也没有更多的战壕，一切都是猜测。
In those hours every man at Verdun either got one more hole in him than he was born with or, if he was lucky, he ducked into a series of shallow shell holes as I did.
在那几个小时里，凡尔登的每个人要么比他出生时多了一个洞，要么，如果他幸运的话，他会像我一样躲进一系列浅贝壳洞里。
Narrator: Bullard was manning a post with a machine gun as a mass of Germans came on.
旁白：当一大群德国人涌上来时，布拉德正在用机枪守卫一个哨所。
Voice: Eugene Bullard: It was like mowing grass .
声音：尤金·布拉德：就像割草一样。
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only the grass grew up as fast as you mowed it .
只有草，你割草的速度就长得有多快。
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You’d mow them down, and four more would be in their places.
你把它们砍倒，然后另外四个就会取代它们。
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you could see ’em wriggling like worms in the bait box.
你可以看到它们像诱饵盒里的蠕虫一样蠕动。
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Every time the sergeant yelled, fire!
每次中士大喊，开火！
I got sicker and sicker.
我的病越来越重。
They had wives and children, hadn’t they?
他们有妻子和孩子，不是吗？
Andrew Carroll, Writer: So this young boy from Georgia, ends up in what is the most horrific battle of World War I.
安德鲁·卡罗尔，作家：所以这个来自乔治亚州的小男孩最终陷入了第一次世界大战中最可怕的战斗。
And Bullard made a comment.
布拉德发表了评论。
He said he wasn’t surprised by how many people were killed at Verdun.
他说，他对凡尔登有多少人丧生并不感到惊讶。
He was surprised that anybody got out of it alive at all.
他很惊讶居然有人能活着逃出来。
Narrator: Bullard was wounded twice at Verdun.
旁白：布拉德在凡尔登两次受伤。
He would become one of the first Americans to receive the French military honor for exceptional bravery — the Croix De Guerre.
他将成为首批因非凡勇敢而获得法国军事荣誉——“十字勋章”的美国人之一。
Voice: Victor Chapman: Dear Papa: This flying is much too romantic to be real modern war with all its horrors.
配音：维克多·查普曼：亲爱的爸爸：这次飞行太浪漫了，不可能是真正的现代战争及其恐怖。
There is something so unreal and fairy like about it, which ought to be told and described by Poets.
它有一种如此不真实和童话般的东西，应该由诗人来讲述和描述。
Narrator: High above the blackened battlefield, Victor Chapman had escaped the trenches and found himself engaged in a new kind of war, one that had never been waged before.
旁白：在漆黑的战场上空，维克多·查普曼逃离了战壕，发现自己卷入了一场新的战争，一场以前从未发生过的战争。
Andrew Carroll, Writer: It’s really I think difficult to understand today how exhilarating flight was back a century ago.
安德鲁·卡罗尔，作家：我认为今天很难理解一个世纪前的飞行是多么令人兴奋。
The planes were made of practically nothing.
这些飞机几乎没有任何材料制成。
They would fall apart just almost you know at a whisper.
几乎你知道，它们会在一声低语中分崩离析。
But there was something very visceral about it, because you were in total control.
但其中有一些非常发自内心的东西，因为你完全掌控着一切。
You didn’t even have the windscreen in front of you.
你面前甚至没有挡风玻璃。
I mean you’re feeling the blast of air.
我的意思是你感受到了空气的冲击力。
You’re dodging through clouds.
你正在云层中躲避。
You’re looking at the sun.
你正在看着太阳。
You see the curve of the earth.
你看到地球的曲线。
You know humans had gone up in balloons before, but that was the extent of flight.
你知道人类以前曾乘坐气球上升过，但这就是飞行的范围。
This was really flying.
这真的是飞起来了。
Richard Rubin, Writer: If you see these airplanes today, you wonder how anyone in their right mind went up in them.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：如果你今天看到这些飞机，你会想知道头脑正常的人是如何乘坐它们升空的。
They were essentially bicycles with wings.
它们本质上是带有翅膀的自行车。
Very, very frail.
非常非常脆弱。
And this was very dangerous work.
这是非常危险的工作。
Narrator: From the outset of the war, both sides raced to turn the airplane to their advantage.
旁白：从战争一开始，双方就竞相让飞机对自己有利。
Pilots began as observers, and took thousands of photographs of enemy positions.
飞行员从观察员开始，拍摄了数千张敌方阵地的照片。
They tried mounting machine guns on the wings, but had to fly with one hand while shooting with the other.
他们尝试在机翼上安装机枪，但不得不用一只手飞行，另一只手射击。
Eventually machine guns were synchronized so they could fire through the propeller, and pilots engaged in vicious duels, known as dogfights.
最终机枪被同步，这样它们就可以通过螺旋桨射击，飞行员们进行了恶性的决斗，即所谓的缠斗。
With each innovation, the death toll kept rising.
每一次创新，死亡人数都在不断上升。
Chapman joined a small group of American volunteers flying for France.
查普曼加入了一小群美国志愿者，飞往法国。
They called themselves the Lafayette Escadrille, and they were the first all-American unit to fight for the Allies.
他们称自己为“拉斐特梯队”，他们是第一支为盟军作战的全美部队。
Richard Rubin, Writer: The Lafayette Escadrille wasn’t a cross-section of American society.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：拉斐特·埃斯卡德里尔并不是美国社会的一个横截面。
They were very well educated young men who wanted to fly for France.
他们是受过良好教育的年轻人，想要飞往法国。
And so they just went over and did so.
所以他们就过去这么做了。
Even though this officially violated American neutrality in that war there was sort of a winking arrangement with that.
尽管这正式违反了美国在那场战争中的中立性，但还是有某种眨眼的安排。
You know, don’t ask, don’t tell.
你知道，别问，别说。
Narrator: The danger of their new occupation helped cultivate an air of reckless bravado among the pilots of the Escadrille.
旁白：新职业的危险在梯队飞行员中培养了一种鲁莽虚张声势的氛围。
“If I should be killed in this war,” one of Chapman’s fellow pilots wrote home, “I will at least die as a man should.”
“如果我在这场战争中阵亡，”查普曼的一位飞行员同事在家里写信说，“我至少会像一个男人那样死去。”
Michael Neiberg, Historian: They throw outlandish parties.
历史学家迈克尔·尼伯格：他们举办古怪的聚会。
They have two lion cubs, Whiskey and Soda, as their mascots.
他们有两只小狮子，威士忌和苏打，作为他们的吉祥物。
Celebrities from all over Europe want to have dinner with them, want to see them.
来自欧洲各地的名人都想与他们共进晚餐，想见到他们。
So they have this devil-may-care attitude.
所以他们有这种不顾一切的态度。
They don’t really need the French army’s discipline.
他们并不真正需要法国军队的纪律。
The French army needs them more than they need the French army.
法军需要他们，胜过他们需要法军。
They fly in their bathrobes.
他们穿着浴袍飞翔。
They do more or less whatever they want.
他们或多或少做任何他们想做的事。
Narrator: The Lafayette Escadrille made headlines in the United States and an American film crew arrived in France to chronicle the exploits of Victor Chapman and his fellow aviators.
旁白：拉斐特梯队成为美国的头条新闻，一支美国电影摄制组抵达法国，记录维克多·查普曼和他的飞行员战友的丰功伟绩。
Voice: Victor Chapman: Dear Father, [We] roared and buzzed .
声音：维克多·查普曼：亲爱的父亲，[我们]咆哮并嗡嗡作响。
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past the camera man, up into the air.
越过摄像师，飞到空中。
Then one at a time we rushed by him.
然后我们一个一个地从他身边冲过去。
I must say that he had nerve.
我必须说他有勇气。
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You will see it all, I expect, sometime this summer; for it is to be given to some American cinema company in Paris
我预计，今年夏天的某个时候，你会看到这一切。因为它将被送给巴黎的一家美国电影公司
Andrew Carroll, Writer: They’re very popular and regardless of what Americans felt about the war itself, these guys were in a way heroes.
安德鲁·卡罗尔，作家：他们非常受欢迎，无论美国人对战争本身有何看法，这些人在某种程度上都是英雄。
They were kind of like the early astronauts.
他们有点像早期的宇航员。
Narrator: For all their fame, and often reckless bravery, the pilots of the Lafayette Escadrille understood that the odds against their survival were daunting.
旁白：尽管拉斐特梯队的飞行员们声名远扬，而且常常表现出鲁莽的勇敢，但他们明白，他们的生存几率是令人畏惧的。
On June 23rd, Victor Chapman dove into a dogfight, trying to rescue some of his comrades.
6 月 23 日，维克多·查普曼 (Victor Chapman) 陷入了一场混战，试图营救他的一些战友。
He shot down three German planes, before being overwhelmed, his plane riddled with bullets.
他击落了三架德国飞机，然后被击垮，他的飞机布满了子弹。
He became the first American flier to give his life for France.
他成为第一位为法国献出生命的美国飞行员。
A French friend of the Chapman’s wrote to Victor’s father shortly after his death.
查普曼一家的法国朋友在维克多去世后不久写信给他的父亲。
“I have just left the Church .
“我刚刚离开教堂。
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after attending the service in honor of your son…
在参加了纪念你儿子的仪式后……
The self sacrifice of this one who comes to us, and places himself at our side, for no other reason than to make right triumph over wrong, is worthy of .
这位来到我们身边、站在我们一边的人的自我牺牲是值得的。
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honor.
荣誉。
America has sent us this sublime youth, and our gratitude for him is such that it flows back upon his country.”
美国为我们送来了这位杰出的年轻人，我们对他的感激之情也回馈到了他的国家。”
Richard Rubin, Writer: They were handsome, well-bred young men who went off to do what they thought was right, even though the United States didn’t want to get involved in the fight at that point.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：他们是英俊、有教养的年轻人，他们去做他们认为正确的事情，尽管美国当时不想卷入这场战斗。
And they were flying airplanes which captured the imagination of the entire world.
他们驾驶的飞机激发了全世界的想象力。
To this day, the image that we think of often when we think of World War I is an aviator with his goggles and his leather cap and his long silk scarf.
直到今天，当我们想到第一次世界大战时，我们经常想到的形象是一位戴着护目镜、戴着皮帽、戴着长丝巾的飞行员。
They were a very tiny minority of any fighting force.
他们在任何战斗部队中都只占极少数。
But they were, in essence, the face that all the armies wanted to show the enemy and the world.
但本质上，他们是所有军队都想向敌人和世界展示的面孔。
Narrator: As American volunteers were fighting and dying in France, some of their countrymen at home were arguing that the United States must be ready for war.
旁白：当美国志愿者在法国战斗并牺牲时，他们的一些国内同胞却在争论美国必须做好战争准备。
Championed by people like Theodore Roosevelt and the former chief of staff of the army, what was known as the Preparedness movement, had come into its own in the small town of Plattsburgh, New York in the summer of 1916.
在西奥多·罗斯福和前陆军参谋长等人的倡导下，所谓的准备运动于 1916 年夏天在纽约州普拉茨堡小镇盛行。
For five weeks, more than 1,300 young men played at being in the army.
为期五周的时间里，1,300 多名年轻人扮演了军队的角色。
New York City’s mayor and commissioner of police took part, as did the coach of the Harvard football team.
纽约市市长和警察局长以及哈佛橄榄球队的教练也参加了会议。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: : They were living in barracks, they were living in tents, they were doing physical training.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金：：他们住在军营里，住在帐篷里，他们正在进行体能训练。
They did a lot of work on the rifle range because Roosevelt believed that marksmanship was the key to everything.
他们在步枪靶场上做了很多工作，因为罗斯福相信射击技术是一切的关键。
His idea of an officer was someone who combined the skills of a hunter and a scout with the skills of a commander.
他心目中的军官是兼具猎人和侦察员技能与指挥官技能的人。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: These camps were almost like Boy Scout camps in a sense.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：从某种意义上说，这些营地几乎就像童子军营地。
I mean you got your friends and your football team.
我的意思是你有你的朋友和你的足球队。
And this idea that we’re going to go and prepare ourselves for war is both naïve when you think about the difference between what these camps must have been like compared to what troops facing gas on the Western Front were dealing with.
当你想到这些营地与西线面临毒气的部队所面临的情况之间的差异时，我们要去为战争做好准备的想法就显得很天真了。
And yet at the same time, there was something very American about the whole idea too.
但与此同时，整个想法也有一些非常美国化的东西。
Michael Kazin, Historian: The main supporters of preparedness believed the United States had to be prepared to fight against Germany.
历史学家迈克尔·卡津：备战的主要支持者认为，美国必须做好对抗德国的准备。
Also they believed that a strong nation had to have a strong military.
他们还认为，一个强大的国家必须有一个强大的军队。
And young Americans had to have a military mindset.
美国年轻人必须有军事心态。
So training, knowing how to use a gun, knowing how to conduct oneself in combat, these were important skills for any advanced, powerful nation to have.
所以训练，知道如何用枪，知道如何在战斗中表现自己，这些都是任何先进强国都必须具备的重要技能。
Narrator: The Plattsburg Ivy Leaguers weren’t the only ones who saw the value of military service.
旁白：普拉茨堡常春藤联盟成员并不是唯一看到兵役价值的人。
The African-American community had long argued for all-black National Guard units that they felt would prove their patriotism and advance their political power.
非裔美国人社区长期以来一直主张全黑人国民警卫队，他们认为这可以证明他们的爱国主义并提升他们的政治权力。
As the Preparedness movement gained momentum, black leaders in Harlem at last succeeded in commissioning their own regiment, and began to recruit men from New York city to bring it up to full strength.
随着准备运动的势头增强，哈莱姆区的黑人领袖终于成功组建了自己的军团，并开始从纽约市招募人员以充实其兵力。
On May 13 th , some 150,000 supporters of preparedness turned out to walk up Fifth Avenue.
5月13日，大约15万名备灾支持者走上第五大道。
They passed under the largest flag in the country, strung between the St. Regis and Gotham hotels.
他们穿过悬挂在瑞吉酒店和哥谭酒店之间的该国最大的旗帜。
There were grocers and lumbermen, corset-makers and firemen, the American Woman’s League for Self Defense, and the Lower Wall Street Business Men’s Association.
其中有杂货商和伐木工、紧身胸衣制造商和消防员、美国妇女自卫联盟和下华尔街商人协会。
African-American groups petitioned to be included in the procession, but were turned down.
非裔美国人团体请求参加游行，但遭到拒绝。
Twelve thousand marchers passed the grandstand every hour.
每小时有一万二千名游行者经过看台。
Lasting almost the entire day it was the biggest parade in American history.
这是美国历史上规模最大的游行，几乎持续了一整天。
Across from the reviewing stand was a storefront with a sign that read “War Against War.” It was the work of Jane Addams and her Woman’s Peace Party, representing an “Anti-Preparedness” movement that numbered up to 80,000 members nationwide.
检阅台对面是一个店面，上面写着“战争反战”。这是简·亚当斯 (Jane Addams) 和她的妇女和平党 (Women’s Peace Party) 的作品，该党代表了一场“反准备”运动，全国成员人数多达 80,000 人。
Their star attraction was a fifteen-foot model of “Jingo the Dinosaur,” mounted on a truck, with a sign that declared: “This animal believed in huge armament.
他们最引人注目的是一个十五英尺高的“恐龙金戈”模型，安装在一辆卡车上，上面有一个标牌，上面写着：“这种动物相信巨大的武器。
He is now extinct!” Despite the use of political theater by the Women’s Peace Party, by the summer of 1916 the Preparedness movement was gaining such notice that major magazines began to endorse it.
他现在已经灭绝了！”尽管妇女和平党利用政治舞台，到 1916 年夏天，备灾运动还是获得了如此多的关注，以至于各大杂志开始为其背书。
Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly Newspaper decided to feature it on its cover, with the headline “What Are You Doing for Preparedness?” They asked the illustrator James Montgomery Flagg to come up with an image for the new issue.
莱斯利的画报周刊决定将其作为封面，标题是“你在做什么准备？”他们请插画家詹姆斯·蒙哥马利·弗拉格为新一期设计一张图片。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: He was a very prolific artist, but he was also a bit of a procrastinator.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉（Christopher Capozzola）：他是一位多产的艺术家，但他也有点拖延。
And he was on a very tight deadline.
而且他的最后期限非常紧迫。
And so he had no model to use.
所以他没有可用的模型。
He had seen some other posters that had been published in Britain and Uncle Sam as an image had existed throughout the 19th Century, dates back even to the revolution by some measures, so [Flagg] had a mirror and his own reflection that he used to develop a new image.
他见过一些在英国出版的其他海报，而山姆大叔作为图像已经存在于整个 19 世纪，甚至可以追溯到革命时期，所以 [弗拉格] 有一面镜子和他自己的倒影，他用它来开发一个新图像。
He added some whiskers, some gray hair.
他添加了一些胡须和一些灰白的头发。
Added a top hat and with that the iconic image for Uncle Sam was born.
添加一顶大礼帽，山姆大叔的标志性形象就这样诞生了。
Song: I think we’ve got another Washington Someone who’s just as good as he can be He’s called the man of peace No matter where he goes He’s just the one for me It takes a little time for him to make up his mind But he gets there just the same I think we’ve got another Washington And Wilson is his name.
宋：我认为我们有了另一个华盛顿，他尽其所能，他被称为和平之人，无论他去哪里，他都是我的人，他需要一点时间才能下定决心，但他还是会到达那里，我认为我们有另一个华盛顿，威尔逊是他的名字。
Narrator: Looking ahead to the presidential election in the fall of 1916, Woodrow Wilson confronted the fact that his prospects were far from favorable.
旁白：展望 1916 年秋天的总统选举，伍德罗·威尔逊 (Woodrow Wilson) 面临着一个事实：他的前景远非乐观。
For more than two years he had kept America out of the Great War.
两年多来，他一直让美国远离第一次世界大战。
Now, the national mood was restless.
现在，全国情绪焦躁不安。
German spies seemed to be everywhere, and U-boats still prowled the Atlantic.
德国间谍似乎无处不在，德国潜艇仍然在大西洋上徘徊。
The war continued to be big business, and the economy was booming.
战争仍然是大生意，经济也在蓬勃发展。
But millions of German-Americans actively campaigned against the President, arguing that neutrality was a sham, and that America was blatantly supporting the Allies.
但数百万德裔美国人积极反对总统，认为中立是骗局，美国公然支持盟国。
What support Wilson did have was drawn from people’s sense that he had done everything he could to keep them safe from the European bloodbath.
威尔逊所获得的支持来自于人们的感觉，即他已尽其所能来保护他们免受欧洲大屠杀的影响。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Wilson is riding along a sort of knife edge and the war becomes one of if not the central issue in the presidential contest.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：威尔逊正走在刀刃上，战争即使不是总统竞选的核心问题，也成为其中之一。
And this yields the, the slogan, “He kept us out of war.”
这就产生了口号：“他让我们远离战争。”
Narrator: The slogan seemed to be working, but it worried the President.
旁白：这个口号看起来很有效，但总统却感到担心。
“Any little German lieutenant can push us into war at any time by some calculated outrage,” he told his Secretary of the Navy.
“任何一个小小的德国中尉都可以随时通过某种蓄意的愤怒将我们推入战争，”他告诉他的海军部长。
Wilson’s Republican opponent in November was a popular Supreme Court Justice, Charles Evans Hughes, whose position on the issues was often overshadowed by the former Republican president, Theodore Roosevelt.
威尔逊去年 11 月的共和党对手是颇受欢迎的最高法院法官查尔斯·埃文斯·休斯 (Charles Evans Hughes)，他在这些问题上的立场常常被前共和党总统西奥多·罗斯福 (Theodore Roosevelt) 所掩盖。
Wilson displayed “culpable weakness and timidity,” thundered Roosevelt, “It is our purpose this fall to elect an American president, and not a viceroy of the German emperor.”
罗斯福怒斥道，威尔逊表现出了“应受谴责的软弱和胆怯”，“我们今年秋天的目的是选举一位美国总统，而不是德国皇帝的总督。”
Michael Kazin, Historian: Teddy Roosevelt’s been attacking Woodrow Wilson nonstop for over a year.
历史学家迈克尔·卡辛：泰迪·罗斯福一年多来一直在不间断地攻击伍德罗·威尔逊。
So even though Hughes says he wants the U.S. to stay neutral, a lot of Americans don’t quite believe it.
因此，尽管休斯表示他希望美国保持中立，但很多美国人不太相信。
And so the peace movement, which has been ambivalent about Wilson up to now, jumps in and says, we have to support Wilson now, he’s our best bet to keep the nation at peace.
因此，迄今为止对威尔逊一直持矛盾态度的和平运动插手说，我们现在必须支持威尔逊，他是我们保持国家和平的最佳选择。
Narrator: Anxious to cultivate the influence of the peace movement, Wilson sent Jane Addams five dozen long stem roses, and asked for her endorsement.
旁白：威尔逊急于培养和平运动的影响力，给简·亚当斯寄了五打长茎玫瑰，并请求她的认可。
Michael Kazin, Historian: Addams is a life-long Republican.
历史学家迈克尔·卡辛：亚当斯是一位终生的共和党人。
And so it’s a big step for her to support Wilson.
因此，她支持威尔逊是迈出的一大步。
But she believes that Wilson is certainly a peacemaker.
但她相信威尔逊无疑是一位和平缔造者。
He wants to be a peacemaker she believes.
她相信他想成为一名和事佬。
She wants to give him a chance to be a peacemaker, where she has no trust whatsoever in the current leadership of the Republican Party.
她想给他一个成为和平缔造者的机会，但她对共和党目前的领导层没有任何信任。
Narrator: As the campaign picked up speed in the fall of 1916, Wilson often appeared with his most fervent supporter by his side: his new wife, Edith Bolling Galt.
旁白：随着 1916 年秋天竞选活动的加速，威尔逊经常带着他最热心的支持者出现在他身边：他的新婚妻子伊迪丝·博林·高尔特 (Edith Bolling Galt)。
They had met the previous spring, only two months before the crisis over the sinking of the Lusitania.
他们是在去年春天见过面的，距离卢西塔尼亚号沉没危机仅两个月。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: He was driving the streets with his doctor and closest friend at that time, who waved hello to this woman on the street.
作家斯科特·伯格：当时他和他的医生兼最亲密的朋友开车在街上行驶，医生向街上的这位女士挥手打招呼。
And Wilson suddenly turned and said, who is that beautiful woman?
而威尔逊突然转身说道，那个美丽的女人是谁？
Narrator: Edith Galt was a vivacious, well-to-do Washington widow.
旁白：伊迪丝·高尔特是一位活泼、富裕的华盛顿寡妇。
Wilson would spend the next six months trying to win her affection.
威尔逊将在接下来的六个月里努力赢得她的芳心。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: It took up a lot of his time, maybe it took up too much of his time.
作家斯科特·伯格：这占用了他很多时间，也许占用了他太多的时间。
.
。
.
。
.
。
He was bewitched.
他被迷住了。
There were days he was writing three or four love letters to her.
有几天他给她写了三四封情书。
Narrator: "You have invited me to make myself the master of your life and heart,” the President wrote, “the rest is now as certain as that God made us.” “This is my pledge, Dearest One,” she replied.
旁白：“你邀请我成为你生命和心灵的主人，”总统写道，“剩下的事情现在就像上帝创造了我们一样确定。” “这是我的誓言，最亲爱的，”她回答道。
“No matter whether the wine be bitter or sweet we will share it together and find happiness in the comradeship.”
“无论酒是苦还是甜，我们都会一起分享，在友情中找到快乐。”
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: Edith Galt had this incredibly tonic effect on the president.
斯科特·伯格（Scott Berg），作家：伊迪丝·高尔特（Edith Galt）对总统产生了令人难以置信的滋补作用。
He came to life again.
他又复活了。
And it allowed him really to focus on his work with so much more ease.
这让他真正能够更加轻松地专注于自己的工作。
And he had somebody to share all this with.
他有一个可以分享这一切的人。
She knew part of the job of being Woodrow Wilson’s wife was to be a great promoter, was to be out there rooting for him and, and supporting him.
她知道作为伍德罗·威尔逊的妻子，工作的一部分就是成为一名伟大的推动者，就是为他加油、支持他。
Narrator: With the nation so deeply divided, the presidential race remained close.
旁白：在国家分裂如此严重的情况下，总统竞选仍然很胶着。
In the end Wilson barely won a second term.
最终威尔逊勉强赢得了第二个任期。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: It’s a razor thin margin.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉（Christopher Capozzola）：这是微乎其微的。
Wilson really wins with a squeaking victory through a couple of western states, where if the vote had gone just slightly in the other direction, Charles Evans Hughes would have been president.
威尔逊确实赢得了胜利，在几个西部州取得了压倒性的胜利，如果投票稍微向另一个方向发展，查尔斯·埃文斯·休斯就会成为总统。
Jay Winter, Historian: The election of 1916 was in good part a referendum on the war and the Wilson balancing act of what I would call neutrality with a tilt.
历史学家杰伊·温特 (Jay Winter)：1916 年的选举在很大程度上是对战争和威尔逊平衡行为（我称之为中立与倾斜）的全民公投。
The idea that the country was not going to [make it its mission to end the war] was attractive.
该国不会[以结束战争为己任]的想法很有吸引力。
On the other hand, the notion that the United States had many interests in common with the allies, that makes sense.
另一方面，美国与盟友有许多共同利益的观点是有道理的。
Narrator: For the moment, Woodrow Wilson had held together the slender consensus that he was the best man to guide America through a dangerous world.
旁白：目前，伍德罗·威尔逊达成了微弱的共识，认为他是带领美国度过危险世界的最佳人选。
Still, he sensed that his nation might not be able to remain on the sidelines forever.
尽管如此，他还是感觉到他的国家可能无法永远袖手旁观。
“We live in a world which we did not make, which we cannot alter, which we cannot think into a different condition from that which actually exists,” the president declared “It would be a hopeless piece of provincialism to suppose that, because we think differently from the rest of the world, we are at liberty to assume that the rest of the world will permit us to enjoy that thought without disturbance.”
“我们生活在一个不是我们创造的世界，我们无法改变这个世界，我们无法将其想象成与实际存在的情况不同的世界，”总统宣称，“如果因为我们的想法与世界其他地方不同，我们就可以自由地假设世界其他地方将允许我们不受干扰地享受这种想法，那将是一种无望的地方主义。”
Narrator: As the bloody year 1916 drew to a close, Americans were transfixed by the scale of the suffering that had been unleashed on the European continent.
旁白：随着 1916 年血腥的一年接近尾声，美国人对欧洲大陆所遭受的苦难的规模感到震惊。
Two epic battles, at Verdun and along the river Somme, had raged on and on.
凡尔登和索姆河沿岸的两场史诗般的战斗持续不断。
When they were over, the strategic balance of the war remained virtually unchanged.
当战争结束时，战争的战略平衡几乎没有改变。
Jay Winter, Historian: The battle of the Somme, [was] Britain’s attempt to break through the German lines in the north of France by sheer industrial power.
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：索姆河战役是英国试图凭借纯粹的工业力量突破法国北部德国防线的尝试。
It’s the first battle in history with one million casualties.
这是历史上第一场伤亡超过百万的战役。
But I do believe that the two battles changed the meaning of the word battle.
但我确实相信这两场战斗改变了“战斗”这个词的含义。
They were so big that they crossed the threshold of suffering.
它们是如此之大，以至于它们跨过了痛苦的门槛。
Alan Axelrod, Writer: The war became a war of attrition such as the world has never seen.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德，作家：战争变成了一场世界上从未见过的消耗战。
It became a war of two powers annihilating one another.
这变成了一场两个强国互相消灭的战争。
How do you understand that?
你怎么理解这一点？
How do you write about that?
你怎么写呢？
How do you explain that?
你怎么解释？
How do you do anything but recoil in horror from that because it makes no sense?
你怎么做才能不因为这毫无意义而感到恐惧而退缩呢？
As one young French lieutenant said at the battle of Verdun, humanity must be mad to do what it’s doing.
正如一位年轻的法国中尉在凡尔登战役中所说的那样，人类一定是疯了才会这么做。
And it’s true, what other answer was there?
确实如此，还有什么其他答案呢？
Narrator: At a hospital near the Somme battlefield, the American nurse Mary Borden often met the procession of ambulances and their cargo of grievously wounded soldiers.
旁白：在索姆战场附近的一家医院里，美国护士玛丽·博登经常遇到救护车和车上载着重伤士兵的队伍。
Voice: Mary Borden: There are no men here, so why should I be a woman?
声音：玛丽·博登：这里没有男人，那我为什么要成为女人呢？
There are chests with holes as big as your fist, and pulpy thighs, shapeless; and stumps where legs once were fastened.
胸部有拳头那么大的洞，还有肉质的大腿，没有形状；以及曾经固定腿的地方的树桩。
There are eyes — eyes of sick dogs, sick cats, blind eyes, eyes of delirium; and mouths that cannot articulate; and parts of faces — the nose gone, or the jaw.
有眼睛——病狗的眼睛、病猫的眼睛、瞎子的眼睛、谵妄的眼睛；和无法表达的嘴巴；以及面部的一部分——鼻子消失了，或者下巴消失了。
There are these things, but no men; so how could I be a woman here and not die of it?
这些东西都有，但没有人；那么我怎么能在这里成为一个女人而不因此而死呢？
Sometimes, suddenly, all in an instant, a man looks up at me from the shambles, a man's eyes signal or a voice calls “Sister!
有时，突然间，就在一瞬间，一个男人从废墟中抬起头来看着我，一个男人的眼神或一个声音在呼喊：“姐姐！
Sister!” Sometimes suddenly a smile flickers on a pillow, white, blinding, burning, and I die of it.
姐姐！”有时枕头上会突然闪现出一个微笑，白色的、令人眼花缭乱的、灼热的，我就死了。
I feel myself dying again.
我感觉自己又死了。
It is impossible to be a woman here.
在这里做女人是不可能的。
One must be dead.
一定有人死了。
Narrator: One of the millions of men caught up in the fighting at the Somme was Alan Seeger.
旁白：艾伦·西格是卷入索姆河战斗的数百万士兵之一。
In late June, he and the rest of his division from the French Foreign Legion were moved into position outside the heavily defended village of Belloy-en-Santerre.
六月下旬，他和法国外籍军团的其他师被转移到戒备森严的桑泰尔地区贝洛伊村外的阵地。
Voice: Alan Seeger: June 28 th 1916: We go up to the attack tomorrow.
配音：Alan Seeger：1916 年 6 月 28 日：我们明天就去进攻。
This will probably be the biggest thing yet.
这可能是迄今为止最重大的事情。
We are to have the honor of marching in the first wave.
我们有幸踏上第一波浪潮。
I will write you soon if I get through all right.
如果我一切顺利的话我会尽快给你写信。
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I am glad to be going.
我很高兴能去。
If you are in this thing at all it is best to be in to the limit.
如果你真的涉足这件事，最好是达到极限。
And this is the supreme experience.
这是至高无上的体验。
Narrator: On the 4 th of July, Seeger and his companions went over the top.
旁白：7月4日，西格和他的同伴们越过了顶峰。
Charging across an open field, they were met with heavy machine gun fire.
他们冲过一片空地，遭到重机枪的射击。
Seeger was hit in the abdomen.
西格腹部被击中。
He called out for a stretcher, and tried to bind up his wounds.
他叫来了担架，试图包扎伤口。
When help finally reached him he was dead.
当救援终于到达他身边时，他已经死了。
Of the 45 men in Seeger’s section, only four survived the attack.
西格所在区域的 45 人中，只有 4 人在袭击中幸存。
That night, his body was buried in a soldiers grave.
当晚，他的遗体被安葬在士兵坟墓中。
A few months before he died, Alan Seeger had written a poem called “I Have A Rendezvous with Death”.
艾伦·西格去世前几个月写了一首诗，名为《我与死亡有个约会》。
Voice: Alan Seeger: I have a rendezvous with Death At some disputed barricade, When Spring comes back with rustling shade And apple-blossoms fill the air— I have a rendezvous with Death When spring brings back blue days and fair.
配音：艾伦·西格：我与死神有个约会，在某个有争议的街垒，当春天带着沙沙作响的树荫回来，苹果花弥漫在空气中时——我与死神有个约会，当春天带回蓝色的日子和晴朗的时候。
It may be he shall take my hand And lead me into his dark land And close my eyes and quench my breath— It may be I shall pass him still.
也许他会握住我的手，带我进入他黑暗的土地，闭上我的眼睛，屏住呼吸——也许我仍然会经过他。
I have a rendezvous with Death On some scarred slope of battered hill, When spring comes round again this year And the first meadow-flowers appear.
我和死神有个约会，在破败的山坡上，当春天再次来临，第一朵草地上的花朵出现时。
God knows ’twere better to be deep Pillowed in silk and scented down.
天知道最好还是用丝绸做枕头，闻着香味更好。
Where Love throbs out in blissful sleep, Pulse nigh to pulse, and breath to breath, Where hushed awakenings are dear .
爱在幸福的睡眠中跳动，脉搏接近脉搏，呼吸接近呼吸，安静的觉醒是亲爱的。
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But I’ve a rendezvous with Death At midnight in some flaming town.
但我在午夜时分在某个燃烧的小镇与死神会面。
When Spring trips north again this year.
当今年春天再次北上时。
And I to my pledged word am true, I shall not fail that rendezvous.
我信守诺言，我不会错过那个约会。
Narrator: For nearly two-and-a-half years, the generals of the German High Command had tried everything they could to break out of the stalemate on the Western Front.
旁白：近两年半的时间里，德国最高统帅部的将军们想尽一切办法来打破西线的僵局。
But by the beginning of 1917 they were becoming increasingly desperate.
但到 1917 年初，他们变得越来越绝望。
The British blockade had pushed millions of Germans to the brink of starvation.
英国的封锁使数百万德国人陷入饥饿的边缘。
Meanwhile, American goods and armaments continued to flood into Britain and prop up the Allied war machine.
与此同时，美国的商品和军备继续涌入英国并支撑着盟军的战争机器。
Finally, on January 31 st , Germany sent a message to President Wilson announcing a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare.
最后，1月31日，德国致信威尔逊总统，宣布实行无限制潜艇战政策。
Any ships that now entered the war zone around Great Britain would be sunk.
现在进入英国周围战区的任何船只都将被击沉。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: It was a very risky decision.
历史学家肯尼迪：这是一个非常冒险的决定。
They knew this would mean sinking the ships of neutral nations, most obviously the United States.
他们知道这将意味着击沉中立国家的船只，最明显的是美国。
And that this would probably provoke the Americans into an armed response.
这可能会激起美国人的武装反应。
So it was a calculated risk I think the Germans were taking.
所以我认为德国人冒的风险是经过深思熟虑的。
Narrator: When Wilson read the message he turned to his secretary and said, “The break that we have tried so hard to prevent now seems inevitable.” On February 3 rd , the president severed diplomatic relations with Germany.
旁白：当威尔逊读到这条信息时，他转向他的秘书说：“我们竭尽全力阻止的分裂现在看来是不可避免的。” 2月3日，总统与德国断绝外交关系。
Michael Neiberg, Historian: There is this fear that the war is coming closer to home and by 1917 it’s come far too close to home.
历史学家迈克尔·尼伯格 (Michael Neiberg)：人们担心战争正在逼近家乡，而到 1917 年，战争已经离家乡太近了。
The danger is too real.
危险太真实了。
I think Wilson was still trying to pull a rabbit out of a hat.
我认为威尔逊仍然想从帽子里变出一只兔子。
I think he was still hoping he could figure out a way through this.
我认为他仍然希望他能找到解决办法。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: There’s tremendous pressure on Wilson.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：威尔逊承受着巨大的压力。
What’s he going to do?
他要做什么？
People like Teddy Roosevelt are saying look, we’re cowardly.
像泰迪·罗斯福这样的人说，看，我们很懦弱。
We should be in there fighting for the values we think are important and not watching Germany trample all over them.
我们应该为我们认为重要的价值观而战，而不是看着德国践踏它们。
You could argue that the United States does have an interest in not seeing the continent of Europe dominated by Germany.
你可能会说，美国确实不想看到欧洲大陆被德国统治。
But Wilson doesn’t like to think like this and Wilson was a deeply moral man and he believed in doing what he felt was right.
但威尔逊不喜欢这样思考，威尔逊是一个非常有道德的人，他相信做他认为正确的事情。
Narrator: On March 1st, Americans awoke to banner headlines in newspapers across the country.
旁白：3 月 1 日，美国人一觉醒来就看到全国各地报纸的头条新闻。
An intercepted telegram, written in code, from the German Foreign Minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to his Ambassador in Mexico, revealed secret efforts to get Japan and Mexico to declare war on the United States.
德国外交部长阿瑟·齐默尔曼（Arthur Zimmerman）发给其驻墨西哥大使的一封截获的密码电报揭露了促使日本和墨西哥向美国宣战的秘密行动。
The audacious plot underscored the fact that Germany was willing to go to almost any lengths to disrupt American support for the Allies.
