Ulysses S. Grant
Narrator: My family is American and has been for generations in all its branches, direct and collateral," he would write.
旁白：我的家族是美国人，世世代代都有直系和旁系分支，”他会写道。
Ulysses S.
尤利西斯·S.
Grant grew up in the Ohio River Valley.
格兰特在俄亥俄河谷长大。
His father, Jesse Root Grant, had arrived in Georgetown, Ohio in 1823, when Grant was one year old.
他的父亲杰西·鲁特·格兰特 (Jesse Root Grant) 于 1823 年抵达俄亥俄州乔治敦，当时格兰特一岁。
He was the descendant of pioneers who had settled the western frontier.
他是定居西部边境的拓荒者的后裔。
"I attended the village schools," Grant said of his childhood.
“我在乡村学校上学，”格兰特谈到他的童年时说道。
"I was not studious in habit, but never missed a quarter." When Ulysses was 16, he learned that his father had gotten him an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point.
“我习惯上不勤奋，但从来没有缺过一节课。”尤利西斯 16 岁那年，他得知父亲已为他安排到西点军校的美国军事学院就读。
John Y.
约翰·Y.
Simon, Historian : Jesse Grant was the kind of man who would follow a dollar to hell.
历史学家西蒙：杰西·格兰特是那种会追随一美元而下地狱的人。
And when he learned about the possibility of sending his son to West Point at government expense, he jumped at the opportunity.
当他得知可以由政府出资将儿子送到西点军校时，他抓住了这个机会。
It was only when the appointment was a sure thing that he finally told Ulysses that he's going to West Point.
直到任命确定后，他才最终告诉尤利西斯他要去西点军校。
Young Grant said, "I won't go." And Jesse said, "You will."
小格兰特说：“我不会去。”杰西说：“你会的。”
Narrator: When Ulysses Grant arrived at West Point, he stood five feet one inch, and weighed just 117 pounds.
旁白：尤利西斯·格兰特到达西点军校时，身高五英尺一英寸，体重仅为 117 磅。
"I had a very exalted idea of the requirements necessary to get through," he wrote.
“我对通过考试所需的要求有一个非常崇高的想法，”他写道。
"I did not believe I possessed them, and could not bear the idea of failing." Grant was out of place in the West Point cadet's world of military drills, crossed belts, and gleaming brass.
“我不相信我拥有它们，也无法忍受失败的想法。”格兰特与西点军校学员的军事训练、交叉腰带和闪闪发光的黄铜的世界格格不入。
Max Byrd, Novelist: He didn't have the military bearing.
马克斯·伯德，小说家：他没有军事气质。
When Grant was a student at West Point, they were still talking about the famous cadet who had gone through 10 years earlier without a single demerit.
当格兰特还是西点军校的学生时，他们还在谈论这位著名的学员，他在10年前毫无过失地经历了这一切。
A record I think that still stands.
我认为这一记录仍然存在。
And that was Robert Lee.
那就是罗伯特·李。
And Grant was the very opposite of that.
而格兰特则恰恰相反。
He slouched, he cut classes, he stayed in his room.
他无精打采，逃课，呆在自己的房间里。
Narrator: Grant placed 21st in a class of 39.
旁白：格兰特在 39 名学生中排名第 21。
Years later, one classmate remarked, "no one could possibly be more surprised than myself at Grant's amazing success." In 1846, Grant was called to duty when an expansionist United States went to war with Mexico over disputed territories in the Southwest.
多年后，一位同学评论道：“没有人比我自己更惊讶于格兰特的惊人成功。” 1846 年，扩张主义的美国因西南部有争议的领土与墨西哥开战，格兰特奉命上任。
Max Byrd, Novelist: Mexico was crucial for Grant as in some ways it was crucial for the whole country.
马克斯·伯德，小说家：墨西哥对格兰特来说至关重要，因为在某些方面它对整个国家都至关重要。
For the coming Civil War it was a kind of trial run or training run for many of the officers, north and south.
对于即将到来的内战，这对北方和南方的许多军官来说都是一种试运行或训练。
Narrator: In Mexico, Grant served as a quartermaster, managing supply trains and transportation in a hostile, unfamiliar country.
旁白：在墨西哥，格兰特担任军需官，在一个充满敌意、陌生的国家管理补给列车和运输。
Brooks D.
布鲁克斯 D.
Simpson, Historian : He understood the importance of supply and logistics, but he did not like being left behind with the mules and ammunition et cetera.
历史学家辛普森：他了解供应和后勤的重要性，但他不喜欢被留下骡子和弹药等。
He wanted to be at the front lines.
他想站在前线。
So whenever gunfire would open, Grant would somehow find his way to the front.
因此，每当枪声响起时，格兰特就会设法冲到前线。
Narrator : In Monterey, American troops were pinned down and running out of ammunition.
旁白：在蒙特雷，美国军队被困，弹药耗尽。
The brigade commander asked for a volunteer.
旅长要求招募一名志愿者。
Grant quickly stepped forward.
格兰特快步上前。
Hanging off the side of his horse, using it as a shield, Grant rode through the town, past the bullets and artillery of the Mexican army.
格兰特挂在马背上，用它作为盾牌，骑马穿过城镇，穿过墨西哥军队的子弹和大炮。
Geoffrey Perret, Biographer: Grant was good at this, because he kept his head.
杰弗里·佩雷特（Geoffrey Perret），传记作者：格兰特很擅长这一点，因为他保持头脑清醒。
And Grant never seems to have felt fear of being harmed or being killed.
格兰特似乎从未感到害怕受到伤害或被杀。
He found the drama of war absolutely compelling.
他发现战争戏剧绝对引人注目。
But the carnage, the suffering, were simply appalling.
但屠杀和苦难实在是令人震惊。
He was horrified at bloodshed.
他对流血事件感到恐惧。
Narrator: "City of Mexico, September 1847.
旁白：“墨西哥城，1847 年 9 月。
My Dearest Julia, some of the hardest fought battles that the world has ever witnessed have taken place, and the most astonishing victories have crowned the American arms.
我最亲爱的朱莉娅，世界上曾经发生过的一些最艰苦的战斗已经发生，最令人震惊的胜利已经为美国军队加冕。
But dearly have they paid for it.
但他们为此付出了惨重的代价。
The loss of officers and men is frightful.
官兵损失惨重。
I am getting very tired of this war and particularly of being separated from one I love so much."
我对这场战争感到非常厌倦，尤其是与我深爱的人分开。”
Ulysses Grant had met Julia Dent two years before going to war while on a visit to White Haven, the Dent family plantation just outside St. Louis.
尤利西斯·格兰特在参战前两年，在参观位于圣路易斯郊外的登特家族种植园怀特黑文时认识了朱莉娅·登特。
Geoffrey Perret, Biographer : She was 18 years old.
传记作者杰弗里·佩雷特 (Geoffrey Perret)：当时她 18 岁。
She had a very sheltered life.
她过着非常受庇护的生活。
She was plump, she had strabismus - one eye was slightly turned.
她很胖，有斜视——一只眼睛微微转动。
Therefore there was not lots of competition for Julia's hand.
因此，朱莉娅的手没有太多竞争。
But beyond that, Grant and Julia had something in common: they both loved horses, they both loved riding horses.
但除此之外，格兰特和朱莉娅还有一些共同点：他们都喜欢马，都喜欢骑马。
Julia was a strong and skillful rider.
朱莉娅是一位强壮而熟练的骑手。
Narrator: Julia had been raised with the pretensions of southern aristocracy.
旁白：朱莉娅是在南方贵族的自命不凡中长大的。
Her father, "Colonel" Dent, owned some 20 slaves at his sprawling, though not very prosperous, Missouri plantation.
她的父亲，“上校”登特，在他位于密苏里州的种植园里拥有大约 20 名奴隶，该种植园规模虽大，但并不十分繁荣。
Max Byrd, Novelist: Frederick Dent was a self-nominated colonel.
马克斯·伯德（Max Byrd），小说家：弗雷德里克·登特（Frederick Dent）是一位自我提名的上校。
He was pro-slavery.
他支持奴隶制。
And he didn't think much of Grant.
他对格兰特的评价并不高。
He didn't think Grant had a future in the army.
他认为格兰特在军队没有前途。
Narrator: Colonel Dent refused to give his daughter's hand to a soldier with few prospects, and only relented when Grant had been at war for more than a year.
旁白：登特上校拒绝将自己的女儿嫁给一个前途渺茫的士兵，直到格兰特参战一年多后才态度软化。
Geoffrey Perret, Biographer: Once Grant had decided that he wanted Julia for his wife, he was determined to see this campaign through to the end.
传记作家杰弗里·佩雷特：一旦格兰特决定要让朱莉娅做他的妻子，他就决心将这场竞选进行到底。
No matter what the obstacles, no matter how long it took.
无论遇到什么障碍，无论需要多长时间。
His tenacity was extraordinary.
他的毅力非同寻常。
Narrator: Seven months after the U.S. defeated Mexico, Ulysses and Julia were married in St. Louis, at the Dent's winter home.
旁白：美国击败墨西哥七个月后，尤利西斯和朱莉娅在圣路易斯登特一家的冬季住所举行了婚礼。
Jesse and Hannah Grant did not attend.
杰西·格兰特和汉娜·格兰特没有出席。
Max Byrd, Novelist: When Grant married Julia, she inherited I think five or seven slaves.
马克斯·伯德，小说家：当格兰特与朱莉娅结婚时，我认为她继承了五到七个奴隶。
And Grant's father, the abolitionist, really couldn't forgive Ulysses' connection to a slaveholding family.
格兰特的父亲，废奴主义者，真的无法原谅尤利西斯与奴隶制家庭的联系。
So it was a great source of tension.
所以这是紧张的一个重要来源。
Narrator: Julia and Ulysses had been together four years when Grant was ordered to leave for the Pacific Northwest.
旁白：当格兰特奉命前往太平洋西北地区时，朱莉娅和尤利西斯已经在一起四年了。
With a young boy, Fred, and another child on the way, Grant had to leave Julia behind.
由于一个小男孩弗雷德和另一个孩子即将出生，格兰特不得不把朱莉娅抛在后面。
He tried every scheme imaginable to make money and bring his family out West.
他尝试了一切能想到的办法来赚钱并把他的家人带到西部。
He shipped ice from Alaska to San Francisco; the ice melted on the way.
他将冰从阿拉斯加运到旧金山；冰在路上融化了。
He planted potatoes; they rotted in a flood.
他种了土豆；它们在洪水中腐烂了。
He invested $1500 in a store in San Francisco; it went bankrupt.
他在旧金山投资了 1500 美元开设了一家商店；它破产了。
In 1854, Grant was transferred to Fort Humboldt, a remote post on the northern California Coast.
1854 年，格兰特被调往洪堡堡，这是加州北部海岸的一个偏远哨所。
It was at Humboldt that Ulysses S.
正是在洪堡，尤利西斯·S.
Grant acquired a reputation that would haunt him for the rest of his life.
格兰特获得了终生困扰的声誉。
William S.
威廉·S。
McFeely, Biographer: He was intensely lonely and he ran into a very autocratic martinet of an officer that made him miserable.
传记作者麦克菲利：他非常孤独，遇到了一位非常专制、严酷的军官，这让他很痛苦。
Depression was very serious.
抑郁症非常严重。
He was not riding his horse.
他没有骑马。
He was staying in the barracks.
他住在军营里。
And he was really in very bad shape.
而且他的状态确实非常不好。
Geoffrey Perret, Biographer: He got drunk for two reasons.
杰弗里·佩雷特（Geoffrey Perret），传记作者：他喝醉的原因有两个。
One, because he missed his wife tremendously and felt very lonely when she wasn't around.
一是因为他非常想念妻子，当她不在身边时，他感到非常孤独。
And secondly, if Grant had two drinks, he got drunk.
其次，如果格兰特喝了两杯，他就会喝醉。
It's not that he drank a lot.
并不是说他喝了很多酒。
Grant could get drunk on very little.
格兰特喝很少的东西就会喝醉。
And people noticed it.
人们注意到了这一点。
Narrator: On April 11th, 1854, yearning to return to his family, Captain Ulysses Grant resigned from the United States Army.
旁白：1854 年 4 月 11 日，尤利西斯·格兰特上尉因渴望回到家人身边，从美国陆军辞职。
It was rumored that whiskey had cost him his commission.
