The Great Fever
Narrator : In the summer of 1693, Admiral Joseph Wheeler's fleet arrived in Boston from the West Indies with a cargo of rum and sugar.
旁白：1693 年夏天，约瑟夫·惠勒海军上将的舰队满载朗姆酒和糖从西印度群岛抵达波士顿。
Within weeks, men and women scattered across the city began to show symptoms of a strange illness: Jaundice.
几周之内，分散在城市各处的男女开始出现一种奇怪疾病的症状：黄疸。
High fever.
高烧。
Black vomit.
黑色呕吐物。
Yellow Fever had come to America.
黄热病已经来到美国。
For the next two hundred years, the disease would strike city after city with frightening regularity, and no apparent cause.
在接下来的两百年里，这种疾病以令人恐惧的规律性袭击了一座又一座城市，而且没有明显的原因。
Jim Writer, Author : There are some severe epidemics that take place.
吉姆·作家（Jim Writer）：有一些严重的流行病正在发生。
Late 1700s, Philadelphia looses 10% of its population.
1700 年代末，费城人口减少了 10%。
As we move into the 1800s, the disease moves south, away from the northeastern seaboards to the southern states.
当我们进入 1800 年代时，这种疾病向南移动，从东北沿海地区转移到南部各州。
There are some devastating epidemics that strike along the Gulf Coast, especially in New Orleans.
墨西哥湾沿岸发生了一些毁灭性的流行病，特别是在新奥尔良。
Narrator : Hot and humid, bustling with trade from the Caribbean -- where the fever was present year round -- New Orleans was especially vulnerable to Yellow Fever.
旁白：炎热潮湿，来自加勒比地区的贸易熙熙攘攘——那里常年发生黄热病——新奥尔良特别容易感染黄热病。
Summer epidemics would claim hundreds, even thousands of lives.
夏季流行病会夺走数百甚至数千人的生命。
Dr. John R.
约翰·R.博士
Pierce, U.S. Army Medical Corps : There was no way to protect yourself from it.
皮尔斯，美国陆军医疗队：没有办法保护自己免受感染。
Even though they knew that it would come in the summer, sometimes it didn't come.
尽管他们知道夏天会来，但有时却没有来。
There were some summers where there was very little yellow fever.
有些夏天黄热病很少。
And then another summer it would come and it would be a scourge of biblical proportions.
然后又一个夏天到来，这将是一场圣经般的灾难。
Narrator : On July 24, 1878, The New Orleans Picayune confirmed fourteen cases and seven deaths in the crowded tenements of the first district.
旁白：1878 年 7 月 24 日，《新奥尔良皮卡尤恩报》证实第一区拥挤的公寓内有 14 例病例和 7 例死亡。
Soon, cases of yellow fever were reported in the better sections of town.
很快，镇上较好的地区就报告了黄热病病例。
Panic gripped the city.
恐慌笼罩了整个城市。
Jim Writer, Author : There was no way to predict who was going to be next or how it was going to spread.
吉姆·作家（Jim Writer）：没有办法预测谁会成为下一个病毒，也无法预测病毒将如何传播。
The way it moved through a community from house to house, skipping houses, skipping neighborhoods, coming back and getting neighborhoods later on; attacking rich and poor, in some way that makes no sense, that's sort of random.
它在社区中挨家挨户移动、跳过房屋、跳过社区、稍后返回并到达社区的方式；以某种毫无意义的方式攻击富人和穷人，这有点随机。
The way it attacked and what it did to its victims just horrified people.
它的攻击方式以及对受害者所做的事情让人们感到震惊。
Dr. Paul Jurgensen, Specialist in Infectious Diseases :
Paul Jurgensen 博士，传染病专家：
People develop a headache, they develop fever, they develop a back pain.
人们会出现头痛、发烧、背痛。
They hurt all over and ache all over.
他们浑身疼痛，浑身疼痛。
And these symptoms usually last for about 48 to 72 hours.
而这些症状通常会持续约48至72小时。
And it's just like having the flu.
这就像得了流感一样。
And then the virus attacks the liver.
然后病毒攻击肝脏。
And when the liver is destroyed, proteins, which are very necessary for proper blood coagulation, are also destroyed.
当肝脏被破坏时，血液凝固所必需的蛋白质也会被破坏。
John Tone, Historian : You would bleed from your eyes, from your nose, from your mouth, one of the worst aspects of the disease in its final stages was that you're bleeding internally into your stomach, and then that blood is digested and you end up vomiting it out, and its sort of like wet coffee grounds.
约翰·托恩（John Tone），历史学家：你会从你的眼睛、鼻子、嘴里流血，这种疾病在最后阶段最严重的方面之一就是你的血液会流到你的胃里，然后血液被消化，你最终会把它吐出来，有点像湿咖啡渣。
It's not a quiet death -- you are struggling, you're frantic.
这不是平静的死亡——你在挣扎，你在疯狂。
Doctors would have to strap their patients down while they watched them die.
医生必须用安全带绑住病人，眼睁睁地看着他们死去。
Narrator : New Orleans physicians struggled to treat and understand an illness that seemed to defy all explanation.
旁白：新奥尔良的医生努力治疗和理解一种似乎无法解释的疾病。
They prescribed bloodlettings, carbolic acid, massive doses of quinine.
他们开了放血疗法、石炭酸和大剂量的奎宁。
To ward off the illness, citizens covered themselves in mustard plaster; shut windows to keep the fever out; burned tar in the belief that the smoke would disturb the "miasma" -- the noxious emissions that for centuries had been thought to carry disease.
为了抵御疾病，市民们用芥末膏覆盖自己。关好窗户以防发烧；人们燃烧焦油，相信烟雾会扰乱“瘴气”——几个世纪以来一直被认为会传播疾病的有毒排放物。
The city became a smoke-filled hell, pierced by the anguished sounds of the dying, and the acrid smell of putrefying blood.
这座城市变成了烟雾缭绕的地狱，被垂死者的痛苦声音和腐烂的血液的刺鼻气味刺穿。
Those who could, fled -- in the tens of thousands.
那些能够逃走的人有数以万计。
Jim Writer, Author : People are running in fear.
吉姆·作家、作家：人们在恐惧中奔跑。
Those who remain are struggling to survive.
那些留下来的人正在为生存而挣扎。
There may be no food coming in, there is no goods going out.
可能没有食物进来，也没有货物出去。
All commerce grinds to a halt.
所有商业活动都陷入停滞。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : With everything shut up and closed, New Orleans quickly became a ghost town.
医学史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士：随着一切都关闭，新奥尔良很快就变成了一座鬼城。
The whole fabric of life is disrupted in ways that other diseases didn't do.
整个生命结构受到了其他疾病所没有的破坏。
Narrator : For decades, yellow fever had been a Southern scourge, its ravages confined below the Mason-Dixon line.
旁白：几十年来，黄热病一直是南方的祸害，其破坏范围仅限于梅森-迪克森线以下。
But now, steamboats and railroads unite the country north to south, east to west.
但现在，汽船和铁路将这个国家从北到南、从东到西连接起来。
Yellow Jack, as the disease was known, could travel far, and travel fast.
这种疾病被称为“黄杰克”，它可以传播得很远，而且传播得很快。
Jim Writer, Author : 1878 is the turning point in the history of yellow fever: people are more mobile than they were in the pre-Civil War period.
Jim Writer，作者：1878 年是黄热病历史上的转折点：人们比内战前时期更具流动性。
Yellow fever has new opportunities for moving away from the port where it's introduced and it does.
黄热病有了离开其引入地的新机会，而且确实如此。
It takes those opportunities.
它需要这些机会。
It rides the rails out to Mobile, up to Memphis, over to Chattanooga.
它沿着铁路到达莫比尔，到达孟菲斯，再到达查塔努加。
Narrator : To Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois.