这一大胆的阴谋凸显了这样一个事实：德国愿意不惜一切代价破坏美国对盟军的支持。
Jay Winter, Historian: British naval intelligence got the Zimmermann telegram but waited until they knew that they could get the American president to blow his top.
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：英国海军情报部门收到了齐默尔曼的电报，但一直等到他们知道可以让美国总统大发雷霆。
And when he got the telegram he saw that there is no limit to the provocations and indeed direct challenges to the sovereignty of the United States the imperial German government was prepared to countenance.
当他收到电报时，他发现德意志帝国政府准备容忍对美国主权的无限挑衅和直接挑战。
Narrator: By the middle of March, U-boats had sunk three more American merchant ships.
旁白：到三月中旬，德国潜艇又击沉了三艘美国商船。
Wilson’s advisors unanimously advocated for a declaration of war.
威尔逊的顾问一致主张宣战。
Michael Neiberg, Historian: Everybody in the cabinet votes for war.
历史学家迈克尔·尼伯格：内阁中的每个人都投票支持战争。
And all Wilson says is, thank you gentlemen, you’ve given me a lot to think about.
威尔逊只说，谢谢你们，先生们，你们给了我很多思考。
And walks out.
然后走出去。
Narrator: Wilson retreated to his second floor study to begin work on a speech in response to the German aggression.
旁白：威尔逊回到二楼的书房，开始准备一篇针对德国侵略的演讲。
When he at last emerged, a friend recalled, “He looked as if he hadn’t slept.
当他最终出现时，一位朋友回忆道：“他看上去就像没有睡着一样。
I’d never seen him so worn down.”
我从来没有见过他如此疲惫不堪。”
John M.
约翰·M。
Cooper, Historian: Woodrow Wilson made both a strategic and a moral even spiritual decision to go in.
历史学家库珀：伍德罗·威尔逊（Woodrow Wilson）做出了进入该地区的战略、道德甚至精神决定。
Every indicator we have of both public opinion and congressional opinion is that the big majority were still in the middle.
我们掌握的公众舆论和国会舆论的每一项指标都表明，绝大多数人仍处于中间派。
Wilson could have carried them either way.
威尔逊可以用任何一种方式携带它们。
And he agonized over it.
他为此感到痛苦。
He did not want to take us into the war if he could possibly avoid it.
如果可以的话，他不想让我们卷入战争。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: As Wilson watches the events of World War I as he becomes increasingly concerned about what this means for the world, he really comes to believe that America has to do more than watch and be better, that the U.S. has to go in and show other countries and other people what one does to become better.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：当威尔逊越来越关注第一次世界大战对世界意味着什么时，他开始真正相信，美国不仅要袖手旁观，还要做得更好，美国必须走进去，向其他国家和人民展示如何才能变得更好。
Narrator: On April 2nd, as rumors of a declaration of war swirled through Washington, more than a thousand pacifists descended on the Capitol wearing sashes and armbands that read “Keep Us Out of War.” They were driven off the steps by the police.
旁白：4月2日，当宣战的谣言席卷华盛顿时，一千多名和平主义者来到国会大厦，他们的腰带和臂章上写着“让我们远离战争”。他们被警察赶下了台阶。
At 8:32p.m.
晚上 8 点 32 分
Woodrow Wilson entered the floor of the House of Representatives.
伍德罗·威尔逊进入众议院。
He was greeted by a two minute standing ovation.
全场起立为他鼓掌两分钟。
Speaking to a rapt chamber he announced that “the recent course of the Imperial German Government” was, “in fact nothing less than war against the Government and people of the United States.”
他在全神贯注的会议上宣布，“德意志帝国政府最近的做法”“实际上无异于针对美国政府和人民的战争”。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: [It is] what I consider, the greatest foreign policy speech in American history, because embedded within this speech is a single sentence, which for the last hundred years has been the bedrock of all American foreign policy.
作家斯科特·伯格：我认为，这是美国历史上最伟大的外交政策演讲，因为这篇演讲中嵌入了一句话，而这句话在过去一百年里一直是所有美国外交政策的基石。
And that sentence quite simply is this, “the world must be made safe for democracy.”
这句话很简单，就是“世界必须为民主创造安全”。
Narrator: “Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty,” Wilson continued, “We have no selfish ends to serve.
旁白：“它的和平必须建立在经过考验的政治自由的基础上，”威尔逊继续说道，“我们没有任何自私的目的可以服务。
We desire no conquest, no dominion.
我们不想要征服，不想要统治。
We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make.
我们不为自己寻求任何赔偿，也不为我们自愿做出的牺牲寻求任何物质补偿。
We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind.”
我们只是人类权利的捍卫者之一。”
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: Wilson realized the country had a new power.
斯科特·伯格，作家：威尔逊意识到这个国家拥有了新的力量。
We were not going in for treasure, we were not going in for territory.
我们不是为了宝藏，我们不是为了领土。
We were not there to be an imperial nation.
我们在那里并不是为了成为一个帝国国家。
Narrator: “There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us.” The president said in closing.
旁白：“我们可能还要经历好几个月的激烈考验和牺牲。”总统最后说道。
“It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance.
“带领这个伟大的爱好和平的人民陷入战争，陷入所有战争中最可怕和灾难性的战争，是一件可怕的事情，文明本身似乎处于平衡之中。
But .
但是。
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we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts — for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own Governments .
我们将为我们一直以来最关心的事情而战——为了民主，为了那些屈服于权威的人在自己的政府中拥有发言权的权利。
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the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured.
那一天已经到来，美国有幸为她所珍视的诞生、幸福和和平的原则付出她的鲜血和力量。
God helping her, she can do no other.” Less than three years after he had stood at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, and speculated about America’s great unfulfilled destiny, Woodrow Wilson had committed his nation to the deadliest war in human history.
上帝保佑她，她别无选择。”伍德罗·威尔逊站在费城独立厅思考美国未实现的伟大命运后不到三年，就让他的国家陷入了人类历史上最致命的战争。
He had proclaimed that America must fight, but whether the country would rally around his cause, and how and when she would do so, would be the great struggle of the months to come.
他宣称美国必须战斗，但这个国家是否会团结在他的事业周围，以及如何以及何时这样做，将是未来几个月的伟大斗争。
Part 2 Part 2 Narrator: On the evening of April 2nd, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson and his wife Edith left the Capitol and headed to the White House.
Part 2 Part 2 旁白：1917年4月2日晚上，伍德罗·威尔逊总统和他的妻子伊迪丝离开国会大厦前往白宫。
Only moments earlier, Wilson had asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany.
就在不久前，威尔逊还要求国会对德国宣战。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: It was the greatest applause Wilson had heard in his years in office.
作家斯科特·伯格：这是威尔逊在任期间听到的最热烈的掌声。
After the speech, he and his wife go back to the White House.
演讲结束后，他和妻子返回白宫。
Wilson goes into his office.
威尔逊走进他的办公室。
And he puts his head down on the table and he weeps.
他把头伏在桌子上哭泣。
And one of the men on his staff said, but Mr. President, what, what are you, what are you crying about?
他的一名幕僚说，但是总统先生，你在哭什么？
I mean you just had this incredible response in Congress.
我的意思是，你们刚刚在国会得到了令人难以置信的反应。
He said, can you imagine people applauding my asking to bring us into war?
他说，你能想象人们会为我要求将我们带入战争而鼓掌吗？
And with that he put his head down and sobbed again.
说完，他又低下头抽泣起来。
Narrator: A shaken Wilson had to confront the fact that, after struggling for nearly three years to keep America out of the Great War, he had now committed his nation to a conflict that had already left millions dead.
旁白：震惊的威尔逊不得不面对这样一个事实：在为让美国卷入第一次世界大战而奋斗了近三年之后，他现在让自己的国家陷入了一场已经造成数百万人死亡的冲突。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: We know from the record that Wilson was filled with anxieties about what he understood that he was asking the country to get itself in for he knew that he was asking the country to sacrifice in ways it had never done before, for a purpose that was not all terribly well defined.
肯尼迪，历史学家：我们从记录中得知，威尔逊对他所理解的他要求国家介入的事情充满了焦虑，因为他知道他要求国家以前所未有的方式做出牺牲，而其目的并不是非常明确。
Narrator: In his speech to Congress, the president had proclaimed that German aggression was “a challenge to all mankind.” “The world must be made safe for democracy,” he said.
旁白：总统在国会演讲中宣称，德国的侵略是“对全人类的挑战”。 “必须让世界变得安全，有利于民主，”他说。
“We shall .
“我们会的。”
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bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free.”
为所有国家带来和平与安全，让世界最终获得自由。”
Alan Axelrod, Writer: America was unique in the war because it was not fighting for survival; it was fighting for an idea.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德（Alan Axelrod），作家：美国在这场战争中是独一无二的，因为它不是为了生存而战；而是为了生存而战。它正在为一个想法而战。
And Wilson’s idea was to preserve, develop, defend a way of government and, it was hoped, spread that way of government to the world.
威尔逊的想法是保存、发展、捍卫一种政府方式，并希望将这种政府方式传播到世界各地。
Chad Williams, Historian: Woodrow Wilson was fighting for this ideal of democracy on a global scale.
历史学家查德·威廉姆斯：伍德罗·威尔逊正在为全球范围内的民主理想而奋斗。
But what will it mean to fight a war on largely ideological grounds?
但主要基于意识形态的战争意味着什么？
How do you rally a very divided country behind that?
如何让一个分裂严重的国家团结起来？
Narrator: Americans began to notice the posters almost overnight.
旁白：美国人几乎在一夜之间就开始注意到这些海报。
Within weeks they were everywhere — plastered on buildings and displayed in trolley cars, hung in the windows of restaurants and in barbershops.
几周之内，它们就遍布各处——贴在建筑物上、陈列在电车上、挂在餐馆和理发店的橱窗里。
America was suddenly at war and the message was inescapable: Loyal citizens were expected to do everything they could to support Woodrow Wilson’s crusade for democracy.
美国突然陷入战争，传达的信息是不可避免的：忠诚的公民应该尽一切努力支持伍德罗·威尔逊的民主运动。
The campaign was the handiwork of a former journalist from Missouri, George Creel, who had helped Wilson retain the White House in 1916, using the campaign slogan: “He Kept Us Out of War.” Now, only a week after the declaration, Wilson turned to Creel to convince Americans to get behind the war as quickly as possible.
这场竞选活动是密苏里州前记者乔治·克里尔 (George Creel) 的杰作，他曾于 1916 年帮助威尔逊保住了白宫，竞选口号是：“他让我们远离战争”。现在，就在宣言发表一周后，威尔逊转向克里尔说服美国人尽快支持这场战争。
“It was a plain publicity proposition,” Creel recalled, “a vast enterprise in salesmanship.” Wilson needed Creel’s help.
“这是一个简单的宣传主张，”克里尔回忆道，“这是一项巨大的推销事业。”威尔逊需要克里尔的帮助。
Despite his eloquent call for intervention, the president knew the nation was deeply divided about the conflict.
尽管总统雄辩地呼吁进行干预，但他知道全国对这场冲突存在严重分歧。
Fifty members of the House and six Senators had voted against the war resolution.
五十名众议院议员和六名参议员投票反对这项战争决议。
Senator Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin, argued that Americans opposed the war by a margin of 10-1.
威斯康星州参议员罗伯特·拉福莱特认为，美国人以 10 比 1 的优势反对这场战争。
The Socialist Party of America, under its leader, Eugene Debs, denounced the struggle as “a crime against the people of the United States.”
美国社会党在其领导人尤金·德布斯的领导下谴责这场斗争是“对美国人民的犯罪”。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Eugene Debs was an unyielding spokesman for working class and labor concerns.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：尤金·德布斯是工人阶级和劳工问题的坚定代言人。
He also strongly opposed the U.S. entry into the war.
他还强烈反对美国参战。
He believed that workers of the world had more in common with each other than they did with the ruling parties of the nations that were at war.
他认为，世界各地的工人之间的共同点比他们与交战国家的执政党之间的共同点更多。
Narrator: Further fueling opposition, Wilson was making plans to institute a draft.
旁白：威尔逊正在计划制定一项草案，这进一步加剧了反对的声音。
In response, the anarchist Emma Goldman founded the “No-Conscription League” and organized protests all across the country.
作为回应，无政府主义者艾玛·戈德曼成立了“不征兵联盟”，并在全国各地组织了抗议活动。
Nancy K.
南希·K.
Bristow, Historian: The idea of the draft is very controversial.
历史学家布里斯托：草案的想法非常有争议。
The idea that the government can call on you or call on you to give up your son to go put their life on the line is absolutely counter to the notion of American individualism or what an American democracy looks like.
政府可以呼吁你或呼吁你放弃你的儿子去冒生命危险的想法绝对违背美国个人主义或美国民主的理念。
Narrator: Facing such determined opposition, Wilson and Creel conceived of a plan to galvanize support for the war.
旁白：面对如此坚决的反对，威尔逊和克里尔制定了一项计划来争取对战争的支持。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: Creel was a pioneer, you might say in the field of public relations.
肯尼迪，历史学家：克里尔可以说是公共关系领域的先驱。
And then Wilson appoints him the head of something called the Committee on Public Information, which, not to put too fine a point on it, is essentially the U.S. government’s agency for propaganda.
然后威尔逊任命他为公共信息委员会的负责人，毫不夸张地说，该委员会本质上是美国政府的宣传机构。
Narrator: Creel was a passionate believer in the rightness of the president’s cause, and he saw it as his mission to educate Americans about the war’s enlightened aims.
旁白：克里尔坚信总统事业的正确性，他认为自己的使命是教育美国人了解战争的开明目标。
His Committee on Public Information, the CPI, began in tiny quarters, but was soon bursting at the seams.
他的公共信息委员会（CPI）一开始规模很小，但很快就人满为患。
The Division of Pictorial Publicity featured posters painted by famous illustrators like Charles Dana Gibson that portrayed the war as a heroic fight for democracy and freedom.
图片宣传部的海报由查尔斯·达纳·吉布森等著名插画家绘制，将这场战争描绘成一场争取民主和自由的英勇斗争。
Pamphlets called “Loyalty Leaflets” and the “Red, White and Blue” series, were printed by the millions in fourteen different languages, explaining the principles the country was fighting for in simple terms that every American could understand.
数百万人用十四种不同的语言印制了名为“忠诚传单”和“红、白、蓝”系列的小册子，用每个美国人都能理解的简单语言解释了这个国家正在争取的原则。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Wilson is asking the American people to make the world safe for democracy.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：威尔逊要求美国人民为民主创造安全的世界。
Germany had become a symbol of autocracy, of violence, of un-freedom that needed to be destroyed.
德国已经成为独裁、暴力和不自由的象征，需要予以摧毁。
Narrator: “It was [a] fight for the minds of men .
旁白：“这是一场争夺人类思想的斗争……。
.
。
.” Creel recalled “and moral verdicts took on all the value of military decisions.”
”。克里尔回忆道，“道德判断具有军事决策的所有价值。”
Alan Axelrod, Writer: Creel saw his problem as transforming the American people into one white hot mass of enthusiasm for the war and the CPI went from a bureaucracy of one person to an army of about a hundred thousand people in the space of a couple of months.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德（Alan Axelrod），作家：克里尔认为他的问题在于如何将美国人民转变为对战争充满热情的群体，而印度共产党在几个月的时间里从一个人的官僚机构变成了一支大约十万人的军队。
Narrator: Creel’s propaganda campaign was a mix of inspired improvisation and disciplined commitment to the government’s message.
旁白：克里尔的宣传活动结合了富有灵感的即兴创作和对政府信息的严格承诺。
For Woodrow Wilson, however, it wasn’t enough.
然而，对于伍德罗·威尔逊来说，这还不够。
He had long argued for a law that gave him the power to penalize disloyalty and root out subversion wherever it could be found.
长期以来，他一直主张制定一项法律，赋予他惩罚不忠行为并根除任何可能发现的颠覆行为的权力。
On June 15 th , he got his wish.
6月15日，他如愿以偿。
Congress passed the Espionage Act, an unprecedented measure that made it a crime to “collect, record, publish or communicate” information that might be useful to the enemy.
国会通过了《间谍法》，这是一项史无前例的措施，将“收集、记录、发布或传播”可能对敌人有用的信息定为犯罪行为。
Richard Rubin, Writer: The Espionage Act was passed ostensibly to prevent espionage but really it clamped down on dissent.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：《间谍法》的通过表面上是为了防止间谍活动，但实际上它是为了压制异议。
It was used to battle any kind of antiwar vocalization.
它被用来对抗任何类型的反战声音。
Wilson was a very complicated man.
威尔逊是一个非常复杂的人。
On the one hand he was a professor, he was a devotee of the constitution; at the same time he was a very proud, some might say egotistical man, and from the moment America entered the war he identified the cause of the war with himself.
一方面，他是一位教授，他是宪法的奉献者；另一方面，他又是一位宪法的拥护者。与此同时，他是一个非常骄傲的人，有些人可能会说他是一个自负的人，从美国参战那一刻起，他就将战争的原因归咎于自己。
And he absolutely would not tolerate any dissent from anybody.
而他绝对不会容忍任何人的异议。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: It’s really kind of amazing how quickly the public mood changed from skepticism, reluctance, opposition to war to big majorities were full-throatedly in favor of the war.
历史学家肯尼迪：公众情绪从怀疑、不情愿、反对战争转变为绝大多数人全力支持战争，这真是令人惊讶。
It didn’t just happen spontaneously.
这并不是自发发生的。
The government went about the business of deliberately cultivating enthusiasm for the war and deliberately suppressing any negative voices.
政府刻意培养战争热情，刻意压制任何负面声音。
Narrator: The flood of propaganda and the power of the Espionage Act sent an unmistakable message to the American public: The time for open debate was over; the country was now on a war footing and every citizen was expected to get in line.
旁白：大量的宣传和《间谍法》的威力向美国公众发出了一个明确无误的信息：公开辩论的时间结束了；公开辩论的时代结束了。该国现在正处于战争状态，每个公民都应该排队。
Narrator: On the morning of June 13 th , 1917, the steamship Invicta was brought up to the pier at the French port of Boulogne.
旁白：1917年6月13日上午，“因维克塔”号轮船驶抵法国布洛涅港的码头。
Standing at the rail was the commander of the American Army, General John Pershing.
站在栏杆旁的是美国陆军司令约翰·潘兴将军。
He had come to France to give a symbolic boost to America’s new allies, and find out for himself the status of the European war.
他来到法国是为了给美国的新盟友带来象征性的推动，并亲自了解欧洲战争的状况。
Pershing was a tall, ramrod-straight career officer with a lantern jaw and manicured moustache; one reporter wrote that “no man ever looked more the ordained leader of fighting men.”
潘兴是一位身材高大、笔直的职业军官，有着灯笼般的下巴和修剪整齐的小胡子。一位记者写道：“没有人比他更像被任命为战士的领袖。”
Richard Rubin, Writer: If you had a song, a World War I song, and you wanted it to sell, the surest way to make sure it did was to find a way to put General Pershing’s face on the cover of the sheet music.
作家理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin）：如果你有一首歌，一首第一次世界大战的歌曲，并且你希望它能畅销，那么确保它成功的最可靠方法就是找到一种方法，将潘兴将军的头像放在乐谱的封面上。
Pershing was made to sell a war.
潘兴是为了推销战争而生的。
He was a man that the mothers and wives of soldiers, somehow felt that they could trust with their boys.
士兵的母亲和妻子不知何故觉得可以信任他来照顾自己的孩子。
Narrator: As a young officer, Pershing had served in the West, leading the African-American 10 th Cavalry.
旁白：作为一名年轻军官，潘兴曾在西部服役，领导非洲裔美国人第 10 骑兵团。
He had gone on to distinguish himself in heavy fighting during the Spanish-American War and in the jungles of the Philippines.
他在美西战争期间的激烈战斗和菲律宾丛林中表现出色。
Then, his expedition to hunt down the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa had made Pershing front-page news.
随后，他追捕墨西哥革命者潘乔·维拉的探险队登上了潘兴的头版新闻。
But only two years before his arrival in France his world came crashing down.
但就在他抵达法国的前两年，他的世界崩溃了。
Andrew Carroll, Writer: In August of 1915, his little girls and beautiful wife all perished in a house fire.
安德鲁·卡罗尔，作家：1915 年 8 月，他的小女儿和美丽的妻子在一场房屋火灾中全部丧生。
To have your whole family wiped out in one fire is just so heartbreaking and horrific.
一场火灾让全家人被烧毁，真是令人心碎和可怕。
In the consequence of such a breathtaking loss, I think he almost found solace in focusing on this extraordinary mission to win the war.
由于遭受了如此惊人的损失，我认为他几乎在专注于赢得战争的非凡使命中找到了安慰。
Narrator: Pershing was a strict disciplinarian, and quick to fire subordinates who failed to measure up to his exacting standards.
旁白：潘兴是一位纪律严明的人，对于未能达到他严格标准的下属，他会迅速解雇。
He worried about the welfare of his men, but never cultivated their affection.
他担心手下的福祉，却从不培养他们的感情。
When he received his commission he was given command of the entire American army.
当他接受任命时，他被任命指挥整个美国军队。
Not since Ulysses S.
自从尤利西斯·S.
Grant was made Supreme commander during the Civil War, had any general been given such sweeping power.
格兰特在内战期间被任命为最高指挥官，这是任何将军都没有被授予如此全面的权力的。
But when Pershing had met with the president, Wilson hadn’t offered any vision for the conduct of the war.
但当潘兴会见总统时，威尔逊并没有对战争的进行提出任何愿景。
“I have every confidence that you will succeed,” was all he told his general.
“我完全相信你会成功，”这是他对他的将军说的全部话。
Pershing, however, was deeply worried.
然而潘兴却深感忧虑。
For nearly three years, as the United States stood on the sidelines, the warring nations of Europe had battered themselves relentlessly.
近三年来，在美国袖手旁观的情况下，欧洲交战国家不断自相残杀。
In 1914, the Germans invaded France, through neutral Belgium, only to be stopped by the French and their allies, the British.
1914 年，德国人通过中立的比利时入侵法国，但被法国及其盟友英国阻止。
Both sides dug networks of trenches that soon stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border.
双方都挖掘了战壕网络，很快就从英吉利海峡延伸到瑞士边境。
Then they proceeded to hammer away at each other, gaining little ground and suffering casualties in the millions.
然后他们开始互相攻击，几乎没有取得进展，并造成数百万人伤亡。
To the east, Germany and her ally, Austria-Hungary, flung themselves against Russia’s huge armies, and by 1917, Russia seemed on the brink of collapse.
在东方，德国及其盟友奥匈帝国猛烈进攻俄罗斯庞大的军队，到 1917 年，俄罗斯似乎处于崩溃的边缘。
Into this continent in chaos, Pershing would have to lead his American Expeditionary Forces.
潘兴必须率领他的美国远征军进入这片混乱的大陆。
Privately, Pershing knew that no one in America’s military establishment had ever contemplated the immense task of training and then transporting a huge army across the Atlantic.
私下里，潘兴知道，美国军事机构中没有人考虑过训练然后运送一支庞大军队穿越大西洋的艰巨任务。
There was no plan, no organization, no equipment.
没有计划，没有组织，没有设备。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: When Wilson declares war, the total armed trained force of the United States is less than a quarter of a million men.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金：当威尔逊宣战时，美国受过训练的武装部队总数还不到一百万人。
The British Army loses more than that in one battle.
英国陆军在一场战斗中的损失还不止于此。
Jay Winter, Historian: There was no reason to believe from past history that the United States could build up a military that fast.
历史学家杰伊·温特：从过去的历史来看，没有理由相信美国能够如此迅速地建立一支军队。
Arm them, train them, equip them and get them across.
武装他们、训练他们、装备他们并让他们渡过难关。
The Germans were persuaded that the United States could not do it.
德国人相信美国做不到。
Narrator: When Pershing arrived in Paris he was greeted with a tremendous outpouring of emotion from the war-weary French.
旁白：当潘兴抵达巴黎时，厌倦了战争的法国人热情洋溢地迎接了他。
After a round of social engagements and ceremonial visits, he met with French commander-in-chief Philippe Pétain, and the mood turned somber.
经过一轮应酬和礼仪性访问后，他会见了法国总司令菲利普·贝当，气氛变得阴郁。
On June 16 th , Pershing was taken on a tour of the front, and the magnitude of the Allies’ predicament quickly became clear.
6月16日，潘兴视察了前线，盟军困境的严重程度很快就显现出来。
Already, the French had lost nearly a million men.
法国人已经损失了近百万人。
British losses approached 350,000.
英国损失接近35万人。
Exhausted by the unending slaughter, tens of thousands of French soldiers had mutinied and refused to fight.
数以万计的法国士兵因无休止的屠杀而疲惫不堪，纷纷叛变并拒绝战斗。
Only the execution of their ringleaders, Pétain’s promotion to commander-in-chief, and his assurances of better treatment for the men, prevented the army from total collapse.
只有处决了他们的头目，贝当晋升为总司令，并保证为士兵提供更好的待遇，才阻止了军队的全面崩溃。
When asked about his strategy, all Petain would say was “I am waiting for .
当被问及他的策略时，贝当只会说“我在等待……”。
.
。
.
。
the Americans.” With their own armies on the brink of collapse, French and British officers argued that without Pershing’s troops the war would be lost.
美国人。”由于自己的军队处于崩溃的边缘，法国和英国军官认为，如果没有潘兴的军队，战争就会失败。
Richard Rubin, Writer: Pershing resisted a tremendous amount of pressure to just hand over American troops to French and British command.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：潘兴顶住了巨大的压力，将美国军队移交给法国和英国指挥。
He didn’t like the way that they’d been waging the war up to that point.
他不喜欢他们迄今为止发动战争的方式。
He didn’t care for trench warfare.
他不喜欢堑壕战。
He thought the whole thing was a big mess that was going nowhere.
他认为整件事是一团糟，毫无进展。
Narrator: Behind Pershing’s intransigence was a direct order from the president of the United States.
旁白：潘兴的顽固背后是美国总统的直接命令。
Woodrow Wilson wanted an army that would receive full credit for its victories on the battlefield.
伍德罗·威尔逊希望军队能够因战场上的胜利而得到充分的赞扬。
He insisted that American troops operate independently from the British and the French.
他坚持认为美国军队的行动独立于英国和法国。
Jay Winter, Historian: The American army had to have a major and independent role because Wilson wanted to have, after the war, a major and independent role in the peace.
历史学家杰伊·温特：美国军队必须发挥主要而独立的作用，因为威尔逊希望在战后在和平时期发挥主要而独立的作用。
The United States was the new power, it was the future.
美国是新的强国，是未来。
Narrator: As his tour of the front lines came to an end, Pershing dispatched a cable that sent shockwaves through Washington.
旁白：当他的前线之旅即将结束时，潘兴发出了一封电报，震惊了整个华盛顿。
He believed he would need a million men in France, perhaps as many as three million.
他相信法国需要 100 万士兵，也许多达 300 万。
And he estimated it would take almost a year to get them there.
他估计需要将近一年的时间才能让他们到达那里。
As he pondered the harsh realities of the war on the Western Front, and the immense challenge of bringing American troops to the battlefield, Pershing was reminded of what Pétain had said when he first arrived — “I hope it is not too late.”
当潘兴思考西线战争的严酷现实以及将美军送上战场的巨大挑战时，他想起了贝当刚到时所说的话：“我希望现在还不算太晚。”
Song: Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun, Take it on the run, on the run, on the run; Hear them calling you and me; Every son of liberty
歌曲：约翰尼拿起你的枪，拿起你的枪，拿起你的枪，带着它奔跑，奔跑，奔跑；听到他们呼唤你和我；每一个自由之子
Richard Rubin, Writer: The song, “Over There” quickly became the anthem of the war.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：歌曲“Over There”很快成为战争的赞歌。
It was a very important part of Americans making peace with the fact that they had to go to war.
这是美国人与不得不参战的事实和平相处的一个非常重要的部分。
Song: Make your mother proud of you; And the old red, white and blue.
歌曲：让你的妈妈为你感到骄傲；还有旧的红、白、蓝。
Richard Rubin, Writer: It’s a song whose lyrics and rhythm combine to get you up out of your chair, and want to go out and do something great.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：这首歌的歌词和节奏结合在一起，让你从椅子上站起来，想要出去做一些伟大的事情。
Song: We’ll be over, we’re coming over, And we won’t come back till it’s over over there.
宋：我们会结束，我们会过去，直到那边我们才会回来。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: Everybody around me was going crazy about the war.
配音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：我周围的每个人都为战争而疯狂。
I [had] as bad a case of war fever as the next fellow.
我和其他人一样有严重的战争狂热。
Worse probably.
可能更糟。
Because when America went into the war I’d made up my mind that for once I was going to do the same thing everybody else was doing.
因为当美国卷入战争时，我下定决心，这一次我要做其他人都在做的同样的事情。
Song: And we won’t come back till it’s over over there.
宋：到了那边我们才会回来。
Narrator: John Barkley was just one of tens of thousands of men responding to the Wilson Administration’s call for soldiers.
旁白：约翰·巴克利只是响应威尔逊政府征召士兵的数万名士兵之一。
He had grown up fishing and hunting along Scalybark Creek in the rough farm country of western Missouri, and claimed his skills as a frontiersman could be traced back to his distant ancestor, Daniel Boone.
他在密苏里州西部崎岖的农田里的鳞皮溪沿岸钓鱼和打猎长大，并声称他作为拓荒者的技能可以追溯到他的远祖丹尼尔·布恩。
Barkley was swept up in the enthusiasm for the war, but the reality was, he had little choice in the matter.
巴克利沉浸在对战争的热情中，但现实是，他在这件事上别无选择。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: In order to just enter the war at all, the United States has to raise, from nothing, an army of millions, but they can’t rely on volunteering because it just would take too long so they realized they needed to have some kind of draft.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金：为了真正参战，美国必须白手起家，组建一支数以百万计的军队，但他们不能依赖志愿兵，因为这需要很长时间，所以他们意识到他们需要某种征兵。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: The idea of the draft was controversial in the very beginning because the draft implies that men don't want to fight this war and you're forcing the country to fight.
历史学家基恩：征兵的想法一开始就引起了争议，因为征兵意味着人们不想打这场战争，而你却在强迫国家打仗。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: There’d only been a draft one prior time in American history, in the Civil War, and it did not go well.
历史学家肯尼迪：在美国历史上，在内战期间只出现过一次草案，而且进展并不顺利。
There were anti-draft riots in the North during the Civil War, Wilson was very self-conscious about that.
南北战争期间，北方发生了反征兵骚乱，威尔逊对此非常敏感。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: Wilson has a big sales job that he has to make about conscription.
历史学家基恩：威尔逊有一项关于征兵的重要推销工作。
And so he doesn't call it conscription and he doesn't call it the draft.
所以他不称其为征兵，也不称其为征兵。
What does he call it?
他怎么称呼它？
He calls it Selective Service.
他称之为选择性服役。
Narrator: Wilson’s plan was designed to tap into the nation’s spirit of volunteerism.
旁白：威尔逊的计划旨在发挥国家的志愿服务精神。
Men like Barkley were urged to register and the government would then select who would serve and who would remain exempt.
像巴克利这样的人被敦促登记，然后政府将选择谁将服役，谁将保持豁免。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: The whole system traded on the idea that we the government are simply facilitating volunteering.
历史学家肯尼迪：整个系统的交易理念是我们政府只是在促进志愿服务。
This idea that there is something noble and patriotic about service and that’s the emotion we are going to mobilize to get people to do their duty even against their will.
服务是一种崇高和爱国的理念，这就是我们要动员的情感，让人们即使违背自己的意愿也能履行自己的职责。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: Even though the government is reaching in and pulling Johnny out of the living room and putting him into uniform it seems like they had volunteered to be drafted.
理查德·斯洛特金，历史学家：尽管政府正在介入并将约翰尼从客厅里拉出来并让他穿上制服，但他们似乎是自愿应征入伍的。
Narrator: On June 5 th , 1917, nine and a half million American men, from Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to Great Falls, Minnesota, from Bedford Stuyvesant in Brooklyn to San Francisco’s Chinatown — marched into city halls and county courthouses to register for the draft.
旁白：1917 年 6 月 5 日，九五十万美国男子，从爱荷华州的锡达拉皮兹到明尼苏达州的大瀑布城，从布鲁克林的贝德福德·史岱文森到旧金山的唐人街，游行到市政厅和县法院登记应征入伍。
Each man filled out a registration card, noting his occupation, and his place of birth.
每个人都填写了一张登记卡，注明他的职业和出生地。
At the bottom, the instructions read: “If person is of African descent, tear off this corner.” The first step in the creation of a strictly segregated army.
底部的说明写着：“如果是非洲人后裔，请撕掉这个角。”建立严格隔离的军队的第一步。
Chad Williams, Historian: African American troops were very explicitly seen as a problem.
历史学家查德·威廉姆斯：非裔美国军队被非常明确地视为一个问题。
That’s how they were described by the War Department, the problem of black officers.
这就是陆军部对黑人军官问题的描述。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: A Senator from Mississippi, I think correctly, says once you draft a negro man and give him a gun and tell him to fight with it, it's one short step for him thinking that he should fight for his rights at home.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：我认为正确的是，密西西比州的一位参议员说，一旦你征召一名黑人，给他一把枪，并告诉他用它去战斗，这对他来说是一小步，他认为他应该在国内为自己的权利而战。
Narrator: Although millions registered, not everyone agreed to serve in the new American Army.
旁白：尽管有数百万人登记，但并非所有人都同意在新的美国陆军中服役。
On his draft card under the question “Do you claim exemption from draft?” Alvin C.
在他的征兵卡上，问题“你是否要求征兵豁免？”阿尔文·C.
York wrote, “Yes, don’t want to fight.” Another man was even more direct, asserting that war was “murder.” In the end, 64,000 men claimed exemptions as conscientious objectors.
约克写道：“是的，不想打架。”另一个人则更直接，声称战争是“谋杀”。最终，64,000 名男子以良心拒服兵役者身份申请豁免。
More than three million others, known as slackers, evaded the call to arms altogether.
超过三百万人被称为“懒鬼”，完全逃避了战斗的号召。
The resistance did nothing to stop the Wilson administration’s plans.
抵抗运动没有采取任何行动来阻止威尔逊政府的计划。
On July 20 th , a crowd of dignitaries and journalists filled a hearing room in the Senate Office Building.
7月20日，参议院办公大楼的听证室挤满了一群政要和记者。
As the newsreel cameras rolled, the first draft of the Great War began.
随着新闻片镜头的转动，第一次世界大战的初稿开始了。
By the end of day, more than 680,000 men had been selected.
到当天结束时，已有超过 680,000 名男子被选中。
Edward A.
爱德华·A.
Gutiérrez, Historian: The composition of draftees is as mixed as America.
历史学家古铁雷斯：应征入伍者的构成与美国一样复杂。
Poles, Scandinavians, Germans.
波兰人、斯堪的纳维亚人、德国人。
There are African-American soldiers, Native American soldiers, Latino soldiers.
有非洲裔美国士兵、美洲原住民士兵、拉丁裔士兵。
There are Mexican-Americans from New Mexico and Texas — Tejanos — and, also, Puerto Ricans.
其中有来自新墨西哥州和德克萨斯州的墨西哥裔美国人（Tejanos），还有波多黎各人。
Narrator: José de la Luz Sáenz, a schoolteacher from Realitos, Texas, was not called up in the first round of the draft, but he tried to enlist anyway.
旁白：何塞·德拉·卢斯·萨恩斯 (José de la Luz Sáenz) 是德克萨斯州雷利托斯市的一名教师，他在第一轮选秀中没有被征召入伍，但他还是尝试入伍。
Voice: José de la Luz Sáenz: I was hungry for adventure and accustomed to hard times.
配音：José de la Luz Sáenz：我渴望冒险并习惯了艰难时期。
I welcomed anything…I knew that in the midst of the ruinous world war it was necessary to show everyone that I was a true representative of our people.
我欢迎任何事情……我知道，在毁灭性的世界大战中，有必要向所有人表明我是我们人民的真正代表。
Narrator: John Lewis Barkley was told to report to Camp Funston, in northeastern Kansas.
旁白：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利奉命前往堪萨斯州东北部的芬斯顿营地报到。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: I didn’t have many good-bys [sic] to say.
配音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：我没有太多道别[原文如此]。
There were my dogs, and my old horse (Charley), and my family, and a girl .
有我的狗、我的老马（查理）、我的家人和一个女孩。
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。
.
。
Just before leaving for camp I got really engaged to my girl, with a ring and everything .
就在出发去露营之前，我和我的女孩订婚了，订婚了戒指等等。
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。
.
。
It was the most important thing that had ever happened to me.
