The Great Famine
Will Shafroth (Ivan Bronevoy): December 4th, 1921.
威尔·沙弗罗斯（伊万·布罗内沃伊）：1921 年 12 月 4 日。
Samara District, Soviet Russia.
苏维埃俄罗斯萨马拉区。
Today I came upon a group of men in a makeshift cemetery digging a mass grave.
今天，我在一个临时墓地里遇到一群人正在挖掘乱葬坑。
When I asked where the bodies were, one of them explained, "We are trying now to make a place to put the future corpses.
当我问尸体在哪里时，其中一人解释说：“我们现在正在努力寻找一个地方来放置未来的尸体。
We are afraid we won't have the strength do to it later."
我们恐怕以后就没有力气了。”
As I looked at them, I wondered if any of those men thought he might be digging his own grave.
当我看着他们时，我想知道这些人中是否有人认为他可能在自掘坟墓。
Will Shafroth, American Relief Administration.
威尔·沙弗罗斯，美国救济管理局。
Narrator: In July 1921, noted Russian author Maxim Gorky issued a plea to the West.
旁白：1921年7月，俄罗斯著名作家马克西姆·高尔基向西方发出呼吁。
"Gloomy days have come for the country of Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Mendeleyev," Gorky wrote.
高尔基写道：“对于托尔斯泰、陀思妥耶夫斯基、门捷列夫的国家来说，阴郁的日子已经到来。”
"I ask for prompt aid to the Russian people.
“我请求立即向俄罗斯人民提供援助。
Give bread and medicine."
给面包和药。”
Gorky never mentioned Vladimir Lenin or his Bolshevik revolution.
高尔基从未提及弗拉基米尔·列宁或他的布尔什维克革命。
Russia had suffered a drought, which was not unusual.
俄罗斯遭遇干旱，这并不罕见。
The famine of 1921 was.
1921年发生饥荒。
It would become the worst natural disaster in Europe since the Black Plague in the Middle Ages.
这将成为自中世纪黑死病以来欧洲最严重的自然灾害。
Ronald Suny, Historian: There was this historical coincidence of a number of social forces: the collapse of the tsarist regime, the outbreak of civil war, the policies of the Bolsheviks themselves.
历史学家罗纳德·苏尼：许多社会力量都存在历史巧合：沙皇政权的垮台、内战的爆发、布尔什维克本身的政策。
The government carried out mass requisitioning of grain, which prevented peasants from feeding themselves or even having enough seed to carry on next season planting a new crop.
政府对粮食进行大规模征用，导致农民无法养活自己，甚至没有足够的种子来下一季种植新作物。
Narrator: Herbert Hoover, the new Secretary of Commerce under President Warren Harding, spotted Gorky's plea in a newspaper.
旁白：沃伦·哈丁总统领导下的新任商务部长赫伯特·胡佛在报纸上发现了高尔基的请求。
Hoover was also the director of the American Relief Administration, known as the ARA.
胡佛还是美国救济管理局（ARA）的主任。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: For most Americans, Herbert Hoover is associated with the Great Depression.
历史学家帕特诺德：对于大多数美国人来说，赫伯特·胡佛与大萧条有关。
But back in the 1920s his image was one of being a very efficient, a hardheaded humanitarian who knew how to get the food through.
但在 20 年代，他的形象是一位非常高效、头脑冷静的人道主义者，知道如何运送食物。
Narrator: No one in the West had better credentials to answer Gorky's request than Herbert Hoover.
旁白：在西方，没有人比赫伯特·胡佛更有资格回答高尔基的请求。
Hoover was a Stanford-trained mining engineer who had operated in Australia, China and Russia's Ural mountains and knew the logistics of moving men and materiel around the world.
胡佛是一位毕业于斯坦福大学的采矿工程师，曾在澳大利亚、中国和俄罗斯的乌拉尔山脉工作过，了解在世界各地运送人员和物资的后勤工作。
When World War I broke out, he was asked to organize the relief of an entire nation.
第一次世界大战爆发时，他被要求组织整个国家的救援工作。
George H.
乔治·H.
Nash, Hoover Biographer: There were seven million Belgians living under German occupation.
胡佛传记作者纳什：有七百万比利时人生活在德国占领下。
So it became Hoover's responsibility to provide daily food assistance that would keep all those people alive.
因此，胡佛有责任提供日常粮食援助，以维持所有这些人的生命。
And Hoover showed that he had the administrative talents as well as the humanitarian sympathies to pull this off.
胡佛表明，他拥有实现这一目标的行政才能和人道主义同情心。
And he became an American hero and even an international hero.
他成为美国英雄，甚至国际英雄。
Narrator: After the war, the Paris Peace Conference asked the United States to feed tens of millions in 21 countries throughout war torn Europe and the Near East.
旁白：战后，巴黎和会要求美国为饱受战争蹂躏的欧洲和近东地区21个国家的数千万人提供粮食。
The U.S. created the ARA, with Herbert Hoover as its head.
美国创建了 ARA，由赫伯特·胡佛 (Herbert Hoover) 担任其负责人。
George H.
乔治·H.
Nash, Hoover Biographer: It has been said, and I think correctly, that Herbert Hoover was responsible for saving more lives than any person who has ever lived.
纳什，胡佛传记作者：有人说，我认为正确的是，赫伯特·胡佛拯救的生命比历史上任何人都多。
Narrator: He became known as the "Master of Emergencies" and the "Great Humanitarian." The embodiment of an America proud of its newfound sense of itself as an altruistic nation.
旁白：他被称为“紧急情况大师”和“伟大的人道主义者”。这是一个美国的化身，它为自己作为一个利他国家的新认识而感到自豪。
Hoover accepted Russia's plea for help.
胡佛接受了俄罗斯的帮助请求。
Will Shafroth, 29, son of the governor of Colorado, joined other famine relief workers from the United States and headed for Moscow.
29 岁的科罗拉多州州长之子威尔·沙弗罗斯 (Will Shafroth) 与其他来自美国的饥荒救援人员一起前往莫斯科。
Spurred by a sense of adventure and altruism, "Hoover's boys", as they came to be known, had done relief work after World War I and represented an America that emerged from the war as a world power.
在冒险精神和利他主义的激励下，“胡佛男孩”（后来被称为“胡佛男孩”）在第一次世界大战后从事救援工作，代表了美国从战争中崛起成为世界强国。
Now their idealism would be tested by a railroad system in disarray, a forbidding climate, a ruthless government suspicious of their motives and the shear scale of starvation and death.
现在，他们的理想主义将受到混乱的铁路系统、恶劣的气候、怀疑他们动机的无情政府以及大规模的饥饿和死亡的考验。
They would be among the first Americans to see the earth-shaking revolution that Vladimir Lenin and his Bolsheviks had wrought and the first to feel the tensions that would mark U.S.-Soviet relations for much of the century.
他们将是第一批目睹弗拉基米尔·列宁和他的布尔什维克所发动的翻天覆地的革命的美国人，也是第一批感受到本世纪大部分时间美苏关系紧张的美国人。
On September 1, 1921, the first ship carrying American relief supplies arrived from Hamburg, Germany and docked at Petrograd, the former St. Petersburg.
1921年9月1日，第一艘运载美国救援物资的船只从德国汉堡抵达，停靠在彼得格勒（前圣彼得堡）。
It began to unload 700 tons of rations that had been in storage since the European relief.
它开始卸载欧洲救援以来储存的700吨口粮。
The ARA's goal in Russia was to do what it had done in postwar Europe -- feed children, mainly in the cities.