旁白：前往肯塔基州、印第安纳州、伊利诺伊州。
Even into Ohio it went, aboard trains crowded with refugees heading North.
它甚至进入了俄亥俄州，乘坐满载难民的火车向北行驶。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : Towns where those people might go to didn't want them to come.
医学历史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士：这些人可能会去的城镇并不希望他们来。
So, people burned bridges, they tore up train tracks -- anything to keep the epidemic out.
因此，人们烧毁了桥梁，撕毁了铁轨——不惜一切手段来阻止流行病的蔓延。
Narrator : Some states set up official quarantines, but in many towns citizens took matters into their own hands.
旁白：一些州设立了官方隔离区，但在许多城镇，公民自己处理事情。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : Armed men would meet the trains and either force them to go on or turn back.
医学历史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士：武装人员会迎面而来的火车，要么迫使他们继续前进，要么迫使他们返回。
And they called that "shotgun quarantines." One man with a shotgun is going to keep a train either moving or at least keep people from getting off of it.
他们称之为“霰弹枪隔离”。一个拿着霰弹枪的人要么让火车继续行驶，要么至少阻止人们下车。
Narrator : But there was no stopping Yellow Jack.
旁白：但是没有人能阻止黄杰克。
The epidemic spread to eleven states and 200 communities.
疫情蔓延至11个州和200个社区。
One hundred twenty thousand people became infected.
十二万人被感染。
"The King of Terrors continues to snatch victims with fearful rapidity," wrote a Memphis resident.
孟菲斯的一位居民写道：“恐怖之王继续以可怕的速度抢夺受害者。”
"One by one, those who remain in the city and are liable to the monster malady are taken down."
“那些留在城里、容易感染怪物疾病的人，一一被消灭。”
By the time it ended, with the arrival of the first frost, the Great Mississippi Valley Epidemic had taken 20,000 lives.
到初霜结束时，密西西比河谷大流行已夺去了 20,000 人的生命。
Economic losses were estimated in the hundreds of millions.
经济损失估计达数亿。
The City of Memphis was forced to declare bankruptcy.
孟菲斯市被迫宣布破产。
As news spread, the magnitude of the tragedy registered in every corner of the nation, from San Francisco to New York.
随着消息的传播，从旧金山到纽约，这场悲剧的严重程度传遍了全国各个角落。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : Suddenly what had been a southern problem was now a national problem, in terms of finance, in terms of just spread of disease and the feeling is the south cannot take care of this problem themselves.
玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士，医学史学家：突然之间，南方的问题现在变成了全国性的问题，在财政方面，在疾病的传播方面，而且感觉南方无法自己解决这个问题。
Either they won't because they're stupid or they're inept or they're too poor and the federal government really needs to step in here because now the South's problems are everybody's problem.
他们要么不会，因为他们愚蠢，要么他们无能，要么他们太穷，联邦政府确实需要介入，因为现在南方的问题是每个人的问题。
Narrator : The federal government took decisive action.
旁白：联邦政府采取了果断行动。
Congress established the National Board of Health, with authority to intervene in a public health emergency.
国会设立了国家卫生委员会，有权干预公共卫生紧急情况。
The Board would also help Southern States put in place sanitary improvements and administer a quarantine system designed to keep yellow fever from entering the United States.
该委员会还将帮助南部各州实施卫生改进并管理旨在防止黄热病进入美国的检疫系统。
But neither sanitation nor quarantine would prove to be enough.
但事实证明，卫生设施和隔离都不够。
What was needed were answers to some crucial questions about yellow fever, and how it spread.
我们需要的是有关黄热病及其传播方式的一些关键问题的答案。
At his laboratory in his home in Old Havana, Dr. Carlos Finlay had been studying yellow fever for quite some time.
卡洛斯·芬莱博士在哈瓦那旧城家中的实验室里，研究黄热病已有相当一段时间了。
The son of a Scottish father and a French mother, Finlay had left Cuba as a young man to study in Europe, then at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia.
芬利的父亲是苏格兰人，母亲是法国人，芬利年轻时离开古巴前往欧洲学习，后来在费城的杰斐逊医学院学习。
He returned to Cuba in 1864, where he settled down.
1864年，他回到古巴并在那里定居。
In 1872, he began to investigate yellow fever, a disease that year after year swept through his native country.
1872年，他开始研究黄热病，这种疾病年复一年席卷了他的祖国。
He looked at changes in temperature, altitude, even the alkalinity of the atmosphere.
他观察了温度、海拔、甚至大气碱度的变化。
Then, young Dr. Finlay made a scientific breakthrough.
然后，年轻的芬利博士取得了科学突破。
John Tone, Historian : He had read that some diseases could be spread through an intermediate host.
历史学家约翰·托恩（John Tone）：他读到一些疾病可以通过中间宿主传播。
There's a particular disease of wheat that has to first incubate in another plant before it can be spread.
小麦有一种特殊的疾病，必须首先在另一种植物中孵化，然后才能传播。
So he deduced that what was necessary to spread it was an agent that would take it from a sick person to a healthy person.
因此他推断，传播病毒所必需的是一种能够将病毒从病人传染给健康人的媒介。
Narrator : In 1879 an American scientist handed Finlay his next clue.
旁白：1879 年，一位美国科学家向芬利提供了下一条线索。
Microscopic slides of tissues from yellow fever victims.
黄热病受害者组织的显微镜载玻片。
John Tone, Historian : He left Finlay with some photographs that clearly indicated to Finlay that yellow fever must be spread somehow through lesions in the blood vessels.
历史学家约翰·托恩（John Tone）：他给芬利留下了一些照片，这些照片清楚地向芬利表明黄热病一定是通过血管病变传播的。
That it must be a biting insect that accesses those blood vessels.
一定是一种咬人的昆虫进入了这些血管。
That's how he first came upon the idea that it was a mosquito.
这就是他第一次想到这是一只蚊子的想法。
Narrator : With nearly a thousand species of mosquitoes, Finlay searched painstakingly for the one that transmitted the disease.
旁白：芬利在近千种蚊子中，煞费苦心地寻找传播疾病的蚊子。
John Tone, Historian : What he did was he figured out where that mosquito was present and he mapped that against where cases of yellow fever occurred.
历史学家约翰·托恩（John Tone）：他所做的就是找出蚊子存在的位置，并将其与黄热病病例发生的位置进行映射。
And since they mapped perfectly to each other he deduced that yellow fever was spread by this particular mosquito.
由于它们彼此完美映射，他推断黄热病是由这种特殊的蚊子传播的。
The aedes egypti mosquito.
埃及伊蚊。
Narrator : It was a remarkable idea -- perhaps too remarkable for its time.
旁白：这是一个了不起的想法——对于当时来说也许太了不起了。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : In the 1880s, the germs that cause the most familiar diseases were just being identified.
医学历史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯 (Margaret Humphreys) 博士：在 1880 年代，引起最常见疾病的细菌刚刚被识别出来。
And these germs got into the body in fairly obvious ways.
这些细菌以相当明显的方式进入人体。
Cholera you swallow it, tuberculosis or diphtheria is inhaled.
霍乱是你吞下的，肺结核或白喉是你吸入的。
But the idea that another way that germs could get into the body was through an insect was not out there.
但细菌进入人体的另一种方式是通过昆虫的想法并不存在。
Narrator : In August 1881, at an international scientific conference in Havana, Carlos Finlay unveiled his mosquito theory, outlining three conditions necessary for the transmission of yellow fever.
旁白：1881 年 8 月，卡洛斯·芬利在哈瓦那举行的国际科学会议上提出了他的蚊子理论，概述了传播黄热病所需的三个条件。
John Tone, Historian : Number one, the presence of a person with yellow fever.
历史学家约翰·托恩（John Tone）：第一，黄热病患者的存在。
Number two, a person apt to contract yellow fever.
