The Eugenics Crusade

She later learned the surgeons not only had removed her appendix, but also a length of her fallopian tubes–-rendering her incapable of ever becoming pregnant.

她后来了解到，外科医生不仅切除了她的阑尾，还切除了她的一段输卵管，使她永远无法怀孕。

The story of the "sterilized heiress" hit the papers just after the New Year in 1936, when Ann filed a half-million dollar damage claim against the surgeons and her own mother for sterilizing her without her knowledge or consent.

1936 年新年过后，“绝育女继承人”的故事登上了报纸，当时安向外科医生和她自己的母亲提出了 50 万美元的损失索赔，因为他们在她不知情或未同意的情况下对她进行了绝育手术。

Ann's mother denied any wrongdoing.

安的母亲否认有任何不当行为。

She'd done what she'd done for

她已经做了她该做的事

"society's sake," she insisted, because her daughter was "feebleminded."

“为了社会的缘故，”她坚持说，因为她的女儿“智力低下”。

It was the sort of bizarre, high-society scandal that would have captured the national imagination under any circumstances.

这是一种离奇的上流社会丑闻，在任何情况下都会引起全国的关注。

But that one word, "feebleminded," struck a familiar chord for Americans––and linked Ann's plight to a decades-old campaign to control human reproduction, known as "eugenics."

但“弱智”这个词引起了美国人熟悉的共鸣，并将安的困境与一项长达数十年的控制人类生殖的运动（称为“优生学”）联系起来。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: Eugenics was proposed as the scientific solution for social problems.

历史学家隆巴多：优生学被提出作为社会问题的科学解决方案。

It was a combination of hope and aspiration on one side and on the other side it was about fear and in some cases about hate.

一方面是希望和渴望的结合，另一方面是恐惧，在某些情况下还涉及仇恨。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: People tend to think that eugenics was a doctrine that originated with the Nazis, that it was grounded in wild claims that were far outside the scientific mainstream.

历史学家丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯：人们倾向于认为优生学是一种起源于纳粹的学说，它的基础是远远超出科学主流的疯狂主张。

Both of those impressions are fundamentally not true.

这两种印象从根本上来说都是不正确的。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: It was almost a mania that sort of swept through the country.

作家亚当·科恩：这几乎是一种席卷全国的狂热。

And there was that kind of naïve, optimistic vision of eugenics like, “Hey, let’s all get together and make better people."

优生学有一种天真的、乐观的愿景，比如“嘿，让我们团结起来，造就更好的人。”

ALEXANDRA MINNA STERN, HISTORIAN: The Eugenics Movement was about having healthy children, about having a stronger society.

历史学家亚历山德拉·明纳·斯特恩：优生运动是为了拥有健康的孩子，为了建立一个更强大的社会。

There’s nothing wrong with that.

这并没有什么问题。

You have to look at the underbelly of what was implemented in the name of eugenics to see what was so problematic about it.

你必须看看以优生学名义实施的做法的本质，才能明白其中存在什么问题。

He was thirty-six, Harvard-educated, and like many biologists of his generation, absorbed with the study of evolution.

他三十六岁，受过哈佛大学教育，像同时代的许多生物学家一样，全神贯注于进化论的研究。

He'd been traveling in Europe with his wife, collecting seashells for research on species variation, but this was to be the highlight of the trip: a meeting with the world-renowned gentleman scientist, Sir Francis Galton.

他和妻子一起在欧洲旅行，收集贝壳以研究物种变异，但这才是这次旅行的亮点：与世界著名的绅士科学家弗朗西斯·高尔顿爵士的会面。

A pioneering statistician, Galton had lived his eighty years by a single motto: "Whenever you can, count." His obsession with measurements and patterns had led him to create the world's first weather maps, established fingerprinting as a means of identification, and set data-backed parameters for the perfect cup of tea.

作为一位统计学家的先驱，高尔顿在八十岁的岁月里一直恪守着一句座右铭：“只要有能力，就去数数。”他对测量和模式的痴迷促使他创建了世界上第一张天气图，建立了指纹识别作为识别手段，并为一杯完美的茶设置了有数据支持的参数。

Charles Davenport had come to discuss another matter: Galton's work on heredity.

查尔斯·达文波特来讨论另一件事：高尔顿的遗传研究。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: Francis Galton was a great quantifier.

博士。悉达多·慕克吉（SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE），作家：弗朗西斯·高尔顿是一位伟大的量学家。

He liked to quantify height, hair color.

他喜欢量化身高、头发颜色。

You know, what is the chest size of an average man?

你知道，一般男人的胸部有多大吗？

What is the thigh length of an average man?

一般男人的大腿长度是多少？

Even things like intelligence.

甚至像智力这样的东西。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: Galton had a theory that talent, as he called it—what we would call intelligence—seemed to run in families.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：高尔顿有一个理论，即他所说的天赋——我们称之为智力——似乎是家族遗传的。

And so it quickly occurred to him, “If we can get people with high talent to mate with each other, prevent people with low talent from mating with each other, we will,

所以他很快就想到，“如果我们能让天赋高的人互相交配，阻止天赋低的人互相交配，我们就会，

within a few generations, create this race of super men.”

在几代人之内，创造出这个超人种族。”

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: Francis Galton was borrowing ideas and kind of riffing off of the work of his half cousin Charles Darwin.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：弗朗西斯·高尔顿借鉴了他同父异母的表弟查尔斯·达尔文的思想和作品。

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: Darwin believed that evolution was this natural process that was inevitably leading towards what they called the “survival of the fittest.” Galton really turns that idea on its head and says, “You know, natural selection isn’t working very well.

历史学家基思·怀卢：达尔文认为，进化是一种自然过程，不可避免地会导致他们所谓的“适者生存”。高尔顿彻底颠覆了这个想法，他说：“你知道，自然选择的效果并不好。

We need to do a form of selection.

我们需要进行某种形式的选择。

We need to intervene.”

我们需要干预。”

Charles Davenport believed, as Galton did, that selective breeding could transform the human race.

查尔斯·达文波特（Charles Davenport）和高尔顿一样相信，选择性育种可以改变人类。

What was needed was a scientific understanding of how heredity actually worked­­––and over dinner at Galton's home, Davenport declared his intention to get to the bottom of it.

我们需要的是对遗传实际上是如何运作的科学理解——在高尔顿家吃晚饭时，达文波特宣布他打算弄清真相。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: Davenport said "I’m gonna create a new kind of institution, a station for experimental evolution, not Darwinian natural selection that you just go out and observe, but can we figure out how inheritance works, can we do experiments and find the patterns of heredity?

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：达文波特说：“我要创建一种新的机构，一个实验进化站，而不是你只是出去观察的达尔文自然选择，但我们能弄清楚遗传是如何运作的，我们能做实验并找到遗传模式吗？

THOMAS C.

托马斯·C.

LEONARD, HISTORIAN: Davenport and Galton really did imagine that the idea of improving human heredity was of almost religious significance, of profound moral importance.

历史学家伦纳德：达文波特和高尔顿确实认为改善人类遗传的想法几乎具有宗教意义，具有深刻的道德重要性。

They also believed they themselves were qualified to breed a better race because they believed that they were the best and the brightest.

他们还相信自己有资格培育出更好的种族，因为他们相信自己是最优秀、最聪明的。

Situated on ten acres along Oyster Bay, the place had been purpose-built for the breeding and analyzing of plants and animals––complete with sprawling garden plots, an aviary, and a half-dozen tidy enclosures housing chickens, goats, and sheep.

该场所位于牡蛎湾沿岸，占地 10 英亩，是专门为植物和动物的繁殖和分析而建造的，拥有广阔的花园、一个鸟舍和六个饲养着鸡、山羊和绵羊的整洁围栏。

By mating organisms with unusual characteristics––a tailless Manx cat, or a rooster with a black comb––and then studying their offspring, generation after generation, Davenport hoped to unlock the mystery of evolution.

通过使具有不寻常特征的生物体——无尾的马恩岛猫或有黑色鸡冠的公鸡——交配，然后一代又一代地研究它们的后代，达文波特希望解开进化之谜。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: Davenport wasn’t yet thinking much about humans.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：达文波特还没有对人类进行太多思考。

He was just absorbing all these different theories of heredity and trying to figure out which ones applied when and under what conditions.

他只是吸收了所有这些不同的遗传理论，并试图找出哪些理论适用于何时、在什么条件下。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: Mendel learned that there was a pattern to how pea plants passed down certain traits.

历史学家隆巴多：孟德尔发现豌豆植物传递某些性状有一种模式。

And you could come up with certain ratios to predict how likely it was that a pea plant would look one way or another.

你可以想出一定的比率来预测豌豆植物看起来像这样或那样的可能性有多大。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: Davenport took that and ran with it.

乔纳森·斯皮罗（JONATHAN SPIRO），历史学家：达文波特接受了这一点并随之而来。

He goes about breeding all kinds of animals looking for the Mendelian ratio and in trait after trait he seems to find the Mendelian ratio.

他开始培育各种动物，寻找孟德尔比率，并且在一个又一个的性状中，他似乎找到了孟德尔比率。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: Suddenly, they’re beginning to see a mathematical scientific explanation for things that had been merely conjectural before.

亚当·科恩（ADAM COHEN），作家：突然间，他们开始看到对以前只是推测的事物的数学科学解释。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: It’s becoming obvious that, in fact, there are these things called genes.

博士。悉达多·慕克吉（SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE），作家：越来越明显的是，事实上，有一些叫做基因的东西。

These units are being transmitted from parents to their offspring and they’re giving rise to physical traits.

这些单位从父母遗传给后代，并产生身体特征。

Thanks to Mendel's laws of heredity, Davenport told one reporter, agricultural breeders could now precisely select for desirable traits­––to develop a strain of protein-rich wheat or a chicken that laid more eggs.

达文波特告诉一位记者，得益于孟德尔遗传定律，农业育种者现在可以精确地选择理想的性状——培育出富含蛋白质的小麦品种或产更多蛋的鸡。

The same methods would one day lead, he predicted, to a "rapid and thorough-going improvement of the human race."

他预测，有一天，同样的方法将导致“人类迅速而彻底的进步”。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: Davenport was tantalized by the possibility that you could take charge of human evolution.

丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯（DANIEL KEVLES），历史学家：达文波特对你可以掌控人类进化的可能性很感兴趣。

And then along comes Mendelian genetics which seems to offer a very powerful tool.

然后孟德尔遗传学出现了，它似乎提供了一个非常强大的工具。

So extrapolating from the work that the breeders were doing in animals to the breeding of better human beings was a natural step.

因此，从饲养员在动物身上所做的工作推断出饲养更好的人类是一个自然的步骤。

Having already found the Mendelian ratio in early studies of eye color and hair color­––and convinced he was on the right track––he now began to collect data on a wide range of other human characteristics.

在早期对眼睛颜色和头发颜色的研究中已经发现了孟德尔比率，并确信自己走在正确的道路上，他现在开始收集有关广泛的其他人类特征的数据。

He sent out a family history questionnaire to hundreds of individuals, and solicited prisons, hospitals and educational institutions for their records.

他向数百人发出了一份家族史调查问卷，并向监狱、医院和教育机构征求了他们的记录。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: You can’t really do breeding experiments with human beings.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：你不能真正对人类进行育种实验。

Aside from the ethics you just can’t live long enough to see generations and generations.

除了道德之外，你根本活不了多久，无法看到一代又一代人。

So it was Davenport’s genius to realize if he could collect family pedigrees, he could trace family inheritances and try to prove that evolution works for human beings the way it works for animals.

因此，达文波特天才地意识到，如果他能够收集家族谱系，他就可以追踪家族遗产，并试图证明进化对人类的作用就像对动物的作用一样。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: “Wouldn’t it be a better world if we could wipe out poverty?

历史学家隆巴多：“如果我们能够消除贫困，世界不是会变得更美好吗？

Wouldn’t it be a better world if we didn’t have criminals?

如果我们没有罪犯，世界不是会更美好吗？

Wouldn’t it be a better world if everyone behaved themselves?

如果每个人都规矩自己，世界岂不是更美好吗？

And if the reason we have poverty, and crime is something that’s determined by our genes, if we can change that and make it so that the people who have those bad traits don’t pass them down wouldn’t that be a better world?"

如果我们贫穷和犯罪的原因是由我们的基因决定的，如果我们能够改变这一点，让那些拥有这些不良特征的人不会将它们遗传下去，那不是一个更好的世界吗？”

They had come of age in the midst of a revolution––a seismic shift

他们在一场革命中长大——一场巨大的转变

that had made the United States the most prosperous and powerful nation on earth––and, in the eyes of many, had simultaneously plunged it into chaos.

这使美国成为地球上最繁荣、最强大的国家，但在许多人看来，同时也使其陷入了混乱。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: It's the beginning of the 20th century and we have rampant urbanization, rampant industrialization, rampant immigration.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：现在是 20 世纪初，我们的城市化、工业化和移民猖獗。

The old order is passing and wherever you look society seems to be deteriorating.

旧秩序正在消失，无论你往哪里看，社会似乎都在恶化。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: There was impure water, and the schools were awful, and the disease was rampant, and immigrants were pouring in.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：那里的水不纯净，学校很糟糕，疾病猖獗，移民涌入。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: People were apprehensive about rapid change, about the kinds of people you saw on the streets––slums, crime, alcoholism, prostitution.

丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯（DANIEL KEVLES），历史学家：人们对快速变化感到担忧，对你在街上看到的各种人感到担忧——贫民窟、犯罪、酗酒、卖淫。

Native white Protestants felt that they were losing control of American society.

本土白人新教徒感到他们正在失去对美国社会的控制。

THOMAS C.

托马斯·C.