ARA 在俄罗斯的目标是像战后欧洲那样，为儿童提供食物，主要是在城市。
Feeding one million seemed a manageable task.
养活一百万人似乎是一项可以完成的任务。
Within a week the first ARA feeding station opened -- in Petrograd School #27.
一周内，ARA 的第一个补给站在彼得格勒 27 号学校开业。
The menu was white bread, corn grits, rice, milk, cocoa, and sugar.
菜单包括白面包、玉米糁、大米、牛奶、可可和糖。
Anatoly Utkin, Historian and Grandson of Survivors: At the time when there was not a spark of hope anywhere.
阿纳托利·乌特金（Anatoly Utkin），历史学家和幸存者的孙子：当时任何地方都没有希望的火花。
Unexpectedly, without any reason, nobody could explain why Americans came, why they provide food for children.
没想到，没有任何理由，没有人能解释美国人为什么来，为什么给孩子们提供食物。
Narrator: The Chicago Tribune began running a story that would captivate America.
旁白：《芝加哥论坛报》开始刊登一个令美国着迷的故事。
It also appealed for funds.
它还呼吁提供资金。
Private donations began to flow to the ARA.
私人捐款开始流入 ARA。
Five days after his arrival in Moscow, Will Shafroth was part of an ARA scouting party sent east to evaluate the famine in the Volga valley.
抵达莫斯科五天后，威尔·沙弗罗斯 (Will Shafroth) 成为 ARA 侦察队的一员，该队被派往东部评估伏尔加河谷的饥荒情况。
People had fled their villages desperate to escape the famine.
人们为了躲避饥荒而逃离村庄。
At the station at Kazan on the northern Volga, Shafroth noted wretched creatures "huddled together in compact masses like a seal colony." Most were children whose mothers had deserted them or had died.
在伏尔加河北部的喀山车站，沙弗罗斯注意到那些可怜的生物“像海豹群一样挤在一起”。大多数是母亲遗弃或死亡的孩子。
Shafroth and his fellow scouts then drove to a home for orphaned and abandoned children whose lice-ridden clothes had to be destroyed.
沙弗罗斯和他的童子军同伴随后驱车前往孤儿和被遗弃儿童之家，这些儿童长满虱子的衣服必须被销毁。
Will Shafroth (Ivan Bronevoy): I saw emaciated little skeletons whose gaunt faces and toothpick legs testified to the truth of the report that they were dying daily by the dozen.
威尔·沙弗罗斯（伊万·布罗内沃伊饰）：我看到了瘦弱的小骷髅，他们憔悴的脸和牙签腿证明了报道的真实性，即他们每天都在成打地死去。
The stench was nauseating.
恶臭令人作呕。
Stephen Shafroth, Son of Will Shafroth: He served with the ARA in Poland right after the war, but he had never witnessed scenes of horror like this.
斯蒂芬·沙弗罗斯（Stephen Shafroth），威尔·沙弗罗斯（Will Shafroth）的儿子：战后他在波兰的 ARA 服役，但他从未见过这样的恐怖场景。
Narrator: Shafroth witnessed the same or worse in Simbirsk, in Sengelei, in Samara.
旁白：沙弗罗斯在辛比尔斯克、森格莱和萨马拉目睹了同样或更糟的情况。
Once the richest grain-growing province in the Volga valley, Samara was now at the heart of the famine.
萨马拉曾经是伏尔加河流域最富裕的粮食种植省份，现在却处于饥荒的中心。
Stephen Shafroth, Son of Will Shafroth: My father wrote about one children's home in Samara where 283 children were confined to three rooms.
史蒂芬·沙弗罗斯 (Stephen Shafroth)，威尔·沙弗罗斯 (Will Shafroth) 的儿子：我父亲曾写到萨马拉的一个儿童之家，那里有 283 名儿童被限制在三个房间里。
Will Shafroth (Ivan Bronevoy): They were sitting on the floor, and when I asked the brave little lady where they slept, she pointed to the floor and said, "There.
威尔·沙弗罗斯（伊万·布罗内沃伊）：他们坐在地板上，当我问这位勇敢的小女士他们睡在哪里时，她指着地板说：“在那里。
We have no other place for them." And then she had those little hungry, homeless waifs sing for me.
我们没有其他地方可以容纳他们。”然后她让那些饥饿、无家可归的小流浪儿为我唱歌。
Stephen Shafroth, Son of Will Shafroth: My dad said he had to turn away.
斯蒂芬·沙弗罗斯，威尔·沙弗罗斯的儿子：我父亲说他必须转身离开。
It was more than he could stand.
这超出了他的承受能力。
Narrator: In October 1921, Colonel Walter L.
旁白：1921 年 10 月，沃尔特·L.
Bell, a National Guardsman from Syracuse, was dispatched into the abyss of the unknown -- Ufa in Bashkiria, 725 miles from Moscow, at the foot of the Ural Mountains.
贝尔是一名来自锡拉丘兹的国民警卫队士兵，他被派往未知的深渊——巴什基里亚的乌法，距离莫斯科 725 英里，位于乌拉尔山脉脚下。
His relief district would expand east across the Urals to the edge of Siberia.
他的救援区域将向东扩展，越过乌拉尔山脉，到达西伯利亚边缘。
Walter Bell (Marat Lutfrakhmanov): It is impossible to describe the suffering and misery that presented itself on every side.
沃尔特·贝尔（马拉·卢特弗拉赫曼诺夫饰）：无法描述各方所遭受的痛苦和苦难。
I found the only food was made from weeds mixed with ground up bones, tree bark and clay.
我发现唯一的食物是用杂草与磨碎的骨头、树皮和粘土混合制成的。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: The famine was awful.
尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya），历史学家：饥荒非常可怕。
People were eating almost everything that could be swallowed.
人们几乎吃掉所有可以吞咽的东西。
They ate straw from the roof.
他们吃屋顶上的稻草。
Nail Usmanov, Historian: Using this straw and such substitutes of food, they became ill and they look something like fat men, but it was the beginning of their illness.
历史学家钉乌斯马诺夫：使用这种稻草和此类食物替代品，他们生病了，看起来像胖子，但这只是他们疾病的开始。
Anatoly Utkin, Historian and Grandson of Survivors: We had a camel, two camels, our family had.
阿纳托利·乌特金（Anatoly Utkin），历史学家、幸存者孙子：我们家有一头骆驼，两头骆驼。
Finally of course we ate him, our family.
最后当然是我们吃了他，我们的家人。
So we ate all cats, dogs, horses, everything.
所以我们吃掉了所有的猫、狗、马，所有的东西。
Narrator: Shafroth and Bell wired their reports to Colonel William Haskell in Moscow, a retired Army officer who was the director of the ARA's Russian relief.
旁白：沙弗罗斯和贝尔将他们的报告电报给莫斯科的威廉·哈斯克尔上校，他是一名退役陆军军官，也是 ARA 俄罗斯救援项目的负责人。
Haskell began to grasp the enormity of the problem.
哈斯克尔开始认识到问题的严重性。
In October 1921, he wired Hoover in Washington that the starvation would peak in the winter and affect 16 million people.
1921 年 10 月，他给华盛顿的胡佛发电报称，饥饿将在冬季达到顶峰，影响 1600 万人。
Hoover realized the challenge was not hunger, as in postwar Europe.
胡佛意识到挑战不是像战后欧洲那样的饥饿。
Soviet Russia faced the greatest famine in history.
苏俄面临历史上最严重的饥荒。
Feeding one million children would only scratch the surface.
养活一百万儿童只触及表面。
He needed to feed adults as well.
