The Gold Rush

Narrator : The news was astonishing, and it traveled swiftly around the world: gold -- precious gold -- had been discovered in California.

旁白：这个消息令人震惊，并迅速传遍了世界各地：在加利福尼亚州发现了黄金——珍贵的黄金。

Almost overnight, tens of thousands rushed off -- obsessed with striking it rich.

几乎一夜之间，数以万计的人纷纷离开——一心想致富。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : What the gold rush did was to give people permission to take risks, to gamble on life, in a way that they hadn't been willing to gamble before.

历史学家布兰兹：淘金热的作用是允许人们冒险，以生命为赌注，以一种他们以前不愿意赌博的方式。

Isabel Allende, Writer : Gold represented the possibility of starting anew, of being a new person, inventing a new self.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德，作家：黄金代表着重新开始、成为新人、创造新自我的可能性。

It's a metaphor for hope.

这是希望的隐喻。

James Rawls, Historian : The Gold Rush was the first time people from all of the continents came together into one particular place.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：淘金热是来自各大洲的人们第一次聚集到一个特定的地方。

It didn't always work so well.

它并不总是那么有效。

We can look to that as a pivotal event in human history where you see created for the very first time a world class, multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-cultural society.

我们可以将其视为人类历史上的一个关键事件，在这里你第一次看到一个世界级的、多民族、多宗教、多文化的社会被创造出来。

Narrator : Lured by the promise of gold, by the chance to change their lives in an instant, they would come: an impoverished aristocrat from Chile, anxious to recoup his family's fortune, and a strong-minded pioneer woman, who refused to be left behind in Missouri when her husband came down with gold fever ...

旁白：在黄金的承诺的诱惑下，在瞬间改变生活的机会的诱惑下，他们来到了这里：一位来自智利的贫困贵族，渴望收回家族的财产；一位意志坚强的拓荒者妇女，当她的丈夫患上淘金热时，她拒绝被留在密苏里州......

a California school teacher with dreams of becoming a land owner, a sea captain's son from New England with everything to prove ...

一位梦想成为土地所有者的加州学校老师，一位来自新英格兰的船长儿子，一切都需要证明......

and a blacksmith from New York, who wrenched himself away from his wife and children, and risked all that he had in the hopes of securing a more prosperous future.

还有一位来自纽约的铁匠，他挣脱妻子和孩子的束缚，冒着失去一切的危险，希望能获得更繁荣的未来。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : Next to the Civil War in the 19th century, no other event, had a greater impact, more long-lasting reverberations, than the Gold Rush.

历史学家霍利迪：除了 19 世纪的内战之外，没有其他事件比淘金热产生的影响更大、影响更持久。

It transformed obviously California, but more importantly, it transformed America.

它显然改变了加州，但更重要的是，它改变了美国。

Narrator : On May 12, 1848, an ambitious merchant named Sam Brannan shocked the tiny port town of San Francisco, California with an electrifying announcement:

旁白：1848 年 5 月 12 日，一位名叫萨姆·布兰南 (Sam Brannan) 的雄心勃勃的商人发布了一条令人震惊的公告，震惊了加利福尼亚州旧金山这个港口小镇：

Re-creation of Sam Brannan : "Gold!

山姆·布兰南的再现：“金子！

Gold!

黄金！

Gold from the American River!"

来自美国河的黄金！”

Narrator : Rumors had been circulating for months about a group of laborers who had been building a sawmill in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, some 100 miles east, when one of them spied the gleam of gold in the racing water.

旁白：谣言已经流传了几个月，称一群工人正在东边约 100 英里的内华达山脉山麓建造锯木厂，其中一个工人在湍急的水中发现了金色的光芒。

Few in San Francisco had believed the story.

旧金山很少有人相信这个故事。

Now Brannan showed them proof.

现在布兰南向他们展示了证据。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : Once it became clear that the rumors of gold were for real, nearly everybody in California thought, "Can I drop what I'm doing and make a fortune mining gold?" A whole lot of people decided, yeah, they could.

历史学家布兰兹：当人们清楚地知道关于黄金的传言是真实的时，几乎加州的每个人都在想：“我可以放弃我正在做的事情，通过开采黄金来发财吗？”很多人都决定，是的，他们可以。

And off they went.

他们就出发了。

Narrator : Within a matter of days, most of San Francisco's 800 residents rushed off to the gold fields.

旁白：几天之内，旧金山 800 名居民中的大多数都涌向金矿。

"The whole country resounds to the sordid cry of gold!

“整个国家都回响着黄金的悲鸣！

Gold!

黄金！

Gold!" one newspaper reported, "while the field is left half-planted, the house half-built and everything neglected but the manufacture of shovels and pick axes."

金子！”一份报纸报道说，“田地只种了一半，房子也建了一半，除了铲子和镐斧的制造之外，一切都被忽视了。”

Sam Brannan had started the frenzy, but he had no interest in digging for gold himself.

萨姆·布兰南开始了这股疯狂，但他对自己挖掘金子没有兴趣。

An elder in the Mormon church, he'd come to California in search of a place for the Saints to call home, and been so impressed by the abundance of the region that he'd stayed -- even though most Mormons opted to settle farther east, near the Great Salt Lake.

作为摩门教教会的长老，他来到加利福尼亚州寻找圣徒称之为家的地方，该地区的丰富资源给他留下了深刻的印象，因此他留下来——尽管大多数摩门教徒选择定居在更远的东部，靠近大盐湖的地方。

By chance, Brannan had opened a general store in Sacramento, not far from where the first nuggets were later discovered -- and now, he saw an easy path to riches.

一次偶然的机会，布兰南在萨克拉门托开了一家杂货店，距离后来发现第一块金块的地方不远——现在，他看到了一条轻松致富的道路。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : Sam Brannan was a commercial genius.

历史学家霍利迪：萨姆·布兰南是一位商业天才。

And he realized that his store was going to be a goldmine, literally speaking, because he could sell everything that was needed to the miners right at the site where the gold was being dug.

他意识到，从字面上看，他的商店将成为一座金矿，因为他可以在开采黄金的地点向矿工出售所需的一切。

Narrator : In the three months following his announcement, Brannan outfitted so many would-be miners that receipts at his store totaled some 36,000 dollars.

旁白：在宣布这一消息后的三个月内，布兰南为许多潜在的矿工提供了装备，以至于他的商店的收入总计约为 36,000 美元。

Meanwhile, he continued to spread the word.

与此同时，他继续传播这一消息。

Under the banner of the newspaper he published, the California Star , he put together an extra edition extolling the "mineral riches of California," packed two thousand copies onto the only form of cross-country transportation then available -- a team of mules -- and sent it east to St. Louis.

在他出版的报纸《加州星报》的旗帜下，他制作了一份额外版本，颂扬“加州的矿产资源丰富”，将两千份报纸装上当时唯一可用的越野运输工具——一队骡子——然后向东发送到圣路易斯。

It would take a good four months before the so-called "mule-train express" reached its destination.

这趟所谓的“骡车快车”足足花了四个月的时间才到达目的地。

In the interim, Brannan planned to stock his store with every pick, pan and shovel he could lay his hands on.

在此期间，布兰南计划在他的商店里储备他能找到的所有镐、平底锅和铲子。

It was only a hunch -- but he was willing to bet that 1848 was going to be a very good year.

这只是一种预感，但他愿意打赌 1848 年将是非常好的一年。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : Gold had been discovered many, many times, through the centuries -- by the Hittites, by the Egyptians, by the Spanish.

历史学家霍利迪：几个世纪以来，赫梯人、埃及人、西班牙人多次发现黄金。

And always in the past the gold belonged to the czar, to the king, to the emperor, to the person who had power, who had the capacity to say, "No, you keep out.

在过去，黄金总是属于沙皇、国王、皇帝、拥有权力的人，他们有能力说：“不，你别进来。

This is my gold." In California, there were no forces here to protect the ownership of the gold.

这是我的金子。”在加利福尼亚州，没有任何力量来保护黄金的所有权。

It belonged to those who could take it and carry it back home.

它属于那些能够把它带回家的人。

Narrator : When gold was discovered, California was in transition.

旁白：当发现黄金时，加利福尼亚正处于转型时期。

For much of the previous century, it had been a distant outpost on the edge of first the Spanish empire and then the Republic of Mexico.

在上个世纪的大部分时间里，它首先是西班牙帝国边缘的一个遥远的前哨基地，然后是墨西哥共和国的边缘。

As late as the 1840s, the entire region boasted only about 170,000 inhabitants.

直到 1840 年代，整个地区的居民只有约 17 万。

The vast majority were native peoples, many of whom lived in the valleys and foothills of the interior.

绝大多数人是土著人民，其中许多人居住在内陆的山谷和山麓。

Most of the rest were Californios, Spanish-speaking colonists who raised cattle on vast estates near the coast.

其余的大部分是加利福尼亚人，他们是讲西班牙语的殖民者，他们在海岸附近的大片庄园里养牛。

Lisbeth Haas, Historian : It was a land-rich society, versus a money-rich society.

历史学家利斯贝斯·哈斯（Lisbeth Haas）：这是一个土地丰富的社会，而不是一个金钱丰富的社会。

It was a pre-capitalist society based around large, land-owning families.

这是一个以拥有土地的大家庭为基础的前资本主义社会。

It wasn't a society in which making money was held first and foremost.

这不是一个以赚钱为第一的社会。

Narrator : In 1847, the United States defeated Mexico in a two-year conflict known as the Mexican War.

旁白：1847年，美国在长达两年的冲突中击败了墨西哥，称为墨西哥战争。

When the peace treaty was signed in early February 1848, Mexico was forced to cede an enormous swath of territory, including California, to the United States.

1848 年 2 月上旬签署和平条约时，墨西哥被迫将包括加利福尼亚州在内的大片领土割让给美国。

Neither country was yet aware that gold had been discovered just days before.

两国都不知道几天前才发现了黄金。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : One of the striking features of the Gold Rush was that it took place when there really hadn't been an effective American authority to replace the Mexican authority.

历史学家布兰兹：淘金热的显着特征之一是，它发生在确实没有有效的美国当局取代墨西哥当局的情况下。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : People knew they could dig up the gold in California, put it in their pocket, no taxes, no inhibitions, no controls, no one here to keep the onslaught of tens of thousands of miners from rushing in and sweeping up the gold and taking it away.

历史学家霍利迪：人们知道他们可以在加利福尼亚州挖出黄金，把它装进自己的口袋，没有税收，没有抑制，没有控制，这里没有人阻止数以万计的矿工涌入，扫荡黄金并将其带走。

Narrator : By the summer of 1848, the news of gold had reached the pueblo of Los Angeles, some 350 miles south of San Francisco.

旁白：1848 年夏天，黄金的消息传到了位于旧金山以南约 350 英里的洛杉矶小镇。

Antonio Franco Coronel, a 30-year-old Californio, was among the first to pull up stakes and head for the hills.

30 岁的加州人安东尼奥·佛朗哥·科罗内尔 (Antonio Franco Coronel) 是第一批拔起木桩前往山上的人之一。

A former officer in the Mexican army and a respected civic leader, Coronel had been lured north by reports of immense fortunes dug out of the ground with nothing more than a spoon.

科罗内尔曾是墨西哥军队的军官，也是一位受人尊敬的公民领袖，他被有关只需一把勺子就能从地下挖出巨额财富的报道所吸引，便被吸引到了北方。

Years later, he would recall his first attempt at mining.

多年后，他仍记得自己第一次尝试采矿。

Reading, Antonio Franco Coronel : Everyone began to work at daybreak.

阅读，安东尼奥·弗朗哥·科罗内尔：每个人都在黎明时开始工作。

Soon after a little digging we came to the gold deposits, and everyone who was working was happy with the results.

经过一番挖掘后不久，我们就来到了金矿，每个工作人员都对结果感到满意。

I recovered about forty-five ounces of coarse gold.

我找到了大约四十五盎司的粗金。

All the others, about one hundred and some odd persons, had brilliant results.

其他人，大约有一百多个人，都取得了辉煌的成绩。

Albert Camarillo, Historian : Antonio Franco Coronel -- he's a man of modest means before the Gold Rush.

阿尔伯特·卡马里洛（Albert Camarillo），历史学家：安东尼奥·弗朗哥·科罗内尔（Antonio Franco Coronel）——在淘金热之前，他是一个财力雄厚的人。

He's not a big landowner.

他不是大地主。

He's formerly a schoolteacher.

他以前是一名教师。

They were finding nuggets of gold, right at the surface, under boulders, and quite happy because they were coming away with substantial amounts of gold.

他们在地表的巨石下发现了金块，并且非常高兴，因为他们带走了大量的黄金。

Narrator : In his first three days, Coronel pocketed more than eight pounds of gold, roughly 2,000 dollars' worth -- enough to buy at least one hundred horses.

旁白：在上任的头三天里，科罗内尔就收入了超过八磅的黄金，大约价值 2000 美元——足以购买至少一百匹马。

Susan Lee Johnson, Historian : Antonio Franco Coronel really made a killing.

苏珊·李·约翰逊，历史学家：安东尼奥·佛朗哥·科罗内尔确实赚了一笔。

And those who arrived that early did very, very well indeed.

那些早到的人确实做得非常非常好。

The gold was easy to find, competition was not particularly intense, everyone was just focused on getting gold and often getting out.

金子很容易找到，竞争也不是特别激烈，大家都只顾着得到金子，而且经常出局。

Narrator : Throughout the foothills of the Sierra Nevada -- some 100 miles north and south of Coloma, the site of the initial discovery -- the story was the same.

旁白：在内华达山脉的山麓地带——距最初发现地点科洛马南北约 100 英里处——故事都是一样的。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : The gold that was discovered originated in the quartz veins of the Sierra Nevada, but over eons had been washed downstream by glaciers and especially by water.

历史学家布兰兹：发现的黄金起源于内华达山脉的石英矿脉，但亿万年以来一直被冰川，尤其是水冲刷到下游。

It was gold that was lying essentially free in the gravel of streambeds.

黄金基本上是自由地躺在河床的砾石中。

So all one had to do was look down, see it, and pick it up.

因此，人们所要做的就是低下头，看到它，然后把它捡起来。

Narrator : That first summer, there were fewer than 5,000 people in the goldfields.

旁白：第一个夏天，金矿区的人口不到 5000 人。

The majority, like Coronel, were Californios, and the Indians who worked for them.

大多数人，如科罗内尔，是加利福尼亚人和为他们工作的印第安人。

But there were also native people working for themselves, Mexicans from Sonora, and small numbers of Hawaiians, Americans and Europeans -- many of them frenzied sailors who had abandoned ship as soon as they got to San Francisco.

但也有为自己工作的当地人，来自索诺拉的墨西哥人，以及少数夏威夷人、美国人和欧洲人——其中许多人是疯狂的水手，一到旧金山就弃船而去。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : One of the striking things about the experience in the gold fields was that it was--at least at first--extremely egalitarian.

历史学家布兰兹：金矿经历的一个引人注目的事情是，至少在开始时，它是极其平等的。

People were sufficiently busy trying to make their own fortune that they didn't worry about who was mining right next to them.

人们忙着自己赚钱，根本不担心谁在他们旁边采矿。

Narrator : North of where Coronel was digging, a fellow Californio recovered enough gold to pay off the ten workers he'd brought with him and return home with 14,000 dollars.

旁白：在科罗内尔挖掘的地方以北，一位加州同胞找到了足够的黄金来支付他带来的十名工人的工资，并带着 14,000 美元回家。

Later, Coronel watched one man dig up an amazing 52 pounds of gold in just eight days.

后来，科罗内尔亲眼目睹一名男子在短短 8 天内挖出了 52 磅重的黄金。

Another extracted enough in a matter of hours to fill his straw hat to the brim.

另一个人在几个小时内就提取了足够多的东西，足以填满他的草帽。

Reading, worker of Antonio Franco Coronel : He said he was going to the camp and then I asked permission to work his claim.

雷丁，安东尼奥·佛朗哥·科罗内尔的工人：他说他要去营地，然后我请求允许他的主张。

He cheerfully granted it, and the result was I obtained seventeen ounces in some two hours of work.

他高兴地答应了，结果我在大约两个小时的工作中获得了十七盎司。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : The Gold Rush of 1848 was a summer-long story of success, an absolute time of wonder, of people finding $75,000, of people making $20,000.

历史学家霍利迪：1848 年的淘金热是一个长达夏天的成功故事，一个绝对充满奇迹的时代，人们找到了 75,000 美元，人们赚了 20,000 美元。

Those are not hyped figures.

这些并不是炒作的数字。

Those are true facts.

这些都是真实的事实。

The stories of success in 1848 nurtured, stimulated, justified the impulse to come to California.

1848 年的成功故事培育、刺激并证明了来到加州的冲动。

Narrator : News reached the port of Valparaiso, Chile in August 1848, aboard a ship carrying California gold.

旁白：1848 年 8 月，消息通过一艘载有加州黄金的船只抵达智利瓦尔帕莱索港。

Word of its glittering cargo spread quickly.

关于其闪闪发光的货物的消息很快就传开了。

Isabel Allende, Writer : In Chile it was pandemonium.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德（Isabel Allende），作家：智利一片混乱。

Everybody signed up to come to California because people thought that you could find gold lying on the streets.