LEONARD, HISTORIAN: The world had never seen invention as powerful, and remarkable, and as influential the last three decades of the 19th century.

历史学家伦纳德：在 19 世纪的最后三十年里，世界从未见过如此强大、非凡和有影响力的发明。

This fueled an already existing American optimism about what can be improved and it directed it into a particular track, which was scientific improvement.

这激发了美国人对可以改进的现有乐观态度，并将其引导到一个特定的轨道，即科学改进。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: There was a great belief in science.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：人们对科学有着坚定的信念。

There was a great belief in government, in bureaucracy as a tool for solving social problems, and also a belief in collectivism, that the population needs to work together to improve society.

人们坚信政府和官僚机构是解决社会问题的工具，同时也坚信集体主义，认为人们需要共同努力来改善社会。

CHRISTINE ROSEN, WRITER: The Progressive Movement said, we can use state power and expert advice and knowledge to solve things like poverty, to solve things like alcoholism.

作家克里斯汀·罗森：进步运动说，我们可以利用国家权力、专家建议和知识来解决贫困等问题，解决酗酒等问题。

So that was an incredibly hopeful and optimistic idea.

所以这是一个令人难以置信的充满希望和乐观的想法。

Eugenics was part of that.

优生学就是其中的一部分。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: Davenport investigated any and all traits––eye color, weight, mood, habit, temperament, diseases, anything.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：达文波特调查了所有特征——眼睛颜色、体重、情绪、习惯、气质、疾病，等等。

And then he finds this psychologist in New Jersey, and he begins to zero in on low intelligence, something known as feeblemindedness.

然后他在新泽西找到了这位心理学家，他开始将低智商归零，即所谓的弱智。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: Like lots of people who are working in institutions––doctors or social workers––Henry Goddard was interested in identifying the kinds of conditions that were passed down in heredity and preventing them.

历史学家隆巴多：像许多在机构工作的人（医生或社会工作者）一样，亨利·戈达德对识别遗传性疾病并预防它们很感兴趣。

He'd spent the three years since trying to parse the many varieties of feeblemindedness, an all-too-common mental deficiency associated with anti-social behavior.

从那以后的三年里，他一直在试图解析各种智力低下的现象，这是一种与反社会行为相关的非常常见的精神缺陷。

Some of Vineland's 300 inmates were violent or deranged, others unruly, still others merely slow.

瓦恩兰的 300 名囚犯中，有的暴力或精神错乱，有的不守规矩，还有的只是行动迟缓。

Hoping to improve their individual care and training, Goddard had pioneered the use of an "intelligence test," which purported to measure a person's mental abilities in relation to that of so-called "normal" people of the same age.

为了改善他们的个人护理和训练，戈达德率先使用了“智力测试”，旨在衡量一个人与同龄所谓“正常”人的心理能力。

The scores enabled him to sort his charges into categories.

这些分数使他能够将他的指控进行分类。

To the existing classifications of "idiot" and "imbecile," which long had been used to describe debilitating mental impairment, Goddard had added a third–-a higher-functioning group he called "morons."

戈达德在现有的“白痴”和“低能”分类中添加了第三种分类，即他称之为“白痴”的高功能群体，这些分类长期以来一直被用来描述使人衰弱的精神障碍。

WENDY KLINE, HISTORIAN: That was actually a diagnostic term and not just an insult.

历史学家温迪·克莱恩：这实际上是一个诊断术语，而不仅仅是一种侮辱。

Henry Goddard argued the high-grade moron is high functioning enough to act normal, but they’re kind of stuck in this evolutionary phase and they don’t emerge as true adults.

亨利·戈达德认为，高级白痴的功能足够高，可以表现得正常，但他们有点陷入了这个进化阶段，并且没有成为真正的成年人。

What’s missing is moral judgment.

缺少的是道德判断。

So

所以

Goddard constructs that term, "moron," and “mental deficiency” and “immorality” become basically interchangeable.

戈达德认为，“白痴”这个词、“精神缺陷”和“不道德”基本上可以互换。

What he found made him an instant believer in eugenics.

他的发现使他立即相信了优生学。

Not only did

不仅做到了

morons seem clearly to pass on their feeblemindedness to their offspring, their family trees often were rife with alcoholics, prostitutes, criminals and paupers.

白痴似乎很明显地将自己的低能遗传给了他们的后代，他们的家谱中常常充斥着酗酒者、妓女、罪犯和乞丐。

As Goddard put it to the New Jersey State Conference of Charities and Corrections in 1910: "Feeblemindedness is at the root of probably two-thirds of the problems that you...have before you." The cause was "defective ancestry."

正如戈达德 1910 年在新泽西州慈善与惩教会议上所说：“你所面临的问题中，有三分之二的根源可能是智力低下。”原因是“有缺陷的血统”。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: Henry Goddard puts forward this idea that if you got rid of feeblemindedness you would get rid of all of these problems, or at least greatly reduce them.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：亨利·戈达德提出了这样的观点：如果你摆脱了弱智，你就会摆脱所有这些问题，或者至少大大减少它们。

And we love explanations like that.

我们喜欢这样的解释。

It’s so simple—oh, it’s just feeblemindedness so let’s, you know, that’s the fix.

很简单——哦，这只是弱智，所以让我们，你知道，这就是解决办法。

CHRISTINE ROSEN, WRITER: Henry Goddard said “You know, it takes an expert to identify the true menace of feeblemindedness.

克里斯汀·罗森，编剧：亨利·戈达德说：“你知道，需要专家才能识别弱智的真正威胁。

So someone you’re sitting next to at a restaurant or in a theater could look perfectly normal to you and it only takes one feebleminded person marrying another one, even someone who’s not feebleminded, to create generations of feeblemindedness.” What it did is up the stakes of feeblemindedness by claiming that it was a hidden menace that was more difficult to pinpoint than people might think.

因此，在餐馆或剧院里，坐在你旁边的人可能在你看来完全正常，只需要一个弱智者与另一个弱智者结婚，即使是一个不弱智的人，就会创造出一代又一代的弱智。”它的所作所为是通过声称这是一种隐藏的威胁，而且比人们想象的更难查明，从而增加了弱者的风险。

In February, in search of a patron, Davenport traveled to New York to lunch with Mrs. E.

二月，为了寻找赞助人，达文波特前往纽约与 E 夫人共进午餐。

H.

H.

Harriman, widow of a recently-deceased railroad magnate.

哈里曼是一位刚刚去世的铁路大亨的遗孀。

CHRISTINE ROSEN, WRITER: Davenport’s pitch to Mrs. Harriman was to say, “Right now you give your money to all kinds of good organizations.

克里斯汀·罗森（Christine Rosen），作家：达文波特向哈里曼夫人说，“现在你把钱捐给各种优秀的组织。

They feed the poor.

他们养活穷人。

They clothe the poor.

他们为穷人提供衣服。

They do many wonderful things but it’s never ending.

他们做了很多美妙的事情，但永无止境。

With eugenics we eventually won’t need your philanthropy and charity because we’ll solve the problems that right now you’re just throwing money at.” He persuaded Mrs. Harriman that the future of the country was at stake and that only a eugenic project could save it.

有了优生学，我们最终将不需要你们的慈善事业和慈善事业，因为我们将解决你们现在只是花钱解决的问题。”他说服哈里曼夫人，这个国家的未来正处于危险之中，只有优生计划才能拯救它。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN : Charles Davenport says, "All you people who think that if we just educate the poor, if we just give them charity, if we just reform their environment even the poor can rise to our level, forget about it.

乔纳森·斯皮罗，历史学家：查尔斯·达文波特说，“所有那些认为只要我们教育穷人，只要给他们施舍，只要改革他们的环境，即使穷人也能达到我们的水平的人，别想了。

That’s just sentimental hogwash.

这只是感性的废话。

It’s not the environment that makes you what you are.

并不是环境造就了你。

It’s your genetic inheritance from your parents.

这是你从父母那里继承的基因。

So now, yes, let’s regulate the matings of human beings, eliminate the bad genes from the population, and keep the fittest genes in the gene pool."

所以现在，是的，让我们规范人类的交配，消除种群中的坏基因，并将最适合的基因保留在基因库中。”

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: By limiting the birth of people who were deemed to be unfit you were by definition enhancing the stock of human society.

历史学家基思·怀卢：通过限制那些被认为不适合的人的出生，从定义上来说，你就增强了人类社会的存量。

And so there was this social mission of really fighting dependency, fighting crime through eugenics.

因此，就有了真正与依赖作斗争、通过优生学打击犯罪的社会使命。

The idea was that eugenics would solve all of these broader social problems if enacted in a robust way.

这个想法是，如果以强有力的方式实施，优生学将解决所有这些更广泛的社会问题。

It was, Davenport later wrote in his journal, "a red letter day for humanity!"

达文波特后来在他的日记中写道，“这对人类来说是一个红字日！”

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: The impulse to perfect humanity is an ancient aspiration.

博士。悉达多·慕克吉（SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE），作家：追求完美人性的冲动是一种古老的愿望。

The idea that somehow or the other that you can get the best humans by selectively breeding the best, most fit, heartiest, most beautiful.

这种想法认为，通过选择性地培育最优秀、最健康、最热情、最美丽的人，你可以得到最好的人类。

It’s an ancient desire.

这是一个古老的愿望。

You find it in Sanskrit texts.

你可以在梵文文本中找到它。

You find it in Greek texts.

你可以在希腊文本中找到它。

The trouble is that only some human beings can dictate or decide what those, what the correct features might be.

问题在于，只有某些人才能决定或决定这些特征是什么，正确的特征可能是什么。

Who decides?

谁决定？

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: Charles Davenport thought, "By breeding a superior race of people, we can bring about the millennial kingdom on earth."

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：查尔斯·达文波特认为，“通过培育优秀的人类种族，我们可以在地球上建立千年王国。”

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: The problem with utopias is that they set a set of aspirations that then blind you to a certain set of consequences and that, that can be dangerous.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：乌托邦的问题在于，它们设定了一系列愿望，然后让你看不到一系列特定的后果，而这可能是危险的。

It was a modest structure built for a grand purpose: to house hereditary information on American families and use it to guide the reproductive choices of the nation.

这是一个为了宏伟目的而建造的朴素建筑：保存美国家庭的遗传信息，并用它来指导国家的生育选择。

He called it the Eugenics Record Office.

他称之为优生学记录办公室。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: Eugenic ideas were very much floating around as early as 1880.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：早在 1880 年，优生思想就已经广泛流传。

But Davenport gave eugenics teeth.

但达文波特给了优生学牙齿。

He was institutionalizing eugenics.

他正在将优生学制度化。

He was marshaling people around a research program.

他正在围绕一个研究项目召集人们。

Day-to-day operations, meanwhile, would be overseen by Harry Laughlin, a high school superintendent from the Midwest with a lifelong passion for poultry breeding.

与此同时，日常运营将由来自中西部的高中校长哈里·劳克林 (Harry Laughlin) 负责监督，他一生都对家禽养殖充满热情。

CHRISTINE ROSEN, WRITER: Laughlin was a very zealous proponent of eugenics and in that sense he got along well with Davenport.

克里斯汀·罗森（Christine Rosen），作家：劳克林是优生学的热心支持者，从这个意义上说，他与达文波特相处得很好。

They both believed in the mission and they believed in the cause.

他们都相信使命，也相信事业。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: For Davenport, a lot of it was about what you can do in the laboratory and how you can analyze the data.

作家亚当·科恩：对于达文波特来说，很多事情都是关于你可以在实验室做什么以及如何分析数据。

For Laughlin a lot of it was about, “Well, how are we gonna get out there in the world and change the direction of history?”

对于劳克林来说，很多事情都是关于“好吧，我们如何走出这个世界并改变历史的方向？”

Over the course of six weeks each summer, recent college graduates––from Vassar, Harvard, Oberlin––were taught how to investigate family histories; how to conduct interviews and make eugenically useful measurements; and how to chart family pedigrees and analyze them.

每年夏天，瓦萨大学、哈佛大学、奥柏林大学的应届大学毕业生都会在六周的时间里学习如何调查家族史；如何进行访谈并进行对优生有用的测量；以及如何绘制家族谱系并进行分析。

Then, at a salary of seventy-five dollars a month, came a year's work in the field.

然后，以每月七十五美元的工资，在该领域工作了一年。

Armed with the official "Trait Book," which assigned numerical codes to a broad spectrum of human characteristics, the newly-minted researchers fanned out: to study delinquents in the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute of Chicago, the insane at the New Jersey State Hospital at Matawan, albinos in Massachusetts, circus families at Coney Island, the Amish in Pennsylvania.

拿着官方的“特征手册”，它为广泛的人类特征分配了数字代码，新晋的研究人员分散开来：研究芝加哥青少年精神病研究所的罪犯、马塔万新泽西州立医院的疯子、马萨诸塞州的白化病患者、康尼岛的马戏团家庭、宾夕法尼亚州的阿米什人。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: They would go into some holler in Virginia and find some family that seemed to have a lot of alcoholics and criminals, and, you know, other ne’er-do-wells, and they would go, “Ah ha.

亚当·科恩，作家：他们会在弗吉尼亚州大喊大叫，发现某个家庭似乎有很多酗酒者和罪犯，而且，你知道，还有其他游手好闲的人，然后他们会说：“啊哈。

We’ve found a family with terrible genes.” They'd interview someone and they’d say, “Oh, yeah, you know, John seems a little slow but I knew his uncle and his uncle was a big drunk,” and they’d write that down, “Uncle a big drunk.” So they would come back with all this evidence of the way in which human traits were inherited.

