Flood in the Desert
Narrator: At two and a half minutes before midnight on the 12th of March 1928, the lights in Los Angeles flickered.
旁白：1928年3月12日午夜前两分半钟，洛杉矶灯光闪烁。
William Mulholland was asleep at his home near Windsor Square; he didn’t notice.
威廉·穆赫兰正在温莎广场附近的家中睡觉。他没有注意到。
William Deverell, Historian: Mulholland runs an agency that is in charge of providing water for Los Angeles.
威廉·德弗雷尔（William Deverell），历史学家：穆赫兰经营着一个负责为洛杉矶供水的机构。
He's a civil servant.
他是一名公务员。
Nonetheless, he's extraordinarily powerful, and he knows it.
尽管如此，他的力量却异常强大，他也知道这一点。
Erika Bsumek, Historian: Mulholland is the man who brought water to the city of Los Angeles.
埃里卡·布苏梅克（Erika Bsumek），历史学家：穆赫兰是给洛杉矶市带来水源的人。
With the aqueduct, with the dams, he forges Los Angeles into a major city.
凭借渡槽和水坝，他将洛杉矶打造成为一座大城市。
Narrator: Meanwhile, in a canyon forty miles northwest of the city, Ace Hopewell pulled his motorcycle to the side of the road.
旁白：与此同时，在城市西北四十英里的一个峡谷里，艾斯·霍普威尔把他的摩托车停在路边。
He passed the St Francis Dam about a mile back: Mulholland’s most recent creation, a wall of concrete twenty stories high, holding back twelve billion gallons of water.
他经过了大约一英里后的圣弗朗西斯大坝：穆赫兰的最新作品，一堵二十层高的混凝土墙，挡住了 120 亿加仑的水。
As he lit a cigarette, Hopewell heard a sound in the distance.
当霍普韦尔点燃一支香烟时，他听到远处有声音。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: It’s fifty-four miles to the ocean.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：距大海五十四英里。
As many as ten thousand people are downstream from this.
此下游者多达万人。
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David Rogers, Geological Engineer: They could actually feel the vibration and they could hear it coming.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：他们实际上可以感觉到振动，并且可以听到它的到来。
It felt like an earthquake.
感觉就像地震一样。
Gloria Velasco, Descendant: They saw their neighbors running out.
格洛丽亚·贝拉斯科（Gloria Velasco），后裔：他们看到邻居们都跑完了。
And then they realized.
然后他们意识到了。
But by that time, the water was just upon them.
但那时，水已经淹没了他们。
Louis Warren, Historian: Most of the people who were killed probably never knew what was happening to them.
历史学家路易斯·沃伦：大多数被杀的人可能永远不知道他们身上发生了什么。
William Deverell, Historian: That wall of water carried bodies out to the Pacific Ocean.
历史学家威廉·德弗雷尔：那道水墙将尸体带到了太平洋。
Narrator: It was one of the worst civil engineering disasters in American history, rooted in a national drive to harness Nature and remake the West.
旁白：这是美国历史上最严重的土木工程灾难之一，其根源在于国家利用自然和重塑西方的努力。
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David Rogers, Geological Engineer: The question is not whether water should have been brought to Los Angeles, but rather how it was done.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：问题不在于是否应该将水带到洛杉矶，而在于如何进行。
Because the consequences are so devastating.
因为后果是如此毁灭性。
Erika Bsumek, Historian: When infrastructure fails, engineers use the disaster to learn from and rebuild.
历史学家 Erika Bsumek：当基础设施出现故障时，工程师会利用灾难来吸取教训并进行重建。
But the failure of the St. Francis Dam is as much a social-political story as it is an engineering story.
但圣弗朗西斯大坝的失败既是一个社会政治故事，也是一个工程故事。
And when there's a social disaster, we need to think about where did we go wrong as a society.
当发生社会灾难时，我们需要思考我们的社会哪里出了问题。
José M.
何塞·M.
Alamillo, Historian: When I was a young boy my parents would always warn me not to go to the river.
阿拉米洛，历史学家：当我还是个小男孩的时候，我的父母总是警告我不要去河边。
They would tell the story of La Llorona, a woman that would be crying along the riverbed, searching for her children.
他们会讲述拉洛罗娜的故事，一个女人沿着河床哭泣，寻找她的孩子。
There's definitely a haunting of the river even to this day.
直到今天，这条河仍然令人难以忘怀。
I never understood until I was much older, why there were ghosts along the Santa Clara River.
直到年纪大了我才明白为什么圣克拉拉河沿岸有鬼魂。
Narrator: The St Francis Dam disaster began in a flush of hope.
旁白：圣弗朗西斯大坝灾难始于一股希望。
On a perfect November morning in 1913 forty thousand Angelenos gathered at a new landmark called the Cascades to inaugurate one of the wonders of the modern world.
1913 年 11 月一个完美的早晨，四万洛杉矶人聚集在一个名为喀斯喀特的新地标，为现代世界的奇迹之一揭幕。
Narrator: The Los Angeles Aqueduct was a perfect emblem for the city of tomorrow: more than two hundred miles of pipes and canals, carrying enough water for two-and-a-half million people - ten times the current population - from the Sierra Nevada mountains to the outskirts of the city.
旁白：洛杉矶渡槽是未来城市的完美象征：超过两百英里的管道和运河，从内华达山脉到城市郊区，为二百五十万人（是目前人口的十倍）输送足够的水。
Maria E.
玛丽亚·E。
Montoya, Historian: The aqueduct does hail a new beginning for Los Angeles.
历史学家蒙托亚：渡槽确实为洛杉矶带来了新的开始。
It very much follows on the idea of Manifest Destiny, but now it's not just about land, it's about controlling the resources to make the American West the kind of civilization they want it to be, the kind of place that they want it to be.
它在很大程度上遵循了昭昭命运的理念，但现在它不仅仅是关于土地，而是关于控制资源，使美国西部成为他们想要的文明，他们想要的地方。
Narrator: The Los Angeles Times proclaimed, “A mighty river has been brought out from the mountain wilderness, an inexhaustible supply of water.” And there was more.
旁白：《洛杉矶时报》宣称：“从山野中涌出了一条浩瀚的河流，取之不尽的水源。”还有更多。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: They realized that they could use this flow to turn generators and generate ninety percent of the electricity that was needed by Los Angeles.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：他们意识到可以利用这种水流来转动发电机并产生洛杉矶所需电力的百分之九十。
Narrator: With ample water and clean power, L.A.
旁白：洛杉矶拥有充足的水和清洁的电力。
would lead the way to a better future, far from the crowded cities of the East.
将带领人们走向更美好的未来，远离东方拥挤的城市。
“No black pillars of smoke shall blind the sun,” the LA Times promised, “no army of grimy workers shall feed the red-mouthed furnaces, for the river - bound with hoops of steel – shall generate the power for numberless industries.”
《洛杉矶时报》承诺：“黑色的烟柱不会遮蔽太阳，肮脏的工人大军不会向红嘴熔炉供料，因为被钢圈束缚的河流将为无数工业提供电力。”
Erika Bsumek, Historian: We will be a modern city.
历史学家 Erika Bsumek：我们将成为一座现代化城市。
We're not going to be like those older places that have these older social problems.
我们不会像那些存在这些古老社会问题的老地方一样。
We can remake ourselves in this new way.
我们可以用这种新的方式重塑自己。
William Deverell, Historian: Having quote unquote ended the frontier era, the West is now going to be won or lost, through its cities.
历史学家威廉·德弗雷尔（William Deverell）： 边疆时代结束了，现在西方的胜负将取决于其城市。
The rise of faith in the city, it's very optimistic.
这座城市信心的崛起，是非常乐观的。
Narrator: The mastermind behind the aqueduct was the head of the Los Angeles Bureau of Water Works and Supply, an Irish immigrant who never finished grade school.
旁白：渡槽的幕后策划者是洛杉矶水务局局长，他是一位从未读完小学的爱尔兰移民。
“Well, I went to school in Ireland when I was a boy,” William Mulholland told a reporter, “learned the three Rs and the Ten Commandments – or most of them – made a pilgrimage to the Blarney Stone, received my father’s blessing, and here I am.”