这是发生在我身上最重要的事情。
Except getting in the army.
除了参军。
Narrator: In the face of determined opposition, Woodrow Wilson had succeeded in laying the groundwork for the biggest armed force the United States had ever seen.
旁白：面对坚决的反对，伍德罗·威尔逊成功地为美国有史以来最大规模的武装部队奠定了基础。
And yet, Wilson knew that millions of men in uniform alone would not be enough to bring America’s power to bear on the conflict.
然而，威尔逊知道，仅靠数以百万计的军人还不足以让美国的力量介入这场冲突。
“It is not an army that we must shape and train for war,” he proclaimed, “It is a nation.”
“我们必须为战争塑造和训练的不是一支军队，”他宣称，“这是一个国家。”
Song: “Let’s All Be Americans Now” Now is the time, to fall in line; You swore that you would, so be true to your vow: Let’s all be Americans now!
歌曲：“现在让我们都成为美国人” 现在是时候排队了；你发誓你会的，所以要忠于你的誓言：现在让我们都成为美国人！
Narrator: Not since the arrival of the Ringling Brothers Circus could New Yorkers remember so many elephants marching down Fifth Avenue.
旁白：自从林林兄弟马戏团到来以来，纽约人还记得没有这么多大象沿着第五大道游行。
They were part of a huge rally to sell Liberty Bonds, an innovation created to get the American public to not only support the war, but to invest in it too.
他们是出售自由债券的大规模集会的一部分，自由债券是一项创新，旨在让美国公众不仅支持战争，而且也投资战争。
In charge of selling these new bonds was George Creel, and his Committee on Public Information.
负责出售这些新债券的是乔治·克里尔和他的公共信息委员会。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Liberty Bond drives opened up a fire-hose of propaganda.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉（Christopher Capozzola）：自由邦德运动打开了宣传的水管。
The CPI mobilized movie stars for the Liberty Loan message.
CPI 动员电影明星传递自由贷款信息。
Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, all of the greatest stars of their day.
玛丽·碧克馥、查理·卓别林，都是当时最伟大的明星。
Celebrity culture is just starting to emerge, and they can turn out crowds, and those crowds then become some of the biggest rallies that you see on the home front during the war.
名人文化才刚刚开始出现，他们可以吸引人群，然后这些人群就会成为战争期间在后方看到的最大的集会。
Narrator: Hollywood studios were also happy to help, staging one of their war pictures in New York’s Van Cortlandt Park.
旁白：好莱坞电影公司也很乐意提供帮助，在纽约范科特兰特公园拍摄了一部战争片。
Theaters across the country showed films like “The Kaiser: The Beast of Berlin,” “The Prussian Cur,” and “The Claws of the Hun.” Creel even found a way to push his message when the movie screens were dark.
全国各地的剧院都放映了《凯撒：柏林野兽》、《普鲁士野狗》和《匈奴之爪》等电影。克里尔甚至找到了一种在电影屏幕黑暗时传达他的信息的方法。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: In between every reel of film, there was a four-minute break when the projectionist had to change the reels.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉（Christopher Capozzola）：在每卷电影之间，放映员必须更换卷轴，有四分钟的休息时间。
Somewhere along the way, someone at the CPI hit on the idea that this was a perfectly captive audience for the delivery of the war message.
在此过程中，印度共产党的某个人突发奇想，认为这是传递战争信息的完美俘虏听众。
Narrator: Night after night, prominent members of the local community would stand up and deliver short patriotic speeches.
旁白：夜复一夜，当地社区的知名人士都会站起来发表简短的爱国演讲。
They became known as the “Four-Minute Men,” and what began in movie theaters quickly spread to any venue where an audience assembled.
他们被称为“四分钟男人”，从电影院开始的表演迅速传播到任何有观众聚集的场所。
In New York, Creel’s volunteer army addressed half a million people each week.
在纽约，克里尔的志愿军每周向 50 万人提供服务。
Ten men gave talks in Yiddish, seven in Italian.
十个人用意第绪语演讲，七个人用意大利语演讲。
President Wilson himself gave a Four-Minute speech.
威尔逊总统本人发表了四分钟的讲话。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: These four-minute men would give a talk on some aspect of Americanism — why we are fighting, what are the principles we’re fighting for?
作家斯科特·伯格：这些四分钟的人会就美国主义的某些方面进行演讲——我们为什么而战，我们为之奋斗的原则是什么？
Narrator: The appearance of spontaneity masked a carefully scripted government message.
旁白：自发的外表掩盖了精心编写的政府信息。
“These were no haphazard talks by nondescripts,” Creel insisted, “but the careful, studied, and rehearsed efforts of the best men in each community, each speech aimed as a rifle is aimed, and driving to its mark with the precision of a bullet.”
克里尔坚持说：“这些演讲并不是平淡无奇的随意演讲，而是每个社区最优秀人士的精心、研究和排练的努力，每一次演讲都像步枪瞄准一样，像子弹一样精确地击中目标。”
Alan Axelrod, Writer: They were guided by a central authority, but always in the own words of the individual giving the speech and he was usually a person who was known in the community.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德（Alan Axelrod），作家：他们受到中央权威的指导，但总是用演讲者自己的话来指导，而且他通常是社区中知名的人。
He was not saying this is what the government says.
他并不是说政府就是这么说的。
He was saying I’m an intelligent person, successful person, this is what I think, you should think this way too.
他说我是一个聪明的人，一个成功的人，我是这么想的，你也应该这么想。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: The federal government figures out ways to come to you.
历史学家基恩：联邦政府想出了办法来找你。
Want to watch a movie?
想看电影吗？
Up pops a Four-Minute Man to give you a little speech about the war.
弹出一个四分钟男人给你一个关于战争的简短演讲。
Go to the county fair?
去县城集市吗？
As you’re walking in, somebody comes up to you, “Would you like to subscribe to war bond?” Go to work, you’re going to have to agree to donate a portion of your paycheck to buying a war stamp.
当你走进去时，有人走过来问你：“你想认购战争债券吗？”去上班，你必须同意捐出一部分薪水来购买战争邮票。
There are a myriad of ways in which the federal government inserts this propaganda into your daily life.
联邦政府可以通过多种方式将这种宣传融入到您的日常生活中。
It’s impossible to escape from it.
想要摆脱它是不可能的。
Narrator: The success of the first round of the draft presented the Wilson administration with a problem.
旁白：第一轮选秀的成功给威尔逊政府带来了一个问题。
They had nowhere to put their new soldiers.
他们没有地方安置新士兵。
In the summer of 1917, the government embarked on a crash program to build sixteen Army compounds that would accommodate up to a half million draftees from every corner of the country.
1917 年夏天，政府启动了一项紧急计划，修建 16 个陆军大院，可容纳来自全国各地的 50 万应征入伍的士兵。
Camp Funston was carved out of a meadow in just five months.
芬斯顿营地仅用了五个月的时间就在一片草地上建成了。
It encompassed 3,000 buildings sprawling over 2,000 acres, mostly two-story barracks, but also a library, hospitals, an arcade filled with stores, restaurants, movie theaters, and the biggest pool hall in the state of Kansas.
它包括 3,000 栋建筑，占地 2,000 多英亩，其中大部分是两层营房，还有图书馆、医院、布满商店、餐馆、电影院的拱廊以及堪萨斯州最大的台球厅。
John Barkley and his fellow recruits had little time to enjoy the amenities.
约翰·巴克利和他的新兵们几乎没有时间享受这些便利设施。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: Camp Funston was a dismal place .
配音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：芬斯顿营是一个阴郁的地方。
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They started us out at once on close order drill and calisthenics, and they gave it to us on a fourteen-hour-a-day schedule .
他们立即让我们开始进行严格的训练和健美操，并按照每天十四小时的时间表进行训练。
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。
I didn’t mind the drilling half as much as I did the monotony.
我不介意钻探，也不介意单调。
Narrator: Barkley found himself surrounded by a babel of strange accents, exotic languages, and alien customs.
旁白：巴克利发现自己周围充满了奇怪的口音、异国语言和外星习俗。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: The bunks were only a few inches apart, and there was a Mexican in the one next to mine.
配音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：铺位之间的距离只有几英寸，我旁边的铺位上有一个墨西哥人。
He was pretty sick, but he never complained, and I got to like him.
他病得很重，但他从不抱怨，我开始喜欢他。
Edward A.
爱德华·A.
Gutiérrez, Historian: While the army is segregated for African Americans, Native Americans and Mexican Americans are still seen as white.
历史学家古铁雷斯：虽然军队对非裔美国人实行种族隔离，但美洲原住民和墨西哥裔美国人仍然被视为白人。
So they’re included with the rest of the white soldiers.
所以他们被包括在其他白人士兵中。
Richard Rubin, Writer: Before this time most Americans associated only with people who were just like them in terms of background.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：在此之前，大多数美国人只与背景与他们相似的人交往。
But all of a sudden you’ve got this National Army and people don’t have the luxury or the liberty of sticking to their own kind anymore.
但突然之间，有了这支国民军，人们就不再有坚持自己同类的奢侈或自由了。
Narrator: No place typified the teeming diversity of the new army like Camp Upton on Long Island.
旁白：没有哪个地方能像长岛的厄普顿营那样代表新军队的丰富多样性。
It received thousands of men from what was known as the Metropolitan Division, all drawn from the streets of New York.
它接收了来自大都会分区的数千名人员，他们全部来自纽约街头。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: It’s also called the Melting Pot division, Statue of Liberty division, it’s said that the enlisted men speak 42 different languages not counting English.
理查德·斯洛特金（Richard Slotkin），历史学家：它也被称为“熔炉师”、“自由女神像师”，据说士兵们会说 42 种不同的语言（不包括英语）。
Narrator: The officers came from the city’s upper class, including Wall Street lawyers, prominent businessmen, and members of the political elite.
旁白：这些官员来自该市的上层阶级，包括华尔街律师、著名商人和政治精英。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: These guys are dealing with the ghetto rats, the Italians from Little Italy, the Jewish tailors and pants pressers from the Lower East Side, the Chinese from Chinatown and they’re supposed to not only make them into soldiers, they’re supposed to make them Americans.
理查德·斯洛特金（Richard Slotkin），历史学家：这些家伙正在与贫民区的老鼠、来自小意大利的意大利人、来自下东区的犹太裁缝和裤子熨烫师、来自唐人街的中国人打交道，他们不仅应该让他们成为士兵，还应该让他们成为美国人。
Narrator: In the decades leading up to the Great War, as many as 23 million immigrants had poured into the United States.
旁白：在第一次世界大战之前的几十年里，多达2300万移民涌入美国。
By 1917, a third of Americans had been born in a foreign land, or had a parent who had emigrated from abroad.
到 1917 年，三分之一的美国人出生在外国，或者父母是从国外移民的。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: This was a moment of massive immigration in our society and there were lots of questions in the air about just how well could this society absorb immigrants on this scale.
历史学家肯尼迪：这是我们社会大规模移民的时刻，人们对这个社会如何能够吸收如此规模的移民提出了很多疑问。
Some people saw mobilization for the war as a way to accelerate their assimilation.
一些人将战争动员视为加速同化的一种方式。
Narrator: “This process will be going on for weeks,” The New York Sun declared, “[and] Uncle Sam .
旁白：“这个过程将持续数周，”《纽约太阳报》宣称，“[和]山姆大叔......
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will have accomplished the biggest part of [his] task .
将完成[他的]任务的大部分。
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welding a great national army from .
焊接一支伟大的国家军队。
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this tremendous melting pot at Camp Upton.”
厄普顿营这个巨大的熔炉。”
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: Some of the officers used to say that a shared military service, sharing the same pup tent, would yank the hyphen out of all these immigrant communities.
肯尼迪，历史学家：一些军官过去常说，共同服兵役、共享同一个小狗帐篷，会从所有这些移民社区中拉出连字符。
That was the phrase that they used.
这是他们使用的短语。
So they would no longer be Italian-Americans or Polish-Americans, they’d just be plain old Americans.
所以他们将不再是意大利裔美国人或波兰裔美国人，他们只是普通的老美国人。
Narrator: “This will be the greatest army of them all,” The Sun boasted, “Millionaires bunk next to lads from the East Side, and they both like it and men who were earning $25,000 a year on Wall Street lock arms with boys who used to make their 18 a week, and sing their hearts out.
旁白：“这将是他们中最伟大的军队，”《太阳报》吹嘘道，“百万富翁们睡在东区的小伙子旁边，他们都喜欢这样，在华尔街年薪 25,000 美元的男人与过去每周挣 18 美元的男孩拥抱在一起，唱出他们的心声。
Tell me they won’t make soldiers!
告诉我他们不会培养士兵！
Just watch ’em.”
看着他们。”
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: If you look at the American army in 1917, you see young men from all these different countries around the world, [including] immigrants from the countries against which the United States is now fighting.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：如果你看看 1917 年的美国军队，你会看到来自世界各地不同国家的年轻人，[包括]来自美国现在正在与之作战的国家的移民。
For many during the war the hyphen became the real enemy, it was the sign of divided loyalties and the sign of an obstacle to American national unity.
对于战争期间的许多人来说，连字符成为真正的敌人，它是忠诚分裂的标志，也是美国民族团结的障碍。
The real challenge, of course, is for people whose ancestors came from Germany.
当然，真正的挑战是对于祖先来自德国的人们来说。
Narrator: Immediately after the US had declared war, local governments, civic organizations, and even ordinary citizens began an attack on German Americans and their culture.
旁白：美国宣战后，地方政府、民间组织、甚至普通公民都开始攻击德裔美国人及其文化。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: There are children who are instructed by their teachers to cut German songs out of the music books that they use in their classrooms.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：有些孩子在老师的指导下从课堂上使用的音乐书中剪下德国歌曲。
There is a public stein-breaking fest at one point, to keep people from drinking German beer.
曾经有一场公开的打破啤酒节，以阻止人们喝德国啤酒。
There’s even, in one town in Ohio, a really gruesome slaughter of German dog breeds.
甚至在俄亥俄州的一个小镇，还发生了一场非常可怕的德国犬种屠杀事件。
But it’s important not to let these ridiculous stories overshadow what is really a wholesale destruction of an ethnic culture in the United States.
但重要的是不要让这些荒谬的故事掩盖了美国种族文化真正的大规模破坏。
Richard Rubin, Writer: Germans were pressured to stop playing German music, to stop going to German plays.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：德国人被迫停止演奏德国音乐，停止观看德国戏剧。
And when I say Germans, I mean German-Americans whose ancestors might have been in this country since before the revolution.
当我说德国人时，我指的是德裔美国人，他们的祖先可能在革命之前就已经在这个国家了。
Narrator: The anti-German hysteria even extended to the federal government.
旁白：反德歇斯底里甚至蔓延到了联邦政府。
The CPI published an article with tips on how to identify people who were pro-German.
CPI 发表了一篇文章，其中包含如何识别亲德人士的提示。
The president issued a decree that made any German living in the United States register as an “enemy alien.” Almost 500,000 men and women were photographed, fingerprinted, and interrogated about their loyalty to the United States.
总统颁布了一项法令，要求所有居住在美国的德国人都登记为“敌方外国人”。近 500,000 名男女被拍照、采集指纹，并被询问他们对美国的忠诚度。
The program was administered by a 22-year old member of the Department of Justice, J.
该计划由 22 岁的司法部成员 J.
Edgar Hoover.
埃德加·胡佛.
By the fall, a new series of camps capable of housing thousands of people had sprung up — in Utah, Georgia and North Carolina — not to train new recruits but to imprison anyone that the government considered a threat to its security.
到了秋天，一系列能够容纳数千人的新营地在犹他州、佐治亚州和北卡罗来纳州拔地而起，不是为了训练新兵，而是为了监禁任何政府认为对其安全构成威胁的人。
Richard Rubin, Writer: There was tremendous pressure on new immigrants to conform, to have American flags, to sing American songs; we welcomed you here, now you’re here, you're with us and you're only with us.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：新移民承受着巨大的压力，要求他们顺从、悬挂美国国旗、唱美国歌曲；我们在这里欢迎你，现在你在这里，你和我们在一起，而且你只和我们在一起。
Narrator: While newly drafted soldiers stabbed dummies with bayonets in camps all across the country, another group of recruits practiced their drill steps on the streets of Harlem.
旁白：当新入伍的士兵在全国各地的营地里用刺刀刺伤假人时，另一群新兵在哈莱姆区的街道上练习演练步骤。
The African-American Fifteenth National Guard was mustered into service in July of 1917.
非裔美国人第十五国民警卫队于 1917 年 7 月集结服役。
Community leaders in Harlem had lobbied for the creation of an all-black regiment for years.
哈莱姆区的社区领袖多年来一直游说建立一支全黑人军团。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: [They] petitioned the state legislature of New York.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金：[他们]向纽约州立法机关请愿。
The legislature comes back and says okay, but you have to raise the money to equip the unit, and you also have to accept white officers.
立法机关回来说可以，但是你必须筹集资金来装备该部队，而且你还必须接受白人军官。
Narrator: A prominent lawyer named William Hayward took command, and set about recruiting to get the regiment up to full strength.
旁白：一位名叫威廉·海沃德的著名律师接任指挥，并开始招募新兵以使该团达到满员。
Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: Hayward wasn’t going to be able to command any other regiment, that’s for sure.
历史学家杰弗里·萨蒙斯：海沃德无法指挥任何其他团，这是肯定的。
And, in fact, many of the officers, in the 15 th New York who were white could not get high-ranking officer positions in other units.
事实上，纽约第 15 团的许多白人军官无法在其他部队获得高级军官职位。
The 15 th was this, sort of, place of last resort for many of these rich, white men.
对于许多富有的白人来说，15 号是最后的避难所。
Narrator: The New York Fifteenth was forced to beg for equipment from other units, and train in the backyards and empty lots of Harlem.
旁白：纽约第十五军团被迫向其他部队乞讨装备，并在哈莱姆区的后院和空地进行训练。
Still, the regiment was able to attract some of the black community’s prominent athletes and entertainers, including the celebrated rag-time conductor and band-leader James Reese Europe.
尽管如此，该团还是吸引了黑人社区的一些著名运动员和艺人，其中包括著名的拉格泰姆指挥家兼乐队领队詹姆斯·里斯·欧罗普（James Reese Europe）。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: James Reese Europe is an eminent musician in New York.
Adriane Lentz-Smith，历史学家：James Reese Europe 是纽约一位著名的音乐家。
Starts an orchestra that’s the first black orchestra to play at Carnegie Hall.
组建了一个管弦乐队，这是第一个在卡内基音乐厅演奏的黑人管弦乐队。
When the 15 th New York National Guard is formed, though, he decides that he wants to join for the same reason that a number of African-American men joined.
然而，当纽约第 15 国民警卫队成立时，他决定加入，原因与许多非裔美国男子加入的原因相同。
They see it as this potent symbol of African-American manhood.
他们将其视为非裔美国人男子气概的有力象征。
Voice: James Reese Europe: Our race will never amount to anything .
配音：James Reese Europe：我们的种族永远不会有任何成果。
.
。
.
。
unless there are strong organizations of men who stand for something in the community.
除非有强大的男性组织在社区中代表某种东西。
.
。
.
。
it will build up the moral and physical negro manhood of Harlem.
它将增强哈莱姆区黑人道德和身体上的男子气概。
But to accomplish these results, the best .
但要实现这些结果，最好的。
.
。
.
。
men in the community must get in the move.
社区中的男人必须行动起来。
Narrator: Europe convinced his writing partner Noble Sissle to enlist.
旁白：欧洲说服了他的写作伙伴Noble Sissle入伍。
When Hayward asked them to form a regimental band, the two took up the challenge.
当海沃德要求他们组建一支团乐队时，两人接受了挑战。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: The band is just huge.
Adriane Lentz-Smith，历史学家：乐队规模非常庞大。
Europe argues for at minimum, 40 men, I think gets a few more than that.
欧洲主张至少有 40 名男子，我认为应该比这个数字多一些。
Realizes that he needs a stronger wind section, so goes down to Puerto Rico and recruits Afro-Puerto Rican clarinetists mostly, but trombone players as well.
意识到他需要更强的管乐部分，因此前往波多黎各并主要招募非裔波多黎各单簧管演奏家，但也有长号演奏家。
So he’s got this crazy, super American mix of the black diaspora.
所以他拥有这种疯狂的、超级美国式的黑人侨民组合。
Spanish speakers, English speakers, folks with a nutty southern dialect, all wrapped up.
说西班牙语的人、说英语的人、说着南方方言的人，全都被包裹住了。
Narrator: Wilson’s declaration of war brought a new urgency to the New York Fifteenth’s mission.
旁白：威尔逊的宣战给纽约第十五军团的使命带来了新的紧迫性。
By the summer of 1917, Noble Sissle watched as the regiment began to attract recruits in record numbers.
1917 年夏天，Noble Sissle 目睹该团开始吸引创纪录数量的新兵。
Voice: Noble Sissle: Our .
声音：Noble Sissle：我们的。
.
。
.
。
daily procedure was to put the band on top of the bus and ride down in a colored section.
日常程序是将乐队放在公共汽车顶部，然后在彩色区域乘坐下来。
Then we would start the band playing the ‘Memphis Blues’.
然后我们会让乐队演奏“孟菲斯布鲁斯”。
.
。
.
。
once we got the bus crowded we would make a 'bee line' for the recruiting office…A pen put in their hands….
一旦我们的公共汽车变得拥挤，我们就会“直线”前往招聘办公室……一支笔放在他们手中……。
and before they were aware of what was going on, .
在他们意识到发生了什么之前，.
.
。
.
。
they had raised their right hand and found themselves jazz time members of Uncle Samuels army.
他们举起了右手，发现自己是塞缪尔叔叔军队中的爵士乐时代成员。
Narrator: Young African-American men from all across the country were drawn to the new unit from Harlem: Henry Johnson was a baggage-handler from Albany; Needham Roberts, a drugstore clerk from Trenton; Leroy Johnston, a minister’s son from Arkansas.
旁白：来自全国各地的年轻非洲裔美国男子被哈莱姆区的新单位所吸引：亨利·约翰逊是来自奥尔巴尼的行李搬运工； Needham Roberts，来自特伦顿的药店店员；勒罗伊·约翰斯顿 (Leroy Johnston)，来自阿肯色州的一位牧师的儿子。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: When Wilson frames the war as a war for Democracy, he offers up something that seems to promise for African-Americans expanded possibility.
阿德里安·伦茨·史密斯（Adriane Lentz-Smith），历史学家：当威尔逊将这场战争描述为一场争取民主的战争时，他提供了一些似乎有望为非裔美国人带来更多可能性的东西。
They go into the war thinking if we demonstrate that we are capable, that we have this ability, the country won’t be able to help but redeem their promise to us.
他们在战争中认为，如果我们证明我们有能力，我们有这种能力，国家将无法帮助，只能兑现他们对我们的承诺。
Narrator: Faith in Wilson’s assurances, however, were hard to reconcile with the brutal reality of race relations in America.
旁白：然而，对威尔逊保证的信心很难与美国种族关系的残酷现实相调和。
Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: New York was a segregated city.
历史学家杰弗里·萨蒙斯：纽约是一个种族隔离的城市。
Blacks have no political power.
黑人没有政治权力。
So [some Blacks are] saying, why should we be fighting for this nation and these you know white people who are oppressing us?
因此，[一些黑人]说，我们为什么要为这个国家和那些压迫我们的白人而战？
Narrator: The situation in the Jim Crow South was even worse: a toxic mixture of rigid segregation, and almost daily episodes of racially motivated brutality.
旁白：种族隔离南方的情况更糟：严格的种族隔离和几乎每天都会发生的出于种族动机的暴行是有毒的混合物。
In July, in East St. Louis, Illinois, an exchange of gunfire between blacks and local police provoked an explosion of mob violence that reduced entire black neighborhoods to ashes and left hundreds of men, women and children dead.
7月，在伊利诺伊州东圣路易斯，黑人与当地警察之间的交火引发了暴徒暴力事件的爆发，将整个黑人社区夷为平地，并造成数百名男女和儿童死亡。
Seven weeks later, a battalion of black troops stationed outside Houston encountered a campaign of harassment and violence from local whites.
七周后，驻扎在休斯顿郊外的一个黑人部队遭遇了当地白人的骚扰和暴力活动。
They responded by marching into the city and engaging in a pitched battle with local police.
他们的回应是游行进城并与当地警方发生激战。
Chad Williams, Historian: This was the worst fears of white southerners come true.
历史学家查德·威廉姆斯：这是南方白人最担心的事情成真了。
A group of black soldiers taking up arms and killing white people.
一群黑人士兵拿起武器屠杀白人。
There was a hasty trial.
进行了一次仓促的审判。
13 soldiers were executed without the opportunity to appeal their convictions.
13 名士兵在没有机会上诉的情况下被处决。
And they very quickly became martyrs.
他们很快就成为烈士。
Narrator: Throughout the summer of bloodshed, the president said nothing.
旁白：在整个流血的夏天，总统什么也没说。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: Woodrow Wilson grew up in the south.
斯科特·伯格，作家：伍德罗·威尔逊在南方长大。
By any measure Woodrow Wilson was a racist.
无论以何种标准衡量，伍德罗·威尔逊都是一个种族主义者。
He introduced Jim Crow to Washington, D.C. At a time when it was just starting to loosen up, he brought it back and it became for all intents and purposes the law of the land.
他将吉姆·克劳法引入了华盛顿特区。在它刚刚开始放松的时候，他把它带了回来，它从各个方面都成为了这片土地的法律。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Wilson is so disappointing.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：威尔逊太令人失望了。
Because on the one hand he’s got this abstract vision of a more just world that has all of this potential and possibility in it.
因为一方面，他对一个更加公正的世界有一个抽象的愿景，这个世界拥有所有这些潜力和可能性。
And then on the flip side, for all of his big ideals, he is such a narrow-hearted little man.
另一方面，尽管他有远大的理想，但他却是一个心胸狭窄的小个子。
Narrator: Angered by Wilson’s refusal to speak out against the violence, 8,000 demonstrators conducted a “Silent Protest Parade” down Fifth Avenue.
旁白：威尔逊拒绝公开反对暴力，这激怒了 8000 名示威者，他们在第五大道上举行了“无声抗议游行”。
They marched to the sound of muffled drums, carrying signs that read: “Mother, Do Lynchers Go to Heaven?” and “Mr. President, Why Not Make America Safe for Democracy?” In the midst of this atmosphere of racial violence and protest, the men of Harlem’s Fifteenth were sent to Spartanburg, South Carolina to receive their final training before shipping out to France.
他们在低沉的鼓声中游行，举着牌子，上面写着：“母亲，私刑者会上天堂吗？”以及“总统先生，为什么不让美国有利于民主？”在这种种族暴力和抗议的气氛中，哈莱姆第十五军团的成员被送往南卡罗来纳州的斯帕坦堡接受最后的训练，然后再前往法国。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: They show up in Spartanburg a month after black soldiers in Houston had marched on the town.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：在休斯顿的黑人士兵向斯帕坦堡进军一个月后，他们出现在斯帕坦堡。
And so the folks of South Carolina are determined to make sure that this particular set of black soldiers, Yankees, come down, right, stay in their place.
因此，南卡罗来纳州人民决心确保这群特殊的黑人士兵，即洋基队，留在他们的位置上。
And the military leadership is incredibly jittery.
军方领导层也极度紧张。
They don’t want another Houston on their hands.
他们不希望再有一个休斯顿。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: For a couple of weeks, they walk the edge of possible violence in the town.
理查德·斯洛特金（Richard Slotkin），历史学家：几周来，他们一直徘徊在镇上可能发生暴力的边缘。
They manage it pretty well.
他们管理得很好。
What they’re fighting here is, if they get into trouble, the army will have an excuse not to send them overseas.
他们在这里打的是，如果他们遇到麻烦，军队就会有借口不把他们送到海外。
On the other hand if the white officers let the local whites abuse their troops, they lose face with their men.
另一方面，如果白人军官让当地白人虐待他们的部队，他们就会在部下面前丢脸。
Narrator: To try and diffuse tensions, William Hayward organized a band concert in the town’s public square.
旁白：为了缓解紧张局势，威廉·海沃德在镇上的公共广场组织了一场乐队音乐会。
He also asked his men to pledge that they would avoid violence of any kind, even if provoked.
他还要求手下保证避免任何形式的暴力，即使是被挑衅的。
The regiment responded with a “sea of hands.”
该团以“手海”回应。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: Noble Sissle, goes to buy a newspaper in the lobby of a hotel and gets into an altercation with the white man behind the counter.
理查德·斯洛特金（Richard Slotkin），历史学家：高贵的西斯尔（Noble Sissle），去一家酒店大堂买报纸，与柜台后面的白人发生争执。
A crowd gathers and not only are the blacks squaring off against the whites in the room, but the white national guardsmen from New York are backing their fellow Yankees against the local Confederates and James Reese Europe says, halt, stop.
人群聚集在一起，不仅黑人在房间里与白人对峙，而且来自纽约的白人国民警卫队也支持他们的洋基同胞对抗当地的南部邦联，詹姆斯·里斯欧洲说，停下来，停下来。
Brings the whole incident to an end, marches his men out of there and averts violence.
结束了整个事件，将他的部下带出那里并避免了暴力。
Narrator: The Fifteenth emerged stronger because of its ordeal in Spartanburg.
旁白：第十五军团因为在斯巴达堡的磨难而变得更加强大。
But there were other reminders of blacks’ second-class status in the American army.
但还有其他事情提醒人们黑人在美国军队中的二等地位。
Anxious to burnish the reputation of his regiment, Hayward petitioned to have it included in the famous Rainbow Division, drawn from National Guard units from more than half the states in the nation.
海沃德急于提升他的团的声誉，请求将其纳入著名的彩虹师，该师由来自全国一半以上州的国民警卫队部队组成。
Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: Hayward asks the Rainbow Division if the 15th could join them and the response to his request is black is not a color of the rainbow.
杰弗里·萨蒙斯，历史学家：海沃德询问彩虹师第 15 师是否可以加入他们，对他请求的答复是黑色，不是彩虹的颜色。
And of course neither is white.
当然，两者都不是白人。
Narrator: By the fall of 1917, the scale of the challenge confronting American mobilization was beginning to sink in.
旁白：到 1917 年秋天，人们开始认识到美国动员所面临的挑战的规模。
The Quartermaster Corps estimated it would need 17 million woolen trousers, 22 million flannel shirts, 26 million shoes.
军需军团估计需要 1700 万条羊毛裤、2200 万件法兰绒衬衫、2600 万双鞋子。
The U.S. would need more than 2 million new Enfield rifles, 5.6 million gas masks, and a flotilla of merchant ships to transport it all across the Atlantic.
美国将需要超过 200 万支新型恩菲尔德步枪、560 万个防毒面具以及一支商船船队才能将其运输到整个大西洋。
Meanwhile, the nation’s newest soldiers were mustered into service as quickly as possible.
与此同时，国家最新的士兵被尽快召集起来服役。
On September 4 th , 1917, President Wilson, members of his cabinet, and the leadership of Congress led a parade from the Capitol down Pennsylvania Avenue.
1917 年 9 月 4 日，威尔逊总统、内阁成员和国会领导层从国会大厦出发，沿着宾夕法尼亚大道举行了游行。
They were there to honor 1,400 newly drafted men from the District of Columbia.
他们在那里向来自哥伦比亚特区的 1,400 名新入伍军人致敬。
When he reached the White House, Wilson stepped onto a reviewing stand, and the new recruits, still in their civilian clothes, marched past.
当威尔逊到达白宫时，他走上了检阅台，新兵们还穿着便装，列队走过。
“Tears stood in the president’s eyes,” reported the New York Sun, “as he looked down the irregular, undisciplined ranks”.
《纽约太阳报》报道称，“当总统俯视那些不正规、不守纪律的队伍时，他眼里含着泪水”。
As Wilson walked back to the White House, he saw a familiar sight: members of the National Woman’s Party, maintaining an angry vigil outside the Executive Mansion.
当威尔逊走回白宫时，他看到了熟悉的景象：国家妇女党的成员在行政官邸外愤怒地守夜。
They were led by the radical suffragist Alice Paul.
他们由激进的选举权主义者爱丽丝·保罗领导。
The child of devout Quakers from Philadelphia, and armed with a doctorate in sociology, Paul was a formidable adversary.
保罗是费城虔诚的贵格会教徒的孩子，拥有社会学博士学位，是一个可怕的对手。
One reporter wrote that she was “as incapable of deviation from a set purpose as the tides are of altering their dedication to the moon.” Back in January, Paul and her small band of a dozen suffragists had been the first Americans to actively picket the White House.
一位记者写道，她“就像潮汐无法改变对月球的奉献一样，无法偏离既定目标”。早在一月份，保罗和她的十几名妇女参政主义者就成为第一批积极在白宫抗议的美国人。
When war was declared in April, most mainstream suffrage groups suspended their efforts.
当四月宣战时，大多数主流选举权团体暂停了他们的努力。
Not Alice Paul.
不是爱丽丝·保罗。
“If the lack of democracy at home weakens the .
“如果国内缺乏民主削弱了……
.
。
.
。
fight for democracy 3,000 miles away,” she declared, “the responsibility .
为 3000 英里外的民主而战，”她宣称，“这是责任。
.
。
.
。
is with the government and not with the women of America.”
是政府的事，而不是美国妇女的事。”
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Alice Paul is deeply critical of Wilson.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：爱丽丝·保罗对威尔逊持深刻的批评。
She turns his language back on him, and says, we are going to continue pushing for the vote, through the war.
她把他的语言转回到他身上，并说，我们将继续通过战争推动投票。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: At first, Wilson sort of ignored them.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：起初，威尔逊有点忽视了他们。
Condescended to them.
对他们屈尊。
Had hot chocolate sent out from the White House kitchen to keep them warm on winter days, but it became increasingly embarrassing that these protests were happening.
冬天白宫厨房会送出热巧克力来取暖，但这些抗议活动的发生却变得越来越尴尬。
And over time Wilson wanted the protesters gone.
随着时间的推移，威尔逊希望抗议者离开。
Narrator: The president came to see the defiant women outside his window as a threat to the war effort, and conspired with the Washington police to crack down on them.
旁白：总统将窗外那些挑衅的妇女视为对战争努力的威胁，并与华盛顿警察合谋镇压她们。
In June, when the suffragists raised a banner reading “This Nation is Not Free,” mobs of angry men and women assaulted them, throwing eggs and tomatoes, and shredding their signs.
六月，当妇女参政论者举起写有“这个国家不自由”的横幅时，愤怒的男女暴民袭击了他们，投掷鸡蛋和西红柿，并撕碎了他们的标语。
Police and Secret Service men on the scene did nothing to stop the violence, intervening only to arrest the women for “obstructing traffic” and “loud and boisterous talking.”
现场的警察和特勤人员没有采取任何措施制止暴力，只是以“阻碍交通”和“大声喧闹”为由逮捕了这些妇女。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: You got to love these women because you know they’re jailed, bad press for Wilson.
历史学家基恩：你必须爱这些女性，因为你知道她们被监禁，这对威尔逊来说是坏消息。
He says, go ahead, let them out.
他说，去吧，让他们出去。
They get released, boom, right back in front of the White House.
他们被释放了，砰，就在白宫前面。
It’s like they are not going to be deterred, right.
就好像他们不会被吓倒，对吧。
They’re the radical voice.
他们是激进的声音。
Narrator: When the women unveiled a new sign that proclaimed “Kaiser Wilson,” the violence against them only increased.
旁白：当妇女们揭开一个标有“凯撒·威尔逊”的新标牌时，针对她们的暴力行为只增不减。
On October 20 th , Paul herself was arrested and sentenced to seven months in a Virginia prison.
10 月 20 日，保罗本人被捕，并被判处在弗吉尼亚监狱服刑七个月。
The suffragist press made heroes and martyrs out of Paul and her fellow prisoners.
主张妇女参政的媒体把保罗和她的狱友们塑造成英雄和烈士。
“In spite of the dampness and chill of the old stone building, which forces the women to wrap themselves in newspapers” one article proclaimed, “their spirit is undaunted.”
一篇文章宣称，“尽管古老的石头建筑潮湿寒冷，迫使妇女们用报纸包裹自己，但她们的精神是无所畏惧的。”
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Alice Paul knows that imprisoned women suffragists, particularly young, middle-class women, make very good newspaper copy.
克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉（Christopher Capozzola），历史学家：爱丽丝·保罗（Alice Paul）知道，被监禁的妇女参政论者，尤其是年轻的中产阶级妇女，可以在报纸上发表很好的文章。
So she encourages women to stay arrested, to refuse to pay bail.
因此，她鼓励女性继续被捕，拒绝支付保释金。
Narrator: Shortly after arriving at the prison, Alice Paul went on a hunger strike.