他还需要喂养成年人。
That would mean funding from Congress.
这意味着国会会提供资金。
Yet he worried Americans would be reluctant to spend their tax dollars on people whose communist government many saw as monstrous and intent on spreading revolution.
但他担心，美国人不愿意将税款花在那些被许多人视为可怕且意图传播革命的共产主义政府的人民身上。
George H.
乔治·H.
Nash, Hoover Biographer: We had had a Red Scare in our own domestic politics in 1919, 1920, a general strike in Seattle, a bombing of the home of the Attorney General of the United States, never solved.
胡佛传记作者纳什：1919年、1920年，我们在国内政治中曾经历过一次红色恐慌，西雅图的大罢工，美国司法部长官邸的爆炸案，但从未得到解决。
There were many reasons to fear that left-wing agitation, even of the Communist variety, was a serious menace.
有很多理由担心左翼煽动，即使是共产主义的左翼煽动，也是一个严重的威胁。
Narrator: Hoover had a reputation not just as a humanitarian but also as a staunch anti-communist.
旁白：胡佛不仅享有人道主义者的声誉，而且还是坚定的反共主义者。
In postwar central Europe, he had helped thwart Lenin's attempts to expand communism by threatening to withhold relief supplies from countries sympathetic to the Bolsheviks.
在战后的中欧，他威胁要停止向同情布尔什维克的国家提供救援物资，从而挫败了列宁扩张共产主义的企图。
That worried the American left.
这让美国左派感到担忧。
Joan Hoff, Hoover Biographer: Left-of-center people, legitimately, I think, suspected that his motivation here wasn't pure, because he had this counter-revolutionary record with respect to food relief in Eastern Europe.
胡佛传记作者琼·霍夫：我认为，中左翼人士合理地怀疑他的动机并不纯粹，因为他在东欧粮食救济方面有反革命记录。
To them, a socialist revolution or a socialist regime in Russia was an experiment that should be encouraged.
对他们来说，俄罗斯的社会主义革命或社会主义政权是一个应该鼓励的实验。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: In Hoover's mind, there was no conflict between feeding people, giving straightforward humanitarian relief on the one hand, and using food as a political weapon to stop Bolshevism.
历史学家帕特诺德：在胡佛看来，一方面为人民提供食物、提供直接的人道主义救济，另一方面将粮食作为制止布尔什维克主义的政治武器，两者之间并不存在冲突。
Bolshevism was wicked.
布尔什维主义是邪恶的。
It was evil.
这是邪恶的。
Stopping it was humanitarian.
阻止它是人道主义的。
Narrator: Hoover felt the example of American efficiency and generosity might do more than just feed the Russians.
旁白：胡佛认为，美国高效和慷慨的榜样可能不仅仅是养活俄罗斯人。
That was part of his pitch to President Warren Harding.
这是他向沃伦·哈丁总统推销的一部分。
Joan Hoff, Hoover Biographer: He wanted, and I think implied, that food famine relief could perhaps lead to a regime change and that it might get rid of the Bolsheviks.
胡佛传记作者琼·霍夫：他希望，而且我认为这暗示了，粮食饥荒救济也许会导致政权更迭，并可能摆脱布尔什维克。
George H.
乔治·H.
Nash, Hoover Biographer: He thought that by bringing in Americans with their talents and administrative expertise -- their efficiency, if you will -- that they could serve as an example to the Russians.
纳什，胡佛传记作者：他认为，通过引入美国人的才能和管理专业知识（如果你愿意的话，他们的效率），他们可以成为俄罗斯人的榜样。
Lenin was afraid that he would try to sneak arms in with food and try to organize a resistance.
列宁担心他会试图带着食物偷偷溜进去，并试图组织抵抗。
No, no. Hoover wasn't trying to do that at all.
不，不。胡佛根本不想这么做。
Narrator: Hoover's primary argument for helping the Russians was an economic one.
旁白：胡佛帮助俄罗斯的主要论点是经济方面的。
Feeding Russians would help American farmers who were sitting on huge surpluses.
养活俄罗斯人将有助于坐拥巨额盈余的美国农民。
Hoover asked Congress for $20 million to buy surplus corn for an expanded relief program for children and for adults.
胡佛要求国会拨款 2000 万美元购买剩余玉米，用于扩大针对儿童和成人的救济计划。
Some in the House feared it would bolster the Bolshevik government.
众议院一些人担心这会支持布尔什维克政府。
With unemployment reaching five million during a recession, some Senators favored projects that would create jobs for Americans or help veterans in distress.
由于经济衰退期间失业率达到 500 万，一些参议员青睐能为美国人创造就业机会或帮助陷入困境的退伍军人的项目。
Hoover supporters and the farm belt lobby carried the day.
胡佛的支持者和农场地带游说团体取得了胜利。
On December 22, 1921 with Harding's backing, Congress approved the purchase of surplus corn.
1921 年 12 月 22 日，在哈丁的支持下，国会批准购买剩余玉米。
Hoover also insisted the Soviets buy wheat seed to plant in the spring to secure the harvest of 1922.
胡佛还坚持要求苏联购买小麦种子在春季播种，以确保 1922 年的收成。
The ARA campaign in Russia would be the largest relief operation to date.
ARA 在俄罗斯的救援行动将是迄今为止规模最大的救援行动。
And the first to provide relief to an adversary.
第一个为对手提供救济。
The challenge was to get the food almost halfway around the world where up to 100,000 Russians were dying every week.
我们面临的挑战是如何将食物运送到几乎半个地球，那里每周有多达 10 万俄罗斯人死亡。
America's surplus corn and wheat seed began to move quickly from the heartland to the holds of ocean-going freighters.
美国过剩的玉米和小麦种子开始从中心地带迅速运往远洋货轮的货舱。
The first relief ships left New York in mid-January 1922 carrying 300,000 tons of grain.
第一批救援船于 1922 年 1 月中旬离开纽约，载有 30 万吨粮食。
The task before the ARA workers in Russia was Herculean.
俄罗斯 ARA 工人面临的任务是艰巨的。
During the child feeding, the ARA had divided Russia into ten districts.
在儿童喂养期间，ARA 将俄罗斯划分为十个区。
Each had an American supervisor and a small staff of Americans.
每个公司都有一名美国主管和一小部分美国人。
Once again, these relief workers set off into the far corners of their districts estimating the new needs, arranging for more warehouses to store 20 million bushels of corn and thousands of tons of seed, and directing the village committees to identify starving adults for the expanded relief.
这些救援人员再次出发前往所在地区的偏远角落，估算新的需求，安排更多仓库来储存 2000 万蒲式耳玉米和数千吨种子，并指示村委会寻找饥饿的成年人以扩大救援范围。
They traveled over the flat expanses of the Russian steppes for silent days in crude sleighs, by train if they could find a private car.
他们乘坐简陋的雪橇，在俄罗斯大草原上度过了安静的日子，如果能找到私家车的话，也可以乘坐火车。
Their greatest physical threat was typhus, spread by lice.
他们最大的身体威胁是由虱子传播的斑疹伤寒。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: They're afraid to travel with ordinary Russians in third class cars because of lice.
历史学家帕特诺德：由于虱子，他们不敢与普通俄罗斯人一起乘坐三等车旅行。
They're traveling along in a sled, and they get out and they go into a peasant hut for the night and they see the walls crawling with lice.
他们乘坐雪橇旅行，下了车，进入一间农舍过夜，发现墙上爬满了虱子。
So they go back in the sled, they bundle up, and they know Mr. Louse, as they called him, couldn't survive in that cold.