有传言说，威士忌让他失去了佣金。
Grant was 32 when he returned to Missouri, ready, as he said, "to commence a new struggle for our support." He accepted an offer from Julia's father to farm land at White Haven.
格兰特回到密苏里州时年仅 32 岁，正如他所说，他准备“开始一场新的斗争，争取我们的支持”。他接受了朱莉娅父亲的提议，在怀特黑文耕种土地。
Grant built their first home with his own hands and called it "Hardscrabble." He was proud of it but Julia found it homely and crude, a far cry from the comforts of White Haven.
格兰特亲手建造了他们的第一个家，并将其称为“Hardscrabble”。他对此感到自豪，但朱莉娅却发现它简陋而简陋，与怀特黑文的舒适相去甚远。
With the help of the Dent family slaves, and one slave of his own, Grant set to work clearing the land to plant oats, corn, and potatoes.
在登特家族奴隶和他自己的一名奴隶的帮助下，格兰特开始清理土地，种植燕麦、玉米和土豆。
But just as he failed as a businessman, he also failed as a farmer.
但正如他作为商人失败一样，他作为农民也失败了。
He eventually had to abandon Hardscrabble.
他最终不得不放弃Hardscrabble。
Ulysses S.
尤利西斯·S.
Grant arrived in Galena, Illinois in the spring of 1860, to begin a new life working at his father's harness and leather shop.
1860 年春天，格兰特抵达伊利诺伊州加利纳，开始在父亲的马具和皮革店工作的新生活。
Grant worked as a clerk, hoping some day to be made a partner like his younger brother Orvil.
格兰特担任职员，希望有一天能像他的弟弟奥维尔一样成为合伙人。
But for now, he mostly totaled up the bills.
但现在，他主要是把账单加起来。
Max Byrd, Novelist: Under his father's thumb and his brother Orvil's thumb, too, I don't think Grant was very happy at all in those early Galena days.
马克斯·伯德，小说家：在他父亲和弟弟奥维尔的控制下，我认为格兰特在加利纳早期的日子里一点也不快乐。
But he was desperate, he had to take care of his family.
但他很绝望，他必须照顾家人。
Narrator: In the evenings, he would read the news out loud to Julia.
旁白：晚上，他会向朱莉娅大声朗读新闻。
1860 was an election year, and the papers were filled with reports of the growing national crisis over slavery and secession.
1860 年是选举年，报纸上充斥着关于奴隶制和分裂国家危机日益严重的报道。
"I deplored the agitation of abolitionists," he later said, "but talk of dissolution of the Union made my blood run cold."
“我对废奴主义者的煽动感到遗憾，”他后来说，“但谈论联邦解散让我感到心寒。”
David Bradley, Writer: He was a reasonable man in an unreasonable time.
大卫·布拉德利（David Bradley），作家：他在一个不合理的时代是一个合理的人。
This man had seen war.
这个人见过战争。
And unlike a lot of people who were agitating, he knew what secession would mean and he was not eager for that.
与许多煽动的人不同，他知道分裂意味着什么，而且他并不急于这样做。
Narrator: Having lived among southerners, he knew secession was not an idle threat.
旁白：在南方人中间生活过，他知道分裂并不是一个无用的威胁。
"The South will fight," he predicted.
“南方将会战斗，”他预测道。
At four A.M., on April 12th, 1861, a Confederate artillery detachment opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay, South Carolina.
1861 年 4 月 12 日凌晨 4 点，一支南方邦联炮兵分队向南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿湾的萨姆特堡开火。
The next day, news that war had broken out reached Grant in Galena.
第二天，战争爆发的消息传到加利纳的格兰特那里。
"There are but two parties now," Grant wrote his father, "Traitors and Patriots, and I want hereafter to be ranked with the latter.
“现在只有两个政党，”格兰特在给父亲的信中写道，“叛徒和爱国者，我希望今后能与后者并列。
We have a government, laws and a flag, and they must all be sustained."
我们有政府、法律和旗帜，它们都必须维持下去。”
Dan T.
丹·T.
Carter, Historian: This is a man who was not involved in politics before the war, didn't even vote that often.
卡特，历史学家：这是一个战前没有参与政治的人，甚至不经常投票。
For him, it was a simple matter, and that was as it was for many northerners, the protection, the defense of the Union.
对他来说，这是一件简单的事情，就像许多北方人一样，保护、保卫联邦。
Narrator: Convinced he'd be much in demand, he wrote Army headquarters in Washington, asking to be commissioned as a Colonel.
旁白：他确信自己会很受欢迎，于是写信给华盛顿的陆军总部，要求被任命为上校。
He received no reply.
他没有收到任何答复。
He went to Missouri to appeal to two Mexican War veterans, but was rebuffed by both.
他前往密苏里州向两名墨西哥战争老兵求助，但遭到两人的拒绝。
He went to see General George B.
他去见了乔治·B.
McClellan, whom he had met in the Pacific Northwest.
麦克莱伦，他是在太平洋西北地区认识的。
McClellan would not see him.
麦克莱伦不会见他。
Max Byrd, Novelist: The label of the drinking quartermaster had stuck pretty hard and nobody in the beginning was interested in giving Grant a command at all of any kind.
马克斯·伯德（Max Byrd），小说家：酗酒军需官的标签已经很牢固了，一开始没有人有兴趣给格兰特任何类型的命令。
Narrator: Finally, Grant was given a commission.
旁白：最后，格兰特获得了佣金。
He was put in charge of the 21st Illinois Infantry, an unruly group of Midwestern farm boys, who had driven their first commander into retirement.
他被任命负责伊利诺伊州第 21 步兵团，这是一支由中西部农场男孩组成的不守规矩的团体，他们迫使他们的第一任指挥官退休。
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: Somehow Grant had the ability to exert this authority without shouting, without waving his hands, without threatening.
历史学家麦克弗森：不知何故，格兰特有能力在不喊叫、不挥手、不威胁的情况下行使这种权力。
And these men recognized that.
这些人认识到了这一点。
And within days, Grant had changed these farmboys in the 21st Illinois, who had spent most of the time since they enlisted raising hell and getting drunk, into something representing a real regiment.
几天之内，格兰特就把这些伊利诺伊州第 21 团的农场男孩们——自从入伍以来大部分时间都在酗酒和酗酒——变成了真正的军团的代表。
Narrator: Grant soon had a chance to test his men, and himself.
旁白：格兰特很快就有机会考验他的部下和他自己。
He was ordered to advance on a Confederate regiment in Missouri, commanded by Colonel Thomas Harris.
他奉命向托马斯·哈里斯上校指挥的密苏里州的一个南方联盟军团挺进。
As he approached the enemy, Grant later recalled, "my heart kept getting higher and higher until it felt as though it was in my throat." But as the Confederate camp came within view, he saw that the rebels, hearing of the Yankee advance, had left.
格兰特后来回忆说，当他接近敌人时，“我的心越来越高，直到感觉好像到了喉咙里。”但当南方军营地进入视野时，他发现叛军听到北方佬的进攻消息后已经离开。
"It occurred to me that Harris had been as afraid of me as I had been of him."
“我突然意识到，哈里斯害怕我，就像我害怕他一样。”
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: Grant learned from that experience that the person who attacks first, the person who seizes the initiative, is going to have the advantage.
历史学家麦克弗森：格兰特从这次经历中学到，谁先发起进攻，谁掌握了主动权，谁就会占据优势。
Narrator: It was a lesson he would never forget.
旁白：这是他永远不会忘记的教训。
On July 31st, 1861, President Lincoln appointed Ulysses S.
1861 年 7 月 31 日，林肯总统任命尤利西斯·S·
Grant Brigadier General.
格兰特准将。
Grant sat for a photograph to send to Julia.
格兰特坐下来拍张照片并发送给朱莉娅。
The appointment came as a surprise.
这次任命令人意外。
Lincoln needed generals and Grant’s name had been submitted by the Congressman from Galena.
林肯需要将军，而格兰特的名字已由加利纳的国会议员提交。
For his portrait, a proud Grant wore his full dress uniform, with sword, sash, and three ostrich plumes.
在肖像画中，骄傲的格兰特穿着全套礼服，佩戴剑、腰带和三根鸵鸟羽毛。
But Grant would rarely again display any signs of rank beyond the requisite shoulder stars.
但格兰特很少再表现出除了必要的肩章之外的任何等级标志。
Appearances, he believed, mattered little; what mattered is what happened on the battlefield.
他相信，外表并不重要；重要的是。重要的是战场上发生了什么。
General Grant got his first important command in Cairo, Illinois, a dreary but strategic city at the intersection of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
格兰特将军在伊利诺伊州开罗获得了他的第一个重要指挥权，这是一座位于俄亥俄河和密西西比河交汇处的沉闷但具有战略意义的城市。
From Cairo, fighting his way down America's great rivers, Grant would make his reputation as a warrior.
格兰特从开罗出发，沿着美国的大河奋勇前进，最终赢得了战士的声誉。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: Grant's a Midwesterner, or a Westerner, as they called them then.
历史学家米勒：格兰特是中西部人，或者按照当时的说法，是西部人。
And these people moved on rivers.
这些人在河流上迁徙。
He understands the flow of those rivers is the life flow of the country.
他明白这些河流的流动是这个国家的生命之流。
And if you can control that river, you have an unfettered supply line all the way back to Cairo and from Cairo by rail to St. Louis and Chicago.
如果你能控制那条河流，你就拥有一条不受限制的补给线，一直返回开罗，并从开罗乘铁路到达圣路易斯和芝加哥。
Troops, material, nursing, everything can come down that river.
部队、物资、护理，一切都可以顺着这条河运来。
And Grant very early on, at the very beginning of the war, sees that this is how the South can be taken.
格兰特很早就在战争一开始就看到了攻克南方的方法。
By using these river systems that the South is trying to defend.
通过利用南方试图保卫的这些河流系统。
Narrator: Grant was growing restless at Cairo, impatient to begin his offensive.
旁白：格兰特在开罗变得焦躁不安，迫不及待地开始进攻。
"Let us go by all means," he told his commanders, "the sooner the better."
“无论如何，让我们走吧，”他告诉他的指挥官，“越快越好。”
On February 6th, 1862, at Grant's urging, a flotilla of newly-built Union ironclad gun ships was ordered to attack Fort Henry, 125 miles Southeast of Cairo on the Tennessee River.
1862 年 2 月 6 日，在格兰特的敦促下，一支由新建的联邦铁甲炮舰组成的舰队奉命攻击田纳西河上开罗东南 125 英里处的亨利堡。
After just two hours of fierce shelling, the Confederates surrendered Fort Henry, and retreated to Fort Donelson.
经过仅仅两个小时的猛烈炮击，同盟军投降了亨利堡，并撤退到多纳尔森堡。
"Fort Henry is ours," Grant telegraphed his superior, General Henry Wager Halleck, and without awaiting further orders added, "I shall take and destroy Fort Donelson." One week later, Union gunboats shelled Fort Donelson from the river, while Grant encircled it from the rear, blocking every avenue of escape.
“亨利堡是我们的，”格兰特给他的上级亨利·瓦格·哈勒克将军发电报，没有等待进一步的命令就补充道，“我将占领并摧毁多纳尔森堡。”一周后，联邦炮舰从河上炮击多纳尔森堡，格兰特则从后方包围了它，封锁了所有逃生通道。
At four A.M.
凌晨四点
on the 16th, the Confederate Commander at Donelson, Simon Bolívar Buckner, who had been with Grant at West Point and Mexico, asked for terms of surrender.
16日，多纳尔森的南方邦联指挥官西蒙·玻利瓦尔·巴克纳（Simon Bolívar Buckner）曾与格兰特一起在西点军校和墨西哥，要求投降条件。
Grant's reply would become a legend: "No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.
格兰特的回答后来成为一个传奇：“除了无条件和立即投降之外，任何条件都不能接受。
I propose to move immediately upon your works."
我建议立即着手处理你的工作。”
Max Byrd, Novelist: Mark Twain liked that so much he copied it out and carried it around in his wallet for years and would take it out and read it to people.
马克斯·伯德，小说家：马克·吐温非常喜欢它，他把它抄下来，放在钱包里很多年，然后拿出来读给人们听。
It's written the way Grant ran an army: direct, hard, blunt, and no questions about it.
这本书的写作方式就像格兰特管理军队的方式：直接、强硬、直率，而且没有任何疑问。
Narrator: The North had its first great victory.