旁白：到达监狱后不久，爱丽丝·保罗就绝食抗议。
Doctors forced a tube down her throat three times a day.
医生每天将管子插入她的喉咙三次。
When she became too weak to stay in her cell, she was transferred to the hospital, then the psychiatric ward.
当她变得太虚弱而无法留在牢房时，她被转移到医院，然后是精神病房。
By November 24 th , Paul had gone weeks without food.
到 11 月 24 日，保罗已经好几个星期没有吃东西了。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Most Americans, I think, thought that Alice Paul was crazy.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：我认为大多数美国人都认为爱丽丝·保罗疯了。
That she had gone too far.
说她太过分了。
But then, a crucial thing happened.
但随后，一件至关重要的事情发生了。
Late one night in prison, Alice Paul is visited by a close Wilson confidante.
监狱里的一天深夜，威尔逊的一位密友拜访了爱丽丝·保罗。
Now, we don’t know why he went.
现在，我们不知道他为什么去。
We don’t know what they said.
我们不知道他们说了什么。
But we do know that very soon after this visit, Alice Paul encouraged the National Women’s Party to call off their protests.
但我们确实知道，这次访问后不久，爱丽丝·保罗就鼓励全国妇女党取消抗议活动。
And we also know that very soon after that, Woodrow Wilson came out in support of women’s suffrage.
我们还知道，在那之后不久，伍德罗·威尔逊就站出来支持女性选举权。
Kimberly Jensen, Historian: Wilson understands that these are women who are resilient, who will not give up.
金伯利·詹森（Kimberly Jensen），历史学家：威尔逊知道这些女性坚韧不拔，不会放弃。
Alice Paul is a force of nature.
艾丽丝·保罗是一种自然的力量。
The publicity was destroying the credibility of the Wilson administration in many people’s minds.
这种宣传正在摧毁威尔逊政府在许多人心目中的可信度。
So a deal is struck.
这样就达成了协议。
There are images, and a lot of press coverage of the women leaving that prison in blankets, many of them skeletal because they’ve been on hunger strikes.
有图像和大量媒体报道称，这些妇女裹着毯子离开监狱，其中许多人因为绝食而只剩下骷髅。
There’s the political reality for politicians like Wilson and others, that women are a force.
对于威尔逊等政治家来说，这是一个政治现实：女性是一股力量。
Narrator: Despite the possibility of progress, Alice Paul continued to accuse the government of hypocrisy.
旁白：尽管有可能取得进展，但爱丽丝·保罗仍然指责政府虚伪。
“We are.
“我们是。”
.
。
.
。
imprisoned, not because we obstructed traffic,” she said, “but because we pointed out to the President …
被监禁，不是因为我们阻碍了交通，”她说，“而是因为我们向总统指出了......
that he was obstructing the cause of democracy at home, while Americans were fighting for it abroad.”
他在国内阻碍民主事业，而美国人却在国外为民主事业而奋斗。”
Narrator: During the war years, visitors to the White House had cause to be concerned about their own safety.
旁白：战争年代，到访白宫的访客有理由担心自己的安全。
An aggressive ram, with a penchant for chewing tobacco, kept jealous guard over Woodrow and Edith Wilson’s flock of 18 sheep that grazed on the grounds.
一只好斗的公羊，喜欢嚼烟草，嫉妒地守护着伍德罗和伊迪丝·威尔逊在草地上吃草的 18 只羊群。
It regularly attacked members of the White House staff.
它经常袭击白宫工作人员。
But the ewes produced fine wool, so he remained a menacing presence on the South Lawn.
但母羊产出的羊毛很细，所以他在南草坪上仍然是一个威胁性的存在。
The sheep were part of the Wilsons’ effort to set an example by personally supporting the war.
这些羊是威尔逊家族通过个人支持战争树立榜样的努力的一部分。
The sale of White House wool raised tens of thousands of dollars for the Red Cross, and Edith knitted socks for soldiers.
出售白宫羊毛为红十字会筹集了数万美元，伊迪丝为士兵编织袜子。
She also signed a Food Pledge, vowing to forego meat, wheat, and sugar, so more of these vital supplies could be sent overseas.
她还签署了一项食品承诺，誓言放弃肉类、小麦和糖，以便将更多这些重要物资运往海外。
The First Lady’s conservation efforts helped launch a campaign to mobilize the nation around food.
第一夫人的保护工作帮助发起了一场动员全国围绕食物的运动。
With most of Belgium and large parts of France under German occupation, and farmers off at the front, millions of Europeans were struggling to survive.
由于比利时大部分地区和法国大部分地区被德国占领，农民在前线，数百万欧洲人为生存而苦苦挣扎。
America, on the other hand, was an agricultural powerhouse, whose output of food could become as important as its manpower or its financial resources.
另一方面，美国是一个农业强国，其粮食产量可能变得与其人力或财力一样重要。
In December 1917, Herbert Hoover, America’s first Food Administrator, proclaimed “food will win the war.”
1917 年 12 月，美国第一任粮食署长赫伯特·胡佛 (Herbert Hoover) 宣称“粮食将赢得战争”。
Helen Zoe Veit, Historian: It became evident that food was going to be a weapon in the war.
海伦·佐伊·维特（Helen Zoe Veit），历史学家：很明显，食物将成为战争中的武器。
Herbert Hoover immediately worked to get Americans to think that saving food and conserving food was the most important thing that they could do as individuals to help the effort.
赫伯特·胡佛立即努力让美国人相信，节约粮食和节约粮食是他们作为个人可以做的最重要的事情，以帮助这一努力。
Narrator: As many as 500,000 women volunteers fanned out across their communities, urging neighbors to join Edith Wilson and sign a food pledge.
旁白：多达 50 万名女性志愿者在她们的社区中散开，敦促邻居加入伊迪丝·威尔逊 (Edith Wilson) 的行列，签署食品承诺书。
Fourteen million families put a sign in their window showing that they were behind the campaign.
一千四百万个家庭在窗户上贴了一个牌子，表明他们支持这项运动。
Helen Zoe Veit, Historian: There was no rationing, but there were suggested days where people should give up certain foods.
历史学家 Helen Zoe Veit：没有配给，但建议人们在某些日子放弃某些食物。
Tuesday was a meatless day, Monday was a wheat-less day, Saturday was a pork-less day.
周二是无肉日，周一是无小麦日，周六是无猪肉日。
So if someone was buying meat on a Tuesday, if you could smell meat coming from your neighbor’s house on a Tuesday, I think it helped with the informal surveillance of friends and neighbors.
因此，如果有人在周二买肉，如果你能在周二闻到邻居家传来的肉味，我认为这有助于对朋友和邻居进行非正式监视。
Kimberly Jensen, Historian: They were very sophisticated in the ways that they tried to persuade people.
金伯利·詹森（Kimberly Jensen），历史学家：他们试图说服人们的方式非常老练。
Local newspapers published the names of people who contributed or not.
当地报纸刊登了捐款者或未捐款者的姓名。
There was a tremendous amount of pressure, visiting of houses.
上门拜访的压力很大。
And there were lots of consequences.
这带来了很多后果。
Firing from jobs, being ostracized in a community.
被解雇，在社区中被排斥。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Americans came to feel watched and came to live as if they were watched.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉（Christopher Capozzola）：美国人开始感到被监视，并开始像被监视一样生活。
There’s a real sense of unease and also maybe of distrust on the home front.
在国内确实存在一种不安感，也可能是不信任感。
In some communities, when they did Liberty Loan drives, a Liberty Loan committee might be composed of bankers of a town who knew who had how much money, and if they knew that someone hadn’t bought a bond, the committee might pay a friendly visit to see why you hadn’t bought a bond.
在一些社区，当他们进行自由贷款活动时，自由贷款委员会可能由镇上的银行家组成，他们知道谁有多少钱，如果他们知道有人没有购买债券，委员会可能会友好地拜访你，看看你为什么没有购买债券。
And if you still didn’t, then another group of people might come later at night, with a less friendly visit.
如果你仍然不这样做，那么另一群人可能会在晚上晚些时候来，但访问的态度不太友好。
Narrator: Volunteer organizations sprang up to help enforce the new conformity.
旁白：志愿者组织如雨后春笋般涌现，以帮助执行新的规范。
The largest was the American Protective League, with over 600 branches and 250,000 card-carrying members across the country.
其中最大的是美国保护联盟，在全国拥有 600 多个分支机构和 25 万名持卡会员。
Richard Rubin, Writer: These vigilante groups were there to make sure that every American was doing his or her patriotic duty.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：这些治安维持者团体的存在是为了确保每个美国人都履行他或她的爱国义务。
Imagine that you're going about your business, especially if you’re an immigrant whose Americanism is in question anyway, and you never know where you go if what you're saying is being listened to.
想象一下，你正在处理你的生意，特别是如果你是一个美国主义无论如何都受到质疑的移民，如果你所说的话被倾听，你永远不知道你会去哪里。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: At times it was an official in a uniform, but as often as not, it was your teacher, your minister, the president of the women’s club who was keeping an eye on you.
克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉（Christopher Capozzola），历史学家：有时是一位穿着制服的官员，但通常是你的老师、你的部长、妇女俱乐部的主席在监视着你。
Narrator: Even the famous community organizer and committed pacifist Jane Addams could not resist the pressure.
旁白：即使是著名的社区组织者、坚定的和平主义者简·亚当斯也无法抗拒这种压力。
After weathering a storm of harsh criticism in the press, she embarked on a government sponsored speaking tour to rally support for the food effort.
在经受了媒体的猛烈批评后，她开始了政府赞助的巡回演讲，以争取对食品工作的支持。
Nancy K.
南希·K.
Bristow, Historian: To oppose the war was a very difficult position to take and a dangerous position.
历史学家布里斯托：反对战争是一个非常困难且危险的立场。
To be an activist, even of a respectable type like Jane Addams was very difficult.
成为一名活动家，即使是像简·亚当斯这样值得尊敬的人，也是非常困难的。
You became a public enemy if you refused to step in line in support of the war.
如果你拒绝站出来支持战争，你就成了公敌。
Narrator: In late December, 1917, an aging tramp steamer named Pocahontas, carrying James Europe and the rest of the New York Fifteenth, sailed past the Statue of Liberty.
旁白：1917 年 12 月下旬，一艘名为波卡洪塔斯号的老化不定期轮船载着詹姆斯·欧罗普和纽约第十五号的其他成员，驶过自由女神像。
Anxious to avoid any more racial incidents, the Army had shipped the regiment overseas.
为了避免更多的种族事件，陆军已将该团运往海外。
They were now on their way to join some of the first Americans in France.
他们现在正在前往与第一批抵达法国的美国人会合的路上。
General Pershing had only four divisions stationed in relatively quiet sectors of the Western Front, where they were undergoing training alongside French and British units.
潘兴将军只有四个师驻扎在西线相对安静的地区，在那里他们与法国和英国部队一起接受训练。
They participated in reconnaissance patrols, and endured artillery bombardments and sniper fire.
他们参加侦察巡逻，承受炮火和狙击手的射击。
Already, 162 Americans had been killed and 475 wounded.
目前已有 162 名美国人死亡、475 人受伤。
But when the Fifteenth arrived at the port of Brest on January 1 st , they were promptly assigned to the logistical arm of the military, known as the Services of Supply, and given the dirty work of the army — clearing swamps, unloading ships, digging graves.
但当第十五军团于 1 月 1 日抵达布雷斯特港时，他们立即被分配到军队的后勤部门，即补给服务部门，承担军队的肮脏工作——清理沼泽、卸船、挖掘坟墓。
The overwhelming majority of the men in these labor battalions were black.
这些劳工营中的绝大多数人是黑人。
Chad Williams, Historian: Most black troops who served in the Services of Supplies recognized that this was not what they signed up for.
历史学家查德·威廉姆斯：大多数在补给服务中服役的黑人士兵都认识到，这不是他们报名参加的。
This was not their ideal of what a soldier meant.
这不是他们理想中的士兵。
They were manning shovels instead of rifles.
他们拿着铲子而不是步枪。
Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: If you’re not in a position to show bravery and courage as a fighter, then you’re not really a complete soldier.
历史学家杰弗里·萨蒙斯：如果你不能表现出作为一名战士的勇敢和勇气，那么你就不是一个真正的士兵。
These are the things of which soldiers are made and heroes are made and what we write about.
这些是造就士兵和英雄的东西，也是我们所写的东西。
We don’t write about those who are digging ditches or burying the dead.
我们不写那些挖沟渠或埋葬死者的人。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: On the one hand, these soldiers are so proud that they are serving.
阿德里亚娜·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：一方面，这些士兵为自己正在服役而感到自豪。
At the same time, the army leadership is not excited about having black soldiers.
与此同时，军队领导层对拥有黑人士兵并不感到兴奋。
They are determined that black soldiers won’t see combat.
他们坚决不让黑人士兵参加战斗。
And their fellow soldiers, are really concerned that military service doesn’t give them any big ideas about democracy at home.
他们的战友们真的很担心服兵役并没有给他们带来任何关于国内民主的伟大想法。
Narrator: For two months, the Fifteenth worked as laborers in France and became increasingly disillusioned.
旁白：十五号在法国当了两个月的劳工，幻想越来越破灭。
William Hayward pulled strings to try and get his unit to the front lines, while the regiment’s band played concerts for the men to keep up their spirits.
威廉·海沃德（William Hayward）幕后操纵，试图将他的部队带到前线，而该团的乐队则为士兵们演奏音乐会，以保持士气。
One day a pair of talent scouts, looking for entertainment for soldiers on leave, heard them play.
有一天，一对星探在为休假的士兵寻找娱乐活动时，听到了他们的演奏。
It was an “organization of the very highest quality,” they reported, “led by a conductor of genius.” Europe and his band were sent south to a rest camp, stopping all along the way to give concerts.
他们报告说，这是一个“最高质量的组织，由一位天才指挥家领导”。欧洲和他的乐队被送往南方的一个休息营，沿途停下来举办音乐会。
When the band relaxed their military reserve and launched into “The Memphis Blues,” Noble Sissle witnessed the reaction.
当乐队放松军事储备并开始演奏“孟菲斯蓝调”时，Noble Sissle 目睹了这种反应。
Voice: Noble Sissle: Colonel Hayward has brought his band over here and started ragtimitis in France; ain’t this an awful thing to visit upon a nation with so many burdens?
配音：Noble Sissle：海沃德上校带着他的乐队来到这里，在法国开始了狂欢；对于一个背负如此重担的国家来说，这不是一件可怕的事情吗？
But when the band had finished and people were roaring with laughter, …
但当乐队结束，人们爆发出一阵笑声时，……
I was forced to say …
我被迫说……
this is just what France needs at this critical time.
这正是法国在这个关键时刻所需要的。
Narrator: As the reputation of the New York Fifteenth grew, it became harder for General Pershing to let them languish with the rest of the black troops in labor battalions.
旁白：随着纽约第十五军团的名声越来越大，潘兴将军越来越难以让他们与劳工营中的其他黑人军队一起受苦。
The French and British, meanwhile, continued their desperate pleas for reinforcements.
与此同时，法国和英国继续绝望地请求增援。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: The French are crying for American combat troops.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金：法国人正在呼唤美国作战部队。
The Fifteenth New York is the most famous American regiment in France.
第十五纽约军团是法国最著名的美军军团。
So, Pershing loans them to the French.
因此，潘兴将它们借给了法国人。
Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: Pershing gives the 15th to the French because he’s not giving any white troops to the Allies.
杰弗里·萨蒙斯（Jeffrey Sammons），历史学家：潘兴将第 15 团交给了法国人，因为他没有向盟军派遣任何白人部队。
He basically says, I’ll give you a group that I don’t have much use for.
他基本上是说，我会给你一个我没有多大用处的小组。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: This turns out to be a great deal for the 15 th , because they’re sent to a commander who’s used to commanding African and Arab troops.
理查德·斯洛特金（Richard Slotkin），历史学家：事实证明，这对于第 15 师来说意义重大，因为他们被派给了一位习惯于指挥非洲和阿拉伯军队的指挥官。
He says, “They’re black, my Senegalese are black.
他说：“他们是黑人，我的塞内加尔人也是黑人。
Okay let’s train them to be soldiers as we would any other soldiers,” and so he puts them through a course of training where the action is not too heavy but you can learn the ropes.
好吧，让我们像训练其他士兵一样训练他们成为士兵。”因此，他让他们接受了一系列训练，动作不太重，但你可以学会诀窍。
Narrator: For black Americans, immersion in the French army was a disorienting plunge into a new world.
旁白：对于美国黑人来说，融入法国军队是一次令人迷失方向的新世界。
Many struggled to understand their French officers, adjust to new uniforms, new rifles and the realities of trench warfare.
许多人很难理解他们的法国军官，难以适应新制服、新步枪和堑壕战的现实。
Gradually, Sissle and his fellow soldiers began to feel more confident.
渐渐地，西斯尔和他的战友们开始变得更加自信。
What they couldn’t get used to, however, was the way they were treated.
然而，他们无法习惯的是他们受到的待遇。
Voice: Noble Sissle: The French [soldiers] treated our boys with all the courtesy and comradeship that could be expected .
声音：Noble Sissle：法国[士兵]以应有的礼貌和同志情谊对待我们的孩子。
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You could see them strolling down the road .
你可以看到他们在路上漫步。
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each hardly able to understand the other, as our boys’ French was as bad as their English.
每个人都很难理解对方，因为我们男孩的法语和英语一样糟糕。
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The French officers had taken our officers and made pals of them.
法国军官带走了我们的军官，并与他们成为了朋友。
Chad Williams, Historian: It wasn’t so much that the French were color-blind or universally embraced African Americans, but for Americans it represented possibilities of a different type of racial interaction.
查德·威廉姆斯（Chad Williams），历史学家：这并不是说法国人是色盲或普遍接受非裔美国人，但对于美国人来说，这代表了一种不同类型的种族互动的可能性。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Someone once wrote about the etiquette of Jim Crow, that you know folks didn’t think about white supremacy any more than a fish thinks about the wetness of water.
阿德里安·伦茨·史密斯，历史学家：有人曾经写过关于吉姆·克劳礼仪的文章，你知道人们对白人至上的思考就像鱼对水的湿润度的思考一样。
But when you step out of a system that people have told you is the only way that is possible and then you look around and there are all of these people in the world working under a different set of rules.
但是，当你走出一个人们告诉你是唯一可能的方法的系统时，你环顾四周，发现世界上所有这些人都在不同的规则下工作。
It changes people’s imagination of what they can do and what everyone else should be doing.
它改变了人们对自己能做什么以及其他人应该做什么的想象。
Narrator: The New York Fifteenth’s journey from Harlem had been an arduous and unpredictable one.
旁白：纽约十五号从哈莱姆区出发的旅程是一段艰辛且难以预测的旅程。
Now with the help of their French counterparts, it seemed as though they were, at last, ready to prove themselves on the front lines.
现在，在法国同行的帮助下，他们似乎终于准备好在前线证明自己了。
Jay Winter, Historian: It is very, very hard to register how high the casualties were in the First World War.
历史学家杰伊·温特：要记录第一次世界大战的伤亡人数是非常非常困难的。
Americans I don’t think have ever seen how simply catastrophic and destructive it was.
我认为美国人从来没有见过它是多么的灾难性和破坏性。
How stupidly ugly it was in destruction of human life, limb, property, everything.
对人的生命、肢体、财产和一切的破坏是多么愚蠢和丑陋。
War degenerated between 1914 and ’18, and once you turn on brutal violence you can’t just turn it off.
1914 年至 18 年间，战争恶化了，一旦你开启残酷的暴力，你就无法将其关闭。
Narrator: In its fourth year, the Great War continued to claim appalling casualties on both sides.
旁白：一战进入第四个年头，双方伤亡惨重。
Now, as millions of young Americans prepared to ship over to France, Woodrow Wilson was determined that the cause they were fighting for would be as great as the sacrifice he was asking them to make.
现在，当数以百万计的美国年轻人准备前往法国时，伍德罗·威尔逊决心，他们为之奋斗的事业将与他要求他们做出的牺牲一样伟大。
On January 6 th , 1918, the President gathered up his notes, took to his study, and began work on a speech.
1918 年 1 月 6 日，总统收拾好笔记，走进书房，开始准备演讲。
Ever since the outbreak of the war, he had sought a pivotal role for America in the conflict.
自战争爆发以来，他一直寻求美国在这场冲突中发挥关键作用。
He wanted to advance the nation’s strategic and economic interests, but he also imagined a sweeping moral and democratic transformation of the struggle, one that would reshape the post-war world.
他想要推进国家的战略和经济利益，但他也设想了这场斗争的全面道德和民主转变，这将重塑战后世界。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: By 1917, Wilson knows, the American public know, how horrible the war is.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：到 1917 年，威尔逊知道，美国公众也知道，战争是多么可怕。
And so he needs to make this a war that will matter, a war that will change the world.
因此，他需要让这场战争变得重要、改变世界。
Narrator: Events in Russia added another dimension to Wilson’s mission.
旁白：俄罗斯发生的事件为威尔逊的使命增添了另一个维度。
In October the revolutionary Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, had formed a new government and vowed to make peace with Germany.
十月，弗拉基米尔·列宁领导的革命布尔什维克组建了新政府，并誓言与德国讲和。
They offered the world a vision of socialist equality, and an end to the corrupt empires that had oppressed workers for centuries.
它们为世界提供了社会主义平等的愿景，并终结了几个世纪以来压迫工人的腐败帝国。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: Lenin, who was in his own way as great a speaker and a propagandist as Wilson was, said that we are going to build a new world order, this is the end of the divisions among nations, we’re going to build a different sort of world and I think Wilson felt he was under some pressure and perhaps obligation to make the American position very clear and possibly stake out a leadership role for the United States in any peace that was to come.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：列宁以自己的方式与威尔逊一样是一位伟大的演说家和宣传家，他说我们将建立一个新的世界秩序，这是国家间分歧的结束，我们将建立一个不同的世界，我认为威尔逊感到他面临着一些压力，也许还有义务让美国的立场非常明确，并可能在未来的和平中为美国奠定领导作用。
Narrator: On January 8 th , the president travelled down Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol.
旁白：1月8日，总统沿着宾夕法尼亚大道前往国会大厦。
Before a joint session of Congress, he reiterated why he had felt compelled to enter the war.
在国会联席会议之前，他重申了他为何感到有必要参战。
Then, in fourteen separate points, he outlined a plan for the war’s end.
然后，他在十四个不同的要点中概述了结束战争的计划。
Germany must retreat back to its borders.
德国必须撤回其边境。
Freedom of the seas would be restored.
海洋自由将会恢复。
Governments were to respect the self-determination of their citizens.
政府应尊重其公民的自决权。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: If you're Wilson and you really want to live up to the sloganeering they used in the war, if this is not just propaganda, you don’t just have to win the war, you have to set up the conditions that would really create that world you were selling everyone on.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：如果你是威尔逊，并且你真的想辜负他们在战争中使用的口号，如果这不仅仅是宣传，你不仅需要赢得战争，你还必须创造条件，真正创造出你向所有人推销的世界。
If you want to make a world safe for democracy, what’s the structure for that?
如果你想让一个民主的世界变得安全，那么其结构是什么？
What’s the framework?
框架是什么？
This is a realistic way to go about creating an idealistic future.
这是创造理想主义未来的现实方法。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Wilson believes that this is what the war is for, right.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：威尔逊认为这就是战争的目的，对吧。
That America entered the war in order to determine the terms of the peace.
美国参战是为了确定和平条款。
Narrator: It was the fourteenth point that Wilson felt was to be the keystone of the post-war world: a League of Nations that would arbitrate conflicts between countries.
旁白：威尔逊认为战后世界的基石是第十四点：建立一个可以仲裁国家之间冲突的国际联盟。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: The League of Nations would be some kind of new forum for the resolution of international disputes, something really never existed before.
历史学家肯尼迪：国际联盟将成为解决国际争端的某种新论坛，这是以前从未存在过的。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Wilson is asking Americans and the world to take an enormous leap of faith, to give up national interest and national sovereignty, and to give a chance for international organization and international arbitration.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：威尔逊要求美国人和世界做出巨大的信仰飞跃，放弃国家利益和国家主权，并为国际组织和国际仲裁提供机会。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: There were people already beginning to think that the conditions of modern warfare were just so unimaginably destructive that mankind had to find some other way to resolve these perennial conflicts that the human race seems to get itself involved in.
历史学家肯尼迪：有些人已经开始认为，现代战争的破坏性是如此难以想象，以至于人类必须找到其他方法来解决人类似乎卷入的这些长期冲突。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: Underlying the whole speech is this idea that you can build a better world order.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：整个演讲的核心思想是，你可以建立一个更好的世界秩序。
This is really an enunciation of what the United States is going to be like as a player in world affairs.
这实际上是对美国作为世界事务参与者的表述。
You’ve got the president saying we’re going to get out there, we’re going to get involved, and we don’t see ourselves as just policing our own back yard.
总统说我们要走出去，我们要参与其中，我们不认为自己只是在自家后院巡逻。
We see ourselves as somehow policing the world and helping the world find a better way forward.
我们认为自己在某种程度上监督世界并帮助世界找到更好的前进道路。
Narrator: Congress greeted Wilson’s speech with a sustained ovation.
旁白：国会以持续的掌声欢迎威尔逊的演讲。
It received glowing reviews and banner headlines across the country.
它在全国范围内获得了好评和头条新闻。
Around the globe, the response was equally positive.
在全球范围内，反应同样积极。
The Star of London gushed that Wilson was “the greatest American president since Lincoln.”
《伦敦之星》盛赞威尔逊是“自林肯以来最伟大的美国总统”。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: When we look back at claims that this would be the war to end all wars we think that Wilson and the American people were naïve to think such a thing would be possible.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：当我们回顾这将是结束所有战争的战争的说法时，我们认为威尔逊和美国人民天真地认为这样的事情是可能的。
But if you don’t ever articulate that as a national goal, as an international dream, well then you’re definitely never going to accomplish it.
但如果你不将其明确表达为国家目标、国际梦想，那么你肯定永远无法实现它。
I think Americans believe in Wilson’s vision of the world, not because they think it is true, but because they want it to be true.
我认为美国人相信威尔逊的世界观，不是因为他们认为这是真的，而是因为他们希望它是真的。
We all know that America is a nation with interests that sometimes compete with those noble goals.
我们都知道，美国是一个利益有时与这些崇高目标相冲突的国家。
But I think Wilson almost better than anyone else articulated that wish, that better hope that Americans have for themselves in the world.
但我认为威尔逊几乎比其他任何人都更好地表达了美国人对自己在世界上的这一愿望和更好的希望。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: If you’ve been born and brought up in the Middle West, it’s a thrill that comes once in a lifetime.
配音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：如果您在中西部出生和长大，那么这将是一生一次的激动人心的事情。
Your first sight of the ocean.
你第一眼看到的大海。
I’d often stood on top of a hill at home where I could see fields of corn, with the wind blowing over them, stretching miles in every direction.
我经常站在家里的山顶上，在那里我可以看到玉米田，风吹过它们，向各个方向延伸数英里。
I used to wonder if their waves looked anything like the waves of the ocean.
我曾经想知道它们的波浪看起来是否像大海的波浪。
I saw now that nothing else in the world could look like the ocean.
我现在发现世界上没有任何东西可以像海洋一样。
Narrator: When John Barkley, the young recruit from Missouri, stepped off the ship in France he was part of the largest movement of soldiers across the Atlantic in history.
旁白：当来自密苏里州的年轻新兵约翰·巴克利在法国走下船时，他成为了历史上规模最大的跨大西洋士兵运动的一部分。
In just over a year, the United States had recruited, drafted, trained, and equipped over 400,000 men to fight in the Great War.
在短短一年多的时间里，美国招募、征兵、训练和装备了超过 40 万名士兵参加第一次世界大战。
Millions more were on their way.
还有数百万人正在赶来的路上。
Jose Saenz had left his tiny town near the Rio Grande and was now almost 5,000 miles from home.
何塞·萨恩斯 (Jose Saenz) 离开了格兰德河附近的小镇，现在距离家乡近 5,000 英里。
Voice: José de la Luz Sáenz: I am finally in France, heroic France.
声音：José de la Luz Sáenz：我终于到了法国，英雄的法国。
I am eager to do my part in the great tragedy.
我渴望在这场伟大的悲剧中尽自己的一份力量。
We may not be as disciplined as the sons of Germany, but we are committed to fight for what is only understood by the sons of democracy — Liberty.
我们可能不像德国之子那样遵守纪律，但我们致力于为只有民主之子才能理解的东西——自由而战。
Narrator: The Americans were called “doughboys,” a slang reference to the infantrymen’s buttons that resembled a doughnut.
旁白：美国人被称为“doughboys”，这是一个俚语，指的是步兵的纽扣，形状像甜甜圈。
Pershing encouraged the nickname to give his army a distinctive identity.
潘兴鼓励使用这个绰号，以赋予他的军队独特的身份。
His troops liked it too.
他的部队也喜欢它。
Alan Axelrod, Writer: The mere arrival of these fresh American troops who were healthy, who were well-fed, who were well equipped, who were eager and most of all who were marching east, instead of retreating west, had a great effect on French morale.
作家艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德：这些身体健康、饮食充足、装备精良、斗志昂扬、最重要的是他们向东进军而不是向西撤退的美国新兵的到来，对法国的士气产生了巨大的影响。
Narrator: Each month, another 200,000 Americans flooded into France.
旁白：每个月，又有20万美国人涌入法国。
Like John Barkley, few had any idea what awaited them.
像约翰·巴克利一样，很少有人知道等待着他们的是什么。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: …
配音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：……
[I] am feeling better than I ever did in my life .
[我]感觉比我一生中任何时候都好。
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When the war is over and I come back I will tell you all about France.
战争结束后我回来我会告诉你关于法国的一切。
All about its good wine .
都是关于它的好酒。
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You talk about boose [sic] in the states.
你谈论的是美国的 boose [原文如此]。
They never saw any liquor.
他们从未见过任何酒。
you can go into any wine joint and get any thing from fifty year old wine up to alcohol [sic] and believe me the soldiers show the French how to drink.
你可以去任何一家酒馆，买任何东西，从五十年的葡萄酒到酒精[原文如此]，相信我，士兵们向法国人展示如何喝酒。
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Narrator: Full of swagger and self-confidence, the green American troops were being thrust into the war at a critical stage.
旁白：美国新兵们气势汹汹、自信满满，在战争的关键阶段被投入了。
The Germans had gambled that they could prevail before the Americans arrived in force; with Russia out of the war, the German High Command was able to transfer more than half a million seasoned troops to the West.
德国人打赌自己能在美国人大军到来之前取得胜利。随着俄罗斯退出战争，德国最高统帅部能够将超过 50 万经验丰富的军队转移到西方。
In a series of offensives beginning in March 1918, German forces attacked up and down the Western Front.
在 1918 年 3 月开始的一系列攻势中，德军在西线上下发起进攻。
The quiet sector where the New York Fifteenth was stationed was suddenly filled with enemy patrols testing the strength of the American defenses.
纽约第十五军团驻扎的安静区域突然挤满了敌方巡逻队，正在测试美国的防御力量。
Since their arrival in January, the men from Harlem had become a more cohesive regiment.
自从一月份抵达以来，来自哈莱姆区的人们已经成为一个更有凝聚力的团队。
Lieutenant James Europe was cited for bravery after participating in a night-time raid across the blasted landscape known as No Man’s Land.
詹姆斯·欧罗中尉在参加了一次穿越被称为“无人区”的荒芜之地的夜间突袭后，因英勇而受到表彰。
In the early morning hours of May 15 th , privates Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts, were standing guard at listening posts twenty yards in front of their own lines, when they heard a noise.
5 月 15 日凌晨，二等兵亨利·约翰逊和尼达姆·罗伯茨在自己战线前方 20 码处的监听哨处站岗，突然听到一声响动。
Chad Williams, Historian: In the dead of night they heard mysterious sounds, sounding like wire cutters.
历史学家查德·威廉姆斯：在夜深人静的时候，他们听到神秘的声音，听起来像钢丝钳。
And realized that a German raiding party was encroaching on their position.
并意识到德国突袭队正在侵犯他们的阵地。
Narrator: Johnson and Roberts sounded the alarm as a volley of German grenades exploded all around them.
旁白：约翰逊和罗伯茨在德国手榴弹在他们周围爆炸时拉响了警报。
Almost immediately, Roberts was badly injured.
罗伯茨几乎立刻就受了重伤。
Henry Johnson began to fight back, killing one German soldier with his rifle at point blank range.
亨利·约翰逊开始反击，用步枪近距离杀死了一名德国士兵。
A second German rushed towards him, firing a pistol and wounding him in the thigh and foot.
第二名德国人冲向他，用手枪开枪打伤了他的大腿和脚。
Johnson swung his rifle by the barrel and clubbed him senseless.
约翰逊用枪杆挥动步枪，将他打昏。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: He pulls out this what he calls a bolo knife which is a heavy two-bladed knife.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金（Richard Slotkin）：他拿出一把他称之为波洛刀的东西，这是一把重型两刃刀。
[Another] German comes in to finish him off, he rises up with the bolo, disembowels the guy.
[另一个]德国人进来要干掉他，他用博洛球站起来，开膛破肚。
At this point he’s been shot half a dozen times, in the foot, in the face, in the arm.
到目前为止，他已经中了六次枪，脚上、脸上、手臂上都有。
Narrator: As the Germans retreated, Johnson kept throwing grenades, until he passed out from loss of blood.
旁白：德军撤退时，约翰逊不断投掷手榴弹，直到失血过多而昏倒。
He had been wounded more than 20 times, mostly from gunshots.
他受伤超过 20 处，大部分是枪伤。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: When the light dawns the following day, there are half a dozen corpses of German soldiers and blood trails marking another half dozen wounded who have crawled away through the wire.
理查德·斯洛特金，历史学家：第二天黎明时分，有六具德国士兵的尸体，还有六名伤员从铁丝网爬走的血迹。
Narrator: The next morning, a proud William Hayward arranged for a group of reporters to be escorted to the scene of the fighting.
旁白：第二天早上，骄傲的威廉·海沃德安排了一群记者被护送到战斗现场。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: It’s this story that is picked up by all of the papers, black press and white press as a story of heroism.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：这个故事被所有报纸、黑人媒体和白人媒体视为英雄主义故事。
The white press is a little more given to stereotype and minstrel-sy.
白人媒体更倾向于刻板印象和吟游诗人风格。
And the black press on the other hand builds him up into this super human hero that is emblematic of all black manhood and all black potential.
另一方面，黑人媒体将他塑造成这位超级人类英雄，象征着所有黑人男子气概和所有黑人潜力。
Chad Williams, Historian: Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts became household names.
历史学家查德·威廉姆斯：亨利·约翰逊和李约瑟·罗伯茨成为家喻户晓的名字。
They were the war heroes that black America had been searching for.
他们是美国黑人一直在寻找的战争英雄。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: Johnson and Roberts are literally the first heroes of the war because there’s a censorship that prevents the naming of any American unit or soldier, but because the 15th is serving with the French, they don’t come under censorship and it goes into the newspapers as the “Battle of Henry Johnson.” Johnson and Roberts are awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French army, which is the highest military honor.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金：约翰逊和罗伯茨实际上是战争中的第一批英雄，因为审查制度不允许提及任何美国部队或士兵的名字，但由于第 15 军团在法国服役，他们不会受到审查，报纸上称其为“亨利·约翰逊之战”。约翰逊和罗伯茨被法国军队授予最高军事荣誉十字勋章。
Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: This is a monumental event for the morale of the regiment and also for their self-confidence.
历史学家杰弗里·萨蒙斯：对于该团的士气和自信心来说，这是一个具有里程碑意义的事件。
It was proof of what they were capable of doing.
这证明了他们有能力做到这一点。
You know we’re some bad dudes and there’s a lot more to come and a lot more that we have to show.
你知道我们是一些坏家伙，还有更多的事情要做，还有更多的事情我们必须展示。
Narrator: Out of all the publicity, the press conjured up a nickname for the regiment.
旁白：在所有的宣传中，媒体为该团起了一个绰号。
From that point forward, the men from New York would be known as the “Harlem Hellfighters.” The success was a vindication not only for the New York 15th, but for the hopes of African-Americans all across the country.
从那时起，这些来自纽约的人就被称为“哈莱姆地狱战士”。这次成功不仅证明了纽约第 15 届的正义，也证明了全国非裔美国人的希望。
“Let us, while this war lasts, forget our special grievances,” the activist W.E.B.
“让我们在这场战争持续期间，忘记我们的特殊不满，”活动人士 W.E.B.
DuBois, wrote “and close our ranks, shoulder to shoulder with our white fellow-citizens .
杜波依斯写道，“团结我们的队伍，与我们的白人同胞并肩作战……”
.
。
.
。
that are fighting for democracy.
为民主而战的人。
If this is OUR country, then this is OUR war.”