于是，他们乘雪橇回去，裹得严严实实，他们知道，他们这样称呼卢斯先生，在那样的寒冷中无法生存。
Narrator: The ARA had to expand its staff.
旁白：ARA 必须扩大人员规模。
With no more than 200 American supervisors in Russia at any one time, it hired 120,000 Russians to do the work.
由于在俄罗斯的美国监管人员每次都不超过 200 名，因此它雇佣了 12 万名俄罗斯人来做这项工作。
Rashid Latypov, Historian: They invited those who could speak at least a little bit English or other foreign languages.
拉希德·拉特波夫（Rashid Latypov），历史学家：他们邀请了那些至少会说一点英语或其他外语的人。
For ARA, it was practical reasons.
对于 ARA 来说，这是实际原因。
They had an education.
他们受过教育。
Because most Communists were without any education, no languages.
因为大多数共产党员没有受过任何教育，没有语言。
But the Russians, authorities, they interpreted this as an opportunity for the ARA to find people who would be able to support counter-revolutions, all these things.
但俄罗斯人、当局，他们将此解读为 ARA 寻找能够支持反革命的人的机会，所有这些。
So, different perceptions.
所以，认知不同。
Narrator: Will Shafroth's Samara district was divided into eight regions, each with at least one warehouse.
旁白：威尔·沙弗罗斯的萨马拉地区分为八个区域，每个区域至少有一个仓库。
Every village had a committee of local citizens who decided who got fed.
每个村庄都有一个由当地公民组成的委员会，负责决定谁得到食物。
Shafroth would supervise 16,000 Russians in 900 kitchens.
沙弗罗斯将监督 900 个厨房中的 16,000 名俄罗斯人。
In his sprawling Ufa Urals district, Walter Bell faced even greater challenges.
在其庞大的乌法乌拉尔地区，沃尔特·贝尔面临着更大的挑战。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: The population of that district was almost nine million.
尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya），历史学家：该地区的人口接近九百万。
And the territory is bigger than France.
而且领土比法国还要大。
And there were only five or six Americans supervising the operations.
而且只有五六个美国人负责监督行动。
They didn't know Russian at all.
他们根本不懂俄语。
They knew nothing about Bashkir and Bashkiria.
他们对巴什基尔和巴什基尔一无所知。
They kept asking each other, "Have you ever heard about those Bashkirs?" They didn't know that such people exist.
他们不断地问对方：“你们听说过那些巴什基尔人吗？”他们不知道有这样的人存在。
Narrator: The Bashkirs had been a nomadic people who settled in what would become Russia's lawless wild east.
旁白：巴什基尔人是一个游牧民族，他们定居在后来成为俄罗斯无法无天的狂野东部。
In addition to the Muslim Bashkirs who were hostile to the Russians and had a reputation for plunder, Bell's district contained Kazakhs, who for centuries had attacked the Bashkirs and hated the Russians.
除了敌视俄罗斯人并以掠夺闻名的穆斯林巴什基尔人外，贝尔所在的地区还有哈萨克人，他们几个世纪以来一直攻击巴什基尔人并憎恨俄罗斯人。
"The diplomatic entanglements involved," Bell would write, "make the Paris Peace Conference seem like a well conducted private school." Walter Bell faced a formidable task.
贝尔写道：“所涉及的外交纠葛使巴黎和会看起来像是一所管理良好的私立学校。”沃尔特·贝尔面临着一项艰巨的任务。
Unlike Shafroth, he had no previous experience with relief work.
与沙弗罗斯不同，他以前没有救援工作的经验。
Vladimir Lenin kept a watchful eye on the ARA.
弗拉基米尔·列宁一直密切关注着 ARA。
In February, the Cheka, his secret police, ordered its agents "to purge the ARA of undesirable elements." These agents began to infiltrate ARA offices, hired as Russian assistants.
2 月，他的秘密警察契卡命令其特工“清除 ARA 中的不良分子”。这些特工开始渗透到 ARA 办公室，并被聘为俄罗斯助理。
They reported to Alexander Eiduk, a Cheka agent who was the Soviet government's liaison with the ARA.
他们向契卡特工亚历山大·艾杜克（Alexander Eiduk）报告，他是苏联政府与 ARA 的联络人。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: Was there any political activity made by the ARA?
历史学家尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅：ARA 进行过任何政治活动吗？
Did they meet any suspicious persons here?
他们在这里有没有遇到什么可疑的人？
Did they agitate against anything?
他们有煽动反对什么吗？
Did you notice any anti-Communist slogans in their declarations?
你有没有注意到他们的宣言中有反共的口号？
Narrator: Eiduk also tried to undermine the ARA's American staff.
旁白：Eiduk 还试图破坏 ARA 的美国工作人员。
One target was David Kinne, the 29-year-old district supervisor of Saratov Province on the Volga.
其中一个目标是伏尔加河畔萨拉托夫省 29 岁的地区主管戴维·金尼 (David Kinne)。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: Cheka agents had secret instructions from their chiefs to use every American weakness to get control over American supply.
尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya），历史学家：契卡特工收到了他们首领的秘密指示，要利用美国的每一个弱点来控制美国的供应。
And David Kinne was a perfect match for them because he was an alcoholic.
大卫·金尼是他们的绝配，因为他是个酒鬼。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: The Soviet notion is, if they can get control of the food, they can funnel it to the people they want to get the food, and they can keep the food away from people they don't want receiving the food.
历史学家帕特诺德：苏联的观念是，如果他们能够控制食物，他们就可以将其输送给他们想要获得食物的人，并且他们可以将食物远离他们不希望获得食物的人。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: Poretskii, that guy from Cheka who was supervising American operations in Saratov, he knew exactly what he was doing.
尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya），历史学家：波列茨基（Poretskii），来自契卡的那个人，负责监督美国在萨拉托夫的行动，他清楚地知道自己在做什么。
Narrator: The Cheka agents took over Kinne's operation and diverted food from children to their political allies.
旁白：契卡特工接管了金尼的运作，并将儿童的食物转移给他们的政治盟友。
It took several months before the ARA could reclaim American control over Saratov province.
阿拉托夫联盟花了几个月的时间才收回美国对萨拉托夫省的控制。
In March, David Kinne was dismissed from the ARA and sent out of Russia, a broken man.
3 月，大卫·金尼 (David Kinne) 被 ARA 开除，并被遣送出俄罗斯，他已是一个破碎的人。
American relief ships got as far as the Baltic Sea only to become icebound in February and for much of March.
美国救援船最远抵达波罗的海，但在二月和三月的大部分时间里都被冰封了。
It was the coldest winter in 15 years.
那是15年来最冷的冬天。
"The Lord seems to have a particular animus toward the Russian people," an ARA staffer mused.
“上帝似乎对俄罗斯人民怀有一种特殊的敌意，”一位 ARA 工作人员若有所思地说。
"He cuts off the rain in the summer and freezes up the Baltic in winter."
“他在夏天截断雨水，在冬天冻结波罗的海。”
While touring his district in the fall of 1921, 47-year-old Walter Bell contracted typhus.
1921 年秋天，47 岁的沃尔特·贝尔 (Walter Bell) 在游览他所在的地区时感染了斑疹伤寒。
His Russian assistants drove him for three days back to Ufa -- delirious.
他的俄罗斯助手开车送他三天回乌法——他神志不清。
He was unconscious for three weeks and almost died.
他昏迷了三个星期，差点就死了。
Harold Blandy, Bell's assistant in Ufa, also came down with typhus.