每个人都报名来到加利福尼亚，因为人们认为你可以在街上找到黄金。

And that was the news that the sailors were bringing, that you could really make a killing in less than three months, and go back and be rich.

这就是水手们带来的消息，不到三个月你就能真正赚大钱，然后回去发财。

Narrator : Among the Chileans who rushed to join the exodus was 41-year-old Vicente Perez Rosales.

旁白：41岁的维森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯（Vicente Perez Rosales）是匆忙加入逃亡队伍的智利人之一。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : The gold nuggets aroused in the minds of the tranquil Chileans an explosion of feverish activity.

文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯所读：金块在平静的智利人心中激起了一阵狂热的活动。

Businessmen prepared their cargoes; those who had little sold all for what it would bring in order to make the trip; those who had nothing either paid their passage by serving as sailors or pledged themselves to work on contract in exchange for the price of the trip to El Dorado.

商人准备货物；那些几乎没有钱的人为了旅行而卖掉了所有的东西；那些一无所有的人要么通过当水手来支付路费，要么承诺自己按合同工作以换取前往埃尔多拉多的旅行费用。

Isabel Allende, Writer : Vicente Perez Rosales was from a very respected and wealthy family.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德（Isabel Allende），编剧：文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯（Vicente Perez Rosales）来自一个非常受人尊敬且富有的家庭。

But he was like the black sheep of the family.

但他就像家里的害群之马。

He was an adventurer and a writer at a time when being a writer was like being a -- I don't know -- something weird.

他是一名冒险家和作家，当时作为一名作家就像是——我不知道——某种奇怪的东西。

Susan Lee Johnson, Historian : Perez Rosales was of an elite, but his family had fallen on hard times.

历史学家苏珊·李·约翰逊：佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯出身于精英阶层，但他的家庭却陷入了困境。

And as a young man, he pursued a number of different strategies to try to kind of recoup family fortune.

作为一个年轻人，他采取了多种不同的策略来试图挽回家庭财富。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : I guess you could describe him as an under-employed intellectual.

历史学家布兰兹：我想你可以把他描述为一个未充分就业的知识分子。

He had engaged in one activity after another.

他从事了一项又一项的活动。

He had been a cattle rustler, among other things.

除其他外，他还曾是一名偷牛贼。

He didn't have much in the way of prospects.

他没有太多的前景。

Isabel Allende, Writer : And when he heard about the Gold Rush, he went wild.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德，作家：当他听说淘金热时，他变得疯狂。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : For those who gave credence to the existence of California gold, the only imprudent ones were those who did not rush off.

文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯 (Vicente Perez Rosales) 阅读：对于那些相信加州黄金存在的人来说，唯一不谨慎的人就是那些没有匆忙离开的人。

Narrator : Perez Rosales recruited three of his brothers, a brother-in-law, three paid laborers and two servants to join him on the venture, and booked passage on the first vessel that could accommodate them -- a French barque scheduled to set sail that December.

旁白：佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯招募了他的三个兄弟、一个姐夫、三个受薪劳工和两个仆人加入他的冒险之旅，并预订了第一艘可以容纳他们的船的船票——一艘计划于当年 12 月起航的法国三桅帆船。

Throughout the fall of 1848, as Perez Rosales and his companions made their preparations to head north, merchant vessels carried the news of gold to seaports around the world.

1848 年整个秋天，当佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯 (Perez Rosales) 和他的同伴准备向北航行时，商船将黄金的消息运送到世界各地的海港。

Thousands of gold seekers were already en route -- from the Oregon Territory and the Mexican province of Sonora, from Hawaii and China and Peru.

数以千计的淘金者已经在路上——他们来自俄勒冈领地、墨西哥索诺拉省、夏威夷、中国和秘鲁。

Thousands more would soon board ships in the port cities of Australia, Europe and Great Britain.

很快还将有数千人登上澳大利亚、欧洲和英国港口城市的船只。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : California was an unknown country full of dangers, and nevertheless, the risk of robbery, violence, sickness, death itself, were secondary considerations before the promise of gold.

文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯 (Vicente Perez Rosales) 阅读：加州是一个充满危险的未知国家，尽管如此，抢劫、暴力、疾病、死亡本身的风险在黄金承诺之前都是次要考虑的。

James Rawls, Historian : The Anglo American people of the United States were convinced that God has placed His hand upon this nation in a special way and that the Promised Land lay to the West -- that all of the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean should become a part of the United States.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：美国的英裔美国人相信，上帝以一种特殊的方式将他的手放在这个国家上，应许之地就在西方——从大西洋到太平洋的所有土地都应该成为美国的一部分。

Madeline Hsu, Historian : California represented the last piece of territory in its expansion from the east coast to the west coast.

历史学家Madeline Hsu：加利福尼亚是从东海岸向西海岸扩张的最后一块领土。

And to have the Gold Rush happen that very same year, was almost as if there was a sign from God, a divine sign of approval of this process of expansion of the United States across the continent.

同年淘金热的发生，几乎就像是上帝的征兆，这是批准美国在整个非洲大陆扩张的进程的神圣标志。

Narrator : In August 1848, Sam Brannan's mule train finally arrived in St. Louis, loaded down with copies of the California Star "extra" that told of the spectacular riches to be found in the gold district.

旁白：1848 年 8 月，萨姆·布兰南 (Sam Brannan) 的骡车终于抵达圣路易斯，满载着《加州星报》的“额外”，讲述了在黄金区发现的惊人财富。

Within days, local newspapers picked up the story.

几天之内，当地报纸报道了这个故事。

Around the same time, letters sent by ship from California began to appear in newspapers in Philadelphia and New York.

大约在同一时间，从加利福尼亚州通过船寄来的信件开始出现在费城和纽约的报纸上。

"Your streams have minnows," one writer boasted, "ours are paved with gold."

“你们的溪流里有小鱼，”一位作家夸口道，“我们的溪流铺满了黄金。”

By the end of September, the entire eastern United States was buzzing with talk of gold.

九月底，整个美国东部都在热议黄金。

Richard White, Historian : The kinds of stories that go along is some miner washing his beard out and getting $16 worth of gold.

历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：有这样一个故事：某个矿工洗掉了胡子，得到了价值 16 美元的黄金。

The gold is so thick, it's blowing into the curtains, and you wash the curtains and gold comes out.

金子太厚了，吹进窗帘里，你洗窗帘，金子就出来了。

James Rawls, Historian : The first response of most people who heard that news was incredulity.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：大多数人听到这个消息的第一反应是怀疑。

They heard stories of people finding gold nuggets like misshapen billiard balls, or the size of hen's eggs.

他们听说过人们发现金块的故事，比如畸形的台球或鸡蛋大小的金块。

I wouldn't believe that.

我不相信。

Would you?

你愿意吗？

No, course not.

不，当然不是。

It's too good to be true.

这太好了，令人难以置信。

Narrator : Then, in early December, President James Polk received a package from California: an official report from the gold fields and an oyster tin packed with 230 ounces of raw nuggets and dust.

旁白：然后，12 月初，詹姆斯·波尔克总统收到了来自加利福尼亚州的包裹：来自金矿的官方报告和一个装有 230 盎司生金块和灰尘的牡蛎罐。

In his annual message to Congress, Polk validated the existence of California gold -- and the contents of the oyster tin were put on public display at the War Department.

波尔克在向国会提交的年度报告中证实了加州黄金的存在，并且牡蛎罐中的内容物在陆军部公开展示。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : The President confirmed what were rumors.

霍利迪，历史学家：总统证实了谣言。

And that transformed the attraction of gold from one of uncertainty to one of affirmation -- that the abundance of gold in California has been testified to by officials of the government.

这将黄金的吸引力从一种不确定性转变为一种肯定性——加州盛产黄金已经得到政府官员的证实。

James Rawls, Historian : That's when people became true believers, and it was like a conversion experience.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：那时人们成为真正的信徒，这就像一次皈依经历。

When finally it sunk in that it's true, they say they couldn't keep their legs still.

当他们终于明白这是真的时，他们说他们无法保持双腿不动。

They were doing new polka steps.

他们正在跳新的波尔卡舞步。

It was like some kind of a mania.

这就像某种狂热。

Narrator : Newspapers ratcheted up the excitement.

旁白：报纸加剧了人们的兴奋。

One paper estimated that it would take 100,000 men ten years to deplete the gold in California.

一篇论文估计，10 万人需要十年时间才能耗尽加州的黄金。

Another claimed that a Missouri carpenter had "dug more gold in the last six months than a mule can pack." "Everybody is getting wealthy," the Plymouth Rock declared, "such a discovery has never been known since the commencement of the world."

另一位声称，密苏里州的一名木匠“在过去六个月里挖出的金子比骡子能驮的还要多”。 “每个人都在变得富有，”普利茅斯岩宣称，“自世界诞生以来，从未有过这样的发现。”

Merchants, meanwhile, placed advertisements hawking everything from pick axes and pistols, to a curious new ointment called "California gold grease."

与此同时，商人们刊登广告兜售各种物品，从镐斧、手枪到一种名为“加州黄金润滑脂”的奇特新药膏。

JoAnn Levy, Writer : Supposedly, you could rub it all over your body, go to the top of the mountain, and roll down, and the gold would adhere to your body.

乔安·利维（JoAnn Levy），作家：据说，你可以把它擦遍全身，走到山顶，然后滚下来，金子就会粘在你的身上。

And at the bottom of the mountain you could just clean it up, and you would be a rich person.

而到了山下，你只要把它清理干净，你就是一个有钱人了。

Brian Roberts, Historian : The California Gold Rush is really America's first large-scale media event.

历史学家布赖恩·罗伯茨：加州淘金热确实是美国第一个大型媒体活动。

In the 1840s, you have the rise of penny newspapers available to virtually any American.

20 世纪 40 年代，便士报纸兴起，几乎所有美国人都可以阅读。

And they made the Gold Rush this very sensational story.

他们把淘金热变成了一个非常轰动的故事。

They played up the idea that California was a place of enormous abundance.

他们宣扬加利福尼亚是一个物产丰富的地方。

And so most people who joined the Gold Rush went into it with no doubt whatsoever that they were going to strike it rich.

因此，大多数参加淘金热的人都毫不怀疑他们会发财致富。

Narrator : "I now saw these numbers," one reader recalled, "printed in glowing ciphers with all the lifelike, seductive reality of a lottery placard -- $2,000 certain, $20,000 probable, $100,000 possible."

旁白：“我现在看到了这些数字，”一位读者回忆道，“用发光的密码印着，就像一张彩票标语牌一样栩栩​​如生、诱人——确定中奖 2,000 美元，可能中奖 20,000 美元，可能中奖 100,000 美元。”

Kevin Starr, Historian : It was a decade in which Americans were willing to take a chance.

历史学家凯文斯塔尔：这是美国人愿意冒险的十年。

And so here's an opportunity on the part of a generation of young men to strike out.

因此，这是一代年轻人出击的机会。

Young people looking for a breakthrough, looking for something else other than a ordinary round of days in their hometown.

年轻人寻求突破，寻找家乡平凡日子之外的其他东西。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : By winter of '48-'49, you had thousands of people -- in farms, in taverns, in cities, villages all across the 30 states -- gathering, debating, discussing how, when and where to get to California.

历史学家霍利迪：到了 48 年到 49 年的冬天，在 30 个州的农场、酒馆、城市、村庄里，有成千上万的人聚集在一起、辩论、讨论如何、何时、何地到达加利福尼亚州。

Narrator : But the lure of instant wealth also provoked intense anxiety.

旁白：但一夜暴富的诱惑也引发了强烈的焦虑。

And all over the country, religious and community leaders railed against the national obsession with gold.

全国各地的宗教和社区领袖都对全国人民对黄金的痴迷表示不满。

Re-creation : " ...

重新创作：“...

must vaccinate their souls against this gold mania ...

必须让他们的灵魂接种疫苗来抵御这种黄金狂热......

"

”

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : There were plenty of people who thought that riches weren't and shouldn't be an end in themselves, and that what was good about the United States was the result of the virtues of thrift and hard work and diligence.

历史学家布兰兹：有很多人认为财富本身不是也不应该是目的，美国的优点是节俭、勤奋和勤奋的美德的结果。

And if gold makes achieving success too easy, it might corrupt all the American values that made the United States so distinctive.

如果黄金让成功变得太容易，它可能会腐蚀所有使美国如此独特的美国价值观。

Richard White, Historian : The most common metaphor about the Gold Rush is gold fever.

历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：关于淘金热最常见的比喻是淘金热。

It will lead tens of thousands of people to take a course that normally they never would have taken, to go thousands of miles, to risk their lives, to risk their families who they're leaving behind.

它将导致数以万计的人走上一条他们通常不会走的路，走上数千英里，冒着生命危险，冒着被抛在身后的家人的危险。

It does seem to Americans to be a sickness, and that's the way they describe it.

在美国人看来，这确实是一种病，他们就是这样描述的。

Narrator : In the industrial city of Troy, New York, Hiram Pierce, a 38-year-old blacksmith, and his wife Sara talked long into the night, weighing the pros and cons of California.

旁白：在纽约工业城市特洛伊，38岁的铁匠海勒姆·皮尔斯和妻子莎拉聊到深夜，权衡加州的利弊。

If Hiram went to the gold fields, he would leave behind not only his successful business, but also his responsibilities as church elder, city alderman, and president of the local fire department.

如果海勒姆去了金矿，他不仅会抛弃他成功的事业，还会抛弃他作为教堂长老、市议员和当地消防局局长的职责。

Sara would have to look after their seven children alone.

萨拉必须独自照顾他们的七个孩子。

Brian Roberts, Historian : Hiram Pierce was clearly very well connected in his community and very well established.

布莱恩·罗伯茨 (Brian Roberts)，历史学家：海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 显然在他的社区中拥有良好的人脉，并且地位非常稳固。

He's not the kind of person you would expect to join the Gold Rush.

他不是那种你会期望加入淘金热的人。

There was probably a lot of stress on Hiram, especially in thinking about what the future was for blacksmithing.

海勒姆可能承受着很大的压力，尤其是在思考铁匠业的未来时。

And of course with seven children, he felt, I think, certain pressures to do more for his family.

当然，我认为，有了七个孩子，他感受到了为家人做更多事情的一定压力。

Richard White, Historian : The United States is moving away from a society in which most people were independent producers, and it's moving towards a wage labor society.

历史学家理查德·怀特：美国正在摆脱大多数人都是独立生产者的社会，而正在走向工资劳动社会。

This means for a lot of people, the future does not appear as bright to them as it should be.

这意味着对于很多人来说，未来并不像应有的那样光明。

The Gold Rush gives them a chance to erase all that.

淘金热给了他们一个抹去这一切的机会。

Narrator : But first, the Pierces and others would have to address crucial questions:

旁白：但首先，皮尔斯夫妇和其他人必须解决关键问题：

Where would the money for the journey come from?

路费从哪里来？

How would the farm or the family business stay afloat?

农场或家族企业如何维持下去？

And how long, exactly, was this absence to last?

这种缺席究竟持续了多久？

Richard White, Historian : The Gold Rush ends up being a series of negotiations.

历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：淘金热最终是一系列谈判。

They reach a deal.

他们达成协议。

I will go, but only for a limited amount of time.

我会去，但只去有限的时间。

I will send money back.

我会把钱寄回来。

If I don't succeed in such-and-such a time, I will be back.

如果我在某某时间没有成功，我就会回来。

Narrator : In the end, the Pierces decided to gamble their future.

旁白：最后，皮尔斯夫妇决定拿自己的未来做赌注。

Just after dawn on March 6, 1849, Hiram said goodbye to his wife and children, and boarded a train bound for New York City.

1849 年 3 月 6 日黎明后，海勒姆告别妻子和孩子，登上了开往纽约市的火车。

From there, he would set sail for California.

从那里，他将启航前往加利福尼亚。

Malcolm Rohrbough, Historian : Sara Pierce and women like her would have regarded the departure as a kind of watershed in the history of the family.

马尔科姆·罗尔博（Malcolm Rohrbough），历史学家：萨拉·皮尔斯（Sara Pierce）和像她这样的女性会认为她的离开是家族历史上的一个分水岭。

Nothing like this would have happened before.

以前不会发生这样的事。

Nothing would have prepared them for the departure of members of the family, particularly for long periods at such a long distance.

他们对家人的离开毫无准备，尤其是长时间相距如此遥远。

It would have been devastating.

这将是毁灭性的。

Reading, Sara Pierce : When I think of the responsible place I occupy, my heart almost fails me -- I was so near destructed when you left that I did not know half the time what I was about -- it seems like an ugly dream.

阅读，莎拉·皮尔斯：当我想到我所承担的责任时，我的心几乎让我失望——当你离开时，我几乎崩溃了，以至于我有一半时间不知道自己在做什么——这似乎是一个丑陋的梦。

Narrator : Throughout the spring and summer of 1849, they were leaving home.

旁白：1849年的整个春夏，他们都在离家。

They were bakers and tailors, carpenters and farmers -- but they now called themselves "forty-niners," after the year many believed would change their lives.