如果这是我们的国家，那么这就是我们的战争。”
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: There’s a black solider from Virginia who filled out a survey about his war experience after the fact.
阿德里安·伦茨·史密斯，历史学家：有一位来自弗吉尼亚州的黑人士兵在事后填写了一份关于他的战争经历的调查。
And they asked him what the war had done for him.
他们问他战争给他带来了什么。
His response was, I have the world’s experience.
他的回答是，我有世界各地的经验。
He had lived his whole life in this corner of coastal Virginia and being dropped into the current of world events had made him realize he was a global subject.
他一生都生活在弗吉尼亚沿海的这个角落，融入当前的世界事件让他意识到自己是一个全球性的话题。
I think his answer and his experience stands in for all of the folks for whom the war for democracy was really about defining what it meant to be an American.
我认为他的回答和他的经历代表了所有那些民主战争实际上是为了定义作为一个美国人意味着什么的人们。
Narrator: As Americans were beginning to fight and die in France, the war was also generating casualties at home.
旁白：当美国人开始在法国战斗并死去时，战争也在国内造成人员伤亡。
An Indiana farmer named James Goepfrich had to take refuge in the county jail when a mob found out that he had threatened a Liberty Loan committee at his front door.
印第安纳州一位名叫詹姆斯·戈普弗里奇 (James Goepfrich) 的农民在暴徒发现他在自家前门威胁自由贷款委员会后，不得不到县监狱避难。
Adolph Anton, a bartender from Ashland, Wisconsin, was tarred and feathered for his “pro-German utterances.” A German-American coalminer named Robert Prager was accused by some of his coworkers of being a spy.
来自威斯康星州阿什兰的调酒师阿道夫·安东 (Adolph Anton) 因其“亲德言论”而被涂上柏油和羽毛。一位名叫罗伯特·普拉格的德裔美国煤矿工人被他的一些同事指控为间谍。
A mob formed and stripped Prager of most of his clothes, dragged him through the streets, and hanged him from a tree.
一群暴民聚集在一起，剥去了普拉格的大部分衣服，把他拖过街道，并将他吊在树上。
The Washington Post celebrated the murder.
《华盛顿邮报》庆祝了这起谋杀案。
David M.
大卫·M。
Kennedy, Historian: Big parts of the American public lost their minds about the nature of the society they lived in and the threat they faced from their neighbors who happened to have German names.
历史学家肯尼迪：大部分美国公众对他们所生活的社会的本质以及他们所面临的来自碰巧有德国名字的邻居的威胁失去了理智。
Narrator: Rather than reining in the violence, the federal government took steps that fueled the climate of hysteria sweeping the country.
旁白：联邦政府非但没有遏制暴力，反而采取了助长席卷全国的歇斯底里气氛的措施。
At Wilson’s urging, on May 16th, 1918, Congress passed a new law called the Sedition Act, that made it illegal to say almost anything against the United States or its armed forces.
1918 年 5 月 16 日，在威尔逊的敦促下，国会通过了一项名为《煽动叛乱法》的新法律，规定任何反对美国或其武装部队的言论都是非法的。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: The Espionage Act was considered not even strong enough, so it’s amended in 1918 with the Sedition Act that basically creates enormous penalties for not only speaking out against the war effort or obstructing it, but really for criticizing America in almost any way.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉 (Christopher Capozzola)：《间谍法》被认为不够强大，因此在 1918 年通过《煽动叛乱法》进行了修订，该法基本上对不仅对公开反对或阻碍战争努力，而且对以几乎任何方式批评美国的人施加巨额惩罚。
Richard Rubin, Writer: The maximum sentence was twenty years, for going to a bar and grumbling about food restrictions to somebody who was sitting next to you at the bar.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：如果你去酒吧并向酒吧里坐在你旁边的人抱怨食物限制，最高刑期是二十年。
Or even saying that you thought the uniforms looked ridiculous or questioning what we were really fighting for.
或者甚至说你认为这些制服看起来很可笑，或者质疑我们真正为了什么而战。
Anything at all that might interfere with the war effort, with morale of troops.
任何可能干扰战争努力和军队士气的事情。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: The Sedition Act is probably the greatest suppression of free speech that the country has ever seen.
斯科特·伯格（Scott Berg），作家：《煽动叛乱法》可能是该国有史以来对言论自由最严重的压制。
Wilson had a very firm conviction that he was going to do everything he could to protect his fighting men.
威尔逊坚信，他将尽一切努力保护他的战士。
That meant if anyone was going to say something that might put an American soldier in further harm’s way, he, the president, could step in and stop it.
这意味着，如果有人要说一些可能使美国士兵受到进一步伤害的话，他，总统，可以介入并阻止它。
Jay Winter, Historian: A draft which forced people to put on a uniform is a very severe curtailment of the liberty of individuals.
历史学家杰伊·温特：强迫人们穿上制服的征兵是对个人自由的非常严重的限制。
For Wilson the nation has to be united in order to justify this possible death sentence.
对于威尔逊来说，整个国家必须团结起来才能证明这一可能的死刑判决是合理的。
Civil liberties became a price that had to be paid in order for a democratic nation to wage war.
公民自由成为民主国家发动战争必须付出的代价。
Narrator: The passing of the Sedition Act prompted a wave of new crackdowns and arrests.
旁白：《煽动叛乱法》的通过引发了一波新的镇压和逮捕浪潮。
A poet who wrote a satirical piece about the United States was imprisoned.
一位诗人因写了一篇讽刺美国的文章而入狱。
When a Bavarian waiter cursed the slow speed of the New York City subway, he was promptly arrested.
当一名巴伐利亚服务员咒骂纽约地铁速度慢时，他立即被捕。
The conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra supposedly refused to play the Star Spangled Banner and found himself in an internment camp.
据称，波士顿交响乐团的指挥拒绝演奏《星条旗永不落》，并发现自己被关进了拘留营。
No one was safe from the reach of the new law.
没有人能免受新法律的影响。
Even one of the nation’s most articulate and respected political figures, the socialist and labor leader Eugene Debs, was arrested.
就连美国最善于表达和最受尊敬的政治人物之一、社会主义者和工党领袖尤金·德布斯（Eugene Debs）也被捕了。
Michael Kazin, Historian: Debs is a symbol of unending opposition to the war.
历史学家迈克尔·卡辛：德布斯是永不停歇地反对战争的象征。
He gives a speech at a picnic in Canton, Ohio, saying things he’s said before.
他在俄亥俄州坎顿的一次野餐会上发表演讲，说了他以前说过的话。
But the Justice Department decides he has to be cracked down on at this point.
但司法部决定此时必须对他进行打击。
So he’s arrested and put in jail.
所以他被捕并入狱。
Narrator: Wilson denounced the radical leader.
旁白：威尔逊谴责了激进领袖。
While “the flower of American youth was pouring out its blood to vindicate the cause of civilization,” the president wrote, “this man, Debs, stood behind the lines, sniping, attacking, and denouncing them.”
总统写道，当“美国青年之花为维护文明事业而流血时，德布斯这个人却站在战线后面，狙击、攻击和谴责他们。”
Richard Slotkin, Historian: At the start of the war Wilson predicts that once the war starts, once they’re in the war, Americans will forget everything they ever believed about civil liberties.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金：在战争开始时，威尔逊预测，一旦战争开始，一旦他们卷入战争，美国人就会忘记他们曾经相信的关于公民自由的一切。
But in fact it’s Wilson who forgets everything he ever believed about civil liberties.
但事实上，威尔逊忘记了他曾经相信的关于公民自由的一切。
Becoming the president of a nation at war with a population that’s not entirely behind the war.
成为一个处于战争状态的国家的总统，而这个国家的人民并不完全支持战争。
He adopted the most stringent methods to limit dissent and limit resistance to the war effort.
他采取了最严格的方法来限制异议和限制对战争的抵抗。
Richard Rubin, Writer: Wilson was a man who was able to carry two contradictory ideas in his mind at the same time and not go crazy.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：威尔逊是一个能够同时在头脑中承载两种相互矛盾的想法而不发疯的人。
He absolutely had no qualms doing what he did at home, all the while waging a war to make the world safe for democracy.
他在国内所做的事情绝对没有任何疑虑，同时发动一场战争，以确保世界民主的安全。
Narrator: By the late spring of 1918, General John Pershing’s American Army had grown into a force approaching one million strong.
旁白：到 1918 年春末，约翰·潘兴将军的美国陆军已发展成为一支接近百万的军队。
All the while he had steadfastly refused to allow his men to fight under French command.
一直以来，他都坚决拒绝让他的部下在法国人的指挥下作战。
But the situation on the Western Front threatened to force his hand.
但西线的局势威胁着他的行动。
During a tour of the battlefield, Pershing shared a meal with a French general and his staff.
在视察战场期间，潘兴与一位法国将军及其参谋共进晚餐。
“It would be difficult to imagine a more depressed group of officers,” Pershing recalled.
“很难想象还有比这更沮丧的军官了，”潘兴回忆道。
“They sat through the meal scarcely speaking a word as they contemplated what was probably the most serious situation of the war.” The German spring offensives had been devastatingly effective.
“他们在整个用餐过程中几乎没有说话，因为他们思考着可能是战争中最严重的局势。”德国的春季攻势非常有效。
Elite storm troopers penetrated Allied lines, allowing German divisions to pour through the break, rupturing the stalemate that had existed for years.
精锐冲锋队突破盟军防线，让德军各师突围而出，打破了多年来存在的僵局。
Now German troops had advanced to within striking distance of Paris.
现在德军已经推进到巴黎的攻击距离之内。
Their huge siege guns lobbed shells into the French capital.
他们巨大的攻城炮向法国首都投掷炮弹。
Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau made plans to evacuate the government to Bordeaux.
总理乔治·克列孟梭制定了将政府撤离到波尔多的计划。
Thousands of Parisians fled the capital.
数千名巴黎人逃离首都。
Andrew Carroll, Writer: The Germans are bearing down on Paris.
安德鲁·卡罗尔（Andrew Carroll），作家：德国人正在逼近巴黎。
I mean they’re within fifty miles, they can hear the guns.
我的意思是他们在五十英里之内，他们能听到枪声。
They can almost feel the concussion it’s so close.
他们几乎能感觉到震荡，距离如此之近。
The stakes could not have been higher.
赌注再高不过了。
Narrator: On May 30th, the French commander-in-chief, Phillipe Petain came to see Pershing.
旁白：5月30日，法军总司令菲利普·贝当来看望潘兴。
The general guided the American commander to a map on the wall and pointed to the town of Château-Thierry on the Marne River.
将军引导美军指挥官找到墙上的地图，并指出马恩河畔的蒂埃里堡镇。
Couldn’t Pershing commit his men, he implored, to help hold the line here?
他恳求说，潘兴难道不能派他的人来帮助守住这里的阵线吗？
Pershing gave the only answer he could.
潘兴给出了他能给出的唯一答案。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: Events go faster than Pershing expects.
历史学家基恩：事件发生的速度比潘兴预期的要快。
Pershing had plans for a lengthy training program for American soldiers, but once the Germans begin their spring offensives towards Paris, he’s faced with a choice, do you let the Germans advance or do you just start throwing men into battle before you feel they’re ready because the situation requires you to do that?
潘兴计划为美国士兵提供长期的训练计划，但一旦德国人开始对巴黎发动春季攻势，他就面临着一个选择：你是让德国人前进，还是在你觉得他们准备好之前就开始将人员投入战斗，因为形势要求你这样做？
Narrator: Pershing committed 56,000 doughboys, under French command, and rushed them towards the front to save Paris.
旁白：潘兴派遣了 56,000 名面团男孩，在法国人的指挥下，将他们赶往前线以拯救巴黎。
A weak point in the French line was in danger of giving way.
法军防线上的一个薄弱环节面临崩溃的危险。
It was centered around an ancient forest near Chateau Thierry that the Americans called Belleau Wood.
它以蒂埃里城堡附近的一片古老森林为中心，美国人称之为贝洛森林。
Alan Axelrod, Writer: Belleau Wood was a hunting preserve for French aristocrats.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德，编剧：贝洛森林是法国贵族的狩猎保护区。
It was about half the size of New York’s Central Park.
它的面积大约是纽约中央公园的一半。
Very twisted growth.
非常扭曲的成长。
Very dense.
非常密集。
Narrator: As German soldiers moved into Belleau Wood, they saw it was a natural fortress of dense trees and rocky outcroppings.
旁白：当德国士兵进入贝洛森林时，他们看到这是一座树木茂密、岩石裸露的天然堡垒。
They fortified it with hidden machine gun nests, and layers of barbed wire.
他们用隐藏的机枪巢和多层铁丝网加固了它。
One American officer remembered the wood as a “dark threat .
一位美国军官回忆说，这片木头是一种“黑暗的威胁”。
.
。
.
。
dangerous as a live wire, poisonous with gas, .
危险如带电电线，有毒气体，。
.
。
.
。
alive with snipers.” To stop the German advance, the French needed to take back the woods.
和狙击手一起生活。”为了阻止德国人的前进，法国人需要夺回树林。
They gave the job to a brigade of the U.S. Marines.
他们把这项工作交给了美国海军陆战队的一个旅。
Founded as a fighting force on board naval vessels during the Revolution, the Marine Corps had seen action in almost every American conflict since.
海军陆战队是独立战争期间在海军舰艇上成立的一支战斗部队，此后几乎在每一次美国冲突中都参与了战斗。
Alan Axelrod, Writer: The marines were conditioned to be very, very hard men, to take anything, to never give up, to never retreat.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德，作家：海军陆战队被训练成非常非常坚强的人，要接受任何事情，永不放弃，永不撤退。
But they were also simply better trained as marksmen.
但他们也只是接受了更好的射手训练。
Narrator: Marine units were rushed into position on the morning of June 2 nd , along a four-mile front with Belleau Wood at its center.
旁白：6月2日上午，海军陆战队部队沿着以贝洛伍德为中心的四英里战线迅速就位。
French forces were in the midst of a full-scale retreat.
法军正处于全面撤退之中。
As he passed by, a French major ordered an American captain to withdraw as well.
当他经过时，一名法国少校也命令一名美国船长撤离。
“Retreat, hell!” the captain shot back, “We just got here.”
“撤退，见鬼！”队长回道：“我们才刚到。”
Alan Axelrod, Writer: The dense forest of Belleau Wood was interspersed with farmers’ fields.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德，作家：贝洛森林茂密的森林中散布着农田。
And they were all planted with wheat.
而且都种了小麦。
What this meant is that to approach Belleau Wood, the marines had to advance out in the open through this wheat.
这意味着，为了接近贝洛伍德，海军陆战队必须穿过这片麦田在开阔的地方前进。
Narrator: An American war correspondent was with the Marines that day.
旁白：那天，一名美国战地记者和海军陆战队在一起。
It was “a beautiful sight,” he wrote, “these men of ours going out across those flat fields towards the tree clusters beyond from which the Germans poured a murderous machine gun fire.” Rows of Marines were cut down.
他写道，这是“美丽的景象，我们这些人穿过平坦的田野，向树丛走去，德国人从树丛中发射了致命的机枪扫射。”一排排的海军陆战队员被砍倒。
As the men struggled across the field, a gunnery sergeant yelled, “come on you sons of bitches, do you want to live forever!” Once the Americans gained a toe-hold in the woods, the two sides proceeded to hammer away at each other in a murderous exchange.
当这些人奋力穿过战场时，一名炮兵中士喊道：“来吧，你们这些王八蛋，你们想永远活下去吗？”一旦美国人在树林中站稳脚跟，双方就开始互相残杀，展开一场血腥的交锋。
Sections of Belleau Wood changed hands seven times over the course of the battle.
在战斗过程中，贝洛森林的部分区域易手七次。
The fighting was too intense to bring in reinforcements, food or medical supplies.
战斗过于激烈，无法调动增援部队、食物或医疗用品。
Bodies lay where they fell, decomposing in the intense heat.
尸体躺在倒下的地方，在高温下腐烂。
Soldiers survived by scavenging food from the corpses, and drinking stale beer from dead Germans’ canteens.
士兵们靠从尸体中寻找食物、喝死去的德国人食堂里的陈啤酒来生存。
The Marines were on their own.
海军陆战队只能靠自己。
Alan Axelrod, Writer: There was found on the body of one young German soldier, a letter to his family in which he said the Americans are insane, they want to kill everything.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德，作家：在一名年轻德国士兵的尸体上发现了一封写给家人的信，他在信中说美国人疯了，他们想杀死一切。
This perception was absolutely accurate.
这个认知是绝对准确的。
And they did it and they did it with guns, they did it with bayonets.
他们做到了，他们用枪，用刺刀。
They would have done it with their bare hands if they had to.
如果有必要的话，他们会徒手完成。
Narrator: Finally, after three weeks of near constant combat, the Marines took their objective.
旁白：经过三周近乎不间断的战斗，海军陆战队终于实现了他们的目标。
On the morning of June 26 th , their commander received a simple message.
6月26日早上，他们的指挥官收到了一条简单的消息。
“Woods now U.S. Marine Corps entirely.” Somehow the marines at Belleau Wood had held the line.
“伍兹现在完全是美国海军陆战队的成员。”不知何故，贝洛伍德的海军陆战队坚守住了阵线。
Now, everything depended on whether the Americans could help stop the German advance outside the small town of Chateau-Thierry.
现在，一切都取决于美国人能否帮助阻止德军在蒂埃里堡小镇外的推进。
John Barkley and the rest of his Third Division were stationed on the southern bank of the Marne River, the last obstacle standing between Paris and the advancing Germans.
约翰·巴克利和他的第三师的其余部队驻扎在马恩河南岸，这是巴黎和前进的德军之间的最后一个障碍。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: The artillery fire had stopped, but the machine- guns were still banging away .
声音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：炮火已经停止，但机枪仍在轰鸣。
.
。
.
。
I consulted my map.
我查阅了我的地图。
Then I knew where we were.
然后我就知道我们在哪里了。
Just over that hill was Château-Thierry.
翻过那座山就是蒂埃里堡。
We .
我们 。
.
。
.
。
started up the hill toward the sound of the guns.
朝着枪声的方向开始上山。
For months I’d heard, thought, lived, nothing but war.
几个月来，我所听到的、所想的、所经历的，除了战争，什么也没有。
And I hadn’t known a damned thing about war.
我对战争一无所知。
Now it had really begun for me.
现在对我来说这一切才真正开始。
Jay Winter, Historian: This is the crisis moment.
历史学家杰伊·温特：这是危机时刻。
The American army is there to stem the German tide at a moment when nobody really knew they could do it.
美国军队在那里阻止德国的浪潮，而当时没有人真正知道他们能做到这一点。
Richard Rubin, Writer: The Germans launched a massive offensive along the Marne, they knew they had to get things done very quickly or else things were going to turn against them.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：德国人沿着马恩河发动了大规模攻势，他们知道必须尽快完成任务，否则事情就会对他们不利。
And there’s a ferocity and a desperation in the Germans’ attack on that day.
那天德国人的进攻充满了凶猛和绝望。
It really was for them do or die.
这确实是为了他们的生死存亡。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: On the opposite banks the Germans were swarming.
声音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：德国人正在对岸蜂拥而至。
Just to our right they were forcing a crossing by boats and pontoons.
就在我们的右边，他们正在强行用小船和浮桥过河。
Many of them were already on our side of the river.
他们中的许多人已经在我们这边的河边了。
It seemed to me at first that [I was] the only [one] firing on that crowd.
起初，我觉得[我]是唯一一个向人群开火的人。
Then a couple of machine-gunners hidden on the slope above [me] chimed in.
然后，隐藏在[我]上方斜坡上的几个机枪手插话道。
One good machine-gun and one sickly one, which seemed not to be working well .
一挺很好的机枪，还有一挺病态的机枪，看起来效果不太好。
.
。
.
。
But the sound one was .
但声音却是。
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。
.
。
flaying groups of Germans on the far bank.
远岸的德国人正在被剥皮。
But they went right on.
但他们继续前行。
Narrator: Despite appalling casualties, the Germans kept coming, pushing across the river and through the wheat fields toward the Allied lines.
旁白：尽管伤亡惨重，德国人仍不断涌来，渡过河流，穿过麦田，向盟军防线推进。
French forces on either side of the Third Division fell back, exposing the Americans’ flanks.
第三师两侧的法军纷纷撤退，暴露了美军的侧翼。
Barkley, and the rest refused to retreat.
巴克利等人拒绝撤退。
They dug into their position and kept on firing.
他们坚守阵地并继续射击。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: [The Germans] couldn’t locate me .
声音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：[德国人]找不到我。
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。
.
。
and [I] went on piling up [the] score.
[我]继续积累[]分数。
I had to wrap a bandoleer around my hand in order to hold my rifle.
我必须在手上缠上弹带才能握住步枪。
It was burning hot.
天气很热。
.
。
.
。
.
。
I dropped down behind the bank a moment to pour water from my canteen over the gun and through the barrel — and to take a little drink myself.
我在河岸后面蹲下一会儿，把水壶里的水倒在枪上并穿过枪管，然后自己喝了一点。
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。
.
。
.
。
[My] ammunition was nearly gone.
[我的]弹药几乎用完了。
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。
.
。
.
。
Through the curtain of dust the noon sun looked like a smoky ghost of itself.
透过尘埃的帷幕，正午的太阳看起来就像一个烟雾缭绕的幽灵。
Richard Rubin, Writer: The Third Division pushed the Germans back over the river.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：第三师将德军击退到河对岸。
It was the only place along the Marne that the Germans were pushed back that day.
这是那天德军沿马恩河唯一被击退的地方。
And because the Germans were held up at the western edge of the line, they weren’t able to proceed with the rest of their offensive, and the offensive stalled.
由于德军被困在战线的西边，他们无法继续进攻，进攻陷入停滞。
Narrator: Three days later, the Allies launched a counter-offensive that drove the Germans back across the Marne River.
旁白：三天后，盟军发起反攻，将德军赶回马恩河对岸。
For its dogged determination, the Third Division would earn the nickname “The Rock of the Marne.” At Belleau Wood, almost 5,000 Marines were killed or wounded.
由于其顽强的决心，第三师赢得了“马恩河的岩石”的绰号。在贝洛伍德，近 5,000 名海军陆战队员死伤。
Yet three weeks of savage fighting imbued them with an aura of tenacity that would become an indelible part of their identity.
然而，三周的野蛮战斗给他们注入了坚韧的气息，这将成为他们身份中不可磨灭的一部分。
Richard Rubin, Writer: The Germans had been fed the line that the Americans can’t fight and so they weren’t really prepared for this and I think from this point on they have a very different opinion of whom they’re up against.
理查德·鲁宾，作家：德国人已经被灌输了美国人无法战斗的观念，因此他们并没有真正为此做好准备，我认为从这一点开始，他们对自己的对手有非常不同的看法。
Narrator: What came to be known as the Second Battle of the Marne was a pivotal moment in the Great War, and a rite of passage for the American doughboys.
旁白：后来被称为第二次马恩河战役的战役是第一次世界大战的关键时刻，也是美国硬汉的成人仪式。
After weeks of intense fighting, thousands of men in John Barkley’s division had been killed or wounded.
经过几周的激烈战斗，约翰·巴克利师的数千名士兵死伤。
He had emerged from the fighting unhurt, but not unscathed.
他从战斗中毫发无伤，但也并非毫发无伤。
Voice: John Lewis Barkley: My birthday is the 28 th.
配音：约翰·刘易斯·巴克利：我的生日是 28 号。
I don’t know how old I am, I lost my age at the front .
我不知道我多大了，我在前面失去了年龄。
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。
.
。
It is very often that case.
这种情况经常发生。
The jar of shells and the rumble of artillery changes everything with a man morally makes a man look at things different.
炮弹罐和大炮的隆隆声从道德上改变了一个人的一切，使一个人以不同的方式看待事物。
Narrator: Throughout June and July of 1918, the names of thousands of Americans killed in the fighting began to appear in the pages of the nation’s newspapers.
旁白：1918 年 6 月和 7 月期间，数千名在战斗中丧生的美国人的名字开始出现在全国报纸的版面上。
It was the bloody harvest that had so tormented Woodrow Wilson as he led his country into war.
当伍德罗·威尔逊带领他的国家陷入战争时，正是血腥的收成让他备受折磨。
Anxious to avoid the grim spectacle witnessed throughout Europe of mourners dressed all in black, Wilson approved a proposal.
威尔逊急于避免整个欧洲出现全黑哀悼者的悲惨景象，因此批准了一项提议。
Grieving mothers and widows, “should wear a black band on the left arm with a [gold] star for each member of the family who has given up his life for the nation.” The President knew that many more women would be wearing armbands in the months to come.
悲伤的母亲和寡妇“应该在左臂上佩戴一条带有[金]星的黑色带子，纪念每一位为国家献出生命的家庭成员。”总统知道未来几个月将有更多女性佩戴臂章。
General John Pershing was about to lead his American troops into the decisive conflict of the war.
约翰·潘兴将军即将率领他的美国军队投入战争的决定性冲突。
A victory would validate America’s place on the battlefield and cement Woodrow Wilson’s claims for influencing the peace.
一场胜利将证实美国在战场上的地位，并巩固伍德罗·威尔逊影响和平的主张。
No one could have imagined that it would be the biggest, and deadliest, battle in American history.
没有人能想到这将是美国历史上规模最大、伤亡最惨重的一场战斗。
Narrator: 2 AM, September 26, 1918.
旁白：1918 年 9 月 26 日凌晨 2 点。
Already the Great War was by far the most destructive conflict in human history.
第一次世界大战已经成为人类历史上最具破坏性的冲突。
Nine million soldiers were dead, and six million civilians.
九百万士兵死亡，六百万平民死亡。
President Woodrow Wilson had committed his country to this struggle in the belief that the United States could lead the world to a better future.
伍德罗·威尔逊总统让他的国家致力于这场斗争，因为他相信美国能够带领世界走向更美好的未来。
But if Wilson was to shape the peace, American troops would have to play a decisive role in winning the war.
但如果威尔逊要塑造和平，美国军队就必须在赢得战争中发挥决定性作用。
Jay Winter, Historian: The fundamental point is how do you get into a position of dominance at the peace treaty?
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：根本问题是如何在和平条约中占据主导地位？
And the answer is through the barrel of a gun.
答案是通过枪管。
Narrator: Eighteen months after Wilson had taken his country to war, the United States was finally ready to unleash its full might.
旁白：威尔逊将国家带入战争十八个月后，美国终于准备好释放其全部力量。
The biggest army in American history stood silent and ready along a twenty-mile section of the Western Front known as the Meuse-Argonne.
美国历史上最大规模的军队沿着西线长达二十英里的默兹-阿尔贡河段静静地待命。
Suddenly, the sky overhead seemed to explode, as thousands of artillery pieces opened up at once.
顿时，头顶的天空仿佛爆炸了，数千门火炮同时轰然炸开。
The men had never seen anything like it.
男人们从来没有见过这样的事情。
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: The U.S. artillery alone fired more shells, more weight of fire power into the German lines in that first four hours than the entire Union army had fired during the entire Civil War.
作家拉普兰德：仅美国炮兵在头四个小时内向德军防线发射的炮弹和火力就比整个内战期间整个联邦军队发射的炮弹还要多。
Narrator: Three hours later, the bombardment lifted.
旁白：三个小时后，轰炸解除了。
Hundreds of thousands of American soldiers clambered up the sides of their trenches and stumbled forward into the milky fog.
数十万美国士兵爬上战壕两侧，跌跌撞撞地走进乳白色的雾气中。
They carried with them President Wilson’s dream of a bright and peaceful future.
他们承载着威尔逊总统对光明和平未来的梦想。
Jay Winter, Historian: Imagine yourself in 1918.
历史学家 Jay Winter：想象一下 1918 年的你。
You wish something good will come out of this nightmare.
你希望这场噩梦能带来一些好的结果。
Something, anything.
某事，任何事。
There is nobody in the world saying “there will be a dawn, we can find a peace that can survive, that we can say that perhaps some of these men died for the future.” And the only person who stood up and said something was Wilson.
There is nobody in the world saying “there will be a dawn, we can find a peace that can survive, that we can say that perhaps some of these men died for the future.”而唯一站起来说话的人就是威尔逊。
He took it on his own shoulders, a prophetic stance, a bit like Jeremiah.
他把这一切担在自己的肩上，一种预言性的立场，有点像耶利米。
You know, “One day we shall see the light of dawn and peace striking our noble countryside.” It was bound to appeal to people who were looking for some degree of comfort in a world that had effectively gone mad.
你知道，“有一天，我们将看到黎明与和平的光芒照耀我们高贵的乡村。”它必然会吸引那些在一个实际上已经疯狂的世界中寻求某种程度的安慰的人们。
Narrator: Woodrow Wilson had captured the world’s imagination in January with his Fourteen Points: a set of proposals that amounted to a framework for an age of peace.
旁白：伍德罗·威尔逊一月份的“十四点”吸引了全世界的想象力：一系列构成和平时代框架的建议。
It hadn’t ended the war, but it had provided hope to people everywhere.
它并没有结束战争，但它给世界各地的人们带来了希望。
The Fourteen Points were Wilson’s creation, but it was George Creel and his Committee on Public Information who had proclaimed it to the world.
The Fourteen Points were Wilson’s creation, but it was George Creel and his Committee on Public Information who had proclaimed it to the world.
The CPI had been created to shape public opinion of the war at home and abroad.
消费者价格指数的创建是为了塑造国内外对战争的公众舆论。
It did such thorough work that German soldiers advancing into Russian towns found walls plastered with Wilson’s Fourteen Points, in German, as well as Russian.
It did such thorough work that German soldiers advancing into Russian towns found walls plastered with Wilson’s Fourteen Points, in German, as well as Russian.
Thanks to the CPI, Wilson had become a savior to friend and foe alike.
感谢印度共产党，威尔逊成为朋友和敌人的救世主。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: The claims of the warring European powers just sounded hollow and bankrupt.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：欧洲交战列强的主张听起来空洞且破产。
And soldiers in the trenches and citizens of other countries had stopped listening to them, stopped believing them.
战壕里的士兵和其他国家的公民已经不再听他们的话，不再相信他们。
And Wilson is able to speak with a fresh voice.
威尔逊能够用新鲜的声音说话。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: That was ultimately the reason I think Woodrow Wilson got America into the war.
作家斯科特·伯格：我认为这就是伍德罗·威尔逊让美国卷入战争的最终原因。
If the world would buy his peace plan, then indeed we may have fought the war to end all wars.
如果世界愿意接受他的和平计划，那么我们确实可能会通过战争来结束所有战争。
Narrator: On September 27, the day after the beginning of the American offensive in France, Wilson was in New York City to deliver a speech at the Metropolitan Opera House.
Narrator: On September 27, the day after the beginning of the American offensive in France, Wilson was in New York City to deliver a speech at the Metropolitan Opera House.
He hadn’t spoken publicly about the war in months.
他已经几个月没有公开谈论战争了。
As Wilson walked onstage someone hailed him as “the greatest president the country ever had,” and the audience erupted in wild cheering.
当威尔逊走上讲台时，有人称赞他是“这个国家有史以来最伟大的总统”，观众爆发出疯狂的欢呼声。
When the house finally quieted down, Wilson spoke about the meaning of the war.
当房子终于安静下来时，威尔逊谈到了战争的意义。
Like people all over the world, he believed that a tragedy of this scale could be justified only by a revolution in world affairs.
和世界各地的人们一样，他相信，只有世界事务发生革命，才能证明发生如此规模的悲剧是合理的。
“Common people have demanded,” Wilson announced, “that their governments declare what they are seeking in this war.
威尔逊宣布：“普通民众要求他们的政府宣布他们在这场战争中寻求什么。
Their leaders respond only in statesmen’s terms – in terms of territorial arrangements and divisions of power, and not in terms of justice and mercy and peace.” More and more, Wilson was taking on the role of spokesman for the common people of the world.
Their leaders respond only in statesmen’s terms – in terms of territorial arrangements and divisions of power, and not in terms of justice and mercy and peace.”威尔逊越来越多地扮演着世界普通民众代言人的角色。
“This is a people's war,” he warned.
“这是一场人民战争，”他警告说。
“Statesmen must follow or be broken.”
“政治家必须追随，否则就会被打破。”
Michael Kazin, Historian: Wilson in a sense wanted to be president of the world.
历史学家迈克尔·卡辛：从某种意义上说，威尔逊想成为世界总统。
He had a near-Messianic view of his role in history.
他对自己在历史中的角色有着近乎弥赛亚式的看法。
He believed that in effect he was doing God’s work.
他相信他实际上是在做上帝的工作。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: There was a kind of arrogance to Woodrow Wilson, there’s no question about that.
斯科特·伯格，作家：伍德罗·威尔逊有一种傲慢，这是毫无疑问的。
It verges on his feeling he was in the confidence of God I think.
我认为这接近于他对上帝的信任的感觉。
Jay Winter, Historian: Moral authority is a dangerous position to maintain.
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：维持道德权威是一个危险的立场。
It gives the aura of sanctity to the cause of war, and any sanctification of war is bound to redound on the head of the man or woman who proclaims it.
It gives the aura of sanctity to the cause of war, and any sanctification of war is bound to redound on the head of the man or woman who proclaims it.
Voice: Ralph John: With a parting word of warning from an officer to each man, up and over the top we went.
配音：拉尔夫·约翰：随着一名军官向每个人发出临别警告，我们就登上了山顶。
It was an odd feeling.
这是一种奇怪的感觉。
It didn't seem like fear, nor even dread, but just wonderment.
这看起来不像是恐惧，甚至也不是害怕，而只是惊奇。
Narrator: Just five months before he jumped off with the first wave of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, Private Ralph John had been working on his family’s farm in McIntosh, South Dakota.
Narrator: Just five months before he jumped off with the first wave of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, Private Ralph John had been working on his family’s farm in McIntosh, South Dakota.
His training consisted of two days’ practice with a rifle and a short stint driving a bayonet into a mannequin.
他的训练包括两天的步枪练习和短暂的用刺刀刺向人体模型的训练。
Then he was shipped out, handed a gas mask, and sent into battle.
然后他被运出去，递上防毒面具，然后被送上战场。
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: Ralph John was barely trained.
拉普兰，作家：拉尔夫·约翰几乎没有受过训练。
But he was a little more adept at handling a weapon because he had spent considerable time in the forests of South Dakota so he was a little bit better off than some of the men were.
But he was a little more adept at handling a weapon because he had spent considerable time in the forests of South Dakota so he was a little bit better off than some of the men were.
Some of the men came to the front without complete uniforms, others showed up without rifles.
有些人没有穿完整的制服来到前线，其他人则没有携带步枪。
A sergeant asked, “Where’s your rifles, did you lose them?” and they said, “No we were never given any.” and he said, “Go over anyway and pick up the first one that you see.”
一名中士问道：“你的步枪在哪里，是不是丢了？”他们说：“不，我们从来没有得到过任何东西。”他说：“不管怎样，走过去，拿起你看到的第一个。”
Narrator: “A thick white fog seemed to close in from all sides,” one of John’s comrades recalled, “isolating our company entirely, and nullifying all the careful instructions about keeping in touch.” When they entered the woods on the other side of No Man’s Land, everything was strangely silent.
Narrator: “A thick white fog seemed to close in from all sides,” one of John’s comrades recalled, “isolating our company entirely, and nullifying all the careful instructions about keeping in touch.”当他们进入无人区另一边的树林时，一切都出奇的安静。
Deeper into the Argonne Forest, though, the casualties began to mount.
然而，深入阿贡森林，伤亡人数开始增加。
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: The Argonne Forest is a dense tangle.
拉普兰，作家：阿贡森林是一片茂密的纠结。
There are ridges and valleys all through it.
到处都是山脊和山谷。
A step on solid ground will be followed by a step where you’re sinking into your knees in slop.
在坚实的地面上迈出一步后，你就会陷入斜坡中的膝盖。
In some places it’s impossible to see more than 10 feet in any direction.
在某些地方，任何方向都看不到超过 10 英尺的东西。
It’s almost impenetrable.
这几乎是无法穿透的。
There were machine gun positions everywhere, trenches everywhere, there were sniper nests all over the place, there was barbed wire every step of the way.
There were machine gun positions everywhere, trenches everywhere, there were sniper nests all over the place, there was barbed wire every step of the way.
Voice: Ralph John: We were crawling, searching for machine gun nests and routing them out.
声音：拉尔夫·约翰：我们爬行，寻找机枪巢穴并将其消灭。
I didn't think anything of stepping over dead bodies of men with whom I had started out, or wading through a pool of blood.
我没想过踩过那些和我一起出发的人的尸体，或者趟过血泊。
I can just see them drop, and hear their requests for help.
我可以看到他们倒下，并听到他们寻求帮助。
But we had to go on and leave them lay.