“嗯，当我还是个孩子的时候，我在爱尔兰上学，”威廉·穆赫兰告诉记者，“学习了三个R和十诫——或者其中的大部分——朝布拉尼石朝圣，得到了我父亲的祝福，然后我就在这里了。”
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David Rogers, Geological Engineer: He starts out as a ditch digger.
大卫·罗杰斯（David Rogers），地质工程师：他一开始是一名挖沟工。
I mean, you can't start out any lower, you know, than that.
我的意思是，你知道，你不能从比这更低的起点开始。
But that's what made him such a good field general.
但这就是使他成为一名优秀战地将军的原因。
He understands the working man and how to marshal their efforts.
他了解工人以及如何协调他们的努力。
That was what he lived for.
这就是他活着的目的。
Flannery Burke, Historian: Angelenos really loved him because he was a working class immigrant who had made good.
弗兰纳里·伯克（Flannery Burke），历史学家：洛杉矶人真的很爱他，因为他是一个成功的工人阶级移民。
He was the hearty Irishman, a man of the people.
他是一个热情的爱尔兰人，一个人民的人。
Narrator: But the settlers in the Owens River Valley, the source of LA’s water, saw William Mulholland very differently.
旁白：但是洛杉矶水源地欧文斯河谷的定居者对威廉·穆赫兰的看法却截然不同。
As far as they were concerned he was taking their river, leaving farms and towns to wither on the vine.
对他们来说，他正在夺走他们的河流，让农场和城镇在藤蔓上枯萎。
They had been kept in the dark about the aqueduct as the city quietly bought up their land and water rights.
当市政府悄悄买下他们的土地和水权时，他们对渡槽一事一无所知。
DC Jackson, Historian: The Owens Valley was a rural, high desert community that had become settled by Euro Americans in the 1860s.
DC Jackson，历史学家：欧文斯谷是一个乡村高地沙漠社区，在 1860 年代由欧美人定居。
Their fortunes were tied to the Owens River.
他们的命运与欧文斯河息息相关。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: The water wasn't stolen, but it was not acquired all in the up and up.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：水没有被偷，但也不是完全获得的。
They certainly didn't tell them that their plan really was to run the water down to Los Angeles.
他们当然没有告诉他们，他们的计划实际上是将水输送到洛杉矶。
Narrator: The anger in the Owens Valley would haunt Mulholland to his grave, but for most Angelenos, any qualms about the project were eclipsed by its breathtaking scale and ambition.
旁白：欧文斯山谷的愤怒将困扰穆赫兰直至他的坟墓，但对于大多数洛杉矶人来说，对该项目的任何疑虑都因其令人惊叹的规模和野心而黯然失色。
William Deverell, Historian: It is a gargantuan construction project: placing metal aqueduct structures in and around valleys, arroyos, sheer mountains, long, flat, dry expanses of the California landscape.
历史学家威廉·德弗雷尔（William Deverell）：这是一个庞大的建设项目：在山谷、阿罗约斯、陡峭的山脉以及加州漫长、平坦、干燥的土地及其周围放置金属渡槽结构。
It's astonishing.
真是令人惊讶。
DC Jackson, Historian: To think that you could bring that water over two hundred miles, that's just extraordinary at the time.
DC Jackson，历史学家：想想你可以把水运到两百英里之外，这在当时是很了不起的。
It would be a huge project today.
今天这将是一个巨大的工程。
Narrator: On that November day in 1913, when Angelenos gathered at the Cascades to celebrate the opening of the aqueduct, they were captivated by the city’s glittering future.
旁白：1913年11月的一天，当洛杉矶人聚集在喀斯喀特庆祝渡槽开通时，他们被这座城市闪闪发光的未来所吸引。
Shortly after 1 PM, Owens River water was released down the Cascades for the first time.
下午 1 点后不久，欧文斯河的水首次沿着喀斯喀特瀑布释放。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: People just rushed toward the water.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：人们只是冲向水边。
They had brought tin cups to dip into the water as it was coming down, to drink the first water from this manmade river.
他们带着锡杯在水流下来时浸入水中，喝这条人造河的第一口水。
Narrator: As the crowd rushed to marvel at their new river, Mulholland perfectly captured the moment.
旁白：当人们纷纷惊叹于他们的新河流时，穆赫兰完美地捕捉到了这一时刻。
“There it is,” he shouted from the stage.
“就是这样，”他在舞台上喊道。
“Take it.”
“拿着吧。”
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David Rogers, Geological Engineer: The aqueduct was a game changer.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：渡槽改变了游戏规则。
It made Los Angeles the fastest growing city in the United States.
它使洛杉矶成为美国发展最快的城市。
Erika Bsumek, Historian: The aqueduct teaches Los Angeles that it can do bold and amazing things.
历史学家埃里卡·布苏梅克 (Erika Bsumek)：渡槽告诉洛杉矶，它可以做出大胆而令人惊奇的事情。
Rachel St. John, Historian: Suburbs are springing up all over and migrants are pouring into Los Angeles.
历史学家雷切尔·圣约翰：郊区如雨后春笋般涌现，移民涌入洛杉矶。
It was a moment of great excitement.
这是一个非常激动的时刻。
William Deverell, Historian: That's not to say this works for everybody by any stretch of the imagination.
历史学家 William Deverell：这并不是说这对每个人都有效。
There's racial segregation in law and in practice.
法律和实践中都存在种族隔离。
There's violence meted out to nonwhites.
非白人遭受暴力。
So, it's not an alchemy of fulfillment and happiness that spreads to everybody.
所以，这并不是一种能够传播给每个人的满足感和幸福感的炼金术。
But the mythic qualities of it are palpable.
但它的神话特质是显而易见的。
The dream was: come here, perhaps start anew.
梦想是：来到这里，也许可以重新开始。
Narrator: But as Los Angeles boomed, Southern California was drying up.
旁白：但当洛杉矶蓬勃发展时，南加州却在逐渐枯竭。
By the time the population blew past the one million mark in the early 1920s, the aqueduct flow had been cut almost in half by years of drought.
当人口在 20 年代初突破 100 万大关时，渡槽流量因连年干旱而几乎减少了一半。
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David Rogers, Geological Engineer: Just think about it: they were looking out fifty years, and they were out of water in ten.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：想一想：他们展望了五十年，但十年后就没有水了。
Surprise, surprise.
惊喜，惊喜。
That’s what California is full of.
这就是加州充满的东西。
It’s full of surprises.
它充满了惊喜。
Flannery Burke, Historian: What Mulholland created was an illusion of abundance.
弗兰纳里·伯克（Flannery Burke），历史学家：穆赫兰道创造的是一种丰富的幻觉。
And so, the people of the city of Los Angeles keep using more water instead of responding to drought conditions.
因此，洛杉矶市的人们继续使用更多的水，而不是应对干旱。
Louis Warren, Historian: There are lawns everywhere.
历史学家路易斯·沃伦：到处都是草坪。
Spectacular flower gardens.
壮观的花园。
The amount of water poured onto those lawns is pretty astounding.
浇在这些草坪上的水量相当惊人。
Narrator: In order to quench L.A.’s thirst, the Bureau of Water went on another buying spree in the Owens Valley, laying claim to most of the remaining water, and further undermining the region’s economy.
旁白：为了给洛杉矶解渴，水务局在欧文斯谷再次疯狂收购，侵占了大部分剩余的水，进一步破坏了该地区的经济。
Louis Warren, Historian: There's a tremendous amount of anger growing in the Owens Valley.
路易斯·沃伦（Louis Warren），历史学家：欧文斯山谷中存在着巨大的愤怒情绪。
There's a sense that the community is really being destroyed.
有一种感觉，社区确实正在被摧毁。
Rachel St. John, Historian: To see this distant city turning into a glamorous metropolis, and using their water must have been incredibly frustrating.
雷切尔·圣约翰，历史学家：看到这座遥远的城市变成一座迷人的大都市，并使用他们的水一定是令人难以置信的沮丧。
Erika Bsumek, Historian: Arrogance absolutely plays a big role.