他们是面包师、裁缝、木匠和农民——但在许多人相信这一年将改变他们的生活之后，他们现在称自己为“四十九人”。

At the docks in New York, one departing gold seeker threw his last five-dollar gold piece back toward shore, shouting, "I'm going where there is plenty more."

在纽约的码头，一位离开的淘金者将他最后的五美元金币扔回岸边，大喊：“我要去还有更多金币的地方。”

Brian Roberts, Historian : The forty-niners definitely had a sense that they were embarked on this great adventure.

布莱恩·罗伯茨，历史学家：这四十九个人肯定有一种感觉，他们正在踏上这场伟大的冒险。

Very much like the story of Jason and the Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece.

非常像杰森和阿尔戈英雄寻找金羊毛的故事。

Malcolm Rohrbough, Historian : They thought they were participating in a historic event of the greatest importance.

马尔科姆·罗尔博，历史学家：他们认为自己正在参与一个最重要的历史事件。

And one man writes to his parents, "We're leaving.

一名男子写信给他的父母：“我们要走了。

You may look for me in the history books."

你可以在历史书上找找我。”

Narrator : Many of the forty-niners organized themselves into joint-stock companies -- the Perseverance Mining Company, the Old Harvard Company, the Wolverine Rangers -- and pooled their resources to buy supplies for the long journey to California.

旁白：四十九个人中的许多人组织了自己的股份公司——毅力矿业公司、老哈佛公司、金刚狼游骑兵队——并集中资源购买前往加利福尼亚长途旅行的物资。

Those with money enough to book passage went by sea.

那些有足够钱预订船票的人则走海路。

Some braved the voyage around the tip of South America, an odyssey of five, six, sometimes eight months.

有些人勇敢地绕南美洲一角航行，这是一次为期五、六个月、有时八个月的冒险之旅。

The rest, like Hiram Pierce, took the so-called "short cut" -- a ship to Panama, a sweltering walk or mule ride across the malaria-riddled isthmus, and then a steamer to San Francisco -- the gateway to the goldfields.

其他人，比如海勒姆·皮尔斯，则选择了所谓的“捷径”——乘船前往巴拿马，在闷热的天气中步行或骑骡子穿越疟疾肆虐的地峡，然后乘轮船前往旧金山——通往金矿的门户。

Most forty-niners opted for the more affordable third route: the grueling, often dangerous journey overland.

大多数四十九人选择了更实惠的第三条路线：艰苦且往往危险的陆路旅行。

One of them was 30-year-old Luzena Wilson, who refused to be left behind when her husband came down with gold fever.

其中一位是 30 岁的卢泽娜·威尔逊 (Luzena Wilson)，当她的丈夫患上淘金热时，她拒绝被抛在后面。

Reading, Luzena Wilson : I thought where he could go I could go, and where I went I could take my two little toddling babies.

阅读，卢泽娜·威尔逊：我想他能去的地方我也能去，而我去的地方我可以带着我的两个蹒跚学步的小婴儿。

It sounded like such a small task to go out to California, and once there, fortune, of course, would come to us.

去加利福尼亚听上去是一件小事，一旦到了那里，财富当然就会降临到我们身上。

JoAnn Levy, Writer : Luzena Wilson was a strong woman; she was a woman cut out for the frontier; she wasn't afraid.

乔安·利维 (JoAnn Levy)，编剧：卢泽娜·威尔逊 (Luzena Wilson) 是一位坚强的女性；她是一个天生适合边疆的女人；她并不害怕。

You have to realize that the timid stayed home.

你必须意识到胆怯的人呆在家里。

This was an undertaking of great peril.

这是一项充满危险的事业。

Narrator : On a bright spring morning, the Wilsons abandoned their small log cabin in Missouri, and joined the ever-growing caravan bound for California.

旁白：在一个明媚的春天早晨，威尔逊一家放弃了密苏里州的小木屋，加入了前往加利福尼亚州的不断壮大的商队。

Reading, Luzena Wilson : Ahead, as far as the eye could reach, a thin cloud of dust marked the route of the trains; and behind us, like the trail of a great serpent, it extended to the edge of civilization.

卢泽娜·威尔逊正在阅读：前方，目力所及之处，一团薄薄的尘埃标志着火车的路线；在我们身后，它就像一条巨蛇的踪迹，一直延伸到文明的边缘。

Narrator : The Wilsons and thousands of others would inch their way west, across searing deserts and over seemingly endless mountain ranges--their oxen and over-laden wagons setting the pace at just two miles an hour.

旁白：威尔逊一家和成千上万的其他人将缓慢地向西行进，穿过灼热的沙漠和看似无尽的山脉——他们的牛和超载的马车将速度设定为每小时两英里。

None of those who set off in 1849 knew what lay ahead.

1849 年出发的人都不知道接下来会发生什么。

All they could be sure of was that it would be many months before they got to California -- and many more still before they returned.

他们所能确定的是，他们要花好几个月才能到达加利福尼亚，而且还要花好几个月才能返回。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : In the midst of my loneliness I dream of home and see my dear wife and children and my bliss seems perfect and when I awake I feast on the reflection, although the thoughts are painful that thousands of Miles intervene.

阅读，海勒姆·皮尔斯：在我的孤独中，我梦想着回家，看到我亲爱的妻子和孩子，我的幸福似乎是完美的，当我醒来时，我享受着倒影，尽管想到数千英里的介入是痛苦的。

Could I feel and know that my family are well and happy, it would lift a heavy cloud.

如果我能感觉到并知道我的家人安康幸福，那将会驱散沉重的阴云。

Narrator : On February 18, 1849, after 51 days at sea, Chilean Vicente Perez Rosales, his brothers and companions, arrived in San Francisco.

旁白：1849 年 2 月 18 日，经过 51 天的海上航行，智利人维森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯 (Vicente Perez Rosales) 和他的兄弟及同伴抵达旧金山。

Their ship had barely dropped anchor when one of their countrymen came aboard.

他们的船刚刚抛锚，他们的一名同胞就上船了。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : He said that the reports in Chile were not a shadow of the reality; that the most no-account hayseed squandered gold like a Croesus, since to acquire that much-sought metal it was only necessary to bend down and pick it up.

阅读文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯：他说智利的报道并非现实的影子；最无名的干草种子就像克洛伊索斯一样挥霍黄金，因为要获得这种人们渴望的金属，只需弯腰捡起即可。

Narrator : Perez Rosales and the others hurried east, toward the mountains to see for themselves.

旁白：佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯等人急忙向东赶去，前往山区亲眼看看。

What they found were other miners, hundreds of them.

他们发现了其他矿工，有数百人。

All around, men stooped in the icy river, swirling sand and water together in baskets or washbowls and finding gold -- "nuggets the size of hazelnuts," Perez Rosales remembered.

周围的人们都在冰冷的河水中弯下腰，将沙子和水放在篮子或洗脸盆中一起旋转，寻找金子——“金块有榛子那么大，”佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯回忆道。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : For the first three days the harvest was meager.

文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯 (Vicente Perez Rosales) 阅读：前三天收成很少。

But we were not long in accustoming ourselves to the California cradle: a very simple and ingenious apparatus that has all the advantages of a scoop on a colossal scale.

但没过多久我们就习惯了加州摇篮：一种非常简单而巧妙的装置，具有大型勺子的所有优点。

In this device we lovingly rocked the infant gold and beheld it wax portentously.

在这个装置中，我们亲切地摇晃着婴儿黄金，并看到它发出不祥的蜡状。

Our daily harvest varied between ten and twenty-two ounces of gold.

我们每天收获的黄金在十到二十二盎司之间。

Narrator : But the mining district was daily becoming more crowded -- and more contested.

旁白：但是矿区一天比一天变得更加拥挤——而且竞争也更加激烈。

Several thousand Americans had already arrived from the Oregon Territory, and they seemed hell-bent on pushing foreigners out.

已有数千名美国人从俄勒冈领地抵达，他们似乎一心要把外国人赶出去。

Antonio Franco Coronel, who had left the gold fields for the winter, returned in March, eager to pick up where he left off.

离开金矿过冬的安东尼奥·佛朗哥·科罗内尔 (Antonio Franco Coronel) 在三月份回来了，渴望继续他离开的地方。

But everything had changed.

但一切都变了。

Reading, Antonio Franco Coronel : The campsites were almost separated by nationality.

雷丁，安东尼奥·佛朗哥·科罗内尔：露营地几乎按国籍分开。

Then one Sunday there appeared notices that all those who were not American citizens had to leave the area within twenty-four hours; and those who did not comply would be forced to do so.

然后一个周日，出现了通知，要求所有非美国公民必须在二十四小时内离开该地区；那些不遵守的人将被迫这样做。

This was supported by a group of armed men, ready to make good this declaration.

这得到了一群武装人员的支持，他们准备兑现这一宣言。

Lisbeth Haas, Historian : He hadn't experienced that anti-foreigner sentiment.

Lisbeth Haas，历史学家：他没有经历过那种反外国人的情绪。

That grew through March, where there were increasing numbers of signs.

整个三月，这种情况一直在增长，迹象越来越多。

By April, Spanish-speaking miners were actually being thrown off of their finds.

到了四月，说西班牙语的矿工实际上已经被抛弃了他们的发现。

Isabel Allende, Writer : Whites were not used to the idea that people of color were their equals.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德，作家：白人不习惯有色人种平等的观念。

And when they had to rub elbows with them and work side by side, they got very angry.

当他们不得不与他们擦肩而过并肩工作时，他们非常生气。

They felt that they had privileges and rights that the others did not.

他们觉得自己拥有其他人没有的特权和权利。

Albert Camarillo, Historian : This is America now.

历史学家阿尔伯特·卡马里洛：这就是现在的美国。

It's a newly acquired territory only for Americans.

这是美国人新获得的领土。

So what are they saying to the Chileans to the Mexicans, regardless of whether you're a native born Californio or a Sonoran or a Chilean; that foreigners are out, right.

那么，无论你是土生土长的加利福尼亚人、索诺兰人还是智利人，他们对智利人对墨西哥人说了什么？外国人都出来了，对吧。

"This is not your land.

“这不是你的土地。

You have no right to mine.

你没有权利拥有我的。

So you either leave on your own accord or we're gonna run you out.

所以你要么自己离开，要么我们会把你赶出去。

And worse yet, we may hang you."

更糟糕的是，我们可能会绞死你。”

Narrator : Coronel and his companions were working a particularly rich claim when they were confronted by more than a hundred Anglos armed with pistols and Bowie knives.

旁白：科罗内尔和他的同伴正在执行一项特别丰富的任务，这时他们遇到了一百多名手持手枪和鲍伊刀的盎格鲁人。

Reading, Antonio Franco Coronel : The head of their party addressed me.

雷丁，安东尼奥·佛朗哥·科罗内尔：他们的党魁向我讲话。

He made me understand that it was his property.

他让我明白这是他的财产。

Excited, I answered with some harsh words, but fortunately he did not understand me.

我激动地回答了一些难听的话，幸好他听不懂我的意思。

Immediately, I could reflect that gold was not worth risking my life in this manner.

我立即意识到，黄金不值得我以这种方式冒生命危险。

For me, the gold mines were over.

对我来说，金矿已经结束了。

Narrator : Anglo threats soon turned to actual violence -- but many foreign miners, like Perez Rosales and his brothers, refused to be intimidated.

旁白：盎格鲁的威胁很快转变为实际的暴力 - 但许多外国矿工，如佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯和他的兄弟，拒绝被恐吓。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : The Americans found it hard to swallow the Chileans' intrepidness.

文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯正在阅读：美国人发现很难接受智利人的勇敢。

The Chileans, in turn, detested the Americans, whom they constantly averred to be cowards.

反过来，智利人也憎恨美国人，他们一直认为美国人是懦夫。

Susan Lee Johnson, Historian : Perez Rosales was an elite.

苏珊·李·约翰逊，历史学家：佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯是一位精英。

And when he came to California, he found discrimination against Chileans, regardless of their economic background.

当他来到加州时，他发现智利人受到歧视，无论他们的经济背景如何。

This must have been quite hard on a man like him, who was accustomed to being kind of at the top of-- the top of the heap and not the bottom of the heap.

对于像他这样的人来说，这肯定是相当困难的，因为他习惯于处于顶端，而不是底层。

Narrator : Perez Rosales had returned alone to San Francisco to get mail from home when he heard that Chileans had been attacked on the American River, near where his brothers were mining.

旁白：佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯（Perez Rosales）独自返回旧金山从家里取邮件时，他听说智利人在他兄弟采矿的地方附近的美洲河上遭到袭击。

He headed back toward the gold fields at once.

他立即返回金矿区。

A few days later, he found his brothers in Sacramento -- unharmed, but stripped of everything they owned.

几天后，他在萨克拉门托找到了他的兄弟们——没有受伤，但他们所拥有的一切都被剥夺了。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : That very night we sat in committee to decide what was now to be done.

阅读，文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯：那天晚上，我们坐在委员会中决定现在要做的事情。

No one was in favor of a return to Chile; rather it was unanimously determined to reenter the struggle against adverse fortune.

没有人赞成返回智利；相反，它一致决定重新投入与逆境的斗争。

Narrator : Perez Rosales gave up on mining, but not on his hopes of striking it rich in California.

旁白：佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯放弃了采矿业，但并没有放弃在加州致富的希望。

Narrator : By the middle of 1849, four thousand gold seekers were arriving in San Francisco each month.

旁白：到 1849 年中期，每个月都有四千名淘金者抵达旧金山。

Twenty-year-old Alfred Doten, who had journeyed by sea from his home in Plymouth, Massachusetts, wrote back to his father while still in the harbor.

二十岁的阿尔弗雷德·多顿从马萨诸塞州普利茅斯的家乘海路出发，在港口里给父亲写了回信。

Reading, Alfred Doten : There are between two and three hundred sail vessels at anchor around us, to say nothing of those up the river.

阅读，阿尔弗雷德·多顿（Alfred Doten）：我们周围停泊着两到三百艘帆船，更不用说河上游的那些了。

After dinner we went ashore.

吃完晚饭我们就上岸了。

We barged up and down and all around the town and we saw all the sights and wonders, and plenty of the "dust."

我们在镇上来回穿梭，看到了所有的景色和奇观，还有大量的“灰尘”。

Brian Roberts, Historian : Alfred Doten was the son of a sea captain, and he wasn't going to follow in his father's footsteps.

布莱恩·罗伯茨，历史学家：阿尔弗雷德·多顿是一位船长的儿子，他不会追随他父亲的脚步。

By the time he's 20, Doten had accomplished absolutely nothing.

到了 20 岁的时候，Doten 还一事无成。

And so he joined the Pilgrim Mining Company, and one of the main investors was his father.

于是他加入了朝圣者矿业公司，而他的父亲就是主要投资者之一。

And you get the feeling that his father really was kind of almost forcing Doten to go to California to attempt to prove himself.

你会感觉到他的父亲真的几乎强迫多顿去加利福尼亚试图证明自己。

Narrator : Doten senior -- the descendent of sober-minded Pilgrims -- had raised his son to resist all forms of worldly temptation.

旁白：老多顿——头脑清醒的朝圣者的后裔——抚养他的儿子抵制世俗的一切诱惑。

But no amount of moral instruction could have prepared young Alfred for San Francisco.

但再多的道德教育也无法让年轻的阿尔弗雷德为旧金山做好准备。

Reading, Alfred Doten : There are very few women here, but plenty of liquor of all kinds--cheap.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿 (Alfred Doten) 阅读：这里的女性很少，但各种酒类很多，而且价格便宜。

Every house nearly is a gambling house, and gambling is a common pastime.

几乎家家户户都是赌场，赌博是一种常见的消遣。

Fortunes are lost and won in five minutes.

财富的失去和赢得都在五分钟之内。

36,000 dollars was risked upon the turn of a single card, and lost.

单张牌就冒了36,000美元的风险，并且损失了。

Money is nothing here.

钱在这里不算什么。

Isabel Allende, Writer : At the beginning, San Francisco was a male place -- shooting and drinking and betting and gambling and that's what it was about.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德（Isabel Allende），编剧：一开始，旧金山是一个男性之地——射击、饮酒、赌博，这就是它的本质。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : It's a city of lewd places, of music, of mirrors, a city of women seated at bars with their bosoms barely covered.

历史学家霍利迪：这是一座充满淫秽场所、音乐、镜子的城市，一座女人坐在酒吧里几乎不遮盖胸部的城市。

Think of the thrill, of the excitement for a farm boy from Illinois, sitting next to a live woman having a drink, smoking cigarettes, smoking cigars, having champagne, envisioning maybe she'll go upstairs to a room with me.

想想一个来自伊利诺伊州的农场男孩的激动和兴奋，坐在一个活生生的女人旁边喝酒，抽香烟，抽雪茄，喝香槟，想象着也许她会和我一起上楼到一个房间。

This is a world unlike anything--back in Indiana, back in Maryland--anyone had ever heard of.

这是一个与众不同的世界——回到印第安纳州，回到马里兰州——任何人都听说过。

Narrator : Just a year before, San Francisco had been a sleepy village of some 800 people.