但我们不得不继续前进，让他们躺着。
Narrator: The one reed that Private John could cling to in this hellish forest was his commanding officer.
旁白：在这片地狱般的森林里，二等兵约翰能抓住的唯一一根芦苇就是他的指挥官。
Major Charles Whittlesey was earning the undying respect of his men as they somehow made their objectives, day after day.
查尔斯·惠特尔西少校赢得了他的部下永远的尊重，因为他们日复一日地以某种方式实现了自己的目标。
But in a week of fighting, the major had lost over half the men in his command.
但在一周的战斗中，少校已经损失了一半以上的士兵。
The survivors were famished, exhausted…and they had lost touch with the units on each flank.
幸存者们饥肠辘辘、精疲力尽……而且他们与两侧的部队失去了联系。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: The problem in the Argonne Forest is no unit could maintain contact with the units on its flanks because the woods are just too thick and at this point, the units are so shrunk by casualties that they can’t cover as much front as they did at the start.
Richard Slotkin, Historian: The problem in the Argonne Forest is no unit could maintain contact with the units on its flanks because the woods are just too thick and at this point, the units are so shrunk by casualties that they can’t cover as much front as they did at the start.
Narrator: Every step forward was taking them farther from the rest of the army.
旁白：每前进一步，他们就离其他军队更远。
When Major Whittlesey pointed out the danger to his senior officer on the 2 nd of October, the response bordered on a reprimand: he was to continue pushing forward "without regard to flanks or losses."
When Major Whittlesey pointed out the danger to his senior officer on the 2 nd of October, the response bordered on a reprimand: he was to continue pushing forward "without regard to flanks or losses."
Richard Slotkin, Historian: Don’t worry about your flanks means if you get surrounded, tough.
理查德·斯洛特金，历史学家：不要担心你的侧翼，这意味着如果你被包围，那就很难了。
And the other part is no retreat.
而另一部分则是没有退路。
The American army has to prove its morale, and if you retreat, you discredit the army.
美国军队必须证明自己的士气，如果你撤退，你就抹黑了军队。
Narrator: "All right, I'll attack," Whittlesey replied, "but whether you'll hear from me again I don't know."
旁白：“好吧，我会攻击，”惠特尔西回答道，“但我不知道你是否会再次收到我的消息。”
Voice: Ralph John: We had orders to advance straight north, but we run into fierce machine gun fire in thick woods.
配音：拉尔夫·约翰：我们奉命直接向北推进，但我们在茂密的树林中遇到了猛烈的机枪扫射。
Major Whittlesey commanded us to dig in for the night.
惠特尔西少校命令我们在夜间挖洞。
Early the next morning he sent men back to get orders, but they quickly returned saying they couldn't get through.
第二天一早，他派人回去拿订单，但他们很快就回来说无法接通。
We knew then that we were entirely cut off from all support, surrounded by the Germans.
我们当时就知道，我们完全失去了一切支持，被德国人包围了。
There were something over five hundred men, who would become known as the Lost Battalion.
大约有五百多人，他们被称为“迷失营”。
Narrator: The Meuse-Argonne offensive was the culminating event of General John Pershing’s life.
旁白：默兹-阿贡攻势是约翰·潘兴将军一生中最高潮的事件。
The map on the wall of his headquarters traced the boundaries of his world.
他总部墙上的地图描绘了他的世界的边界。
The commander-in-chief of the American Expeditionary Forces marked the slightest change in the front lines and could reel off the position of every division.
The commander-in-chief of the American Expeditionary Forces marked the slightest change in the front lines and could reel off the position of every division.
Pershing was worried: the advance had fallen far behind schedule.
潘兴很担心：进展远远落后于计划。
The general left his headquarters near the city of Verdun and ordered his driver to take him to one of the command posts near the front lines.
将军离开凡尔登市附近的指挥部，命令司机带他前往前线附近的一个指挥所。
Within minutes his car was jammed in a landscape of horses, vehicles, artillery, and troops.
几分钟之内，他的车就挤满了马匹、车辆、大炮和军队。
This was the lifeblood of Pershing’s army, and it had slowed almost to a stop.
这是潘兴军队的命脉，但速度已经慢到几乎停止了。
If the German planes got through, they could cut the supply lines entirely.
如果德国飞机通过，他们可以完全切断补给线。
Pershing faced the deepest crisis of his war.
潘兴面临着他的战争中最严重的危机。
Andrew Carroll, Writer: Pershing wasn’t one for showing emotion.
安德鲁·卡罗尔（Andrew Carroll），作家：潘兴不是一个善于表达情感的人。
And he knew how a commander’s presence affected the men, he told his other generals, don’t ever let your troops see you look disheartened or beaten because it’ll permeate through the entire army.
And he knew how a commander’s presence affected the men, he told his other generals, don’t ever let your troops see you look disheartened or beaten because it’ll permeate through the entire army.
So he always had to have this façade of strength.
所以他总是必须拥有这种力量的外表。
Narrator: When President Wilson appointed Pershing to lead the American Expeditionary Forces, he had given him one assignment: the AEF must claim a prominent role in winning the war, so that the United States could shape the peace and the postwar world.
Narrator: When President Wilson appointed Pershing to lead the American Expeditionary Forces, he had given him one assignment: the AEF must claim a prominent role in winning the war, so that the United States could shape the peace and the postwar world.
Every aspect of national life had been turned to building an Army that could beat the Germans.
国家生活的各个方面都被转向建立一支能够击败德国人的军队。
By the fall of 1918 Pershing believed the AEF was finally ready to fight a major offensive on its own.
1918 年秋，潘兴相信 AEF 终于准备好独自发起一场大规模攻势了。
He chose the sector between the Meuse River and the Argonne forest for his showpiece battle because it offered the best chance of ending the war in one blow.
He chose the sector between the Meuse River and the Argonne forest for his showpiece battle because it offered the best chance of ending the war in one blow.
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: The master plan for Meuse Argonne offensive was to push forward and cut the main rail link between Germany and northern France — the main supply route.
作家拉普兰德：默兹-阿贡攻势的总体计划是推进并切断德国和法国北部之间的主要铁路线——主要补给路线。
It was part of a larger offensive that everybody was involved in, to drive the Germans out once and for all.
这是所有人都参与的更大规模攻势的一部分，目的是一劳永逸地赶走德国人。
Richard Rubin, Writer: The Germans took Meuse-Argonne in 1914 and the French tried to take it back in ’14 and ’15 and ’16 and ’17, but the defenses in the Argonne were seen at that point as insurmountable.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：德国人于 1914 年占领了默兹-阿贡，法国人试图在 14 年、15 年、16 年和 17 年夺回它，但当时阿贡河的防御被认为是不可逾越的。
Narrator: Pershing’s plan called for his troops to cut through the German defenses in just three days.
旁白：潘兴的计划要求他的部队在短短三天内突破德国的防御。
Instead of sitting in their trenches like European soldiers, Pershing believed his doughboys would sweep across the battlefield, overwhelming the enemy.
潘兴并没有像欧洲士兵那样坐在战壕里，而是相信他的小伙子们会横扫战场，压倒敌人。
In doing so they would avoid the horrendous casualties that Britain and France had suffered.
这样做可以避免英国和法国遭受的可怕伤亡。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: Pershing’s attitude is like they’re all doing it wrong.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：潘兴的态度就好像他们都做错了。
You know I mean with American riflemen and can-do and our history we’re going to go in there and we’re just going to show the Europeans how it’s done.
你知道我的意思是，凭借美国步枪手、我们的进取精神和我们的历史，我们将进入那里，我们只是向欧洲人展示它是如何做到的。
Narrator: From the moment the doughboys went over the top, nothing went according to plan.
旁白：从面团男孩超出极限的那一刻起，一切都没有按计划进行。
As Pershing could see, his own supply lines had seized up.
正如潘兴所见，他自己的补给线已经瘫痪了。
Casualties were soaring.
伤亡人数猛增。
With every passing hour the Germans were bringing up more reinforcements.
随着时间的流逝，德国人正在调集更多的援军。
Soon Pershing’s army would be locked in a war of attrition.
很快潘兴的军队就会陷入消耗战。
It was exactly the outcome he had sworn to avoid.
这正是他发誓要避免的结果。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: Pershing believed that American riflemen would go in with their mobile tactics, swarming around pillboxes, knocking them out, moving on to the next line of entrenchments and they couldn’t get through the first line.
理查德·斯洛特金（Richard Slotkin），历史学家：潘兴认为，美国步枪手会采用机动战术，包围碉堡，将其击落，然后移动到下一道工事，但他们无法突破第一道防线。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: U.S. troops were audacious and brave — reckless some Germans called them — because they ran right into machine gun fire and they assaulted things head on often.
播客制作人丹·卡林：美国军队大胆而勇敢——一些德国人称他们为鲁莽——因为他们直接遭遇机枪扫射，并且经常正面攻击。
The kind of casualties we suffered were unprecedented in U.S. history.
我们遭受的伤亡在美国历史上是前所未有的。
Narrator: By the time Pershing reached his forward command post his famous temper was well lost.
旁白：当潘兴到达前线指挥所时，他著名的脾气已经完全消失了。
Every commander was put on notice: any one who did not measure up would be relieved.
每位指挥官都受到了警告：谁不合格就松一口气。
“When men run away in front of the enemy,” Pershing ordered, “officers should stop them, to the point of shooting men down.” There could be no hesitation, no weakness.
“当人们在敌人面前逃跑时，”潘兴下令，“军官应该阻止他们，甚至将其击落。”不能有任何犹豫，不能有任何软弱。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: Americans had to accustom themselves to the reality that it didn’t matter how great the American rifleman was, there wasn’t going to be any quick victory.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：美国人必须习惯这样的现实：无论美国步枪手多么出色，都不可能快速获胜。
Jay Winter, Historian: The kind of warfare on the western front that the United States thought that it was going to fight, it didn’t find.
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：美国原以为将在西部前线打一场战争，但它并没有发现。
It was the same war, the same bloodbath.
这是同样的战争，同样的血腥屠杀。
Narrator: As the American offensive raged in France, civilians on the home front were coming to grips with an equally deadly enemy: influenza.
旁白：当美国在法国猛烈进攻时，后方的平民正在与同样致命的敌人：流感作斗争。
Washington DC suffered so many fatal cases that the authorities closed the public schools.
华盛顿特区发生了如此多的死亡病例，以至于当局关闭了公立学校。
Saloons, churches, and theaters were shut down; public gatherings were prohibited.
沙龙、教堂和剧院被关闭；禁止公众集会。
For Lillian Aubert, there was no avoiding the disease – she was an Army nurse at Walter Reed military hospital.
对于莉莲·奥伯特来说，这种疾病是不可避免的——她是沃尔特·里德军事医院的一名陆军护士。
Aubert had moved to Washington five months earlier.
奥伯特五个月前搬到了华盛顿。
Back then the wartime bustle had been thrilling.
那时的战时喧嚣令人心潮澎湃。
Young women had crowded three to a bed in rooming houses and paid 25 cents to bathe at the Central High School pool.
年轻女性在出租屋里挤在一张床上，花 25 美分在中央高中的游泳池里洗澡。
Military policemen with rifles and bayonets guarded the gates of the White House.
手持步枪和刺刀的军警守卫着白宫大门。
Soldiers kept watch over the Potomac rail bridges and bunked in tents along the riverbank.
士兵们守卫着波托马克铁路桥，并在河岸的帐篷里过夜。
Soon after Aubert began her work at Walter Reed, wounded soldiers began arriving from France.
奥伯特开始在沃尔特里德工作后不久，受伤的士兵开始从法国抵达。
“Never think of these men as men to be pitied,” the nurses were told.
“永远不要认为这些人是值得怜悯的人，”护士们被告知。
“These are men to be proud of, to be envied.” The weapons that had transformed warfare also produced new types of casualties.
“这些人值得骄傲，值得羡慕。”改变战争的武器也造成了新的伤亡。
Artillery caused 70% of the deaths in the Great War, often simply disintegrating a human being.
第一次世界大战中 70% 的死亡是由大炮造成的，通常只是将人肢解。
More commonly, splinters of steel would spin off at low velocity, creating jagged wounds that were prone to infection.
更常见的是，钢碎片会以低速旋转，形成锯齿状伤口，容易感染。
Amputation was the all-too-common result.
截肢是最常见的结果。
At Walter Reed, ninety percent of the amputees needed re-amputation, cutting off the remnants of limbs that had become infected.
在沃尔特·里德医院，百分之九十的截肢者需要重新截肢，切除受感染的肢体残骸。
Aubert nursed these men as they began once more the long nightmare of convalescence.
奥伯特照顾这些人，让他们再次开始漫长的康复噩梦。
Many would undergo it three, four, five times.
许多人会经历三、四、五次。
Artillery damaged even the men it didn’t maim: fully one fifth of frontline hospital admissions were victims of a terrifying phenomenon called shell shock.
炮火甚至对没有伤及的人造成了伤害：前线住院的人中有整整五分之一是一种被称为炮弹休克的可怕现象的受害者。
Richard Rubin, Writer: Artillery was always a matter of terror for the men in the trenches.
理查德·鲁宾（Richard Rubin），作家：对于战壕里的人们来说，炮兵始终是一件令人恐惧的事情。
There was absolutely nothing you could do to protect yourself.
你绝对没有办法保护自己。
You had shelters that you could go into, but you didn’t know if they would hold up or not.
你有可以进入的避难所，但你不知道它们是否能承受住。
And you didn’t know what you were facing until the shells started coming in and going off.
直到炮弹开始进出，你才知道自己面临着什么。
You didn’t know if it was going to blow up on impact or if it was going to explode over your head.
你不知道它是否会在撞击时爆炸，或者是否会在你的头顶上爆炸。
You didn’t know if it had shrapnel in it, you didn’t know if it had gas in it.
你不知道里面是否有弹片，你不知道里面是否有气体。
This was something that soldiers had never faced to that extent before.
这是士兵们从来没有面对过这种程度的事情。
Narrator: Poison gas had been introduced by the Germans in 1915, but the Allies quickly caught on, and by 1918 it was everywhere.
旁白：毒气是德国人在 1915 年引入的，但盟军很快就流行起来，到 1918 年毒气已经无处不在。
Gas was was rarely fatal, but it produced horrible wounds.
瓦斯很少致命，但会造成可怕的伤口。
Almost a third of the men in American hospitals were gas victims, and their condition was terrifying.
美国医院里几乎有三分之一的男性是毒气受害者，他们的情况非常可怕。
Edward A.
爱德华·A.
Gutiérrez, Historian: Mustard gas is the most frightening chemical agent in World War I.
历史学家古铁雷斯：芥子气是第一次世界大战中最可怕的化学制剂。
It actually will damage the lungs, it’ll burn the eyes.
它实际上会损害肺部，会灼伤眼睛。
Any exposed skin will burn.
任何暴露的皮肤都会被灼伤。
The most frightening thing about mustard gas is that it can settle into the ground and last for weeks, in the leaves, in the grass.
芥子气最可怕的是它可以沉入地下，在树叶、草丛中持续数周。
And the doughboys would just run across, not even knowing that there was gas in the area and they’d release the gas again.
面团男孩会跑过去，甚至不知道该地区有气体，然后他们会再次释放气体。
And that gas was just as toxic and just as effective.
这种气体同样有毒，也同样有效。
Narrator: Even as Lillian dealt with the flood of wounded men, she began hearing talk of an epidemic that was wreaking havoc on the American Army in France.
旁白：就在莉莲处理大量伤员时，她开始听到有关流行病正在对驻法美军造成严重破坏的传言。
Nancy K.
南希·K.
Bristow, Historian: The influenza virus of 1918 was an H1N1 virus with the capacity to infect and to kill that was unprecedented in modern times.
历史学家布里斯托：1918年的流感病毒是一种H1N1病毒，其感染和杀伤能力在现代是前所未有的。
There’s no preexisting immunity to the disease.
对该疾病没有预先存在的免疫力。
It’s also one that’s able to move human to human very quickly.
它也是一种能够非常快速地在人与人之间传播的病毒。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: The flu hit the United States and the world at a particularly vulnerable time; when people were displaced, when they were hungry.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：流感在美国和世界特别脆弱的时期袭击了美国；当人们流离失所、饥饿时。
And the war accelerated the spread of the virus in part by cramming all these soldiers into troop ships and then bringing them back and forth from Europe to America.
战争加速了病毒的传播，部分原因是将所有这些士兵塞进军舰，然后将他们从欧洲运到美洲。
Narrator: In September 1918, 40,000 soldiers were admitted to Army hospitals overseas with the flu.
旁白：1918年9月，4万名士兵因流感被送往海外陆军医院。
Then the disease started cropping up on the home front.
然后这种疾病开始在家庭中出现。
Authorities told the public to avoid wearing tight shoes, tight clothing or tight gloves, to chew their food well and drink water.
当局告诉公众避免穿紧身鞋、紧身衣服或紧身手套，要仔细咀嚼食物并喝水。
Swindlers made small fortunes with potions and patent medicines.
骗子通过药剂和成药发了一笔小财。
But nothing stemmed the tide of death.
但没有什么能阻止死亡的浪潮。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: This was a national catastrophe.
历史学家基恩：这是一场全国性的灾难。
And the president doesn’t say one thing about it.
总统对此只字不提。
And part of his reasoning for that was not to create panic.
他这样做的部分原因是不要制造恐慌。
But the other part was that if you start thinking too much about the flu, you’re not thinking about the war.
但另一部分是，如果你开始过多地思考流感，那么你就不会考虑战争。
Because really containing the influenza epidemic means shutting down factories, shutting down war bond drives, shutting down mobilization.
因为真正遏制流感疫情意味着关闭工厂、停止战争债券驱动、停止动员。
None of that can happen.
这些都不会发生。
In the context of the First World War, this is just another tragedy that must be endured.
在第一次世界大战的背景下，这只是又一个必须忍受的悲剧。
Narrator: When Lillian Aubert was assigned to the influenza ward at Walter Reed, the job was as dangerous as any on the front lines.
旁白：当莉莲·奥伯特被分配到沃尔特里德的流感病房时，这项工作与前线的任何工作一样危险。
The first flu victim was admitted in mid-September; soon the ward filled to overflowing.
第一个流感患者于九月中旬入院；很快病房就挤满了人。
Her patients lived, on average, just twelve days.
她的病人平均只能活十二天。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: People could be perfectly healthy in the morning, start running a fever, their lungs would fill up with fluid.
历史学家基恩：人们可能在早上非常健康，但开始发烧，他们的肺部会充满液体。
And by nightfall be dead.
到了夜幕降临时就死了。
And there was just nothing they could do.
他们无能为力。
This is an era before antibiotics.
这是抗生素出现之前的时代。
People don’t understand how the flu is being transmitted.
人们不明白流感是如何传播的。
Nancy K.
南希·K.
Bristow, Historian: You’re literally drowning in your own bodily fluids in some cases, so you’re extremities are turning purple.
布里斯托，历史学家：在某些情况下，你实际上是淹没在自己的体液中，所以你的四肢会变成紫色。
Your face is turning purple.
你的脸变紫了。
You may have blood draining from your ears or your nose.
您的耳朵或鼻子可能会流血。
It was devastating.
这是毁灭性的。
Narrator: By the 2 nd of October the epidemic was running wild.
旁白：到了10月2日，疫情已经开始肆虐。
Coffins piled up in cemeteries; some victims lay where they died.
墓地里堆满了棺材；一些受害者躺在他们死亡的地方。
That was the day Lillian developed a fever.
那天莉莲发烧了。
Her suffering was mercifully short.
幸运的是，她的痛苦很短暂。
Five months after she had arrived in Washington, Lillian Aubert found her final resting place at Arlington National Cemetery.
抵达华盛顿五个月后，莉莲·奥伯特在阿灵顿国家公墓找到了她最后的安息之地。
Narrator: It had been a long journey from the Mississippi delta to a field hospital in France.
旁白：从密西西比三角洲到法国的一家野战医院经历了漫长的旅程。
In November 1917 Leroy Johnston had made his way from Philips County Arkansas to New York City, to join the fabled New York 15 th , known as the Harlem Hellfighters.
1917 年 11 月，勒罗伊·约翰斯顿 (Leroy Johnston) 从阿肯色州飞利浦县前往纽约市，加入了传说中的纽约第 15 军团，即哈莱姆地狱战士 (Harlem Hellfighters)。
He was drawn to a cause every bit as captivating as world peace.
他被一项像世界和平一样令人着迷的事业所吸引。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Young black men had been given reason to hope that some good would come of the war.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：年轻的黑人有理由希望战争能带来一些好处。
The language of the war itself, the framing of it as a war for democracy already makes it a powerful and meaningful moment in the history of African Americans.
战争本身的语言，以及将其定义为民主战争的框架，已经使其成为非裔美国人历史上一个强大而有意义的时刻。
There’s also the example of the Civil War not long before, which was a very different war, but it’s a war that African-American involvement and African-American agitation had turned into a war literally for freedom.
还有不久前的内战的例子，这是一场非常不同的战争，但这是一场非裔美国人的参与和非裔美国人的鼓动变成了一场名副其实的自由战争。
Narrator: Johnston had been with the Hellfighters throughout their incredible odyssey.
旁白：约翰斯顿一直陪伴着地狱战士度过了他们不可思议的冒险之旅。
They had spent 191 days under fire and suffered more casualties than any other American regiment: 1,300 of the original 2,000 men had died or been wounded.
他们在炮火中度过了 191 天，伤亡比任何其他美国军团都多：最初的 2,000 人中有 1,300 人死亡或受伤。
The regiment had been shattered in the opening days of the Meuse-Argonne offensive.
该团在默兹-阿尔贡攻势的最初几天就被击溃了。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: At one point they’re cut off.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金：在某一时刻，他们被切断了。
They’re way ahead of their supports.
他们远远领先于他们的支持者。
They lose roughly two-thirds of their combat strength.
他们损失了大约三分之二的战斗力。
They just have not got the numbers any more to get anywhere.
他们只是没有更多的人数去任何地方。
They can’t even cover the German line in front of them.
他们甚至无法覆盖面前的德军防线。
Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: They’re basically shredded.
历史学家杰弗里·萨蒙斯：它们基本上被撕碎了。
They’re no longer able to fight as an offensive unit.
他们不再能够作为进攻单位进行战斗。
They’re, you know, reduced beyond the level that they can be an effective fighting force.
你知道，他们的实力已经下降到无法成为一支有效战斗力量的水平。
Narrator: The Hellfighters were finally relieved on the 1 st of October, but not before Johnston was severely wounded.
旁白：地狱战士们终于在 10 月 1 日获释，但在此之前约翰斯顿受了重伤。
He survived long enough to reach an aid station.
他幸存了足够长的时间到达救援站。
Now, for the first time since he had landed in France, Leroy Johnston knew that he would make it back to Arkansas someday.
现在，自从抵达法国以来，勒罗伊·约翰斯顿第一次知道他有一天会回到阿肯色州。
But he couldn’t know what he would find there: the war had changed him; changed everything.
但他不知道他会在那里发现什么：战争改变了他；战争改变了他；战争改变了他。改变了一切。
Chad Williams, Historian: The experience of traveling to France for a black southerner from a rural town was completely mind-boggling.
历史学家查德·威廉姆斯：对于一个来自乡村小镇的南方黑人来说，前往法国的经历完全令人难以置信。
The French were not free of racism by any stretch of the imagination, but in comparison to how African-American soldiers were treated by white American troops, it really highlighted how bad American racism was.
不管怎么想，法国人都没有摆脱种族主义，但与美国白人军队对待非裔美国士兵的方式相比，这确实凸显了美国种族主义的严重性。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: One of the major themes in the black press had been from the start the notion that the black soldier’s going to prove the race’s manhood in war.
理查德·斯洛特金，历史学家：黑人媒体的主要主题之一从一开始就是黑人士兵将在战争中证明种族男子气概的观念。
And when we come back from war, we’re going to prove it here, in the United States.
当我们从战争中回来时，我们将在美国证明这一点。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: There’s that great editorial by W.E.B.
Adriane Lentz-Smith，历史学家：W.E.B. 有一篇很棒的社论。
Du Bois in The Crisis , where he says, “Make way for democracy, we saved it in France and by the great Jehovah, we will save it in the U.S. or know the reason why.”
杜波依斯在《危机》中说：“为民主让路，我们在法国拯救了民主，靠着伟大的耶和华，我们将在美国拯救民主，或者知道原因。”
Narrator: As far as the newspapers were concerned, the American offensive was going splendidly.
旁白：据报纸报道，美国的攻势进展顺利。
Much of their reporting was provided directly by the Committee on Public Information.
他们的大部分报告是由新闻委员会直接提供的。
The head of the organization, George Creel, estimated that 20,000 newspaper columns a week were drawn from CPI releases.
该组织负责人乔治·克里尔 (George Creel) 估计，每周有 20,000 个报纸专栏来自 CPI 发布的内容。
Alan Axelrod, Writer: Woodrow Wilson, the great democrat, wanted strict censorship.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德，编剧：伍德罗·威尔逊，伟大的民主党人，想要严格的审查制度。
Creel said that this would be a great mistake.
克里尔表示，这将是一个巨大的错误。
What we have to do instead is supply all of the news.
相反，我们要做的是提供所有新闻。
Everything anybody hears about the war has to come through the Committee on Public Information.
任何人听到的有关战争的一切信息都必须通过公共信息委员会。
Creel’s argument is that “I’m giving you all the facts and you are free to reach whatever conclusions you will.” But in fact these were very carefully edited facts.
克里尔的论点是“我向你提供了所有事实，你可以自由地得出任何你想要的结论。”但事实上，这些都是经过精心编辑的事实。
Narrator: Creel couldn’t hide the war’s cost: casualty lists began filling whole pages in the newspaper, day after day.
旁白：克里尔无法隐瞒战争的代价：伤亡名单开始日复一日地填满报纸的整版。
As the losses mounted, the CPI redoubled its efforts to enlist civilians in the war effort.
随着损失的增加，印度共产党加倍努力招募平民参与战争。
In the fall of 1918 the CPI put on a traveling War Exposition.
1918 年秋，印度共产党举办了一场巡回战争博览会。
It was an attempt to bring the war home, emphasizing the sacrifices that soldiers were making for their countrymen.
这是一种将战争带回家的尝试，强调士兵们为同胞做出的牺牲。
In Chicago, two million visitors lined up to see artifacts ranging from Zeppelin wreckage to an Iron Cross Nail Brush.
在芝加哥，两百万游客排队参观从齐柏林飞艇残骸到铁十字指甲刷等各种文物。
The highlight was a staged reenactment of trench warfare, complete with a working tank.
亮点是舞台上的堑壕战重演，配有工作坦克。
The truly dedicated could visit the Army Mess Kitchen, where, it was promised, “Meals are served in the same manner, and using the same ‘grub’ as is the fare of the ‘doughboys’ in France.” “Do your part to win the war” was the theme of the Exposition, and George Creel was doing his best to make it the theme of American life.
真正热心的人可以参观陆军食堂厨房，那里承诺“提供膳食的方式和使用与法国‘doughboys’相同的‘grub’。” “为赢得战争尽自己的一份力量”是博览会的主题，乔治·克里尔正在尽最大努力使其成为美国生活的主题。
Alan Axelrod, Writer: Creel was a genuine idealist.
艾伦·阿克塞尔罗德（Alan Axelrod），编剧：克里尔是一位真正的理想主义者。
He wanted the war to be a war of ideas, of ideology.
他希望这场战争成为一场思想、意识形态的战争。
He did not like the idea of “we must kill the Hun,” he did not like the idea of “if you are disloyal you should be killed.” He thought we should all get along as Americans and do what we can to win the war because that was the right thing to do.
他不喜欢“我们必须杀死匈奴”的想法，他不喜欢“如果你不忠诚，就应该被杀死”的想法。他认为我们都应该作为美国人和睦相处，尽我们所能赢得战争，因为这是正确的做法。
Narrator: But whether Creel liked it or not, there was a darker side to the running of the war.
旁白：但无论克里尔是否喜欢，战争的进行也有黑暗的一面。
For anyone who didn’t get in line, there could be serious consequences.
对于任何不排队的人来说，可能会产生严重的后果。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: There was a sense that you were being watched.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：有一种你正在被监视的感觉。
But it wasn’t always clear who was watching you.
但并不总是清楚谁在看着你。
You never knew if some magazine that you had subscribed to was suddenly going to get you in trouble.
你永远不知道你订阅的某本杂志是否会突然给你带来麻烦。
You never knew if you sang a German song that your father or grandfather had sung before that suddenly you were going to end up prosecuted.
你永远不知道如果你唱了一首你父亲或祖父以前唱过的德国歌曲，你会突然被起诉。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: You see a rash of vigilantism aimed at making sure that anybody who might have any objection to the war does not express it.
历史学家基恩：你看到了一系列的私刑活动，目的是确保任何可能反对战争的人都不会表达出来。
And it’s not now just a matter of being quiet, just don’t say that I’m against the war, but actively demonstrate support.
现在不仅仅是保持沉默，不要说我反对战争，而是积极表现出支持。
Narrator: A host of organizations made sure that every American was doing his or her patriotic duty.
旁白：许多组织确保每个美国人都履行自己的爱国义务。
The American Protective League boasted a quarter of a million members across the country.
美国保护联盟在全国拥有 25 万会员。
The Justice Department gave the APL semi-official status by supplying it with armbands and badges.
司法部通过向 APL 提供臂章和徽章来赋予其半官方地位。
League men embarked on illegal searches and seizures, detained and arrested men without charges, intimidated allegedly disloyal Americans, and broke up strikes.
联盟人员开始非法搜查和扣押，在没有指控的情况下拘留和逮捕人员，恐吓据称不忠诚的美国人，并驱散罢工。
In the fall of 1918, they unleashed a series of so-called “slacker raids” in cities across the country.
1918 年秋天，他们在全国各城市发动了一系列所谓的“偷懒者突袭”。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: They organize “slacker raids,” with the idea of rounding up men who are evading the draft.
历史学家基恩：他们组织“偷懒者突袭”，目的是围捕逃避征兵的人。
They fan out across these cities, they go into nickelodeons, they go into movie theaters, they wait at the exits of fairs to catch people when they’re walking home, onto city buses, beaches, pulling in any guy that’s not carrying his draft card.
他们在这些城市中呈扇形散开，他们进入镍币影院，他们进入电影院，他们在集市出口处等待，在人们步行回家时抓住他们，登上城市公交车，海滩，拉住任何没有携带选秀卡的人。
These vigilante groups are wandering around just assaulting civilians.
这些自卫队四处游荡，袭击平民。
Narrator: One September morning, 20,000 agents surrounded the entrances to every subway, train, and ferry station in New York, then launched hundreds of raids across the city.
旁白：9月的一个早晨，两万名特工包围了纽约每一个地铁站、火车站和轮渡站的入口，然后在全城发动了数百次突袭。
Over three days, almost half a million men were interrogated, and 60,000 detained.
三天内，近五十万人受到审讯，六万人被拘留。
It was the largest police action in the country’s history.
这是该国历史上最大规模的警察行动。
The New York raid netted just 199 draft dodgers.
纽约的突袭只抓到了 199 名躲避选秀的球员。
Yet President Wilson was satisfied, commenting that the raids would “put the fear of God” into any potential shirkers.
然而威尔逊总统对此感到满意，他评论说，这次突袭将“让任何潜在的偷懒者都敬畏上帝”。
Michael Kazin, Historian: Wilson believes that once he’s made a decision, Americans should understand it and go along with it.
历史学家迈克尔·卡辛：威尔逊认为，一旦他做出决定，美国人就应该理解并同意。
And if you oppose him, you are committing in effect, treason.
如果你反对他，你实际上就犯了叛国罪。
So he’s both the great democrat and one of the most repressive figures in American history.
所以他既是伟大的民主党人，也是美国历史上最镇压的人物之一。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: Wilson’s answer to all of this was just put the lid on it.
作家斯科特·伯格：威尔逊对这一切的回答只是盖上盖子。
And maybe tighten that lid too.
也许也拧紧那个盖子。
We have one objective right now; that is to fight this war and win it.
我们现在有一个目标：那就是打这场战争并赢得它。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: The military figures that Americans get to know during the war are carefully selected by the Committee on Public Information.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：美国人在战争期间认识的军事人物是由公共信息委员会精心挑选的。
They actually try to censor the information about most soldiers and remove their names from most news accounts, so when a name is picked out of the hat to be shared with the American public it’s because that’s a story that they think Americans will latch on to.
他们实际上试图审查大多数士兵的信息，并将他们的名字从大多数新闻报道中删除，所以当一个名字被从帽子里挑出来与美国公众分享时，是因为他们认为这是一个美国人会抓住的故事。
Eddie Rickenbacker is absolutely a case in point.
埃迪·里肯巴克（Eddie Rickenbacker）绝对是一个很好的例子。
He is one of the most all-American heroes of the war.
他是这场战争中最具全美性的英雄之一。
Narrator: Eddie Rickenbacker had been fighting the odds his whole life.
旁白：埃迪·里肯巴克一生都在与困难作斗争。
His father died young, so Eddie had to drop out of school in the seventh grade and help feed the family.
他的父亲很早就去世了，所以埃迪不得不在七年级时辍学并帮助养家糊口。
After working at a foundry, a brewery, a shoe factory and a monument works, he wound up at the Columbus Buggy Company, where he fell in love with their latest product: automobiles.
在一家铸造厂、一家啤酒厂、一家鞋厂和一座纪念碑工厂工作过之后，他最终加入了哥伦布越野车公司，在那里他爱上了他们的最新产品：汽车。
John F.
约翰·F.
Ross, Writer: Rickenbacker found himself at a moment in American history when cars were going fast enough to race.
罗斯，作家：里肯巴克发现自己正处于美国历史上的一个时刻，汽车的速度足以进行比赛。
And automobile makers wanted cars to race so that they could sell them.
汽车制造商希望汽车能够参加比赛，这样他们就可以出售它们。
And here is this kid with not much to lose and everything to gain.
这个孩子没有什么可失去的，却可以获得一切。
Narrator: By the time war broke out Rickenbacker was a celebrity: he’d raced in the Indianapolis 500 four times, and ranked third nationally.
旁白：战争爆发时，里肯巴克已是名人：他曾四次参加印第安纳波利斯 500 英里比赛，并在全国排名第三。
But he also had an accent and a German name.
但他也有口音和德国名字。
Thomas A.
托马斯·A.
Hoff, Writer: Even though he’s born in the United States, he grew up in a family speaking a combination of German and English, and he grows up with a bit of an accent.
作家霍夫：尽管他出生在美国，但他在一个德语和英语混合的家庭长大，而且带着一点口音。
And in fact when war breaks out there was a news story about him that he was actually the son of a German baron and he had been disgraced and sent to America to prove himself.
事实上，当战争爆发时，有一篇关于他的新闻报道说，他实际上是一位德国男爵的儿子，他被羞辱并被送往美国证明自己。
And so he was actually von Rickenbacker.
所以他实际上是冯·里肯巴克。
Narrator: As anti-German hysteria swept the United States, the twenty-seven-year-old arranged a meeting at the War Department, determined to prove his loyalty.
旁白：当反德歇斯底里席卷美国时，这位二十七岁的年轻人在陆军部安排了一次会议，决心证明自己的忠诚。
John F.
约翰·F.
Ross, Writer: He figures that all his buddies on the racing circuit, should be the guys who are going to be pilots of these new airplanes.
作家罗斯：他认为他在赛道上的所有伙伴都应该成为这些新飞机的飞行员。
So he marches into Washington, DC, and he says, I got a plan for you.
所以他进军华盛顿特区，他说，我为你制定了一个计划。
And they listened to the way he spoke.
他们听他说话的方式。
He mangled his English.
他的英语很糟糕。
And they laughed at him.
他们嘲笑他。
They basically told him to get out of there.
他们基本上告诉他离开那里。
Narrator: Rickenbacker wouldn’t quit.
旁白：里肯巴克不会放弃。
He went to France as a driver with General Pershing’s delegation a few weeks after America entered the war.
美国参战几周后，他作为司机随潘兴将军的代表团前往法国。
Through sheer perseverance he qualified as a pilot and was assigned to a fighter squadron in the spring of 1918.
凭借顽强的毅力，他获得了飞行员资格，并于 1918 年春天被分配到战斗机中队。
It was a dubious prize: the life expectancy of a new combat pilot was twenty days.
这是一个可疑的奖励：新战斗飞行员的预期寿命是二十天。
But the same combination of recklessness and calculation that had marked his career on the racetrack served him well in the air.
但他在赛道上的职业生涯中的鲁莽和精打细算的结合，同样让他在空中表现出色。
He downed his first German airplane on April 27 th , and never looked back.
4 月 27 日，他击落了他的第一架德国飞机，并且再也没有回头。
As Rickenbacker’s score mounted the public fell in love with him.
随着里肯巴克的分数不断上升，公众爱上了他。
John F.