第二，容易感染黄热病的人。
And number three, an agent that can transmit yellow fever from a sick person to a healthy person.
第三，一种可以将黄热病从病人传染给健康人的病原体。
And he tells them that, in light of all this, all the focus on quarantines and all the other measures that they were proposing to take to control yellow fever would be useless and what they really needed to focus on was the intermediate agent.
他告诉他们，鉴于这一切，他们提议采取的所有隔离措施和所有其他控制黄热病的措施都是毫无用处的，他们真正需要关注的是中间媒介。
Narrator : At the end of Finlay's presentation, there were no questions, no rebuttals.
旁白：芬利演讲结束时，没有提出任何问题，也没有反驳。
"No one spoke against my theory," Finlay later recalled, "but I would have preferred it to the silence.
“没有人反对我的理论，”芬利后来回忆道，“但我宁愿反对，也不愿保持沉默。
That conspiracy of silence, and silence ..."
那个沉默的阴谋，以及沉默……”
Jim Writer, Author : Finlay is so far out on the edge, so far ahead of his time; there's no way the medical community is going to take him seriously.
吉姆·作家、作家：芬利远远超出了他的时代的边缘，远远领先于他的时代。医学界不可能认真对待他。
He becomes the mosquito man, the crazy Cuban doctor who's got this wild theory about insects carrying disease.
他成为了灭蚊人，疯狂的古巴医生，他对昆虫携带疾病有着疯狂的理论。
Narrator : For the next twenty years, Finlay worked tirelessly to win scientific acceptance for his theory: conducting experiments with mosquitoes on a hundred volunteers, he focused on transmission while others searched for a cause.
旁白：在接下来的二十年里，芬利孜孜不倦地努力为他的理论赢得科学界的认可：在一百名志愿者身上进行蚊子实验，他专注于传播，而其他人则寻找原因。
John Tone, Historian : Scientists all over the world are drawing blood from yellow fever patients, they're culturing the blood, they're trying to identify the bacterium that causes yellow fever.
历史学家约翰·托恩：世界各地的科学家都在从黄热病患者身上抽取血液，对血液进行培养，试图找出引起黄热病的细菌。
Finlay wasn't doing that.
芬利并没有这么做。
He was concentrating on the mosquitoes.
他全神贯注于蚊子。
Jim Writer, Author : What Finlay needs to do is to show that he can consistently move yellow fever from person to person using the mosquito as a vector.
吉姆·作家（Jim Writer）：芬利需要做的是证明他可以利用蚊子作为媒介，在人与人之间持续传播黄热病。
That there is no other explanation for that person's case of yellow fever.
对于那个人的黄热病病例没有其他解释。
And in general he can't do that.
一般来说他不能这样做。
He can get a case here and there -- sporadic cases -- but he still is missing conclusive proof.
他到处都能找到案件——零星案件——但他仍然缺少确凿的证据。
John Tone, Historian : Because he is working in Havana, which is an endemic center of yellow fever, people would say, "well, maybe your patients caught yellow fever not from the mosquito bite but from something else in the atmosphere." He could never really adequately answer those objections.
历史学家约翰·托恩（John Tone）：因为他在黄热病流行中心哈瓦那工作，人们会说，“好吧，也许你的病人不是因为蚊子叮咬而感染黄热病，而是因为大气中的其他东西。”他永远无法真正充分地回答这些反对意见。
Narrator : Finlay's theory languished.
旁白：芬利的理论逐渐失效。
In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain.
1898年，美国对西班牙宣战。
Forty thousand American troops landed on the island of Cuba, a Spanish colony.
四万美军登陆西班牙殖民地古巴岛。
Jim Writer, Author : Cuba has been suspected for decades as being a source of the yellow fever that comes into the United States.
吉姆·作家（Jim Writer）：几十年来，古巴一直被怀疑是进入美国的黄热病的来源地。
It's an endemic disease in Cuba, it's always there, and that raises all sorts of fears.
这是古巴的一种地方病，它一直存在，引起了各种恐惧。
There's fears about soldiers becoming infected in Cuba, there's fears about soldiers returning from Cuba and bringing yellow fever with them - really opens up a whole new pathway for yellow fever to infect the United States.
人们担心士兵在古巴被感染，担心士兵从古巴返回并带来黄热病——这确实为黄热病感染美国开辟了一条全新的途径。
Narrator : In only three months, the American army defeated Spain and occupied Cuba.
旁白：仅仅三个月，美军就击败了西班牙并占领了古巴。
Fewer than 400 American soldiers were lost to Spanish bullets, but more than 2000 came down with Yellow Jack.
不到 400 名美国士兵死于西班牙人的子弹，但有 2000 多名士兵死于黄杰克枪下。
An African American regimen, the 24th infantry, lost a third of its men to the disease.
非裔美国人的第 24 步兵团有三分之一的人死于这种疾病。
Two years in to the occupation, a yellow fever epidemic raged across the island.
占领两年后，黄热病疫情在全岛肆虐。
The lives of 15,000 American troops were at risk.
15,000 名美军面临生命危险。
John Tone, Historian : Because they didn't understand the role of the mosquito, what they would do is that someone would catch yellow fever, they'd be put in a hospital next to someone who had malaria, next to someone else who had typhus.
历史学家约翰·托恩（John Tone）：因为他们不了解蚊子的作用，所以他们会做的就是有人感染黄热病，他们会被安置在医院里，旁边是患有疟疾的人，旁边是患有斑疹伤寒的人。
Meanwhile there are mosquitoes buzzing around them, biting one, biting the other, spreading disease back and forth.
与此同时，蚊子在他们周围嗡嗡作响，叮咬一只，叮咬另一只，来回传播疾病。
Dr. John R.
约翰·R.博士
Pierce, U.S. Army Medical Corps : We thought that it was transmitted by fomites.
皮尔斯，美国陆军医疗队：我们认为它是由污染物传播的。
A fomite was any inanimate object that could transmit an illness.
污染物是任何可以传播疾病的无生命物体。
And so there was felt to be something on the clothes, on the furniture, the sheets that the sick people slept on.
因此，病人睡觉的衣服、家具和床单上都感觉有什么东西。
There was felt to be something in those materials that could transmit the disease
人们认为这些材料中存在某种可以传播疾病的东西
Narrator : In July 1900, an outbreak of yellow fever was reported at a U.S. camp just west of Havana.
旁白：1900 年 7 月，据报道哈瓦那以西的一个美军营地爆发了黄热病。
American troops now faced the same danger as other armies who had ventured into the region.
美国军队现在面临着与其他冒险进入该地区的军队同样的危险。
John Tone, Historian : Yellow fever had been the enemy of colonial powers in the Caribbean for a long time.
历史学家约翰·托恩：黄热病长期以来一直是加勒比地区殖民国家的敌人。
It had destroyed an army that Napoleon sent to Haiti in 1802, and in the 1890's it had devastated Spanish armies in Cuba.
它摧毁了 1802 年拿破仑派往海地的一支军队，并在 1890 年代摧毁了古巴的西班牙军队。
Americans were well aware of all of this.
美国人对这一切都很清楚。
So they were very fearful that their armies in Cuba not suffer the same way.
所以他们非常担心他们在古巴的军队不会遭受同样的痛苦。
The officer in charge of protecting the health of U.S. troops was Surgeon General George Sternberg, a leading bacteriologist.
负责保护美军健康的官员是首席细菌学家、卫生局局长乔治·斯滕伯格。
Like many scientists, Sternberg had spent years the searching for the yellow fever germ.
和许多科学家一样，斯滕伯格花了数年时间寻找黄热病细菌。
Now he appointed an ambitious army doctor to lead a commission to Havana to try to find it.