我们发现了一个有着可怕基因的家庭。”他们采访某人时会说，“哦，是的，你知道，约翰看起来有点慢，但我知道他的叔叔和他的叔叔是个大酒鬼，”他们会写下来，“叔叔是个大酒鬼。”因此，他们会带着所有这些人类特征遗传方式的证据回来。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: Of course the reliability of the data was not questioned even though it was based on interpretation, impression, recollection by the living members of the family with whom they spoke.

历史学家丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯：当然，数据的可靠性没有受到质疑，尽管这些数据是基于与他们交谈的在世家庭成员的解释、印象和回忆。

No checking.

没有检查。

And year by year, the data accumulated.

并且逐年积累数据。

Stored in fireproof cabinets and intricately indexed, it comprised, as Scientific American noted, “a sort of inventory of the blood of the community"––and supplied grist for a multitude of books, pamphlets, lectures, and press releases regarding the danger of so-called "inferior germ-plasm."

正如《科学美国人》所指出的那样，它存储在防火柜中并编有错综复杂的索引，它构成了“社区血液的一种库存”，并为大量有关所谓“劣等种质”危险的书籍、小册子、讲座和新闻稿提供了素材。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: They’re using the family records that are stored in the fireproof vault to prove that all these traits not just physical but mental traits, moral traits, are caused by genes.

乔纳森·斯皮罗，历史学家：他们利用储存在防火金库中的家庭记录来证明所有这些特征不仅是身体特征，而且是精神特征、道德特征，都是由基因引起的。

There’s nothing you can do about it.

你对此无能为力。

This is cold, hard, pure science.

这是冷酷、坚硬、纯粹的科学。

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: Davenport took this basic idea, applied it far more widely than it had ever been before and really promoted this probabilistic idea as if it were a deterministic one.

历史学家基思·怀卢：达文波特采用了这一基本思想，并将其应用得比以前更广泛，并真正推广了这一概率性思想，就好像它是一种确定性思想一样。

That is to say, it’s not just likelihoods but in some ways we’re dealing with certainties.

也就是说，这不仅仅是可能性，而且在某些方面我们正在处理确定性。

And that idea really sold.

这个想法真的很受欢迎。

"I agree with you that society has no business to permit degenerates to reproduce their kind," former president Theodore Roosevelt wrote Davenport that year.

“我同意你的观点，社会没有权利允许堕落者繁衍后代，”前总统西奥多·罗斯福当年写信给达文波特。

"It is really extraordinary that our people refuse to apply to human beings such...knowledge as every successful farmer is obliged to apply to his own stock breeding."

“我们的人民拒绝将这些知识应用于人类，就像每个成功的农民都必须应用于自己的畜牧业一样，这确实很不寻常。”

THOMAS C.

托马斯·C.

LEONARD, HISTORIAN: If you’re going to be in the business of breeding, you’re gonna have to convince thought leaders and politicians, most especially the government, to begin a kind of unprecedented program.

历史学家伦纳德：如果你要从事育种业务，你就必须说服思想领袖和政治家，尤其是政府，开始一项前所未有的计划。

So they understood from the beginning that they needed to persuade those who were in a position to do something about it that it was possible, indeed, desirable.

因此，他们从一开始就明白，他们需要说服那些有能力对此采取行动的人，让他们相信这是可能的，而且确实是可取的。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: The eugenicists thought that people’s base interests are just self serving, selfish, right, and if you just leave them to themselves they’re gonna evolve in all these random, dumb directions.

纳撒尼尔·康福特，历史学家：优生学家认为，人们的基本利益只是自私、自私，没错，如果你任其发展，他们就会朝着所有这些随机、愚蠢的方向发展。

Also recommended was a new and somewhat controversial surgical procedure known as "sterilization." By cutting and sealing organs involved in reproduction, both men and women could be made infertile.

还推荐了一种新的、有些争议的外科手术，称为“绝育”。通过切割和封闭涉及生殖的器官，男性和女性都可能变得不育。

So far, the technique had been used primarily on criminals––particularly sex offenders––and it was thought to have a curative effect.

到目前为止，该技术主要用于犯罪分子——尤其是性犯罪者——并且被认为具有疗效。

Harry Laughlin envisioned a broader application: as a eugenic tool that would eliminate defective germ-plasm once and for all.

哈利·劳克林设想了更广泛的应用：作为一种优生工具，可以一劳永逸地消除有缺陷的种质。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: Harry Laughlin really has this political vision of what we can do with eugenics.

亚当·科恩（ADAM COHEN），作家：哈利·劳克林对于我们如何利用优生学确实有这样的政治愿景。

And he said, “In order for eugenic sterilization to really do what had to be done 15,000,000 Americans would have to go under the knife.

他说：“为了让优生绝育真正发挥作用，1500万美国人必须接受手术。

ALEXANDRA MINNA STERN, HISTORIAN: The idea was that eugenics was for the common good and by implementing the science of heredity, they could protect America and strengthen America.

历史学家亚历山德拉·明纳·斯特恩：这个想法是优生学是为了共同利益，通过实施遗传科学，他们可以保护美国并增强美国。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: They thought of it as the beginning of a revolution.

丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯，历史学家：他们认为这是一场革命的开始。

Of a religious movement.

属于宗教运动。

You have to start with a few converts and then you try to grow it into a bigger movement.

你必须从一些皈依者开始，然后尝试将其发展为更大的运动。

All that seemed exciting and full of possibility and they were gonna create a new world.

这一切看起来令人兴奋且充满可能性，他们将创造一个新世界。

But for all of Davenport's certainty about the gene, there remained open questions––about the gene's physical properties, and its location within the cell, and the means by which it accomplished its function.

尽管达文波特对该基因十分确定，但仍然存在一些悬而未决的问题——关于该基因的物理特性、它在细胞内的位置以及它实现其功能的方式。

All over the world, scientists looked to fast-breeding organisms in search of clues.

在世界各地，科学家们都在快速繁殖的生物体中寻找线索。

Some focused their experiments on the sea urchin, which turned out a new generation each year; others, on the even speedier meal worm, with its larvae-to-larvae cycle of four months.

一些人将实验重点放在海胆上，海胆每年都会产生新一代；另一些人则将实验重点放在海胆上。其他研究则针对速度更快的粉虫，其幼虫到幼虫的周期为四个月。

For zoologist Thomas Hunt Morgan, the organism of choice was the fruit fly––which was capable of reproducing in just ten days.

对于动物学家托马斯·亨特·摩根来说，选择的生物体是果蝇——它能够在短短十天内繁殖。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: The organism breeds so quickly that Morgan is able to see things that the eugenicists cannot because he’s watching mutations move across multiple generations.

博士。悉达多·穆克吉（SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE），作家：生物体繁殖得如此之快，以至于摩根能够看到优生学家看不到的东西，因为他正在观察突变在多代之间的传播。

For nearly a decade, they'd been holed up there, on the sixth floor of Schermerhorn Hall, breeding flies in half-pint milk bottles pilfered from the campus cafeteria.

近十年来，他们一直躲在舍默霍恩大厅六楼，用从校园自助餐厅偷来的半品脱牛奶瓶饲养苍蝇。

Thousands upon thousands of mutants were crossed, and the results meticulously recorded: white-eyed, bristled, red-eyed, short-winged.

成千上万的突变体被杂交，结果被仔细记录：白眼、鬃毛、红眼、短翅。

When the data was collated, Morgan made a startling discovery: the mechanism of heredity in flies was far more complex than in Mendel's peas.

当整理数据时，摩根有了一个惊人的发现：果蝇的遗传机制比孟德尔豌豆复杂得多。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: Gregor Mendel thought that every gene was its own unique discrete entity.

博士。悉达多·慕克吉，作家：格雷戈尔·孟德尔认为每个基因都是其独特的离散实体。

Morgan showed that, in fact, that’s not the case, that, in fact, genes live, genes have a physical entity and they live in chromosomes.

摩根表明，事实上，情况并非如此，事实上，基因是存在的，基因有一个物理实体，并且它们存在于染色体中。

And because they live in chromosomes often they travel in packs.

因为它们生活在染色体中，所以它们经常成群结队地旅行。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: Morgan's work complicates the idea of simple eugenics because you don’t just pick one thing out of one drawer, a second thing out of another drawer until you get your ideal child.

博士。悉达多·穆克吉（SIDDHARTHA MuKHERJEE），作家：摩根的工作使简单的优生学的概念变得复杂，因为你不能只是从一个抽屉里挑选一件东西，从另一个抽屉里挑选第二件东西，直到你得到你理想的孩子。

It’s not so easy to pick and choose what your next generation might be.

选择你的下一代可能是谁并不容易。

NALONDRA NELSON, SOCIOLOGIST: It makes sense in pea plants, it makes sense in cattle, it should make sense in humans, but there were no experiments that really could support Davenport’s theory.

社会学家纳隆德拉·尼尔森：这对豌豆植物有意义，对牛有意义，对人类也应该有意义，但没有实验真正可以支持达文波特的理论。

NARRATOR: Thomas Hunt Morgan was a believer in the transformative power of eugenics.

旁白：托马斯·亨特·摩根坚信优生学具有变革性的力量。

He had served on the board at the Eugenics Record Office since it opened.

自优生学记录办公室成立以来，他一直担任该办公室的董事会成员。

But based on the lessons he'd learned in the Fly Room, it seemed clear that eugenic science, such as it was, had no business informing American laws.

但根据他在飞行室中学到的经验教训，很明显，优生科学与美国法律无关。

"If [the eugenicists] want to do this sort of thing, well and good," Morgan wrote a friend, "but I think it is just as well for some of us to set a better standard, and not appear as participators in the show."

摩根在一位朋友的信中写道：“如果（优生学家）想做这种事，那就太好了，但我认为我们中的一些人最好制定一个更好的标准，而不是以参与者的身份出现在节目中。”

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: Morgan writes a letter saying, “I’m going to ask to be taken off this letterhead.

历史学家隆巴多：摩根写了一封信，上面写着：“我要求去掉这封信笺。

I study fruit flies and I can’t figure out how their eyes work.

我研究果蝇，但我不明白它们的眼睛是如何工作的。

I can’t figure out which one’s going to inherit certain kinds of wings and you seem to be saying you can understand who’s gonna inherit something as vague as criminality or pauperism.

我不知道谁会继承某些类型的翅膀，而你似乎在说你可以理解谁会继承像犯罪或贫困这样模糊的东西。

So he backed away but privately.

所以他私下退缩了。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: What genes are is a great biological and biochemical question.

博士。悉达多·慕克吉（SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE），作家：什么是基因，这是一个重要的生物学和生化问题。

But there's kind of a Yankee practicality about eugenics, “Let’s get this job done,” and so they move right along.

但优生学有一种洋基式的实用性，“让我们完成这项工作”，所以他们就继续前进。

Billed as "an encyclopedia of modern achievement," the fair offered a dizzying array of diversions and curiosities: a 23-minute ride over a functioning replica of the recently-completed Panama Canal; an assembly line that turned out eighteen Model T's a day; a fifty-seven-tier tower built entirely of Heinz condiment products.

该博览会被誉为“现代成就的百科全书”，提供了一系列令人眼花缭乱的娱乐和好奇心：在最近竣工的巴拿马运河复制品上进行 23 分钟的骑行；一条每天生产 18 辆 T 型车的装配线；一座五十七层的塔楼，完全由亨氏调味品产品建造。

ALEXANDRA MINNA STERN, HISTORIAN: The Panama-Pacific Expo was a celebration of science, efficiency, engineering.

历史学家亚历山德拉·明纳·斯特恩：巴拿马太平洋博览会是对科学、效率和工程的庆祝。

It was an opportunity for the United States to demonstrate the power of science and technology, and also a utopian vision looking towards the future.

这是美国展示科技力量的机会，也是展望未来的乌托邦愿景。

Housed in the Palace of Education, the display featured imposing plaster casts of Atlas, Venus and Apollo; a collection of medical instruments used to gauge human biological capacity; and a welter of charts, graphs, and lists that outlined the way eugenics would better the human race.

展览位于教育宫，展示了阿特拉斯、维纳斯和阿波罗的宏伟石膏模型；用于测量人类生物能力的医疗仪器的集合；还有一堆图表、图表和列表，概述了优生学如何改善人类。

All of it was the work of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, a fierce proponent of what he called "biologic living."

所有这一切都是约翰·哈维·凯洛格博士的工作，他是他所谓的“生物生活”的强烈支持者。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: John Harvey Kellogg was an incredibly energetic man.

纳撒尼尔·康福特，历史学家：约翰·哈维·凯洛格是一个非常精力充沛的人。

He was a health reformer, and a physician, and an amazing entrepreneur, and he developed all these regimens, and invented different medical instruments, had a whole dietary plan.

他是一位健康改良家、一位医生、一位了不起的企业家，他开发了所有这些疗法，发明了不同的医疗器械，制定了完整的饮食计划。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: He was obsessed with cleanliness, with purity and he believed that the key to reforming society is to cleanse our bowels on a regular basis.

乔纳森·斯皮罗，历史学家：他痴迷于清洁和纯洁，他认为改革社会的关键是定期清洁我们的肠道。

He invents something called cornflakes to help cleanse your bowels.

他发明了一种叫做玉米片的东西来帮助清洁肠道。

And he had a spa in Battle Creek, Michigan, and lots of eugenicists came to the Battle Creek Sanatorium to have their bowels cleansed and to talk about eugenics.

他在密歇根州巴特尔克里克开了一家水疗中心，许多优生学家来到巴特尔克里克疗养院清洗肠道并谈论优生学。

CHRISTINE ROSEN, WRITER: For Kellogg, eugenics made perfect sense.

克里斯汀·罗森（Christine Rosen），作家：对于家乐氏来说，优生学非常有意义。

It was about health.

这是关于健康的。

He linked these views about heredity, which were difficult to change, with these ideas about what human beings can do to improve themselves.