Erika Bsumek，历史学家：傲慢绝对起着重要作用。
There is a lot of resentment that is driven by the decisions and the attitudes of people like Mulholland.
像穆赫兰这样的人的决定和态度引发了很多怨恨。
Flannery Burke, Historian: The farmers in the Owens River Valley weren't perceived as equal citizens; they are imperial subjects.
弗兰纳里·伯克（Flannery Burke），历史学家：欧文斯河谷的农民并没有被视为平等的公民；他们是帝国的臣民。
Narrator: The anger only deepened when it became clear that much of the Owens River water wasn’t going to Los Angeles at all.
旁白：当人们清楚欧文斯河的大部分水根本不会流向洛杉矶时，人们的愤怒更加加深了。
Even as the rest of Southern California was drying up, the city was providing vast amounts of water to farms and orchards in the San Fernando Valley, which belonged in large part to a syndicate of the most powerful men in the city .
即使南加州其他地区正在干涸，该市仍在为圣费尔南多谷的农场和果园提供大量的水，这些农场和果园在很大程度上属于该市最有权势的一个财团。
Louis Warren, Historian: Did the city really need to provide landowners in the San Fernando Valley with that much water?
历史学家路易斯·沃伦：该市真的需要为圣费尔南多谷的土地所有者提供那么多水吗？
Well, it turns out that the owner of the Los Angeles Times and some other associates have bought a lot of land there.
原来，《洛杉矶时报》的老板和其他一些同事在那里买了很多土地。
Those wealthy landowners made a killing.
那些富有的地主大赚了一笔。
Maria E.
玛丽亚·E。
Montoya, Historian: It's very easy to picture Mulholland as corrupt, but he wasn't doing this because he was getting paid off to do it or he was making money off of it.
蒙托亚，历史学家：很容易将穆赫兰道想象成腐败的，但他这样做并不是因为他这样做是因为他得到了报酬或者他从中赚钱。
I think for him, it's really about his own vision and his power and his ability to remake nature.
我认为对他来说，这实际上是关于他自己的愿景、他的力量以及他重塑自然的能力。
I think that's what's driving him.
我认为这就是他的动力。
Narrator: The threat of shortages accelerated the next phase in Mulholland’s master plan.
旁白：短缺的威胁加速了穆赫兰总体规划的下一阶段。
Louis Warren, Historian: In a dry year, if there isn't a lot of snow in the Sierra Nevada, the aqueduct won't deliver as much water to Los Angeles.
历史学家路易斯·沃伦：在干旱的年份，如果内华达山脉没有很多雪，渡槽就不会向洛杉矶输送那么多的水。
So they need storage, a big reservoir, so you could fill it up in the wet years and in the dry years, it'll tide you over.
所以他们需要储存，一个大水库，这样你就可以在潮湿的年份填满它，在干旱的年份，它会让你渡过难关。
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David Rogers, Geological Engineer: In the summer of 1922, Mulholland decided to build seven new dams near the southern end of the aqueduct, including a pair of majestic concrete structures worthy of a great metropolis: the Hollywood Dam in the hills overlooking Los Angeles, and biggest of all, the St. Francis Dam, in a canyon forty miles northwest of the city.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：1922 年夏天，穆赫兰决定在渡槽南端附近建造七座新水坝，其中包括两座堪比大都市的雄伟混凝土建筑：位于俯瞰洛杉矶山上的好莱坞水坝，以及位于城市西北 40 英里峡谷中最大的圣弗朗西斯水坝。
Rachel St. John, Historian: The St. Francis Dam and the Hollywood Dam are similar structures; they were both built with the same design, a tribute to engineering triumph and the control of nature, and it's impossible not to think that he saw it as a tribute to him as well.
雷切尔·圣约翰，历史学家：圣弗朗西斯大坝和好莱坞大坝是相似的结构；它们都是采用相同的设计建造的，这是对工程胜利和自然控制的致敬，不可能不认为他也将其视为对他自己的致敬。
Narrator: Plans were drawn up in Mulholland’s offices in the fall of 1922.
旁白：1922 年秋天，穆赫兰道的办公室制定了计划。
Twenty years before, the city had required that a group of experts review his plans for the aqueduct.
二十年前，该市要求一组专家审查他的渡槽计划。
But that was then.
但那是那时。
Dc Jackson, Historian: This is that sense that he had earned the right to sort of do what he wanted to do.
历史学家 DC Jackson：这就是他赢得了做他想做的事情的权利的感觉。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: This is the second largest storage reservoir in Southern California.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：这是南加州第二大水库。
It should have had peer review, at least some people outside his organization reviewing it and looking at it.
它应该经过同行评审，至少是组织之外的一些人对其进行评审和研究。
But nobody's questioning him by the time you get to 1922.
但到了 1922 年，已经没有人质疑他了。
Nobody.
没有人。
Narrator: In April of 1924 the first construction workers arrived in the San Francisquito Canyon.
旁白：1924 年 4 月，第一批建筑工人抵达旧金山峡谷。
It had been twelve years since Mulholland’s crews ran the southern end of the aqueduct through here, and three years since they finished building a generating station called Powerhouse 2 about a mile downstream from the new dam.
穆赫兰道的工作人员将渡槽南端穿过这里已经过去十二年了，距离新水坝下游约一英里处建造一座名为“二号发电厂”的发电站也已经过去了三年。
The Powerhouse 2 workers and their families lived in wooden bungalows clustered around the plant at the bottom of the canyon.
Powerhouse 2 的工人和他们的家人住在峡谷底部工厂周围的木制平房里。
Now their quiet little community was overrun with men and machinery.
现在，他们安静的小社区挤满了人和机器。
But just as the project was gearing up, it suddenly took on a new urgency.
但正当该项目准备就绪时，突然出现了新的紧迫性。
On the 21st of May 1924, a massive explosion destroyed a section of the aqueduct in Owens Valley.
1924 年 5 月 21 日，一场大规模爆炸摧毁了欧文斯谷渡槽的一部分。
The damage was repaired within a few days, but as far as the activists in the Valley were concerned, the fight was just getting started.
几天之内，损害就得到了修复，但对于硅谷的活动人士来说，战斗才刚刚开始。
Maria E.
玛丽亚·E。
Montoya, Historian: The aqueduct was a disaster for Owens Valley.
历史学家蒙托亚：渡槽对欧文斯谷来说是一场灾难。
The people who lived there lost almost all of their water.
住在那里的人们几乎失去了所有的水。
It became such a desolate place.
这里变得如此荒凉。
It was a complete undoing of their livelihoods and their households and their families.
这彻底毁掉了他们的生计、家庭和家人。
DC Jackson, Historian: To the city and to Mulholland, this is terrorism.
DC Jackson，历史学家：对于这座城市和穆赫兰来说，这就是恐怖主义。
You are destroying the water supply for this major urban center.
你们正在破坏这个主要城市中心的供水。
Narrator: Six months after the first attack, over a hundred men seized the aqueduct control gates in Owens Valley, opened up the valves, and released the water onto the parched soil.
旁白：第一次袭击发生六个月后，一百多人占领了欧文斯谷的渡槽控制门，打开阀门，将水排放到干燥的土壤上。
They wouldn’t restore the aqueduct flow, they said, until the city agreed to pay reparations and limit any further expansion of the project.
他们说，在市政府同意支付赔偿并限制该项目的进一步扩建之前，他们不会恢复渡槽的流量。
By noon the next day hundreds of men, women, and children had joined the siege, which had come to look more like a huge barbecue.
到第二天中午，数百名男人、女人和孩子加入了围攻，围攻看起来更像是一场巨大的烧烤。
Families came with picnics, businesses up and down the Valley closed for the occasion, and a group of musicians arrived, courtesy of movie star Tom Mix, who was shooting a western nearby.
家人前来野餐，山谷内外的企业都因这个节日而关门，一群音乐家也来到了这里，这是由正在附近拍摄西部片的电影明星汤姆·米克斯 (Tom Mix) 提供的。
The siege lasted four days, long enough to make news around the world.