旁白：就在一年前，旧金山还是一个只有约 800 人的沉睡村庄。

Now, it was "an actual metropolis," one newspaperman marveled, "that seemed to have accomplished in a day the growth of half a century."

现在，它是“一座真正的大都市”，一位新闻记者惊叹道，“似乎一天之内就实现了半个世纪的发展。”

Reading, Alfred Doten : The houses cannot be built fast enough, and half the houses and stores are tents.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿 (Alfred Doten) 阅读：房屋建造得不够快，一半的房屋和商店都是帐篷。

Land is higher here than in Boston or any other city, and a small piece of land to pitch a tent on rents for 150 dollars a month.

这里的地价比波士顿或任何其他城市都要高，一小块土地搭帐篷的租金为每月150美元。

Narrator : Gold extracted from the rivers and streams of the Sierra Nevada here lined the pockets of madams and mail carriers, storeowners, saloonkeepers, and cooks.

旁白：从内华达山脉的河流和溪流中提取的黄金装满了女士、邮递员、店主、酒馆老板和厨师的口袋。

Business was so good, that the merchant Sam Brannan was already planning a spate of new enterprises in the city, including several hotels, a string of commercial warehouses and a large central wharf to accommodate the cargos that were now piling up on the city's muddy shoreline.

生意如此之好，以至于商人萨姆·布兰南（Sam Brannan）已经计划在该市兴建大量新企业，包括几家酒店、一系列商业仓库和一个大型中央码头，以容纳现在堆积在城市泥泞海岸线上的货物。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : From the very beginning, California is a consumer market, because you have tens of thousands of men with millions of dollars, and they need everything.

历史学家霍利迪：从一开始，加州就是一个消费市场，因为这里有成千上万拥有数百万美元的人，他们需要一切。

They need boots and more boots.

他们需要靴子，而且需要更多的靴子。

They need shovels.

他们需要铲子。

They need pick axes.

他们需要镐。

They need billiard tables and chandeliers and mirrors and whiskey.

他们需要台球桌、枝形吊灯、镜子和威士忌。

My God, whiskey and champagne and wine and beer.

天哪，威士忌、香槟、葡萄酒和啤酒。

All of this had to be brought to San Francisco.

所有这些都必须带到旧金山。

We're talking about a town one and half, two years old, which has become a port comparable to Baltimore, comparable to Philadelphia, overnight.

我们谈论的是一个只有一年半、两年的小镇，它一夜之间就成为了一个可以与巴尔的摩、费城相媲美的港口。

Narrator : By the time Hiram Pierce arrived, in July 1849, the entire world seemed to have converged on San Francisco, and its streets were thronged with a more motley assemblage of humanity than ever could have been encountered in Troy, New York.

旁白：1849 年 7 月，海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 抵达时，整个世界似乎都汇聚到了旧金山，街道上挤满了比纽约特洛伊更形形色色的人群。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : Went ashore and found such a wild state of things as almost to intoxicate a person without giving 50 cents a glass.

海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 所读：上岸后，发现了一种疯狂的状态，几乎不需要 50 美分一杯就能让人陶醉。

The pedestrians and laborers, with their peculiar costumes and fixings, present a singular and unique appearance.

行人和劳动者，穿着奇特的服饰，呈现出奇异而独特的面貌。

As much of a mixed Congregation as ever Peter preached to.

彼得所讲道的对象是一群混杂的会众。

Historian : To experience San Francisco in 1849, to be on the streets, is to experience a kind of feverish excitement of being on the edge, of experience being intensified.

历史学家：体验1849年的旧金山，走在街上，就是体验一种处于边缘、体验被强化的狂热兴奋。

There was a restlessness, a sense of new beginnings, a sense of optimism about the future but also fear about the risks that would be encountered.

有一种不安，一种新的开始的感觉，一种对未来的乐观感，但也对将遇到的风险感到恐惧。

Narrator : Nearly every one who descended on San Francisco in 1849 would have agreed that it was a singular place.

旁白：几乎所有 1849 年来到旧金山的人都会同意这是一个奇特的地方。

But most of them couldn't wait to get out of there and start digging for gold.

但他们中的大多数人迫不及待地想离开那里，开始挖掘金子。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : This morning, I am well and hearty and full of hope.

海勒姆·皮尔斯（Hiram Pierce）正在阅读：今天早上，我精神饱满，充满希望。

I shall burst some of these diggings wide open this summer.

今年夏天我将把其中一些矿坑彻底炸开。

Narrator : Hiram Pierce had already been away from his blacksmithing business and his family for five months when he finally got to the goldfields.

旁白：当海勒姆·皮尔斯终于来到金矿时，他已经离开他的铁匠生意和家人五个月了。

He set up camp on Mormon Island, not far from where gold first had been discovered, and got right to work.

他在摩门岛扎营，距离最初发现金矿的地方不远，然后开始工作。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : Went out prospecting and find every stone and foot of ground has been turned over.

海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 阅读：出去勘探，发现每一块石头、每一英尺土地都被翻倒了。

Newcomers are arriving constantly.

新人不断到来。

Men are coming and going.

男人们来来去去。

They try the different diggings and hear great reports and run from place to place.

他们尝试不同的挖掘，听到精彩的报告，然后从一个地方跑到另一个地方。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : When they got to California, the one fact of life that shocked them was the tens and scores of thousands of miners who got there before they did.

历史学家霍利迪：当他们到达加利福尼亚州时，令他们震惊的生活事实是成千上万的矿工先于他们到达那里。

You went on the banks of the Mokelumne, you go up on the Feather River, the Yuba, the Cosumnes, and here you can't find a place to dig, there are so many people.

你走到莫克勒姆河岸边，再到羽毛河、尤巴河、科苏姆内斯河上游，在这里你找不到可以挖掘的地方，人太多了。

Narrator : Some 90,000 gold seekers rushed into California over the course of 1849, roughly three quarters of them from the United States -- northerners and southerners, slaves and free blacks.

旁白：1849 年，大约 90,000 名淘金者涌入加利福尼亚州，其中大约四分之三来自美国——北方人和南方人、奴隶和自由黑人。

The rest, one American wrote, "came from every hole and corner of the globe." California now had a greater concentration of immigrants than any other place in the United States.

一位美国人写道，其余的人“来自世界各地。”加州现在是美国移民最集中的地方。

More than half of them were in their twenties.

其中一半以上是二十多岁。

Nine out of ten were men.

十分之九是男性。

They pitched their tents and tree branch shelters wherever gold was found, giving rise to scores of improvised settlements -- Jackass Flat, Shirt Tail Canyon and Murderers Bar; Loafers Hollow, and Gouge Eye.

他们在发现黄金的地方搭建帐篷和树枝庇护所，形成了数十个临时定居点——Jackass Flat、Shirt Tail Canyon和Murderers Bar；乐福鞋空心和凿眼。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : Rose early and walked to the diggings.

海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 雷丁：很早就起床，步行前往矿区。

Made a small show.

做了一个小表演。

All of us got much less than an ounce.

我们所有人得到的都比一盎司少得多。

It is very much like work.

这很像工作。

Brian Roberts, Historian : As soon as he arrived, Hiram discovered, like virtually all forty-niners did, that gold mining was enormously hard work.

历史学家布赖恩·罗伯茨：海勒姆一到达，就像几乎所有四十九岁的人一样，发现金矿开采是一项非常艰苦的工作。

They had envisioned just picking up gold, and here they were literally turning the landscape inside out.

他们原本的设想只是捡起黄金，而现在他们实际上正在彻底改变景观。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : What you're dealing with are rocks, and the more you remove, you just keep finding more and more rocks.

霍利迪，历史学家：你所面对的是岩石，你移走的越多，你就会不断发现越来越多的岩石。

It is devastatingly disappointing.

这是令人极度失望的。

Your fingers are crushed and your fingernails fall off.

你的手指被压伤，指甲脱落。

The work at hand is horrendous.

手头的工作是可怕的。

Malcolm Rohrbough, Historian : A company of four miners, in order to achieve 20 dollars each, which was the hoped-for wage, would probably need to wash 800 buckets of dirt a day and you divide that by 10 hours, and you think about washing 80 buckets an hour.

Malcolm Rohrbough，历史学家：一个由 4 名矿工组成的公司，为了达到每人 20 美元的期望工资，可能需要每天清洗 800 桶泥土，然后除以 10 小时，你会想到每小时清洗 80 桶。

This is very, very difficult physical labor on a continuing basis.

这是一项非常非常艰苦的持续体力劳动。

Narrator : Worse still, everything in the gold district was wildly overpriced: one dollar for an egg, five for a pound of tea, and upwards of eight for a second-hand shovel.

旁白：更糟糕的是，黄金区的所有东西都价格过高：一个鸡蛋一美元，一磅茶叶五美元，一把二手铲子八美元以上。

At his general store in Sacramento, Sam Brannan was now pulling in as much as 150,000 dollars a month.

萨姆·布兰南 (Sam Brannan) 在萨克拉门托 (Sacramento) 的杂货店每月收入高达 15 万美元。

Hiram Pierce found it difficult even to meet his daily expenses.

海勒姆·皮尔斯发现连日常开支都难以满足。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : My dear and faraway wife, this gold is by no means diffused over the whole country.

海勒姆·皮尔斯（Hiram Pierce）正在阅读：我亲爱的、远方的妻子，这些黄金决不会散布到整个国家。

Some get one, two, or even five hundred dollars some days.

有些人有时会得到一、两甚至五百美元。

But half an ounce -- about eight dollars -- is the average.

但半盎司——大约八美元——是平均值。

You see from this how grossly things have been misrepresented.

从这里你可以看出事情被歪曲得多么严重。

Malcolm Rohrbough, Historian : The great bonanzas of the summer and fall of 1848 were behind them.

历史学家马尔科姆·罗尔博 (Malcolm Rohrbough)：1848 年夏秋两季的巨大财富已经成为过去。

The stories of men who went out and found a couple of thousand dollars in a week at the time were true.

当时，那些出去一周赚到几千美元的人的故事是真实的。

But they were no longer true.

但它们不再真实了。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : Still, for years, there were enough stories of new gold discoveries, of people striking it rich, to keep those people who were in the mines working, to get them to move to new places, and to keep new arrivals from the east coming.

历史学家布兰兹：尽管如此，多年来，仍然有足够多的关于新金矿发现、人们致富的故事，让那些在矿井里工作的人继续工作，让他们搬到新的地方，并让来自东方的新移民不断涌入。

And that's what kept them going.

这就是他们继续前进的动力。

Narrator : Six days a week the miners dug and washed and dug some more.

旁白：矿工们每周有六天挖、洗、挖更多的东西。

Then came Sunday.

然后到了周日。

Brian Roberts, Historian : The miners wouldn't work on Sunday.

历史学家布莱恩·罗伯茨：矿工们周日不工作。

And when they weren't at work, there wasn't much else for them to do except to go to the gambling halls, to go to the brothels, and to pretty much run wild.

而不工作的时候，他们除了去赌场、去妓院、到处撒野之外，也没什么别的事可做。

Narrator : To many of the young men who had spent the Sundays of their lives in hard-backed church pews, the miners' day of rest was a revelation.

旁白：对于许多一生中周日都在教堂硬背长椅上度过的年轻人来说，矿工的休息日是一个启示。

Even Alfred Doten, the descendant of upright Pilgrims, soon gave himself over to temptation.

就连正直的清教徒后裔阿尔弗雷德·多顿也很快屈服于诱惑。

Reading, Alfred Doten : Sunday, February 20 -- We went into Steve's store and showed him and all the rest of the Italians there how like fools we could act if we pleased.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿 (Alfred Doten) 雷丁：2 月 20 日，星期日——我们走进史蒂夫的商店，向他和那里的所有其他意大利人展示，如果我们愿意，我们可以表现得像个傻瓜。

Steve's woman played on a grinding organ, and we danced to the music.

史蒂夫的女人演奏着一架刺耳的风琴，我们随着音乐跳舞。

Bill was sitting by the side of Steve's woman feeling of her knees, while Young was performing the Highland fling with his back on the ground and his heels in air, under the table.

比尔坐在史蒂夫的女人旁边，感受着她的膝盖，而杨正在桌子下面表演高地投掷，背着地，脚后跟悬在空中。

This is one of the best 'benders' I have been on for a long time.

这是我长期以来玩过的最好的“benders”之一。

Isabel Allende, Writer : It was a very freeing experience.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德，作家：这是一次非常自由的经历。

It was a feeling that "Wow!" you could do anything you want and nobody's watching.

有一种“哇！”的感觉。你可以做任何你想做的事，而没有人在看。

It's like a time for yourself, a time to be wild.

这就像一段属于自己的时光，一段狂野的时光。

Very tempting for a young man.

对于一个年轻人来说非常具有诱惑力。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : It was as though once they crossed the desert, or once they rounded the horn or crossed the isthmus, they had gone into this zone where the old rules didn't apply.

历史学家布兰兹：就好像一旦他们穿越了沙漠，或者一旦他们绕过了牛角或穿过了地峡，他们就进入了这个旧规则不适用的区域。

People would say, "We do things in California that we wouldn't do anywhere else." The sort of institutions that normally created expectations for people -- institutions of school, of church, of politics -- just didn't exist in California.

人们会说：“我们在加州做的事情是在其他地方不会做的。”通常为人们带来期望的那种机构——学校机构、教会机构、政治机构——在加州并不存在。

Narrator : In an effort to keep some kind of order, miners created their own informal laws.

旁白：为了维持某种秩序，矿工们制定了自己的非正式法律。

And as Alfred Doten explained in one letter home, justice was often astonishingly harsh.

正如阿尔弗雷德·多滕（Alfred Doten）在一封家信中所解释的那样，正义往往是极其残酷的。

Reading, Alfred Doten : Lynch law prevails here.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿 (Alfred Doten) 阅读：林奇法在这里盛行。

Two men were hung for stealing two hundred dollars, and a little boy had his ears cropped close to his head, for stealing 1400 dollars.

两名男子因偷窃 200 美元而被绞死，一名小男孩因偷窃 1400 美元而被剪耳，靠近头部。

There is a man now under sentence of death, for murder at the mines.

有一名男子因在矿井谋杀而被判处死刑。

Richard White, Historian : People hang people.

理查德·怀特，历史学家：人们把人吊死。

These are not things which normally would take place in New England.

这些事情通常不会在新英格兰发生。

But there's a sense that what's happening here is that people are slipping the bounds, that this is a society which is becoming defined largely in terms of the acquisition of wealth.

但有一种感觉是，这里发生的事情是人们正在越界，这是一个主要以获取财富为标准的社会。

And there is this fear that they will let their worst instincts come out.

人们担心他们会让最糟糕的本能暴露出来。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : Miners were not concerned with law and order and a societal structure such as you would have had back east, where you're talking in terms of the future.

历史学家霍利迪：矿工们并不关心法律和秩序以及社会结构，就像你们在东部谈论未来那样。

The future for the miner is to leave California.

这位矿工的未来是离开加州。

That's his future.

这就是他的未来。

He may be tempted to stay, but he's always thinking about going home.

他可能很想留下来，但他总是想着回家。

Narrator : On November 13, 1849, as a steady rain fell in the Sierra Nevada, California held its first general election.

旁白：1849年11月13日，在内华达山脉绵绵细雨中，加利福尼亚州举行了第一次大选。

Demands for some sort of civil authority had been mounting for months.

几个月来，对某种民政当局的需求一直在增加。

But back in Washington, the United States Congress had been too preoccupied with the question of slavery in the newly acquired territories to formally establish a government for California.

但回到华盛顿，美国国会过于关注新收购领土上的奴隶制问题，以至于无法正式为加利福尼亚建立政府。

Unwilling to delay any longer, 48 Californians had convened in the town hall at Monterey in September, and had hammered out their own constitution.

不愿再拖延，48 名加州人于 9 月在蒙特雷市政厅召开会议，制定了自己的宪法。

Now, although only about 12,000 people cast ballots, the constitution passed -- and without waiting for approval from Washington, California promptly declared itself the nation's 31st state.

现在，尽管只有大约 12,000 人投票，宪法还是通过了——而且无需等待华盛顿的批准，加利福尼亚州就立即宣布自己成为美国的第 31 个州。

On New Years Day 1850, one of California's newly-elected Senators set sail for the nation's capital to press for his state's immediate admission to the Union.

1850 年元旦，加利福尼亚州一位新当选的参议员启程前往美国首都，敦促该州立即加入联邦。

Kevin Starr, Historian : I think the 100-yard dash for statehood suggested ambition on the part of Californians.

历史学家凯文·斯塔尔（Kevin Starr）：我认为为建州而进行的 100 码冲刺表明了加州人的野心。

That right from the beginning, there were those who envisioned the California that would be there after the Gold Rush, the California that could be this great new Pacific commonwealth.

从一开始，就有人憧憬淘金热之后的加州，加州可能成为这个伟大的新太平洋联邦。

Narrator : Gold had thrust California onto the national and world stage.

旁白：黄金将加州推上了国家和世界舞台。

It had lured tens of thousands to a place they otherwise would never have gone -- giving rise to one of the most cosmopolitan societies on Earth and telescoping decades' worth of development into a single chaotic year.