旁白：北方取得了第一次伟大的胜利。
And a hero.
和一个英雄。
"Who is this man Grant, who fights battles and wins them?" one reporter asked.
“这个敢打仗并赢得胜利的格兰特是谁？”一位记者问道。
His initials, U.S., suggested an answer: "Unconditional Surrender" Grant.
他名字的首字母“U.S.”暗示了一个答案：“无条件投降”格兰特。
Mark Grimsley, Historian: It had a nice sound to it.
马克·格里姆斯利（Mark Grimsley），历史学家：听起来很好听。
The capture of some 12,000 Confederates, by a general who had, in effect, the panache to get them to surrender on terms that were unconditional, was something that was very exciting in the North.
一位将军实际上有气派地让他们无条件投降，俘虏了大约 12,000 名南方邦联士兵，这在北方是一件非常令人兴奋的事情。
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: Grant's success in capturing Fort Henry and capturing Fort Donelson came like a shot in the arm to Northern morale and almost overnight made Grant famous.
麦克弗森，历史学家：格兰特成功占领亨利堡和多纳尔森堡，这对北方的士气来说就像一针强心剂，几乎在一夜之间让格兰特名声大噪。
The success that he enjoyed in capturing a whole Confederate army bred in Grant a feeling that the confederacy was something of a hollow shell, and maybe one more push and it would collapse.
格兰特成功地俘获了整个南方邦联军队，这让他产生了一种感觉：南方邦联就像一个空壳，也许再推一推，它就会崩溃。
Narrator: On April 6th, 1862, Grant's Army was camped on the Tennessee River, near a church called Shiloh.
旁白：1862 年 4 月 6 日，格兰特的军队在田纳西河上一座名为示罗的教堂附近扎营。
At his headquarters, nine miles away, Grant made plans to deliver what he thought would be the decisive blow against the Confederacy.
在九英里外的总部，格兰特制定了计划，对南部邦联实施他认为的决定性打击。
The Confederates were planning an offensive of their own.
同盟国正在计划自己的进攻。
At dawn, Rebels, in the tens of thousands, burst out of the woods at Shiloh, surprising Grant's troops and overrunning their camps.
黎明时分，数以万计的叛军从示洛的树林中冲出，让格兰特的部队大吃一惊，并占领了他们的营地。
Grant arrived at the front at eight that morning to find his army on the verge of collapse.
格兰特当天早上八点到达前线，发现他的军队正处于崩溃的边缘。
Mark Grimsley, Historian: He finds the rear area in complete disarray.
马克·格里姆斯利，历史学家：他发现后方区域完全混乱。
Hundreds, if not thousands, of men cowering under the bluffs.
数百甚至数千人畏缩在悬崖下。
A situation that suggests that a complete disaster has occurred.
这种情况表明一场彻底的灾难已经发生。
Brooks D.
布鲁克斯 D.
Simpson, Historian: He's going from commander to commander, moving up reinforcements, arranging for supplies, rallying men, giving up ground inch by inch in a stubborn effort to hold on.
历史学家辛普森：他从一个指挥官到另一个指挥官，调集增援，安排补给，集结人员，一寸一寸地放弃阵地，顽强地坚持下去。
Narrator: At one point he came under fire.
旁白：有一次他受到了攻击。
One bullet barely missed him.
一颗子弹差点没打中他。
Another grazed his horse.
另一个人擦伤了他的马。
A third struck his sword scabbard.
第三枚击中了他的剑鞘。
Through it all, Grant remained unperturbed.
自始至终，格兰特始终泰然自若。
Brooks D.
布鲁克斯 D.
Simpson, Historian: He knows reinforcements are on the way.
历史学家辛普森：他知道援军正在路上。
He believes the Confederates cannot maintain the sort of attack that they've initiated earlier that morning.
他相信南方联盟无法维持他们早上早些时候发起的那种攻击。
He knows that if men can stand their ground until dusk that he will prevail eventually at Shiloh.
他知道，如果人们能够坚守阵地直到黄昏，他最终将在示罗取得胜利。
Narrator: That evening, the flash of Union gunboats shelling Confederate positions revealed the aftermath of battle.
旁白：那天晚上，联邦炮艇炮击南方军阵地的闪光揭示了战斗的后果。
The Union Army had taken a terrible beating.
联邦军遭受了惨重的打击。
Kept awake by the blast of cannons, Grant sought refuge under an oak tree, then in a log house which had been turned into a field hospital.
格兰特被炮声惊得睡不着，他先在一棵橡树下避难，然后又躲进一座被改造成野战医院的木屋里。
"The sight was more unendurable than encountering the enemy's fire," he later wrote, "and I returned to my tree." Grant's most aggressive general, William Tecumseh Sherman, who commanded a division at Shiloh, approached.
“这种景象比遭遇敌人的炮火更难以忍受，”他后来写道，“我回到了我的树上。”格兰特手下最具侵略性的将军威廉·特库姆塞·谢尔曼（William Tecumseh Sherman）在夏洛指挥着一个师，他逼近了。
Brooks D.
布鲁克斯 D.
Simpson, Historian: Sherman's been under fire all day, and by the end of April 6th, he's convinced that the time has come to retreat from the field.
历史学家辛普森：谢尔曼一整天都处于炮火之下，到 4 月 6 日结束时，他确信是时候从战场上撤退了。
But as he sees Grant, something in him says, "Don't give that kind of advice." He walks up to his friend, looks him in the eye, and says, "Well, Grant, we've had the Devil's own day, haven't we?" Grant takes a puff of his cigar, looks up, and says, "Yup.
但当他看到格兰特时，他内心的某种感觉在说：“不要给出那样的建议。”他走到他的朋友面前，看着他的眼睛，说道：“好吧，格兰特，我们也经历了魔鬼的日子，不是吗？”格兰特吸了一口雪茄，抬起头说道：“是的。
Lick 'em tomorrow, though."
不过明天就舔它们吧。”
Narrator: The next day Grant’s battered army, reinforced overnight, recaptured the bloody ground lost the day before.
旁白：第二天，格兰特率领的军队在连夜增援后，重获前一天失去的血腥土地。
But at a price Grant could not have imagined.
但代价却是格兰特无法想象的。
"I saw an open field in our possession, so covered with dead that it would have been possible to walk across the clearing, in any direction, stepping on dead bodies, without a foot touching the ground."
“我看到我们拥有的一片空地，上面布满了尸体，无论从哪个方向，都可以踩着尸体穿过空地，脚不着地。”
As casualty lists began to appear in newspapers, the public was horrified.
当伤亡名单开始出现在报纸上时，公众感到震惊。
The two days of fighting had left more dead than all the battles previously fought on American soil.
两天的战斗造成的死亡人数比之前在美国领土上发生的所有战斗的死亡人数还要多。
24,000 casualties in all.
总共伤亡24,000人。
It took a mile of trenches to bury the dead.
埋葬死者需要一英里的战壕。
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: Shiloh does provide a turning point.
历史学家麦克弗森：示罗确实提供了一个转折点。
In Grant's own mind, it convinces him that the Confederacy is not the hollow shell about to collapse that he had thought after his relatively easy victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.
在格兰特自己看来，这让他相信，在亨利堡和多纳尔森堡相对轻松的胜利之后，南方邦联并不是他所想象的即将崩溃的空壳。
I think it also shocks a lot of the northern people into an awareness that if they are going to win this war, it's going to be a victory that comes at very high cost.
我认为这也让很多北方人感到震惊，他们意识到，如果他们要赢得这场战争，这将是一场代价高昂的胜利。
Geoffrey Perret, Biographer: Nobody had expected a bloodletting like that.
杰弗里·佩雷特（Geoffrey Perret），传记作者：没有人预料到会发生这样的流血事件。
Certainly northern public opinion hadn't anticipated it.
当然，北方舆论没有预料到这一点。
There was no preparation for that kind of carnage.
对于这种屠杀毫无准备。
Someone had to be blamed for such an enormous loss of life, and the person they blamed was Grant.
如此巨大的生命损失必须有人受到指责，而他们指责的人就是格兰特。
Narrator: "Such amazing blundering and gross negligence was probably never before heard of in the history of war, " one newspaper declared.
旁白：“如此惊人的失误和严重疏忽在战争史上可能是闻所未闻的，”一份报纸宣称。
"Here is a case that calls loudly, peremptorily for a Court Marshal." Six weeks earlier he had been "Unconditional Surrender Grant," the victorious hero of Donelson.
“这是一个强烈要求法院元帅的案件。”六周前，他是“无条件投降格兰特”，多纳尔森的胜利英雄。
Now he was "Butcher Grant," the incompetent commander of Shiloh.
现在他是“屠夫格兰特”，夏洛无能的指挥官。
It was even rumored he had been drunk the night before the battle.
甚至有传言说他在战斗前一天晚上喝醉了。
It cost him his command.
这让他丧失了指挥权。
Although Grant had averted disaster at Shiloh, all General Halleck could think of was the carnage of the first day.
尽管格兰特避免了夏洛的灾难，但哈勒克将军满脑子想的都是第一天的大屠杀。
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: General Halleck became convinced that Grant really couldn’t manage a large army and that he had been surprised.
历史学家麦克弗森：哈勒克将军确信格兰特确实无法管理一支庞大的军队，他对此感到惊讶。
And so Halleck came personally to Pittsburgh landing to take control.
于是哈勒克亲自来到匹兹堡登陆并接管了控制权。
And basically put Grant on the shelf by naming him to the meaningless post of Second in Command.
基本上，通过任命格兰特为毫无意义的二把手职位，将他束之高阁。
Max Byrd, Novelist: That pattern of his early adulthood that he thought was broken, he's a general now, thought that's all over, the pattern of continual failing, of downward spiraling.
马克斯·伯德，小说家：他认为他成年早期的那种模式已经被打破了，他现在是一名将军，认为一切都结束了，这种不断失败、螺旋式下降的模式。
And now he's gone up high to command and only to go down again.
现在他已经升到了高位指挥，但又再次降下来。
Narrator: Confined to his headquarters, without an army of his own, Grant wrote in despair: "My position differs but little from one in arrest.
旁白：格兰特被限制在总部，没有自己的军队，他绝望地写道：“我的立场与被捕时的立场几乎没有什么不同。
I owe it to myself to ask either full restoration to duty or to be relieved entirely."
为了我自己，我必须要求要么完全恢复职务，要么完全解职。”
In the summer of 1862, the war was not going well for the North.
1862 年夏天，北方的战争进展并不顺利。
In the West, the Union advance had ground to a halt.
在西方，联邦的前进已陷入停滞。
In the East, the Union Army had been driven from the gates of Richmond all the way back to Washington.
在东部，联邦军已被从里士满的大门一路赶回华盛顿。
Frustrated, President Abraham Lincoln reshuffled his generals.
亚伯拉罕·林肯总统感到沮丧，改组了他的将军们。
Grant was restored to command.
格兰特恢复指挥权。
That fall, Grant led his Army of the Tennessee into the heart of cotton country, setting in motion a revolution that would shatter the foundations of the Old South.
那年秋天，格兰特率领他的田纳西军团进入了棉花种植区的中心地带，掀起了一场摧毁旧南方根基的革命。
"I am extended now like a peninsula into an enemy's country," he wrote.
“我现在像半岛一样延伸到敌人的国家，”他写道。
"Territory occupied by people terribly embittered and hostile to us." Confederate guerrillas destroyed his rail lines and supply depots, slowing his advance.
“这片领土被对我们怀有极大怨恨和敌意的人们占领。”南方游击队摧毁了他的铁路线和补给站，减缓了他的前进速度。
Civilians laid mines and spied for the Confederacy.
平民为联邦埋设地雷和从事间谍活动。
It was a desperate fight to preserve a way of life.
这是一场为保护生活方式而进行的殊死斗争。
As word of the Union advance reached plantations in Louisiana and Mississippi, thousands of slaves rushed toward Grant's lines.
当联邦进攻的消息传到路易斯安那州和密西西比州的种植园时，数千名奴隶冲向格兰特的防线。
Clarence E.
克拉伦斯·E.
Walker, Historian: The coming of the Union army is heralded both in black folklore and in black religious expression as a moment of liberation, of a coming of redeemers to save them from bondage.
历史学家沃克：在黑人民间传说和黑人宗教表达中，联邦军队的到来都被预示着解放的时刻，救赎者的到来将他们从奴役中拯救出来。
But it also carries with it a recognition, too.