围困持续了四天，时间长得足以成为全世界的新闻。
To Mulholland’s annoyance, much of the coverage presented the settlers’ actions as a noble struggle against the corruption and power of Los Angeles.
令穆赫兰烦恼的是，大部分报道都将定居者的行为描述为反对洛杉矶腐败和权力的崇高斗争。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: It became known in the press as “The Little Civil War.” And it was intense, and it was violent.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：它被媒体称为“小内战”。而且很激烈，很暴力。
Louis Warren, Historian: There are multiple layers of irony here.
历史学家路易斯·沃伦：这里有多层讽刺。
When the settlers of the Owens Valley came in the 1850s and 60s, they displaced the Northern Paiute people, the Native people who lived in the Owens Valley.
1850 年代和 60 年代，欧文斯山谷的定居者来到这里，他们取代了居住在欧文斯山谷的原住民北派尤特人。
Narrator: Before contact, the Paiutes’ homeland had stretched across thirty million acres of the Western Interior.
旁白：在接触之前，派尤特人的家园横跨西部内陆三千万英亩。
Although most preferred a nomadic lifestyle, one group settled in Owens Valley, where the snowmelt coming off the Sierra Nevada Mountains provided a reliable source of water.
尽管大多数人更喜欢游牧生活方式，但其中一个群体定居在欧文斯谷，内华达山脉的融雪提供了可靠的水源。
Will Cowan, Historian: The Paiutes there, they were building irrigation canals going back to 1000 A.D., so they could take the runoff from the back side of the Sierra Nevada and they could grow different types of indigenous crops.
历史学家威尔·考恩（Will Cowan）：那里的派尤特人早在公元 1000 年就开始修建灌溉渠，这样他们就可以吸收内华达山脉背面的径流，从而种植不同类型的本土作物。
Of course, during the conquest, there's an influx of white Americans to the West Coast.
当然，在征服期间，有大量美国白人涌入西海岸。
For the Owens Valley Paiute in particular, there’s tension over kidnapping of Paiute children and other types of really atrocious things, and there's a series of wars.
特别是对于欧文斯谷派尤特人来说，绑架派尤特儿童和其他类型的真正残暴的事情导致紧张局势，并且发生了一系列战争。
In the long run it's the Paiute who are removed from their ancestral lands as the settlers come there and basically take over the irrigation system that the Paiutes had built a thousand years before.
从长远来看，随着定居者来到那里，派尤特人被从他们祖先的土地上搬走，并基本上接管了派尤特人一千年前建造的灌溉系统。
Louis Warren, Historian : So what the settlers did to Native people the city of Los Angeles is in a sense doing to them.
路易斯·沃伦（Louis Warren），历史学家：所以，定居者对洛杉矶市原住民所做的事情在某种意义上也是对他们所做的。
Taking the water away.
把水拿走。
Narrator: The Los Angeles Water Bureau picked up where the Paiute Wars left off, insisting that any Paiute who remained in the Valley should be removed through a land swap - for humanitarian reasons.
旁白：洛杉矶水务局从派尤特战争结束的地方继续进行，坚持认为出于人道主义原因，任何留在山谷中的派尤特人都应该通过土地交换被移除。
“Some are living in dugouts or crudely constructed shacks that are a disgrace to American Ideals,” an internal report observed, before coming to the point.
“有些人住在防空洞或简陋的棚屋里，这是对美国理想的耻辱，”一份内部报告在进入正题之前评论道。
“Nearly all of them use immense quantities of water.”
“几乎所有这些都消耗大量的水。”
Will Cowan, Historian: Is it a morality tale?
历史学家威尔·考恩：这是一个道德故事吗？
It's always a morality tale.
这始终是一个道德故事。
But of course, it depends on whose morals and whose perspective.
但当然，这取决于谁的道德和谁的观点。
Erika Bsumek, Historian: The dispossession is really woven into the fabric of the American West.
历史学家埃里卡·布苏梅克（Erika Bsumek）：剥夺确实融入了美国西部的结构中。
It's the philosophy that forms the entire foundation of the settlement of the region.
这种哲学构成了该地区定居的整个基础。
Narrator: By the fall of 1924, the canyon was a hive of activity.
旁白：到 1924 年秋天，峡谷里热闹非凡。
Trucks ferried sand and gravel to a small concrete plant at the downstream face of the dam.
卡车将沙子和砾石运送到大坝下游的一个小型混凝土厂。
A crane lifted the liquid concrete; workers directed it into position.
起重机吊起液态混凝土；工人们将其引导到位。
Over the next sixteen months that same operation would be repeated tens of thousands of times.
在接下来的十六个月里，同样的操作将重复数万次。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: A gravity dam's a very simple concept.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：重力坝是一个非常简单的概念。
It's a retaining wall that you're building to have something of much greater weight and stability than the forces you're putting against it.
您正在建造的挡土墙的重量和稳定性比您施加的力大得多。
And this is water.
这是水。
This is concrete.
这是具体的。
So a dam that has a triangular shape should be able to hold back a lake that's of infinite length.
因此，三角形的水坝应该能够阻挡无限长度的湖泊。
Narrator: As work proceeded on the dam, Mulholland decided to make it taller than originally planned.
旁白：随着大坝工程的进展，穆赫兰道决定将其修得比原计划更高。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: Mulholland had made a promise that he wanted enough storage to contain one year's water supply for Los Angeles.
大卫·罗杰斯，地质工程师：穆赫兰曾许诺，他想要足够的存储空间来容纳洛杉矶一年的供水。
Because the population was increasing so much every year the demand was greater and greater.
由于人口每年都在增加，需求也越来越大。
And so Mulholland increased the height of the dam ten feet the first year that they were in construction, and then the second year he did it again - without increasing the base width.
因此，穆赫兰在修建大坝的第一年就将大坝的高度增加了十英尺，然后第二年他又这样做了——但没有增加坝基宽度。
DC Jackson, Historian: What's important here is, OK, you can raise the height of the dam.
DC Jackson，历史学家：这里重要的是，好吧，你可以提高大坝的高度。
But if you do this, there's going to be more pressure on the concrete.
但如果这样做，混凝土就会承受更大的压力。
And you better make sure that it's thick enough to withstand that.
你最好确保它的厚度足以承受。
Narrator: In fact, Mulholland was distracted by an even more ambitious undertaking.
旁白：事实上，《穆赫兰道》被一项更雄心勃勃的事业分散了注意力。
Maria E.
玛丽亚·E。
Montoya, Historian: The Boulder Dam Project, which becomes the Hoover Dam, is an undertaking that even dwarfs the aqueduct: to take water from the Colorado River and move it you know to various places along Southern California.
蒙托亚，历史学家：博尔德水坝项目，后来成为胡佛水坝，是一项甚至使渡槽相形见绌的工程：从科罗拉多河取水，然后将其输送到南加州的各个地方。
Mulholland is a consultant to that project.
穆赫兰是该项目的顾问。
It feeds into his vision of what Southern California can become.
这融入了他对南加州未来发展的愿景。
Narrator: Even as the biggest dam he’d ever built was rising in the San Francisquito Canyon, Mulholland was on the road for weeks at a time, mapping out routes for a Colorado River Aqueduct, and lobbying in Sacramento and Washington.
旁白：即使他建造的最大的水坝正在圣弗朗西斯基托峡谷拔地而起，穆赫兰也一次在路上花费数周的时间，为科罗拉多河渡槽规划路线，并在萨克拉门托和华盛顿进行游说。
All the while, behind the St Francis Dam the water was rising, the pressure building.
与此同时，圣弗朗西斯大坝后面的水位不断上涨，压力不断增大。
DC Jackson, Historian: When it’s completed in the spring of 1926, there's almost no public notice of it.
DC Jackson，历史学家：当它于 1926 年春天竣工时，几乎没有公众注意到它。
There are a number of dynamite attacks that take place along the aqueduct.
渡槽沿线发生了多起炸药袭击事件。
I think they don't want to draw attention to it.
我认为他们不想引起人们的注意。
Narrator: The official reticence did nothing to pacify the settlers in the Owens Valley.