它吸引了数以万计的人来到他们永远不会去的地方——形成了地球上最国际化的社会之一，并将数十年的发展浓缩为混乱的一年。

As a new year dawned, many wondered how gold would shape the future.

随着新年的到来，许多人想知道黄金将如何塑造未来。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : Mining had gone badly for us.

文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯 (Vicente Perez Rosales) 阅读：采矿业对我们来说很糟糕。

In spite of our energetic exertions we had lost time, and time was a capital superior to all our profits.

尽管我们付出了巨大的努力，但我们还是失去了时间，而时间是比我们所有利润都更重要的资本。

Reading, Alfred Doten : Our company has resolved to stick together, but how long we shall hold together is uncertain, for gold turns the heads of the wisest.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿（Alfred Doten）正在阅读：我们公司决心团结一致，但我们能团结多久还不确定，因为金子会转动最聪明的人的头。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : Ten months since I left home and have not made a dollar.

海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 阅读：我离家十个月了，还没有赚到一美元。

The Lord must open something entirely unexpected to enable me to do much of anything.

主必须打开一些完全出乎意料的东西，使我能够做很多事情。

Reading, Sara Pierce : How I wish you were here.

阅读，莎拉·皮尔斯：我多么希望你在这里。

I must try to be as patient as I can, but, oh, how long time seems.

我必须尽可能保持耐心，但是，哦，时间似乎很长。

How can I endure it?

我怎么能忍受呢？

Do come home as soon as possible.

请尽快回家。

Narrator : How would the thousands of families torn apart by the prospect of instant wealth weather the strains of separation?

旁白：成千上万个因暴富前景而支离破碎的家庭将如何承受分离的压力？

Could the opportunity that California offered be extended to all?

加州提供的机会可以惠及所有人吗？

Or would competition and greed cause the violence in the gold district to spin out of control?

或者竞争和贪婪会导致黄金区的暴力失控吗？

And could a transient place like California, a place where the primary motive was to get rich and get out, ever truly become like the rest of America?

像加利福尼亚这样一个主要动机是致富并离开的短暂地方，真的可以变得像美国其他地方一样吗？

In the days and months to come, the quest for gold would create an entirely new society on the Pacific coast.

在未来的几天和几个月里，对黄金的追求将在太平洋沿岸创建一个全新的社会。

Along the way, both California and America would be forever transformed.

一路走来，加州和美国都将发生永远的改变。

Narrator : On a March morning in 1850, Missouri native Luzena Wilson and her family crested a steep rise and cast their eyes over the mining town of Nevada City, California.

旁白：1850 年 3 月的一个早晨，密苏里州本地人卢泽娜·威尔逊 (Luzena Wilson) 和她的家人登上陡峭的山坡，将目光投向加利福尼亚州内华达市的矿业小镇。

Reading, Luzena Wilson : Great, brawny miners wielded the pick and shovel, while others stood knee-deep in icy water, and washed the soil from the gold.

卢泽娜·威尔逊 (Luzena Wilson) 正在阅读：伟大、强壮的矿工挥舞着镐和铲子，而其他人则站在齐膝深的冰水中，洗掉金矿上的土壤。

Every one seemed impelled by the frenzy of fever, so intent upon their work they scarcely had time to breathe.

每个人似乎都被狂热的高烧所驱使，全神贯注地工作，几乎没有时间呼吸。

Narrator : Along the main street, Wilson spotted a makeshift establishment called Womack's Hotel, offering meals for a dollar.

旁白：沿着主要街道，威尔逊发现了一家名为沃马克酒店的临时场所，提供一美元的餐食。

Its roof was nothing more than a bolt of canvas -- but the tables were crowded with miners and Womack, whoever he was, seemed to be raking it in.

它的屋顶只不过是一块帆布——但桌子上挤满了矿工，而沃马克，无论他是谁，似乎都在把它耙进去。

Wilson had every reason to believe she'd do just as well.

威尔逊有充分的理由相信她也会这么做。

Not long before, she'd been approached by a miner who had offered her five dollars for a single biscuit.

不久前，一位矿工找到她，愿意出价五美元买一块饼干。

JoAnn Levy, Writer : That's a week's wages at home.

乔安·利维（JoAnn Levy），作家：这是家里一周的工资。

She's stunned.

她惊呆了。

She's silent.

她沉默了。

She can't even reply to him.

她甚至无法回复他。

He takes the silence for reluctance and doubles the offer.

他把沉默视为不情愿，并加倍报价。

Ten dollars!

十块钱！

Narrator : Now, in Nevada City, she figured to make a killing.

旁白：现在，在内华达城，她想大赚一笔。

Reading, Luzena Wilson : With my own hands I chopped stakes, drove them into the ground, and set up my table.

卢泽娜·威尔逊（Luzena Wilson）正在阅读：我用自己的双手砍断了木桩，将它们打入地下，并搭建了我的桌子。

I bought provisions at a neighboring store, and when my husband came back at night he found 20 miners eating at my table.

我在附近的一家商店购买了食物，当我丈夫晚上回来时，他发现 20 名矿工在我的餐桌上吃饭。

Each man as he rose put a dollar in my hand and said I might count him as a permanent customer.

每个人起身时都会把一美元放在我手里，并说我可以把他视为永久顾客。

I called my hotel "El Dorado."

我把我的酒店称为“埃尔多拉多”。

Narrator : Nearly everything was in short supply in the gold district -- boots and blankets, hammers and nails, bacon and salt and butter.

旁白：黄金区几乎所有东西都供不应求——靴子和毯子、锤子和钉子、培根、盐和黄油。

But nothing was more scarce than a woman.

但没有什么比女人更稀缺的了。

One night in Nevada City, the Wilsons attended a dance where the men outnumbered the women nearly ten to one.

一天晚上，在内华达城，威尔逊一家参加了一场舞会，舞会上男性的人数与女性的人数几乎是十比一。

Reading, Luzena Wilson : The ball went on, notwithstanding the number of ladies.

阅读，卢泽娜·威尔逊：尽管女士人数众多，舞会仍在继续。

Some of the men tied handkerchiefs around their arms and airily assumed the character of ballroom belles.

一些男人将手帕绑在手臂上，神情轻松地扮演舞厅美女的角色。

Richard White, Historian : California in the 1850s is the most bizarre place on the North American continent.

历史学家理查德·怀特：1850 年代的加利福尼亚是北美大陆上最奇异的地方。

This is a society that's over 90 percent male.

这是一个90%以上男性的社会。

So what you have is a society in which all the roles usually taken by women are vacant.

所以现在的社会里，所有通常由女性担任的角色都空缺了。

Susan Lee Johnson, Historian : Whatever it was that men wanted from women, was in great demand in the early years of California.

苏珊·李·约翰逊（Susan Lee Johnson），历史学家：无论男人想从女人那里得到什么，在早期的加利福尼亚州，需求量都很大。

Many work in dance halls, many are engaged in sexual commerce.

许多人在舞厅工作，许多人从事性交易。

And particularly Anglo American men who are apart from their womenfolk will pay top dollar to play cards at a French woman's gaming table, or dance with a Mexican or Chilean women in a dance hall.

尤其是远离女性的英美男性，会花高价在法国女性的赌桌上打牌，或者在舞厅与墨西哥或智利女性跳舞。

Isabel Allende, Writer : You would pay anything to sit near a beautiful woman and have a drink.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德（Isabel Allende），作家：你愿意付出任何代价，只为了坐在一位美丽的女人身边喝一杯。

And men would sometimes pay just to hear them talk or sing, and not necessarily to have sex with them.

男人有时付钱只是为了听她们说话或唱歌，而不一定是为了与她们发生性关系。

They reminded them of home.

他们让他们想起了家。

And I think that that's so touching.

我认为这非常感人。

I mean, the need for beauty and for softness and for decency in a place that was so wild, talks about the human soul.

我的意思是，在一个如此狂野的地方，对美丽、对温柔和体面的需求，谈论的是人类的灵魂。

JoAnn Levy, Writer : The women who had domestic skills suddenly found that they could be paid for them, that you could sew and iron and cook and clean, and provide some bed for some poor guy who doesn't have anything but a tent, but you manage to make up a little shack or something and call yourself a boardinghouse keeper, and he can come in, and suddenly you're in business and you're making money.

乔安·利维（JoAnn Levy），作家：那些拥有家务技能的女性突然发现她们可以得到报酬，你可以缝纫、熨烫、做饭、打扫卫生，并为一些除了帐篷之外一无所有的穷人提供一些床铺，但你设法搭建一个小棚屋或其他什么东西，并称自己为寄宿公寓管理员，他就可以进来，突然你就开始做生意了，你就赚钱了。

Isabel Allende, Writer : It was a place where women had opportunities they didn't have elsewhere.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德，作家：在这个地方，女性拥有在其他地方没有的机会。

For example, in England or in Chile women worked, and it was the husband or the brother who would collect the salary.

例如，在英国或智利，妇女工作，工资由丈夫或兄弟领取。

Women didn't own anything.

女人什么都没有拥有。

And so the freedom of California was very tempting.

所以加州的自由非常诱人。

I would have come.

我本来会来的。

Of course I would have.

我当然会的。

Narrator : Wilson was soon doing so well that her husband decided to give up gold mining and come on as her business partner in the El Dorado.

旁白：威尔逊很快就表现出色，以至于她的丈夫决定放弃金矿开采，并成为她在埃尔多拉多的商业伙伴。

Within six months, they had ten thousand dollars invested in the hotel and an adjoining store, and owned a stock of goods worth ten thousand more.

六个月内，他们在酒店和毗邻的商店投资了一万美元，并拥有价值一万美元以上的库存商品。

Reading, Luzena Wilson : These were indeed "flush times." I became luxurious and hired a cook and waiters.

阅读，卢泽娜·威尔逊：这确实是“繁荣时期”。我变得奢侈起来，雇了厨师和服务员。

Maintaining only my position as managing housekeeper, I retired from active business in the kitchen.

我只保留了管理管家的职位，从厨房的活跃业务中退休了。

James Rawls, Historian : In Gold Rush California, men from the United States who had lived lives presumably as upright citizens, came to California with great avarice.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：在加利福尼亚州的淘金热中，来自美国的人们本来应该过着正直公民的生活，但他们带着极大的贪婪来到了加利福尼亚州。

They were coming here to get rich quick.

他们来这里是为了快速致富。

And they were frustrated men, because they were not getting rich quick, and they're looking for someone to blame.

他们是沮丧的人，因为他们没有快速致富，所以他们正在寻找责怪的人。

What is the cause of my own failure?

我自己失败的原因是什么？

It's not me.

这不是我。

It's someone else's fault.

这是别人的错。

Narrator : Ever since the first American miners had arrived in California, they had been trying to expel foreigners from the gold fields.

旁白：自从第一批美国矿工抵达加州以来，他们就一直试图将外国人赶出金矿。

But for every one driven out, it seemed, another had come to seek his fortune.

但似乎每有一个人被赶出去，就有另一个人来寻求财富。

Now, in 1850, there were more than 80,000 Anglo American miners in California, competition was at a fever pitch and anti-foreign sentiment was on the rise.

1850年的现在，加州有超过8万名英美资源矿工，竞争白热化，排外情绪高涨。

Richard White, Historian : As you devote more and more labor to getting less and less gold, then it becomes in the interests of people to exclude other people from the diggings.

历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：当你投入越来越多的劳动来获得越来越少的黄金时，将其他人排除在开采之外就符合人们的利益。

And the best way to do this is on the basis of race and nationalities, as far as the Americans are concerned.

就美国人而言，最好的方法是基于种族和国籍。

They consider California their country, and they are more and more racist in the sense that they see all non-white -- as they define it -- peoples as inferior.

他们认为加州是他们的国家，他们的种族主义越来越严重，因为他们认为所有非白人——按照他们的定义——都是低等人。

James Rawls, Historian : Some of the most efficient miners in the early days of the Gold Rush came from Latin America, where there'd been a great deal of mining before.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：淘金热初期一些效率最高的矿工来自拉丁美洲，那里以前曾进行过大量采矿活动。

And so from the perspective of the Anglo American miners, who were frustrated with their own failure, the Latino miners became their prime object of hatred, to eliminate them as a source of competition.

因此，从对自己的失败感到沮丧的英美矿工的角度来看，拉丁裔矿工成为他们仇恨的主要对象，以消除他们作为竞争来源。

Narrator : In the spring of 1850, Anglo gold seekers persuaded the newly-elected legislature to pass the Foreign Miners Tax, a steep levy that was meant to be imposed on all non-Americans.

旁白： 1850 年春天，盎格鲁淘金者说服新当选的立法机构通过外国矿工税，这是一项原本对所有非美国人征收的高额税项。

In practice, it was Spanish-speaking miners who were most often forced to pay.

实际上，最常被迫付款的是讲西班牙语的矿工。

James Rawls, Historian : It really was a prohibitive tax.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：这确实是一项令人望而却步的税收。

It was not designed to raise revenue.

它并不是为了增加收入而设计的。

It was designed to prohibit the mining of Mexicans and other Latin Americans in California.

它的目的是禁止墨西哥人和其他拉丁美洲人在加利福尼亚州采矿。

And it had a devastating effect.

它产生了毁灭性的影响。

Within one year of that law's passage, an estimated 10,000 Mexican miners left California.

该法律通过后一年内，估计有 10,000 名墨西哥矿工离开加州。

Narrator : "Three-fourths of the Mexicans who were here a month ago have left," one American noted, "with a rather bad opinion of Los Yankees."

旁白：“一个月前来到这里的墨西哥人中有四分之三已经离开，”一位美国人说道，“对洛杉矶洋基队的看法相当糟糕。”

Other Mexicans took to the hills and began to terrorize the mining camps, stealing whatever they could, and often killing those who got in their way.

其他墨西哥人爬上山，开始恐吓采矿营地，偷窃一切能偷的东西，并经常杀死那些挡道的人。

Susan Lee Johnson, Historian : That increase in violence, some of it probably was perpetrated by Mexicans, but it got to a point where virtually any sort of violence or theft that took place was kind of automatically blamed on Mexicans in the diggings.

历史学家苏珊·李·约翰逊（Susan Lee Johnson）：暴力事件的增加，其中一些可能是墨西哥人所为，但事实上，几乎所有发生的暴力或盗窃行为都会自动归咎于矿坑里的墨西哥人。

Narrator : As the hysteria mounted, newspapers throughout the mining district began to attribute the crimes to a single individual -- a man by the name of Joaquin Murieta.

旁白：随着歇斯底里的情绪加剧，整个矿区的报纸开始将这些罪行归咎于一个人——一个名叫华金·穆列塔(Joaquin Murieta)的人。

Isabel Allende, Writer : Joaquin Murieta was like the symbol of all bandits, the metaphor for crime.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德，编剧：华金·穆列塔就像所有强盗的象征，犯罪的隐喻。

There is absolutely no proof that Joaquin Murieta existed.

绝对没有证据证明华金·穆列塔存在。

Probably, there were several Joaquins, several gangs.

可能有几个华金人，几个帮派。

Sometimes a crime was committed in Los Angeles in the morning, and another crime committed in Sacramento at noon, and they would say it was Joaquin Murieta.

有时早上在洛杉矶发生一起犯罪，中午在萨克拉门托发生另一起犯罪，他们会说这是华金·穆列塔。

How could Joaquin Murieta get from Los Angeles to Sacramento in three hours?

华金·穆列塔 (Joaquin Murieta) 如何在三个小时内从洛杉矶到达萨克拉门托？

I don't know.

我不知道。

But that was in the mentality of people.

但这是人们的心态。

Narrator : The specter of Murieta whipped the local Anglo population into such a frenzy that state legislators commissioned a party of Rangers to hunt him down.

旁白：穆列塔的幽灵让当地的盎格鲁人陷入疯狂，以至于州立法者委托一支游骑兵队追捕他。

Eager to collect the one thousand dollar reward, the Rangers shot someone dead, cut off his head and pickled it in a jar of whiskey.

为了获得一千美元的奖励，流浪者队开枪打死了一个人，砍下了他的头，并将其腌在一罐威士忌中。

The head was later sent on a touring exhibit around the gold country.

随后，该头像被送往黄金之国进行巡回展览。

Richard White, Historian : The death of Murieta signifies how heavily the tide has turned; that the monopolization of violence is now going to be largely in the hands of Americans.

理查德·怀特（Richard White），历史学家：穆列塔的死标志着潮流的转变有多么严重。暴力的垄断现在将主要掌握在美国人手中。

The ability of Mexicans to resist grows less and less.

墨西哥人的抵抗能力越来越弱。

But interracial violence is going to continue on through the 1850s.

但跨种族暴力将持续到 1850 年代。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : Monday, February 25, 1850.

海勒姆·皮尔斯·雷丁：1850 年 2 月 25 日星期一。

Worked hard and got nothing.

努力了却一无所获。

My back and one leg quite lame.

我的背和一条腿都跛了。

Narrator : More than a year had passed since Hiram Pierce had left his family in Troy and come to California in search of gold.

旁白：海勒姆·皮尔斯离开特洛伊的家人来到加利福尼亚寻找黄金已经一年多了。

In that time, he'd lived in a crude log cabin that he'd built himself, slept night after night on a mattress of pine needles, and suffered everything from back aches and chills to scurvy -- all in the now-fading hope that he might strike it rich.