他将这些难以改变的遗传观点与人类如何改善自身的想法联系起来。

THOMAS C.

托马斯·C.

LEONARD, HISTORIAN: John Harvey Kellogg believed that the environment can effect the gene, that consuming alcohol or consuming meat could lead to genetic inferiority in offspring.

历史学家伦纳德：约翰·哈维·凯洛格认为环境会影响基因，饮酒或吃肉可能会导致后代遗传劣势。

So there was more than one way to improve heredity.

因此，改善遗传的方法不止一种。

The turnout exceeded expectation––drawing reform-minded medical professionals, university presidents, conservationists, and business leaders from all over the country and across the political spectrum.

投票人数超出了预期——吸引了来自全国各地和各个政治派别的具有改革思想的医疗专业人士、大学校长、自然资源保护主义者和商界领袖。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: Eugenics had a little bit of something for everyone.

历史学家隆巴多：优生学对每个人都有一点帮助。

So if you’re a social hygienist you’re interested in wiping out prostitution, eugenics is interested in that, too.

因此，如果你是一名社会卫生学家，你对消灭卖淫感兴趣，那么优生学也对此感兴趣。

If you’re a prohibitionist and you wanna get rid of alcohol because alcohol breaks up families.

如果您是一名禁酒主义者，并且想戒酒，因为酒精会破坏家庭。

It makes men unemployable.

它使男性失业。

Eugenics wants to get rid of all those things too.

优生学也想摆脱所有这些东西。

So it manages to match up with the concerns of many other different kinds of reforms.

因此，它设法与许多其他不同类型的改革的关注点相匹配。

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: What led people to get behind the eugenics campaign wasn’t just their ardent belief in the science or in heredity.

历史学家基思·怀卢：促使人们支持优生学运动的不仅仅是他们对科学或遗传的热忱信念。

It was a fundamentally broad and sweeping social and political agenda to try to recreate society, one might say, in their own image.

人们可能会说，这是一个从根本上来说广泛而全面的社会和政治议程，试图按照自己的形象重建社会。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: They’re almost all white, they’re almost all Protestant, middle-to-upper-middle class and they tended to equate human worth with the qualities that they themselves possessed.

丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯（DANIEL KEVLES），历史学家：他们几乎都是白人，几乎都是新教徒，中上层中产阶级，他们倾向于将人类价值与他们自己拥有的品质等同起来。

"[Unless we weed out the weaklings]," one speaker warned, "[w]e will reach a point...where...many of those born and helped to survive will be a burden to the race."

“[除非我们淘汰弱者]，”一位发言者警告说，“我们将达到这样一个地步……许多出生并帮助生存的人将成为种族的负担。”

All told, the Race Betterment Conference drew an estimated ten thousand people, and generated more than a million lines of press­.

总而言之，种族改善会议估计吸引了一万人，并产生了超过一百万条新闻。

"Your efforts [on] behalf of eugenics are certainly beginning to bear fruit," Kellogg told Charles Davenport.

“你为优生学所做的努力肯定开始结出硕果，”凯洛格告诉查尔斯·达文波特。

"The public [is] beginning to understand better, and appreciate more."

“公众开始更好地理解、更多地欣赏。”

ALEXANDRA MINNA STERN, HISTORIAN: The Panama-Pacific Expo was really a defining moment for the American Eugenics Movement.

历史学家亚历山德拉·明纳·斯特恩：巴拿马太平洋博览会确实是美国优生运动的决定性时刻。

The Eugenics Movement was coalescing.

优生运动正在联合起来。

It was solidifying.

它正在凝固。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: These elites are all saying, “Yes, you know, we believe in progress and this is progress.” Eugenics gave them a way to view the world and to say, “Okay, you know, all these vague anxieties I have about the present and particularly the future, this is what the problem is.

作家亚当·科恩：这些精英都在说：“是的，你知道，我们相信进步，这就是进步。”优生学为他们提供了一种看待世界的方式，并说：“好吧，你知道，我对现在，特别是未来，有所有这些模糊的焦虑，这就是问题所在。

Well, let’s get to work on solving that.”

好吧，让我们开始努力解决这个问题。”

His groundbreaking 1912 study, The Kallikak Family, had awakened the public to the menace of the feebleminded, with its true-life tale of an old-stock American, a feebleminded tavern girl, and a fateful tryst that over several generations had spawned more than a hundred mental defectives, among them one of Goddard's own patients at Vineland, a girl he'd diagnosed as a moron.

他 1912 年的开创性研究《卡里卡克家族》唤醒了公众对弱智者的威胁的认识，该书讲述了一个老派美国人、一个弱智酒馆女孩的真实故事，以及一场致命的幽会，几代人的时间里催生了一百多个精神缺陷者，其中包括戈达德自己在瓦恩兰的病人，一个被他诊断为白痴的女孩。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: The Kallikak Family was a huge best seller for many, many years, references to the Kallikaks were in the speeches of politicians, books, scholarly journals, popular magazines.

乔纳森·斯皮罗（JONATHAN SPIRO），历史学家：《卡利卡克家族》多年来一直是畅销书，政治家的演讲、书籍、学术期刊、流行杂志中都提到了卡利卡克家族。

Everyone knew what the Kallikaks meant.

每个人都知道卡利卡克斯的意思。

You have to watch out who you mate with or your descendants could turn out to be feebleminded, criminals, alcoholics, and so forth.

你必须留意与谁交配，否则你的后代可能会变得智力低下、罪犯、酗酒者等等。

Now, with his colleagues, he designed a program to carry out intelligence testing on a mass scale.

现在，他与同事一起设计了一个程序来进行大规模的智力测试。

Just seven weeks earlier, the United States had plunged into the First World War––and the draft ultimately would swell the army's ranks by nearly three million men.

就在七周前，美国陷入了第一次世界大战，而这次征兵最终使军队人数增加了近三百万。

The aim of the testing program was to classify them for service, and to identify the mental defectives lurking among them.

测试计划的目的是对他们进行分类，并找出他们中潜伏的精神缺陷。

They began in late September 1917 at Camp Lee and Camp Taylor, Camp Devens and Camp Dix.

他们于 1917 年 9 月下旬在李营、泰勒营、德文斯营和迪克斯营开始。

First, new recruits were sorted according to their level of literacy––and then administered one of two tests.

首先，新兵根据识字水平进行分类，然后进行两项测试之一。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: They had one test called the Alpha Test for draftees who were literate in English and another called the Beta Test for draftees who were not literate in English or illiterate completely.

丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯（DANIEL KEVLES），历史学家：他们为有英语读写能力的应征入伍者进行了一项名为“Alpha 测试”的测试，为不识字或完全文盲的应征入伍者进行了另一项测试，称为“Beta 测试”。

One of the questions on the Alpha Test was, “The Knight engine is used in the Ford, the Pierce-Arrow, or the Lozier car?” Now, tell me, is that known to you?

Alpha 测试的问题之一是，“Knight 发动机用于福特、Pierce-Arrow 或 Lozier 汽车？”现在，告诉我，你知道吗？

One Sicilian recruit, a Catholic, considered an image of a house and drew a crucifix where a chimney might be.

一名西西里新兵，一名天主教徒，考虑了一幅房子的图像，并在可能有烟囱的地方画了一个十字架。

He was marked wrong.

他被标记为错误。

"It was touching to see the intense effort put into answering the questions," an Army examiner later recalled, "often by men who never before had held a pencil in their hands."

一位陆军考官后来回忆道，“看到这些人在回答问题时付出的巨大努力，真是令人感动，而这些人往往以前从未拿过铅笔。”

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: The tests were by no means measures of intelligence, whatever that may mean.

丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯（DANIEL KEVLES），历史学家：这些测试绝不是智力的衡量标准，无论这意味着什么。

How well you did on them depended upon your degree of education and how many years you’d been in school, and also how attuned you were with middle-class culture.

你在这些方面做得如何取决于你的教育程度和你在学校的年限，以及你对中产阶级文化的适应程度。

Roughly half of the draftees were considered to be morons.

大约一半的应征入伍者被认为是白痴。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: The Army’s experience became a headline, "America is degenerating.

历史学家隆巴多：陆军的经历成为了头条新闻，“美国正在堕落。

We have to somehow interrupt this swamp of defect.”

我们必须以某种方式打破这个缺陷沼泽。”

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: There was a movement to institutionalize more people at this time driven by eugenics.

作家亚当·科恩：此时，在优生学的推动下，出现了一场将更多人制度化的运动。

You can see how an IQ test can really grease the wheels.

您可以看到智商测试如何真正起到润滑作用。

If you’re gonna start moving people into institutions, if you’re gonna start sterilizing them and all that you need some numbers and the IQ test provided that.

如果你要开始将人们转移到机构中，如果你要开始对他们进行绝育，所有这些你都需要一些数字和智商测试来提供。

An adapted version of the Army test, the National Intelligence Test, sold half a million copies in one year.

陆军测试的改编版本——国家智力测试，一年内售出了 50 万份。

Businesses administered mental tests to prospective employees, schools and universities evaluated their students, and ever more paupers, prostitutes, drunkards and deliquents found themselves suddenly with pencil in hand.

企业对未来的雇员进行心理测试，学校和大学对学生进行评估，越来越多的乞丐、妓女、酒鬼和违法者发现自己突然手里拿着铅笔。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: Feeblemindedness was a big fear in that era.

作家亚当·科恩：在那个时代，弱智是一个很大的恐惧。

There was a thought that there were a lot of these people out there who were deficient, who were morons and they were not only out there they were reproducing much more rapidly than other people.

有人认为，那里有很多有缺陷的人，他们是白痴，他们不仅在那里，而且比其他人繁殖得更快。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: The trouble is that in practice the word “moron” could be anyone who was not part of the, you know, the so-called social norm.

博士。悉达多·慕克吉（SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE），作家：问题在于，实际上，“白痴”这个词可能指任何不属于所谓社会规范的人。

So, the word “moron” begins as a scientific attempt to classify intelligence but very soon becomes usable as a means of social control.

因此，“白痴”这个词最初是一种对智力进行分类的科学尝试，但很快就成为一种社会控制手段。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: To some extent, humanity’s always been about othering and about, you know, there’s us and there’s the other.

作家亚当·科恩：在某种程度上，人类总是与他人有关，你知道，有我们，也有他人。

The Eugenics Movement really gave this scientific, you know, punch to this idea that, “There are us and there are the others and we’re the right people.

优生运动确实给这个想法带来了科学的冲击力，“有我们，有其他人，我们是正确的人。

We’re the people that it’s important not only to favor now but we’re the people who have to own the future." Suddenly eugenics comes along and gives them a scientific basis for believing that.

我们不仅是现在重要的人，而且是必须拥有未来的人。”突然优生学的出现给了他们相信这一点的科学依据。

THOMAS C.

托马斯·C.

LEONARD, HISTORIAN: Eugenics is easy to accept because it preserves existing hierarchies.

历史学家伦纳德：优生学很容易被接受，因为它保留了现有的等级制度。

It didn’t seek to overturn them.

它并不寻求推翻他们。

What it did was lend new weight to established hierarchies.

它所做的就是给既定的等级制度赋予了新的分量。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: I don't think there has ever been a time when people didn't think that some people simply better than others.

历史学家隆巴多：我认为，从来没有一个时期人们不认为有些人就是比其他人更好。

The Eugenics Movement like a chameleon took on the colors of those attitudes which existed before the word “eugenics” was coined and certainly exist today.

优生运动就像变色龙一样，呈现出“优生学”这个词被创造之前就存在的态度的色彩，而且今天也确实存在。

The Great War had staunched the flow; but with the armistice, the tap had been opened once more.

第一次世界大战阻止了这种流动。但随着停战，水龙头再次打开。

By 1920, some 75,000 new immigrants were landing at Ellis Island each month.

到 1920 年，每月约有 75,000 名新移民登陆埃利斯岛。

That May, at Cold Spring Harbor, Charles Davenport penned a letter to a friend: “Can we build a wall high enough around this country," he wondered, "so as to keep out these cheaper races?”

那年五月，查尔斯·达文波特在冷泉港给一位朋友写了一封信：“我们能否在这个国家周围建造一堵足够高的墙，”他想知道，“以便将这些廉价的种族拒之门外？”

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: Charles Davenport was born into a very fancy, old stock family.

亚当·科恩（ADAM COHEN），编剧：查尔斯·达文波特出生于一个非常高档的古老股票家庭。

So he was someone brought up to believe that family mattered and that, you know, good qualities ran in good families like his.

所以他从小就相信家庭很重要，你知道，像他这样的好家庭具有良好的品质。

CHRISTINE ROSEN, WRITER: Charles Davenport was very focused on wanting to maintain the traditional American stock.

克里斯汀·罗森（Christine Rosen），作家：查尔斯·达文波特（Charles Davenport）非常注重维持传统的美国股票。

And he wasn't alone in that.

他并不孤单。

There was this fear that the right sort of American wasn’t having enough children.

人们担心，合适的美国人没有足够的孩子。

And the race as it existed was being diluted and polluted by incoming waves of immigrants.

而现存的种族正在被移民潮稀释和污染。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: Most immigrants used to come from Northern and Western Europe, from the British Isles, from Germany.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：大多数移民过去来自北欧和西欧、不列颠群岛、德国。

And then all of a sudden in the 1890's, immigrants started coming here from Eastern Europe, from Southern Europe.

然后在 1890 年代突然间，移民开始从东欧、南欧来到这里。

These are Catholics, these are Jews, these are peasants.

这些是天主教徒，这些是犹太人，这些是农民。

And Davenport feels correctly that his race is losing the demographic game.

达文波特正确地认为他的种族正在输掉人口游戏。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: Madison Grant was a very wealthy lawyer.