旁白：官方的沉默并没有安抚欧文斯山谷的定居者。
On May 27, 1927, an explosion ripped out one of the largest siphons in the aqueduct.
1927 年 5 月 27 日，一场爆炸炸毁了渡槽中最大的虹吸管之一。
A few nights later another sixty-foot section was destroyed.
几天后的晚上，另一个六十英尺的部分被摧毁。
By the end of June there had been three more attacks on the aqueduct, and the city was alive with rumors of a plot to bomb the St Francis Dam.
到六月底，渡槽又发生了三起袭击事件，这座城市充斥着密谋轰炸圣弗朗西斯大坝的谣言。
The authorities had yet to make a single arrest; no one in the Valley was talking.
当局尚未逮捕任何人；山谷里没有人说话。
Hundreds of armed guards were sent in; to locals, they were an occupying army.
数百名武装警卫被派往现场；对于当地人来说，他们是一支占领军。
Despite the worries about sabotage, communities that lay in the potential flood path were never consulted about the dam.
尽管担心有人破坏，但从未就大坝问题征求位于潜在洪水路径上的社区的意见。
The Santa Clara River Valley stretched fifty miles from the San Francisquito Canyon to the Pacific Ocean, a patchwork of citrus farms and oil wells that was a magnet for newcomers seeking work.
圣克拉拉河谷从圣弗朗西斯基托峡谷一直延伸到太平洋，绵延五十英里，由柑橘农场和油井组成，对寻找工作的新移民有着巨大的吸引力。
José M.
何塞·M.
Alamillo, Historian: There were some groups that had been there for generations, back from the Spanish era and then the Mexican period of the 19th century.
历史学家阿拉米洛：有些群体已经存在了几代人，可以追溯到西班牙时代，然后是 19 世纪的墨西哥时期。
But many were starting to arrive really in the early 1900s and especially during the Mexican Revolution, like my grandfather.
但许多人真正开始抵达是在 1900 年代初期，尤其是在墨西哥革命期间，比如我的祖父。
Narrator: Half the people in Santa Paula were of Mexican descent, most of them recent arrivals working in the citrus industry.
旁白：圣保拉一半的人是墨西哥后裔，其中大多数是新来的，从事柑橘业工作。
Gloria Velasco, Descendant: My great aunt and her husband were hard working people, poor.
格洛丽亚·贝拉斯科（Gloria Velasco），后裔：我的姨婆和她的丈夫都是勤劳的人，很穷。
So they had to follow the crops.
所以他们必须跟着庄稼走。
Soledad, being the oldest child, stayed behind in the camp taking care of her siblings .
索莱达是最大的孩子，留在营地里照顾她的兄弟姐妹。
When they would come home they lived in Santa Paula.
当他们回家时，他们住在圣保拉。
And it was very close to the river bottom.
而且距离河底非常近。
José M.
何塞·M.
Alamillo, Historian: Not a lot of people knew of the St. Francis Dam.
阿拉米洛，历史学家：没有多少人知道圣弗朗西斯大坝。
Even the ranchers who owned a lot of the orchards, they didn't even know the dam was being built until the cement was being poured.
即使是拥有大量果园的牧场主，在浇筑水泥之前他们也不知道正在修建大坝。
You can imagine that the Mexican community had no idea.
你可以想象墨西哥社区对此一无所知。
DC Jackson, Historian: That's what's so weird.
DC Jackson，历史学家：这就是奇怪的地方。
I mean, it's this major structure.
我的意思是，这就是这个主要结构。
And it's just fascinating that there's so many people who don't really have any sense that it's there.
令人着迷的是，有这么多人并没有真正意识到它的存在。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: Mulholland gets a call - I think it was a Monday - from Tony Harnischfeger, who's his dam keeper.
大卫·罗杰斯，地质工程师：穆赫兰接到大坝管理员托尼·哈尼施费格的电话——我想那是星期一。
Narrator: Harnischfeger was highly attuned to the dam’s condition; he and his family lived in the shadow of the enormous structure.
旁白：Harnischfeger 对大坝的状况非常了解；他和他的家人生活在这座巨大建筑的阴影下。
Over the last year, Harnischfeger had watched as a series of cracks appeared in the dam.
去年，哈尼施费格目睹了大坝上出现了一系列裂缝。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: Those cracks went all the way through the dam.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：这些裂缝一直贯穿大坝。
There were at least four of them.
他们至少有四个人。
And Mulholland plugged all of the cracks with oakum, on the downstream face.
穆赫兰道用奥克姆堵住了下游面上的所有裂缝。
That was the absolute worst thing you could do, because now you're taking that hydraulic pressure, and you're putting it on the interior of the dam.
这绝对是你能做的最糟糕的事情，因为现在你正在承受液压，并将其放在大坝的内部。
Narrator: Harnischfeger was on edge: the reservoir had been filled to capacity for the first time five days before; water was leaking under the dam’s west side.
旁白：Harnischfeger 很紧张：五天前，水库首次满载；大坝西侧下面正在漏水。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: Mulholland goes out there right away to take a look at it.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：《穆赫兰道》立即前往那里查看。
And what he told Harnischfeger was, you know, “There's no active erosion occurring of the dam foundation.
他告诉 Harnischfeger 的是，你知道，“大坝基础没有发生明显的侵蚀。
This is a lot about nothing.”
这其实没什么意义。”
Narrator: Mulholland was back at the office in time for a late lunch.
旁白：穆赫兰回到办公室，正好赶上吃晚饭。
But with every passing minute the internal stresses on the dam were multiplying.
但随着时间的流逝，大坝上的内应力不断增加。
At around 11:20 PM the structure finally began to give way; a huge crack opened up on its upstream side.
晚上 11 点 20 分左右，该结构终于开始倒塌。它的上游一侧出现了一条巨大的裂缝。
DC Jackson, Historian: This is where that extra height really makes a difference.
DC Jackson，历史学家：这就是额外高度真正发挥作用的地方。
It's kind of like, you know, straws on a camel's back.
这有点像骆驼背上的稻草。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: This dam did not have the capacity to stop the loads that were being put on it.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：这座大坝没有能力阻止其上的荷载。
The dam was actually tilting one half of a degree.
大坝实际上倾斜了半度。
Narrator: Already the St Francis Dam was fractured by cracks, and its central section was tilting forward.
旁白：圣弗朗西斯大坝已经出现裂缝，中央部分向前倾斜。
Then another defect in Mulholland’s design came into play.
然后穆赫兰设计中的另一个缺陷就出现了。
DC Jackson, Historian: What about water that seeps under the base of the dam and then begins to push up at the bottom - what was termed uplift.
DC Jackson，历史学家：如果水渗入大坝底部，然后开始在底部向上推，这就是所谓的隆起。
The dam had sort of pushed up off of its foundation.
大坝有点从地基上推了出来。
Narrator: Like most modern dams, the St Francis included relief wells to prevent uplift, but only in its center section.
旁白：像大多数现代水坝一样，圣弗朗西斯大坝也设有防隆起水井，但仅限于其中心部分。
The wings of the dam were beginning to slip away.
大坝的翅膀开始滑落。
Narrator: Around 11:30PM, a massive chunk of the dam, severed by cracks and weakened by uplift, blew out.
旁白：晚上 11 点 30 分左右，大坝的一大块被裂缝切断并因抬升而变得脆弱，发生了爆炸。
Intensely pressurized water began jetting through the resulting gap.
高压水开始通过由此产生的缝隙喷射。
The entire east wing was on the verge of collapse.
整个东翼都处于崩溃的边缘。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: Over time, water from the reservoir had begun to saturate the east abutment, which was made up of this geological formation called schist, and it's layers of slate literally stacked on each other.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：随着时间的推移，水库中的水开始浸透东桥台，东桥台由一种称为片岩的地质结构组成，实际上是一层层板岩相互堆叠。
If it begins to be on an angle, as the hillside was, and water gets in between these slate-like layers, it slides like a deck of cards.
如果它开始倾斜，就像山坡一样，并且水进入这些石板状的层之间，它就会像一副纸牌一样滑动。
Narrator: At two and a half minutes before midnight, the entire hillside under the east wing collapsed into the dam.