那时，他住在自己建造的简陋小木屋里，夜复一夜地睡在松针床垫上，忍受着从背痛、发冷到坏血病的各种痛苦——所有这些都是为了他能发财致富的希望，但现在这种希望已经破灭。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : Friday, March 1.

海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 雷丁：3 月 1 日星期五。

I feel uneasy about my back and legs.

我对我的背部和腿部感到不安。

I rather fear for the future.

我比较担心未来。

Dug eight dollars.

挖了八块钱。

Thursday, March 21.

3 月 21 日，星期四。

Prospected and dug ...

勘探和挖掘...

and got nothing.

但什么也没得到。

Richard White, Historian : The Gold Rush really seems to offer this chance for independence.

历史学家理查德·怀特：淘金热似乎确实提供了独立的机会。

American miners really believe any man who's willing to labor will be equal to other men, and will be able to get large rewards for their labor.

美国矿工坚信，任何愿意劳动的人都将与其他人平等，并且能够从劳动中获得丰厚的回报。

But gold quite simply is in some places and not in other places.

但很简单，黄金存在于某些地方，而不存在于其他地方。

So men can be 20 yards away from each other, working just as hard, one man strikes gold and the other one doesn't.

因此，人们可以彼此相距 20 码，同样努力工作，一个人能获得金牌，而另一个人却不能。

One man makes his fortune, the other one doesn't.

一个人发了财，另一个人却没有。

So as miners begin to see it, it's not just labor they're talking about now.

因此，当矿工们开始意识到这一点时，他们现在谈论的不仅仅是劳动力。

This is about luck.

这是关于运气的。

Narrator : Hiram had given mining his all.

旁白：海勒姆为采矿付出了一切。

He'd toiled from sunup to sundown, day after day.

他日出而作，日落而息，日复一日。

But time and time again, in his letters home to Sara, he had been forced to admit defeat.

但在写给萨拉的家信中，他一次又一次被迫承认失败。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : I feel most deeply to regret that I have earned nothing to enable me to make any remittance.

海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 阅读：我深感遗憾的是，我没有赚到任何钱来汇款。

I am sorry I cannot fix things up as usual or better for you.

很抱歉，我无法像往常一样为您解决问题或更好。

Brian Roberts, Historian : Sara really counted on the gold to come at a certain time as her family's needs became pressing.

布莱恩·罗伯茨（Brian Roberts），历史学家：萨拉确实指望黄金会在某个时候到来，因为她家人的需求变得紧迫。

When she received the news that Hiram was not going to be able to send any money back home, it was extremely disappointing, but you get the feeling that Sara immediately started to kind of adjust to that reality.

当她收到海勒姆无法寄钱回家的消息时，她非常失望，但你会感觉到萨拉立即开始适应这一现实。

Narrator : Sara learned to fend for herself.

旁白：莎拉学会了照顾自己。

She borrowed money from family members, called in debts owed to Hiram, and rented out his blacksmith shop.

她向家人借了钱，偿还了海勒姆的债务，并将他的铁匠铺出租了。

Reading, Sara Pierce : I guess you will begin to think I am getting to be quite a business character.

阅读，莎拉·皮尔斯：我想你会开始认为我已经成为一个相当有商业头脑的人了。

You would laugh to see me at work.

看到我工作你会笑的。

I am my own tinker, have set nine fruit trees, mended my own stove grate in the oven, moved the front-room stove out alone, in fact, I am kept very busy here.

我自己当修补匠，种了九棵果树，自己修了烤箱里的炉篦子，独自把前房的炉灶搬了出去，其实我在这里很忙。

Brian Roberts, Historian : As Hiram's absence continued, you can see Sara becoming more confident with her abilities.

布莱恩·罗伯茨，历史学家：随着海勒姆继续缺席，你可以看到萨拉对自己的能力变得更加自信。

Women were not supposed to engage in public business, and yet here is Sara, thriving in the business world.

女性不应该参与公共事务，但萨拉却在商界蓬勃发展。

It became, I think, an enormous source of pride to be able to do Hiram's work plus her own.

我认为，能够完成海勒姆的工作以及她自己的工作，这成为了一种巨大的自豪感。

Narrator : But when Hiram's stay in California stretched into a second year, Sara began to grow impatient.

旁白：但是当海勒姆在加州待了第二年时，萨拉开始变得不耐烦。

Reading, Sara Pierce : My dear husband, if I can get you back, I should be willing to live on very small fare.

阅读，莎拉·皮尔斯：我亲爱的丈夫，如果我能让你回来，我应该愿意靠很少的钱生活。

Your presence here is better far than gold.

你在这里的存在比黄金还要好得多。

All there is would not tempt me to endure half the anxiety of the past year.

所有这些都不足以让我忍受过去一年的一半焦虑。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : I am more anxious to get home than you are to have me come.

读着，海勒姆·皮尔斯：我比你更渴望回家。

I saw a man picking up a piece of gold near our house worth one hundred dollars.

我看到一个人在我们家附近捡到一块价值一百美元的金子。

Such seems to be the luck of some.

这似乎是某些人的运气。

It may not be my fortune to get much, but I shall make an honest effort.

也许我的运气并不好，但我会诚实地努力。

Malcolm Rohrbough, Historian : The more difficult it was in the gold fields and the fewer the returns, the longer they saw themselves as having to stay in California.

马尔科姆·罗尔博（Malcolm Rohrbough），历史学家：金矿越困难，回报越少，他们认为自己必须留在加利福尼亚的时间就越长。

They were engaged in what they themselves saw as a lottery.

他们从事他们自己认为是彩票的活动。

And whatever the odds, if you had a ticket in the lottery, you might win.

无论赔率如何，如果您有一张彩票，您就有可能中奖。

If you weren't digging in the mines, you didn't have a ticket.

如果你不是在矿井里挖掘，你就没有门票。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : You could try and fail, try and fail, try and fail, do it ten times, do it twenty times.

历史学家布兰兹：你可以尝试但失败，尝试但失败，尝试但失败，做十次，做二十次。

But if you kept at it, you might finally strike it rich.

但如果你坚持下去，你最终可能会致富。

And that would pay for all of your failures in the past.

这将为你过去所有的失败付出代价。

Now, this is quite different than the attitude that most people had back in the East, where failure in business was connected to a sense of moral failure.

现在，这与大多数东方人的态度截然不同，在东方，商业失败与道德失败感联系在一起。

Virtue as a basis of success in California was almost beside the point.

在加州，美德作为成功的基础几乎不是重点。

Narrator : Desperate to turn a profit, Hiram Pierce threw in his lot with a group of miners and headed north -- to a steep canyon along the Merced River, inhabited mainly by rattlesnakes and grizzly bears.

旁白：海勒姆·皮尔斯不顾一切地想要盈利，他和一群矿工一起向北行进，来到了默塞德河沿岸的一个陡峭峡谷，那里主要居住着响尾蛇和灰熊。

The plan was to stake a claim there, and try out a costly new technique known as river mining.

该计划是在那里提出主权要求，并尝试一种昂贵的新技术，即河流采矿。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : Instead of working on the banks and the creek beds of a river, they would build a flume maybe 15, 20 feet wide.

历史学家霍利迪：他们不会在河岸和河床上工作，而是建造一个大约 15、20 英尺宽的水槽。

And when the river was low, they would build a dam and divert the water from the riverbed into the flume, and thereby opening up the riverbed.

当河水低位时，他们会筑坝，将河床的水引到水槽中，从而打开河床。

You could then dig the gold in the bottom of the river.

然后你就可以在河底挖金子了。

Each year a new river would be flumed; a new hope would be nurtured to dig out a fortune.

每年都会有一条新的河流被淹没；孕育新的希望，挖掘财富。

And sometimes those fortunes were indeed dug out.

有时这些财富确实被挖出来了。

Malcolm Rohrbough, Historian : What had been kind of a day-to-day harvesting of gold is now deferred to the end of the mining season, when they have mined the river bottom.

马尔科姆·罗尔博 (Malcolm Rohrbough)，历史学家：以前每天进行的黄金收获现在被推迟到采矿季节结束时，那时他们已经在河底开采了。

Thus it raises the stakes and it raises the dangers of failure.

因此，它增加了风险，也增加了失败的危险。

Narrator : Pierce had risked his last dollar investing in the scheme.

旁白：皮尔斯冒着最后一美元的风险投资了这个计划。

Now, there was nothing to do but pray that it worked.

现在，除了祈祷它有效之外，别无他法。

Narrator : By the early 1850s, the hunt for gold was spreading farther into California's interior, and miners were encroaching on lands that had been inhabited for centuries by Native Americans -- among them the Yokut and Maidu and Modoc, the Miwok, Nisenan and Pit.

旁白：到了 1850 年代初期，黄金开采活动进一步蔓延到加利福尼亚州内陆地区，矿工们正在侵占美洲原住民几个世纪以来居住的土地，其中包括约库特人、迈杜人、莫多克人、米沃克人、尼森南人和皮特人。

James Rawls, Historian : California was the most diversely populated region within native North America.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：加利福尼亚州是北美本土人口最多元化的地区。

Native people were living in sparsely-settled villages throughout the entire region of California.

原住民居住在整个加州地区人烟稀少的村庄里。

Every mountain, every river, every valley had a name.

每一座山、每条河流、每一个山谷都有名字。

California was rich in resources.

加利福尼亚州资源丰富。

They were living, I would say, an abundant life.

我想说，他们过着丰盛的生活。

Narrator : Now, with the foothills of the Sierra Nevada overrun with gold seekers, Indians found themselves locked in a fierce struggle for their survival.

旁白：现在，随着内华达山脉山麓到处都是淘金者，印第安人发现自己陷入了一场激烈的生存斗争。

Richard White, Historian : Miners are moving into lands that Indians are using for fishing, they're using for hunting.

历史学家理查德·怀特：矿工们正在进入印第安人用于捕鱼和狩猎的土地。

When you start mining a stream, you kill the fish runs.

当你开始在溪流中采矿时，你就会杀死鱼群。

When miners come in in large numbers, they kill or drive off the game.

当矿工大量涌入时，他们就会杀死或赶走游戏。

Indians retaliate by taking white livestock.

印第安人通过掠夺白色牲畜进行报复。

Whites retaliate by killing Indians.

白人通过屠杀印第安人进行报复。

And then you get wars, which escalate very quickly.

然后战争就会迅速升级。

Frank LaPena, Professor of Native American Studies : If you have starving Indians and they're seeing cattle that are around, you kill cattle and eat them.

弗兰克·拉佩纳（Frank LaPena），美洲原住民研究教授：如果你有饥饿的印第安人，而他们看到周围有牛，你就会杀死牛并吃掉它们。

Well, somebody kills your cattle, okay, that's grounds to go out and get that criminal, whoever that is.

好吧，有人杀了你的牛，好吧，这就是出去抓那个罪犯的理由，不管他是谁。

And then the first village that they come to, and they'll just kill them.

然后他们来到第一个村庄，他们就会杀掉他们。

They said, "Well, it's an Indian.

他们说：“嗯，这是一个印度人。

They're all the same." And they had nothing to do with it.

他们都是一样的。”他们与此无关。

Narrator : In an effort to bring the native population under the state's control, California lawmakers passed what they called "An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians."

旁白：为了将原住民置于州政府的控制之下，加州立法者通过了他们所谓的“政府和保护印第安人法案”。

James Rawls, Historian : The name of the law sounds benign, but the effect was malign in the extreme degree.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：该法律的名称听起来是良性的，但其效果却极其恶劣。

Any white person under this law could declare Indians who were simply strolling about, who were not gainfully employed, to be vagrants, and take that charge before a justice of the peace, and a justice of the peace would then have those Indians seized and sold at public auction.

根据这项法律，任何白人都可以宣布那些只是闲逛、没有报酬的印第安人为流浪者，并在治安法官面前接受这一指控，然后治安法官将扣押这些印第安人并进行公开拍卖。

And the person who bought them would have their labor for four months without compensation.

购买它们的人将获得四个月的劳动，而无需补偿。

Frank LaPena, Professor of Native American Studies : There's a white person found with a small Indian child.

弗兰克·拉佩纳 (Frank LaPena)，美洲原住民研究教授：发现一名白人和一名印第安小孩在一起。

And he said, "I am protecting him.

他说：“我正在保护他。

He's an orphan." And they say, "Well, how do you know he's a orphan?" He said, "I killed their parents."

他是个孤儿。”他们说：“那么，你怎么知道他是孤儿呢？”他说：“我杀了他们的父母。”

Narrator : Ad hoc white militias conducted routine raids on Indian encampments -- burning their huts and stores of food, slaughtering the adults, and seizing many of the children.

旁白：临时白人民兵对印第安人的营地进行例行袭击——烧毁他们的小屋和食物储备，屠杀成年人，并抓获许多儿童。

Meanwhile, communities throughout California offered bounties for Indian ears, scalps, heads.

与此同时，加州各地的社区都为印第安人的耳朵、头皮和头部提供了悬赏。

James Rawls, Historian : The Indian hunters were acting on their own initiative.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：印第安猎人是自发行动的。

But the state of California passed legislation authorizing more than a million dollars for the reimbursement of additional expenses that the Indian hunters may have incurred.

但加利福尼亚州通过了立法，授权超过 100 万美元用于报销印第安猎人可能产生的额外费用。

Narrator : In the two decades after the discovery of gold, 120,000 Indians -- four-fifths of California's native population -- would be wiped out -- most by starvation or disease, others at the murderous hands of whites.

旁白：在发现金矿后的二十年里，12万印第安人（占加利福尼亚州原住民人口的五分之四）将被消灭——其中大部分死于饥饿或疾病，其他则死于白人的凶残之手。

Isabel Allende, Writer : The Gold Rush to me is a time of extremes.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德，作家：淘金热对我来说是一个极端的时期。

People who were very decent teachers, for example, in Massachusetts or someplace like that -- turn out to be brutal people in California because it was allowed.

例如，在马萨诸塞州或类似的地方，那些非常体面的老师，在加利福尼亚州却变成了残酷的人，因为这是被允许的。

There was impunity.

存在有罪不罚的情况。

When there is power with impunity, people do horrible things.

当有权力而不受惩罚时，人们就会做出可怕的事情。

Richard White, Historian : "Genocide" is a word I hesitate to use, but what happens in California is very close to genocide.

历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：“种族灭绝”这个词我不太愿意使用，但加州发生的事情非常接近种族灭绝。

You're talking about a kind of horror, which even at the worst of American Indian relations rarely takes place.

你谈论的是一种恐怖，即使在美洲印第安人关系最糟糕的情况下，这种恐怖也很少发生。

But it becomes almost the norm in California.

但这在加州几乎成了常态。

James Rawls, Historian : It was mass murder that was legalized and publicly subsidized.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：这是合法化并受到公共资助的大规模谋杀。

California entered the Union, during the Gold Rush era, shining with gold, but also dripping with blood.

加州在淘金热时代加入联邦，金光闪闪，但也滴着血。

Narrator : In the months since Vicente Perez Rosales had been driven from the gold fields, he and his brothers had made money any way they could.

旁白：自从文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯被赶出金矿以来的几个月里，他和他的兄弟们尽其所能地赚钱。

They had sold dry goods, run a makeshift hospital for malaria patients, even dug graves.

他们出售干货，为疟疾患者经营一家临时医院，甚至挖坟墓。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : What remained?

阅读，文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯：还剩下什么？

We began to think that the day we set up a hat factory, men would be born without heads.

我们开始认为，从我们创办帽子工厂的那一天起，男人就生来就没有头。

Until finally, the sight of gold dust scattered around the floors of restaurants suggested the idea of opening a hotel.

直到最后，看到餐厅地板上散落的金粉，才产生了开一家酒店的想法。

Narrator : San Francisco seemed the most promising place for the venture.

旁白：旧金山似乎是最有希望开展这项事业的地方。

Fueled by the constant comings and goings of thousands of miners, it had grown exponentially -- its population skyrocketing to almost 30,000 by the end of 1850.

在数千名矿工不断进出的推动下，它呈指数级增长——到 1850 年底，人口猛增至近 30,000 人。

Perez Rosales paid three thousand dollars for a lot on Dupont Street that just a year before would have sold for pennies, and hastily banged together his hotel -- a two-story wooden structure that boasted seven rooms and a well.

佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯花了 3000 美元买下了杜邦街的一块土地，而在一年前，这些土地的售价还只值几分钱，然后他匆匆建造了自己的酒店——一栋两层木结构建筑，拥有七个房间和一口水井。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : We hired a famous French cook named Monsieur Michel, who -- in addition to room and board -- earned a total of $8,400 a year, a good deal more than a minister of state earns in Chile; and setting up over the door a large sign that read Citizens' Restaurant, we opened for business.

雷丁，文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯：我们聘请了一位著名的法国厨师，名叫米歇尔先生，除了食宿之外，他每年的收入总计为 8,400 美元，比智利国务部长的收入高得多；在门上挂了一个大牌子，上面写着“公民餐厅”，我们就开始营业了。

James Rawls, Historian : It was an axiom at the time that the real chance for success in the Gold Rush was not in mining the gold -- any fool might want to try that -- but rather the wise man knew it was mining the miners.