约翰·F.
Ross, Writer: These aviators really invented a new icon of American manhood.
作家罗斯：这些飞行员确实创造了美国男子气概的新标志。
Ultimately the old stereotypes, of cavalry leaders and charges and lumberjacks and cowboys gave way to the modern era.
最终，骑兵领袖、冲锋、伐木工人和牛仔等旧有的刻板印象让位于现代时代。
And what was that?
那是什么？
Well it was a pilot with his silk scarf and his goggles.
嗯，这是一位戴着丝巾和护目镜的飞行员。
You see the beginnings of the Right Stuff right there, American manhood redefined.
你可以看到“正确的东西”的开始，美国男子气概的重新定义。
Narrator: A working-class hero was a reflection of the changing nature of the air war.
旁白：工人阶级英雄反映了空战性质的变化。
Where early pilots had reveled in the image of the gallant, chivalrous airman, Rickenbacker had seen too many friends go down in flames to romanticize combat flying.
早期的飞行员陶醉于英勇、侠义的飞行员形象，而里肯巴克则看到太多的朋友在火焰中倒下，从而将战斗飞行浪漫化。
He called it “scientific murder,” and was constantly refining methods to make it more scientific, and more murderous.
他称之为“科学谋杀”，并不断完善方法，使其更加科学、更加凶残。
“Most of the pilots he killed, never knew what hit them,” a fellow airman recalled.
“他杀死的大多数飞行员都不知道是什么击中了他们，”一名飞行员回忆道。
“Out of the sun, a quick burst and gone.”
“离开阳光，很快就消失了。”
Thomas A.
托马斯·A.
Hoff, Writer: What makes him a great fighter pilot is his understanding that there was a science to flying.
霍夫，作家：他之所以成为一名伟大的战斗机飞行员，是因为他了解飞行是一门科学。
And maybe it was because he was a little older, maybe it was because he had faced death a few times, he had a different perspective.
也许是因为他年纪大了一些，也许是因为他多次面对过死亡，他有不同的看法。
He understood the limits of his aircraft and he was going to use it as the tool it was designed to be.
他了解飞机的局限性，并且打算将其用作其设计目的的工具。
Narrator: Although the papers tracked the leading pilots’ scores like a sports rivalry, the day of the solo air ace was over; the era of the air force had arrived.
旁白：虽然报纸像体育比赛一样追踪领先飞行员的成绩，但单人飞行王牌的日子已经结束了；空军时代已经到来。
When America declared war its air force consisted of fifty-five airplanes, fifty-one of which were obsolete.
美国宣战时，其空军有 55 架飞机，其中 51 架已经过时。
By the fall of 1918 the United States Air Service comprised 740 front-line aircraft and 200,000 men.
到 1918 年秋，美国空军拥有 740 架前线飞机和 20 万名人员。
Operations were carried out by ever-larger formations, coordinated with movements on the ground.
行动由越来越大的编队进行，并与地面行动相协调。
Rickenbacker’s scientific approach to combat flying was perfectly suited to this new air war; he was promoted to squadron leader ahead of more senior pilots on the eve of the Meuse-Argonne offensive.
里肯巴克的科学战斗飞行方法非常适合这场新的空战。在默兹-阿尔贡攻势前夕，他在其他高级飞行员之前被晋升为中队长。
“The squadron began to love him,” another pilot recalled.
“中队开始喜欢他，”另一名飞行员回忆道。
“I don’t know how to explain it.
“我不知道该如何解释。
At first he was just an uneducated tough bastard who threw his weight around the wrong way.
起初他只是一个没有受过教育的硬汉混蛋，以错误的方式发挥自己的作用。
But he developed into the most natural leader I ever saw.”
但他后来发展成为我所见过的最自然的领导者。”
John F.
约翰·F.
Ross, Writer: When a pilot took command of a squadron they often lay back, didn’t fly as much, were much more cautious.
罗斯，作家：当飞行员指挥一个中队时，他们经常会后退，飞行次数减少，更加谨慎。
Eddie actually flew more when he became the commander of the 94 th .
当埃迪成为第 94 师的指挥官后，他实际上飞得更多了。
And I think it was that willingness to tangle, to teach novices, to let them take a kill that he set up, to fly more than anybody, to log more hours, that really made people come to regard him with such high esteem.
我认为正是这种愿意纠缠、教导新手、让他们接受他所设置的杀戮、比任何人飞行更多、记录更多时间的意愿，真正让人们对他产生了如此高的敬意。
Narrator: Among other things, the fighter squadrons had to blind the enemy to American troop movements, and to their perilous supply lines.
旁白：除其他外，战斗机中队还必须让敌人看不到美国军队的行动及其危险的补给线。
A week into the offensive, Rickenbacker led a flight of twenty-four fighters on a mission to bring down two German observation balloons.
进攻一周后，里肯巴克率领二十四架战斗机执行击落两个德国观测气球的任务。
He assigned three planes to shoot down the balloons, while the rest of the group provided cover from carefully designated positions.
他指派了三架飞机来击落气球，而其他人则在精心指定的位置提供掩护。
Rickenbacker flew thousands of feet above and behind the formation, so high that the lack of oxygen left him light-headed, while the freezing wind was an agony.
里肯巴克在编队上方和后方飞行了数千英尺，如此之高以至于缺氧使他头晕目眩，而寒冷的风则令人痛苦。
But from there he could survey the action like a general behind the lines.
但从那里他可以像将军一样在后方观察整个行动。
As the Americans approached the balloons, Rickenbacker spotted eight German Fokkers racing in from one direction, and eleven from another.
当美国人接近热气球时，里肯巴克发现八架德国福克汽车从一个方向冲来，十一架从另一个方向冲来。
Their red paint identified them as the most famous fighter unit of the war: the Flying Circus.
他们的红色油漆使他们成为战争中最著名的战斗机部队：飞行马戏团。
John F.
约翰·F.
Ross, Writer: The Red Baron started the Flying Circus.
罗斯，作家：红男爵创办了飞行马戏团。
By the time Eddie Rickenbacker and the Americans hit the frontline the Red Baron had already died, he was shot down himself.
当埃迪·里肯巴克和美国人冲进前线时，红男爵已经死了，他自己也被击落了。
But all of his Flying Circus members, all of his squadrons that he had trained were still very much alive and were very experienced.
但他所有的飞行马戏团成员，他训练过的所有中队都还活着，而且经验丰富。
And they were a frightening thing to behold in their Fokkers all colored in bright scarlet paint.
穿着明亮的猩红色油漆的福克鞋，看起来很可怕。
Narrator: Rickenbacker dove to warn the others.
旁白：里肯巴克潜水是为了警告其他人。
He and the Flying Circus arrived at the same time, and the sky became a swirling mass of airplanes, with tracer bullets streaking in all directions.
他和飞行马戏团同时抵达，天空变成了一片飞机漩涡，曳光弹从四面八方划过。
Rickenbacker quickly set one of the Fokkers on fire, and watched as the pilot bailed out.
里肯巴克迅速点燃了其中一架福克飞机，并看着飞行员跳伞。
Moments later, one of his own comrades went down in flames.
过了一会儿，他的一名战友就着火了。
For him, there was no escape.
对他来说，已经无路可逃。
John F.
约翰·F.
Ross, Writer: In World War I, American pilots were not issued parachutes, though very serviceable parachutes existed.
作家罗斯：在第一次世界大战中，美国飞行员没有配备降落伞，尽管存在非常有用的降落伞。
But the American headquarters believed that parachutes would give them a sense of being defeatist and they would bail out of the airplane at a moment’s notice.
但美国总部认为降落伞会给他们一种失败主义的感觉，他们会立即从飞机上跳伞。
This of course caused Eddie Rickenbacker to do back flips, he was so angry seeing so many of his men die who could have survived with that.
这当然导致埃迪·里肯巴克（Eddie Rickenbacker）做了后空翻，他很生气看到他的这么多本可以幸存的手下死去。
Narrator: Each American pilot was left to plan his own death should his plane catch fire.
旁白：每个美国飞行员都必须计划自己的死亡，如果他的飞机着火的话。
Some carried pistols to shoot themselves, others preferred to jump.
有些人拿着手枪向自己开枪，另一些人则喜欢跳下去。
Rickenbacker planned to inhale the flames – he’d heard that shortened the agony.
里肯巴克打算吸入火焰——他听说这样可以缩短痛苦。
Right now, he wanted no more of this huge dogfight miles behind enemy lines.
现在，他不想再在敌后数英里之外进行这场大规模混战了。
He coolly shepherded the group back toward friendly territory, until the Germans finally broke off the fight.
他冷静地带领这群人返回友军领土，直到德国人最终结束战斗。
Eddie’s careful planning and cool head had proved more than a match for the virtuosity of the Flying Circus.
事实证明，埃迪的精心策划和冷静头脑足以与飞行马戏团的精湛技艺相媲美。
His squadron downed nine enemy aircraft that day, while losing just two.
那天，他的中队击落了九架敌机，只损失了两架。
It was a sign of things to come.
这是即将发生的事情的征兆。
As American pilots fought for control of the skies, a very different struggle was unfolding below, in the mud and darkness of the Argonne Forest.
当美国飞行员争夺天空控制权时，一场截然不同的斗争正在下面、阿贡森林的泥泞和黑暗中展开。
Narrator: Reporters were calling them the Lost Battalion.
旁白：记者称他们为“迷失营”。
700 men under Major Charles Whittlesey trapped behind enemy lines in a pocket 350 yards wide and 100 yards deep.
查尔斯·惠特尔西 (Charles Whittlesey) 少校率领的 700 名士兵被困在敌后一个 350 码宽、100 码深的口袋里。
Private Ralph John was among them.
二等兵拉尔夫·约翰也在其中。
Voice: Ralph John: The men were getting weaker and weaker.
声音：拉尔夫·约翰：男人们越来越虚弱。
We had robbed the dead men of everything in the way of food, water and ammunition.
我们抢走了死者的一切，包括食物、水和弹药。
The most terrible thing of all, it seemed to me, was the fact that we could do next to nothing for the wounded.
在我看来，最可怕的事情是我们对伤员几乎无能为力。
Many would almost rot before they died.
许多人在死前几乎已经腐烂了。
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: The hillside looked like a butcher shop.
拉普兰，作家：山坡看起来像一家肉店。
There were wounded everywhere.
到处都有伤员。
There were dead everywhere.
到处都是死人。
The physical condition of the men was atrocious.
这些人的身体状况非常糟糕。
The effects of exposure were taking their toll.
暴露的影响正在造成损失。
The men that had been gassed, were hard to listen to.
那些被毒气熏死的人很难听下去。
Their gasping and snuffling in the cool damp air was very disheartening.
他们在凉爽潮湿的空气中喘息和吸鼻子，非常令人沮丧。
The medics had long since run out of anything, and all they could lend now was words of advice.
医生们早已没有什么办法了，他们现在能提供的只有建议。
Narrator: For four days the Germans had been trying to crush the pocket with mortars, heavy machine guns, and infantry assaults.
旁白：四天来，德军一直试图用迫击炮、重机枪和步兵突击来摧毁这个包围圈。
Through it all Whittlesey had kept the force together, but everyone knew that the end was drawing near.
通过这一切，惠特尔西一直保持着团结的力量，但每个人都知道末日即将来临。
Richard Slotkin, Historian: Whittlesey is really the heart and soul of the defense.
理查德·斯洛特金，历史学家：惠特尔西确实是防守的核心和灵魂。
At least before the men, he never seems to lose his faith that they’re going to survive, they’re going to make it, they’re going to be relieved.
至少在这些人面前，他似乎永远不会失去信心，相信他们会生存下来，他们会成功，他们会松一口气。
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: Whittlesey was in the same mental state as the rest of the men, inside.
拉普兰，作家：惠特尔西和里面的其他人处于同样的精神状态。
Outwardly he never showed one moment of cracking, but inside his turmoil was considerable.
表面上他从未表现出一丝崩溃，但内心却相当动荡。
His second in command, found him one night curled up in the bottom of his hole, asleep and crying.
一天晚上，他的副手发现他蜷缩在洞底，睡着了，哭着。
The knots that were inside him had to be enormous, but he never once let on, and he continued to lead them from the front, and it endeared him to the men for life.
他心里的疙瘩一定很大，但他从来没有表现出来，他继续在前线带领他们，这让他终生受到人们的喜爱。
Narrator: On the afternoon of October 6 th , a sentry came running in, his eyes wide with fear.
旁白：10月6日下午，一个哨兵跑了进来，眼睛睁得大大的，充满了恐惧。
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: They looked off to the right flank and they could see a glow coming through the trees and the spits of flames coming at them.
作家拉普兰德：他们向右翼看去，可以看到一道光芒穿过树林，火焰喷向他们。
Men just stood with their mouths hanging open, they didn’t know what to do.
男人们张着嘴站在那儿，不知道该怎么办。
They’d never seen it before.
他们以前从未见过它。
It had to be absolutely terrifying.
这一定是绝对可怕的。
Thomas A.
托马斯·A.
Hoff, Writer: One of the most terrifying weapons in man’s arsenal since we were living in caves with pointed sticks was fire.
作家霍夫：自从我们带着尖棍住在洞穴里以来，人类武器库中最可怕的武器之一就是火。
So during the First World War the Germans and the French perfect a man packed flamethrower.
因此，在第一次世界大战期间，德国人和法国人完善了便携式火焰喷射器。
You don’t want to be burned alive, and so that flamethrower becomes more of a terror weapon than anything else.
你不想被活活烧死，所以火焰喷射器比其他任何东西都更像是一种恐怖武器。
Narrator: For a long moment the men stood transfixed.
旁白：男人们呆呆地站了很长一段时间。
Then an officer starting hollering as he fired wildly at the approaching inferno.
然后一名军官开始大喊大叫，同时向逼近的大火疯狂开枪。
With that the spell was broken; the troops began shooting blindly as they listened to the screams of men being incinerated.
咒语就这样被打破了；当士兵们听到被焚烧的人的尖叫声时，他们开始盲目射击。
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: They were crying and wailing and pushing forward.
作家拉普兰德：他们哭着、哀号着、向前推进。
They actually got up out of their holes and began to give chase to the Germans and push them back.
他们实际上从洞里爬起来，开始追击德国人，并将他们击退。
It was almost a controlled riot as they did so.
他们这样做几乎是一场受控制的骚乱。
And they let it be known to the Germans, wasn’t gonna happen this time.
他们让德国人知道，这一次不会发生。
Narrator: As suddenly as it began, the attack was over.
旁白：袭击突然结束了。
The forest was quiet, except for the cries of the wounded, and the sounds of survivors struggling back to their positions.
森林里一片寂静，只有伤员的哭声和幸存者奋力返回阵地的声音。
Voice: Ralph John: Such a mess you never did see.
声音：拉尔夫·约翰：你从未见过如此混乱的景象。
Some of our men were dead, others dying and moaning for help.
我们的一些人已经死了，其他人垂死挣扎并呻吟着寻求帮助。
Some were already buried and others just in pieces.
有些已经被掩埋，有些则只是碎片。
At night sometimes we would be able to bury a few of them in shallow graves, or just throw dirt over them in their dugout.
晚上，有时我们可以将其中一些人埋在浅坟里，或者只是在他们的防空洞里撒上泥土。
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: That was it.
拉普兰，作家：就是这样。
They all knew that if the Germans came in one more time they were gonna walk right across that pocket.
他们都知道，如果德国人再来一次，他们就会直接穿过那个口袋。
And a blanket of despondency had fallen on that hillside.
那座山坡上笼罩着一层沮丧的气氛。
You might hear a lot of rah-rah about the American army never giving up.
你可能会听到很多关于美国军队永不放弃的赞叹。
No, they hadn’t given up, and they were determined to hold that hillside to the last man, but they certainly weren’t happy about it.
不，他们没有放弃，他们决心要守住那座山坡，直到最后一人，但他们当然对此并不高兴。
Narrator: The sky darkened, a chilling rain set in.
旁白：天空阴沉下来，下起了冰冷的雨。
Major Whittlesey sat staring into space, as weak and hungry as the rest.
惠特尔西少校坐在那里，凝视着太空，和其他人一样虚弱而饥饿。
A soldier crept up to his command post: a captain out on the road wanted to speak with him.
一名士兵蹑手蹑脚地来到他的指挥所：路上的一名上尉想与他交谈。
Whittlesey stumbled off to see what it was about.
惠特尔西跌跌撞撞地走过去想看看到底是怎么回事。
It took the others a couple of minutes to figure out what was happening.
其他人花了几分钟才弄清楚发生了什么。
The stranger was an American officer.
这个陌生人是一名美国军官。
The offensive had forced the German line back beyond the Pocket.
这次攻势迫使德军防线退回到口袋之外。
The siege of the Lost Battalion was over.
迷失营的围攻结束了。
Voice: Ralph John: Early next morning more men arrived and the Major was right down among his men, doing anything he could for them.
声音：拉尔夫·约翰：第二天一早，更多的人到达了，少校就在他的部下中间，为他们做任何他能做的事。
It was a happy bunch started the hike back to the rear for a little rest and food.
这是一群快乐的人开始徒步回到后方休息和吃东西。
I can well remember the first thing I had to eat was a big white onion, and boy, did I bite into it.
我清楚地记得我吃的第一件事是一个大白洋葱，天哪，我咬了它。
That night we did have so called bedding.
那天晚上我们确实有所谓的床上用品。
The nicest part of it all was to be in out of the rain.
其中最美妙的部分就是躲雨。
Narrator: The relief of the Lost Battalion kept frontline reporters so busy that they missed another big story entirely.
旁白：迷失营的解脱让前线记者忙得不可开交，以至于完全错过了另一个重大新闻。
On that same day, just a few miles from the Pocket, Corporal Alvin York killed twenty Germans soldiers and led a whole column of prisoners back into the American lines.
同一天，在距离包围圈仅几英里的地方，阿尔文·约克下士杀死了 20 名德国士兵，并率领一整列战俘回到了美国战线。
"Well, York, I hear you've captured the whole damned German army," a general greeted him.
“好吧，约克，我听说你已经俘获了整个该死的德国军队，”一位将军向他打招呼。
York’s story received some attention when a magazine published an account soon after the war.
战后不久，一本杂志发表了一篇报道，约克的故事引起了一些关注。
But he would become a true national icon years later, when his story became an allegory about fidelity and duty.
但多年后，当他的故事成为关于忠诚和责任的寓言时，他将成为真正的国家偶像。
What made York so fascinating was the fact that he had once been a conscientious objector.
约克之所以如此令人着迷，是因为他曾经是一名依良心拒服兵役者。
This modest Christian had refused to fight until his commanding officer managed to persuade him that the war was just.
这位谦虚的基督徒拒绝参加战斗，直到他的指挥官设法说服他这场战争是正义的。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: Alvin York is the reluctant warrior.
历史学家基恩：阿尔文·约克是一个不情愿的战士。
That’s what makes his story so compelling.
这就是他的故事如此引人注目的原因。
We’re reluctant warriors we like to believe.
我们是不情愿的战士，但我们愿意相信。
He’s skilled and effective, brave.
他技术精湛、高效、勇敢。
That’s what we want to think about ourselves.
这就是我们想要思考的自己。
We turn to that story to argue wars sometimes need to be fought; that sometimes you have to put your personal objections aside and do what’s best for your community.
我们通过这个故事来论证，战争有时是需要打的；战争有时是需要打的。有时你必须把个人反对意见放在一边，做对你的社区最有利的事情。
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: The experience in the Meuse-Argonne was far more horrible than anybody realizes.
拉普兰，作家：默兹-阿尔贡的经历比任何人意识到的都要可怕得多。
During the Meuse-Argonne offensive we lost an average of 550 men a day, KIA, for 47 days.
在默兹-阿贡攻势期间，我们在 47 天内平均每天损失 550 名士兵，KIA。
Three times that wounded, every day.
每天都会受伤三倍。
It was, and remains, the largest and bloodiest battle America’s ever been involved in.
这曾经是、现在仍然是美国有史以来卷入的规模最大、最血腥的战斗。
Narrator: General Pershing seemed to have aged a decade over the past few weeks: his hair had turned gray, deep wrinkles lined his face, he fell asleep at his desk.
旁白：过去几周潘兴将军似乎老了十岁：头发花白，脸上布满深深的皱纹，他在办公桌前睡着了。
Most disturbing, Pershing’s nerves were failing.
最令人不安的是，潘兴的神经衰弱了。
In mid-October he collapsed sobbing in the backseat of his staff car, crying out for his dead wife.
十月中旬，他倒在员工汽车后座上哭泣，为死去的妻子哭泣。
"My God,” he moaned, “sometimes I don't know how I can go on." On the 16 th of October, the general gave up his field command.
“天哪，”他呻吟道，“有时我不知道我该如何继续下去。” 10月16日，将军放弃了战地指挥权。
Edward A.
爱德华·A.
Gutiérrez, Historian: Pershing is still trying to recover from the loss of his three daughters and his wife, who died in a fire.
古铁雷斯，历史学家：潘兴仍在努力从失去三个女儿和在火灾中丧生的妻子的痛苦中恢复过来。
At the same time Pershing was under immense pressure to get results, and he is haunted by the casualties.
与此同时，潘兴面临着取得成果的巨大压力，伤亡人数也让他心神不宁。
Pershing halts the offensive, which is shocking.
潘兴停止进攻，这令人震惊。
But he had that sense to say, “let’s give someone else a chance, because I am frankly exhausted.”
但他有意识地说：“让我们给别人一个机会吧，因为坦率地说，我已经筋疲力尽了。”
Richard Slotkin, Historian: It is in a way Pershing’s finest hour to recognize his limitations.
历史学家理查德·斯洛特金（Richard Slotkin）：从某种程度上来说，这是潘兴认识到自己局限性的最佳时刻。
He steps back from immediate field command, he splits the army into two wings, lets his field commanders deal with things on the ground.
他从直接战地指挥中退出，将军队分成两个翼，让战地指挥官处理地面事务。
Andrew Carroll, Writer: You could say that it was a sign of weakness, where he feels, I just can’t handle this.
安德鲁·卡罗尔，作家：你可以说这是软弱的表现，他觉得，我就是无法处理这个问题。
I think you could also see it as a sign of strength to know his limitations.
我认为你也可以将其视为了解他的局限性的力量标志。
He told his other generals “you have to take this to its final conclusion.
他告诉其他将军“你们必须得出最终结论。
We need to slug this out.” He just wanted to go after the Germans full force, be as aggressive as possible and end this conflict.
我们需要一决胜负。”他只是想全力追击德国人，尽可能积极地结束这场冲突。
Narrator: The troops were exhausted; some units had been bled white.
旁白：部队疲惫不堪；一些单位已经流血变白。
One of Pershing’s successors found it “a disorganized and wrecked army.” But the enemy was still dangerous; they must not be given time to recover.
潘兴的一位继任者发现它是“一支组织混乱、支离破碎的军队”。但敌人仍然很危险；决不能给他们恢复的时间。
As the high command rearmed and reorganized, the doughboys steeled themselves for the next phase of the offensive.
随着最高指挥部重新武装和重组，面团小伙子们为下一阶段的进攻做好了准备。
Narrator: When Solomon Louis turned eighteen his friends had celebrated the fact that he could finally enlist in the US Army.
旁白：所罗门·路易斯十八岁时，他的朋友们庆祝他终于可以加入美国陆军了。
That was the joke, at any rate: Solomon Louis was already in the Army.
无论如何，这就是个笑话：所罗门·路易斯已经参军了。
He lied about his age so that they could all go in together.
他谎报了自己的年龄，以便他们可以一起进去。
Fourteen of them — all full-blood Choctaw Indians — walked to the recruiting station in Idabel, Oklahoma.
其中十四人——全都是纯种乔克托印第安人——步行前往俄克拉荷马州艾达贝尔的征兵站。
Six months later, they were all in the thick of it in the Meuse-Argonne.
六个月后，他们都在默兹-阿尔贡陷入了困境。
Edward A.
爱德华·A.
Gutiérrez, Historian: Very few Native Americans were actually recognized as citizens.
历史学家古铁雷斯：很少有美洲原住民真正被承认为公民。
Even with all of that prejudice, they volunteered in very high numbers.
尽管存在这些偏见，但仍有大量志愿者自愿参与其中。
America had really just finally stopped fighting Native Americans in the 1890s and as a result they were seen as very formidable warriors.
美国在 1890 年代才终于停止与美洲原住民的战斗，因此他们被视为非常强大的战士。
This kind of Indian warrior mythos very much resonated, not only with the public, but especially with the military.
这种印度武士神话不仅引起了公众的共鸣，尤其引起了军队的共鸣。
They were excited to use the prowess of Native American soldiers.
他们很高兴能够发挥美洲原住民士兵的英勇。
Narrator: By mid-October Louis’ brigade had taken so many casualties that they were told to dig in for a couple of days.
旁白：到了十月中旬，路易斯的旅伤亡惨重，他们被告知要坚守几天。
Many of the men busied themselves with letters, but Louis didn’t have many to write.
许多人忙着写信，但路易斯没有多少可写的。
He was an orphan; he’d married a girl he met at a football game just before shipping out.
他是个孤儿；他在出发前与一个在足球比赛中认识的女孩结婚了。
She was an orphan too.
她也是个孤儿。
He’d told her that he wanted someone to leave his things to if he got killed.
他告诉她，如果他被杀了，他希望有人把他的东西留给他。
Solomon was talking with two friends when his commanding officer interrupted.
所罗门正在和两个朋友聊天，他的指挥官打断了他。
“How many of you Indians talk the same language?” he asked.
“你们有多少印度人说同一种语言？”他问道。
Solomon’s first thought was that they were in trouble for speaking Choctaw.
所罗门的第一个想法是他们因为说乔克托语而惹上麻烦。
Back at the Armstrong Academy the first word of English he’d learned was "soap." That’s what the teachers used to wash out student’s mouths if they were caught speaking their mother tongue.
回到阿姆斯特朗学院，他学到的第一个英语单词是“肥皂”。如果学生被发现说母语，老师们就会用这种东西来清洗他们的嘴。
So he was pleasantly surprised when his C.O.
因此，当他的 C.O.
started asking questions.
开始提问。
The regiment had a problem, and the Choctaw might have the solution.
军团遇到了问题，乔克托人也许能找到解决办法。
Edward A.
爱德华·A.
Gutiérrez, Historian: The Americans knew that the Germans were tapping into their lines because the Germans had been doing it the whole war.
历史学家古铁雷斯：美国人知道德国人正在侵入他们的防线，因为德国人在整个战争中一直在这样做。
Tapping wires was very easy to do, especially at night.
窃听电线非常容易，尤其是在晚上。
They would sneak out there, and cut the line or just listen.
他们会偷偷溜出去，挂断电话或者只是听。
So the Germans knew exactly what the Americans were up to.
所以德国人很清楚美国人在做什么。
Narrator: Within hours Solomon Louis and seven of his friends were assigned to each of the regiment’s field headquarters.
旁白：几个小时之内，所罗门·路易斯和他的七个朋友就被分配到该团的每个战地指挥部。
From that day forward, all of the regiment’s important messages were sent over the wires in Choctaw.
从那天起，该团的所有重要信息都通过乔克托的电线发送。
When the unit went back into action a few days later, the Germans were caught — for the first time — completely by surprise.
几天后，当该部队重新投入行动时，德国人第一次完全措手不及。
Edward A.
爱德华·A.
Gutiérrez, Historian: The Choctaw are able to use their own language in a very effective way, to the point where a German POW was captured and confesses that “we had no idea what was going on.
古铁雷斯，历史学家：乔克托人能够以非常有效的方式使用自己的语言，以至于一名德国战俘被俘虏并承认“我们不知道发生了什么。
We had no idea.”
我们不知道。”
Robert J.
罗伯特·J。
Laplander, Writer: As far as manpower goes the British and the French were scraping the bottom of the barrel, the Germans were not far behind.
作家拉普兰德：就人力而言，英国人和法国人正在苦苦挣扎，德国人也紧随其后。
We were just getting started.
我们才刚刚开始。
And we proved in the Meuse Argonne that we were fighters, and we were not going to give up.
我们在默兹阿尔贡证明了我们是战士，我们不会放弃。
Narrator: When the Meuse-Argonne offensive resumed on November 1 st , the fighting was just as savage, and the casualties appalling.
旁白：11月1日默兹-阿贡攻势恢复时，战斗同样惨烈，伤亡惨重。
But through sheer force of will, the American Army was achieving its mission.
但凭借纯粹的意志力，美国陆军正在实现其使命。
Michael Neiberg, Historian: What the Americans did is tie down the Germans, make sure they can’t move.
历史学家迈克尔·内伯格：美国人所做的就是束缚德国人，确保他们无法动弹。
The British, French and American armies keep the pressure on until they bring the Germans to their knees.
英国、法国和美国军队继续施加压力，直到德国人屈服。
So it didn’t go the way that Pershing wanted it to go but at the strategic level, it accomplished what he needed it to accomplish.
因此，它并没有按照潘兴希望的方式发展，但在战略层面上，它完成了他需要完成的任务。
Narrator: All along the Western Front the German Army was crumbling under the combined weight of British, French, and American assaults.
旁白：整个西线，德国军队在英国、法国和美国攻击的联合重压下崩溃了。
The front was moving miles a day; German soldiers were surrendering by the tens of thousands.
前线每天移动数英里；数万名德国士兵投降。
And their homeland was collapsing from within.
他们的家园正在从内部崩溃。
Four years of war had reduced the population to starvation; the economy was bankrupt, cities on the brink of revolution.
四年的战争使人民陷入饥饿。经济破产了，城市处于革命的边缘。
America, on the other hand, was just hitting its stride.
另一方面，美国才刚刚迈出步伐。
In late October the 2,000,000 th American soldier landed in France, with another quarter million arriving every month.
十月下旬，第 200 万美国士兵登陆法国，每个月还有 25 万美国士兵抵达法国。
John Horne, Historian: What really I think breaks the Germans is the calculation, almost the paper calculation, that more and more Americans will just continue to arrive.
历史学家约翰·霍恩：我认为真正让德国人崩溃的是计算，几乎是纸面计算，越来越多的美国人将继续到来。
If there are already two million of them in France, at the end of 1918, how many will there be by 1920?
如果到 1918 年底法国已经有 200 万人，那么到 1920 年将会有多少人？
And the Germans know that they can’t match that.
德国人知道他们无法与之匹敌。
It’s less the contribution in those final three months than it is the sheer spectacle that there’s more and more and more of that to come.
与其说最后三个月的贡献，不如说未来会有越来越多的贡献。
Narrator: The message came through the Swiss Embassy.
旁白：消息是通过瑞士大使馆传来的。
“The German government accepts, as a basis for the peace negotiations, the program laid down by the President of the United States in his Fourteen Points message, and in his address of September 27, 1918.”
“德国政府接受美国总统在其十四点讯息以及 1918 年 9 月 27 日的讲话中制定的计划，作为和平谈判的基础。”
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: The Germans ask for a peace on the basis of the Fourteen Points.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：德国人要求在十四点的基础上实现和平。
They know that the British and the French would seek to crush them and in fact the Germans almost want to surrender to the Americans rather than to the Allies as a whole.
他们知道英国人和法国人会寻求粉碎他们，事实上德国人几乎想向美国人而不是整个盟军投降。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: I think Germans clutched at the idea of a Wilson who would be more sympathetic, less vindictive than either the British or the French.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：我认为德国人抓住了威尔逊的想法，他比英国人或法国人更有同情心，更少报复。
If they get Wilson to manage the peace, they might not lose that much.
如果他们让威尔逊来管理和平，他们可能不会损失那么多。
Narrator: By approaching the United States and excluding the Allies, Germany had granted Wilson a leading role at the outset of the negotiations.
旁白：通过与美国接触并排除盟国，德国在谈判一开始就让威尔逊发挥了主导作用。
On the afternoon of October 22 nd the president met with his cabinet to consider the German offer.
10 月 22 日下午，总统会见内阁，考虑德国的提议。
Some felt bound to consult the French and British.
有些人觉得有必要咨询法国和英国人。
Wilson disagreed.
威尔逊不同意。
“The peoples of Great Britain and France are with me,” he claimed.
“英国和法国人民与我同在，”他声称。
“That does not mean that their governments are of the same mind.”
“这并不意味着他们的政府有同样的想法。”
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: Wilson did have this curious thing: where he believed he spoke for the people.
玛格丽特·麦克米伦，历史学家：威尔逊确实有一件奇怪的事情：他相信自己是在为人民说话。
It was never very clearly defined, but if you crossed him he would say “but I have the voice of the people.
它从来没有非常明确的定义，但如果你惹恼他，他会说“但我有人民的声音。
I know what the people want.” And he kept on appealing to the opinion of people around the world.
我知道人们想要什么。”他不断地呼吁世界各地人们的意见。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: A man who became a part of Wilson’s cabinet once said that he was a man of high ideals but no principles.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：一位后来成为威尔逊内阁成员的人曾经说过，他是一个有远大理想但没有原则的人。
And the way he goes about arm-twisting reminds you of that.
他施加压力的方式让你想起了这一点。
He took the country into the war as an associated power rather than an ally, to be able to say, we reserve the right to broker our own peace.
他把这个国家作为一个联合国家而不是一个盟友带入战争，可以说，我们保留斡旋我们自己的和平的权利。
Narrator: Wilson sent a note demanding the abdication of the Kaiser and the evacuation of all Allied territories.
旁白：威尔逊发出一封照会，要求德皇退位并撤离所有盟军领土。
At the same time, he strong-armed the Allies into accepting the Fourteen Points as the basis of peace negotiations.
与此同时，他强迫盟国接受“十四点”作为和平谈判的基础。
Two weeks later, in a rail car outside Paris, a dejected German delegation signed a truce, to take effect at 11 AM on November 11th.
两周后，在巴黎郊外的一列火车上，沮丧的德国代表团签署了休战协议，该协议将于 11 月 11 日上午 11 点生效。
Eddie Rickenbacker was over no-man’s land when the Armistice came.
停战协定到来时，埃迪·里肯巴克正在无人区。
Voice: Eddie Rickenbacker: The trenches erupted.
配音：埃迪·里肯巴克：战壕爆发了。
Brown-uniformed men poured out of the American trenches, gray-green uniforms out of the German.
身穿棕色制服的士兵从美军战壕中涌出，灰绿色制服则从德国人中涌出。
From my observer’s seat overhead, I watched them throw their helmets in the air, discard their guns, wave their hands.
在我头顶上的观察员座位上，我看着他们将头盔抛向空中，扔掉枪支，挥舞双手。
Then all up and down the front, the two groups of men began edging towards each other across no-man’s-land.
然后，两队人马开始穿过无人区，在前线上下逼近。
Seconds before they had been willing to shoot each other; now they came forward.
几秒钟前他们还愿意互相开枪；现在他们挺身而出。
Hesitantly at first, then more quickly, each group approached the other.
起初，每一组都犹豫不决，但后来更快地接近了另一组。
Suddenly gray uniforms mixed with brown.
突然间，灰色制服与棕色混合在一起。
I could see them hugging each other, dancing, jumping.
我可以看到他们互相拥抱、跳舞、跳跃。
Americans were passing out cigarettes and chocolate.
美国人正在分发香烟和巧克力。
Star shells, rockets and flares began to go up, and I turned my ship towards the field.
恒星炮弹、火箭和照明弹开始升起，我把飞船转向战场。
The war was over.
战争结束了。
Narrator: News of the Armistice reached Washington at around 3 in the morning.
旁白：停战的消息是在凌晨 3 点左右传到华盛顿的。
By the time the day got underway practically every city, town and hamlet in America had erupted in celebration.
当这一天到来时，美国几乎每个城市、城镇和村庄都爆发了庆祝活动。
Ignoring official warnings about the flu, people gathered, embraced strangers, formed spontaneous parades, listened to bands and speeches.
人们无视官方关于流感的警告，聚集在一起，拥抱陌生人，自发游行，聆听乐队演奏和演讲。
In Cloverport, Kentucky, “every man, woman, child and baby in town gathered on Main Street beating tin pans, washtubs, and most anything they could find.” The people of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania expressed desire for a great religious service of thanksgiving, but in the meantime police had to close the saloons at 11 in the morning after a bar brawl got out of control.
在肯塔基州的克洛弗波特，“镇上的每个男人、女人、儿童和婴儿都聚集在大街上，敲打锡锅、洗衣盆以及他们能找到的几乎所有东西。”宾夕法尼亚州哈里斯堡的人们表达了对感恩节大型宗教仪式的渴望，但与此同时，酒吧斗殴失控后，警方不得不在上午 11 点关闭酒吧。
By nightfall America was having a party that would be remembered for decades.
夜幕降临时，美国正在举办一场将被铭记数十年的派对。
The suffragist Alice Paul made a point of ignoring the celebrations.