现在，他任命了一位雄心勃勃的军医带领一个委员会前往哈瓦那，试图找到它。
Major Walter Reed was the youngest man ever to be granted a medical degree by the University of Virginia.
沃尔特·里德少校是弗吉尼亚大学有史以来获得医学学位的最年轻的人。
After two decades of service in the American West, he was not one to shy away from a challenge.
在美国西部服役二十年后，他从不回避挑战。
Jim Writer, Author : Reed is a frontier doctor basically.
吉姆·作家、作者：里德基本上是一名边疆医生。
Most of his career has been spent out on the frontier: Indian country in Arizona, in Kansas, in Nebraska.
他职业生涯的大部分时间都在边疆度过：亚利桑那州、堪萨斯州、内布拉斯加州的印第安乡村。
He takes a class in bacteriology, Johns Hopkins, and it begins to transform him, brings him into contact with the new science of medicine.
他在约翰·霍普金斯大学上了一门细菌学课程，这门课程开始改变他，让他接触到新的医学科学。
He moves from this frontier doctor, working in small Army posts, and now becomes a scientist.
他从一名边疆医生、在陆军小岗位工作，现在成为了一名科学家。
Dr. John R.
约翰·R.博士
Pierce, U.S. Army Medical Corps : He was highly motivated.
皮尔斯，美国陆军医疗队：他的积极性很高。
He worked most of his life with idea that there was going to be an opportunity for him to make a big difference.
他一生的大部分时间都在努力工作，认为自己将有机会做出重大改变。
Narrator : Reed chose a trusted friend, James Carroll, as his assistant.
旁白：里德选择了一位值得信赖的朋友詹姆斯·卡罗尔作为他的助手。
To head the laboratory at Havana's Columbia Barracks he named a young American bacteriologist, Jesse Lazear.
他任命了一位年轻的美国细菌学家杰西·拉泽尔（Jesse Lazear）来领导哈瓦那哥伦比亚兵营的实验室。
The Yellow Fever Board's first task was to disprove an Italian scientist's claim that he had found the elusive yellow fever germ.
黄热病委员会的首要任务是反驳一位意大利科学家关于他发现了难以捉摸的黄热病细菌的说法。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : There had been a lot of research, a lot of people trumpeting their discovery and then someone else has to come along and prove that that was wrong and this had happened a lot.
医学史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士：进行了大量研究，很多人宣扬他们的发现，然后必须有其他人来证明这是错误的，而且这种情况已经发生了很多次。
The problem was that, and they didn't realize it.
问题就在于此，而他们却没有意识到这一点。
Yellow fever is caused by a virus.
黄热病是由病毒引起的。
It's a particle that cannot be seen through the kinds of microscopes they had in 1900.
这种粒子无法通过 1900 年的显微镜看到。
Narrator : Jesse Lazear chafed at what he saw as his colleague's focus on petty scientific disputes.
旁白：杰西·拉泽尔（Jesse Lazear）对他的同事只关注琐碎的科学争议感到恼火。
"Reed and Carroll have notions that I don't agree with," he wrote, "and are not inclined to do as much as I would like to see done." Left on his own, Lazear believed he could discover the real cause of yellow fever.
“我不同意里德和卡罗尔的观点，”他写道，“并且不愿意做我希望看到的事情。”拉齐尔相信自己能够找到黄热病的真正原因。
Jim Writer, Author : I just picture Lazear as being a real go-getter.
吉姆·作家、作家：我认为拉齐尔是一个真正的干将。
He knows he's smart, he's got the training, he's got the education.
他知道他很聪明，他受过训练，他受过教育。
And he's got an opportunity now to make a name for himself in the world of medical research.
现在他有机会在医学研究领域扬名立万。
Narrator : Lazear had arrived in Cuba with his son, Houston, and his wife Mabel, who carried their second child.
旁白：拉泽尔带着儿子休斯顿和怀着第二个孩子的妻子梅布尔抵达古巴。
Camera in hand, the young couple enjoyed the historic sites of Havana.
这对年轻夫妇拿着相机，欣赏哈瓦那的历史遗迹。
A contract surgeon, Dr. Lazear had left behind a position as head of the laboratories at Johns Hopkins University, where he had been working on malaria, only recently proved to be carried by an intermediate host.
拉泽尔博士是一名合同外科医生，他辞去了约翰·霍普金斯大学实验室主任的职位，他在那里一直从事疟疾研究，直到最近才被证明是由中间宿主携带的。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : Malaria and yellow fever are both diseases that occurred in certain patterns that matched when the mosquito was active.
医学史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士：疟疾和黄热病都是在蚊子活跃时以某些模式发生的疾病。
It's worse in more tropical areas, so it made sense that this disease, yellow fever, could be like malaria, spread by a mosquito.
在热带地区情况更糟，因此黄热病这种疾病可能像疟疾一样通过蚊子传播，这是有道理的。
Narrator : On May 23, Lazear struck out on his own.
旁白：5月23日，拉泽尔开始了自己的创业之路。
He went to Quemados, a Havana suburb and the starting point of the 1900 epidemic, and brought back four mosquitoes captured in an infected person's room.
他前往哈瓦那郊区克马多斯岛，也就是1900年疫情的发源地，带回了在一名感染者房间里捕获的四只蚊子。
He dissected the insects, and looked in vain for the yellow fever germ.
他解剖了这些昆虫，并徒劳地寻找黄热病病菌。
Then, in July, Lazear, Reed, and the rest of the Board paid a visit to Old Havana, to the home of Dr. Finlay.
随后，7 月，拉齐尔、里德和董事会其他成员访问了哈瓦那旧城，拜访了芬利博士的家。
John Tone, Historian : In a sense Finlay was the last option.
历史学家约翰·托恩（John Tone）：从某种意义上说，芬利是最后的选择。
They had tried everything, they had tried sanitation, they had cleaned Havana, they had disproved various candidates for yellow fever but they hadn't actually found the agent.
他们已经尝试了一切，他们尝试了卫生设施，他们清理了哈瓦那，他们驳斥了各种黄热病候选者，但他们实际上还没有找到病原体。
With so many troops falling sick, and yellow fever being a threat to the American occupation, they finally proved willing to listen to Finlay.
由于有如此多的军队生病，而且黄热病对美国占领构成威胁，他们最终证明愿意听取芬利的意见。
Narrator : As he handed his aedes egypti eggs to the yellow fever board, Carlos Finlay had every reason to be pleased.
旁白：当卡洛斯·芬利将埃及伊蚊卵交给黄热病委员会时，他完全有理由感到高兴。
Jim Writer, Author : Finally somebody is taking him seriously.
吉姆·作家、作家：终于有人认真对待他了。
Finally somebody is going to test out his theory, take his mosquitoes and give it a shot.
最后有人要测试他的理论，拿他的蚊子来尝试一下。
Narrator : On August 2, Walter Reed left for Washington.
旁白：8月2日，沃尔特·里德启程前往华盛顿。
Although deeply skeptical of Finlay's theory, Reed had instructed his staff to begin conducting mosquito experiments.
尽管里德对芬利的理论深表怀疑，但他还是指示他的工作人员开始进行蚊子实验。
Dr. John R.
约翰·R.博士
Pierce, U.S. Army Medical Corps : They agreed at that point in time that as they began their mosquito experiments, they would experiment on themselves, that they would be the first guinea pigs to take the mosquito bites to see if they could transmit yellow fever.
皮尔斯，美国陆军医疗队：他们当时同意，当他们开始蚊子实验时，他们会在自己身上进行实验，他们将成为第一批接受蚊子叮咬的豚鼠，看看它们是否可以传播黄热病。
Narrator : Convinced that mosquitoes were harmless, Reed expected little to happen in his absence.
旁白：里德确信蚊子是无害的，因此预计在他不在的情况下不会发生什么事情。
He could not have been more mistaken.
他大错特错了。
Jesse Lazear took over Finlay's mosquitoes.