历史学家詹姆斯·罗尔斯：当时有一条公理：淘金热中成功的真正机会并不在于开采黄金——任何傻瓜都可能想尝试——而是智者知道它是在开采矿工。

Men such as John Studebaker who was making wheelbarrows and wagons, or Levi Strauss who was making his famous pants for the miners out of sailcloth, or dry goods merchant Charles Crocker.

诸如制造独轮手推车和马车的约翰·斯图贝克（John Studebaker）、用帆布为矿工制作著名的裤子的李维·施特劳斯（Levi Strauss）、或者干货商人查尔斯·克罗克（Charles Crocker）等人。

It was those merchants, many of whom did not actually go up into the gold fields who were making the biggest profits.

正是那些商人赚取了最大的利润，其中许多人实际上并没有进入金矿。

Narrator : Sam Brannan who had done so much to spread the word of gold was doing especially well.

旁白：萨姆·布兰南（Sam Brannan）为传播黄金理念做出了巨大贡献，他的表现尤其出色。

From a single store in Sacramento he'd built an empire of hotels and warehouses and retail shops, and was on his way to becoming California's first millionaire.

从萨克拉门托的一家商店，他建立了一个由酒店、仓库和零售店组成的帝国，并正在成为加州第一位百万富翁。

Perez Rosales and his brothers also prospered -- at least for a time.

佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯和他的兄弟们也繁荣起来——至少在一段时间内是这样。

Then, disaster struck.

然后，灾难降临了。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : The fire spread in every direction as rapidly as it sometimes spreads through the grain fields in Chile at harvest time.

文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯 (Vicente Perez Rosales) 阅读：大火向各个方向蔓延，速度之快就像有时在智利收获季节蔓延的速度一样。

The flames licked farther and farther, roaring and surging, more terrible still with the explosion of powder casks.

火焰越烧越远，咆哮汹涌，伴随着火药桶的爆炸声，更加可怕。

With fire all about us, we, like the entire population, owed our salvation to hasty flight.

我们周围都是大火，我们和全体人民一样，都得靠仓促逃亡才能得救。

Narrator : Like most of the improvised city, the structures on Perez Rosales's street had been constructed mainly of canvas and board.

旁白：像大多数临时城市一样，佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯街上的建筑主要由帆布和木板建造。

And in a matter of minutes, the entire neighborhood was ablaze.

几分钟之内，整个街区都着火了。

It was one of seven fires to sweep through San Francisco in just eighteen months.

这是短短十八个月内席卷旧金山的七场火灾之一。

Residents swept up the ashes and began to rebuild.

居民们清理了灰烬并开始重建。

In the years to come, wooden structures would give way to brick and stone, residents would raise a fire department, and the city would take on an air of permanence.

在未来的岁月里，木结构将让位于砖石结构，居民将组建消防队，城市将呈现出永恒的气息。

JoAnn Levy, Writer : By the end of 1853, we had 12 daily newspapers in San Francisco.

JoAnn Levy，作家：到 1853 年底，旧金山有 12 份日报。

This gives you a sense of what it was.

这让您了解它是什么。

Nine insurance companies, the consulates of 27 foreign governments, brick buildings six stories high where there used to be sand dunes.

九家保险公司、27个外国政府的领事馆、六层高的砖砌建筑取代了沙丘。

That was the transformation of San Francisco.

这就是旧金山的转变。

That was what gold accomplished.

这就是黄金所取得的成就。

Narrator : By then, Vicente Perez Rosales would be long gone.

旁白：到那时，维森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯早已不在人世了。

Just seven days after fire consumed his restaurant -- rendering all that he'd invested worthless -- he and his brothers gave up on California.

就在大火烧毁了他的餐厅后 7 天，他的投资变得毫无价值，他和他的兄弟们放弃了加利福尼亚。

Reading, Vicente Perez Rosales : After more than a year away, we finally embraced our tearful mother in peaceful Chile.

文森特·佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯正在阅读：离开一年多后，我们终于在和平的智利拥抱了泪流满面的母亲。

Like so many others, we went out for wool and came back shorn.

像许多其他人一样，我们出去采羊毛，回来时却被剪了毛。

Reading, Alfred Doten : This morning, the most sublime scene was presented to my view that one can well imagine.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿（Alfred Doten）正在阅读：今天早上，我所能想象到的最壮丽的场景呈现在我的视野中。

The whole Joaquin valley was covered with an impenetrable mist, and from the base of the mountain to the coast range, naught could be seen but one vast sea of fog with a surface unbroken, while the coast range loomed up clear and distinct in the distance.

整个华金山谷都笼罩在一层难以穿透的雾气之中，从山脚到海岸线，除了一片茫茫的雾海，表面连绵不绝，而远处的海岸线则清晰可见。

Is there a single human being on the face of the earth who could gaze on such a scene as this and say in his heart, 'There is no God'?

地球上有谁能看到这样的景象，心里说：“没有上帝”？

Narrator : Alfred Doten, the ship captain's son from Plymouth, had a sweetheart and a family waiting for him at home.

旁白：来自普利茅斯的船长的儿子阿尔弗雷德·多滕（Alfred Doten）有一个心上人和一个家庭在家里等着他。

But with each passing month, he fell more deeply under the spell of California.

但随着时间的推移，他对加州的迷恋越来越深。

His mining company, like scores of others, had failed.

他的矿业公司和其他许多公司一样都失败了。

Its members had thrown their charter into the fire and disbanded.

它的成员把他们的章程扔进了火里并解散了。

But dashed hopes did not drive Doten back east.

但希望的破灭并没有让多顿回到东方。

Susan Lee Johnson, Historian : Alfred Doten began to live a life of dissipation.

历史学家苏珊·李·约翰逊：阿尔弗雷德·多顿开始过着放荡的生活。

He became a drunk, a womanizer; he pursues sexual relationships, particularly with women of color, native women, Mexican women.

他成了一个酒鬼，一个好色之徒；他追求性关系，特别是与有色人种女性、土著女性、墨西哥女性的性关系。

He felt that women of color simply are not women or certainly not ladies in the same way as women of his class and race.

他认为有色人种女性根本就不是女性，或者肯定不是与他的阶级和种族的女性一样的女士。

And so he feels quite free to pursue these short-lived sexual relationships, and feels little moral compunction about it.

因此，他觉得可以很自由地追求这些短暂的性关系，并且对此没有什么道德上的内疚。

Reading, Alfred Doten : "Maria" has fell in love with me and wants to have me for her lover as she is a yellow gal and it would hardly do for me to marry her legally -- She is worth 15.00 dollars -- She is a real good looking girl of fine shape and no doubt a fine bedfellow.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿 (Alfred Doten) 读到：“玛丽亚”爱上了我，并希望我成为她的情人，因为她是一个黄种女孩，我很难合法地与她结婚——她值 15.00 美元——她是一个真正漂亮的女孩，身材优美，毫无疑问是一个很好的床伴。

Narrator : Though he would continue to mine, Doten eventually opened a store -- a combination provisioning post and dance hall.

旁白：虽然 Doten 会继续采矿，但他最终还是开了一家商店——一家集补给站和舞厅于一体的商店。

There, he spent many a day playing his fiddle, downing whiskey after whiskey, and throwing himself headlong into brawls.

在那里，他花了很多天的时间拉小提琴，喝下一杯又一杯威士忌，然后一头扎进争吵中。

Reading, Alfred Doten : Sunday, August 15 -- Had a small bit of a scrape in the evening with Bob Paine, he being drunk, and as he darned and insulted me somewhat, I made him see stars and put him out of doors.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿 (Alfred Doten) 雷丁：8 月 15 日，星期日——晚上和鲍勃·潘恩 (Bob Paine) 喝醉了，有一点小擦伤，当他对我进行了一些修补和侮辱时，我让他看到了星星，并把他赶出了门。

Narrator : At one point, after an Anglo miner was murdered in a bar fight, Doten rounded up a posse to track down two Mexicans accused of the killing.

旁白：有一次，一名盎格鲁矿工在一场酒吧斗殴中被杀后，多顿召集了一队人追捕两名被指控杀人的墨西哥人。

The pair was given a brief, informal hearing -- and then hanged from a tree.

两人接受了简短的非正式听证会，然后被吊死在树上。

Reading, Alfred Doten : After they had hung about half an hour, we left them to swing in the wind till morning.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿（Alfred Doten）正在阅读：它们挂了大约半小时后，我们让它们在风中摇摆直到早晨。

The night was dark and fearful and rendered the scene awful and terrific in the extreme.

夜色漆黑，恐怖无比，将场面渲染得极其可怕和可怕。

Brian Roberts, Historian : This was a young man who was really expected to do well in life.

布莱恩·罗伯茨，历史学家：这是一个真正被期望过上好日子的年轻人。

In California, he undergoes just an amazing change.

在加利福尼亚州，他经历了惊人的变化。

He just freely embraces all of the vices, the violence of California.

他只是自由地拥抱加州的所有罪恶和暴力。

And you get the feeling that Doten has kind of reinvented himself in California, cut himself off from his past, cut himself off from his father.

你会感觉到多顿在加利福尼亚重塑了自己，与过去断绝了关系，与父亲断绝了关系。

Narrator : From time to time, Doten would be haunted by thoughts of his life back in Plymouth.

旁白：Doten 有时会想起他在普利茅斯的生活。

One night, he dreamt vividly of his father.

一天晚上，他梦见了自己的父亲。

Reading, Alfred Doten : I dreamed that he appeared to me and bade me "good-bye" as he was about to die.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿（Alfred Doten）正在阅读：我梦见他在快要死的时候出现在我面前并向我说了“再见”。

He gave me a blessing, bidding me "keep a stiff upper lip and do battle with the world as long as the world would show fight." With these words he died.

他给了我祝福，嘱咐我“要咬紧牙关，只要世界愿意战斗，就与世界战斗”。说完这句话，他就死了。

God bless the old man.

愿上帝保佑这位老人。

And may I yet see him alive and well in his old age.

愿我在晚年仍能看到他健康地活着。

Narrator : In late October 1850, a steamer entered San Francisco harbor and hoisted a banner bearing a long-awaited message.

旁白：1850 年 10 月下旬，一艘轮船驶入旧金山港，升起了一面横幅，上面写着人们期待已久的信息。

California had been admitted to the Union as the nation's 31st state.

加利福尼亚州已加入联邦，成为美国第 31 个州。

San Francisco erupted in celebration.

旧金山爆发了庆祝活动。

American flags flew from every staff and rooftop.

每个员工和屋顶上都飘扬着美国国旗。

Cannons boomed.

大炮轰鸣。

And people from all over the world paraded together through the streets, certain that California was poised on the brink of a glorious future.

来自世界各地的人们一起在街上游行，确信加州即将迎来辉煌的未来。

J.S.

J.S.

Holliday, Historian : The governor got up and he made a speech and he said, "Our state is a marvel to ourselves and a miracle to the world.

历史学家霍利迪：州长起身发表讲话，他说：“我们的州对我们自己来说是一个奇迹，对世界来说也是一个奇迹。

And that wasn't hype.

这并不是炒作。

That wasn't Chamber-of-Commerce talk.

这不是商会的谈话。

That was the truth.

这就是事实。

California began, from its moment of birth, as a marvel and a miracle.

加州从诞生的那一刻起，就被视为一个奇迹。

Narrator : In the decade ahead, California would continue to lure newcomers by the tens of thousands -- women from the North and South, come to join their husbands; farmers and merchants and industrialists looking to cash in on one of the most prosperous economies on the North American continent; and, in the early 1850's, huge numbers of Chinese, in search of opportunities unheard of in their homeland.

旁白：在未来的十年里，加州将继续吸引数以万计的新移民——来自北方和南方的女性来加入她们的丈夫；希望在北美大陆最繁荣的经济体之一大赚一笔的农民、商人和实业家； 1850 年代初，大批中国人开始寻找在祖国闻所未闻的机会。

Madeline Hsu, Historian : Chinese called California Gum San , which means the Gold Mountain.

历史学家Madeline Hsu：中文称为加州金山，意为金山。

As it looks like California's economy is going to be developing more, as California becomes part of the American nation, they're willing to go out and seek that chance and hope to make more money out of it.

看起来加州的经济将会更加发展，随着加州成为美国国家的一部分，他们愿意出去寻找机会，希望从中赚更多的钱。

Narrator : Small numbers of Chinese had been arriving in California ever since gold had been discovered.

旁白：自从发现金矿以来，就有少量中国人抵达加州。

Three hundred or so had come in 1849; 450 the next year.

1849 年约有 300 人来到这里；明年450。

Now, suddenly, the trickle turned to a flood.

现在，突然间，细流变成了洪水。

Twenty thousand Chinese passed through the San Francisco Customs House in 1852 alone -- 2,000 of them in a single day.

仅 1852 年就有两万名中国人通过旧金山海关，其中一天就有 2,000 人通过。

Most were farmers from the impoverished province of Guangdong, who had paid their passage by indenturing themselves to merchants in nearby Hong Kong.

其中大多数是来自贫困省份广东的农民，他们通过与附近香港的商人签订契约来支付路费。

Once in California, Chinese mutual assistance societies found them work to repay the debt.

到达加州后，华人互助会发现他们正在努力偿还债务。

Madeline Hsu, Historian : Chinese are very good at getting organized.

Madeline Hsu，历史学家：中国人非常善于组织。

And very soon after Chinese start coming to San Francisco, they started forming these associations and they were organized on the basis of native place and on the basis of kinship.

中国人来到旧金山后不久，他们就开始组建这些协会，它们是在家乡和血缘关系的基础上组织起来的。

People pay membership dues, and these associations provide Chinese with a common interest group in which the members will help each other out.

人们交纳会费，这些协会为中国人提供了一个共同的利益团体，成员之间互相帮助。

And protect the interests of Chinese in the United States.

并保护在美华人的利益。

Narrator : Many of the new immigrants went to work as miners, often banding together with other Chinese in the goldfields.

旁白：许多新移民都去当矿工，经常和其他华人一起在金矿里工作。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : The Chinese tended to stick to themselves.

品牌、历史学家：中国人倾向于坚持自我。

This was a matter of race; it was a matter of language; it was a matter of religion.

这是一个种族问题；这是一个语言问题；这是一个宗教问题。

It was in part because the Americans didn't want to have anything to do with them.

部分原因是美国人不想与他们有任何关系。

They formed very coherent communities in places like Chinatown in San Francisco, but equivalents even in the mining camps.

他们在旧金山唐人街等地形成了非常团结的社区，甚至在采矿营地也形成了类似的社区。

Madeline Hsu, Historian : White Americans had a consciousness of Chinese as being this other civilization, this other race of people, and in the mindsets of many, as being intrinsically different and incompatible.

马德琳·许（Madeline Hsu），历史学家：美国白人认为中国人是另一种文明，另一种人种，并且在许多人的观念中，他们具有本质上的不同和不相容。

And so when Chinese become too much of a presence, the resentment immediately arises.

因此，当中国人的存在过多时，就会立即产生怨恨。

Narrator : Under pressure from whites, state lawmakers forced the Chinese to pay the Foreign Miners Tax, which by now had been greatly reduced.

旁白：在白人的压力下，州立法者强迫华人缴纳外国矿工税，目前该税已大大降低。

The Chinese resigned themselves to paying the tax.

中国人只好听天由命地缴纳税款。

To avoid conflict with whites, they concentrated on working claims that had been abandoned by others -- and through sheer diligence managed to make them pay.

为了避免与白人发生冲突，他们专注于被其他人放弃的工作要求——并通过纯粹的勤奋设法让他们付出代价。

Before long, tax payments made by the Chinese miners would account for nearly one quarter of California's revenue.

不久之后，中国矿工缴纳的税款将占加州收入的近四分之一。

Other Chinese immigrants, meanwhile, settled in San Francisco or Sacramento, and made their money as fishermen, launderers and cooks.

与此同时，其他中国移民定居在旧金山或萨克拉门托，以渔民、洗钱者和厨师的身份赚钱。

Richard White, Historian : The Chinese are simply going to be subordinated, but allowed to participate in the Gold Rush economy, which in some way they're very, very necessary to.

历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：中国人只是处于从属地位，但被允许参与淘金热经济，从某种程度上来说，这是非常非常有必要的。

They're going to be abused, but they're not going to be driven out.

他们会受到虐待，但不会被赶出去。

California never does become, as the miners would say, a white man's society, because as much as people are subordinated, as much as people are driven out, they don't disappear.

加州永远不会像矿工们所说的那样成为白人社会，因为只要人们处于从属地位，只要人们被驱逐，他们就不会消失。

They don't vanish.

它们不会消失。

Madeline Hsu, Historian : Despite the hostile circumstances, despite the discrimination, many Chinese did find the United States to be the place that they considered home.

历史学家Madeline Hsu：尽管环境恶劣，尽管受到歧视，许多中国人确实发现美国是他们认为的家。

There were a lot of ways for Chinese to make money, to attain a standard of living that would not have been possible for them back in China.

中国人有很多赚钱的方法，可以达到他们在中国不可能达到的生活水平。

Narrator : There was Wah Lee, who had opened the first Chinese laundry in San Francisco, and quickly made himself a fortune ...