旁白：午夜前两分半钟，东翼下方的整个山坡塌陷到大坝中。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: The dam was sliding on its base.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：大坝在其底部滑动。
And the west side crumbled down.
西边也倒塌了。
And it collapses.
它崩溃了。
Narrator: Tony Harnischfeger probably saw it happen.
旁白：托尼·哈尼施费格可能看到了这一切的发生。
Ace Hopewell, smoking a cigarette a mile up the road, heard it in the distance.
艾斯·霍普威尔在一英里外抽烟，听到了远处的声音。
The landslide severed the wires carrying power to Los Angeles.
山体滑坡切断了向洛杉矶输送电力的电线。
The lights in the city flickered.
城市里灯火闪烁。
DC Jackson, Historian: This huge flow, close to a million cubic feet per second just rushes down the canyon.
DC Jackson，历史学家：这股每秒接近一百万立方英尺的巨大水流沿着峡谷冲下。
For Harnischfeger and his family, oh, my God.
对于 Harnischfeger 和他的家人，天啊。
there's no way you're going to withstand that.
你根本无法承受。
Narrator: The sound of the collapsing dam took a little less than seven seconds to reach the cluster of cabins around Powerhouse Number 2, where it woke Lillian Curtis.
旁白：大坝倒塌的声音花了不到七秒的时间才传到二号发电厂周围的小屋群，把莉莲·柯蒂斯吵醒了。
She looked out to see “a misty haze hanging over everything.” Suddenly Curtis grabbed her husband and screamed, “The dam has broke!”
她向外望去，看到“一切都笼罩着一层薄雾”。突然，柯蒂斯抓住了她的丈夫，尖叫道：“大坝决堤了！”
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: It's a colossal force coming down the canyon, not like anything your senses would ever have understood.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：这是一股巨大的力量从峡谷中冲下来，与你的感官所理解的任何东西都不一样。
Narrator: Curtis scrambled up the side of the canyon with her three-year-old son while her husband went back to fetch the girls.
旁白：柯蒂斯和她三岁的儿子爬上峡谷，而她的丈夫则回去接女儿们。
Rachel St. John, Historian: That people had enough time to try to save their families and then to fail is, is a horrifying idea.
雷切尔·圣约翰，历史学家：人们有足够的时间试图拯救他们的家人，然后却失败了，这是一个可怕的想法。
Narrator: Forty minutes after the collapse, the deluge burst out of the canyon and turned into the valley of the Santa Clara River, where one hundred and forty Edison company workers were sleeping at an encampment.
旁白：崩塌四十分钟后，洪水冲出峡谷，流入圣克拉拉河谷，一百四十名爱迪生公司的工人正在营地里睡觉。
“The confusion,” one man remembered, “was indescribable.” Fewer than half of them would see the sun rise.
一名男子回忆道，“那种混乱是难以形容的。”只有不到一半的人会看到日出。
Louis Warren, Historian: Most of the people who were killed probably never knew what was happening to them.
历史学家路易斯·沃伦：大多数被杀的人可能永远不知道他们身上发生了什么。
They just knew they were drowning.
他们只知道自己快要淹死了。
Narrator: In Santa Paula, ten-year-old Soledad Luna heard shouting outside.
旁白：在圣保拉，十岁的索莱达·卢纳听到外面有喊叫声。
Gloria Velasco, Descendant: Two motorcycle policemen were going around yelling "Agua, agua!" My great-grandfather thought, "Crazy.
格洛丽亚·贝拉斯科（Gloria Velasco），后裔：两名摩托车警察四处走动，大喊“阿瓜，阿瓜！”我的曾祖父想：“疯了。
It hasn't been raining.
还没有下雨。
What water is he talking about?" So my family didn't really pay much attention until other neighbors started running.
他说的是什么水？”所以我的家人并没有真正注意到，直到其他邻居开始跑步。
Narrator: Precious minutes ticked by as Soledad’s father and her Uncle Sisto packed the family’s possessions before finally gathering her young cousins.
旁白：宝贵的几分钟过去了，索莱达的父亲和她的叔叔西斯托收拾好家里的物品，最后终于把她年轻的表兄弟们聚集在一起。
Gloria Velasco, Descendant: Sisto got his children, put the four oldest in the flatbed of the truck, and his wife was sitting in the cab of the truck holding their infant when the water hit.
格洛丽亚·贝拉斯科（Gloria Velasco），后裔：西斯托带着他的孩子们，把四个最大的孩子放在卡车的平板车里，当水袭来时，他的妻子正坐在卡车驾驶室里抱着他们的婴儿。
As the truck toppled over, they could see the little children's arms flailing in the water trying to grasp and crying out.
当卡车翻倒时，他们可以看到孩子们的手臂在水中挥舞，试图抓住并哭泣。
Narrator: With nowhere to go, Soledad’s mother grabbed her four children and huddled them on the bed.
旁白：索莱达的母亲无处可去，于是抱起她的四个孩子，把他们挤在床上。
The first impact tore their flimsy house apart.
第一次撞击就把他们脆弱的房子撕碎了。
Miraculously, Soledad, her mother, and her three siblings were carried away on the crest of the flood, their bed a life raft.
奇迹般的是，索莱达、她的母亲和她的三个兄弟姐妹被洪水冲走，他们的床是救生筏。
But Soledad’s luck seemed to run out when her hair became entangled in the branches of a tree.
但当索莱达的头发缠在树枝上时，她的运气似乎耗尽了。
Soledad watched her mother and siblings float away into the darkness.
索莱达看着她的母亲和兄弟姐妹飘入黑暗。
Gloria Velasco, Descendant: Soledad screamed, and her mother tried to grab her and couldn't.
格洛丽亚·贝拉斯科（Gloria Velasco），后裔：索莱达尖叫起来，她的母亲试图抓住她，但没有成功。
She couldn't see.
她看不见。
It was, it was dark.
是的，天很黑。
But she could hear animals drowning, people screaming.
但她能听到动物溺水的声音，人们的尖叫声。
And that was so terrifying to her.
这对她来说太可怕了。
Narrator: As the flood carried Soledad’s mother downstream, it spread across the landscape until the leading edge was almost two miles wide.
旁白：当洪水带着索莱达的母亲顺流而下时，洪水蔓延到整个地区，直到前缘几乎有两英里宽。
Even so, it still had power enough to demolish railroad and highway bridges.
即便如此，它仍然有足够的力量拆除铁路和公路桥梁。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: Along the way, it had picked up all the debris of the economy of the Santa Clara River Valley: orchard trees, cattle.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：一路上，它拾起了圣克拉拉河谷经济的所有残骸：果园树、牛。
And as you get to the ocean, oil from oil drilling.
当你到达海洋时，石油钻探会产生石油。
So it's this mix of sludge and rocks and parts of steel bridges and bodies and animals in a kind of an oil slick.
所以它是污泥、岩石、钢桥的一部分、尸体和动物的混合物，在一种浮油中。
Narrator: At 5:25 in the morning, at the mouth of the Santa Clara River, the floodwaters finally washed into the sea.
旁白：凌晨5点25分，在圣克拉拉河河口，洪水终于冲入大海。
José M.
何塞·M.
Alamillo, Historian: The next day was gloomy, overcast.
历史学家阿拉米洛：第二天天气阴沉、阴沉。
There was no color at all in that morning.
那天早上没有任何颜色。
My grandfather walked around; he remembered houses just broken into pieces, trees uprooted and thrown everywhere, cadavers lined up like piles of wood.
我的祖父四处走动；他记得房屋被拆成碎片，树木被连根拔起并扔得到处都是，尸体像一堆木头一样排列起来。
Mothers crying in tears, sobbing.
母亲们泪流满面，抽泣着。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: There were bodies strewn everywhere.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：尸体散落各处。
Boy Scouts would go out with little flags, and when they found a body, they would put the flag in the ground and then a recovery crew would come and pick up, and carry the body away on stretchers, put them on the back of trucks and take them into town.