杰西·拉泽尔接管了芬利的蚊子。
Meticulously following Finlay's techniques, each day, Lazear would take his "birds," as he called them, to Las Animas -- the U.S. Army Yellow fever ward.
每天，拉齐尔都会严格遵循芬利的技术，将他所说的“鸟”带到拉斯阿尼马斯——美国陆军黄热病病房。
There, he would have them "load," feed on the blood of infected patients.
在那里，他会让它们“装载”，以受感染患者的血液为食。
Then he would have the "loaded" mosquitoes bite healthy volunteers.
然后他会让“装载”的蚊子叮咬健康的志愿者。
After nine inoculations, two on himself, Lazear had failed to produce a single case of yellow fever.
拉齐尔接种了九次疫苗（其中两次是自己接种），但没有发现一例黄热病病例。
Discouraged, he was ready to give up.
他灰心丧气，准备放弃。
Then, on August 27, Lazear noted that one of his birds had failed to load.
然后，8 月 27 日，拉齐尔注意到他的一只鸽子未能装载。
Concerned that the mosquito might die without a blood meal, he asked his colleague James Carroll if he would allow it to feed.
担心蚊子不吸血可能会死，他问同事詹姆斯·卡罗尔是否允许它吸食。
Two days later Carroll fell ill.
两天后，卡罗尔病倒了。
He appeared jaundiced.
他看上去患有黄疸。
His temperature rose to 103 degrees.
他的体温升至103度。
He was diagnosed with yellow fever.
他被诊断出患有黄热病。
Dr. John R.
约翰·R.博士
Pierce, U.S. Army Medical Corps : Lazear takes it upon himself to go find another volunteer.
皮尔斯，美国陆军医疗队：拉泽尔亲自去寻找另一名志愿者。
The young soldier named William Dean is bitten by the same mosquito that has made Carroll ill.
名叫威廉·迪恩的年轻士兵被卡罗尔生病的同一只蚊子咬了。
Dean a few days later gets sick and so he progresses to what is an obvious case of yellow fever.
几天后迪恩生病了，因此他的病情发展为明显的黄热病。
Narrator : "Dear Mabel," Lazear wrote his wife, who had returned to the United States to give birth.
旁白：“亲爱的梅布尔，”拉齐尔写信给他的妻子，她已经回到美国待产。
"I rather think I'm on the track of the real germ.
“我宁愿认为我正在追踪真正的细菌。
But nothing must be said as yet.
但目前还不能说什么。
I have not mentioned it to a soul."
我没有向任何人提起过这件事。”
Jim Writer, Author : He's the physician who inoculates Carroll, which is the first case that the team probably transmits from a mosquito to a person.
吉姆·作家（Jim Writer），作者：他是为卡罗尔接种疫苗的医生，这可能是该团队可能从蚊子传播给人类的第一个病例。
He's the person who inoculates William Dean, who is definitely the first case of the Army team who transmits yellow fever to/from the mosquito.
他是为威廉·迪恩接种疫苗的人，威廉·迪恩绝对是陆军团队中第一个通过蚊子传播黄热病的病例。
If he can prove that the mosquito transmits yellow fever, the potential for a Nobel Prize may not be out of line.
如果他能证明蚊子传播黄热病，获得诺贝尔奖的可能性可能并不算太大。
Narrator : The morning of September 18, Jesse Lazear did not report to work.
旁白：9月18日早上，Jesse Lazear没有上班。
The next day he was taken by ambulance to the Columbia Barracks Hospital.
第二天，他被救护车送往哥伦比亚兵营医院。
Lazear explained that he had been bitten by a stray mosquito while "loading" at Las Animas.
拉泽尔解释说，他在拉斯阿尼马斯“装货”时被一只流浪蚊子叮咬。
But a page from his laboratory book later revealed that he had knowingly subjected himself to the bite of an infected mosquito.
但后来他的实验室书上的一页显示，他故意让自己被受感染的蚊子叮咬。
Jim Writer, Author : When Lazear exposes himself to yellow fever he probably doesn't think that his risk of dying is all that great.
吉姆·作家、作家：当拉齐尔让自己感染黄热病时，他可能并不认为自己的死亡风险有那么大。
He's infected two other people: Carroll, James Carroll, and William Dean.
他还感染了另外两个人：卡罗尔、詹姆斯·卡罗尔和威廉·迪恩。
And they've become ill but they are both recovering.
他们都病了，但都在康复。
Lazear probably believes that he too can produce a case of yellow fever in himself and that he too can recover and carry on his work.
拉齐尔可能相信他自己也可能感染黄热病，并且他也可以康复并继续他的工作。
Narrator : News of Lazear's illness reached Walter Reed in Pennsylvania.
旁白：拉泽尔患病的消息传到了宾夕法尼亚州的沃尔特·里德那里。
A career military man, Reed now realized that he had left his men in harm's way.
作为一名职业军人，里德现在意识到他让他的部下陷入了危险之中。
"I have been so ashamed of myself for being here, in a safe country," he wrote, "while my associates have been coming down with Yellow Jack.
他写道：“我为自己来到这里，在一个安全的国家感到非常羞愧，而我的同事却因黄杰克而倒下。
Still I feel that Lazear will pull through ..." Lazear progressed to an advanced case of yellow fever.
但我仍然认为拉齐尔会渡过难关……”拉齐尔的黄热病病情进展到了晚期。
In the delirium of his final hours, a friend reported, he was tormented by thoughts of his wife and son, and the daughter he would never meet.
一位朋友报告说，在他生命的最后几个小时里，他陷入了谵妄状态，思念着他的妻子、儿子以及他永远不会见到的女儿，这让他备受折磨。
Dr. John R.
约翰·R.博士
Pierce, U.S. Army Medical Corps : When she got the telegram 'Dr. Lazear died this evening' she was in horrible shock because she didn't even know he was sick.
皮尔斯，美国陆军医疗队：当她收到电报“皮尔斯博士”时拉齐尔今晚去世了。”她感到非常震惊，因为她甚至不知道他病了。
Didn't know that he had yellow fever, she just got a telegram that he had died.
不知道他得了黄热病，她只是收到了他去世的电报。
Narrator : "He was a splendid, brave fellow and I lament his loss more than words can tell," wrote a devastated Reed.
旁白：“他是一个出色、勇敢的人，我对他的离去感到难以言喻，”悲痛欲绝的里德写道。
"But his death was not in vain.
“但他的死并没有白费。
His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity."
他的名字将活在那些造福人类的人的历史中。”
When he had left for Washington six weeks before Lazear's death, Reed had doubted Finlay's mosquito theory.
当里德在拉齐尔去世前六周前往华盛顿时，他对芬利的蚊子理论表示怀疑。
Now, as he returned to Cuba, on October 4, he was firmly converted to the belief that the mosquito was indeed the transmitter of yellow fever.
现在，当他于 10 月 4 日返回古巴时，他坚定地相信蚊子确实是黄热病的传播者。
Jim Writer, Author : Reed has got to be comfortable, before he tells the world that in fact he has an indisputable case of experimentally transmitted yellow fever where the mosquito was the agent of the disease.
吉姆·作家（Jim Writer），作者：里德必须感到舒服，然后他才能告诉全世界，事实上他患有一种无可争议的实验性黄热病病例，而蚊子是这种疾病的媒介。
Narrator : Known to be cautious and meticulous, Reed now worked furiously.
旁白：里德以谨慎、细致着称，现在却拼命工作。
He poured over Lazear's lab books, and noted a twelve-day interval between the time of loading and the day the mosquito transmitted yellow fever to Carroll.
他翻阅了拉齐尔的实验记录，注意到从装载时间到蚊子将黄热病传染给卡罗尔的那一天之间有十二天的间隔。
Sixteen days in the case of Dean.