妇女参政论者爱丽丝·保罗故意忽视庆祝活动。
“Self-government is victorious throughout the rest of the world,” she declared, “but here it is delayed and obstructed by the United States Senate.” Yet women’s suffrage was gaining converts every day.
“自治在世界其他地方都取得了胜利，”她宣称，“但在这里却遭到了美国参议院的拖延和阻挠。”然而，妇女选举权的皈依者每天都在增加。
The President himself had come around.
总统本人也改变了态度。
Paul could sense that her victory, too, wasn’t far off.
保罗感觉到，她的胜利也已经不远了。
In fact, there was much to celebrate.
事实上，有很多值得庆祝的事情。
The United States had helped rescue its two closest allies.
美国帮助拯救了两个最亲密的盟友。
Even the most jaded observers could hope that a better day was dawning.
即使是最疲惫的观察者也可能希望美好的一天即将到来。
A.
A.
Scott Berg, Writer: The message that was given to Americans was that we had won this war and I think it empowered Americans.
作家斯科特·伯格：向美国人传达的信息是，我们赢得了这场战争，我认为这赋予了美国人权力。
It infused them with this sense that there’s a certain American responsibility.
这让他们意识到美国负有一定的责任。
Narrator: “Everything which America has fought for has been accomplished,” President Wilson proclaimed.
旁白：“美国为之奋斗的一切都已完成，”威尔逊总统宣称。
“Complete victory has brought us, not peace alone, but the confident promise of a new day as well, in which justice shall replace force and jealous intrigue among nations.
“彻底的胜利不仅给我们带来了和平，还给我们带来了新一天的信心，正义将取代国家间的武力和嫉妒阴谋。
It will now be our fortunate duty to assist in the establishment of democracy throughout the world.” But even as Wilson heralded the triumph of American values, many of his countrymen worried about the fate of democracy at home.
现在，我们有幸有责任协助全世界建立民主。”但尽管威尔逊宣告美国价值观的胜利，他的许多同胞仍对国内民主的命运感到担忧。
Michael Kazin, Historian: The end of the war does not mean the end of repression.
历史学家迈克尔·卡辛：战争的结束并不意味着镇压的结束。
There’s still a lot of pent up anger among Americans who support the war against those who opposed it.
支持战争的美国人对反对战争的人仍然有很多压抑的愤怒。
They are considered to be dangerous radicals.
他们被认为是危险的激进分子。
There was just as much tension about loyalty and disloyalty after the Armistice as there was during the war itself.
停战后，关于忠诚和不忠诚的紧张气氛与战争期间一样紧张。
Narrator: During the nineteen months that the United States was at war, American society had been torn apart by questions of loyalty.
旁白：在美国战争的十九个月里，美国社会因忠诚问题而四分五裂。
More than 2,000 citizens were prosecuted under the Espionage and Sedition Acts, and thousands of enemy aliens interned.
超过 2,000 名公民根据《间谍法》和《煽动叛乱法》受到起诉，数千名敌方外国人被拘留。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: These two acts really become tools to shut up people who refuse to be quiet about their opposition to the war, especially leftwing organizations, socialists, the IWW.
历史学家基恩：这两项行为确实成为让那些拒绝对战争保持沉默的人闭嘴的工具，特别是左翼组织、社会主义者、IWW。
Now the government has the legal authority to suppress them, and it uses that at will.
现在政府有法律权力镇压他们，而且可以随意使用。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: You can’t actually measure the impact of wartime repression solely by the number of prosecutions — and there were tens of thousands.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：实际上，你不能仅仅通过起诉的数量来衡量战时镇压的影响——起诉的数量有数万起。
But for every prosecution there might be tens, hundreds, thousands of “friendly” visits by government agents warning someone not to say what they said or write what they wrote.
但每一次起诉都可能有数十、数百、数千次政府特工的“友好”访问，警告某人不要说他们所说的或写他们写的东西。
We also need to look at the chilling effect that this repression had on every American.
我们还需要看看这种镇压对每个美国人造成的寒蝉效应。
Narrator: The silencing of predominantly left-wing opposition came back to haunt Wilson a few days before the end of the war, when his Democrats lost heavily in the midterm elections, handing control of Congress to the Republicans.
旁白：在战争结束前几天，以左翼为主的反对派的沉默再次困扰着威尔逊，当时他的民主党在中期选举中惨败，将国会控制权交给了共和党。
Even some true believers thought Wilson was to blame.
甚至一些真正的信徒也认为威尔逊是罪魁祸首。
“All the radical or liberal friends of your policy were either silenced or intimidated,” George Creel chided the president.
“你的政策的所有激进或自由派朋友要么被压制，要么被恐吓，”乔治·克里尔责备总统。
“There was no voice left to argue for your sort of peace.” Now, any treaty Wilson signed would have to be ratified by a Republican Congress.
“没有人再为你们的和平辩护了。”现在，威尔逊签署的任何条约都必须得到共和党国会的批准。
As Creel pointed out, Wilson had jeopardized his dream through his conduct of the war at home.
正如克里尔指出的那样，威尔逊在国内发动战争危及了他的梦想。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: George Creel says essentially to Wilson that you destroyed yourself.
克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉，历史学家：乔治·克里尔本质上是对威尔逊说，你毁了你自己。
You were elected by progressives and liberals and then when those progressives and liberals spoke out against the war, you silenced them, you attacked them and now when you need them, there’s no one left to stand up for you.
你们是由进步主义者和自由主义者选举出来的，然后当这些进步主义者和自由主义者公开反对战争时，你让他们保持沉默，你攻击他们，现在当你需要他们时，没有人站出来支持你。
Narrator: Many Americans hoped that Wilson would quickly dismantle the tools of repression and heal the nation’s wounds.
旁白：许多美国人希望威尔逊能够迅速拆除镇压工具，治愈国家的创伤。
Instead, the tide of repression quickened.
相反，镇压的浪潮加速了。
Shortly before the end of the war the nation’s most famous socialist, Eugene Debs, was sentenced to ten years in prison for having spoken out against the draft a few months earlier.
战争结束前不久，美国最著名的社会主义者尤金·德布斯因几个月前公开反对征兵而被判处十年监禁。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Debs becomes a symbol for the war’s repression and he also becomes the motivation for movements to pardon him.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：德布斯成为战争镇压的象征，他也成为赦免他的运动的动力。
Not only him, but also other political prisoners, conscientious objectors and others who were still in jail after the Armistice.
不仅是他，还有其他政治犯、依良心拒服兵役者和其他停战后仍在监狱中的人。
And Wilson had drawn his line in the sand, that he would not pardon Debs.
威尔逊已经划清界限，他不会赦免德布斯。
Narrator: Among the thousands of anti-war activists in jail were several hundred conscientious objectors, including Josef Hofer and his two brothers.
旁白：在监狱里的数千名反战活动人士中，有数百名出于良心拒服兵役者，其中包括约瑟夫·霍费尔和他的两个兄弟。
The Hofers were Hutterites; their faith forbade them from helping the war effort in any way, from even wearing a uniform.
霍弗家族是哈特派。他们的信仰禁止他们以任何方式帮助战争，甚至禁止穿制服。
They had been taken from their South Dakota community in May, and suffered months of abuse at the hands of the authorities.
他们于五月被从南达科他州社区带走，并遭受当局数月的虐待。
One week after the Armistice they were taken by train to Leavenworth, Kansas, and marched through the streets of the town and into the courtyard of the Military Prison.
停战一周后，他们乘火车前往堪萨斯州莱文沃思，穿过该镇的街道，进入军事监狱的庭院。
It was almost midnight; weak and exhausted, they were ordered to strip and were left standing for hours as the temperature dropped to 17 degrees.
时间已近午夜。他们身体虚弱、筋疲力尽，被命令脱光衣服，并在气温降至 17 度时站立数小时。
When they were finally taken inside, they were suspended from the bars of their cells so that their feet barely touched the floor.
当他们最终被带进去时，他们被吊在牢房的栅栏上，脚几乎不接触地板。
They were kept in that position for nine hours a day, and fed only bread and water.
他们每天保持这个姿势九个小时，只吃面包和水。
Even in the freezing cold, the men chose to remain almost naked rather than wear the military uniforms that were left in their cells.
即使在严寒中，这些人也选择几乎赤身裸体，而不是穿着留在牢房里的军装。
Michael Kazin, Historian: It’s really torture; I think it has to be called that.
历史学家迈克尔·卡辛（Michael Kazin）：这真是一种折磨；我想它必须这么称呼。
Even the Secretary of War said that he was uncomfortable with the way they were treated; nevertheless, he wasn’t going to step in and change it.
就连战争部长也表示，他对他们受到的待遇感到不舒服；尽管如此，他并不打算介入并改变它。
Narrator: After two weeks, David Hofer was allowed to wire home, with news that his brothers Michael and Josef were dying.
旁白：两周后，大卫·霍弗被允许给家里发电报，报告他的兄弟迈克尔和约瑟夫即将去世的消息。
By the time Josef’s wife Maria arrived at Leavenworth, he was barely able to talk.
当约瑟夫的妻子玛丽亚到达莱文沃思时，他几乎无法说话。
Josef Hofer died at 8:30 the following morning.
约瑟夫·霍弗 (Josef Hofer) 于第二天早上 8 点 30 分去世。
To Maria’s horror she saw that the prison guards had dressed Josef’s corpse in the army uniform he had so staunchly refused to wear in life.
让玛丽亚惊恐的是，狱警给约瑟夫的尸体穿上了他生前坚决拒绝穿的军装。
Narrator: On the 14 th of December 1918, just one month after the Armistice, Woodrow Wilson arrived in Paris to negotiate a peace treaty and end the Great War.
旁白：1918 年 12 月 14 日，即停战协定签署一个月后，伍德罗·威尔逊 (Woodrow Wilson) 抵达巴黎，谈判一项和平条约并结束第一次世界大战。
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Scott Berg, Writer: Paris then had a population of about a million people.
斯科特·伯格（Scott Berg），作家：当时巴黎的人口约为一百万。
Over two million people lined the parade route, just the few miles that Woodrow Wilson traveled as he wove through the streets.
超过 200 万人聚集在游行路线两旁，距离伍德罗·威尔逊 (Woodrow Wilson) 在街道上穿梭时走过的几英里远。
Just by the sheer numbers it was quite simply the greatest march of triumph in the history of man.
仅从数量上看，这简直就是人类历史上最伟大的胜利进行曲。
I’m not forgetting Caesar.
我没有忘记凯撒。
I’m not forgetting Alexander the Great.
我没有忘记亚历山大大帝。
This was the arrival of the Messiah, this was the Second Coming.
这是弥赛亚的到来，这是第二次降临。
What kind of peace was he bringing?
他带来了什么样的和平？
The whole world wanted to see.
全世界都想看。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: He was carrying a burden of expectations which no human being can have carried.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：他背负着人类无法承担的期望重担。
There was this feeling that he’s going to set it all right.
有一种感觉，他会解决一切问题。
But what setting it all right meant was very different things for different people.
但对于不同的人来说，一切都恢复正常意味着非常不同的事情。
Narrator: The Armistice was just a truce; a treaty was needed to satisfy the competing claims of the victors, on terms that the Germans could accept.
旁白：停战协定只是休战；需要签订一项条约，以德国人可以接受的条件来满足战胜国的相互竞争的要求。
For the first time, Wilson met French Prime Minister Georges Clémenceau, and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, along with delegates from more than thirty countries.
威尔逊首次会见了法国首相乔治·克莱蒙梭、英国首相戴维·劳合·乔治，以及来自三十多个国家的代表。
These were the nameless statesmen whom Wilson had denounced in his speeches.
这些就是威尔逊在演讲中谴责的无名政治家。
Some of them were less enamored of the American president than the crowds that mobbed his processions.
他们中的一些人并不像围观他游行的人群那样迷恋美国总统。
And many of them held ambitions that clashed sharply with Wilson’s.
他们中许多人的抱负与威尔逊的抱负发生了严重冲突。
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Scott Berg, Writer: Wilson was the only one there fighting for a principle.
斯科特·伯格（Scott Berg），作家：威尔逊是唯一一个为原则而奋斗的人。
He was fighting for mankind; that was basically his constituency here.
他为人类而战；那基本上就是他在这里的选区。
And what he came up against were especially Lloyd George of Great Britain and Clemenceau of France who genuinely wanted revenge on Germany.
他遇到的尤其是英国的劳埃德·乔治和法国的克列孟梭，他们真心想向德国复仇。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: Wilson makes it very clear that the United States is not coming in to gain anything for itself at the peace conference.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：威尔逊明确表示，美国参加和平会议并不是为了为自己谋取任何利益。
They are coming in to build a better world.
他们来这里是为了建设一个更美好的世界。
Well, he can say that because the United States hasn’t lost territory, it hasn’t lost huge numbers of men, it hasn’t spent huge amounts of money.
嗯，他可以说，因为美国没有失去领土，没有失去大量人员，没有花费大量资金。
Britain and France have spent themselves almost to bankruptcy and lost men in the hundreds of thousands.
英国和法国几乎破产了，并失去了数十万人。
Narrator: Wilson came to the negotiations, as a British diplomat observed, “armed with power such as no man in history had possessed.” The Allies had to take Wilson’s wishes into account.
旁白：正如一位英国外交官所说，威尔逊参加谈判时“带着历史上任何人都没有拥有过的权力”。盟军必须考虑威尔逊的意愿。
That meant, above all, creating a League of Nations.
这首先意味着创建一个国际联盟。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: Wilson felt there was no point the United States having come into the war if a better world order wasn’t going to come out.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：威尔逊认为，如果不能建立一个更好的世界秩序，美国参战就没有意义。
And so the League of Nations is the idea that there will be attempts to settle disputes among nations without war, that there will be an effort made to bring about disarmament, that peoples will not be handed around the world without their consent.
因此，国际联盟的理念是，将努力在没有战争的情况下解决国家之间的争端，将努力实现裁军，在未经人民同意的情况下，不会将他们交给世界各地。
All that is there in the covenant of the League of Nations.
所有这些都包含在国际联盟盟约中。
Narrator: Many found Wilson to be stubborn, but the president felt bound by a moral imperative.
旁白：许多人认为威尔逊很固执，但总统感到受到道德要求的束缚。
At the end of May, he tried to articulate that commitment, when he dedicated a cemetery for American servicemen outside Paris.
五月底，他试图阐明这一承诺，在巴黎郊外为美国军人修建了一座墓地。
From a small platform in the middle of the graveyard, Wilson looked out at a crowd of veterans, many of them bearing scars, missing limbs, disabled, disfigured.
威尔逊站在墓地中央的一个小平台上，眺望着一群退伍军人，他们中的许多人都伤痕累累、四肢缺失、残疾、毁容。
“I beg you to realize,” he told them, “the compulsion that I am under.
“我请求你们认识到，”他告诉他们，“我所受到的强迫。
I sent these lads over here to die.
我把这些小伙子送到这里去送死。
Can I ever speak even a word which is inconsistent with the assurances I gave them?”
我能说出与我向他们做出的保证不一致的任何一句话吗？”
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Scott Berg, Writer: He took personal responsibility for every one of those deaths.
斯科特·伯格，作家：他对每一起死亡事件负有个人责任。
And he said, I owe it to these soldiers to go back and fight for the things they fought for.
他说，我有责任让这些士兵回去，为他们为之奋斗的东西而战。
Narrator: At the end of June 1919, after six months of negotiations, the Allies and Germany finally came to terms.
旁白：1919年6月底，经过六个月的谈判，盟军和德国终于达成协议。
The Treaty of Versailles consisted of 440 articles that drew new borders for Germany, hobbled its military and imposed staggering reparation payments.
《凡尔赛条约》包含 440 条条款，为德国划定了新的边界，束缚了其军事力量，并征收了巨额赔款。
It also effectively carved the Middle East into French and British spheres of influence, and divided German colonies among the victors.
它还有效地将中东划分为法国和英国的势力范围，并将德国殖民地瓜分给胜利者。
The Treaty was a series of compromises satisfactory to no one.
该条约是一系列妥协，没有人满意。
But Wilson had achieved something truly remarkable: the very first article in the Treaty was the Covenant of a League of Nations.
但威尔逊取得了一些真正了不起的成就：该条约的第一篇文章就是《国际联盟盟约》。
From the ashes of the most destructive war in history, Woodrow Wilson had created what he believed would be the framework of an age of peace.
伍德罗·威尔逊从历史上最具破坏性的战争的废墟中创建了他认为将是和平时代的框架。
At the beginning of July he sailed for home.
七月初，他乘船回国。
One last hurdle remained: shepherding the treaty through the United States Senate.
最后一个障碍仍然存在：引导该条约在美国参议院获得通过。
Narrator: Saturday July 19 th was hot and humid even by Washington standards.
旁白：7 月 19 日星期六，即使按照华盛顿的标准，也很炎热潮湿。
Theaters, brothels, and saloons were packed with soldiers and sailors on leave.
剧院、妓院和酒吧里挤满了休假的士兵和水手。
The city was on edge over reports that two black men had harassed a white woman.
该市对两名黑人男子骚扰一名白人妇女的报道感到紧张。
At dusk, hundreds of servicemen began roaming the streets, looking for revenge.
黄昏时分，数百名军人开始在街上游荡，寻找复仇机会。
“Before the very gates of the White House” a reporter noted, “Negroes were dragged from streetcars and beaten up while crowds of soldiers, sailors and marines dashed down Pennsylvania Avenue, in pursuit of any who tried to flee.”
一位记者指出，“在白宫门口，黑人被从有轨电车上拖下来并遭到殴打，而成群的士兵、水手和海军陆战队员则沿着宾夕法尼亚大道冲去，追捕任何试图逃跑的人。”
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Wilson is newly returned from France where he’s been articulating this vision for justice on a world scale, and where he’s been hailed by masses as this messianic figure.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：威尔逊刚从法国回来，在那里他一直在世界范围内阐述正义的愿景，并被群众誉为救世主人物。
And then he comes back to a Washington that is like burning.
然后他回到了像燃烧一样的华盛顿。
He’s so wrapped in his connection with the abstract masses that his own citizens who need him get nothing from him.
他与抽象大众的联系如此紧密，以至于需要他的本国公民从他那里得不到任何东西。
Narrator: Wilson felt that black soldiers posed a threat to the United States.
旁白：威尔逊认为黑人士兵对美国构成了威胁。
In the wake of the Russian Revolution he worried about Communism creeping into America, and “the most likely vessel for that,” he told a friend, was “the American Negro returning from abroad.” Now, all over the country, returning black veterans were being abused, attacked, lynched, and burned alive.
俄国革命之后，他担心共产主义会悄悄进入美国，而“最有可能实现这一目标的容器”，他告诉一位朋友，是“从国外归来的美国黑人”。现在，在全国各地，回国的黑人退伍军人都遭到虐待、袭击、私刑处死和活活烧死。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: There’s an expectation on the part of African American soldiers that they’ve earned the right to vote, to participate, to be respected, to map their fates.
阿德里安·伦茨·史密斯，历史学家：非洲裔美国士兵期望他们赢得投票权、参与权、受到尊重、掌握自己命运的权利。
But it’s met with a similar resolve on the part of white supremacists to make sure that nothing comes, nothing lasting would come of that military service.
但白人至上主义者也有类似的决心，以确保服兵役不会带来任何结果，也不会带来持久的结果。
Narrator: Time and again tensions over black rights led to rioting.
旁白：黑人权利问题的紧张局势一次又一次引发骚乱。
Twenty-five cities were torn apart; hundreds were killed.
二十五座城市被撕裂；数百人被杀。
Chad Williams, Historian: The assertiveness of African Americans was threatening to white southerners who were determined to make sure that African Americans remained in their place, but also to many white northerners who were resistant to African Americans encroaching in the labor market.
历史学家查德·威廉姆斯：非裔美国人的自信对那些决心确保非裔美国人留在自己位置上的南方白人构成了威胁，同时也对许多抵制非裔美国人侵入劳动力市场的北方白人构成了威胁。
And in the summer of 1919 the United States experienced a wave of racial violence, which was unparalleled in American history.
而1919年夏天，美国经历了美国历史上前所未有的种族暴力浪潮。
James Weldon Johnson described it as the “Red Summer.” It was a horrific statement about how the aspirations of African Americans were going to be met with violent resistance from white people, both North and South.
詹姆斯·韦尔登·约翰逊将其描述为“红色夏天”。这是一个可怕的声明，讲述了非裔美国人的愿望将如何遭到南北白人的暴力抵抗。
Narrator: The White House received thousands of appeals from black citizens, begging for protection.
旁白：白宫收到了数千份来自黑人公民的呼吁，请求保护。
If the victims received any response at all, it was a form letter advising them that the federal government had no say in these matters.
如果受害者收到任何回应，那也是一封套用信，告知他们联邦政府在这些问题上没有发言权。
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Scott Berg, Writer: In Wilson’s defense he was still in Paris for the first month and a half of the riots.
作家斯科特·伯格：威尔逊为威尔逊辩护，骚乱发生的头一个半月他仍在巴黎。
On the other hand, when he came back it could have been a game-changer, I think, to have stepped up and said, these soldiers, these African Americans fought in the same war you white soldiers did and we must now embrace the African Americans in American society.
另一方面，我认为，当他回来时，他站出来说，这些士兵，这些非裔美国人参加了你们白人士兵所做的同一场战争，我们现在必须拥抱美国社会中的非裔美国人，这可能会改变游戏规则。
And he said nothing on the subject.
他对这个问题什么也没说。
Narrator: In October, Philips County, Arkansas exploded into the deadliest racial violence in the country’s history.
旁白：十月份，阿肯色州菲利普县爆发了该国历史上最致命的种族暴力事件。
Tensions had been building since black sharecroppers, led by a returning veteran, formed a union to demand a fair price for their cotton.
自从黑人佃农在一名回国退伍军人的带领下成立工会，要求他们的棉花获得公平价格以来，紧张局势一直在加剧。
When a white man was killed in a firefight, local authorities spread the word that an insurrection was underway.
当一名白人在交火中丧生时，地方当局散布叛乱正在进行的消息。
Although Wilson’s White House had always refused to allow the Army to protect black citizens, hundreds of soldiers were sent in to assist posses of white men in putting down the so-called rebellion.
尽管威尔逊的白宫一直拒绝允许军队保护黑人公民，但仍派出了数百名士兵协助白人团体镇压所谓的叛乱。
As they roamed the countryside, killing hundreds of black people, a train pulled into the station.
当他们在乡村游荡，杀害了数百名黑人时，一列火车驶进了车站。
A crowd rushed aboard and dragged out four unsuspecting black men.
一群人冲上船，拖出了四名毫无戒心的黑人。
They were Leroy Johnston and his three brothers.
他们是勒罗伊·约翰斯顿和他的三个兄弟。
Johnston, the young man who had traveled to New York to join the Harlem Hellfighters, had returned home in July.
约翰斯顿是那个前往纽约加入哈莱姆地狱战士的年轻人，他于七月回到家。
He’d spent nine months in French hospitals recovering from the wounds he’d received at the Meuse-Argonne.
他在法国医院花了九个月的时间来恢复在默兹-阿贡医院受的伤。
The mob accused him of “distributing ammunition to the insurrectionists,” then shoved the four brothers into the back of a car with an armed guard.
暴徒指责他“向叛乱分子分发弹药”，然后将四兄弟推到一辆武装警卫的汽车后座上。
By most accounts one grabbed the guard’s gun and managed to kill him.
据大多数说法，有人抢走了警卫的枪并杀死了他。
In the next instant the mob shot the Johnston brothers to pieces.
下一瞬间，暴徒将约翰斯顿兄弟枪杀成碎片。
Leroy Johnston had survived some of the hardest fighting of the Great War.
勒罗伊·约翰斯顿在第一次世界大战中最艰苦的战斗中幸存下来。
He hadn’t survived his homecoming.
他没能在回家途中幸存下来。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: That betrayal, the “Red Summer” of 1919, was crushing.
历史学家阿德里亚娜·伦茨-史密斯 (Adriane Lentz-Smith)：那场背叛，即 1919 年的“红色夏天”，令人心碎。
For a lot of people, it destroys them.
对于很多人来说，它摧毁了他们。
But there are a number of people who find ways to channel that fury, and they turn it into activist power.
但有很多人找到了发泄愤怒的方法，并将其转化为激进的力量。
Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: World War I has emboldened them, has actually told them just how threatening they might be to whites.
历史学家杰弗里·萨蒙斯（Jeffrey Sammons）：第一次世界大战让他们更加大胆，实际上已经告诉他们他们对白人可能有多大的威胁。
All that happened after, even into the civil rights movement, was a result of the change in attitude which itself was a result of what they saw they were capable of doing in World War I.
此后发生的一切，甚至是民权运动，都是态度转变的结果，而态度转变本身就是他们看到自己在第一次世界大战中能够做的事情的结果。
Narrator: At the beginning of October 1919, as the survivors in Arkansas were burying their dead, Woodrow Wilson disappeared from public view.
旁白：1919 年 10 月初，当阿肯色州的幸存者埋葬死者时，伍德罗·威尔逊从公众视野中消失了。
Senators, cabinet members, even Wilson’s own Secretary of State, were all being denied access to the President.
参议员、内阁成员，甚至威尔逊自己的国务卿，都被拒绝与总统接触。
The story had begun three months earlier, after Wilson’s return from Europe.
故事开始于三个月前，威尔逊从欧洲回来后。
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Scott Berg, Writer: Wilson gets home, he spends the next several weeks making his pitches to the Senate, why this is a wonderful treaty, why they must embrace it.
斯科特·伯格，作家：威尔逊回到家，他在接下来的几周里向参议院推销，为什么这是一项精彩的条约，为什么他们必须接受它。
He realizes almost from the beginning that he’s going to face some opposition, but he doesn’t realize how great the opposition actually would be.
他几乎从一开始就意识到自己将面临一些反对，但他没有意识到反对实际上会有多大。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: Wilson has outlined a vision of American world leadership that involves it permanently in the maintenance of world peace.
历史学家基恩：威尔逊勾勒出美国领导世界的愿景，其中包括永久参与维护世界和平。
Woodrow Wilson assumes that Americans support this new idea of internationalism.
伍德罗·威尔逊认为美国人支持这种新的国际主义理念。
But when the war is over and people really start getting in to the nitty-gritty, he finds that there’s a lot of doubt.
但当战争结束，人们真正开始了解事情的真相时，他发现存在很多疑问。
People really aren’t so sure.
人们确实不太确定。
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Scott Berg, Writer: Over the next few weeks he realizes he has one real nemesis and that is Henry Cabot Lodge, who is leading the charge against the Treaty.
斯科特·伯格，作家：在接下来的几周里，他意识到自己有一个真正的敌人，那就是亨利·卡伯特·洛奇，他是反对该条约的带头人。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: Wilson I think made a big strategic mistake and that was that when he went to Paris, he didn’t make it a bipartisan thing, he didn’t bring any Republicans.
玛格丽特·麦克米伦，历史学家：我认为威尔逊犯了一个重大的战略错误，那就是当他去巴黎时，他没有让这成为两党合作的事情，他没有带来任何共和党人。
If he’d had the sense he should have brought Henry Cabot Lodge.
如果他有理智的话，他应该带亨利·卡伯特·洛奇来。
You know, these were stupid things to do.
你知道，这些都是愚蠢的事情。
Narrator: After Senator Lodge held the Treaty up in committee through much of the summer, Wilson decided to take his case directly to the people.
旁白：在参议员洛奇在整个夏天的大部分时间里一直在委员会中搁置该条约后，威尔逊决定将他的案子直接向人民提出。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: This is always the great Wilson saying, I’m going to speak to the people, cause no one else can.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：这始终是威尔逊伟大的一句话：我要向人民讲话，因为没有其他人能做到。
Just this sort of arrogance, even though he was a great orator.
就是这种傲慢，尽管他是一位伟大的演说家。
Narrator: For three weeks Wilson traveled around the western United States, making four or five stops a day, speaking to huge crowds in the late summer heat, without air conditioning or amplification.
旁白：威尔逊在美国西部旅行了三个星期，每天停四五站，在夏末的炎热中向大批人群发表演讲，没有空调或扩音器。
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Scott Berg, Writer: It built a lot of momentum.
作家斯科特·伯格：它建立了很大的动力。
He was really winning the argument.
他确实赢得了这场争论。
Unfortunately, while Wilson is building great energy and good will talking to the people, on the inside physically he’s falling apart.
不幸的是，尽管威尔逊在与人们交谈时积蓄了巨大的能量和善意，但他的内心却在崩溃。
His gait is getting slower, he’s tripping on words.
他的步态越来越慢，说话都绊倒了。
It’s just harder and harder for him to deliver a speech.
对他来说，发表演讲变得越来越困难。
Narrator: On September 25 th Wilson dragged himself through an appearance in Pueblo Colorado, even as he was blinded by a migraine, his left arm and leg numb, his face twitching uncontrollably.
旁白：9月25日，威尔逊在科罗拉多州普韦布洛艰难地露面，尽管他因偏头痛而失明，左臂和左腿麻木，脸部无法控制地抽搐。
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Scott Berg, Writer: As the evening wears on, Wilson’s headaches are so severe he simply cannot deal with it.
斯科特·伯格，作家：随着夜幕降临，威尔逊的头痛非常严重，他根本无法应对。
And his doctor and Mrs. Wilson say, this tour has got to end, because your life is about to end.
他的医生和威尔逊夫人说，这次旅行必须结束，因为你的生命即将结束。
And Wilson just refuses to budge.
而威尔逊就是拒绝让步。
He won’t do it, no, I just need a little sleep.
他不会这么做，不，我只是需要睡一会儿。
Of course he can’t sleep, the pain is so severe.
他当然睡不着，因为疼痛太严重了。
And a few hours later even he now realizes he cannot go on.
几个小时后，他也意识到自己无法继续下去了。
And the doctor gives the order, “that’s it; just get the President back to Washington D.C.” Wilson is truly a broken man.
医生下达了命令：“就是这样；只要让总统回到华盛顿特区就可以了。”威尔逊确实是一个破碎的人。
Narrator: Three days after his return to the White House, Wilson suffered a stroke so severe that his wife Edith thought he should resign the presidency.
旁白：威尔逊回到白宫三天后，中风严重，他的妻子伊迪丝认为他应该辞去总统职务。
But Wilson’s inner circle believed his abdication would kill any remaining hope of ratifying the treaty.
但威尔逊的核心圈子认为，他的退位将扼杀批准该条约的任何剩余希望。
Mrs. Wilson and a handful of advisors decided to keep the President’s condition a secret.
威尔逊夫人和几位顾问决定对总统的病情保密。
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Scott Berg, Writer: For the last year and a half of the Wilson presidency, a handful of people in the White House, I believe, engaged in the greatest conspiracy in American history.
作家斯科特·伯格：我认为，在威尔逊总统任期的最后一年半里，白宫的一小部分人参与了美国历史上最大的阴谋。
Some have argued that for all intents and purposes, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson became the first female president of the United States.
一些人认为，无论出于何种意图和目的，伊迪丝·博林·高尔特·威尔逊成为美国第一位女总统。
Certainly there is no question that the executive branch of government was functioning through Mrs. Wilson.
当然，毫无疑问，政府的行政部门是通过威尔逊夫人运作的。
Narrator: With Wilson hidden away, treaty negotiations took an unexpected turn.
旁白：威尔逊躲了起来，条约谈判出现了意想不到的转折。
At the last minute, Republicans proposed a list of amendments that would have given Wilson almost everything he wanted, including the League of Nations.
在最后一刻，共和党人提出了一份修正案清单，这些修正案几乎可以满足威尔逊想要的一切，其中包括国际联盟。
The author of the amendments was Henry Cabot Lodge.
修正案的作者是亨利·卡伯特·洛奇。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: Lodge was not against the League of Nations as a whole, he just was worried about the shape.
玛格丽特·麦克米伦，历史学家：洛奇并不反对整个国际联盟，他只是担心其形状。
He wanted to talk about it.
他想谈谈这件事。
Wilson wouldn’t do it.
威尔逊不会这么做。
He wasn’t prepared to admit that Lodge had any reasonable reservations about the treaty.
他不准备承认洛奇对该条约有任何合理的保留。
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Scott Berg, Writer: Lodge himself knew, “if I offer anything, Woodrow Wilson has such contempt for me he will not accept it.” And indeed Lodge was correct.
斯科特·伯格，作家：洛奇本人知道，“如果我提供任何东西，伍德罗·威尔逊对我非常蔑视，他不会接受。”洛奇确实是对的。
Narrator: There were more than enough votes to ratify the treaty with Lodge’s amendments.
旁白：洛奇的修正案获得了足够多的票数来批准该条约。
But Wilson ordered Democratic senators to kill his own treaty.
但威尔逊命令民主党参议员废除他自己的条约。
On March 19, 1920, they did just that.
1920 年 3 月 19 日，他们就这么做了。
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Scott Berg, Writer: In essence, Woodrow Wilson stabbed himself, stabbed the treaty in the back, or more to the point, in the heart.
作家斯科特·伯格：本质上，伍德罗·威尔逊在自己身上捅了一刀，在条约的背后捅了一刀，或者更准确地说，是在心脏上捅了一刀。
Because that was really the end for Woodrow Wilson.
因为那确实是伍德罗·威尔逊的终结。
Jay Winter, Historian: There comes a time I suppose when bitterness overtakes shrewdness.
历史学家杰伊·温特（Jay Winter）：我想总有一天，痛苦会取代精明。
And at the end of his life he was a very bitter man.
在他生命的最后阶段，他是一个非常痛苦的人。
I don’t know anyone who can tell me why it was that Wilson didn’t compromise one way or the other.
我不知道有谁能告诉我为什么威尔逊不以某种方式妥协。
And as a result he loses it all.
结果他失去了一切。
He loses everything.
他失去了一切。
Margaret MacMillan, Historian: We can’t help asking what if.
历史学家玛格丽特·麦克米伦：我们不禁要问如果。
I mean what if the United States had joined the League?
我的意思是，如果美国加入国联会怎样？
What if the United States had been in the League when Mussolini rose in Italy?
如果墨索里尼在意大利崛起时美国已经加入国联会怎样？
What if the United States had been in the League when Hitler rose in Germany?
如果希特勒在德国崛起时美国已经加入国联会怎样？
Just what if.
只是如果。
Dan Carlin, Podcast Producer: We go into this war as the 17th most powerful military in the world, a debtor nation and we come out of it a global superpower, you never go back to the way things were.
丹·卡林，播客制作人：我们以世界上第 17 大军事力量、一个债务国的身份参加这场战争，但我们在战争结束后成为了全球超级大国，你永远不会回到原来的样子。
The modern version of the United States is born out of this war.
现代版的美国就是在这场战争中诞生的。
Nancy K.
南希·K.
Bristow, Historian: Though we won the war, it had great costs.
历史学家布里斯托：虽然我们赢得了战争，但也付出了巨大的代价。
Not only in a loss of life.
不仅是生命的损失。
That war was won but it was won by way of behaviors, policies, even laws that contradicted the very values for which the country was fighting.
那场战争虽然取得了胜利，但其胜利的方式却是通过与该国为之奋斗的价值观相矛盾的行为、政策甚至法律而取得的。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: The Great War changes people’s imagination.
阿德里安·伦茨·史密斯，历史学家：第一次世界大战改变了人们的想象力。
This language of a war for democracy, this idea that some principles are worth fighting for, those are now ideas that you hear over and over again.
这种民主战争的语言，这种某些原则值得为之奋斗的想法，这些都是你现在一遍又一遍听到的想法。
Jennifer D.
詹妮弗·D.
Keene, Historian: America now had a new idea of the role it could play in the world.
历史学家基恩：美国现在对其在世界上可以发挥的作用有了新的认识。
It could be the diplomat.
可能是外交官。
It could be the peacemaker.
它可能是和平缔造者。
It could be the humanitarian.
这可能是人道主义。
Those ideals continue to animate our foreign policy; they continue to be the goals we strive to achieve.
这些理想继续激励着我们的外交政策；它们仍然是我们努力实现的目标。
Christopher Capozzola, Historian: The images that come to us are sort of distant figures in black and white.
历史学家克里斯托弗·卡波佐拉：我们看到的图像是遥远的黑白人物。
But I think it’s important to remember how contemporary the war was.
但我认为重要的是要记住这场战争是多么当代。
It’s important to look back and understand the experiences of Americans who lived through it and who tried to generate something better, who really did hope to end all wars.
回顾并了解那些经历过这场战争、试图创造更好的东西、真正希望结束所有战争的美国人的经历是很重要的。
It’s part of what we owe to that generation.
这是我们对那一代人的责任的一部分。
The Battle of Belleau Wood in 1918 has since achieved near mythic status in U.S. military history, particularly for the U.S. Marines.
1918 年的贝洛伍德战役此后在美国军事史上，尤其是对美国海军陆战队来说，几乎享有神话般的地位。