童子军会带着小旗子出去，当他们发现尸体时，他们会把旗子放在地上，然后救援人员会过来捡起尸体，用担架把尸体抬走，放在卡车后面，然后带他们进城。
Narrator: Rescuers found Lillian Curtis, her son, and a neighbor on a hillside overlooking the ruins of Powerhouse 2.
旁白：救援人员在俯瞰 2 号发电站废墟的山坡上发现了莉莲·柯蒂斯、她的儿子和邻居。
Everyone else in the town was dead.
镇上的其他人都死了。
Gloria Velasco, Descendant: They found my great aunt Irene where the mouth of the river empties into the Pacific Ocean.
格洛丽亚·贝拉斯科（Gloria Velasco），后裔：他们在河口注入太平洋的地方找到了我的姨婆艾琳。
She was cold and wet, scared, not able to speak the language.
她又冷又湿，害怕，无法说语言。
Soledad was found many, many, many hours later hanging from the tree.
许多、许多、许多小时后，索莱达被发现挂在树上。
It traumatized her so much that to the very day that she passed, she could still remember the man's name that found her.
这对她造成了如此大的创伤，以至于直到她去世的那一天，她仍然记得找到她的那个男人的名字。
It was a Mr. Baxter.
这是巴克斯特先生。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: Mulholland doesn't get there until hours later.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），编剧：《穆赫兰道》直到几个小时后才到达那里。
He stands in shock and awe and horror looking at where the St. Francis Dam once was.
他站在那里，震惊、敬畏和恐惧地看着圣弗朗西斯大坝曾经的所在地。
And all that's left is this center section of the dam.
剩下的就是大坝的中心部分。
Everything else from the dam is gone.
大坝上的其他东西都消失了。
Narrator: Within days, tourists began showing up at the disaster zone, scaling the towering monolith that became known as, “The Tombstone;” collecting bits of debris for souvenirs.
旁白：几天之内，游客开始出现在灾区，攀爬那座高耸的巨石，这块巨石后来被称为“墓碑”；收集碎片作为纪念品。
The sightseers fed a growing bitterness among the survivors.
观光客们让幸存者心中的怨恨与日俱增。
Will Cowan, Historian: The haves and have nots are very finely delineated during times of distress; during times of disaster.
历史学家威尔·考恩（Will Cowan）：在危难时期，富人和穷人的界限非常清晰。灾难发生时。
It makes the inequalities in a society very acute.
它使社会的不平等变得非常严重。
Narrator: Searchers found bodies of ranchers, housewives, teachers, farmhands, children.
旁白：搜索者发现了牧场主、家庭主妇、教师、农场工人和儿童的尸体。
But some of the bodies were lost forever.
但有些尸体永远消失了。
José M.
何塞·M.
Alamillo, Historian: We never know how many, exactly, died that night.
阿拉米洛，历史学家：我们永远不知道那天晚上究竟有多少人死亡。
It was a community that had many transients.
这是一个有很多过客的社区。
There were migrant workers or migrant families.
有农民工或农民工家庭。
And so many of them, maybe, who lived along the river, who got swept away, they would never be known.
也许，他们中的许多人住在河边，被冲走了，他们永远不会被人所知。
And the fact that we can never name them or find out who they are still haunts us even to this day.
事实上，我们永远无法说出他们的名字或查出他们是谁，这一事实至今仍困扰着我们。
Narrator: For supporters of Hoover Dam, the disaster couldn’t have come at a worse time: just as the Senate was about to decide the fate of the project, Mulholland’s catastrophe threatened to bring down the whole enterprise.
旁白：对于胡佛水坝的支持者来说，这场灾难来得实在是太糟糕了：就在参议院即将决定该项目的命运时，穆赫兰道的灾难威胁到整个项目的垮台。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: The Hoover Dam was the largest line-item expenditure in the history of the United States.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：胡佛水坝是美国历史上最大的项目支出。
They had the votes to finally get this thing.
他们有票数最终得到了这个东西。
The problem was that Mulholland was the biggest visible cheerleader for that whole proposal.
问题是穆赫兰是整个提议最明显的啦啦队长。
Dc Jackson, Historian: How can you be sure about the safety of any other dam?
历史学家 DC Jackson：你如何确定其他大坝的安全性？
They've got to find a way to deal with this very quickly.
他们必须尽快找到解决这个问题的方法。
Narrator: On March 15th, two days after the disaster, California Governor CC Young appointed a commission to investigate the dam’s failure.
旁白：3 月 15 日，灾难发生两天后，加州州长 CC Young 任命了一个委员会来调查大坝溃坝事件。
Within a week, the Commission announced that the dam had collapsed because of a deficiency in the soil under the west wing.
一周之内，委员会宣布大坝因西翼下方土壤缺乏而倒塌。
It was a reassuring conclusion: the failure was an aberration, unlikely to be repeated.
这是一个令人安心的结论：这次失败只是一次意外，不太可能重演。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: It's a rabbit trail - it's not what caused the dam to fail.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：这是一条兔子踪迹 - 这不是导致大坝溃坝的原因。
But nobody wants to investigate it too much.
但没有人愿意对此进行过多调查。
Narrator: Meanwhile the city moved quickly to settle with the survivors.
旁白：与此同时，这座城市迅速采取行动安置幸存者。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: The city agreed upon a kind of a fixed price.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：市政府商定了一种固定价格。
Five thousand dollars for a human life is not enough.
对于一个人的生命来说，五千美元是不够的。
But that's what was negotiated.
但这就是协商好的结果。
The city paid, very quickly.
市政府很快就付款了。
They wanted to get it out of the way.
他们想把它解决掉。
Narrator: But for Mulholland, the reckoning was just beginning.
旁白：但对于《穆赫兰道》来说，清算才刚刚开始。
Some of the victims had died in Los Angeles County, so the county coroner had to determine whether a crime had been committed.
一些受害者死在洛杉矶县，因此县验尸官必须确定是否存在犯罪行为。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: It's not a criminal trial.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：这不是刑事审判。
It was a trial to determine who is responsible and to determine if they're going to indict anybody.
这是一次审判，旨在确定谁应对此负责，并确定他们是否要起诉任何人。
It's quite possible that William Mulholland would've been indicted for murder.
威廉·穆赫兰很有可能被指控犯有谋杀罪。
Narrator: Eight days after the disaster, William Mulholland took the stand at the Los Angeles County Courthouse.
旁白：灾难发生八天后，威廉·穆赫兰在洛杉矶县法院出庭作证。
To date, two-hundred-and-seventy-seven bodies had been found; hundreds were still missing.
迄今为止，已发现两百七十七具尸体；仍有数百人失踪。
Mulholland was at times prickly and evasive under interrogation, but he did, finally, get to the heart of the matter.
穆赫兰在接受审讯时有时会变得易怒和回避，但他最终还是触及了问题的核心。
“If there is any error in human judgment,” Mulholland admitted, “I was the human.
“如果说人类的判断有任何错误的话，”穆赫兰承认，“我就是人类。
I won’t try to fasten it on anybody else.”
我不会试图把它强加给别人。”
Maria E.
玛丽亚·E。
Montoya, Historian: The fact that Mulholland takes responsibility for the St. Francis Dam disaster allows people not to have to ask really difficult questions.
蒙托亚，历史学家：穆赫兰道对圣弗朗西斯大坝灾难负有责任，这一事实让人们不必提出真正困难的问题。
If blame could be put on this individual, you just remove the individual.
如果可以将责任归咎于此人，您只需将其删除即可。
Narrator: In November 1928, a few weeks before the crucial Senate vote on Hoover Dam, William Mulholland retired from the Water Bureau.
旁白：1928 年 11 月，就在参议院对胡佛水坝进行关键投票的几周前，威廉·穆赫兰从水务局退休。
Dc Jackson, Historian: It was time for him to move along.
历史学家 DC Jackson：是时候让他继续前进了。
And so long as he did, then he was, well he was given a pension.
只要他这样做了，那么他就可以获得养老金。
They hold a banquet for him; no mention is ever made of the St. Francis Dam.
他们为他举办宴会；没有提及圣弗朗西斯大坝。
Narrator: In the spring of 1929 the City of Los Angeles erased one of the last vestiges of the disaster by obliterating the dam’s remains.