迪恩的情况是十六天。
This observation fit with a theory developed by doctor in Mississippi that there was a lapse of two weeks between the first appearance of yellow fever and the appearance of a second case.
这一观察结果与密西西比州医生提出的理论相符，即从第一次出现黄热病到出现第二例黄热病之间间隔了两周。
Dr. John R.
约翰·R.博士
Pierce, U.S. Army Medical Corps : The light bulb probably just went off and said "hey this is it, you've got to have this period in the mosquito.
皮尔斯，美国陆军医疗队：灯泡可能刚刚熄灭并说“嘿就是这样，你必须在蚊子身上度过这个时期。
I'm not sure what takes place in the mosquito, but it must take place in the mosquito and it must take at least 12 days for it to happen." So I think that was kind of an epiphany type thing.
我不确定蚊子体内发生了什么，但它一定发生在蚊子体内，而且至少需要 12 天才能发生。”所以我认为这是一种顿悟类型的事情。
Narrator : During that twelve-day interval, the virus ingested with a blood meal matures in the mosquito's digestive track, making its way to the salivary glands to be transmitted when the mosquito bites again.
旁白：在这十二天的间隔期间，通过血粉摄入的病毒在蚊子的消化道中成熟，当蚊子再次叮咬时，病毒会进入唾液腺并传播。
This was the missing piece -- the one that had eluded Carlos Finlay.
这就是缺失的一环——卡洛斯·芬利未能找到的一环。
Less than three weeks after returning to Cuba, on October 23, Reed made his case for the mosquito theory at a gathering of the American Public Health Association.
返回古巴后不到三周，即 10 月 23 日，里德在美国公共卫生协会的一次聚会上阐述了蚊子理论。
Dr. John R.
约翰·R.博士
Pierce, U.S. Army Medical Corps : It basically had two cases: it had Carroll's case and it had Dean's case.
皮尔斯，美国陆军医疗队：它基本上有两个病例：卡罗尔的病例和迪恩的病例。
Lazear had died but they had no evidence that he had experimented upon himself at that point in time.
拉齐尔已经死了，但他们没有证据表明他当时在自己身上做过实验。
He and Sternberg wanted to get this published as soon as they could because they knew there were other people working in the field and they wanted to get credit for the Army board and for the men involved.
他和斯滕伯格希望尽快出版这篇文章，因为他们知道还有其他人在该领域工作，他们希望获得陆军委员会和相关人员的认可。
Narrator : While some observers were impressed, the Washington Post called the mosquito theory "silly and nonsensical." Faced with skepticism, Reed realized that he needed incontrovertible proof.
旁白：虽然一些观察家对此印象深刻，但《华盛顿邮报》称蚊子理论“愚蠢且无意义”。面对怀疑，里德意识到他需要无可争议的证据。
He obtained permission to pay $100 in gold to American soldiers and Spanish immigrants to serve as volunteers, $100 more if they became ill.
他获得许可，可以向担任志愿者的美国士兵和西班牙移民支付 100 美元的黄金，如果他们生病了，还可以再支付 100 美元。
Though all volunteers were required to sign consent forms, the human experiments triggered a wave of criticism.
尽管所有志愿者都被要求签署同意书，但人体实验引发了批评浪潮。
The Spanish Council in Cuba issued a formal complaint to the American authorities.
西班牙驻古巴理事会向美国当局发出正式投诉。
Reed was undeterred.
里德没有被吓倒。
On November 20, 1900, at an isolated spot in Havana, Walter Reed opened a specially designed experimental station.
1900 年 11 月 20 日，沃尔特·里德在哈瓦那的一个偏僻地点开设了一个专门设计的实验站。
He called it "Camp Lazear."
他称其为“拉齐尔营”。
Jim Writer, Author : He designs a camp that accounts for just about everything that he can think of that might interfere or put any doubt into his results.
吉姆·作家（Jim Writer）：他设计了一个训练营，几乎解释了他能想到的所有可能干扰或对他的结果产生疑问的事情。
It has to be precise scientific method, there can be no sloppiness at all in what he does.
必须有精确的科学方法，做事不能有半点马虎。
Narrator : He placed his volunteers in two separate cabins, which he called Building One and Building Two.
旁白：他把他的志愿者安置在两个独立的小屋里，他称之为一号楼和二号楼。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : They put one set of volunteers in a cabin that was screened and the cabin was loaded up with all sorts of nasty things from yellow fever patients -- blankets they'd vomited on, just all sorts of ...
玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士，医学史学家：他们把一组志愿者放在一个经过筛选的小屋里，小屋里装满了黄热病患者的各种肮脏的东西——他们吐过的毯子，还有各种各样的……
you know, diarrhea on the things -- and they had to sleep on these beds, and these pillows that were soaked from yellow fever victims, many of whom had died.
你知道，腹泻——他们不得不睡在这些被黄热病受害者浸湿的床上和枕头上，其中许多人已经死亡。
Jim Writer, Author : The other building that Reed sets up is Building Two; it's called the infected mosquito building.
吉姆·作家（Jim Writer）：里德建立的另一座建筑是二号楼；它被称为受感染的蚊子大楼。
Same size as the infected clothing building, but it's divided into two chambers with a screen between the two chambers.
与受感染的服装大楼大小相同，但它分为两个房间，两个房间之间有一个屏幕。
In one side of the building is a volunteer.
大楼的一侧有一名志愿者。
Infected mosquitoes are let loose into the building and they bite the volunteer.
受感染的蚊子被释放到建筑物中并叮咬志愿者。
John Tone, Historian : The people who were exposed to mosquitoes, they caught yellow fever.
历史学家约翰·托恩（John Tone）：接触蚊子的人会感染黄热病。
The people in the fomite cabin, of course, never did catch yellow fever.
当然，毒舱里的人从来没有感染过黄热病。
It was an elegant and clever experiment and it convinced the scientific world that it wasn't some particle of yellow fever contagion in the blood or in skin tissue or something like that.
这是一个优雅而聪明的实验，它让科学界相信这不是血液或皮肤组织或类似东西中的黄热病传染颗粒。
That it had to be transmitted by a mosquito.
它必须通过蚊子传播。
He convinces the scientific world when Finley couldn't.
当芬利无法说服科学界时，他却说服了科学界。
Narrator : Reed invited Carlos Finlay to Camp Lazear to witness the success of his experiment.
旁白：里德邀请卡洛斯·芬莱到拉泽尔营地见证他实验的成功。
"I supposed old Dr. Finlay will be delighted beyond bounds," Reed wrote, "as he will see his theory at last fully vindicated." It had been twenty years since Finlay had postulated that getting rid of yellow fever meant controlling the mosquito.
“我想老芬利博士会非常高兴，”里德写道，“因为他将看到他的理论最终得到充分证实。”自从芬利提出摆脱黄热病就意味着控制蚊子的假设以来，已经过去二十年了。
Now, Major William Gorgas, chief sanitary officer, ordered U.S. Army troops onto every street, and into every home in Cuba's capital, putting Finlay's theory to the test.
现在，首席卫生官威廉·戈尔加斯少校命令美国陆军部队进入古巴首都的每条街道、每户家庭，对芬利的理论进行了检验。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : As soon as he heard about a case of yellow fever the patient was put in a screened room so that the mosquitoes couldn't get in or out.
医学历史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士：当他听说黄热病病例时，他立即将患者安置在一个经过屏蔽的房间里，这样蚊子就无法进出。
And they did things to eradicate any mosquitoes that were in that room.
他们采取措施消灭房间里的所有蚊子。
Jim Writer, Author : Teams move out across the city fumigating homes and buildings, tracking down places where mosquitoes breed, eliminating standing water.
吉姆·作家（Jim Writer），作家：团队在城市各处对房屋和建筑物进行熏蒸，追踪蚊子繁殖的地方，消除积水。
Narrator : The campaign was a resounding success.