但它也带来了认可。
And many parts of this army of liberation is also comprised of soldiers, in some cases, who were very hostile to these people.
这支解放军的许多部分也是由士兵组成的，在某些情况下，他们对这些人怀有很大的敌意。
Why are we freeing them?
我们为什么要释放他们？
This is not a war about slavery, this is a war to preserve the Union.
这不是一场关于奴隶制的战争，这是一场维护联邦的战争。
Narrator: At first, Grant turned the fugitive slaves away, fearing they would overwhelm his lines.
旁白：起初，格兰特将逃亡的奴隶拒之门外，担心他们会压倒他的台词。
"I have no hobby of my own in regard to the Negro," he had said to his father, "either to effect his freedom or to continue his bondage."
“我对黑人没有什么爱好，”他对父亲说，“无论是实现他的自由还是继续奴役他。”
John Y.
约翰·Y.
Simon, Historian: Grant has the problem that every commander has of not knowing exactly how to deal with the slaves who were fleeing to his army.
历史学家西蒙：格兰特面临着每个指挥官都会遇到的问题，即不知道如何处理逃往他的军队的奴隶。
And Grant himself as a former slaveholder and as the husband of somebody who continued to hold slaves and who in fact had brought them into Mississippi, is not one from whom one would expect an enlightened attitude towards this tremendous influx.
格兰特本人作为一名前奴隶主，作为一个继续拥有奴隶并实际上将奴隶带入密西西比州的人的丈夫，人们不会期望他对这一巨大的涌入采取开明的态度。
And yet it comes.
但它还是来了。
David Bradley, Writer: I think he realized, as everybody with a brain did, that slavery was over, and you would have to do something with the slaves.
大卫·布拉德利（David Bradley），作家：我认为他意识到，就像每个有头脑的人一样，奴隶制已经结束，你必须对奴隶做点什么。
What are you going to do?
你会怎样做？
You have to put them to work.
你必须让它们发挥作用。
He saw people coming into his lines.
他看到有人加入他的队伍。
They needed to be fed, work needed to be done.
他们需要吃饭，需要完成工作。
Hey, let's use them.
嘿，让我们使用它们吧。
Why not?
为什么不呢？
But there were all kinds of people who would have erected barriers, who would have said, "Oh, they can't do it.
但有各种各样的人会设置障碍，他们会说：“哦，他们做不到。
Oh, they don't have the capacity." And Grant said, "Okay.
哦，他们没有这个能力。”格兰特说：“好吧。
Put them to work.
让他们去工作。
If they can't work, they can't work.
如果他们不能工作，他们就不能工作。
We'll find out." And he was very frank about saying that, which was not what people did in the 19th Century.
我们会找到答案的。”他很坦率地这么说，这不是19世纪人们所做的。
Narrator: Grant set up camps where former slaves would help provide for their own care by harvesting cotton and corn from nearby abandoned plantations under the supervision of Union authorities.
旁白：格兰特建立了营地，以前的奴隶在联盟当局的监督下从附近废弃的种植园收获棉花和玉米，帮助自己照顾自己。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: The idea in mind as Grant explained it is that if we can begin to show the American public that black slaves can act in a responsible fashion, can take care of themselves economically, can become self-sufficient, maybe the attitudes, the racial attitudes of Americans will change.
历史学家米勒：正如格兰特所解释的那样，我们的想法是，如果我们能够开始向美国公众展示黑人奴隶可以以负责任的方式行事，可以在经济上照顾自己，可以自给自足，也许美国人的态度、种族态度将会改变。
This is important because it shows that Grant is fighting in a sense against slavery not just to hurt the South.
这很重要，因为它表明格兰特在某种意义上反对奴隶制而不仅仅是为了伤害南方。
When you take slaves away from the South, you strike at the economic vitals of the South.
当你把奴隶从南方带走时，你就打击了南方的经济要害。
But he also, you know, has I think a sense that something has to be done for these recently freed people.
但我认为他也有一种感觉，必须为这些最近获释的人做点什么。
They just can't be left alone.
他们就是不能孤单。
Narrator: President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation took effect on January 1st, 1863.
旁白：林肯总统的《解放奴隶宣言》于 1863 年 1 月 1 日生效。
Freed slaves began to be inducted into the Union Army.
获得自由的奴隶开始加入联邦军队。
At first, Grant doubted the newly armed soldiers could be trusted in the front lines and confined them to garrison duty.
起初，格兰特怀疑新武装的士兵在前线是否值得信任，并限制他们执行驻防任务。
But when he heard of their fierce defense of a Union camp at Milliken's Bend in Louisiana, the general slowly began to change his mind.
但当他听说他们对路易斯安那州米利肯湾的联邦军营地进行了猛烈的防守时，这位将军慢慢地开始改变主意。
"By arming the negro, we have added a powerful ally," Grant wrote Lincoln.
“通过武装黑人，我们增加了一个强大的盟友，”格兰特写信给林肯。
"They will make good soldiers, and taking them from the enemy, weakens him in the same proportion they strengthen us."
“他们会成为优秀的士兵，从敌人手中夺走他们，会削弱敌人，就像增强我们一样。”
Joan Waugh, Historian: It seemed to him that it was an important part of Union strategy to use the slaves against their former masters.
琼·沃，历史学家：在他看来，利用奴隶对抗他们的前主人是联邦战略的重要组成部分。
And he very much agreed with Lincoln on that.
在这一点上他非常同意林肯的观点。
And in the process of forming black regiments and watching them in action, he came to respect the right of black people to demand political equality.
在组建黑人军团并观看他们行动的过程中，他开始尊重黑人要求政治平等的权利。
Narrator: But even as he dealt with the social revolution the Civil War had unleashed, Grant never lost sight of his main objective: the capture of Vicksburg, a Confederate stronghold and the last obstacle to the Union's control of the Mississippi River.
旁白：但即使在处理内战引发的社会革命时，格兰特也从未忘记他的主要目标：夺取维克斯堡，这是南方联盟的一个据点，也是联邦控制密西西比河的最后一个障碍。
If Vicksburg fell, Grant knew, the Confederacy would be split -- the armies in the East cut off from their vital supplies of food and soldiers in the West.
格兰特知道，如果维克斯堡陷落，南部邦联就会分裂——东部的军队将被切断与西部的重要粮食和士兵的供应。
"Vicksburg is the key," Lincoln had said, "the war cannot be won until the key is in our pocket." The problem was that Vicksburg was nearly impregnable.
林肯曾说过：“维克斯堡是钥匙，只有钥匙在我们口袋里，战争才能赢得胜利。”问题是维克斯堡几乎是坚不可摧的。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: It sits high on bluffs, 200 feet high above the Mississippi, on a hairpin turn in the Mississippi River so that vessels coming down river have to make a very sharp turn and slow down.
历史学家米勒：它坐落在悬崖上，高出密西西比河 200 英尺，处于密西西比河的急转弯处，因此顺流而下的船只必须急转弯并减速。
And as they go past Vicksburg, say a Union gunboat, has to go by about seven miles of fire.
当他们经过维克斯堡时，一艘联邦炮艇说，必须经过大约七英里的炮火。
North of Vicksburg, there's the delta which runs almost all the way up to Memphis.
维克斯堡以北有一条三角洲，几乎一直延伸到孟菲斯。
And that's just a semi-tropical swamp filled with sluggish meandering streams, alligators.
那只是一片亚热带沼泽，充满了缓慢蜿蜒的溪流和鳄鱼。
And when you're in there, you feel like you're in, as it were, the heart of darkness.
当你身处其中时，你会感觉自己身处黑暗的中心。
Narrator: Grant realized trying to take city by frontal assault from the river was virtually impossible.
旁白：格兰特意识到，试图从河上正面进攻夺取城市几乎是不可能的。
So that winter, he desperately tried to find an alternate route through the Mississippi Delta.
于是那年冬天，他拼命寻找一条穿越密西西比三角洲的替代路线。
He tried cutting a canal to bypass Vicksburg.
他试图开凿一条运河绕过维克斯堡。
He blew a hole in a levy to open an old steamboat route.
他炸开了征兵的一个洞，开辟了一条古老的汽船航线。
He ordered his army to clear a path through the thickness of the Delta.
他命令他的军队在三角洲深处扫清道路。
Nothing worked.
什么都没起作用。
Midwestern farm boys, eager to fight rebels found themselves dredging mud, and sawing trees eight feet underwater.
渴望与叛乱分子作战的中西部农场男孩发现自己在水下八英尺处挖泥、锯树。
Camped in pestilential swamps, drinking contaminated water, exposed to swarms of mosquitoes, soldiers were dying from malaria, dysentery, and smallpox.
士兵们在瘟疫肆虐的沼泽中扎营，饮用受污染的水，暴露在成群的蚊子之下，死于疟疾、痢疾和天花。
"Go any day down the levee," one soldier wrote home, "and you could see a squad or two of soldiers burying a companion, until the levee was nearly full of graves and the hospitals full of sick."
“任何一天，沿着大堤走下去，”一名士兵在家里写信说，“你都可以看到一两个班的士兵正在埋葬一名同伴，直到大堤几乎布满了坟墓，医院里也挤满了病人。”
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian : It was a horrible situation and these guys had no sense that they were going anywhere.
米勒，历史学家：这是一个可怕的情况，这些人没有意识到他们要去任何地方。
They were literally stuck in the mud.
他们简直被困在泥里了。
Narrator: As winter came to an end, Grant had yet to move on Vicksburg.
旁白：冬天即将结束，格兰特尚未向维克斯堡进发。
Hungry for victory, the northern public turned on him.
由于渴望胜利，北方公众开始攻击他。
The press renewed the campaign of criticism it had begun at Shiloh.
媒体重新开始了在示罗开始的批评运动。
"Our noble army is being wasted by the foolish, drunken, stupid Grant," wrote the influential editor of the Cincinnati Commercial.
“我们高贵的军队被愚蠢、醉酒、愚蠢的格兰特浪费了，”辛辛那提商业报的一位有影响力的编辑写道。
"Grant will fail miserably, hopelessly, eternally."
“格兰特将会悲惨地、无可救药地、永远地失败。”
Even Lincoln began to doubt his general.
就连林肯也开始怀疑他的将军。
"I think General Grant has but one friend left," the President said, but he also sent a spy to Vicksburg to report on Grant’s progress, and particularly on his drinking.
总统说：“我认为格兰特将军只剩下一个朋友了。”但他还派了一名间谍前往维克斯堡报告格兰特的进展情况，特别是他酗酒的情况。
Fearing her husband was in danger of losing his command, Julia urged him to take Vicksburg by direct assault.
由于担心丈夫有失去指挥权的危险，朱莉娅敦促他通过直接进攻占领维克斯堡。
"Mrs. Grant," Ulysses responded, "I will move upon Vicksburg and I will take it too.
“格兰特夫人，”尤利西斯回答道，“我将前往维克斯堡，我也会占领它。
You need give yourself no further trouble."
你不用再给自己添麻烦了。”
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian : He had a clear plan, a clear idea of how to take this place.
米勒，历史学家：他有一个清晰的计划，清楚地知道如何占领这个地方。
He would move south along the Louisiana shore, take his army down there, and then send supply ships and gunboats past the Vicksburg batteries.
他将沿着路易斯安那海岸向南移动，带领他的军队在那里，然后派遣补给船和炮艇经过维克斯堡炮台。
They would unite with his armies south of Vicksburg and ferry that army across the Mississippi on dry ground and come in behind Vicksburg.
他们将在维克斯堡以南与他的军队会合，并在干燥的地面上将这支军队渡过密西西比河，进入维克斯堡后方。
That's a great plan.
这是一个很棒的计划。
It's an audacious plan.
这是一个大胆的计划。
It's one of the riskiest plans of the Civil War.
这是内战中最危险的计划之一。
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: Grant by this stage of the war, even though he was being subjected to all kinds of criticism, he maintained confidence in himself.
历史学家麦克弗森：战争到了这个阶段，格兰特尽管受到各种批评，但他仍然对自己保持信心。
He maintained confidence in his ability to make the right kinds of decisions and carry them out.
他对自己做出正确决定并执行这些决定的能力充满信心。
When everybody else, Sherman, others, were telling him, "You ought not to do this," he decided that this is what he wanted to do.