旁白：有一个李华，他在旧金山开了第一家华人洗衣店，很快就发了财……

and Yee Fung Cheung, who had given up mining to launch a busy herbal medicine practice ...

还有张怡丰 (Yee Fung Cheung)，他放弃了采矿业，开始从事繁忙的草药事业……

and Yee Ah Tye, an English-speaking merchant who had been nearly destitute when he first arrived, but now owned his own mining company and had a hundred men in his employ.

Yee Ah Tye 是一位讲英语的商人，他刚来时几乎一贫如洗，但现在拥有自己的采矿公司，并雇用了一百名员工。

In time, the success stories would drift back across the Pacific.

随着时间的推移，这些成功故事将飘回太平洋彼岸。

By 1870, there would be more than 48,000 Chinese in California.

到 1870 年，加州已有超过 48,000 名华人。

Richard White, Historian : The hardest thing for most people to do is to go back and admit failure.

历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：对于大多数人来说，最难做的事情就是回去承认失败。

They've committed themselves -- both in their own eyes and, remember, the eyes of people they left behind -- to be a success.

他们承诺——无论是在自己眼中，还是在他们身后的人眼中——都要取得成功。

California is a very hard place to get out of.

加州是一个很难离开的地方。

And one of the things that keeps you from getting out is your own pride, your own sense of disappointed ambitions.

阻止你走出去的因素之一就是你自己的骄傲，你自己的野心落空的感觉。

Narrator : When Hiram Pierce first arrived in California in 1849, it was with the idea of filling his pockets with gold and making a speedy return to the East.

旁白：1849 年，海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 第一次抵达加利福尼亚州时，他的想法是装满黄金，然后迅速返回东方。

But more than a year had passed, and so far nothing had gone according to plan.

但一年多过去了，到目前为止，一切都没有按计划进行。

Now, he had invested everything in one last-ditch effort.

现在，他已经投入了一切，做了最后的努力。

He and his mining partners had spent the past six weeks digging a canal -- a trough some 700 feet long and 16 feet wide.

他和他的采矿伙伴在过去的六个星期里挖掘了一条运河——一条长约 700 英尺、宽 16 英尺的槽。

The next step was to divert the river and mine the riverbed.

下一步是引流并在河床开采。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : We have expended about 3,000 dollars in time and money -- 12 of us -- and I am afraid it will not pay.

海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 雷丁：我们 12 个人已经花费了大约 3,000 美元的时间和金钱，但恐怕不会有回报。

It is going to be a difficult job to get the water out.

把水抽出来将是一项艰巨的工作。

Narrator : For several weeks, Pierce and the others worked the riverbed furiously.

旁白：几个星期以来，皮尔斯和其他人在河床上疯狂地工作。

But instead of a vein of gold, they found only an impenetrable mass of rocks and boulders.

但他们并没有发现金矿，而是发现了一堆无法穿透的岩石和巨石。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : It is impossible with our tools to get down to the ledge.

海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 阅读：用我们的工具不可能到达壁架。

We concluded to abandon it and give it up as a total loss.

我们决定放弃它，放弃它作为彻底的损失。

The river has risen three feet on account of rains.

由于下雨，河水上涨了三英尺。

I think strongly of home.

我很想家。

Narrator : Pierce finally had had enough.

旁白：皮尔斯终于受够了。

A few days later, he sold his shovel for two dollars, along with some other personal effects, and headed back to San Francisco.

几天后，他以两美元的价格卖掉了铲子以及其他一些个人物品，然后返回了旧金山。

From there, he set sail for home, not a penny richer than when he left.

从那里，他启航回家，身上的钱并不比离开时多一分钱。

Reading, Hiram Pierce : My dear but I hope not lonely wife, I have made an honest effort but the Lord has for some cause unknown to me ordered it otherwise.

海勒姆·皮尔斯正在阅读：我亲爱的但我希望不是孤独的妻子，我已经做出了诚实的努力，但主出于某种我不知道的原因却命令我这样做。

I will not longer sacrifice all that is dear on earth or worth living for, for the hope of gain.

我不会再为了获得利益而牺牲地球上所有珍贵的东西或值得为之而活的东西。

I have suffered voluntary banishment long enough.

我自愿被放逐已经够久了。

I cease and subscribe myself, Your Returning Prodigal.

我停下来订阅，你的浪子归来。

Narrator : By 1851, the surface gold in California was mostly gone.

旁白：到了 1851 年，加利福尼亚州的地表黄金已基本消失。

Rich deposits still remained, but they could only be reached by sinking shafts deep into granite hillsides, or blasting away at ancient streambeds with high-pressure jets of water.

丰富的沉积物仍然存在，但只能通过在花岗岩山坡深处凿井或用高压水柱爆破古老的河床才能到达。

Before long, the lone miner with his pan and shovel had been pushed aside by companies employing large crews that worked for a weekly paycheck.

不久之后，这位带着平底锅和铲子的孤独矿工就被雇佣大量员工、每周领取工资的公司推到一边。

Richard White, Historian : You might be getting a better wage than you were back east, but you're a wage laborer.

历史学家理查德·怀特：你的工资可能比东部地区高，但你是一名雇佣工人。

That's not what you came here for.

那不是你来这里的目的。

So, as time goes on, California betrays them.

所以，随着时间的推移，加利福尼亚背叛了他们。

Even though they do better than they might have done back east, this wasn't really what they had in mind.

尽管他们做得比在东部可能做的更好，但这并不是他们真正想要的。

Narrator : Staggering sums continued to be pulled from the California ground -- an average of nearly 60 million dollars a year throughout the 1850s -- but now, corporate investors pocketed most of it.

旁白： 加州继续获得惊人的资金——整个 1850 年代平均每年接近 6000 万美元——但现在，企业投资者将大部分收入囊中。

Many discouraged forty-niners headed home.

许多四十九岁的人灰心丧气地回家了。

Others would keep chasing the dream across the American West -- from California to the Rocky Mountains to Nevada's legendary Comstock Lode.

其他人则继续在美国西部追逐梦想——从加利福尼亚州到落基山脉再到内华达州传奇的康斯托克矿脉。

Richard White, Historian : These are people who come out for the Gold Rush, promising to come back, but end up drifting from mining rush to mining rush, each time thinking this new place is going to be the place they get their stake.

历史学家理查德怀特：这些人出来淘金热，承诺会回来，但最终却在采矿热潮之间漂流，每次都认为这个新地方将是他们获得股份的地方。

Most of them never will.

他们中的大多数人永远不会。

But they can't admit the failure.

但他们不能承认失败。

They can't go back.

他们无法回去。

Narrator : Alfred Doten was among those who never returned.

旁白：阿尔弗雷德·多顿（Alfred Doten）是那些再也没有回来的人之一。

Months passed, then years.

几个月过去了，然后是几年。

Eventually, he made a name for himself as a newspaperman in Nevada -- but the big strike always eluded him.

最终，他在内华达州作为一名新闻记者而名声大噪，但大罢工却总是与他失之交臂。

As time went by, he would slip further and further from his family in Plymouth, and drink more and more heavily.

随着时间的推移，他与普利茅斯的家人越来越疏远，酗酒也越来越严重。

Reading, Alfred Doten : Oct 2, 1900.

阿尔弗雷德·多顿 (Alfred Doten) 雷丁：1900 年 10 月 2 日。

My forty-niner arrival in California anniversary -- 51 years -- poorer than when I arrived, but richer in humanity and appreciativeness between man and man than ever.

我抵达加州四十九周年纪念日——五十一周年——比我刚来时更贫穷，但比以往任何时候都更富有人性和人与人之间的感激之情。

Expended about a dollar celebrating the event with other old forty-niners.

和其他四十九岁的老人一起庆祝这个活动花了大约一美元。

Narrator : Doten wiled away his last years on a barstool, trading nickel glasses of whiskey for romantic tales of the days of forty-nine.

旁白：多顿在吧台凳上度过了最后的岁月，用镍杯威士忌换来了四十九岁的浪漫故事。

He never saw his father again.

他再也没有见过他的父亲。

Narrator : The Wilson family had done well in California.

旁白：威尔逊一家在加州过得很好。

They had made money fast -- and in quantities that would have been unimaginable back in Missouri.

他们赚到的钱很快，而且数量在密苏里州是难以想象的。

So when a fire burned them out of Nevada City, in early 1851, Luzena and her husband gave no thought to going back home.

因此，1851 年初，当一场大火将他们从内华达城烧毁时，卢泽娜和她的丈夫根本没有想过要回家。

Instead, they headed west toward the coast.

相反，他们向西朝海岸行驶。

Reading, Luzena Wilson : We were fascinated by the beauty of a little valley, which already bore the name of Vaca.

阅读，卢泽娜·威尔逊：我们对一个小山谷的美丽着迷，它已经被命名为瓦卡。

We made up our minds, if possible, to buy land and settle.

我们决定，如果可能的话，购买土地并定居。

Narrator : The Wilsons bought a small plot near a spring-fed stream, where they opened another hotel, and planned to try their luck at farming.

旁白：威尔逊一家在泉水溪流附近买了一小块地，在那里开了另一家旅馆，并计划在农业方面碰碰运气。

Many other Americans decided to put down roots as well.

许多其他美国人也决定扎根。

Throughout California, Spanish-speaking natives saw their vast estates invaded by American squatters, then lost in bitter lawsuits.

在整个加利福尼亚州，讲西班牙语的当地人看到他们的大片庄园被美国占屋者入侵，然后在激烈的诉讼中败诉。

Open grazing lands became orderly rows of barley and wheat.

开阔的牧场变成了整齐排列的大麦和小麦。

And as nearly every steamer and stagecoach brought in wives and children, the frenetic energy that had fueled the gold rush gradually gave way to the more restrained tempo of settlement.

随着几乎每艘轮船和驿马车都载着妻子和孩子，推动淘金热的狂热能量逐渐让位于更加克制的定居节奏。

Reading, Luzena Wilson : The old-time Sabbath amusements of riding bucking mustangs into the saloons, drinking all day at the various bars, playing poker, and finishing the day with a free fight are things of the past.

卢泽娜·威尔逊 (Luzena Wilson) 正在阅读：过去的安息日娱乐活动，如骑着狂野的野马进入酒吧、在各种酒吧里整天喝酒、玩扑克、以自由搏击结束一天的生活，这些都已经成为过去。

Now the little town has grown civilized.

现在这个小镇已经变得文明了。

Narrator : Within eight years of settling in Vaca valley, the Wilsons owned most of the town that had grown up around them, and had established themselves as one of the wealthiest families in the county.

旁白：在瓦卡山谷定居的八年内，威尔逊家族拥有了他们周围成长起来的城镇的大部分土地，并成为该县最富有的家族之一。

Luzena, the one-time pioneer from the Missouri frontier, lived out her last years in a hotel in San Francisco, buying and selling real estate and socializing with some of the city's most fashionable ladies.

卢泽纳曾经是密苏里州边境的拓荒者，她在旧金山的一家酒店度过了她的晚年，买卖房地产并与该市一些最时尚的女士交往。

H.W.

H.W.

Brands, Historian : The gold rush was all about people willing to make great gambles.

历史学家布兰兹：淘金热是人们愿意进行豪赌的结果。

California presented to people a new model for the American dream -- one where the emphasis was on the ability to take risks, the willingness to gamble on the future.

加州向人们展示了一种新的美国梦模式——强调承担风险的能力，以及对未来进行赌博的意愿。

Brian Roberts, Historian : Prior to the Gold Rush, you see every once in a while in newspapers talk about a transcontinental railroad.

布莱恩·罗伯茨，历史学家：在淘金热之前，你偶尔会在报纸上看到有关横贯大陆铁路的讨论。

And typically, it's seen by observers as funny.

通常，观察者会认为这很有趣。

I mean, this is a wild dream.

我的意思是，这是一个疯狂的梦想。

You know, why not build a railroad to the moon?

你知道，为什么不修建一条通往月球的铁路呢？

After California, people don't mock that kind of idea anymore.

加州之后，人们不再嘲笑这种想法。

You could have these enormously large dreams.

你可以拥有这些巨大的梦想。

Kevin Starr, Historian : The myth of the Gold Rush tends to want to extract a kind of glorious adventure, untouched by any ambiguity.

历史学家凯文·斯塔尔（Kevin Starr）：淘金热的神话往往想要提取一种光荣的冒险，不受任何歧义的影响。

It wasn't that.

不是那样的。

As much as was gained, much was lost.

得到了多少，失去了多少。

The Gold Rush is a chance to create a new society; the Gold Rush is also the exclusion of others from the society that's created.

淘金热是创建新社会的机会；淘金热也将其他人排除在所创建的社会之外。

But this sense of breakthrough, of new beginnings, of expanded possibilities, comes directly from the Gold Rush.

但这种突破感、新的开始感、扩大的可能性感直接来自淘金热。

Isabel Allende, Writer : It was a time when the best and the worst of people was on the surface.

伊莎贝尔·阿连德，作家：在那个时代，最好的人和最坏的人都浮出水面。

All lives were extreme.

所有的生活都是极端的。

People were living, uh, on the edge.

人们生活在，呃，边缘。

The gold rush created this place that we call today California, and changed thousands of people.

淘金热创造了这个我们今天称之为加利福尼亚州的地方，并改变了成千上万的人。

Everything was possible.

一切皆有可能。

And I think that's what the gold represented.

我认为这就是黄金所代表的意义。

It was a metaphor for a new life.

这是新生活的隐喻。

Having found no gold to speak of, Pierce was soon back to blacksmithing, working day in and day out, just like before.

由于找不到任何黄金可言，皮尔斯很快又回到了铁匠行业，像以前一样日复一日地工作。

But as his daughter put it: "he never got over his California fever." More than a decade after he came home, he was still talking of the Golden State, and laying plans to return there, buy a farm, and give mining another go.

但正如他女儿所说：“他从未克服过加州热。”回国十多年后，他仍在谈论金州，并计划返回那里，购买农场，并再次尝试采矿。

Hiram Pierce died before he could make his dream a reality.

海勒姆·皮尔斯 (Hiram Pierce) 在实现梦想之前就去世了。

But in the years that followed, four of his seven children would leave Troy for good -- and go to live in California.

但在接下来的几年里，他的七个孩子中有四个永远离开特洛伊，去加利福尼亚生活。

An astounding amount of gold was pulled from the ground during the California gold rush.

在加州淘金热期间，从地下开采出了数量惊人的黄金。

The discovery of gold in1848 unleashed the largest migration in United States history and drew people from a dozen countries to form a multi-ethnic society in California.

1848 年黄金的发现引发了美国历史上最大规模的移民，吸引了来自十几个国家的人们在加利福尼亚形成了一个多种族社会。

George C.

乔治·C.

Briggs arrived in California from Ohio in 1849, but didn't spend much time digging for gold.

1849 年，布里格斯从俄亥俄州来到加利福尼亚州，但并没有花太多时间挖掘金矿。

Instead, he grew fruit.

相反，他种植了水果。

Miners of all nationalities indulged in the Gold Rush's most ubiquitous forms of entertainment: drinking and gambling.

各个国家的矿工都沉迷于淘金热时期最普遍的娱乐形式：饮酒和赌博。

California was a free state, but under state and federal laws a fugitive slave could be captured and returned to bondage.

加利福尼亚州是一个自由州，但根据州和联邦法律，逃亡的奴隶可以被捕获并重新受奴役。

Chinese immigrants first arrived in San Francisco in 1848.

中国移民于 1848 年首次抵达旧金山。

By the end of the 1850s, they made up one-fifth of the population in the Southern Mines.

到 1850 年代末，他们占南部矿区人口的五分之一。

In 1849, the Wilson family headed west to seek gold.

1849年，威尔逊家族前往西部寻找黄金。

As a woman, Luzena found herself a rarity in the adventure that lay ahead.

作为一名女性，卢泽娜发现自己在未来的冒险中很罕见。

For some, gold brought tremendous wealth, for others, devastating financial ruin.

对于一些人来说，黄金带来了巨大的财富，而对于另一些人来说，则造成了毁灭性的经济损失。

But its ramifications went well beyond the economic sphere — it also changed the face and shape of America at breakneck speed.

但它的影响远远超出了经济领域——它还以惊人的速度改变了美国的面貌和形态。

Not long after Mexico and the U.S. signed a treaty, news that gold had been discovered in northern California spread, and Californios like Coronel began digging.

墨西哥和美国签署条约后不久，加州北部发现金矿的消息传开，像科罗内尔这样的加州人开始挖掘。

Perez Rosales was one of about 3,000 Chileans who received passports in 1848 to travel to California in search of gold.

1848 年，大约 3,000 名智利人获得护照前往加利福尼亚州淘金，佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯 (Perez Rosales) 就是其中之一。

The Pierces faced new challenges when Hiram journied to California to seek fortune, leaving Sara and the family back east.

当海勒姆前往加利福尼亚寻求财富时，皮尔斯一家面临着新的挑战，而萨拉和家人则回到了东部。

Brannan didn't actually dig for gold, but gold swelled his investments to a fortune.

布兰南实际上并没有挖掘黄金，但黄金使他的投资增加了一大笔财富。