贝尔在乌法的助手哈罗德·布兰迪也感染了斑疹伤寒。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: Harold Blandy had a big heart.
历史学家帕特诺德：哈罗德·布兰迪有一颗宽广的心。
Harold Blandy was the type who could not simply go into a children's home and inspect it.
哈罗德·布兰迪是那种不能简单地走进儿童之家并进行检查的人。
He had to go into a children's home and interact with the children, put his hand on the kid's head.
他必须走进儿童之家，与孩子们互动，把手放在孩子的头上。
It wasn't a surprise to the Ufa Americans that Blandy caught typhus.
对于乌法美国人来说，布兰迪感染斑疹伤寒并不感到意外。
Narrator: Blandy died a week later.
旁白：一周后布兰迪去世了。
To the Russians, his death warranted a tribute -- an elaborate funeral procession in Moscow.
对于俄罗斯人来说，他的死值得纪念——在莫斯科举办了一场精心设计的送葬队伍。
To the ARA, anyone who caught typhus, much less died from it, was an embarrassment.
对于 ARA 来说，任何感染斑疹伤寒的人都会感到尴尬，更不用说死于斑疹伤寒了。
To be outwitted by lice was to fall short of being a cautious and efficient relief worker.
被虱子欺骗就不能成为一名谨慎而高效的救援人员。
When Walter Bell recovered, he resumed his tour of some of the remotest parts of his district.
沃尔特·贝尔康复后，他继续前往他所在地区的一些最偏远地区。
He found a home in what he called "the wilds of Russia." He would stop at a village and spend days at a time with the local Bashkirs and Soviet officials including Eiduk's Cheka agents.
他在他所谓的“俄罗斯荒野”中找到了家。他会在一个村庄停下来，与当地的巴什基尔人和苏联官员（包括埃杜克的契卡特工）一起度过几天。
"He outthinks these people," a colleague noted, "and wins them by his courtesy."
“他比这些人想得更多，”一位同事指出，“并通过他的礼貌赢得了他们的支持。”
Nail Usmanov, Historian: The other directors of the ARA regions, they were no polite with Russian authorities.
历史学家奈尔·乌斯马诺夫：ARA 地区的其他主管对俄罗斯当局没有礼貌。
And I have read some letters.
我读过一些信。
They were full of sarcasm, irony, and sometimes they used rather rude words.
他们充满了讽刺、讽刺，有时甚至使用了相当粗鲁的言语。
Mr. Bell, he was polite, and sometimes when there were his mistake, he accepted that he was not right.
贝尔先生，他很有礼貌，有时当他犯错时，他会承认自己不对。
Walter Bell (Marat Lutfrakhmanov): One big reason for the friendly contact that existed between us and the authorities was whenever we had an important question to decide, we had a conference with the ones concerned.
沃尔特·贝尔（Marat Lutfrakhmanov）：我们与当局之间存在友好接触的一个重要原因是，每当我们有重要问题需要决定时，我们都会与相关人员举行会议。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: Bell was older than most of the ARA workers.
尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya），历史学家：贝尔比大多数 ARA 工人都年长。
And it was easier for local population to perceive him as a boss.
而且当地人更容易把他视为老板。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: He's Colonel Bell.
帕特诺德，历史学家：他是贝尔上校。
He's, as the Russians would say, "Polkovnik Bell".
正如俄罗斯人所说，他是“波尔科夫尼克·贝尔”。
And we're dealing with a country here that has just seen a civil war, Whites and Reds going back and forth.
我们面对的是一个刚刚经历过内战的国家，白人和红军来来回回。
Military authority counts for something.
军事权威是有一定作用的。
Narrator: With the Baltic frozen and supplies running low, Polkovnik Bell told his colleagues he was forced to put the children's kitchens on half-rations.
旁白：由于波罗的海结冰，物资短缺，波尔科夫尼克·贝尔告诉他的同事，他被迫为孩子们的厨房提供一半的口粮。
Yet he continued to feed the children of both Russians and Bashkirs with their cooperation, not interference.
然而，他继续通过合作而不是干涉来养活俄罗斯人和巴什基尔人的孩子。
On February 6, 1922, the first American ship carrying corn to feed Russian adults docked at Novorossisk on the Black Sea.
1922 年 2 月 6 日，第一艘运载玉米供俄罗斯成年人食用的美国船只停靠在黑海的新罗西斯克。
Six weeks had passed since Congress had voted.
自国会投票以来已经过去了六周。
The next link in the chain to feed the starving Russians would be a crucial one -- and the weakest.
为饥饿的俄罗斯人提供食物的链条中的下一个环节将是至关重要的，也是最薄弱的。
Years of war had wrecked 80 percent of Russia's railroads.
连年战争毁坏了俄罗斯百分之八十的铁路。
An American journalist wrote of locomotives resting in graveyards "silently like sleeping monsters," of "miles of sick boxcars on sidings like rows of skeletons." The corn had traveled by ship almost 5,500 miles in 16 days.
一位美国记者写道，机车“像沉睡的怪物一样安静地停在墓地里”，“数英里长的病态棚车停在侧线上，就像一排排骷髅”。这些玉米在 16 天内通过船运了近 5,500 英里。
The trip from Novorossisk to Samara was only 1,300 miles, yet it would take 21 days.
从新罗西斯克到萨马拉的行程只有 1,300 英里，但需要 21 天。
"The dilapidated railroads were urged to do the impossible," Will Shafroth wrote, "and they did it." Shafroth received a small first installment of corn in mid-March.
威尔·沙弗罗斯写道：“人们敦促破旧的铁路去做不可能的事，他们做到了。”沙弗罗斯在三月中旬收到了第一批玉米。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: And actually the Bolsheviks paid to railroad workers with American corn to make the trains run.
尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya），历史学家：实际上，布尔什维克向铁路工人支付了美国玉米的费用，以使火车运行。
And it was a big help because Russian government didn't have money and didn't have food to pay them.
这是一个很大的帮助，因为俄罗斯政府没有钱，也没有食物来支付他们的费用。
Narrator: With relief workers desperately waiting for more supplies, entire trains began to disappear.
旁白：救援人员拼命等待更多物资，整列火车开始消失。
Shafroth wired Moscow that local officials in Samara had commandeered 95 corn cars for railroad employees.
沙弗罗斯给莫斯科发来电报称，萨马拉当地官员为铁路员工征用了 95 辆装玉米的车厢。
The authorities in Moscow had no control over their railroads.
莫斯科当局无法控制他们的铁路。
By mid-March almost 7,000 freight cars had left the ports.
截至 3 月中旬，已有近 7,000 辆货车离开港口。
At the end of the month, 60,000 tons of supplies were waiting for the empty cars to return.
月底，6万吨物资正在等待空车归来。
Forty-six trains from Odessa in Ukraine were stalled in one yard west of the Volga.
从乌克兰敖德萨出发的 46 列火车停在伏尔加河以西一码处。
Supplies from the Baltic via Moscow were stalled at another train yard.
来自波罗的海经莫斯科的补给品被困在另一个火车站。
The result was like logjams on rivers.
结果就像河流堵塞一样。
Trains were hemmed in.
火车被包围了。
For three weeks, nothing could move.
三个星期以来，没有任何动静。
Relief supplies from both the Black Sea and the Baltic to much of the Volga Valley and all of Walter Bell's Ufa-Urals district were stalled.
从黑海和波罗的海向伏尔加河谷大部分地区以及沃尔特·贝尔领导的乌法-乌拉尔地区提供的救援物资陷入停滞。
An estimated 25,000 Russians died in these regions each week.