当其他人，谢尔曼和其他人告诉他，“你不应该这样做”时，他决定这就是他想做的事。
This is what he needed to do.
这就是他需要做的。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: Grant's whole career is on the line here.
历史学家米勒：格兰特的整个职业生涯都岌岌可危。
If he doesn't take Vicksburg, he's done.
如果他不拿下维克斯堡，他就完蛋了。
But more is at stake at Vicksburg than the reputation and career of Grant.
但维克斯堡面临的不仅仅是格兰特的声誉和职业生涯。
What's at stake here is the very war itself, whether the North will win or lose this thing.
这里的关键在于战争本身，无论朝鲜会赢还是输。
Narrator: On the evening of April 16th, Union ironclads quietly approached Vicksburg.
旁白：4月16日晚，联邦铁甲舰悄悄逼近维克斯堡。
Confederate pickets spotted their dark shapes and set bonfires to light the night.
同盟纠察队发现了他们的黑色身影，并点燃篝火来照亮夜晚。
The batteries opened fire.
电池起火了。
For more than two hours, the fleet withstood the barrage -- 525 rounds of artillery that set the Mississippi ablaze.
在两个多小时的时间里，舰队顶住了密西西比河 525 发炮火的攻击。
Then, a little after midnight, the batteries fell silent.
然后，午夜刚过，电池就安静下来了。
The fleet had made it through.
舰队成功通过了。
On April 30th, three days after Grant's 41st birthday, his 40,000 troops boarded the transports south of Vicksburg and were ferried across the mile-wide river.
4 月 30 日，也就是格兰特 41 岁生日三天后，他的 40,000 名士兵登上了维克斯堡以南的运输船，渡过一英里宽的河流。
"I felt a degree of relief scarcely ever equaled since," Grant later wrote.
“从那以后我感到前所未有的轻松，”格兰特后来写道。
"I was on dry ground, and on the same side of the river with the enemy."
“我在干地上，与敌人在河的同一边。”
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: He's now in Mississippi.
历史学家米勒：他现在在密西西比州。
He's behind enemy lines.
他在敌后。
He's between two armies, two Confederate armies, one in Vicksburg and one at Jackson.
他身处两支军队之间，两支南方邦联军队，一支在维克斯堡，一支在杰克逊。
He's almost cut off completely from his supply lines and cut off completely from his communication lines.
他的补给线几乎完全被切断，通讯线也几乎完全被切断。
Narrator: As his army moved across Mississippi, foraging teams took livestock, chickens, whiskey, grain from Mississippi gristmills -- all they needed to survive.
旁白：当他的军队穿越密西西比州时，征粮队从密西西比州的磨坊获取牲畜、鸡、威士忌和谷物——这是他们生存所需的一切。
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: This is a pivotal moment in the war.
历史学家麦克弗森：这是战争的关键时刻。
This was the first time a major field army had deliberately cut itself off from its base of supplies and lived off the enemy's country.
这是第一次有大型野战军故意切断自己的补给基地并与敌国隔绝。
Narrator: Whatever was not of use was put to the torch.
旁白：没用的东西都被烧掉了。
Southerners watched in terror as the Union Army destroyed plantations, cotton gins, factories, railroads - everything of value to the South.
南方人惊恐地看着联邦军队摧毁了种植园、轧棉机、工厂、铁路——一切对南方有价值的东西。
"It is our duty to use every means to weaken the enemy," Grant explained to his officers.
“我们有责任使用一切手段削弱敌人，”格兰特向他的军官们解释道。
Dan T.
丹·T.
Carter, Historian: There was tremendous fear.
历史学家卡特：当时有巨大的恐惧。
Once Union armies began moving into the South, it's no accident that thousands, those who can take to the roads, refugees, by the tens of thousands, whites, begin moving to try to get away from the Union's armies.
一旦联邦军队开始进入南方，数千名能够上路的人、难民、数以万计的白人开始试图逃离联邦军队，这绝非偶然。
But many poor southerners can't and have to stay.
但许多贫穷的南方人不能也不得不留下来。
And it's difficult to recreate today what it must have been like, living in a society in which law has ended, the confederate troops have retreated.
今天很难重现当时的情景，生活在一个法律已经终结、联邦军队已经撤退的社会。
You're sitting there waiting, knowing that the Union armies are on your doorstep, and anticipating, really, the worst.
你坐在那里等待，知道联邦军队就在你家门口，并期待着最坏的情况。
Narrator: Grant ordered his armies to march first toward Jackson and then west, to approach Vicksburg from behind.
旁白：格兰特命令他的军队首先向杰克逊进军，然后向西，从后面逼近维克斯堡。
In less than three weeks, Grant's army marched 180 miles and fought and won five battles, forging a bond with its commander that deepened with each victory.
在不到三周的时间里，格兰特的军队行军了 180 英里，打了五场战役并取得了胜利，与指挥官之间的感情随着每一次胜利而加深。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: There's this sense that there's the guy who's behind it all.
历史学家米勒：有一种感觉，那就是这一切背后都有一个人。
There's the guy that we're going to follow.
这就是我们要跟踪的人。
And if we follow him, he has the chance to be, as interestingly one of the troops says, he has the chance in this campaign to be another George Washington.
如果我们跟随他，他就有机会成为，正如其中一名士兵所说，有趣的是，他有机会在这次竞选中成为另一个乔治·华盛顿。
They all had that sense of destiny.
他们都有这种命运感。
They really had this sense that this was the most important campaign of the Civil War and that this general was going on to greatness.
他们确实有这样的感觉：这是内战中最重要的战役，这位将军即将走向伟大。
Narrator: "Grant moves with his shoulders thrown back, his left hand in the pocket of his pantaloons, his eyes thrown straight forward, and a countenance drawn into furrows of thought," one reporter noted.
旁白：“格兰特的肩膀向后仰，左手插在裤子口袋里，眼睛直视前方，表情陷入沉思，”一名记者指出。
"The soldiers observe him coming, and rising to their feet, gather to see him pass.
“士兵们看到他来了，就站起来，聚集在一起看他过去。
They only watch him with a certain sort of familiar reverence."
他们只是带着某种熟悉的尊敬看着他。”
"'Good morning, General.
“‘早上好，将军。
Pleasant day, General.' They greet him as they would address one of their neighbors, never embarrassed by the thought that they are talking to a great general."
愉快的一天，将军。他们像对待邻居一样向他打招呼，从不因为自己正在与一位伟大的将军交谈而感到尴尬。”
On May 18th, Vicksburg came within sight of Ulysses S.
5 月 18 日，维克斯堡进入尤利西斯·S·尤利西斯号的视线范围内。
Grant, riding in advance of his troops.
格兰特骑马走在他的部队前面。
His army had driven the Confederates into their fortifications.
他的军队已将南方联盟军赶入他们的防御工事。
Twice the general ordered his men to break through the well-entrenched Confederates; twice they failed.
将军两次命令他的部下突破坚固的同盟军。他们两次都失败了。
Grant, however, remained confident.
然而格兰特仍然充满信心。
"The enemy is within our grasp," he wrote Washington, "the fall of Vicksburg can only be a question of time."
“敌人就在我们的掌握之中，”他写信给华盛顿，“维克斯堡的陷落只是时间问题。”
Joan Waugh, Historian: Grant's army began to lay siege to Vicksburg, cutting off all communication and food supplies.
琼·沃，历史学家：格兰特的军队开始围攻维克斯堡，切断了所有通讯和食物供应。
Starving the residents out.
让居民挨饿。
Narrator: Forced underground to avoid the constant shelling, living on a diet of mule meat and pea bread, the people of Vicksburg endured the siege.
旁白：为了躲避持续不断的炮击，维克斯堡人民被迫转入地下，以骡肉和豌豆面包为食，忍受着围困。
Dan T.
丹·T.
Carter, Historian: This is, in a sense, the first modern war, in which, although there may have been lip service given to the protection of civilian rights, it was understood, particularly, I think, on the part of both Grant and Sherman, that in order for the war to be successfully carried out, it wasn't simply a war against the opposing army.
历史学家卡特：从某种意义上说，这是第一次现代战争，尽管口头上可能会保护平民权利，但我认为，格兰特和谢尔曼都特别明白，为了使战争成功进行，这不仅仅是一场针对敌方军队的战争。
It had to be a war which demoralized, which broke the back of the will of the South to resist.
这必定是一场士气低落、摧毁南方抵抗意志的战争。
Narrator: As the siege dragged on, Grant grew restless.
旁白：随着围困的持续，格兰特变得焦躁不安。
On June 6th, anxious that the Confederates might be preparing an offensive against his rear, he took a reconnaissance trip up the Yazoo River.
6 月 6 日，由于担心同盟军可能准备对他的后方发动进攻，他沿着亚祖河进行了一次侦察之旅。
By some accounts, what happened aboard his steamer bore out the warnings of Grant’s harshest critics.
根据一些说法，他的轮船上发生的事情证实了格兰特最严厉的批评者的警告。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: Well there was a lot of controversy as to whether or not during a crucial moment in the Vicksburg campaign he went on a drinking spree.
米勒，历史学家：关于他在维克斯堡竞选的关键时刻是否酗酒，存在很多争议。
The heroic, in a sense, image of Grant is he might have been a drinker, but he never drank at strategic moments in a military campaign.
从某种意义上说，格兰特的英雄形象是他可能是个酒鬼，但他从来没有在军事行动的战略时刻喝酒。
And a guy by the name of Cadwallader who covered his campaign said that's wrong he was drinking at that point.
一位名叫卡德沃拉德（Cadwallader）的人报道了他的竞选活动，他说他当时喝酒是错误的。
We'll never know.
我们永远不会知道。
All the evidence is in.
所有证据都在。
Their stories contradict one another and collide with one another.
他们的故事互相矛盾，互相碰撞。
We don't have a smoking gun.
我们没有确凿的证据。
Narrator: On July 4th, after 47 days of siege, starved and without hope of reinforcements, Vicksburg's 30,000 defenders surrendered.
旁白：7月4日，经过47天的围困，维克斯堡的3万名守军在饥饿和援军无望的情况下投降了。
"The Stars and Stripes are now waving," an exuberant Union captain wrote his wife.
“星条旗正在飘扬，”一位兴高采烈的联邦队长写信给他的妻子。
"The Confederacy is divided.
“联邦分裂了。
The Mississippi River is opened and General Grant is to be our next President."
密西西比河已开通，格兰特将军将成为我们的下一任总统。”
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: Vicksburg elevates Grant to preeminence among Union generals.
米勒，历史学家：维克斯堡将格兰特提升为联邦将军中的佼佼者。
I mean, he's clearly Lincoln's man from now on.
我的意思是，从现在起他显然就是林肯的人了。
He's the guy who has the stick-to-itness and, in a sense, the genius to defeat the South.
他是一个坚持不懈的人，从某种意义上说，他是击败南方的天才。
Narrator: Four months later, Grant won yet another decisive victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee.
旁白：四个月后，格兰特在田纳西州查塔努加赢得了又一次决定性的胜利。
He had completed the campaign begun with the capture of Fort Donelson less than two years before.
不到两年前，他完成了从攻占多纳尔森堡开始的战役。
The South now lay open to conquest.
南方现在已敞开大门等待征服。
On December 7th, Abraham Lincoln called for a national day of prayer and wrote Grant, "I wish to tender you and all under your command my profoundest gratitude."
12 月 7 日，亚伯拉罕·林肯呼吁全国祈祷日，并写信给格兰特，“我谨向您和您麾下的所有人致以最深切的谢意。”
On March 8th, 1864, Ulysses S.
1864 年 3 月 8 日，尤利西斯·S.
Grant and his 13-year-old son Fred arrived at the Willard Hotel, the political epicenter of Washington.
格兰特和他 13 岁的儿子弗雷德抵达华盛顿政治中心威拉德酒店。
Grant was in Washington on official business.
格兰特正在华盛顿执行公务。
He was to be named General in Chief of all Union armies, and to be commissioned as a lieutenant general - the first officer to hold that rank since George Washington.
他将被任命为所有联邦军队的总司令，并被任命为中将——这是自乔治·华盛顿以来第一位担任这一军衔的军官。
Geoffrey Perret, Biographer: One of the great ironies of democracies is that we believe that the destiny of the nation is in the hands of the citizens.
传记作家杰弗里·佩雷特：民主国家最大的讽刺之一是我们相信国家的命运掌握在公民手中。
But at the same time, there is a hankering for a savior.