旁白：1929 年春天，洛杉矶市清除了大坝的遗迹，消除了这场灾难的最后痕迹之一。
But it wasn’t so easy to get rid of the very conspicuous reminder of the St Francis Dam, and of William Mulholland, in the heart of Los Angeles.
但要摆脱洛杉矶市中心圣弗朗西斯大坝和威廉穆赫兰的显眼痕迹并不容易。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: Nobody trusted the Hollywood Dam after St. Francis Dam went out.
地质工程师大卫·罗杰斯：圣弗朗西斯大坝倒塌后，没有人相信好莱坞大坝。
They ended up drawing it down two thirds.
他们最终将其减少了三分之二。
It only holds one third its design capacity - and it had a huge embankment fill added to the front of it.
它仅能容纳其设计容量的三分之一，并且在其前面添加了巨大的路堤填充物。
Rachel St. John, Historian: The monument to the triumph of man over nature and to William Mulholland gets buried in dirt.
雷切尔·圣约翰，历史学家：人类战胜自然和威廉·穆赫兰的纪念碑被掩埋在泥土中。
People in Hollywood no longer have to be reminded that there is a huge dam looming over their heads.
好莱坞的人们不再需要被提醒，有一座巨大的水坝在他们头顶上若隐若现。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: Mulholland had a stroke and his health began to deteriorate.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：穆赫兰中风了，他的健康状况开始恶化。
At family gatherings, he would just sit in the corner and just stare into space.
在家庭聚会上，他只是坐在角落里，凝视着太空。
Narrator: William Mulholland died in Los Angeles on July 22, 1935, two months before the dedication of Hoover Dam.
旁白：威廉·穆赫兰于 1935 年 7 月 22 日在洛杉矶去世，即胡佛水坝落成典礼前两个月。
Will Cowan, Historian: Heroes serve the purpose of simplifying stories.
历史学家威尔·考恩（Will Cowan）：英雄的作用是简化故事。
Villains also do something similar.
恶棍也做类似的事情。
And in this story, Mulholland is the villain.
在这个故事中，穆赫兰道是反派。
There's lots of other folks, including the populace of Los Angeles, who voted for the project, who overwhelmingly supported it.
还有很多其他人，包括洛杉矶民众，投票支持该项目，并以压倒性多数支持它。
This is a communal effort.
这是一项共同的努力。
Narration: The St Francis Dam had largely disappeared from popular memory, but it left a deep impression among the engineers who were designing the next generation of public works.
旁白：圣弗朗西斯大坝基本上已经从大众的记忆中消失了，但它给设计下一代公共工程的工程师们留下了深刻的印象。
The Hoover Dam was to be the cornerstone of a new West, and its creators were determined to banish the ghost of St Francis.
胡佛水坝将成为新西部的基石，其创造者决心驱逐圣弗朗西斯的幽灵。
J.
J。
David Rogers, Geological Engineer: I think a lot of good things come out of failures; we pull back, we do things more carefully.
地质工程师 David Rogers：我认为很多好事都是从失败中产生的；我们退缩，我们做事更加谨慎。
St Francis Dam had a huge impact on Hoover Dam.
圣弗朗西斯大坝对胡佛水坝产生了巨大的影响。
Narrator: Where the St Francis Dam had been largely one man’s creation, sketched out and then altered on the fly, Hoover Dam was scrutinized by teams of experts at every stage of its design and construction.
旁白：圣弗朗西斯大坝主要是一个人的创造，勾勒出草图，然后即时修改，而胡佛水坝在设计和施工的每个阶段都经过专家团队的仔细审查。
It captured the imagination as few public works ever have.
它激发了人们的想象力，很少有公共作品能够做到这一点。
Immense dams became defining monuments of the age.
巨大的水坝成为了那个时代的标志性纪念碑。
Flannery Burke, Historian: The legacy of the St Francis Dam disaster was a very short term moral, which is build your dams more carefully.
弗兰纳里·伯克（Flannery Burke），历史学家：圣弗朗西斯大坝灾难的遗产是一个非常短期的道德，那就是更加小心地建造水坝。
I wish that they had taken a bigger moral from the story, which is never trust anyone who tells you that you can have it all.
我希望他们从这个故事中得到了更大的寓意，那就是永远不要相信任何告诉你你可以拥有一切的人。
When they said, yeah, even though it doesn't rain, the sun is always shining.
当他们说，是的，即使不下雨，阳光总是灿烂的。
We can feed the growing city of L.A.
我们可以养活不断发展的洛杉矶市
and water our crops.
并浇灌我们的庄稼。
All of them thought that they could have it all.
他们都以为自己可以拥有一切。
Will Cowan, Historian: It’s the idea that moving water from one geography to another can be done to such great effect.
历史学家威尔·考恩（Will Cowan）：将水从一个地理区域转移到另一个地理区域可以产生如此巨大的效果。
To say that's a disaster might be counterintuitive.
说这是一场灾难可能是违反直觉的。
But in some ways that allowed other regions to do the same thing.
但在某些方面，这允许其他地区做同样的事情。
It got us in the situation we're in today.
它让我们陷入了今天的境地。
Erika Bsumek, Historian: We can look at Mulholland Dam or St. Francis Dam or Hoover Dam, and we can think of those as engineering marvels.
历史学家埃里卡·布苏梅克 (Erika Bsumek)：我们可以看看穆赫兰水坝、圣弗朗西斯水坝或胡佛水坝，我们可以将它们视为工程奇迹。
But also, all of these things have led us to an unsustainable future.
而且，所有这些事情都导致我们走向了一个不可持续的未来。
People are so optimistic that technology will solve these environmental problems that sometimes we lose sight of other ways to solve problems.
人们对技术将解决这些环境问题过于乐观，以至于有时我们忽视了解决问题的其他方法。
Jon Wilkman, Writer: We're going to have to learn to manage our resources, most particularly water.
乔恩·威尔克曼（Jon Wilkman），作家：我们必须学会管理我们的资源，尤其是水。
Where are we going to get it from?
我们要从哪里得到它？
What are we going to do with it?
我们要用它做什么？
This story, as little known as it is, is a warning.
这个故事虽然鲜为人知，但却是一个警告。
And it couldn’t be more relevant to today.
这对今天来说再贴切不过了。
Environmental scientist Peter Gleick and CEO of the U.S. Water Alliance Mami Hara speak with historian Jessica Marie Johnson about access, availability and conflicts around clean water in the United States.
环境科学家 Peter Gleick 和美国水联盟首席执行官原麻美 (Mami Hara) 与历史学家杰西卡·玛丽·约翰逊 (Jessica Marie Johnson) 讨论了美国清洁水的获取、可用性和冲突。
In 1922, William Mulholland began building the St. Francis Dam to create a reservoir for the Los Angeles–Owens River aqueduct.
1922 年，威廉·穆赫兰开始建造圣弗朗西斯大坝，为洛杉矶-欧文斯河渡槽修建水库。
How a 10-year-old girl survived one of the worst civil engineering failures in American history.
一名 10 岁女孩如何在美国历史上最严重的土木工程失败之一中幸存下来。
The Paiute people built sophisticated irrigation canals to channel water runoff from the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
派尤特人建造了复杂的灌溉渠，以引导内华达山脉的径流。
Los Angeles was the west’s fastest growing city, but its insatiable thirst came at a high cost.
洛杉矶是西部发展最快的城市，但其无法满足的渴求付出了高昂的代价。
Do ideas from the past offer new ways of thinking about the environment?
过去的想法是否提供了思考环境的新方法？
Beginning in the 1930s, large dams were built on important watersheds of the Columbia, Missouri, Colorado, and Sacramento River basins.
从 20 世纪 30 年代开始，在哥伦比亚、密苏里、科罗拉多和萨克拉门托河流域的重要流域修建了大型水坝。
Flood in the Desert explores the 1928 collapse of the St. Francis Dam and its aftermath, the second deadliest disaster in California history.
《沙漠中的洪水》探讨了 1928 年圣弗朗西斯大坝倒塌及其后果，这是加州历史上第二严重的灾难。