乔纳森·斯皮罗，历史学家：麦迪逊·格兰特是一位非常富有的律师。

His ancestors are traced back to the original Puritan founders of the United States.

他的祖先可以追溯到美国最初的清教徒创始人。

Some of his ancestors signed the Declaration of Independence.

他的一些祖先签署了《独立宣言》。

He was a committed conservationist.

他是一位坚定的自然资源保护主义者。

He saved the redwoods from extinction.

他使红杉免于灭绝。

At some point he realized, “I’ve been spending all my time and effort trying to save our nation's flora and fauna while my own race is dying out.

在某个时候，他意识到，“我一直在花费我所有的时间和精力试图拯救我们国家的动植物群，而我自己的种族正在灭绝。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: When Madison Grant walks out the door of his Wall Street law office, he is accosted by thousands of foreign-speaking peasants.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：当麦迪逊·格兰特走出华尔街律师事务所的大门时，数千名讲外语的农民向他搭话。

They don’t know and they don’t care that Madison Grant’s ancestors signed the Declaration of Independence and he is offended.

他们不知道也不关心麦迪逊·格兰特的祖先签署了《独立宣言》而他被冒犯了。

ALEXANDRA MINNA STERN, HISTORIAN: His vision is one of America as a country wrought by great men who ventured from Europe, and an America that is facing an onslaught from the undesirable hoards from most of the rest of the world.

历史学家亚历山德拉·明纳·斯特恩：他的愿景是美国是一个由来自欧洲的伟人建立的国家，也是一个正面临来自世界其他地区的不良囤积攻击的美国。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: He invents this race called the Nordics, this tall, blond-haired, blue-eyed race.

乔纳森·斯皮罗，历史学家：他发明了这个被称为北欧人的种族，这个高大、金发、蓝眼睛的种族。

According to Grant, the Nordics are the most recently evolved of all the races.

根据格兰特的说法，北欧人是所有种族中进化最晚的。

That means their genetic traits are still fragile.

这意味着他们的遗传特征仍然脆弱。

They’re not fully formed.

他们还没有完全成型。

And so if a blond-haired, blue-eyed Nordic mates with a more primitive race, a Mediterranean, a Jew, certainly a Negro or an Asiatic, the more primitive genes of the inferior race will actually overwhelm the superior but not yet stable genes of the Nordics.

因此，如果一个金发蓝眼睛的北欧人与一个更原始的种族，地中海人，犹太人，当然还有黑人或亚洲人交配，那么劣等种族的更原始基因实际上会压倒北欧人的优越但尚未稳定的基因。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: So this is a threat, and threat not just, you know, “Hey, I look around the city and it looks a little different.” This is a genetic invasion.

作家亚当·科恩：所以这是一种威胁，而且不仅仅是威胁，你知道，“嘿，我环顾这座城市，它看起来有点不同。”这是基因入侵。

“We Americans must realize that the altruistic ideals...and the maudlin sentimentalism that has made America 'an asylum for the oppressed,' are sweeping the nation toward a racial abyss," Grant declared.

格兰特宣称：“我们美国人必须认识到，利他主义的理想……以及使美国成为‘被压迫者的庇护所’的伤感的感伤主义，正在将整个国家推向种族深渊。”

"This generation must completely repudiate the proud boast of our fathers that they acknowledged no distinction in 'race, creed, or color,' or else...turn the page of history and write 'Finis America.'"

“这一代人必须彻底否定我们的父辈们的骄傲自夸，即他们不承认‘种族、信仰或肤色’之间有任何区别，否则......翻过历史的一页，写下‘美国终结’。”

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: Madison Grant takes eugenics, which had hitherto been concerned only with survival of the fittest individual, and he says we need to be concerned with the survival of the fittest race.

乔纳森·斯皮罗，历史学家：麦迪逊·格兰特采用优生学，迄今为止优生学只关注适者生存，他说我们需要关注适者生存。

We need to preserve the Nordic race.

我们需要保护北欧种族。

He began with a charm offensive directed at Congressman Albert Johnson, the Chairman of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization––inviting Johnson to New York, plying him with whiskey and cigars, and gradually persuading him of the urgent need for eugenics.

他首先向国会议员、众议院移民和归化委员会主席阿尔伯特·约翰逊发起魅力攻势，邀请约翰逊到纽约，给他喝威士忌和雪茄，并逐渐说服他认识到优生学的迫切需要。

Once Johnson was in the fold, Grant suggested he bring Harry Laughlin, the superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office, to Washington D.C., to testify on the so-called "biological aspects of immigration." Johnson was so impressed with the presentation, he named Laughlin "Expert Eugenics Agent" and commissioned him to make a study of the foreign-born.

约翰逊加入后，格兰特建议他将优生学记录办公室主任哈里·劳克林带到华盛顿特区，就所谓的“移民的生物学方面”作证。约翰逊对这次演讲印象深刻，任命劳克林为“优生学专家”，并委托他对外国出生的人进行研究。

In the meantime––amid a rising anti-immigrant clamor from labor unions, social workers, conservationists––Congress curbed the influx with the Emergency Quota Act of 1921.

与此同时，在工会、社会工作者、自然资源保护主义者日益高涨的反移民呼声中，国会通过 1921 年《紧急配额法案》遏制了移民涌入。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: This was supposedly a one-year temporary measure.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：这应该是一项为期一年的临时措施。

But in 1922, the bill is renewed for another two years and that gave Madison Grant and the eugenicists time to launch a massive propaganda campaign convincing Americans that immigration restriction must be permanent.

但到了 1922 年，该法案又延长了两年，这让麦迪逊·格兰特和优生学家有时间发起大规模的宣传运动，让美国人相信移民限制必须是永久性的。

Organized in tandem with Charles Davenport, the week-long event drew some 300 delegates from twenty-eight foreign countries.

这项为期一周的活动是与查尔斯·达文波特 (Charles Davenport) 联合举办的，吸引了来自 28 个国家的约 300 名代表。

Numerous members of the Senate and House immigration commitees were in attendance, as was actress Lillian Russell­––who now informed her legions of fans that the American melting pot was a catastrophe.

参议院和众议院移民委员会的许多成员都出席了会议，女演员莉莲·拉塞尔也出席了会议——她现在告诉她的大批粉丝，美国的大熔炉是一场灾难。

“If we don’t put up the bars and make them higher and stronger," she warned, "there no longer will be an America for Americans.”

“如果我们不设立更高、更强的标准，”她警告说，“那么美国人的美国就不再存在了。”

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: There are all kinds of exhibits at the Congress showing that Negro fetuses have smaller skulls.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：大会上有各种各样的展品表明黑人胎儿的头骨较小。

Italians have a higher level of criminality than other people.

意大利人的犯罪率比其他国家更高。

And at the end of the Congress, the exhibits are packed up and shipped to Washington, DC where they are prominently displayed in the committee rooms so that Congressmen could not help but, consciously or not, imbibe all the latest scientific findings of eugenics.

国会结束后，展品被打包运往华盛顿特区，在委员会会议室的显着位置展示，让国会议员们情不自禁地、有意或无意地吸收优生学的所有最新科学发现。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: He had numbers that purported to show that rates of insanity were different among immigrants from different countries, that certain nationalities were much more likely to have their immigrants become prison inmates.

亚当·科恩，作家：他的数据旨在表明，来自不同国家的移民的精神错乱率有所不同，某些国籍的移民更有可能成为监狱囚犯。

And he also argued that just biologically because we were largely a Nordic, Northern European country it was harder to assimilate immigrants from other parts of the world.

他还认为，从生物学角度来说，因为我们主要是北欧国家，所以更难同化来自世界其他地区的移民。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: The Jews on the Immigration Committee object.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：移民委员会中的犹太人表示反对。

They claim correctly that the eugenicists have first come up with their theory that Jews are inferior and then found the data to back it up.

他们正确地声称，优生学家首先提出了犹太人低等的理论，然后找到了支持该理论的数据。

But Congress is converted to the cause of eugenics.

但国会却转而支持优生学的事业。

The Congressional Record is filled with Congressmen reading excerpts from The Passing of the Great Race, Madison Grant’s book, on the floor of Congress and so the Restrictionists win the day and Congress passes immigration restriction legislation.

国会记录中充斥着国会议员在国会大厅里朗读麦迪逊·格兰特的著作《伟大种族的消逝》的节选，因此限制主义者赢得了胜利，国会通过了移民限制立法。

THOMAS C.

托马斯·C.

LEONARD, HISTORIAN: They shut the door and reduced immigration to the United States by 97%.

历史学家伦纳德：他们关闭了美国的大门，并将美国的移民数量减少了 97%。

The door was shut and it didn’t open again for forty years.

门紧闭了，四十年没有再打开过。

And in a very real sense this was a political policy victory for eugenics.

从真正意义上来说，这是优生学政治政策的胜利。

ALEXANDRA MINNA STERN, HISTORIAN: It was really a reversal of, you know, “Give us your tired and your huddled masses," and it sends a message that the open arms of Ellis Island are now closed.

历史学家亚历山德拉·明纳·斯特恩：这实际上是“把你们疲惫不堪、挤在一起的群众交给我们”的逆转，它传达了一个信息：埃利斯岛张开的双臂现在已经关闭了。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: Congress passed this law and closed the door on Jews in Eastern Europe and Germany who were trying to flee the Nazis.

作家亚当·科恩：国会通过了这项法律，对东欧和德国试图逃离纳粹的犹太人关闭了大门。

Otto Frank wrote to the U.

奥托·弗兰克写信给美国。

S.

S。

State Department trying to get visas for his family and he wrote repeatedly, and he had connections, and he was turned down because of this law.

国务院试图为他的家人获得签证，他多次写信，而且他有关系，但因为这项法律而被拒绝。

We think about Anne Frank dying in a concentration camp because the Germans thought the Jews were genetically inferior, but to some extent Anne Frank died in a concentration camp because the US Congress believed that as well.

我们认为安妮·弗兰克死于集中营是因为德国人认为犹太人在基因上较差，但在某种程度上安妮·弗兰克死于集中营是因为美国国会也相信这一点。

Sanger's reputation preceeded her.

桑格的声誉先于她。

In her dozen years as a crusader for contraception and family planning, she'd been denounced, jeered, and jailed repeatedly.

在她作为避孕和计划生育斗士的十几年里，她多次遭到谴责、嘲笑和监禁。

Now, she'd undertaken a cross-country speaking tour intended to bolster her cause by linking it to eugenics.

现在，她进行了一次跨国巡回演讲，旨在通过将其与优生学联系起来来支持她的事业。

THOMAS C.

托马斯·C.

LEONARD, HISTORIAN: Margaret Sanger was laser beam focused on promoting birth control, which she saw as a liberatory agent for women.

历史学家伦纳德：玛格丽特·桑格（Margaret Sanger）致力于促进节育，她认为节育是女性的解放力量。

It was a hard push, reproductive rights, contraception.

这是一个艰难的推动，生育权，避孕。

Her embrace of the eugenicists was a way of getting some influential and powerful allies behind her cause.

她对优生学家的支持是让一些有影响力和强大的盟友支持她的事业的一种方式。

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: Margaret Sanger is struggling to open a conversation at a time when public discussion of birth control let alone access to birth control was illegal.

历史学家基思·怀卢：在公众讨论节育的时候，玛格丽特·桑格正在努力展开对话，更不用说获得节育是非法的了。

But her views are fairly persistent with regard to issues of biological inferiority.

但她在生物劣等问题上的观点相当坚持。

You could argue that they’re strategic but the difference is not that significant from the standpoint of those listening to her words.

你可能会说它们是战略性的，但从那些听她的话的人的角度来看，区别并不那么重要。

WENDY KLINE, HISTORIAN: Once birth control is packaged as a way of improving the human race, it seems more manageable.

历史学家温迪·克莱恩：一旦节育被包装为改善人类的一种方式，它似乎更容易管理。

There were a lot of people that were on the fence that she convinced to embrace birth control because of its eugenic potential.

很多人对她说服接受节育持观望态度，因为它具有优生潜力。

It was being labeled a birth control activist that was truly controversial.

它被贴上节育活动家的标签，这确实引起了争议。

Being a eugenicist was far more acceptable.

成为一名优生学家更容易被接受。

Included in the curriculum at more than 350 American colleges and universities––among them Harvard, Northwestern, and the University of California at Berkeley––eugenics also was preached from pulpits, promoted on lecture circuits, and appropriated to sell everything from newfangled beauty treatments to children's toys.

优生学被纳入 350 多所美国学院和大学（其中包括哈佛、西北大学和加州大学伯克利分校）的课程中，还在讲坛上宣讲，在巡回演讲中推广，并用于销售从新奇的美容护理到儿童玩具的各种商品。

Disseminated by a host of popularizers––and at times diluted, distorted, or both––the eugenic creed filtered down to the masses through magazine articles, advice manuals, even a movie called "Are You Fit to Marry?"

经过众多普及者的传播——有时被淡化、扭曲，或者两者兼而有之——优生学信条通过杂志文章、建议手册，甚至一部名为“你适合结婚吗？”的电影渗透到大众中。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: This was really something that permeated the culture.

作家亚当·科恩：这确实是一种渗透到文化中的东西。

It was really a craze.

这确实是一种热潮。

It was something people were excited about.

这是人们感到兴奋的事情。

CHRISTINE ROSEN, WRITER: Eugenics starts to trickle into mainstream popular culture in the 1920s and it says to individual Americans, “If you want your society to improve you have to marry the right person.

克里斯汀·罗森（Christine Rosen），作家：优生学在 20 年代开始渗透到主流流行文化中，它对美国人说：“如果你希望社会进步，你就必须嫁给合适的人。

You have to have healthy children.

你必须有健康的孩子。

You have obligations to the human race and to your country.”