但与此同时，人们又渴望有一个救世主。
Especially when times are hard.
尤其是在困难时期。
Narrator: Grant's star had risen so high since the fall of Vicksburg the previous summer that he was being seriously considered as a candidate for the presidency.
旁白：自从去年夏天维克斯堡陷落以来，格兰特的名气就大增，以至于人们开始认真考虑他作为总统候选人。
Grant dismissed the talk as preposterous.
格兰特认为这种说法很荒谬。
"I am not a politician, never was, and never hope to be," he said.
“我不是政治家，从来不是，也永远不希望成为政治家，”他说。
The only office he desired, Grant joked, was Mayor of Galena, "so I could build a new sidewalk from my house to the depot." The afternoon of his arrival in Washington, he attended Lincoln's weekly White House reception.
格兰特开玩笑说，他唯一想要的职位是加利纳市市长，“这样我就可以在我家和仓库之间修建一条新的人行道。”抵达华盛顿的当天下午，他出席了林肯每周举行的白宫招待会。
William S.
威廉·S。
McFeely, Biographer: His entrance was just politically brilliant.
传记作家麦克菲利：他的加入在政治上非常出色。
Imagine this in our time.
想象一下我们这个时代的情况。
He walks around to the White House.
他绕着白宫走去。
And he's waited; he doesn't get there early.
他一直在等待；他没有早到那里。
He goes in and he stands at the door very simply.
他进去了，很简单地站在门口。
And Lincoln spots him.
林肯发现了他。
They have never met.
他们从未见过面。
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: Both of them were Midwesterners.
历史学家麦克弗森：他们都是中西部人。
Both of them were, in a way, self-made men.
在某种程度上，他们都是白手起家的人。
They'd come up from an unprivileged childhood.
他们都来自一个贫困的童年。
They had made their way in the world.
他们已经在世界上找到了自己的出路。
They had overcome adversity.
他们克服了逆境。
There was a spark of understanding between them.
他们之间擦出了理解的火花。
Narrator: "This is General Grant, is it not?" Lincoln said in greeting.
旁白：“这是格兰特将军，不是吗？”林肯打招呼道。
He then led the General to the East Room.
遂领将军至东房。
Max Byrd, Novelist: There was a clamorous uproar, people grabbing his hand, shaking his hand.
马克斯·伯德，小说家：一片喧闹，人们抓住他的手，与他握手。
It looked as if he were going to be pulled apart.
看起来他似乎要被撕裂了。
And finally Secretary of State Seward put him on top of a sofa so that everybody could just look at Grant as he stood there most uncomfortably being looked at and looking down at everybody around him.
最后，国务卿苏厄德把他放在沙发上，这样每个人都可以看着格兰特，因为他站在那里，被人看着，俯视着他周围的每个人，这让他感到非常不舒服。
Narrator: The next day, as he accepted his promotion to Lieutenant General, and the responsibility of command of all the Armies of the Union, Grant spoke with humility: "With the aid of the noble armies that have fought in so many fields for our common country, it will be my earnest endeavor not to disappoint your expectations."
旁白：第二天，当格兰特接受晋升为中将并接受指挥联邦所有军队的责任时，他谦虚地说：“在为我们共同国家在许多领域作战的高贵军队的帮助下，我将竭尽全力不辜负你们的期望。”
Two weeks later, Julia and the children joined him in Washington.
两周后，朱莉娅和孩子们来到华盛顿与他会合。
With his new commission came a salary of $12,000 per year, guaranteed for life.
他的新佣金带来了年薪 12,000 美元，终身保障。
The misery of Humboldt, the penury of Hardscrabble, and the humiliation of Galena were all behind him.
洪堡的苦难、贫民窟的贫困、加利纳的屈辱都已成为过去。
Grant could now provide for his family without depending on his father or Colonel Dent.
格兰特现在可以在不依赖父亲或登特上校的情况下养家糊口。
He had but one regret: he was now part of the world of Washington, of the "show-business" of politics he said he despised.
他只有一个遗憾：他现在是华盛顿世界的一部分，是他所鄙视的政治“演艺界”的一部分。
On May 4th, 1864, Ulysses S.
1864 年 5 月 4 日，尤利西斯·S.
Grant, the fourth General to command the Armies of the Union in three years, crossed the Rapidan River in Virginia, to begin what the North hoped would be the decisive campaign of the Civil War.
格兰特是三年来指挥联邦军队的第四位将军，他渡过弗吉尼亚州的拉皮丹河，开始了北方所希望的内战决定性战役。
"Grant's very vigor inspires the public confidence to a reasonable anticipation of quick work and great results," wrote the New York Herald.
《纽约先驱报》写道：“格兰特的活力激发了公众对快速工作和伟大成果的合理预期的信心。”
"If with General Grant at the head we cannot put the rebellion down in the coming summer, we can never put it down."
“如果在格兰特将军的带领下，我们不能在即将到来的夏天平息叛乱，我们就永远无法平息它。”
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: Coming off of the euphoria of the successes in 1863, there was a feeling of great confidence in the North that now, finally, we're going to be able to prosecute this war to imminent victory, and this cruel war will soon be over.
历史学家麦克弗森：从 1863 年胜利的喜悦中走出来后，北方充满了信心，认为现在我们终于能够继续这场战争并取得即将到来的胜利，这场残酷的战争很快就会结束。
Narrator: With a northern public impatient for victory, Grant called for an all out offensive to bring the Confederacy to its knees.
旁白：由于北方公众对胜利已经迫不及待，格兰特呼吁发动全面进攻，让南部邦联屈服。
Five columns would take the war into the South in a well-coordinated plan.
五个纵队将按照精心协调的计划将战争带入南方。
His old friend, William Tecumseh Sherman, would march Grant’s western armies toward Atlanta.
他的老朋友威廉·特库姆塞·谢尔曼将带领格兰特的西部军队向亚特兰大进发。
"I will make Georgia howl," he vowed.
“我会让乔治亚嚎叫，”他发誓。
Grant would lead the Army of the Potomac toward Richmond, the Capital of the Confederacy, and fight against Robert E.
格兰特将率领波托马克军团前往联邦首都里士满，并与罗伯特·E·格兰特作战。
Lee.
李.
For three years, Lee, a Southern gentleman and legendary West Point cadet, had defeated every Union General who had dared cross into Virginia.
三年来，李这位南方绅士和传奇的西点军校学员击败了每一位敢于越境进入弗吉尼亚的联邦将军。
Among his men he inspired blind, almost religious devotion.
他在他的部下中激发了盲目的、近乎宗教般的虔诚。
His opponents thought he was invincible.
他的对手认为他是无敌的。
Grant, who had never lost a battle, thought otherwise: "I had known Lee personally," he said, "and knew that he was mortal." He intended to crush Lee's Army and end the war by November.
从未输过一场战斗的格兰特不这么认为：“我亲自认识李，”他说，“并且知道他是凡人。”他打算在十一月之前粉碎李的军队并结束战争。
The only doubt in his mind concerned the new army under his command.
他心中唯一的疑问，就是他麾下的新军。
Mark Grimsley, Historian: The Army of Potomac was used to getting beaten by Lee at every turn and thought it was doing well if it could hold its own against Lee.
马克·格里姆斯利（Mark Grimsley），历史学家：波托马克军团已经习惯了每次都被李打败，并且认为如果能在李的面前保持自己的实力，那就好了。
It didn't have the killer instinct that was characteristic of the armies that Grant had commanded in the West.
它没有格兰特在西方指挥的军队所特有的杀手本能。
Narrator: The morning of May 5th, General Ulysses S.
旁白：5 月 5 日上午，尤利西斯·S·将军 (General Ulysses S.
Grant awoke to the sound of gunfire.
格兰特是在枪声中醒来的。
Soon word came that his army had collided with Lee's in a nearby thicket.
很快就有消息称他的军队在附近的灌木丛中与李的军队发生了冲突。
After issuing orders, Grant lit a cigar, took out his penknife, and began to whittle.
发出命令后，格兰特点燃了一根雪茄，拿出小刀开始削雪茄。
Brooks D.
布鲁克斯 D.
Simpson, Historian: The whittling is a sign of anxiety.
历史学家辛普森：削削是焦虑的表现。
He whittles so fiercely that he cuts apart those kid gloves that he's wearing.
他削得如此猛烈，以至于把他戴的小羊皮手套都割断了。
He's smoking so hard to repress his anxiety that he goes through two dozen cigars in one day.
为了抑制焦虑，他抽烟得非常厉害，以至于一天之内就抽了两打雪茄。
He's a very anxious man, very worried, not because of anything that Robert E.
他是一个非常焦虑、非常担心的人，并不是因为罗伯特·E.
Lee's doing but rather because he's worried that the Army of the Potomac is not going to respond to his command.
李这样做只是因为他担心波托马克军团不会响应他的命令。
Narrator: It was called the Battle of the Wilderness.
旁白：这就是荒野之战。
70,000 Union men engaged 40,000 Confederates in some of the fiercest combat of the Civil War.
70,000 名联邦士兵与 40,000 名南部邦联士兵展开内战中最激烈的战斗。
Max Byrd, Novelist: They were tangled in brush almost from the beginning and it was hard to know who was who.
小说家马克斯·伯德：他们几乎从一开始就在灌木丛中纠缠在一起，很难分清谁是谁。
The smoke was thick and the woods caught on fire from the cannons and the muskets almost at once.
浓烟滚滚，大炮和步枪几乎同时点燃了树林。
So that addition of fighting the enemy, they were fighting the fire itself.
因此，除了与敌人战斗之外，他们还在救火。
Mark Grimsley, Historian: Many wounded were either burned alive or were seen to actually cock their rifle muskets and place them up against their heads, ready to pull the trigger if the flames got too close.
马克·格里姆斯利（Mark Grimsley），历史学家：许多伤员要么被活活烧死，要么被看到实际上拉开了步枪步枪的扳机，并将它们抵在头上，准备在火焰太近时扣动扳机。
It was, by any criterion, an unusually horrible battle.
无论以何种标准衡量，这都是一场异常可怕的战斗。
And it was worse than anything that Grant had seen in the Western theatre.
这比格兰特在西方剧院见过的任何事情都要糟糕。
Narrator: As the fighting subsided, an officer claimed he saw the General "throw himself face down on his cot and give way to the greatest emotion, stirred to the very depths of his soul."
旁白：随着战斗平息，一名军官声称他看到将军“脸朝下倒在床上，情绪激动到了他灵魂的最深处。”
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: In battle, Grant hardly concerned himself with the issue of losses.
历史学家米勒：在战斗中，格兰特几乎不关心损失问题。
But as even he says in his memoirs, when the battle was over, it was very hard to take in what had happened as you walked across a battlefield filled with corpses and men who are still alive and barely breathing.
但正如他在回忆录中所说，当战斗结束时，当你走过充满尸体和仍然活着、几乎没有呼吸的人的战场时，很难接受所发生的一切。
He said, "after the battle you begin to think about what has happened, and the costs and consequences."
他说，“战斗结束后，你开始思考发生了什么，以及代价和后果。”
Narrator: On May 7th, the battle of The Wilderness came to an end.
旁白：5月7日，荒野之战落下帷幕。
It appeared that Lee had gotten the better of Grant.
看来李战胜了格兰特。
The Union had suffered nearly 18,000 casualties, the Confederates fewer than 12,000.
联盟军伤亡近 18,000 人，而南方联盟则不到 12,000 人。
The Army of the Potomac awaited the order to retreat.
波托马克军团等待着撤退的命令。
Three times, they had crossed the Rapidan and three times they had been ordered back.
他们三次渡过拉皮丹河，又三次被命令返回。
They saw no reason why this time it should be different.
他们不明白为什么这次会有所不同。
That evening, Grant approached the 2nd Corps of the Army of the Potomac, camped along a road.
那天晚上，格兰特接近沿路扎营的波托马克军团第二军。
As he rode by, the men broke into a cheer.
当他骑马经过时，人们爆发出欢呼声。
He was not headed north, back to Washington, but south, toward Richmond.
他没有向北返回华盛顿，而是向南前往里士满。
John Y.
约翰·Y.
Simon, Historian: They had figured out that Grant had no intention of disengaging with Lee.
历史学家西蒙：他们发现格兰特无意与李脱离关系。
That this would be the last campaign of the Army of the Potomac.