据估计，每周有 25,000 名俄罗斯人死于这些地区。
Seventy-five thousand more deaths by the end of March.
到三月底，死亡人数又增加了七万五千人。
People had been dying at this rate all over Russia all winter.
整个冬天，俄罗斯各地的人们都在以这种速度死亡。
Will Shafroth described a scene he witnessed in Samara.
威尔·沙弗罗斯描述了他在萨马拉亲眼目睹的一幕。
Will Shafroth (Ivan Bronevoy): I have seen piles of corpses half naked and frozen into the most grotesque positions with signs of having been preyed upon by wandering dogs.
威尔·沙弗罗斯（伊万·布罗内沃伊饰）：我见过成堆半裸的尸体，被冻成最怪异的姿势，有被流浪狗捕食的迹象。
I have seen these bodies, and it is a sight that I can never forget.
我见过这些尸体，这是我永远无法忘记的景象。
Narrator: Shafroth cabled Haskell in Moscow that the body of a Russian assistant who recently died from typhus had been dug up and eaten.
旁白：沙弗罗斯给莫斯科的哈斯克尔发电报称，一名最近死于斑疹伤寒的俄罗斯助手的尸体已被挖出并吃掉。
Ten butcher shops, he said, had been closed for selling human flesh.
他说，十家肉店因出售人肉而被关闭。
Americans read that Shafroth himself had been eaten.
美国人读到沙弗罗斯本人已被吃掉。
Rashid Latypov, Historian: The government tried to stop people eating corpses.
拉希德·拉特波夫（Rashid Latypov），历史学家：政府试图阻止人们吃尸体。
And they led propaganda against this, and they tried to put guards in the cemeteries in order to prevent people from eating dead bodies.
他们领导了反对这种行为的宣传，并试图在墓地里设置警卫，以防止人们吃尸体。
Anatoly Utkin, Historian and Grandson of Survivors: Grandma told me about it.
阿纳托利·乌特金（Anatoly Utkin），历史学家和幸存者的孙子：祖母告诉我这件事。
When the dark was coming, they put a huge lock to save children, because children were the main target of cannibals.
当夜幕降临时，他们放上一把巨大的锁来拯救儿童，因为儿童是食人者的主要目标。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: There were cases of killing children by their own mothers, by their own parents, and eating them.
尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya），历史学家：曾经有过儿童被自己的母亲、自己的父母杀害并吃掉的案例。
Some mothers did that for mercy.
有些母亲这样做是出于怜悯。
But some mothers killed them to feed other children, especially very small babies.
但有些母亲杀死它们来喂养其他孩子，尤其是很小的婴儿。
Narrator: And now, at the end of March 1922, dozens of trains with relief supplies were stalled.
旁白：现在，1922 年 3 月下旬，数十辆载有救援物资的火车陷入困境。
It was unclear why the first trains were detained.
目前尚不清楚第一批火车被扣留的原因。
What was clear is that only the Russians could undo the train jam.
很明显，只有俄罗斯人才能解除火车拥堵。
Alexander Eiduk, the Russian in charge, told Haskell everything was under control.
俄罗斯负责人亚历山大·艾杜克 (Alexander Eiduk) 告诉哈斯克尔，一切都在掌控之中。
For two weeks he did nothing.
两周来他什么也没做。
Another 50,000 Russians starved to death.
另有5万俄罗斯人被饿死。
If the American wheat seed were not planted that spring, there would be no harvest in the fall.
如果那年春天不种下美国小麦种子，秋天就不会有收成。
The famine would continue another year.
饥荒又持续了一年。
Haskell decided it was time for a showdown.
哈斯克尔认为是时候摊牌了。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: He decides to send a cable in the clear, not coded, in the clear to Herbert Hoover, meaning that the Kremlin would be able to see the message he was sending.
帕特诺德，历史学家：他决定以清晰的方式向赫伯特·胡佛发送一份未编码的电报，这意味着克里姆林宫将能够看到他发送的信息。
And the message was the Soviets are not only not helping, they're being obstructionist, and that until he got better cooperation, all relief supplies from the United States ought to be held up at port.
传达的信息是，苏联不仅不提供帮助，而且还进行阻挠，在他得到更好的合作之前，来自美国的所有救援物资都应该滞留在港口。
Narrator: The engineer in Herbert Hoover had foreseen the limits of Russia's railroads.
旁白：赫伯特·胡佛的工程师预见到了俄罗斯铁路的局限性。
He had testified before Congress that $20 million worth of corn would test these limits.
他曾在国会作证称，价值 2000 万美元的玉米将测试这些极限。
When Haskell's telegram arrived, Hoover was being blamed by his critics on the left for exaggerating Russia's transportation problem.
当哈斯克尔的电报到达时，胡佛被左翼批评者指责夸大了俄罗斯的交通问题。
He was attempting "to kill the Soviet government," they argued, by limiting relief supplies.
他们认为，他试图通过限制救援物资来“扼杀苏联政府”。
Hoover could have silenced these critics by releasing Haskell's telegram.
胡佛本可以通过发布哈斯克尔的电报来平息这些批评者的声音。
But he felt stirring up anti-Soviet feelings would be inappropriate for an agency "engaged in the business of saving human lives."
但他认为，对于一个“致力于拯救人类生命”的机构来说，煽动反苏联情绪是不合适的。
Lenin's government got the message.
列宁政府得到了这个信息。
It humiliated, then fired Eiduk.
它羞辱了Eiduk，然后解雇了Eiduk。
It brought in Felix Dzerzhinski, People's Commissar of Transportation, better known as the founder of the Cheka and mastermind of the Red terror during the civil war.
它聘请了交通人民委员菲利克斯·捷尔任斯基（Felix Dzerzhinski），他更为人所知的是契卡的创始人和内战期间红色恐怖的策划者。
He was the most feared man in Soviet Russia.
他是苏维埃俄罗斯最令人畏惧的人。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: It was very important symbolically.
尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya），历史学家：这具有非常重要的象征意义。
The dreadful Iron Felix was appointed as a railroad commissar.
可怕的铁菲利克斯被任命为铁路政委。
And every railroad worker understood.
每个铁路工人都明白。
It's a sign.
这是一个迹象。
We should do something.
我们应该做点什么。
Otherwise we will be shot.
否则我们就会被枪杀。
And the trains started to run.
火车开始运行。
Narrator: The corn was finally on its way.
旁白：玉米终于上路了。
Its distribution would be planned in hundreds of ARA offices across Russia.
计划将其分发到俄罗斯各地的数百个 ARA 办事处。
Here the Americans still faced major hurdles.
在这方面，美国人仍然面临着重大障碍。
The culture clash was profound.
文化冲突是深刻的。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: A lot of the people the Americans hired had never really worked in an office before.
历史学家帕特诺德：美国人雇佣的很多人以前从未真正在办公室工作过。
If they had worked in an office, it wasn't like an American office.
如果他们在办公室工作，那就不像美国的办公室。
The Americans wanted you to get to work on time.
美国人希望你准时上班。
You start work at 8 o'clock.
你八点开始工作。
What the Americans found is the Russians would wander in late.
美国人发现俄罗斯人会迟到。
"Well, there was a goat for sale up the street, and I had to go check that out." It would drive them nuts.
“嗯，街上有一只山羊在卖，我得去看看。”这会让他们发疯的。
Narrator: There were even problems with the elite they hired.
旁白：连他们雇佣的精英都出现了问题。
"With the best will in the world, it is rather difficult for an ex-princess to do cross-filing," wrote a relief worker from Montana.