你们对人类和你们的国家负有义务。”

At state and county fairs across the country––in Massachusetts, Kansas, Georgia, Texas––a human stock contest known as "Fitter Families for Future Firesides" drew throngs.

在全国各地的州和县集市上——马萨诸塞州、堪萨斯州、佐治亚州、得克萨斯州——一场名为“未来炉边的健康家庭”的人类牲畜竞赛吸引了大批人群。

Sponsored by the American Eugenics Society, a propaganda organization run by the movement's evangelists, Harry Laughlin and Madison Grant, the competition offered a primer on eugenics, disguised as wholesome family entertainment.

该竞赛由美国优生学协会（一个由该运动的传道者哈里·劳克林和麦迪逊·格兰特经营的宣传组织）赞助，提供了优生学入门知识，伪装成健康的家庭娱乐。

CHRISTINE ROSEN, WRITER: What the American Eugenics Society realized is that if you’re gonna spread a message about eugenics, you have to get people involved

克里斯汀·罗森（Christine Rosen），作家：美国优生学协会意识到，如果你想传播优生学的信息，你就必须让人们参与进来

in more than just reading something in a popular magazine.

不仅仅是阅读流行杂志上的内容。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: Eugenics is all-encompassing creed.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：优生学是包罗万象的信条。

It’s a faith.

这是一种信仰。

It’s a religion.

这是一种宗教。

And Harry Laughlin and Madison Grant understood, we need the people to be converted of this religion so that everyone will understand, “If I am eugenically superior I cannot date and certainly cannot mate with a eugenically unfit person.

哈里·劳克林和麦迪逊·格兰特明白，我们需要人们皈依这种宗教，这样每个人都会明白，“如果我在优生方面优越，我就不能和一个在优生方面不适合的人约会，当然也不能交配。

Straight, healthy teeth earned them high marks––as did musical talent, or a family history of longevity.

整齐、健康的牙齿为他们赢得了高分——音乐天赋或长寿的家族史也是如此。

Disease or disability––even a lame grandmother or an epileptic uncle––was a demerit.

疾病或残疾——甚至是跛脚的祖母或患有癫痫的叔叔——都是过失。

"While the stock judges are testing the Holsteins, Jerseys, and Whitefaces in the stock pavilion," one contest organizer said, "we are judging the Joneses, Smiths, and the Johnsons."

一位比赛组织者说：“当股票评委在股票馆测试荷斯坦、泽西和白脸时，我们正在评判琼斯、史密斯和约翰逊。”

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: Just as they would have a contest who had bred the best cows, who had bred the best sheep, who had bred the best children.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：就像他们会进行一场比赛，看谁养育了最好的奶牛，谁养育了最好的羊，谁养育了最好的孩子。

And at the end of the state fair, the eugenic winning family, the fitter family, would be driven down the midway and wave to the people and show off their ribbons.

在州博览会结束时，优生获胜的家庭，即健康的家庭，将被赶到中途，向人们挥手并炫耀他们的丝带。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: By the 1920’s, eugenics was a household word.

历史学家隆巴多：到 1920 年代，优生学已是家喻户晓的词。

A generation of people grows up thinking of this word as a aspiration, healthy babies, and as a warning.

一代人在成长过程中将这个词视为一种愿望、健康的婴儿和一个警告。

They’ve read it in school, they’ve heard it at church, it has become part of the consciousness of the country.

他们在学校读过，在教堂听到过，它已经成为国家意识的一部分。

W.E.B.

W.E.B.

DuBois, one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, maintained that the "best" of the black race––what he called "the Talented Tenth"––was the hope for the future.

杜波依斯是全国有色人种协进会的创始人之一，他坚持认为黑人种族中的“最优秀的”——他称之为“天才第十”——是未来的希望。

"The Negro," DuBois declared, "...must begin to...breed for brains, for efficiency, for beauty."

“黑人，”杜波依斯宣称，“……必须开始……培育大脑、效率和美丽。”

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: DuBois’ ideas are fundamentally about combating prejudice, but at the same time he talked about and embraced the notion that not all blacks were equally gifted and equally talented, and that the future of African Americans should hinge on the future procreation of the talented.

历史学家基思·怀卢：杜波依斯的思想从根本上讲是为了反对偏见，但与此同时，他谈到并接受了这样一个观念，即并非所有黑人都具有同等的天赋和才华，非裔美国人的未来应该取决于有才华的人的未来繁衍。

Those ideas really are resonant with eugenic ideals of the time.

这些想法确实与当时的优生理想产生了共鸣。

WENDY KLINE, HISTORIAN: Eugenics became a really powerful ideology because it made sense to a lot of different groups who were concerned about disparate things.

历史学家温迪·克莱恩：优生学成为一种非常强大的意识形态，因为它对许多关心不同事物的不同群体来说都是有意义的。

Part of the draw is how science can make us better human beings, that we can engineer ourselves into being even better than we are.

吸引人的部分原因是科学如何使我们成为更好的人，我们可以将自己改造得比现在更好。

And viewing that as a source of progress.

并将其视为进步的源泉。

NALONDRA NELSON, SOCIOLOGIST: The Eugenics Movement of the early 20th century got traction because the slogans were simple, things like “Better babies and happy families,” you know.

社会学家纳隆德拉·尼尔森：20 世纪初的优生运动之所以受到关注，是因为口号很简单，比如“更好的婴儿和幸福的家庭”，你知道。

On the face of it, you know, better babies, healthier babies, what’s not to like?

从表面上看，你知道，更好的婴儿，更健康的婴儿，有什么不喜欢的呢？

It would have taken considerable effort to demonstrate to people what that simple slogan was actually hiding.

要向人们展示这个简单的口号实际上隐藏着什么，需要付出相当大的努力。

She'd been admitted to the colony several months before, at the request of her foster parents, who claimed that they could no longer "control or care for her."

几个月前，应她养父母的要求，她被接纳到这个殖民地，她的养父母声称他们无法再“控制或照顾她”。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: Carrie Buck had been raised by a foster family, not a nice family.

编剧亚当·科恩：凯莉·巴克是在一个寄养家庭长大的，而不是一个好家庭。

She is rented out to other people in the community to do house cleaning, and she’s pulled out of school after fifth grade even though she’s doing very well and is a perfectly good student.

她被租给社区里的其他人做房屋清洁工作，五年级后她就退学了，尽管她表现很好，是一个非常好的学生。

Then, a nephew of her foster mother rapes her and she gets pregnant and they wanna get rid of her.

然后，她养母的侄子强奸了她，她怀孕了，他们想摆脱她。

WENDY KLINE, HISTORIAN: Sexual delinquent, sexually immoral.

历史学家温迪·克莱恩：性犯罪、性不道德。

These terms are intentionally vague.

这些术语故意含糊不清。

Immoral tendency could be that a woman had been sexually abused.

不道德倾向可能是女性受到性虐待。

It could mean she was going out late at night.

这可能意味着她要在深夜外出。

It could mean she's a prostitute.

这可能意味着她是个妓女。

If you’re morally deficient that’s evidence that you’re mentally deficient and vice versa.

如果你在道德上有缺陷，那就证明你在精神上有缺陷，反之亦然。

So the state needs to intervene.

所以国家需要干预。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: She lands at the Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded right when Virginia has passed a eugenic sterilization law and the lawyer for the state hospitals really wants there to be a test before sterilizations occur.

亚当·科恩（ADAM COHEN），作家：当弗吉尼亚州通过优生绝育法时，她来到了癫痫和弱智者收容所，州立医院的律师确实希望在绝育发生之前进行一次测试。

So the Superintendent of the Colony, he basically needs an inmate that he can say, “I’m gonna sterilize you,” have that person challenge the law, and then hopefully prevail against her.

所以殖民地的主管，他基本上需要一个囚犯，他可以说，“我要给你绝育”，让那个人挑战法律，然后希望能战胜她。

So he’s looking for someone and Carrie Buck checks a lot of boxes.

所以他正在寻找某人，而凯莉·巴克检查了很多箱子。

"By the laws of heredity," the board concluded, "[Carrie Buck] is the probable potential parent of socially inadequate offspring." It was recommended she be sterilized––for both her own welfare and the good of society.

“根据遗传法则，”委员会得出结论，“[嘉莉·巴克]很可能是社交能力较差的后代的潜在父母。”为了她自己的福祉和社会的利益，建议她进行绝育手术。

Then Buck was assigned an attorney, friendly to the eugenic cause, who would appeal her sterilization––ideally, all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States.

然后巴克被指派了一位对优生事业友好的律师，他将对她的绝育提出上诉——理想情况下，一直上诉到美国最高法院。

Across the country, eugenicists would be watching––to see if the Virginia test case could create a national consensus on sterilization.

全国各地的优生学家都在关注弗吉尼亚州的试验案例能否就绝育问题达成全国共识。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: Sterilization was a radical procedure.

历史学家隆巴多：绝育是一个彻底的过程。

Between 1915 and the mid-1920’s, you have a dozen or more states that pass laws that allowed for mandatory sterilization of people in institutions.

1915 年至 1920 年代中期，有十几个或更多的州通过了法律，允许对机构中的人员进行强制绝育。

Some of them were used actively.

其中一些被积极使用。

Many of them were just on the books but nobody was being operated on.

其中许多只是记录在案，但没有人接受手术。

Some of them had been struck down by state courts.

其中一些已被州法院驳回。

So it wasn’t at all clear what was going to happen to eugenic sterilization.

因此，根本不清楚优生绝育会发生什么。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: There was a hope among eugenicists, “If we could just get a case that goes up to the Supreme Court, one ruling from the Supreme Court and suddenly we’ve got a national legal standard that eugenic sterilization is acceptable.

亚当·科恩（ADAM COHEN），作家：优生学家有一个希望，“如果我们能把一个案件提交到最高法院，最高法院做出一项裁决，我们就会突然得到一个国家法律标准，表明优生绝育是可以接受的。

So that became high on the wish list of the Eugenics Movement.

因此，这成为优生运动的愿望清单上的重要内容。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: Harry Laughlin believes that to really move the needle on the national genetic pool and really improve things, sterilization was the answer.

亚当·科恩（ADAM COHEN），作家：哈里·劳克林认为，要真正推动国家基因库并真正改善现状，绝育就是答案。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: Eugenical sterilization was Laughlin’s life work.

历史学家隆巴多：优生绝育是劳克林毕生的事业。

He published a book in 1922, a compendium of every law that had been passed, of every case that had been brought, excruciating detail about the history of eugenical sterilization.

他于 1922 年出版了一本书，概要介绍了已通过的每一项法律、已提起的每一起案件，以及有关优生绝育历史的令人痛苦的细节。

And it became the bible for people who wanted to pass sterilization laws.

它成为那些想要通过绝育法的人的圣经。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: Laughlin never met Carrie Buck.

历史学家隆巴多：劳克林从未见过凯莉·巴克。

Laughlin never traveled to Virginia to see her.

劳克林从未前往弗吉尼亚州看望她。

His testimony was read into the record of the Carrie Buck case as a deposition.

他的证词被作为证词读入凯莉·巴克案的记录中。

Laughlin's testimony proved persuasive.

事实证明，劳克林的证词很有说服力。

As the eugenicists hoped, first the County judge, then the state Supreme Court upheld Virginia's sterilization law.

正如优生学家所希望的那样，首先是县法官，然后是州最高法院维持了弗吉尼亚州的绝育法。

The next––and final––ruling would come from the Supreme Court of the United States.

下一个——也是最终的——裁决将由美国最高法院做出。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: Poor Carrie Buck, there’s no weaker person perhaps who’s ever come before the Supreme Court.

亚当·科恩（ADAM COHEN），作家：可怜的凯莉·巴克（Carrie Buck），也许没有比最高法院更弱的人了。

She is poor, and she is alone, and her mother is an inmate, and she has a lawyer that’s been chosen by her enemies to not represent her.

她很穷，她很孤独，她的母亲是一名囚犯，她的敌人选了一位律师不代表她。

And she’s asking the font of justice in our society, "Don’t let them forcibly operate on me so I can’t have children." And they say, "Go ahead, sterilize her."

她向我们社会的正义之泉祈求，“不要让他们强行对我做手术，让我不能生孩子。”他们说：“来吧，给她绝育。”

"It is better for all the world," Holmes wrote, "if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind...

福尔摩斯写道：“如果社会能够阻止那些明显不适合继续其同类的人，而不是等待因犯罪而处决堕落的后代，或者让他们因愚蠢而挨饿，这对整个世界来说都是更好的......

Three generations of imbeciles are enough."

三代蠢货就够了。”

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: Justice Holmes says, "If she is allowed to reproduce or if the Carrie Bucks of the world in general are allowed to reproduce this will be deleterious to American society.

丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯，历史学家：福尔摩斯法官说，“如果允许她生育，或者全世界的凯莉·巴克斯都被允许生育，这将对美国社会有害。

And so therefore the government has the authority to step in and in pursuit of the greater public good to suppress her individual right to reproduce."

因此，政府有权介入并为了追求更大的公共利益而压制她个人的生育权。”

Thanks to Carrie Buck, a jubilant Laughlin declared, eugenical sterilization's "experimental period," had come to an end.

劳克林兴高采烈地宣称，多亏了凯莉·巴克，优生绝育的“实验期”已经结束了。

Over the two decades that preceded the Carrie Buck case, only about 6,000 sterilizations had been performed nationwide.

在凯莉·巴克案发生之前的二十年里，全国范围内只进行了约 6,000 例绝育手术。

In the six years that followed it, as states across the country rushed to enact sterilization laws, that number would more than double.