这将是波托马克军团的最后一次战役。
And that this was going to be a campaign that would end in victory one way or another.
这将是一场无论如何都会以胜利告终的战役。
Max Byrd, Novelist: In that moment, I think you saw almost all of Grant's character.
马克斯·伯德（Max Byrd），小说家：在那一刻，我想你几乎看到了格兰特的全部性格。
He was in motion as he liked to be.
他随心所欲地活动着。
He was on a horse, as he loved to be.
他骑在马上，正如他所喜欢的那样。
And he was not retracing his steps, he was going forward.
而他并没有回头，而是继续前行。
There was no retreat in him.
他没有任何退缩的余地。
Narrator: As Grant continued to push south, his army and Lee's became locked in a desperate, deadly embrace.
旁白：随着格兰特继续向南推进，他的军队和李的军队陷入了绝望、致命的拥抱。
Dan T.
丹·T.
Carter, Historian: Lee came to appreciate the fact that he was up against a great general.
卡特，历史学家：李开始意识到他面对的是一位伟大的将军。
You see this in his dispatches, and you see it in his comments to his fellow officers.
你可以在他的电讯中看到这一点，也可以在他对同事的评论中看到这一点。
He knew Grant was good.
他知道格兰特很好。
He knew he was up against, as he said, a worthy adversary.
正如他所说，他知道自己面对的是一个值得尊敬的对手。
Narrator: "Dear Julia, The world has never seen so bloody or so protracted a battle as the one being fought and I hope never will again."
旁白：“亲爱的朱莉娅，世界上从未见过如此血腥或如此旷日持久的战斗，我希望永远不会再有这样的战斗。”
In one month of fighting, Grant lost 44,000 men - almost half of those who had crossed the Rapidan were dead, missing, or wounded.
在一个月的战斗中，格兰特损失了 44,000 人——几乎一半渡过拉皮丹河的人死亡、失踪或受伤。
Yet as long as he closed in on Richmond, even at a frightful cost, the morale in the North remained high.
然而，只要他逼近里士满，即使付出了可怕的代价，北方的士气仍然很高。
"Great confidence is felt in Grant," Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles noted, "but the immense slaughter of our men sickens us all."
“人们对格兰特充满信心，”海军部长吉迪恩·威尔斯指出，“但对我们士兵的大规模屠杀让我们所有人感到恶心。”
On the 21st of May, the general and his officers met just outside Spotsylvania for a rare council of war.
5 月 21 日，将军和他的军官们在斯波西瓦尼亚郊外举行了一次罕见的战争会议。
Sitting on pews borrowed from a nearby church, Grant planned his next move.
格兰特坐在从附近教堂借来的长椅上计划着他的下一步行动。
Mark Grimsley, Historian: He believed that Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was on the ropes.
马克·格里姆斯利，历史学家：他相信李的北弗吉尼亚军团已陷入困境。
And that one more good, hard shove would break through Lee's army and enable the Army of the Potomac to get on to Richmond which was, at that point, less than 10 miles distant.
再一次有力的推动将突破李的军队，使波托马克军团能够到达里士满，而里士满当时距离不到 10 英里。
Narrator: "I may be mistaken but I feel our success is already insured," he wired Washington.
旁白：“我可能错了，但我觉得我们的成功已经得到保证，”他给华盛顿发了一封电报。
Grant ordered the Army of the Potomac to smash through Lee's forces at a crossroads known as Cold Harbor.
格兰特命令波托马克军团在一个被称为冷港的十字路口粉碎李的军队。
Max Byrd, Novelist: The Cold Harbor battlefield is just an open field.
小说家马克斯·伯德：冷港战场只是一片空旷的场地。
It looks like three or four football fields wide and long.
它看起来像三四个足球场那么宽和长。
And at one end of that, at the Southern end, there are the built up ditches and trenches where the Confederates were behind great mounds of dirt with their rifles and muskets just pointed.
在它的一端，在南端，有已建成的沟渠和战壕，南方军就在大堆泥土后面，用步枪和滑膛枪瞄准了那里。
And at the other end, coming down from the North, there was a line of Union troops.
在另一端，从北方下来，有一队联邦军队。
Line after line really.
真的是一行接一行。
And the order was simply for them to charge straight ahead across this wide open expanse.
而命令只是让他们在这片空旷的地方直线冲锋。
Narrator: At 4:30 A.M.
旁白：凌晨 4:30
on June 3rd, 60,000 Union Soldiers attacked across a seven-mile front.
6 月 3 日，60,000 名联邦士兵横跨 7 英里的战线发起进攻。
The waiting Confederates replied with a fusillade so fierce, windows were said to have rattled in Richmond.
等待中的南方军以猛烈的连射还击，据说里士满的窗户都被震得嘎嘎作响。
"The division in front seemed to melt away like snow falling on moist ground," a Union soldier recalled.
“前面的师似乎像雪落在潮湿的地面上一样融化了，”一名联邦士兵回忆道。
In less than two hours, the Army of the Potomac had suffered over 6,000 casualties.
不到两个小时，波托马克军团就伤亡六千多人。
That night, Grant told his officers, "I regret this assault more than any one I have ever ordered." "There had been butchery at Cold Harbor," he later said.
那天晚上，格兰特告诉他的军官们，“我对这次袭击比我下令的任何一次袭击都更加后悔。” “冷港发生过屠杀，”他后来说。
Not because of the blood shed, but because it was shed in vain, "to no advantage whatsoever." He compounded his mistake by leaving hundreds of wounded men howling in the hot June sun while he exchanged letters of terms with Lee.
不是因为流血，而是因为流血是徒劳的，“没有任何好处”。当他与李交换条款时，他让数百名伤员在六月炎热的阳光下嚎叫，这使他的错误更加严重。
William S.
威廉·S。
McFeely, Biographer: Both Lee and Grant, in my view, behaved very badly indeed.
传记作者麦克菲利：在我看来，李和格兰特的行为确实非常糟糕。
Neither one of them would admit that he’d been defeated.
他们谁都不会承认自己被打败了。
And, so, neither one would send in a white flag that would enable them to get out to these wounded men who were wailing out there in the hot June sun, waiting for relief.
因此，两个人都不会派出一面白旗，以便他们能够前往这些在六月炎热的阳光下哭泣、等待救援的伤员。
Narrator: Four days after the assault, Grant finally relented and called for a cease-fire.
旁白：袭击发生四天后，格兰特终于态度软化并呼吁停火。
When Union litter-bearers climbed out of their trenches, they found only two men still alive amongst the piles of rotting corpses.
当联邦垃圾搬运工爬出战壕时，他们发现在成堆的腐烂尸体中只剩下两人还活着。
Even as he witnessed the horror of his blunder, Grant took time to write his little daughter.
即使格兰特亲眼目睹了自己犯下的可怕错误，他还是花时间写信给他的小女儿。
"Cold Harbor, Virginia, June 4th, 1864.
“弗吉尼亚州冷港，1864 年 6 月 4 日。
My Dear Little Nelly, I received your pretty, well-written letter more than a week ago.
我亲爱的小耐莉，一个多星期前我收到了你写得漂亮、写得好的信。
I know that you have been representing 'the Old Woman that lived in a Shoe' at the Fair.
我知道您在博览会上代表“住在鞋子里的老妇人”。
I know you must have enjoyed it very much."
我知道你一定非常享受。”
Geoffrey Perret, Biographer: The guilt that Grant felt over Cold Harbor was enormous.
传记作者杰弗里·佩雷特：格兰特对冷港事件感到非常内疚。
The strain on him was unbearable.
他承受的压力是难以忍受的。
And writing a letter to a child was a complete escape from that.
给孩子写一封信完全可以摆脱这种情况。
William S.
威廉·S。
McFeely, Biographer: He could see the battle, and then he could turn away from it and see his daughter.
麦克菲利，传记作者：他可以看到这场战斗，然后他可以转过身来看到他的女儿。
He was able to compartmentalize in that way.
他能够以这种方式进行划分。
That was the way he kept going.
这就是他继续前进的方式。
I think that sustaining private life was immensely important to him, and whatever happened in his public life was a whole other world.
我认为维持私人生活对他来说非常重要，而他的公共生活中发生的一切都完全是另一个世界。
Narrator: "Be a good little girl as you have always been.
旁白：“像以前一样，做一个好小女孩。
Study your lessons.
学习你的课程。
From, Papa."
来自，爸爸。”
Max Byrd, Novelist: After Cold Harbor, all of the things that had first been said after Shiloh, that Grant was a butcher, that he was incompetent, that he was a drunkard, all of that came back with renewed force and real hatred.
马克斯·伯德，小说家：在冷港事件之后，所有在夏伊洛之后首次被提及的事情，格兰特是一个屠夫，他无能，他是一个酒鬼，所有这些都带着新的力量和真正的仇恨回来了。
Mary Lincoln was practically shrieking in the White House that Grant was a butcher and that Lincoln should remove him because he was so cruel and hard.
玛丽·林肯几乎在白宫尖叫着说格兰特是个屠夫，林肯应该除掉他，因为他是如此残忍和冷酷。
Brooks D.
布鲁克斯 D.
Simpson, Historian: There were soldiers who after this began to believe that the entire campaign was one of endless, ceaseless, bloody assaults that always were futile.
历史学家辛普森：此后，有些士兵开始相信整个战役是一场无休无止的血腥袭击，而且总是徒劳的。
And that Grant had no creativity as a general whatsoever except at expending human life.
格兰特作为将军除了消耗人类生命外没有任何创造力。
Narrator: Grant maneuvered his force around Lee to attack Petersburg, a rail center just south of Richmond.
旁白：格兰特调动他的部队绕过李攻击彼得堡，这是里士满以南的一个铁路中心。
But his troops were too tired and demoralized to press an assault.
但他的部队太累了，士气低落，无力发起进攻。
Many refused to follow orders.
许多人拒绝服从命令。
"I have never seen an army so haggard and worn, so worked out and fought out, so dispirited and hopeless," one officer wrote.
一名军官写道：“我从未见过一支军队如此憔悴、疲倦、如此努力、如此奋战、如此沮丧和绝望。”
"Grant has pushed his army to the extreme limit of human endurance." Unable to take Petersburg, Grant settled in for a siege.
“格兰特已经把他的军队推向了人类忍耐的极限。”由于无法占领彼得堡，格兰特决定进行围攻。
"This is likely to prove a very tedious job I have on hand," he wrote Julia.
“这可能会证明我手头的工作非常乏味，”他写信给朱莉娅。
"The enemy keeps himself behind strong entrenchments all the time and seemed determined to hold on to the last." He knew Lee was playing for time.
“敌人始终坚守在坚固的工事后面，而且似乎决心坚守最后的阵地。”他知道李是在拖延时间。
James M.
詹姆斯·M。
McPherson, Historian: Lee's strategy in 1864 is to hold out long enough and inflict heavy enough casualties on the enemy so that by the time the presidential election in November the Northern people will have become so weary of the war and so disillusioned with the possibility of victory that they would elect a Democrat, turn Lincoln out of office and negotiate an armistice and withdrawal of Northern troops would mean the Confederacy had won this war.
历史学家麦克弗森：李在 1864 年的策略是坚持足够长的时间，给敌人造成足够大的伤亡，这样到 11 月总统选举时，北方人民就会对战争感到厌倦，对胜利的可能性感到失望，从而选择民主党人，让林肯下台，并通过谈判达成停战协议，北方军队撤出将意味着南部邦联赢得了这场战争。
Narrator: Each day Lee held on, Lincoln's prospects for re-election dimmed.
旁白：李坚持的每一天，林肯连任的前景都变得黯淡。
By August 1864, he was convinced he would be defeated in November.
1864 年 8 月，他确信自己将在 11 月被击败。
The strain on Grant was plain to see: "the saddened eyes, the worn face, the mouth that shut down tightly all around," one officer observed.
格兰特身上的压力显而易见：“悲伤的眼睛，疲惫的脸，紧闭的嘴巴，”一名警官观察到。
"He carried the Union on his back."
“他背负着联盟。”
Geoffrey Perret, Biographer: Grant was extremely frustrated.
传记作者杰弗里·佩雷特：格兰特非常沮丧。
He knows that he has to produce a victory to secure Lincoln's reelection.
他知道他必须取得一场胜利才能确保林肯连任。
Time is running out.
时间已经不多了。
Narrator: Finally on September 4th, good news reached Grant.