蒙大拿州的一名救援人员写道：“即使有世界上最好的意愿，前公主也很难进行交叉归档。”
Especially baffling to the Americans was the sense of passivity and resignation on the part of peasants who came for help.
尤其让美国人感到困惑的是前来寻求帮助的农民表现出的消极和顺从的态度。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: Many Russians saw in that famine a sign of a sort of God will, a sort of retribution for their bad behavior during the revolution.
尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya），历史学家：许多俄罗斯人在那场饥荒中看到了某种上帝意志的迹象，这是对他们在革命期间不良行为的一种报应。
They seized church land.
他们夺取了教堂的土地。
They killed priests.
他们杀害了牧师。
So we can only suffer, because we deserved it.
所以我们只能受苦，因为这是我们应得的。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: These Americans got pretty impatient with this.
历史学家帕特诺德：这些美国人对此非常不耐烦。
Their attitude was, "Look, it's time to get to work." This is their Protestant ethic speaking.
他们的态度是：“看，是时候开始工作了。”这是他们新教伦理的说法。
"Your fate is in your hands.
“你的命运掌握在你的手中。
Get up off your knees, start to help out, and let's get moving."
站起来，开始帮忙，让我们开始吧。”
Narrator: Despite the culture clash, romance flourished.
旁白：尽管存在文化冲突，但浪漫依然盛行。
The Americans had comfortable quarters, food, and cars.
美国人有舒适的住所、食物和汽车。
Their Russian staff was mostly women.
他们的俄罗斯员工大部分是女性。
Of the 300 American supervisors, 26 -- nearly 10 percent -- came home with Russian brides.
在 300 名美国主管中，有 26 人（近 10%）带着俄罗斯新娘回国。
Weather had helped cause the famine.
天气造成了饥荒。
Now it once again delayed the relief.
现在又再次耽误了救援。
A spring thaw made it almost impossible to get the corn from the railheads to the villages.
春季解冻使得玉米几乎不可能从铁路终点运到村庄。
The return of winter helped.
冬天的回归有所帮助。
Horses were important -- those which had had not died or been eaten.
马很重要——那些没有死或被吃掉的马。
Many were too weak to draw heavy loads over long distances.
许多人都太虚弱，无法长距离牵引重物。
Where horsepower was lacking, some relied on camels.
在缺乏马力的地方，有些人依靠骆驼。
"The camel can live where the horse dies," the Chicago Daily News noted.
《芝加哥每日新闻》指出：“马死了，骆驼才能生存。”
"It grubs up herbage from under the snow.
“它从雪下挖出牧草。
It will exist on anything." An ARA Russian inspector remembers seeing 2,500 wagons, drawn mostly by camels, leave Tsaritsyn and head for Leninsk.
它会存在于任何东西上。” ARA 俄罗斯检查员记得看到 2,500 辆马车（主要由骆驼拉动）离开察里津，前往列宁斯克。
"In spite of the immensity of the steppes," he wrote, "it was impossible to see the beginning or the end of this train....
“尽管草原辽阔，”他写道，“却看不到这列火车的起点或终点……
Even the oldest and most experienced teamsters admitted that they had never seen such a sight."
即使是最年长、最有经验的卡车司机也承认他们从未见过这样的景象。”
"Contrary to the popular imagination, the corn was not heralded with the ringing of church bells," an ARA physician wrote.
“与大众的想象相反，教堂的钟声并没有预示着玉米的到来，”一位 ARA 医生写道。
"These people have borne so much that their emotions have long since exhausted." He observed the only surviving member of a family of five clutch her 21-day ration.
“这些人承受了太多，情绪早已耗尽。”他观察到一个五口之家唯一幸存的成员手里拿着 21 天的口粮。
Stephen Shafroth, Son of Will Shafroth: My father said there were a half-million people in his district who faced starvation when he began to distribute the corn.
斯蒂芬·沙弗罗斯，威尔·沙弗罗斯的儿子：我父亲说，当他开始分发玉米时，他所在的地区有 50 万人面临饥饿。
Every household got a month's supply -- two pounds per day.
每个家庭都有一个月的供应——每天两磅。
That's the job that he came to do, and he was doing it, and he was very pleased.
这就是他来做的工作，他正在做这件事，而且他非常高兴。
Zukra Ibragimova, Survivor: People used to call that food "America".
祖克拉·伊布拉吉莫娃（Zukra Ibragimova），幸存者：人们过去称这种食物为“美国”。
So, we were handed out "America".
所以，我们得到了“美国”。
At home, people cooked soup out of it, fed their children.
在家里，人们用它煮汤，喂孩子吃。
This, of course, was great help to us.
当然，这对我们来说是很大的帮助。
My father used to say: "See, the Americans did the right thing, sent us help."
我父亲常常说：“看，美国人做了正确的事，向我们提供了帮助。”
Narrator: Every day in his Ufa-Ural Mountains district, Walter Bell fed 1.6 million Russians, Bashkirs, Tatars and Kazakhs in 2,750 kitchens.
旁白：在乌法-乌拉尔山区，沃尔特·贝尔每天在 2,750 个厨房里为 160 万俄罗斯人、巴什基尔人、鞑靼人和哈萨克人提供食物。
One was a three-year-old boy.
其中一名是一名三岁男孩。
Khashim Mustaev, Survivor: I still remember they gave us corn and sweetened condensed milk.
卡希姆·穆斯塔耶夫，幸存者：我仍然记得他们给了我们玉米和甜炼乳。
I was little then but I still remember the taste of that American canned condensed milk.
那时我还小，但我仍然记得美国罐装炼乳的味道。
Our father brought it to us.
我们的父亲把它带给我们。
Thanks to this help, I survived and then studied and became a famous dancer.
感谢这种帮助，我活了下来，然后学习并成为了一名著名的舞蹈家。
Narrator: Before the corn and wheat seed arrived, up to five million Russians had starved to death.
旁白：在玉米和小麦种子到达之前，多达五百万俄罗斯人被饿死。
By August 1922, five months after the corn reached the villages, the ARA was feeding up to 11 million Soviet citizens every day in 19,000 kitchens.
到 1922 年 8 月，即玉米到达村庄五个月后，ARA 每天在 19,000 个厨房为多达 1,100 万苏联公民提供食物。
Anatoly Utkin, Historian and Grandson of Survivors: Jesus Christ brought 13 people bread.
阿纳托利·乌特金 (Anatoly Utkin)，历史学家、幸存者的孙子：耶稣基督给 13 个人带来了面包。
Herbert Hoover gave millions of people bread.
赫伯特·胡佛为数百万人提供了面包。
You cannot find other example of such behavior in world history.
在世界历史上你找不到其他此类行为的例子。
Narrator: Herbert Hoover had insisted the Russians buy wheat seed, which the peasants planted in the spring of 1922.
旁白：赫伯特·胡佛坚持要求俄罗斯人购买农民于 1922 年春天种植的小麦种子。
The wheat harvested that fall ensured the famine would not return.
那年秋天收获的小麦确保了饥荒不会再次发生。
The starvation in the Volga valley was finally over.
伏尔加河谷的饥饿终于结束了。
"Whether the Russians or anyone else realizes it," the ARA's historian wrote, "We have saved a nation." The ARA's relief operation in Russia began to wind down.
“无论俄罗斯人还是其他任何人意识到这一点，”ARA 的历史学家写道，“我们拯救了一个国家。” ARA 在俄罗斯的救援行动开始逐渐结束。
Will Shafroth soon wrote of his experience.