在接下来的六年里，随着全国各州纷纷颁布绝育法，这个数字增加了一倍多。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: If you look back at all the sterilization laws passed, the easiest way to sum up who their targets were is, “Round up the usual suspects.” You are generally going to be dealing with poor people, people who are part of a disfavored minority, people who were on private charity or public welfare, people who had disabilities, mental or physical, and people who were generally considered somehow on the margins of society.

历史学家隆巴多：如果你回顾所有通过的绝育法，总结他们的目标的最简单方法就是“围捕通常的嫌疑人”。你通常要面对的是穷人、不受欢迎的少数群体、依靠私人慈善机构或公共福利的人、有精神或身体残疾的人，以及通常被认为处于社会边缘的人。

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: The conceit of eugenics was that scientists understood what traits were associated with health and well-being over the long term.

历史学家 KEITH WAILOO：优生学的理念是科学家们了解哪些特征与长期健康和福祉相关。

But hereditary science in the early 20th century was still emerging.

但20世纪初的遗传科学仍在兴起。

Eugenics led the public discussion, promoted the science of human heredity in a time when hereditarian scientists were themselves developing their craft.

当遗传科学家们正在发展自己的技艺时，优生学引领了公众讨论，促进了人类遗传科学的发展。

And I think for a period of time they saw this as a positive development—society taking interest in the kind of science that they were doing.

我认为有一段时间他们认为这是一个积极的发展——社会对他们所做的科学感兴趣。

And then I think by the Twenties there’s a problem.

然后我认为到了二十年代就出现了问题。

He was still working with flies––though now on his own, at the University of Texas in Austin.

他仍在奥斯汀的德克萨斯大学从事与苍蝇相关的研究——尽管现在他独自一人。

So far, he'd been using the technique he'd learned in the Fly Room, from Thomas Hunt Morgan: hunt for naturally arising mutations, then track across them across generations.

到目前为止，他一直在使用他在飞行室中从托马斯·亨特·摩根那里学到的技术：寻找自然产生的突变，然后在几代人之间追踪它们。

Breed a generation, peer at its members one by one through a jewelers loup, repeat.

培育一代人，通过珠宝商的卢布一一审视其成员，重复。

But at this point, Muller had lost patience.

但此时，穆勒已经失去了耐心。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: It took an enormous amount of time to generate these mutants.

博士。悉达多·慕克吉（SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE），作家：产生这些突变体需要花费大量的时间。

You had to wait until you basically found one.

你必须等到基本上找到一个。

It was a process of, of discovery.

这是一个发现的过程。

So Muller began to wonder he could actually create mutants de novo, from scratch, by doing something to the genes.

因此穆勒开始怀疑，他是否真的可以通过对基因做一些事情，从头开始创造突变体。

When the larvae began to appear on day five, it was clear the whim had worked.

当幼虫在第五天开始出现时，很明显这个突发奇想已经奏效了。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: Muller, by using the exact right dosage of X-rays, finds that he can make dozens of mutations, mutations that would have taken months or years to find.

博士。悉达多·慕克吉（SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE），作家：穆勒通过使用正确剂量的 X 射线，发现他可以制造数十种突变，而这些突变需要数月或数年才能发现。

He becomes a mutant maker.

他成为了一名变种人制造者。

He can’t do it in a predictable way.

他无法以可预测的方式做到这一点。

But the principle that human gene material was malleable, was changeable is an idea that Muller understands and embraces.

但人类基因物质是可塑的、可变的这一原理是穆勒理解和接受的。

The idea of controlling human heredity had captivated Muller since his earliest days in Morgan's lab.

穆勒早在摩根实验室工作时就对控制人类遗传的想法着迷。

He'd been aware of the flaws in so-called "eugenic science" for nearly as long––and his doubts about the American eugenics movement had been steadily mounting.

他几乎同样早就意识到所谓的“优生科学”的缺陷，而且他对美国优生运动的怀疑一直在稳步增加。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: Muller began to think that you couldn’t have a Eugenics Movement without asking questions about equality.

博士。悉达多·穆克吉（SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE），作家：穆勒开始认为，如果不提出有关平等的问题，就不可能开展优生运动。

What was the criteria for judging you know a better human being than a worse human being and thereby sterilizing the, the worst human being or selectively breeding the better human being?

判断你了解一个更好的人而不是一个更差的人的标准是什么，从而使最差的人绝育或选择性地繁育更好的人？

Who would ensure that the Eugenics Movement was selecting the best features, when the, when the best features were dictated by the elites?

当最好的特征是由精英决定时，谁能确保优生运动选择最好的特征？

––but they'd come mainly from lone voices, shouting into the wind.

——但它们主要来自孤独的声音，对着风喊叫。

Now, increasingly, hereditary scientists began to speak as one.

现在，越来越多的遗传科学家开始作为一个整体说话。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: More and more scientists are realizing that heredity’s not something that you can understand simply like Mendel understood his pea plants, that some human traits are really complex and you can’t predict whether they’re gonna appear, or reappear, that some conditions that we think of as hereditary are really about social issues.

历史学家隆巴多：越来越多的科学家意识到，遗传并不是像孟德尔理解他的豌豆植物那样简单就能理解的东西，有些人类特征非常复杂，你无法预测它们是否会出现或再次出现，有些我们认为遗传的条件实际上与社会问题有关。

Nobody really discards the idea that heredity is important but there is growing chorus of scientists who are being more careful in the way that they talk about heredity.

没有人真正放弃遗传很重要的观点，但越来越多的科学家在谈论遗传时更加谨慎。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: The eugenic scientists were doing what they understood to be reliable science and it turned out that, in many cases, their science was mistaken.

历史学家丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯：优生科学家正在做他们认为可靠的科学，但事实证明，在很多情况下，他们的科学是错误的。

Science is a process.

科学是一个过程。

People make claims, they advance evidence for it.

人们提出主张，并提出证据。

And then others come along who have more sophisticated understanding of the methodological problems, and they say, "Hey, prostitution may result from a woman’s having no other choice economically," or, "Alcoholism may arise from all sorts of stresses in one’s life." You don’t need genetics at all to explain these things.

然后其他人对方法论问题有更深入的理解，他们说，“嘿，卖淫可能是由于妇女在经济上别无选择”，或者，“酗酒可能是由于生活中的各种压力引起的。”你根本不需要遗传学来解释这些事情。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: 25% of the country’s unemployed.

作家亚当·科恩：全国 25% 的失业者。

People’s life savings have been wiped out by both the stock market crash and the bank failures.

人们的毕生积蓄因股市崩盘和银行倒闭而化为乌有。

The person who’s now on the bread line might have been a lawyer who graduated from Harvard.

现在正在排队领取面包的人可能是一位毕业于哈佛大学的律师。

And this was a clear indication that poverty was not biological.

这清楚地表明贫困不是生物性的。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: They hold this conference to propagate the idea of eugenics.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：他们召开这次会议是为了传播优生学的理念。

All the same guys are there—Madison Grant, Charles Benedict Davenport, Harry Laughlin––espousing the same ideas.

所有同样的人都在那里——麦迪逊·格兰特、查尔斯·本尼迪克特·达文波特、哈里·劳克林——拥护同样的想法。

Their ideas have not changed in 25 years and almost nobody comes.

他们的想法25年来没有改变，几乎没有人来。

Because among scientists, eugenics is now viewed as the purview of a bunch of old, white cranks whom science has passed by.

因为在科学家中，优生学现在被视为一群老白痴的职权范围，而科学已经与他们擦肩而过。

“There is no scientific basis for the conclusion that the socially lower classes...have...genetically inferior intellectual equipment," he insisted.

“社会下层阶级……拥有……基因上较差的智力装备这一结论没有科学依据，”他坚称。

"[C]ertain slum districts of our cities are veritable factories for the production of criminality among those who happen to be born in them...under these circumstances it is society, not the individual, which is the real criminal, and which stands to be judged.”

“我们城市的某些贫民区是名副其实的工厂，为出生在其中的人制造犯罪……在这种情况下，社会，而不是个人，才是真正的罪犯，并受到审判。”

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: The problem of eugenic thinking was an utter ignorance of social causes of social problems, a tendency to overbiologize, to think through the biological lens about everything in society.

历史学家基思·怀卢：优生思想的问题是对社会问题的社会原因的完全无知，一种过度生物学化的倾向，通过生物学的视角来思考社会中的一切。

It had been based on a model law written by Harry Laughlin.

它基于哈里·劳克林 (Harry Laughlin) 撰写的示范法。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: Before Hitler, there was a German eugenics movement.

丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯（DANIEL KEVLES），历史学家：在希特勒之前，德国就有过优生运动。

But it did not have a sterilization law.

但它没有绝育法。

The sterilization law was ultimately enacted with the inspiration of what American states had been doing.

绝育法最终是在美国各州一直在做的事情的启发下颁布的。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: Harry Laughlin is corresponding with German scientists all along and encouraging them.

作家亚当·科恩：哈利·劳克林一直与德国科学家通信并鼓励他们。

He’s proud of the fact that when the Nazis adopt a eugenic sterilization law, it’s strongly modeled on his own law.

他感到自豪的是，当纳粹通过优生绝育法时，它是强烈模仿他自己的法律的。

JONATHAN SPIRO, HISTORIAN: The United States has the reputation of being on the forefront of scientific endeavor.

历史学家乔纳森·斯皮罗：美国享有处于科学事业前沿的声誉。

When Adolf Hitler was in prison, he read Madison Grant’s The Passing of the Great Race, wrote Madison Grant a fan letter saying, "This book is my bible," and when he wrote Mein Kampf, his autobiography, he said, "We Germans must emulate what the Americans are doing."

当阿道夫·希特勒在监狱里时，他读了麦迪逊·格兰特的《伟大种族的流逝》，给麦迪逊·格兰特写了一封粉丝信，说：“这本书是我的圣经”，当他写自传《我的奋斗》时，他说：“我们德国人必须效仿美国人正在做的事情。”

The more zealous American eugenicists applauded the Nazi law, which applied to all people, whether institutionalized or not.

更热心的美国优生学家对纳粹法律表示赞赏，因为该法律适用于所有人，无论是否制度化。

As one Virginia sterilization advocate put it: "The Germans are beating us at our own game."

正如弗吉尼亚州一位绝育倡导者所说：“德国人正在用我们自己的游戏打败我们。”

But for many Americans, the news from Germany was accompanied by an uncomfortable revelation.

但对于许多美国人来说，来自德国的消息伴随着令人不安的启示。

"Many...interviewed...about the Hitler proposal expressed shock...," the Daily News reported.

“许多……接受采访的……对希特勒的提议表示震惊……”《每日新闻》报道。

"They were surprised to find out [that]...twenty-seven of our forty-eight [American] states have laws permitting the performance of [sterilizations] upon the feebleminded...".

“他们惊讶地发现……我们 48 个（美国）州中有 27 个州制定了允许对弱智者进行（绝育）的法律……”。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: The 1930’s was the peak of eugenic sterilization.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：1930 年代是优生绝育的顶峰。

And that was after geneticists––professional, scientific geneticists––had largely abandoned the eugenic program.

那是在遗传学家——专业的、科学的遗传学家——基本上放弃了优生计划之后。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: There’s this trend that discredits the doctrine on which eugenic sterilization is based.

历史学家丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯：这种趋势质疑优生绝育所依据的学说。

At the same time, paradoxically, sterilization rates shot up in the United States––because of the Depression.

与此同时，矛盾的是，由于大萧条，美国的绝育率却急剧上升。

It costs money to keep people in homes for the feebleminded.

让人们呆在弱智者之家需要花钱。

So if you wanna reduce the cost of keeping people, you sterilize them, and that’s what happened.

因此，如果你想降低留住人员的成本，你就对他们进行绝育，结果就是这样。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: Tomorrow’s Children raises the question of whether or not you always get it right when you sterilize someone.

历史学家隆巴多：《明日之子》提出了一个问题：当你给某人绝育时，你是否总是做对了。

How much can you really know about someone’s background?

您对某人的背景到底了解多少？

Without getting into the details of how much do we understand about genetics in 1934, it simply says, “Sometimes people make mistakes with these things and so maybe we should be more careful.

它没有详细说明 1934 年我们对遗传学了解多少，只是简单地说：“有时人们在这些事情上会犯错误，所以也许我们应该更加小心。

They'd been sent by the Carnegie Institution, which had sponsored the Eugenics Record Office since 1918, and had long been embarrassed by its political activities.

它们是由卡内基研究所派出的，该研究所自 1918 年以来一直赞助优生学记录办公室，长期以来因其政治活动而感到尴尬。

Now, Carnegie's board of directors had ordered a review of the work being done there.

现在，卡内基董事会已下令对那里正在进行的工作进行审查。

The visiting committee's report was decidedly unfavorable: from a scientific vantage, they concluded, the thousands of heredity records stored in the famed fireproof vault were useless for the study of human genetics.

来访委员会的报告显然是不利的：他们得出的结论是，从科学角度来看，存储在著名的防火金库中的数千份遗传记录对于人类遗传学的研究毫无用处。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: They rightly saw that this eugenics fieldwork was largely ridiculous and was not scientific.

亚当·科恩（ADAM COHEN），作家：他们正确地看到这种优生学实地考察在很大程度上是荒谬的，而且不科学。

But they also were troubled by the degree to which clearly Harry Laughlin was acting not as a scientist but as a evangelist for eugenics.

但他们也对哈利·劳克林显然不是作为一名科学家而是作为优生学的传播者感到不安。

And this was a clear indication that the tide was really turning against eugenics.

这清楚地表明，优生学的潮流正在转向反对。

First, there was the girl, Ann Cooper Hewitt––a San Francisco socialite who stood to inherit two-thirds of her late father's vast estate––and her shocking claim: that her mother had had her sterilized to gain control of that inheritance.