旁白：9月4日，格兰特终于收到了好消息。
Sherman had taken Atlanta, ransacked it and then burnt it to the ground.
谢尔曼占领了亚特兰大，洗劫了它，然后将其烧毁。
Brooks D.
布鲁克斯 D.
Simpson, Historian: Sherman's victory was the vindication of Grant's overall campaign plan in 1864.
历史学家辛普森：谢尔曼的胜利证明了格兰特 1864 年总体竞选计划的正确性。
All of those armies, moving simultaneously against a common center.
所有这些军队同时向一个共同中心移动。
Somewhere Grant knew the Confederacy would crack.
格兰特知道联邦在某个地方会崩溃。
It cracked at Atlanta.
它在亚特兰大破裂了。
Sherman may have achieved that victory, but in the end, it was according to Grant's design.
谢尔曼也许取得了这场胜利，但最终却是按照格兰特的设计。
Narrator: "In honor of your great victory I have ordered a salute to be fired from every battery bearing upon the enemy," Grant wired his old friend.
旁白：“为了纪念你们的伟大胜利，我已下令对敌人的每一个炮台都鸣礼炮，”格兰特给他的老朋友发了电报。
"It will be fired within an hour amidst great rejoicing."
“一小时内就会在一片欢呼声中发射。”
That November, Lincoln won re-election.
同年11月，林肯赢得连任。
The South had been denied its last opportunity for victory.
南方被剥夺了最后的胜利机会。
Grant, a staff officer reported, was back "in good health and buoyant spirits," ready to prosecute the war to what he now knew was its inevitable conclusion.
据一名参谋报道，格兰特已经“身体健康，精神振奋”，准备继续战争，直至他现在知道战争不可避免的结局。
In March 1865, after a nine-month siege, Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia were busy.
1865 年 3 月，经过九个月的围困后，格兰特位于弗吉尼亚城波因特的总部变得忙碌起来。
Preparations were underway for the final Union assault on Petersburg.
联邦军对彼得堡的最后进攻的准备工作正在进行中。
But at Grant's cabin, life followed the domestic routine of a family in peacetime.
但在格兰特的小屋里，生活遵循着和平时期家庭的日常生活。
Julia had come to City Point earlier that year and settled in with Ulysses.
那年早些时候，朱莉娅来到城角并与尤利西斯一起定居。
"I am snugly nestled away in my husband's log cabin," Julia wrote a friend.
“我舒适地依偎在我丈夫的小木屋里，”朱莉娅给一位朋友写道。
"Am I not a happy woman?"
“我不是一个幸福的女人吗？”
Brooks D.
布鲁克斯 D.
Simpson, Historian: An officer one time comes upon the two of them holding hands.
辛普森，历史学家：有一次，一名军官遇到了两人手牵着手。
They're startled, Grant grows red-faced, because that was a private domestic moment, the kind of expression of love that many people did not see because Grant wanted to conceal his true feelings from outsiders.
他们吓了一跳，格兰特脸红了，因为那是私人的家庭时刻，这种爱的表达很多人都看不到，因为格兰特想向外人隐瞒自己的真实感受。
Narrator: Ulysses could often be found wrestling with his youngest boy, Jesse.
旁白：尤利西斯经常与他最小的儿子杰西摔跤。
"You know my weaknesses," he explained, "my children and my horses." At his wife's prompting, Grant invited the President to City Point for a few days, suggesting that the rest would do him good.
“你知道我的弱点，”他解释道，“我的孩子和我的马。”在妻子的推动下，格兰特邀请总统到波因特城住几天，并表示剩下的时间对他有好处。
On the 24th, Lincoln arrived at City Point aboard the steamer the River Queen.
24日，林肯乘坐“河女王号”轮船抵达城市点。
The President looked over plans and conferred with his generals.
总统审查了计划并与将军们进行了协商。
In the steamer's state room, they discussed the end of the war and the beginning of the peace.
在轮船的客舱里，他们讨论了战争的结束和和平的开始。
Joan Waugh, Historian: And all were agreed it should be an easy peace.
琼·沃（Joan Waugh），历史学家：所有人都同意这应该是一个轻松的和平。
Very, very much predicated on the idea that while the Southerners had to swear an oath of allegiance to get back into the Union, they had to accept emancipation, but that everything else should be easy.
非常非常基于这样的想法：虽然南方人必须宣誓效忠才能回到联邦，但他们必须接受解放，但其他一切都应该很容易。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Historian: The South had to be put down brutally, aggressively, and in the fastest fashion possible.
历史学家米勒：必须以尽可能最快的方式残酷、侵略性地镇压南方。
But once that happened, he's thinking like a soldier here.
但一旦发生这种情况，他就会像一名士兵一样思考。
You make peace.
你使和平。
You put the saber down and you don't put in place policies that are going to alienate the South.
你放下军刀，不制定疏远南方的政策。
You want to reunite the sections.
您想要重新组合各个部分。
Narrator: As they planned reunification, the three men set aside the central question before them and the nation: the fate of more than 4 million former slaves the war had freed.
旁白：当他们计划统一时，这三个人把摆在他们和国家面前的核心问题放在一边：战争中解放的超过 400 万前奴隶的命运。
On April 2nd, Grant's forces finally broke through the Confederate entrenchments ringing Petersburg, the last obstacle to victory.
4月2日，格兰特的部队终于突破了圣彼得堡周围的同盟军工事，这是胜利的最后障碍。
The next day, the Confederates abandoned Richmond, but not before setting ablaze the capital that had been the symbol of the rebellion.
第二天，南方邦联放弃了里士满，但在此之前，他们放火焚烧了曾经是叛乱象征的首都。
April 9th, 1865, Palm Sunday.
1865 年 4 月 9 日，圣枝主日。
Ulysses S.
尤利西斯·S.
Grant went out for a ride.
格兰特出去兜风了。
He had slept poorly, tortured by a migraine headache, exhausted from his week-long pursuit of Lee.
他睡得很不好，受到偏头痛的折磨，对李长达一周的追求使他筋疲力尽。
His head was still pounding when an aide delivered him a note.
当一名助手给他递来一张纸条时，他的头还在嗡嗡作响。
"The instant I saw the contents, I was cured," he later said.
“当我看到内容的那一刻，我就被治愈了，”他后来说。
Lee had agreed to surrender.
李同意投降。
That very afternoon, General Ulysses S.
就在那天下午，尤利西斯·S·将军 (General Ulysses S.
Grant and General Robert E.
格兰特和罗伯特·E.将军
Lee met at a house in Appomattox.
李在阿波马托克斯的一所房子里见面。
Anyone trying to discern from appearances which man was the victor and which the vanquished, would likely have been deceived.
任何试图从表面上辨别谁是胜利者、谁是战败者的人都可能被欺骗了。
Six feet tall and erect in bearing, Lee arrived in full dress uniform, with sash and jeweled sword; five feet eight, with stooped shoulders, Grant appeared in his field uniform, with mud-spattered trousers tucked inside his muddy boots.
李身高六英尺，身材挺拔，身着全套制服，系着腰带，佩着宝石剑。格兰特身高五英尺八英寸，肩膀驼背，穿着野战制服，沾满泥浆的裤子塞在沾满泥浆的靴子里。
Clarence E.
克拉伦斯·E.
Walker, Historian: He looks just like a common guy, you know.
沃克，历史学家：你知道，他看起来就像一个普通人。
His shirt's unbuttoned, his coat looks like it's a bit frayed, he has his hat off.
他的衬衫没有扣子，他的外套看起来有点磨损，他也没有戴帽子。
You wouldn't have thought of him, I think, as a General, you would have thought of him as some kind of ordinary soldier.
我想，你不会想到他，作为一名将军，你会想到他是一个普通的士兵。
William S.
威廉·S。
McFeely, Biographer: It was, symbolically an immensely telling thing.
传记作者麦克菲利：从象征意义上讲，这是一件非常有说服力的事情。
This was the success of folks of ordinary America over, some perhaps mythical sense of aristocracy.
这是美国普通民众对某些或许是神话般的贵族意识的成功。
Max Byrd, Novelist: It does seem as if the cast-iron Grant changed, or he put off that armor.
马克斯·伯德（Max Byrd），小说家：看起来铸铁格兰特确实发生了变化，或者他脱下了那件盔甲。
And he went into Appomattox in a mood of generosity, and mildness.
他带着慷慨和温和的心情进入了阿波马托克斯。
He seems to have been extraordinarily sensitive to Lee's feelings.
他似乎对李的感受异常敏感。
Narrator: Grant tried to break the ice, reminding Lee they had met in Mexico.
旁白：格兰特试图打破僵局，提醒李他们是在墨西哥认识的。
Lee vaguely remembered the encounter.
李依稀记得那次遭遇。
After several minutes, they got down to the business at hand.
几分钟后，他们开始处理手头的事情。
Grant's terms were generous: there would be no reprisals or treason trials, officers and men could go home "not to be disturbed by U.S. authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside."
格兰特的条件很慷慨：不会有报复或叛国罪审判，军官和士兵可以回家，“只要遵守假释和居住地的现行法律，就不会受到美国当局的打扰”。
"I felt sad and depressed," Grant recalled, "at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly, and had suffered so much for a cause, though that cause was, I believe, one of the worst for which a people ever fought and for which there was the least excuse." As news of the surrender spread through Union camps, batteries began firing joyful salutes.
“我感到悲伤和沮丧，”格兰特回忆道，“当一个敌人倒台时，他已经英勇地战斗了这么长时间，并为一项事业遭受了如此多的苦难，尽管我相信，这个事业是一个民族曾经为之奋斗过的最糟糕的事业之一，而且没有任何借口。”随着投降的消息传遍联邦军营地，炮兵们开始发出欢乐的礼炮。
Grant ordered them stopped at once.
格兰特命令他们立即停下来。
"The war is over," he said, "the Rebels are our countrymen again."
“战争结束了，”他说，“叛军再次成为我们的同胞。”
A hefty inheritance — and a desire to do good — helped Annie Turner Wittenmyer become one of America's foremost female reformers.
丰厚的遗产和行善的愿望帮助安妮·特纳·维腾迈尔成为美国最重要的女性改革家之一。
At the time of Ulysses S.
在尤利西斯·S.
Grant's election to the presidency, white supremacists were conducting a reign of terror throughout the South.
格兰特当选总统后，白人至上主义者在整个南方进行恐怖统治。
Read an electronic edition of Ulysses Grant's famous Personal Memoirs , a 19th-century bestseller.
阅读尤利西斯·格兰特著名的 19 世纪畅销书《个人回忆录》的电子版。
Take a look at the world of Grant's early life.
看看格兰特早年生活的世界。
The column of mourners who accompanied Grant was seven miles long.
陪伴格兰特的哀悼队伍长达七英里。
Among those mourners were three presidents.
这些哀悼者中有三位总统。
When Grant left with his family for a world tour in 1877, he had more than rest and relaxation in mind.
1877 年，当格兰特与家人出发去世界巡演时，他想到的不仅仅是休息和放松。
When the banking firm of Jay Cooke and Company, a firm heavily invested in railroad construction, closed its doors on September 18, 1873, a major economic panic swept the nation.
1873 年 9 月 18 日，杰·库克公司 (Jay Cooke and Company) 的银行公司（一家大力投资铁路建设的公司）倒闭，一场重大的经济恐慌席卷了全国。
Republicans' answer to the problem of the black vote was to add a Constitutional amendment that guaranteed black suffrage in all states, and no matter which party controlled the government.
共和党对黑人投票问题的回答是增加一项宪法修正案，保证所有州的黑人选举权，无论哪个政党控制政府。
On September 24, 1869, the U.S. gold market collapsed.
1869 年 9 月 24 日，美国黄金市场崩溃。
When he took command of his own troops in the Civil War, Grant won an impressive string of battlefield victories.
当格兰特在内战中指挥自己的部队时，他赢得了一系列令人印象深刻的战场胜利。
Determined to acquire the land, Polk sent American troops to Texas in January of 1846 to provoke the Mexicans into war.
波尔克决心获得这片土地，于是于 1846 年 1 月派遣美国军队前往德克萨斯州，挑衅墨西哥人发动战争。
Custer led little more than 200 men in an attack on the Sioux Chief Sitting Bull's camp on Montana's Little Bighorn River.
卡斯特率领略多于 200 人的部队袭击了蒙大拿州小比格霍恩河上苏族酋长坐牛的营地。