威尔·沙弗罗斯很快写下了他的经历。
Will Shafroth (Ivan Bronevoy): The thing which gives me the most satisfaction is the gratitude with which our help was received from the simplest peasant who would have died if he had not been fed by America, from the mother whose children ate at an ARA kitchen.
威尔·沙弗罗斯（伊万·布罗内沃伊饰）：最让我满意的是，我们的帮助来自于最普通的农民，来自于孩子们在 ARA 厨房吃饭的母亲，如果没有美国的喂养，他就会死去。
These are the people for whom we brought in the food.
这些人就是我们为他们带来食物的人。
Narrator: Nowhere was that gratitude greater than among Russia's 14 million Muslims who paid Colonel Walter Bell a special tribute.
旁白：俄罗斯 1400 万穆斯林向沃尔特·贝尔上校表示特别的敬意，这种感激之情最为强烈。
Bertrand M.
伯特兰·M.
Patenaude, Historian: This was an extraordinary moment when the local Muslim officials decide to show Bell -- this infidel -- a copy of the Koran.
历史学家帕特诺德：这是一个非同寻常的时刻，当地穆斯林官员决定向贝尔——这个异教徒——展示一本《古兰经》。
Yulia Khmelevskaya, Historian: It was incredible.
历史学家尤利娅·赫梅列夫斯卡娅（Yulia Khmelevskaya）：这太不可思议了。
They had never shown it to anyone before, to anyone who is not Muslim.
他们以前从未向任何人、任何非穆斯林展示过它。
And they had never shown it even to Russians, with whom they lived side by side for many years.
他们甚至从未向与他们一起生活了很多年的俄罗斯人展示过这一点。
Narrator: Before he left Russia in July 1923, Bell, who served longer than any other ARA supervisor, was named honorary mayor of Ufa.
旁白：1923 年 7 月离开俄罗斯之前，贝尔被任命为乌法市名誉市长，他的任职时间比 ARA 任何其他主管都长。
He became known as the "idol of the Bashkirs."
他被称为“巴什基尔人的偶像”。
Walter Bell (Marat Lutfrakhmanov): I feel as though I were a part of them.
沃尔特·贝尔（Marat Lutfrakhmanov）：我感觉自己好像是他们的一部分。
I have lived with them through the worst period of suffering they have ever endured.
我和他们一起经历了他们所经历的最痛苦的时期。
I have traveled into every corner of their republic, slept under their roofs, broken their bread and listened to their tales of woe and happiness.
我走遍了他们共和国的每一个角落，睡在他们的屋檐下，剖开他们的面包，聆听他们的悲喜故事。
They nursed me through typhus.
他们照顾我度过斑疹伤寒。
I feel as if I am part of their new existence.
我觉得我好像是他们新存在的一部分。
Narrator: Herbert Hoover had hoped the ARA's efficiency would inspire the Russians to overthrow the Bolsheviks.
旁白：赫伯特·胡佛曾希望ARA的效率能够激励俄罗斯人推翻布尔什维克。
Instead, it may have saved the Soviet regime.
相反，它可能拯救了苏联政权。
Joan Hoff, Hoover Biographer: He himself, in the late 20s, said to a reporter named Henry Wolfe that he thought "he had set the Soviets up in business." Now, that was a kind of revelatory statement for him to make, because he had sold the program of emergency relief to Russia as something that would perhaps effect regime change.
胡佛传记作者琼·霍夫（Joan Hoff）：胡佛本人在 20 年代末对一位名叫亨利·沃尔夫（Henry Wolfe）的记者说，他认为“他让苏联人陷入了困境”。现在，这对他来说是一种启示性的声明，因为他已将紧急救援计划出售给俄罗斯，作为可能会影响政权更迭的东西。
Narrator: Hoover was president when the Great Depression began -- a decade after he rescued the Russians.
旁白：胡佛在大萧条开始时担任总统，也就是他拯救了俄罗斯人十年后。
As Americans went hungry, his image as the "Great Humanitarian" began to fade.
随着美国人挨饿，他作为“伟大人道主义者”的形象开始褪色。
The story of his Russian relief was soon forgotten.
他在俄罗斯救济的故事很快就被遗忘了。
Yet the humanitarian spirit he planted in the American character lived on.
然而，他在美国人性格中植入的人道主义精神依然存在。
George H.
乔治·H.
Nash, Hoover Biographer: Hoover was really in some ways the vanguard of that whole approach that has become associated with America in the last hundred years, namely that when there is a humanitarian tragedy in the world, whether from war or from famine or revolution or a typhoon or an earthquake, that Americans will be there to organize the relief.
纳什，胡佛传记作者：胡佛在某种程度上确实是过去一百年来与美国联系在一起的整个方法的先锋，即当世界上发生人道主义悲剧时，无论是战争、饥荒、革命、台风还是地震，美国人都会在那里组织救援。
Narrator: The memory of the American Relief Administration lives on in Russia by word of mouth among the families who were saved.
旁白：美国救济总署的记忆通过被救助家庭的口口相传留在了俄罗斯。
Anatoly Utkin, Historian and Grandson of Survivors: My grandma told me many times, "Dear Anatoly, do not forget American help at the time of our national disaster." Among those people who were saved were my family, family of my father, of my grandmother.
阿纳托利·乌特金，历史学家、幸存者孙子：我的祖母多次告诉我，“亲爱的阿纳托利，不要忘记美国在我们国家遭受灾难时提供的帮助。”在那些得救的人中，有我的家人，我父亲的家人，我祖母的家人。
My family will never forget.
我的家人永远不会忘记。
The little-known story of the American effort to relieve starvation in the new Soviet Russia in 1921.
1921 年，美国努力缓解新苏维埃俄罗斯的饥饿，这是一个鲜为人知的故事。
An American Relief Administration film tracks the path of food aid to the Soviet Union.
美国救济管理局的一部影片追踪了向苏联提供粮食援助的过程。
In 1921, the American Relief Association sent food aid to Russia, where millions of citizens were suffering from a devastating famine.
1921年，美国救济协会向俄罗斯提供粮食援助，当时俄罗斯数百万公民正在遭受毁灭性的饥荒。
Browse this gallery of the human story — see the Russians who endured and the Americans tasked with delivering salvation.
浏览这个人类故事画廊——看看坚忍不拔的俄罗斯人和肩负拯救使命的美国人。
Read an excerpt from the New York Times, dated July 19, 1921, titled: RUSSIANS PLEAD FOR FAMINE RELIEF.
请阅读 1921 年 7 月 19 日《纽约时报》的摘录，标题为：俄罗斯人请求饥荒救济。
Read an excerpt from the New York Times, dated September 21, 1922, titled: SAYS 1,000,000 FACE STARVATION IN RUSSIA, Colonel Haskell Cables That Moscow Government Will be Unable to Handle Situation.
请阅读 1922 年 9 月 21 日《纽约时报》的摘录，标题为：哈斯克尔上校电报称，俄罗斯有 1,000,000 人面临饥饿，莫斯科政府将无法应对这种情况。
Read an excerpt from the New York Times, dated December 26, 1919 titled: "WANT $300,000,000 TO AID CENTRAL EUROPE: Lenroot Proposes That Hoover Be Called to Advise Senate Committee."
请阅读 1919 年 12 月 26 日《纽约时报》的摘录，标题为：“需要 3 亿美元援助中欧：伦鲁特提议请胡佛为参议院委员会提供建议。”
United States efforts to combat a severe food shortage internationally starting with Europe in WWI.
美国从第一次世界大战中的欧洲开始，努力应对国际上严重的粮食短缺问题。