首先是那个女孩，安·库珀·休伊特（Ann Cooper Hewitt）——一位旧金山社交名流，将继承她已故父亲巨额遗产的三分之二——以及她令人震惊的说法：她的母亲让她绝育，以获得对这笔遗产的控制权。

WENDY KLINE, HISTORIAN: Ann Cooper Hewitt is sent to the hospital for an emergency appendectomy and she comes out sterilized.

历史学家温迪·克莱恩：安·库珀·休伊特被送往医院进行紧急阑尾切除术，出来后已经绝育。

And when she discovers it, she is understandably horrified, and she sues both her mother and the two surgeons.

当她发现这一点时，她感到震惊，这是可以理解的，她起诉了她的母亲和两位外科医生。

She claims that her mother has done it because her father's will stipulates that if Ann should die childless the inheritance would go to her mother.

她声称她母亲这样做是因为她父亲的遗嘱规定，如果安死后没有孩子，遗产将归她母亲所有。

WENDY KLINE, HISTORIAN: Ann says that she’s writhing in pain and then a woman walks in the room, and the woman starts asking her all these questions.

历史学家温迪·克莱恩：安说她痛苦地扭动着，然后一个女人走进房间，女人开始问她所有这些问题。

“What’s the longest river in the United States?" and, "How many years is a presidential term?" And Ann’s reaction is, “Why are you asking me these asinine questions?

“美国最长的河流是什么？”以及“总统任期是多少年？”安的反应是：“你为什么问我这些愚蠢的问题？

What does this have to do with appendicitis?

这和阑尾炎有什么关系呢？

And she doesn’t answer most of the questions.

她没有回答大部分问题。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: The Cooper Hewitt sterilization case was one of those cases that people call “the trial of the century.” Headlines all over the country.

历史学家隆巴多：库珀·休伊特绝育案是人们称之为“世纪审判”的案件之一。全国各地的头条新闻。

And if you weren’t paying attention to what sterilization was by then you would have heard in that story.

如果你当时没有注意什么是绝育，你就会听过那个故事。

WENDY KLINE, HISTORIAN: Ann Cooper Hewitt is not emblematic of the typical sterilization patient.

历史学家温迪·克莱恩：安·库珀·休伊特并不是典型的绝育患者。

And for that very reason she gets a lot more attention.

正是因为这个原因，她受到了更多的关注。

Attorney I.

律师 I.

M.

M。

Golden, who represented the surgeons named in the suit, wondered much the same––and he decided to solicit the opinion of an expert.

诉讼中提到的外科医生代表戈尔登也有同样的疑问，他决定征求专家的意见。

In May 1936, he composed a letter to one of California's leading eugenicists, Paul Popenoe, and laid out for him the details of the case––among them, the reasons Maryon Cooper Hewitt had given for wanting her daughter sterilized.

1936 年 5 月，他写了一封信给加利福尼亚州领先的优生学家保罗·波彭诺 (Paul Popenoe)，并向他详细介绍了案件的细节，其中包括玛丽昂·库珀·休伊特 (Maryon Cooper Hewitt) 希望女儿绝育的原因。

WENDY KLINE, HISTORIAN: Maryon makes three charges about her daughter’s behavior that she sees as indicative of someone who is mentally defective.

历史学家温迪·克莱恩：玛丽恩对女儿的行为提出了三项指控，她认为这些行为表明了一个人有精神缺陷。

The first is that she becomes infatuated with a chauffeur.

第一个是她迷上了司机。

The second is that she is infatuated with men in uniform.

二是她迷恋穿制服的男人。

And then finally that she has plans to run off with a Negro porter on a train.

最后，她计划在火车上与一名黑人搬运工私奔。

These are not people that probably Maryon believed her daughter should be associating with.

玛丽昂可能认为她的女儿不应该与这些人交往。

Not somebody she should have children with.

不是她应该生孩子的人。

Paul Popenoe long had been a proponent of eugenic sterilization.

保罗·波彭诺长期以来一直是优生绝育的支持者。

But the argument that an immoral, oversexed girl would pass on those traits genetically could no longer plausibly be made.

但关于一个不道德、性欲过剩的女孩会通过基因遗传这些特征的论点已经不再合理。

So Popenoe offered another rationale, one that had been recently formulated and recommended by the American Eugenics Society.

因此，波彭诺提出了另一个理由，该理由是美国优生学会最近提出并推荐的。

Heredity, Popenoe told Golden, is "not particularly the issue in this case...

波佩诺告诉戈尔登，“在这种情况下，遗传并不是特别重要的问题......

[But] I suppose, we should all answer negatively the question whether a young woman such as you describe would be a desirable mother."

[但是]我想，对于像你描述的这样的年轻女性是否会成为一个理想的母亲这个问题，我们都应该做出否定的回答。”

ALEXANDRA MINNA STERN, HISTORIAN: In the Thirties, the eugenic rationale for sterilization begins to morph into a kind of more generalized understanding that this person isn’t fit to be a parent.

历史学家亚历山德拉·米娜·斯特恩：在三十年代，绝育的优生原理开始演变成一种更普遍的理解，即这个人不适合做父母。

WENDY KLINE, HISTORIAN: That turns the whole argument about eugenics on its head, because the determining question was not, “Will she spread her genetic defect?” but, “Will she make a desirable mother?”

历史学家温迪·克莱恩：这彻底颠覆了有关优生学的整个争论，因为决定性的问题不是“她会传播她的遗传缺陷吗？”但是，“她会成为一个理想的母亲吗？”

In the end, the argument had little effect on the judge, who, after six days of listening to testimony, abruptly called a halt to the proceedings and dismissed the case on the grounds that sterilization was legal in California.

最终，这一论点对法官影响不大，在听取了六天的证词后，法官突然叫停了诉讼程序，并以绝育在加州合法为由驳回了此案。

But in the public mind, sterilization had been effectively recast––as a preventative measure against inept parenting.

但在公众心目中，绝育已被有效地重新塑造——作为针对无能养育方式的预防措施。

PAUL A.

保罗·A.

LOMBARDO, HISTORIAN: This not a story that happens in an institution.

历史学家隆巴多：这不是发生在机构中的故事。

It’s a story about a socialite.

这是一个关于社交名流的故事。

Nevertheless, the same themes of needing to sterilize people for their own good come up.

然而，同样的主题也出现了，即为了人们的利益而需要对他们进行绝育。

Forget about heredity.

忘记遗传吧。

These people will be unable to take care of their children so the humane thing to do is not to let them have any.

这些人将无法照顾他们的孩子，因此人道的做法就是不让他们拥有任何孩子。

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: Eugenics simply becomes part of the machinery of how these state institutions function.

历史学家 KEITH WAILOO：优生学只是成为这些国家机构运作机制的一部分。

Hereditary defect is no longer part of the conversation and it’s simply a question of a state attempting to use all the tools available to limit the number of people who were seen to be a social and economic burden.

遗传性缺陷不再是讨论的一部分，这只是一个国家试图使用所有可用工具来限制被视为社会和经济负担的人数的问题。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: I think eugenics appeals to some real strong elements in the human psyche.

作家亚当·科恩：我认为优生学吸引了人类心灵中一些真正强大的元素。

One part of that, the postive part, is that there is a desire among people to perfect things.

其中的一部分，即积极的部分，是人们渴望完美事物。

The negative side is, we're also a species that is very prone to tribalism.

消极的一面是，我们也是一个很容易出现部落主义的物种。

We're very prone to believe that our people are the right people, and other people are a threat.

我们很容易相信我们的人是正确的人，而其他人是威胁。

Then came the liberation of Buchenwald and Dachau––and the chilling evidence of eugenic policies carried to a monstrous extreme.

然后是布痕瓦尔德集中营和达豪集中营的解放——优生政策的令人毛骨悚然的证据被推向了可怕的极端。

DR. SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, WRITER: By the mid-1940s, the full horror of what happens in Nazi Germany becomes apparent––the movement from sterilization to extermination, the killing of several millions based on this kind of idea of the betterment of human race.

博士。作家悉达多·慕克吉：到了 20 世纪 40 年代中期，纳粹德国所发生的事情的全部恐怖变得显而易见——从绝育到灭绝的运动，基于这种改善人类的想法杀害了数百万人。

And it creates a vast embarrassment for the American Eugenics Movement.

这给美国优生运动带来了巨大的尴尬。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: People were repelled and began to turn away from eugenics, and "eugenics” became a dirty word.

历史学家丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯：人们对优生学感到排斥并开始远离，“优生学”成了一个肮脏的词。

KEITH WAILOO, HISTORIAN: The Holocaust, being tied to a wide range of eugenic practices, is a blemish on humans as a species, and it undercuts any notion that eugenics was a positive force in American society.

历史学家基思·怀卢：大屠杀与广泛的优生实践联系在一起，是人类作为一个物种的一个缺陷，它削弱了优生学是美国社会积极力量的任何观念。

ADAM COHEN, WRITER: After the war when the Allies put the Nazis on trial at Nuremburg, one of the charges was eugenic sterilization and the lawyer for the Nazi who was charged said, you know, “How can you charge my client with the crime of eugenic sterilization when your own US Supreme Court said this was okay?”

亚当·科恩，作家：战争结束后，当盟军在纽伦堡审判纳粹时，其中一项指控是优生绝育，被指控的纳粹律师说，你知道，“当你们自己的美国最高法院说这是可以的时，你怎么能指控我的当事人犯有优生绝育罪呢？”

But the laws that had been passed in the name of eugenics would remain on the books for decades––barring some people from entering the country and others from marriage, and subjecting thousands to forced sterilization at the hands of the state.

但以优生学名义通过的法律将在法律上保留数十年——禁止一些人进入该国，另一些人禁止结婚，并让数千人被国家强制绝育。

By the time such practices finally came to an end, in the 1970s, the total number of sterilized Americans would exceed 60,000.

到 20 世纪 70 年代这种做法最终结束时，美国绝育总人数将超过 60,000 人。

And no matter the cost or the casualties, the scientific betterment of humanity would remain an irresistible aspiration––tempting generations to come with the promise of perfection.

无论代价或伤亡如何，人类的科学进步将仍然是一个不可抗拒的愿望——用完美的承诺吸引着后代。

NATHANIEL COMFORT, HISTORIAN: We believe in science.

历史学家纳撒尼尔·康福特：我们相信科学。

We want science to solve social problems, okay, and we wanna make ourselves better.

我们希望科学能够解决社会问题，好吧，我们想让自己变得更好。

I think everybody wants to do that.

我想每个人都想这样做。

THOMAS C.

托马斯·C.

LEONARD, HISTORIAN: There is this idea that remains a kind of hope that if we just get the science right, if only the right people are put in charge, that we can engineer our way to a better world.

伦纳德，历史学家：有这样一种想法仍然是一种希望，即如果我们正确地掌握科学，只要让合适的人负责，我们就能设计出通往更美好世界的道路。

NALONDRA NELSON, SOCIOLOGIST: Some of the greatest social changes that have ever been accomplished have occurred because people were really willing to imagine impossible things.

社会学家纳隆德拉·纳尔逊：一些有史以来最伟大的社会变革之所以发生，是因为人们真的愿意想象不可能的事情。

But the future that American eugenicists imagined was only a future for some.

但美国优生学家想象的未来只是某些人的未来。

DANIEL KEVLES, HISTORIAN: And so now the debate is are we going to use technology to try to fulfill Galton’s dream, if you will, of taking charge of our own evolution?

历史学家丹尼尔·凯夫尔斯：所以现在的争论是，如果你愿意的话，我们是否要使用技术来实现高尔顿的梦想，掌控我们自己的进化？

Of course it was a pipe dream, but nevertheless it is a dream that persists.

当然，这是一个白日梦，但它仍然是一个持续存在的梦想。

We have reason to be apprehensive about this and the test tube bears watching.

我们有理由对此感到担忧，并且试管值得关注。

The scientist who fell out of love with eugenics.

不再热爱优生学的科学家。

Eugenic beliefs had serious implications for Latinos in California, especially working-class Mexican-origin women and men, who were a growing population in the state in the first half of the 20th century.

优生信仰对加利福尼亚州的拉美裔人产生了严重影响，尤其是墨西哥裔工薪阶层男女，他们在 20 世纪上半叶在该州人口不断增长。

The father of American marriage counseling was a eugenicist who once fervently supported forced sterilization.

美国婚姻咨询之父是一位优生学家，曾大力支持强制绝育。

The doctors who sterilized Carrie Buck claimed she was a “feeble-minded” woman whose future offspring posed a threat to society.

给嘉莉·巴克绝育的医生声称她是一个“智力低下”的女人，她未来的后代对社会构成威胁。

Her life paints a very different picture.

她的生活描绘了一幅截然不同的画面。

The Eugenics Crusade Wins 2019 Writers Guild Award.

《优生学运动》荣获 2019 年作家协会奖。

With every new advance in prenatal genetic screening, the ability to prevent suffering has also sparked difficult questions.

随着产前基因筛查的每一项新进展，预防痛苦的能力也引发了难题。

These fears arise, in part, because just 100 years ago, that’s exactly what the eugenics movement tried to do.

这些恐惧的出现部分是因为就在 100 年前，这正是优生学运动试图做的事情。

Besides inventing Corn Flakes, John Kellogg helped promote the American Eugenics movement.

除了发明玉米片之外，约翰·凯洛格还帮助推动了美国优生运动。

Watch Chapter 1 of The Eugenics Crusade .

观看《优生学运动》第一章。

In 1910, Charles Davenport opened Eugenics Record Office to collect hereditary information on American families.

1910 年，查尔斯·达文波特 (Charles Davenport) 开设了优生学记录办公室，收集美国家庭的遗传信息。

Uncover the shocking history of the early 20th-century campaign to breed a “better” American race.

揭开 20 世纪初培育“更好”美国种族运动的令人震惊的历史。