旁白：这次活动取得了巨大成功。
In 1900, there had been 300 yellow fever deaths in Havana.
1900年，哈瓦那有300人因黄热病死亡。
The next year, following the mosquito eradication campaign, there was only one.
第二年，灭蚊运动结束后，只剩下一只蚊子了。
Dr. John R.
约翰·R.博士
Pierce, U.S. Army Medical Corps : Despite what had had happened in Cuba, despite the fact that yellow fever had gone away from Havana effectively within months, not years, but months, people still didn't accept the theory that insects could carry disease.
皮尔斯，美国陆军医疗队：尽管古巴发生了这样的事情，尽管黄热病在几个月内，而不是几年，而是几个月内就从哈瓦那有效消失，人们仍然不接受昆虫可以传播疾病的理论。
Narrator : Back in Washington, Walter Reed spent much of his time trying to convince health officials that controlling mosquitoes was the key to controlling yellow fever.
旁白：回到华盛顿，沃尔特·里德花了很多时间试图说服卫生官员，控制蚊子是控制黄热病的关键。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : Reed was particularly frustrated with some of the leaders of Southern Public Health and the State Board of Health of Louisiana.
玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯 (Margaret Humphreys) 博士，医学史学家：里德对南方公共卫生部门和路易斯安那州卫生委员会的一些领导人尤其感到沮丧。
He wrote a letter to one of his friends and said maybe we should arrange for a few of them to be bitten by some loaded stegomaya, the name that they had for the aegis egypti mosquito, to get them out of the way.
他给他的一个朋友写了一封信，说也许我们应该安排他们中的一些人被一些装满了的埃及蚊子的名字咬，以让他们离开。
Narrator : But Reed's influence in the yellow fever debate would come to an unexpected end.
旁白：但是里德在黄热病辩论中的影响却出人意料地结束了。
In 1902, Walter Reed died from complications of appendicitis.
1902 年，沃尔特·里德 (Walter Reed) 因阑尾炎并发症去世。
The nation's champion of the mosquito theory was gone.
全国蚊子理论的拥护者已经去世了。
New Orleans, 1905: the city once known as "The Necropolis of the South" had been relatively free of yellow fever for more than two decades.
新奥尔良，1905 年：这座曾经被称为“南方大墓地”的城市二十多年来相对没有黄热病发生。
Proud officials attributed the success to a wall of quarantine stations, especially designed to keep the disease at bay.
自豪的官员将这一成功归功于隔离站墙，这些隔离站是专门为遏制疾病而设计的。
John Tone, Historian : When a ship came in, they would make sure that no one aboard that ship had yellow fever.
历史学家约翰·托恩：当一艘船靠岸时，他们会确保船上没有人感染黄热病。
Then they would go aboard the ship, they would fumigate it, they would wash it.
然后他们会登上船，熏蒸它，清洗它。
They would use everything from vinegar to smoke to try to cleanse the ship, to sanitize it.
他们会使用从醋到烟等各种东西来尝试清洁和消毒这艘船。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : They filled the hulls of ships with sulfurous acid gas.
医学历史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士：他们在船体中充满了亚硫酸气体。
They took all the bedding and clothing and hung it up in giant autoclaves, I mean, they were these giant ovens, and toasted the clothing up to 250 degrees Fahrenheit.
他们把所有的床上用品和衣服挂在巨大的高压灭菌器里，我的意思是，它们就是这些巨大的烤箱，把衣服烤到华氏 250 度。
It was a very impressive-looking apparatus and very active service.
这是一个非常令人印象深刻的设备和非常积极的服务。
The whole system seemed to work for twenty years, so now they're supposed to just shut these things down?
整个系统似乎已经运行了二十年，所以现在他们应该关闭这些东西？
It did not seem prudent.
这似乎并不谨慎。
Narrator : The head of the New Orleans Health Board, Dr. Quitman Kohnke, disagreed.
旁白：新奥尔良卫生局局长 Quitman Kohnke 博士不同意。
A firm believer in the mosquito theory, he urged his colleagues to put in place a program of mosquito control.
作为蚊子理论的坚定信徒，他敦促同事制定蚊子控制计划。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : Kohnke said, "this is what we need to be doing, we need laws about screening cisterns," and all the rest of it.
医学历史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯 (Margaret Humphreys) 博士：科恩克说，“这就是我们需要做的事情，我们需要有关筛查水箱的法律”以及其他所有内容。
He didn't get very far.
他并没有走多远。
And people somewhat laughed at him, they drew cartoons of this guy, St. George of the dragon fighting off a huge mosquito.
人们有些嘲笑他，他们画了这个家伙的漫画，圣乔治龙与一只巨大的蚊子搏斗。
In the spring of 1905, a smuggler's ship with a cargo of bananas bridged New Orleans quarantine wall and quietly made its way through the backwaters of the Mississippi.
1905年春天，一艘满载香蕉的走私船越过新奥尔良隔离墙，悄然驶过密西西比河的回水区。
On June 12, two suspicious deaths were reported near the waterfront.
6月12日，海滨附近报告发生两起可疑死亡事件。
Yellow fever once again threatened New Orleans, and once again the city was unprepared.
黄热病再次威胁新奥尔良，这座城市再次措手不及。
Without effective mosquito controls in place, millions of aedes egypti bred undisturbed, most dangerously in the 70,000 backyard cisterns where families stored their water.
由于没有有效的蚊虫控制措施，数百万埃及伊蚊在不受干扰的情况下繁殖，其中最危险的是在家庭储存水的 70,000 个后院蓄水池中。
On June 22, New Orleans authorities declared an emergency.
6月22日，新奥尔良当局宣布进入紧急状态。
By then, one hundred people had come down with the disease.
到那时，已有一百人患上这种疾病。
Twenty had died.
已有二十人死亡。
Kohnke decided there was no more time to waste.
科恩克决定不能再浪费时间了。
"Even if you are not positive that the mosquito is the only source of the transmission of yellow fever," he told New Orleans' physicians," give your city the benefit of the doubt in this important and vital matter." Under Kohnke's direction, New Orleans organized as if for war.
他对新奥尔良的医生说：“即使你不能肯定蚊子是黄热病传播的唯一来源，在这个重要且至关重要的问题上，也要让你的城市相信无罪。”在科恩克的领导下，新奥尔良像战争一样组织起来。
"Science has discovered the cause and has learned to exterminate it," heralded the New Orleans Picayune.
“科学已经发现了原因，并学会了消灭它，”新奥尔良皮卡尤恩宣称。
The mosquito control techniques that the U.S. Army had used so effectively in Havana were now applied to the Crescent City.
美国陆军在哈瓦那有效使用的蚊虫控制技术现在也适用于新月城。
House by house, block by block, workmen screened cisterns to prevent mosquitoes from laying eggs.
工人们挨家挨户、一个街区地对水箱进行屏蔽，以防止蚊子产卵。
To suffocate the larvae, all standing water was treated with kerosene.
为了窒息幼虫，所有积水都用煤油处理。
Saturdays and Sundays were declared fumigation days.
周六和周日被宣布为熏蒸日。
On a single day, residents burned an estimated three hundred tons of sulphur -- giving the mosquito, as The Picayune put it, "a dose of real brimstone." Citizens were urged to sleep under nets and help with the oiling and screening of cisterns.
一天之内，居民们燃烧了大约三百吨硫磺——正如 The Picayune 所说，给蚊子提供了“一剂真正的硫磺”。敦促公民睡在蚊帐下，并帮助给水箱加油和检查。
Fines of up to $25 or thirty days in prison were issued to those who failed to comply.
不遵守规定的人将被处以最高 25 美元的罚款或 30 天的监禁。
It was a race against the mosquito, but years of inaction had given the aedes egypti a head start.
这是一场与蚊子的竞赛，但多年的无所作为让埃及伊蚊领先了一步。
Barely a month after the beginning of the epidemic, six hundred yellow fever cases were reported.
疫情开始后不到一个月，就报告了六百例黄热病病例。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : The epidemic is spreading and the city doesn't have enough money to fight the epidemic so what they do is call in the federal government.
医学史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士：疫情正在蔓延，该市没有足够的资金来抗击疫情，所以他们所做的就是向联邦政府求助。
There's a lot of resentment to federal power but also recognition that that's the only way we're going to get this disease under control.
人们对联邦权力有很多不满，但也认识到这是我们控制这种疾病的唯一方法。
Narrator : "We regard this as the first crucial test in America of the mosquito theory," proclaimed federal authorities, "and it must be perfect to be efficient."
旁白：“我们认为这是美国对蚊子理论的第一次关键测试，”联邦当局宣称，“它必须完美才能有效。”
Jim Writer, Author : They have a mission.
吉姆·作家、作家：他们有一个使命。
Destroy the mosquito.
消灭蚊子。
There's no ifs, ands or buts.
没有如果、并且或但是。
If you don't cooperate, they'll do it for you.
如果你不合作，他们就会帮你做。
Narrator : Whenever a new case of fever was reported, a squad went immediately to screen the patient's room and fumigate the house.
旁白：每当报告有新的发烧病例时，小分队立即前往病人的房间进行检查并对房屋进行熏蒸。
They were instructed to behave unemotionally and get their work done.
他们被指示要冷静地完成工作。
"It was like watching a huge machine, well oiled and efficacious," one reporter wrote.
“这就像观看一台巨大的机器，润滑良好且高效，”一位记者写道。
Still, the epidemic seemed to be getting out of control.
尽管如此，疫情似乎仍处于失控状态。
On August 12, 100 people became ill.
8月12日，有100人患病。
Years before, the numbers of sick would have risen exponentially: thousands would have died by the first frosts.
几年前，患病人数会呈指数级增长：数千人会死于第一次霜冻。
But this time, the mosquito control measures that so many had doubted made all the difference.
但这一次，许多人都怀疑的灭蚊措施改变了一切。
In September, the number of victims began to decline.
9月份，受害者人数开始下降。
A month later, the epidemic was all but over.
一个月后，疫情基本结束。
The final tally for the city of New Orleans was 452 deaths -- a fraction of the toll exacted by epidemics in the past.
新奥尔良市的最终死亡人数为 452 人，只是过去流行病造成的死亡人数的一小部分。
Dr. Margaret Humphreys, Medical Historian : It really was a triumph for science in an era where the expert is increasingly being called upon to guide government action.
医学史学家玛格丽特·汉弗莱斯博士：在越来越多地要求专家指导政府行动的时代，这确实是科学的胜利。
Narrator : It would go down in history as America's most successful public health campaign -- and the last ever waged against yellow fever in the United States.
旁白：这将作为美国最成功的公共卫生运动载入史册，也是美国最后一次针对黄热病的运动。
The brilliance of Carlos Finlay, the dedication of Walter Reed, and the sacrifice of Jesse Lazear spared the United States the suffering and fear that once made Yellow Jack the nation's most dreaded epidemic.
卡洛斯·芬利的才华、沃尔特·里德的奉献精神和杰西·拉齐尔的牺牲使美国免遭痛苦和恐惧，而这种痛苦和恐惧曾经使黄杰克成为美国最可怕的流行病。
Though a cure for yellow fever has not been found, nor the virus eradicated, in the United States, there has not been a yellow fever epidemic for more than one hundred years.
尽管尚未找到治疗黄热病的方法，也没有根除该病毒，但在美国，一百多年来没有发生黄热病流行。
Learn more about the transmission, symptoms and preventive treatment of yellow fever.
了解有关黄热病的传播、症状和预防治疗的更多信息。
The scientific protocols that allowed Walter Reed's team to identify the problem.
沃尔特·里德团队通过科学方案发现了问题。
Primary sources from nineteenth and early twentieth century doctors show how far we've come in dealing with yellow fever.
来自十九世纪和二十世纪初医生的主要资料显示了我们在应对黄热病方面已经取得了多大进展。
In response to his groundbreaking theory on the cause of yellow fever, Carlos Finlay was called a "crank" and a "crazy old man." The derision hurt the doctor whose homeland was devastated by the disease, but he would live to see his work vindicated.
为了回应他关于黄热病病因的开创性理论，卡洛斯·芬利被称为“怪人”和“疯狂的老人”。这种嘲笑伤害了这位祖国被疾病摧毁的医生，但他会活着看到他的工作得到证实。
Walter Reed is known today for the Army medical center that bears his name.
沃尔特·里德如今因以他的名字命名的陆军医疗中心而闻名。
But a century ago he was known as the Army officer who helped defeat one of the great enemies of the time: yellow fever.
但一个世纪前，他因帮助击败当时最大的敌人之一：黄热病而闻名的陆军军官。
When Jesse Lazear died from yellow fever, he left a wife, a newborn child, and an infant.
杰西·拉齐尔 (Jesse Lazear) 死于黄热病后，留下了妻子、新生儿和婴儿。
He also left a lasting contribution to the scientific understanding of the disease.
他还为对该疾病的科学认识做出了持久的贡献。
In 1793 Philadelphia was the nation's largest city and its capital, home to prominent citizens like Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and Alexander Hamilton.
1793 年，费城是美国最大的城市和首都，是托马斯·杰斐逊、乔治·华盛顿和亚历山大·汉密尔顿等杰出公民的故乡。
It was also the site of the most fearsome epidemic to strike the young nation.
这里也是袭击这个年轻国家的最可怕流行病的发源地。
There were comparatively few cases of yellow fever during the Civil War.
内战期间黄热病病例相对较少。
Peacetime brought a boom of trade as improved rail service and shipping allowed people and goods — as well as disease — to travel easily in the united nation.
和平时期带来了贸易繁荣，因为铁路服务和航运的改善使人员和货物以及疾病能够在联合国轻松旅行。
By 1878, conditions were ripe for a powerful epidemic of yellow fever in the Mississippi Valley.
到 1878 年，黄热病在密西西比河谷大规模流行的条件已经成熟。
On February 13, 1898, the USS Maine exploded in a Havana harbor, killing 268 U.S. seamen.
1898年2月13日，缅因号战列舰在哈瓦那港口发生爆炸，造成268名美国海员死亡。
Blaming the country that controlled Cuba, the United States on April 25 declared war against Spain.
美国指责控制古巴的国家，于4月25日对西班牙宣战。
U.S. troops then prepared to descend on an island where tropical diseases would prove to be their greatest enemy.
随后，美军准备登陆一座岛屿，那里的热带疾病将成为他们最大的敌人。
Since its first documented case in the 17th century, a great mystery surrounded yellow fever.
自从 17 世纪出现第一个有记录的病例以来，黄热病一直是一个巨大的谜团。
What was its cause?
其原因是什么？
Theories included "fomites" — contaminated objects like clothing and bedding from yellow fever patients — and airborne particles.
理论包括“污染物”——黄热病患者的衣服和床上用品等受污染的物体——以及空气中的颗粒。
It took a group of scientists in Cuba at the turn of the 20th century to discover the real answer.
二十世纪之交，古巴的一群科学家才找到了真正的答案。
In 1905 the final yellow fever epidemic in the United States took place in New Orleans, the city that had seen some of the nation's worst outbreaks.
1905 年，美国最后一次黄热病疫情发生在新奥尔良，该市曾是全美疫情最严重的城市之一。
Though the danger of mosquitoes transmitting the disease had been established in 1900, five years later the city was still unprepared.
尽管 1900 年就已经确定了蚊子传播疾病的危险，但五年后，这座城市仍然没有做好准备。